WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES 16110 FRU 12/71-7
The River Basin Model:
SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes the
results and progress in the control and abatement of pollution
in our Nation's waters. They provide a central source of
information on the research, development, and demonstration
activities in the water research program of the Environmental
Protection Agency, through inhouse research and grants and
contracts with Federal, State, and local agencies, research
institutions, and industrial organizations.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research
Reports should be directed to the Chief, Publications Branch
(Water), Research Information Division, R&M, Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, B.C. 20460.
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The RIVER BASIN MODEL:
School Department
by
Envirometries, Inc.
1100 17th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
for the
Office of Research and Monitoring
Environmental Protection Agency
Project #16110 FRU
Contract #14-12-959
December, 1971
For Sale by-the Superintendent ol Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not sig-
nify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names of commercial products constitute en-
dorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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SCHOOL DEPARTMENT MANUAL
Page
I. Introduction to the Model I
A. Brief Description of the Model 1
B. The Three Sectors 2
1. The Economic Sector 4
2. The Social Sector 5
3. The Public Sector 6
C. The Water Component 8
D. The Local System 8
E. The Unit of Time--A Round 10
F. The Function of the Computer 11
11. The Government Sector 13
A. Introduction to the Sector 13
B. Sector Functions 13
C. Administrative (Non-Decision) Functions 15
D. Government Decisions 15
E. Government Output 15
F. Government Budgetary Procedures 18
G. Government Master Table 21
.11. School Department 22
A. Introduction 22
B. School Department Summary 23
IV. Computer Printed Output Description 25
A. Introduction 25
B. Map Output 27
1. Economic Status Map 30
2. Government Status Map 33
3. Socio-Economic Distribution Map 35
4. Demographic Map 37
5. Topographical Restriction Map 39
6. Social Decision Maker Map 41
C. Summary Information 43
1. Demographic and Economic Statistics 43
111
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D. Computer Output Explanation for the School Department.... 48
1. School Department Report 48
2. New Construction 52
3. School Department Finances 52
4. School Map 54
V. School Department Decisions 56
A. Summary of Decisions 56
B. Input Format 57
C. Sample Decisions 62
VI. Master Sheets for the School Department 67
Appendix A - Sequence of Computer Print Out 70
Appendix B - Commercial Output 88
IV
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I. INTRODUCTION TO THE "MODEL
A. Brief Description of the Model
In a sense, the RIVER BASIN MODEL is a misnomer
because if one places an emphasis on "River" it leads one
to believe that the model is primarily concerned with
water management. The emphasis should be placed on "River
Basin", and that term should be interpreted in its broadest
context as meaning a geographical area of land. Through
its two major components human interaction and computer
simulation -- the model represents the economic, social
and governmental activity that takes place within the
geographical boundaries defined by the river basin or more
simply by a group of continguous counties.
The model is unlike most other simulation or human
interaction models. It was not designed to accomplish any
one specific purpose. Rather it was designed to let its
users represent the major economic, social, and govern-
mental decision-makers who cause a regional system to
function and change on a year-to-year basis. As part of
the functioning of this regional system, water is demanded
by industries and municipal water suppliers and pollution
is generated by manufacturing and commercial activities, by
people, and by farm activities.
The model is a computer-assisted decision-making
tool, in which a number of computer programs simulate major
processes that take place in the local system such as
migration, housing selection, employment, transportation,
shopping patterns,the allocation of leisure time, and water
quality determination. Users of the model provide inputs
to these programs on behalf of business activities in the
economic sector, groups of people or population units in
the social sector, and government departments in the
government sector.
Normally, the users of the model are assigned
decision-making responsibility for businesses, population
units, and government departments in a gaming format.
This means that users become members of teams that are
assigned control of:
1. Economic Assets: cash, land, manufacturing
plants, outside investments, commercial
activities, and/or residences. '
2. Social Assets: population units that are
designated as high income, middle income,
and/or low income.
1.
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3. Government Assets: power of the budget, taxing
and assessing authority, service responsibility,
and planning and regulatory power.
The computer print-outs for a year provide a de-
tailed description of the regional area represented by the
model, and the users of the model evaluate this status as
individuals, as team members, and collectively to define
problems, establish objectives, develop strategies, imple-
ment plans, and react to feedback from the new computer
printout for the next year.
The initial starting position shows a particular
set of allocations of the locals system's resources and
their effects on the status of the local area. The users
of the model evaluate their own particular status within
the local system as well as the status of the area as a
whole. They then interact with one another in a dynamic
decision-making environment in which they collectively have
control over the local water quality decisions that will be
made, implemented, and reacted to. Some of the model play-
ers may have apparently only marginal interests in the local
water quality issues because they are pre-occupied with
running schools, building roads, earning incomes, producing
manufactured goods, building housing, and supplying local
goods and services. Others will have maybe more interest
as they attempt to be elected into public office, run the
planning department, collect taxes, recreate, and develop a
generally pleasant environment for their new residential
subdivisions. Still others might have a direct and pressing
interest in the local water quantity and quality as they
attempt to set and enforce water quality standards, supply
municipal water, use surface water in their production
process, and benefit from major water-based recreation areas.
In short, the entire local system is represented by
the model and its users, and water decisions are placed
within their realistic context of having different importance
to different individuals as a function of their occupation,
location, resources, and personal inclinations.
B. The Three Sectors
The model contains three basic decision-making sectors:
economic, social and public. (Figure 1) Every city or region
contains these three vital sectors whose interactions cause
the area to function and to either grow and prosper or stagnate
and decay. Decisions made by one group ultimately affect others
2.
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Figure 1
THREE DECISION-MAKING SECTORS AND CONSTITUENT TEAMS
ECONOMIC TEAMS
(Identified by single letter
codes: A, B, C, etc.)
INDUSTRIAL DECISION-MAKER
Hi-Heavy Industry
FL-Furniture and Lumber
SG-Stone Clay and Glass
MP-Primary Metals
MF-Fabricated Metals
NL-Nonelectric Machinery
EL-Electric Machinery
TE-Transportation Equipment
Li-Light Industry
FO-Food
TA-Textiles and Apparel
PA-Paper
CR-Chemicals, Plastics and Rubber
NS-National Service
COMMERCIAL DECISION-MAKER
BG-Business Goods
BS-Business Services
PG-Personal Goods
PS-Personal Services
RESIDENTIAL DECISION-MAKER
RA-Single Family
RB-Garden Apts. and Duplex
RC-Multiple Unit and High Rise
GOVERNMENT TEAMS
(Identified by the specific
code preceding the depart-
ment name)
CH-Chairman of Jurisdiction
CO-Councilman
AS-Assessment and Finance
SC-School
MS-Municipal Services
UT-Gas, Electric, Water and Sewer
HY-Highways
BUS-Bus Company
RAIL-Mass Transit Agency
PZ-Planning and Zoning
SOCIAL TEAMS
(Identified by double letter
codes: AA, BB, CC, etc.)
PH-High Income
PM-Middle Income
PL-Low Income
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and one group often works against another group to
achieve its goals. For example, proposed commercial.
developments by an economic group in a predominantly
residential area can be blocked by residents of that
area just as proposed changes by the government depart-
ments can be opposed by those participants in the economic
or social sector.
1. The Economic Sector
Economic decision-makers are those businessmen who
operate industrial, commercial, residential and farm es-
tablishments. Upon receiving output at the beginning of
the round economic decision-makers review their economic
status and make decisions for the present round. The
various economic activities in the model have the following
characteristics:
Basic Industry
Heavy Industry, Light Industry and National Services
spend money for business goods and business services, utilities,
a labor force, transportation, and taxes. In order to
produce basic industry output which is then sold to the
national markets at prices determined by national business
conditions (the computer), owners of basic industries can
make a wide variety of decisions. These decisions include
purchasing land, changing salaries or maintenance levels,
boycotting business goods and business services establish-
ments, acquiring laons, building new businesses, upgrading
existing businesses, demolishing old ones, and treating
effluents that are dumped into the local water system.
The basic industry of the economy can be further sub-
divided into the following categories:
HI - Heavy Industry
FL - Furniture and lumber
SG - Stone, clay and glass
MP - Primary metals
MF - Fabricated metals
NL - Non-electrical machinery
EL - Electrical machinery
TE - Transportation equipment
4.
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LI - Light Industry
FO - Food
TL - Textile, apparel and leather
PA - Paper
CR - Chemicals, plastics, and rubber
NS - National Services
Commercial Establishments
Business goods (BG) and business services (BS), per-
sonal goods (PG) and personal services (PS) spend money
on many of the same items as basic industry in order to
maintain a level of service capacity. This service capacity
is consumed or partially consumed by local customers which
include: the industrial sector, other commercial estab-
lishments and the population units (Pi's) who live in the
city. Owners of the commercial establishments may make
most of the decisions that owners of basic industries make
in addition to setting prices for their products.
Residences
Single-family (RA), townhouse (RB), and high-rise (RC)
residence units spend money on personal goods and personal
services, utilities, and taxes, and earn income based on
rent charged and the number and type of occupants residing
in their housing units. Owners of residences may make the
same types of decisions made by owners of basic industry
in addition to setting th.e rent paid by their tenants.
Farms
Farm owners make very few decisions aside from how
their land will b'e utilized and what level of fertilizer
use they will employ.
2. The Social Sector
Decision-makers in the social sector represent the
citizens who live and work in the simulated area. People
are represented in terms of population units (Pi's). Each
population unit represents fixed numbers of people (500).
Population units are divided into three socio-economic
groups: high income (PH), middle-income (PM) and low-
income (PL). Because each class possesses its own ex-
pectations and behavioral patterns, each will have different
preferences for residence, job, and schooling, etc. Social
decision-makers can vote on behalf of the Pi's which they
represent. Voting power is dependent upon the number of
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population units controlled, the number of registered voters
in each, and their socio-economic class. Social decision-
makers can also direct the population units under their con-
trol to boycott places of employment or shop locations.
Social decision-makers can also allocate leisure time_of
their population units to be spent in any of four basic
activities: extra work, adult education (public or private),
politics, and recreation. The amount of time spent on each
of these activities has an effect on the socio-economic
status and/or the dissatisfaction index of people living
within the city.
A significant part of the model centers around how
Pi's function within the local system during the course
of each round of play which represents one year of time in
the local area. Figure 2 shows the actions of Pi's as they
are affected by the major operating programs.
3. The Public Sector
In the model, the government sector deals with the
problems of education, highways, municipal services,
planning, zoning, utilities, water supply and quality and
bus and rail transportation. The public sector is divided
into two basic components.. The first component includes
elected officials: the Chairman and the Council. These
officials are elected by the social decision-makers repre-
senting the people who live in each jurisdiction. The
Chairman and Council set tax rates, approve budgets, grant
subsidies and appropriations, and make appointments.
Appointed officials named by the Chairman are heads of these
six governmental departments: Assessment (AS), Schools (SC)';
Municipal Services (MS), Highway (HY), Planning and Zoning
(PZ) , and Utilities (UT). The Bus and Rapid Rail Companies
are semi-private organizations which also may be appointed
by the Chairman. Players representing these departments
make decisions which include allocating capital and current
funds, changing salaries and maintenance levels, requesting
federal-state aid, changing district boundaries, con-
structing or demolishing public buildings, upgrading public
buildings, changing levels of service, and transferring
cash between accounts.
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Figure 2
Example of How Population Units Are Affected by the
Major Operating Programs of the Model
Major Operating
Programs
Effect on Population Unit
Migration
Water System
Depreciation
Employment
Transportation
School Allocation
Park Allocation
Time Allocation
Commercial Allocation
Pi's move to the local system, find
and change housing within the local
system, leave the local system
Poor water quality incareses dis-
satisfaction and high coliform count
increases health costs and time lost
due to illness.
Housing that depreciates becom.es less
attractive in the migration process.
Pi's are assigned to full and part
time jobs that maximize net income
(salary minus transportation costs),
employers search for best educated
workers.
Pi's travel to work by the mode and
route that minimizes total costs
(dollar plus time), Pi's travel to
shopping along the minimum cost routes
Students of Pi's are assigned to
public or private schools based upon
the quality of public schools.
Pi's are assigned to parks within a
specified distance of where they live.
Involuntary expenditures of leisure
time are calculated as a function of
the success of getting part time
jobs, public adult education and the
time spent on transportation.
Pi's are assigned to stores at which
the total costs are minimized (price
plus transportation to the store).
7.
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C. The Water Component
The water component is a subsector that, in a sense,
cuts across the other three sectors or is a part of each.
For example,'some of the industrial activities in the econo-
mic sector use surface water in their production process^
and all other economic businesses have some need for munici-
pally supplied water. Population units in the social sector
use water as a function of their income class and the type
of housing they inhabit. In the government sector, the
Utility Department is responsible for supplying the municipal
water needs of the residents of its jurisdiction.
Each of the surface water users requires a specified
quality of water and must either treat the water they intake
or purchase water from a source outside of the local system.
Every water user adds some pollutants to the water it
returns to the water system. If left untreated, these water
discharges may lower the quality of water of the body of
water into which they are dumped. Since water users and
polluters are located in a geographical space, acitivities
upstream and downstream are affected differently by the
dynamically created water quality conditions.
D. The Local System
The particular regional configuration being used is
represented on a grid map consisting of 625 squares. Each
square is of equal size and represents 6.25 square miles,
2.5 miles on a side. The grid and all.of the computer maps
are keyed to a coordinate system. Each parcel can be
identified by its coordinates. Horizontal coordinates
range from 70 to 118 and vertical coordinates from 12 to 60.
Intersections are identified by the odd-numbered coordinates
and highways are identified by even-odd (east-west) or odd-
even (north-south) coordinates. In all cases, the
horizontal coordinate (i.e., the larger number) is identi-
fied first.
For example, on the map in Figure 3 the shaded
parcel is identified as 7014. Further, the four mile
highway indicated by ZZZ is identified as 7217, 7417, 7617,
7817, while the two mile highway indicated by XXX is
identified as 7318, 7320. The intersection marked by o
is located at 7317.
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Figure 3
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9.
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E. The Unit of Time A Round
In the model, a round represents a year of change in
the life of the simulated area. From the standpoint of the
participants, however, a round may be thought of as a
decision-making cycle which starts when they receive their
computer output and ends when they hand in their decision
input forms for processing by the computer.
During the early part of the typical round, decision-
makers will be simultaneously reviewing their computer out-
put and attempting to organize their possible actions.
Economic decision-makers, for example, will probably attempt
to acquire parcels of land that look good for future devel-
opment purposes. They may attempt to secure loans from
local or outside sources, apply for zoning changes, request
utility expansions, and lobby for increased highway access.
At the same time, social decision-makers might be bargaining
for higher wages, requesting improvements in local schools
and municipal services, lobby for higher water quality in
the local river, and trying to promote those politicians
who see things their way.
Meanwhile, the governmental decision-makers may be
receiving requests from the economic and social decision-
makers to lower taxes, improve schools, provide better
municipal services, expand highways, build additional
utilities, enlarge the park system, and improve other
services. Budget officials are faced with the task of
finding additional revenue to meet expanding public needs
and dividing appropriations among the many local depart-
ments, all of which have attempted to justify their ex-
panding budgets. Also the government office concerned
with water quality might be pressuring the polluting indus-
tries to treat their wastes or face regulatory action. All
water users might be concerned with water quality and quan-
tity in so far as it affects their cost of using water and
doing business.
10.
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Toward the middle of the round, ft becomes clear to
many decision-makers that all of their requests will not
be granted. Thus, trade-offs and bargains must be made.
Elected officials will begin to worry about staying in
office. Departments must often plan to operate with less
funds than they had requested. Low income representatives
attempt to make their political power felt. High-income
representatives attempt to maintain their status. Business-
men begin to look for short-cuts to reduce their losses and
increase their activity and profit-making ventures. The
water quality office begins to act upon its earlier threat.
As the round approaches a conclusion, the participants
formalize the bargains they have made, continue to fill out
their decision forms, terminate the negotiations on new wage
levels, new prices and new rents, carry on their boycotts
and complete any other possible actions. All water related
decisions by the private and public decision-makers are
completed. Treatment plants are built, industries shut down,
fine levied, sampling stations constructed, etc.
When the round ends, participants campaign and carry
out new elections, hold town meetings, debrief their actions,
and develop new strategies while the computer performs
its functions and prepares new output on the status of the
simulated city.
F. The Function of the Computer
In the model, players are able to exercise a number of
decision alternatives. Only some of these will be com-
municated to the computer, the rest will be part of the con-
stant communication, bargaining and negotiating carried
out in the game-room itself.
The computer performs several major functions in the
model.
First, it stores all the relevant economic, social
and governmental statistics for the area; updates data
when changes are made; and prints out yearly reports on the
status of the local system and reports for the economic,
social, and government decision-makers.
Second, the computer simulates the actions of the out-
side system. For example, the computer simulates both a
national business cycle, the probabilities of federal-state
aid and interest rates on most loans.
11.
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Third, the computer performs certain routine functions
or processes that would be tiroes-consuming if the players
themselves were to perform them. For example, the computer
assigns workers from population units to jobs under the
assumption that workers will attempt to earn as much money
as possible. Other processes include assessing all property,
assigning buyers of goods and services to shop at particular
commercial establishments, assigning children to public or
private schools based upon the capacity and quality of the
public schools, and assigning population units to residences
based on their desirability. The computer also simulates
the migration process which moves population units into,
out of, and within the local system. It also measures
all of the types of pollution at all points along the river
system and calculates a comprehensive water quality index.
12.
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II. THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR
A. Introduction to the Sector
The GOVERNMENT SECTOR represents the management ap-
paratus for the public sector of the area represented by
the model. Participants in this Sector are the elected and
appointed public officials. The Government Sector can make
public policy, implement plans and programs, provide public
services and raise and disperse funds. The model is suf-
ficiently flexible that the Government Sector can be oper-
ated using strong central control or somewhat autonomous
departments as determined by the participants. There is a
separate government apparatus for each of the political
jurisdictions represented by the model. Thus, intergovern-
mental cooperation and competition may evolve during the
play.
B. Sector Functions
Figure GV1shows the government structure that may exist
in each of the local systems. The Bus and Rail Departments
are systemwide functions, whereas the other departments oper-
ate on a jurisdiction basis. As noted, the Chairman (or
Mayor) and Council are elected in each of the jurisdictions,
and the department (staff) decision-makers are appointed
by the chairman. The optional public departments, Utilities,
Bus and Rail are usually part of the Government Sector, as
quasi public functions, but they can also be operated as
private (economic) sector activities either initially or as
a result of participant action (public sale). The codes used
to identify the government functions are shown in parentheses
after the function name in Figure GV--1.
Elected officials are accountable to the electorate
(the social sector). They are required to respond to
public hearings, propose and defend referenda on certain
issues, and stand for election. The manner in which elected
officials exercise power and conduct their administration
and public affairs, however, is at their discretion.
Appointed Department representatives are responsible
to the Chairman and Council. However, the presence or
absence of effective leadership and communication may in-
fluence this relationship and staff decisions. The Govern-
ment Sector decision-makers depend for their political life
on the votes of the social sector. Their relationship with
the business community is determined by their own view
of public office and public service.
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GV-1
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
CH AIRMAN (CH)
Appoint Department Heads,
draw up budget, and
suggest tax rates
ELECTED
OFFICIALS
DEPARTMENT
APPOINTED
DEPARTMENTS
J_
PLANNING
ZONING (PZ)
Zone land
Develop
Master Plan
ASSESSMENT (AS)
Assess Land
OPTIONAL -
PUBLIC OR
PRIVATE
COUNCIL (CO)
Pass on budgets
and tax rates j
SCHOOLS (SC)
Provide school
service for
adults and
children
jMUNICIPAL:
'SERVICES (MS)
Provide police,
fire, & health
services
HIGHV7AYS (H'
Build &
operate
roads &
terminals '
UTILITIES (UT)
Provide water
and other
service
111
BUS
Provide
bus service
RAIL
provide
rapid rail
service
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C. Administrative (Non-Decision) Functions
Any number of additional administrative functions can
be created to approximate local structures or to examine
a variety of administrative mechanisms. While these op-
tional functions do not make direct input decisions to
the computer, they may be created to have as much advisory,
regulatory or "legal" influence as the participants (or
Director) determine. An ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL
Commission, for instance, could be established to act as
a regulatory agency in the area of water quality and as
such could influence current economic activities and future
development.
D. Government Decisions
The Government Sector decisions cover a wide spectrum
of municipal and public service activities. The types of
possible decisions are listed in Figure GV-2, with an
indication of the individual decision-makers with primary
interest or responsibility. Complete descriptions are in
each decision-maker's manual.
In the model, as in the real world, the government can
anticipate the emergence of pressing issues related to jobs,
housing, economic development, education, public transit,
and the environmental quality of their region.
This issue may, for example, occur in the form of
special zoning requests, substantial school budgets for
adult education, or adamant citizen demands for clean water,
increased recreation facilities or lower utility rates.
E. Government Output
It rarely happens that the government has all the in-
formation it wants, or needs, to make perfect decisions.
Many decisions, under pressures of time, will be typical
"guesstimates" - intuitive actions. It is possible, how-
ever, for each activity to develop an effective information
system using the available resources in the model.
For the local system, the general output is usually
posted each round and is available to all decision-makers
for general information and analysis. The general output
makes available to each participant, in maps, detail and
summary form, extensive current and comparative informa-
tion about conditions, trends and characteristics of the
region. The range of information in the maps and the items
of General Output cannot be overemphasized. Experience
15
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GV-2
GOVERNMENT SECTOR DECISIONS
TYPE OF DECISION PRIMARY INTEREST
CH
CO AS SC MS HY PZ UT BU RA
Grant Appropriations x
Grant Subsidies x
Transfer Cash x xxxxxxx
Set Welfare Payments x
Set Tax Rates x
Float Bonds x
Assess Land, Buildings x
Buy and Sell Land x x x x x x
Establish Government Jobs x x x x
Establish Maintenance Levels
of Government Facilities x x x x x
Establish Service Districts x x x
Request Federal State Aid x x x
Establish Employee Salaries x x x x
Build and Demolish Schools x
Establish Adult Education Programs x x
Build and Demolish Municipal
Service Plants x
Contract to Purchase Goods
and Services x x
Construct and Demolish Roads x
Construct and Demolish Terminals x
Zone Land . x
Create and Demolish Public
Institutional Land Uses x
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GV-2 (Cont.)
GOVERNMENT SECTOR DECISIONS
TYPE OF DECISION PRIMARY INTEREST
CH
CO AS SC MS HY PZ UT BU RA
Provide Parkland x
Install Utility Services x
Set Utility Service Prices x
Construct and Demolish Utility
Plants x
Locate Public Transit Routes x x
Buy and Sell Rolling Stock x x
Set Fares x x
Establish Amount of Transit
Service x x
Construct Rail Lines and
Stations x
Set Water Prices x
Construct Treatment Plants
(intake and outflow) x
Specify Intake and Outflow
Points x
Establish Water Sampling
Stations
Set Dam Priorities x x
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with the model has indicated that decisions are facilitated
if the participants use the General Output information as
part of their decision process.
The complete government sector output consists of the
information, maps and detail made available to each govern-
ment decision-making function of the government. Each
government function has available to it a comprehensive
portrayal of its status and the conditions which pertain
to its activities.
F. Government Budgetary Procedures
The same general financial accounting procedure is used
for all government departments/ including Utilities, Bus
and Rail. Department budgets are divided into Capital and
Current accounts. Departments may transfer funds from one
account to another, but no automatic transfers will take
place. Appropriations, subsidies, and cash transfers to
departments must be directed to either the capital or
current account.
The Chairman's account has only a current account, the
Planning and Zoning Department has only a capital account,
and the Assessment Department has no financial accounts.
All other departments have both accounts.
The Chairman makes appropriations, and subsidies from
his current account before he actually receives income to
his account. His is the only department which makes
expenditures before income is calculated. Once a depart-
ment has received an appropriation, the money is never
automatically transferred back to the Chairman's account.
If the Chairman spends more than he later receives in
revenue, a current bond is automatically floated in the
Chairman's name and is paid off from the Chairman's
account. If a department spends more than its revenues
(this can only happen in a department's current account),
a current bond is floated in the department's name and is
paid off from the department's account.
The following format is contained within each account:
Previous Cash Balance
Revenues
Expenditures
New Cash Balance.
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If the output is for round T, then Previous Cash
Balance would be equal to the New Cash Balance for round
T-l.
Expenditures may not be made from capital accounts
unless there is sufficient cash to cover the expenditure.
Therefore, the cash balance in a capital account is
always greater than or equal to zero; the cash balance in
the capital account may not be negative.
If expenditures from the current account are greater
than previous balance plus revenues, then a short term
bond (current or two-year) is automatically floated to
cover the deficit. Therefore, the New Cash Balance may
never be negative in the current account. Because of
rounding, the New Cash Balance will normally be slightly
positive (rather than zero) even in the case where a short-
term bond had to be floated.
All capital expenditures are player or director
decisions which have been submitted during the previous
EDIT. Current expenditures are made according to govern-
ment policies which may have been established in any previous
EDIT. Current expenditures (except miscellaneous expendi-
tures) do not directly reflect player decisions; they are
functions of policies. For example, a player sets the
salaries and number of job openings which the School Depart-
ment offers, but other local conditions influence how many
employees the department actually hires and thus influence
the amount which the department pays in salaries.
The most common capital revenue sources for departments
are appropriations (for MS, SC, HY, and PZ), capital bonding
for 25 years (all departments), Federal-State Aid (SC, HY)
and miscellaneous sources (sale of land, and incoming cash
transfers). Special capital revenue sources are subsidies
to the Utility Department.
The most common capital expenditures are for con-
struction, land purchase, and miscellaneous (outgoing cash
transfers).
The most common current revenue sources are appropria-
tions (all but UT and CH), short term bonding, Federal-
State Aid (MS and SC), and miscellaneous income (incoming
cash transfers).
Special current revenue sources exist for the Utility
Department (income from user charges on utility and water
service and subsidies) and the Chairman (taxes).
19
-------
The most common current expenditures are for bond pay-
ments (capital bonds and current bonds together), goods and
services (MS, SC, maintenance for HY, and utility operating
costs for UT), salaries (MS and SC), and miscellaneous
(outgoing cash transfers).
Special current expenditures are for welfare payments
(MS), adult education (SC), treatment operating costs and
sampling station operating costs (UT) , and subsidies (CH) .
-------
G. GOVERNMENT MASTER TABLE
CONSTRUCTION COST
(Millions of Dollars)
DEMOLITION COST
(Millions of Dollars)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FACILITIES'
Possible Levels
of Development
Land Requirement
(% of a parcel)
j Rate of Annual
Depreciation (%)
POSSIBLE SOURCES OF
REVENUE TO DEPARTMENTS
Current Funds
Appropriations
Subsidy
Cash Transfer
Automatic Bonding
Automatic Federal
State Aid
Capital Funds
Appropriations
Subsidy
Cash Transfer
Bondina
Federal-State Aid
Charges to Users
Labor Hired
(Characteristics are for Level One Development)
RAIL TRACKS (Per
RAIL UNDER-
SC MS UT HY TM STATION SURFACE GROUND
27 30 30 . 8M 14 1 4 NA
5.4 6 6 . 16M 2.8M NA NA NA
33333 1 11
16 12 20 8 12 NONE 4 NONE
2.0 3.3 NA 5.0 NA NA NA NA
SC MS UT HY RAIL BUS PZ
XX X
X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X
XXX X
X XX
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X
X XX
PH PM
PM PL NA NA PM PM NA
Mi)
VEHICLES
RAIL BUS
. 8 /mi . 4 /mi
3.5 3.5
-------
III. SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
A. Introduction
This manual contains the basic' information and des-
cription of the model required by the School Department.
It is assumed that the Model Overview, the Scenario, and
the Government Sector descriptions have been read prior
to the receipt of this manual.
Once the players comprising the School Department have
become familiar with the model in general, the particular
city being represented, and the workings of the local
educational system they will be able to bring their own
imagination and initiative to bear on the operation of the
School Department in their specific jurisdiction.
The local School Department is given control of a
number of educational resources within the local dynamic
system and it will have the opportunity to allocate these
resources and change them in such a way as to satisfy self-
established goals and/or to respond to pressures brought
on it by elected officials and the local citizenry and
business community.
22
-------
B. School Department Summary
The School Department provides education for adults
in the local jurisdictions. It is a dependent school
system in that it receives appropriations from the chair-
man of the local jurisdiction. It may not levy its own
taxes, but it may float bonds for capital projects with
approval from the social sector through a referendum.
The department makes capital expenditures when expand-
ing its educational facilities. Each new level of educational
facilities requires a specified amount of land (which must
be acquired) and costs a specified dollar amount. Current
expenditures must be made each round to pay teachers salaries,
purchase needed goods and services, and pay off bonds.
Each school facility has an associated school district
comprised of parcels of land that is delineated by the
department. The children from all population units living
within a school district will attend the local public schools
if there is adequate space and a certain level of quality
education. School quality is viewed differently by the
three income classes, but they base their decisions on the
quality of the school facility itself; the ratio of teachers
to students, and the ratio of high-income teachers to middle-
income teachers. The quantity and quality of local public
school services for a district is therefore dependent upon
the level of the school facility, its value ratio, and the
number of Pi's hired from the high and middle class, and the
school crowding.
The demand for school services within a district is
dependent upon the number and class of population units loca-
ted within the boundaries of the school district.
An overall index of the quality of school services within
a school district is derived from the ratio of the school
units demanded to the school units supplied. This ratio is
multiplied times 100 to arrive at a School Use Index. As
the Use Index rises above 100, the quality of service declines,
This impacts on population units by making their neighborhood
dissatisfaction increase.
The School Department may also supply adult education
facilities for the local population in its jurisdiction.
The supply of adult education service is dependent upon the
number of teachers hired for the adult education program.
The demand for adult education services is dependent upon
the time allocations by the social sector for public adult
education.
23
-------
Figure SC-1
THE SCHOOLS DEPARTMENT AS IT FITS
WITHIN THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
CHAIRMAN (CH)
Appoint Department Heads,
draw up budget, and
suggest tax rates
ELECTED
OFFICIALS
DEPARTMENTS
APPOINTED
DEPARTMENTS
PLANNING
ZONING (PZ)
Zone land
Develop
Master Plan
ASSESSMENT (AS)
Assess Land
COUNCIL (CO)
Pass on budgets
and tax rates
SCHOOLS (SC)
Provide school
service for
adults and
children
MUNICIPAL
SERVICES (MS)
Provide police,
fire, & health
services
HIGHWAYS (HY)
Build &
operate
roads &
terminals
OPTIONAL -
PUBLIC OR
PRIVATE
UTILITIES (OT)
Provide water
and other
utility service
BUS
Provide
bus service
RAIL
provide
rapid rail
service
-------
IV. COMPUTER PRINTED OUTPUT DESCRIPTION
A. Introduction
The printed computer output provides a yearly
report of the status of the simulated region and of inter-
actions within the region during the previous year. There
are several types of output: maps showing characteristics
of the region which differ geographically? summaries which
present information in capsulated form; and detailed
information from which the summaries are derived.
The figure on the next page shows the titles
of the output sections in the order in which they are
printed. That sequence follows neither the logical order
of computer program operations nor the usual sequence in
which a user examines the output. The code number beside
the title of each section of output listed in this figure
is the code number used in all examples of output included
in this manual. The output is explained in this section
in order of most general to most detailed information.
Output is explained in the following order:
- maps
- summary information
- general information of relevance to
all three sectors
- social sector detail
- economic sector detail
- government sector detail
There are a few standard features of all printed
output sections. Each has a title which is a short
description of the type of information given by the section
of output. Each also contains both the round number and
the game heading (the name of the data base being used or
some other heading input by the director). Where relevant,
a jurisdiction number is also printed.
After a few rounds' experience with the model, a
model user usually needs only the printed computer output
from a round and the Master Tables and input formats con-
tained in this manual in order to play subsequent rounds.
25
-------
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
RIVER BASIN MODEL OUTPOT
1,1 Environmental Indexes
1.2 Personal Indexes
1.3 Dissatisfaction Cutoffs
1,4 Migration Detail
1.5 .Vibration Statistics
1.6 Migration Summary
2.1 Water User Effluent Content
2.2 River Quality During Surface Water Process
2.3 Water u^er Costa t'.nci Consumption
2.4 Coliform and Pollution Index Values
8. Government Eetni.1
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.0
Wctcr Dep.-.rtmcr.t Reports
Sar.plir.c~ Station Report: ?oint Source Quality
Sampling Station Report: A.-rMent Quality
Utility Department Report
Utility Department Finances
Municipal Services repartre.-it Report
<.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Co=vrcial Allocation
4.1
4.2
4. 3
4.4
4.5
Employment Selection Information for PL Class
Employment Selection Information for PM Clnss
E^ployirent Selection Information for PH Clnss
Part-Time Work Allocation for I'll Class
Part-Tire Work Allocation for P.". Class
Part-Ti.'v.e Work Allocation for PL Class
Employment Summary
Personal Goods Allocation Summary
Personal Services Allocation Summary
business Goods Allocation Summary
Business Services Allocation Summary
Government Contracts
.".'jnicipal Services Dspartr-cr.t Construction Table
ning and rcnir.c riepartr.ent Report
School Dep.: rtr...'nt Report
Sc^-.ool D..>part-ent Finances
Sc!-.col Decartr-.'int Construction Table
8 . 1 ' i! i c]!:vay Cepartr.cr. t Finarices
'.way Department Construction Table
Rail Cs.--;ja"iy Report
2i;s Ccrpciriy Koport
ir-'an "eoartr'ent Finances
"
9. Sur.^-ary Statistics 9.1 Demographic and Economic Statistics
10. Maps
5. Social Sector
Econonvic Sector
4.6 Terminal Dcnand and Supply Table
4.7 Terminal Allocation Map
5.1 Dollar Value o£ Time
5.2 Social Decision-Maker Output
5.3 Social lloycotts
6.1 Farm Output
6.2 Residence Output
6.3 Basic Industry Output
6.4 Corr.r-.crcial Output
6.5 ' Economic Boycott Status
6.6 New Construction Table
6.7 Land Summary
6.8 Loan Statement
6,9 Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic Summaries
7.1 Number of Levels of Economic Activity Con-
trol led by Teams
7.2 Employment Centers
7.3 Economic Control Summary for Terms
7.4 Social Control Summary for Tea-ma
7.5 Social Control Summary Totals
7.6 Economic Graphs for Teams
7.7 Social Graphs for Teams
8.
3.
8.
3.
8.
8.
8.
8.
3.
3.
8.
9 .
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10
J. J.
12
13
1-:
15
1C
J. /
18
> '""
20
1
1
2
3
5
6
7
a
a
10
1 1
i -i
13
14
15
1G
1 7
18
ID
20
2 1
10.
10.
10.
10.
rtrr.oaal Goods Allocation Map
Personal Services Allocation .Map
Business Co.~_-r.ercisl Allocatior. Map
"unicipal Service Map
School .'-'.ap
Utility y.ap
Water USACJO Xap
i-.'atcr Quality Map
Municipal Treatment
Municipal Intake and Outflow Point Hap
Surface '.J.iter Mao
Farm Kunoff Map
Rivor nasin Flood Plain Xc?
Farm Map
Tarn Assi.-ssed and Market Value Kap
Market Value Map
AS rossed Value Map
Eceno.Tic Status Map
lliyhwciy Map.
Planning and Zoning Map
P.n-:
-------
B. Map Output
The model output includes several maps which visually
represent characteristics of the simulated region which
differ by location. The entire simulated region is repre-
sented on a single, two-page computer map. A map key is
printed at the bottom of each page. Map symbols appear on
a map in the three types of locations which can be specified
in the model: parcels (squares), parcel edges (lines sep-
arating squares), and intersections of lines (parcel corners)
Land uses 'and other characteristics of parcels are repre-
sented within the squares. Divisions between parcels such
as roads or jurisdiction boundaries are represented be-
tween parcels, and activities such as terminals are repre-
sented at parcel corners.
The Map Titles and a brief description of their con-
tents are given below, in the order in which they will be
discussed. All information is located spatially.
Economic Status Map: economic owners, economic activ-
ities and operating levels, zoning, levels of utilities
installed, amounts of undeveloped land, road types, ter-
minal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Government Status Map: school levels, parks, municipal
service levels, utility plant levels, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Socio-Economic Distribution Map: residence types and
levels"^ number of Pi's of each class, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Demographic Map; populations, residential quality in-
dexes, business value ratios, percent occupancy, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Personal Goods Allocation Map: PG shopping location
for each class and residence, PG location.
Personal Services Allocation Map: PS shopping loca-
tion for each class and residence, PS location.
Business Commercial Map; BG and BS shopping location
for each business, BG and BS locations.
Utility Map: utility units served, ut'ility units
installed, utility plants, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
27
-------
Surface Water Map; volumes of surface water, rates of
flow, land area1 in water, directions of surface water flow,
lakes.
Municipal Treatment Plant Map: municipal water intake
treatment plants and levels,, municipal1 sewage treatment
plant types and levels, utility plant locations and code _
numbers, directions of surface water flow, utility district
boundaries, lakes.
Municipal Inflow and Outflow Point Map; Municipal
surface water intake points, municipal sewage outflow
points, utility districts served by each, surface water
qualities, directions of surface water flow, utility dis-
trict boundaries, lakes.
Water Quality Map: economic activities and operating
levels, surface water qualities, directions of surface
water flow, lakes.
Economic Sector Water Usage Map: economic activities
and operating levels, amounts of recycling, business ef-
fluent treatment types and levels, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
Municipal Services Map: economic activities and oper-
ating levels, municipal service units required, municipal
services and their use indexes, municipal service district
boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.
School Map; numbers of public school students, num-
bers of private school students, schools and their use
indexes, school district boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.
Highway Map: economic activities and operating levels,
road types, terminal levels.
Planning and Zoning Map: zoning, park, public insti-
tutional land uses, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Parkland Usage Map: parks, populations served by park,
park use indexes, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Market Value Map; market values of all non-farm land,
privately owned buildings, and privately owned land and
buildings, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries
28
-------
Assessed Value Map: assessed values of non-farm pri-
vately owned land and buildings, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Farm, Assessed and Market Value Map: assessed and mar-
ket values-,of , farms , amount of land in farms, road types,
terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries, lakes.
Farm Map: farm owners, amount of land in farms, farm
types, levels of fertilization, road types, terminal levels,
jurisdiction boundaries.
Farm Runoff Map: where runoff from farms flows, di-
rection of surface water flow, lakes.
River Basin Flood Plain Map: river basins, dam
priorities, flood susceptibility of each parcel, direction
of surface water flow,lakes, jurisdiction boundaries.
Topographical Restriction Map: topographically unde-
velopable land, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Social Decision-Maker Map: social decision-maker con-
trolling each class living on each residence parcel, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
29
-------
1. Economic Status Map
This map shows the economic sector owners of all privately-
owned non-farm parcels and the economic activity, if any, on
each parcel. A parcel can have only one economic owner and
one economic activity. Owners of farm parcels are shown on
the Farm Map. The types of economic activities represented
in the model are listed in the Master Tables.
The economic owner of a parcel owns all of the land
and' developments on the parcel which do not belong to the
government or which are not topographically undevelopable.
If the economic owner sells land to another economic de-
cision-maker, he must sell all of the privately-owned
land and buildings on the parcel to the new owner. An
economic decision-maker can sell any portion of undeveloped
land on a parcel to a government department.
The Planning and Zoning Department may zone parcels.
Zoning is a restriction on economic development. Once a
parcel is assigned a particular zoning code, all new economic
development on the parcel must conform to the new zoning.
If a parcel is unzoned, there is no restriction on what
type of activity may be constructed on it. The Economic
Status Map key defines what private land uses are allowed
under each zoning code.
When a new economic development is constructed on a
parcel, it must not only conform to the parcel's zoning;
it must have sufficient utility service. Utilities are
installed by the Utility Department in "levels" (1 - 9).
Each level of economic activity requires a certain number
of utility units, and each level of utility service supplies
a fixed number of utility units to a parcel.
If an economic decision-maker has insufficient utility
service for a proposed development, the Utility Department
must install adequate utility service before the new devel-
opment can be constructed.*
*There are two exceptions to the utility restriction
on_development: 1) RA housing can be built with "private
utilities", which do not require utilities supplied by the
Utility Department; 2) the director can override the utility
restriction on individual developments.
30
-------
Figure 10.18
ECONOMIC STATUS MAP onuNI 2
70 72 7* 76 7fl 80 «2 A 4 66 6ft 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 10*. 106 108 111 11? IL 4 II*
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31
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-------
Economic developments also require land. Each activity,
depending on its type, requires a certain amount of land
for each constructed level of development. Regardless of
the operating level of an activity, the land consumed is
that of the constructed level, which is always greater than
or equal to the operating level. The amount of privately-
owned land which is not in developments is classified on
this map as undeveloped. If a parcel shows no undeveloped
land, no further economic development can occur there un-
less the owner either acquires more land from a government
department owning a portion of the parcel or demolishes
existing economic developments. An economic decision-
maker can acquire land by purchasing a parcel from another
economic decision-maker or by bidding on land which is
owned by the Outside.
The operating level of an economic activity is shown
on the Economic Status Map. For most purposes, a busi-
ness' operating level is the only level considered by the
computer programs. However, a business pays property
taxes and maintenance for its constructed level.
32
-------
2. Government Status P4ap
Whereas there can be only one economic owner per parcel,
any combination of government departments can own developed
and undeveloped land on a parcel. The government depart-
ments which can own land, and the types of developments each
can construct on a parcel are:
Department Development Type
Utility Department Utility Plant
Water Intake Treatment Plant
Sewage Outflow Treatment Plant:
Chlorination
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
School Department School Unit
Municipal Service Municipal Service Unit
Department
Planning and Zoning Parkland
Department Public Institutional Land
Highway Department Road*
Terminal*
A government department can sell undeveloped land
which it owns to either another government department or
to the economic decision-maker owning the privately-owned
portion of a parcel.
The government status map shows the locations of some
of the types of government activities: schools, parks,
utility plants, and municipal service units.
*A road requires land from the parcels on each side,
and a terminal requires land from the four parcels touching
the intersection at which it is located.
33
-------
Figure
10.26
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rcPCOTcr^rrc'^c'C'^ccc!
. . . 3
0 I?
0 14
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0 52
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112 114 116 115
34
-------
3. Socio-Economic Distribution Map
This map shows the number of Pi's of each class living
on each residence parcel. The residence type and level are
also printed.
The migration process allocates people to housing.
Only two classes can live on a residence parcel simul-
taneously, due in part to the model's restriction that a
PH will not move into a residence with a quality index
below 71 and a PL will not move into housing with a quality
index above 70. It is possible, if a residence depreciates
below the minimum that a class will accept, that high-
income, for example, will live in a residence with a quality
index below 71 if the class was living on the parcel before
the depreciation. In no case, however, can PR's reside on
the same parcel with PL's.
Each level of a residence type provides a fixed num-
ber of space units. A PI occupies a fixed number of
space units, depending on its class. The percent occu-
pancy of each residence is shown on the Demographic Map.
35
-------
Figure
10.22
70 72 74 76
TWDCITY
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
78 BO 82 84 06 flB 90 92
ODDOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOCCOOOOCOOCCOCOOOOCOOQDDOODDODClOOOClO
0
12 0
o ....
0
14 Q
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16 0
1ft 0
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20 D
22 0
24 0
0
26 0
0 ....
0
0 ....
28 0
0
a
30 0
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32 0 '
0,
0 ....
34 0
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0. .
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36 0
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Q
3B 0 . . *
0
0
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0
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42 0 . . ,
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44 0
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46 0
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4fl 0
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52 Q
0
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C.....
56 0
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0 ....
60 0
0 ....
70 72 74 76
PiftCFL KCY
TOP ROW: PEMDewrE
HIODLE RCWJ NUT.CH OF
80TTCH PQW: N'jMER OF
" 5M. 5M. 5H.
. . . .R A 3 R A 4 .R A 1 H .
... . 1HH
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0
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76 80 82 fl A 86 Pfl 90 9?
TYPE IND LEVEL .. .. RaADOFD
»1 '5 ft.'lC CLASS -- ( | TYPF 1 RfKD
PI'S A.'IO CLASS ms HH TY^F 2 PDAO
11STR IftUTl ON MAP
9*j
-------
4. Demographic Map
The demographic map shows the number of people living
on each residence parcel, the percent occupancy of each
residence and the quality of all privately owned buildings
and equipment.
Overcrowding (over 100% occupancy) contributes to a
residence's neighborhood index and to the health index.
The quality is expressed as the quality index for a
residence and as the value ratio for non-residential ac-
tivities. A value ratio is the ratio of the present con-
dition of a business' buildings and equipment to their
original condition, expressed as a percent.
A quality index is somewhat different. Whereas a
new business has a value ratio of 100, a new residence
can have a quality index from 40 to 100.
Each year buildings and equipment depreciate in re-
sponse to several conditions which vary by type of activity
(see the Master Tables for the causes of depreciation).
A business's depreciation is measured as a percent of
original value (100). A residence's depreciation is
measured as a percent of the original value of such a type
of residence originally built at a quality index of 100,
regardless of the original quality of the specific resi-
dence. Thus, business depreciation is a percent of original
value but residential depreciation is a percent of quality
index 100.
The owner of an activity can set a maintenance level
for the activity. The maintenance level is the quality
index or value ratio at which the owner will maintain
the activity, regardless of how much it depreciates in a
year. Not until the activity's value ratio or quality
index falls to its maintenance level does the owner incur
maintenance expenditures. The computer program depreciates
and maintains buildings and equipment and charges the
owner for the maintenance cost.
The Demographic Map shows quality indexes and value
ratios after depreciation and after any maintenance.
-------
Figure
10.23
- "
70
iwnciTY
0000000 OOOOOOOOOOC3000000COO 00 00 OOOCCOCCOOOCCOCCOOOOOOQOODOCCOaCrnCOOOOOOOOOOOOQOQODCOOOOOOOOOCOCaOOCO CO r?COOOOOCC3?OC?yQC
12 0
0
14 0
16 0
0
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26 0
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28 0
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0
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117 ni!7 .122 .117 1117
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25. 25. 25. 15n . . 140| 35. . 15. ...
.Ill -111 .111 -lion . .117 |117 . . .100 .....
15 35 o 1 OH . R . . 451 15. . 1
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..... .100 117 .117 H . G .113 1100 ... | ....
H.... DO jcon i I
25. 351 150. 320H 0 H . . ?0 1 1 5. . . |
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0003tt703UPDa3000300000C3CCCOC3C3CO:iCCOCC«)Ce.Oeo^
70
TOP RS
MIDDLE
BOTTOM
PSQCfl KFY P RCEL EDGES INTCRSECTIPN1;
11 TOTAL POP IN 100*5 (RES) .. .. rUTUfi + TYPE I TFR.H1N4L
RQ,V: r OCCUPAf.CY (RfS) " KH YF>F ? filflD TYPE 3 TEP.MlNil
it *W YPF 3 PfHO
CO 00 UP. 1 SDICT !0'J BOU'JOtRY
ll«
38
-------
5. Topographical Restriction Map
This map shows the percent of a parcel that may not be
purchased or developed by any local decision-makers. Land
that is topographically undevelopable includes mountains,
rock outcrops, swamps. None of the area consumed by water
bodies represented in the local system (large lakes, small
lakes, and rivers) is shown on this map. The map also
shows jurisdictional boundaries, the road network, and the
location of terminals.
39
-------
Figure
10.25
THOCITV
70 72 74 76 7H 60 62 84 fl& B6 90 92 *54 96 98 100
nniwo 2
102 104 106 103 11" 11? ll^ 11* Hq
rooQoaooaoroooooooQQOOQQOOOocooaooDaoocoaoocaoaocooosocoQOCoaoocc^^
o i e . .
12 0 B . .
0 B
o n
0 B . .
0 B
0 B
16 0 B
D fl
0 B..
IS 0 Q . .
0 B
0 -- B
0 B
70 0 B
D n
o n
22 0 B
0 H
o = .. = a
0 B
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0 8..
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o n
o H e= = - = it zee
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28 0 H . B
0........ H . fl . .
o M. . , . ococon
0... .... . H Q H . .
30 0 . ....... . H 0 H . .
0........ . H 0 H .
D.-.......H..OH .
320........H..OH
0 H..OH
0 M.OH
340.........H.OH
0.... . . . . H . 0 H
B.H
360..........F1.H
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0 e= = = = *» = «H
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f ? M I N i L
ERM IN4L
HM TYPE 1 PO',3
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40
-------
6. Social Decision Maker Map
This map indicates which social players make decisions
for the low, middle, and high income population units on
parcels. The top letter on a given parcel represents the
social decision-maker who controls the PL's who live there,
and the middle and lower letters represent the social decision-
makers who control the PM's and PH's, respectively, who live
there. If a particular class does not live on a parcel,
no letter is printed.
Not until a parcel is developed for residential land
use and occupied by at least one income class, will a social
decision-maker for that parcel appear on the map. Note that
different decision-makers may control the different popu-
lation classes on a single parcel. Social teams acquire
control over additional Pi's on a parcel when the number of
Pi's of that class moving into the parcel exceeds the number
moving out. Social teams may find that from round to round
they gain or lose control of population units on a residential
parcel of land. This occurs as a result of the migration of
Pi's of a class to a parcel where previously there were no
Pi's of that class (a gain) or as a result of the migration
away from a parcel of all the Pi's of a class on that parcel.
41
-------
Figure
10.24
TWQCITY
70 72 74 76 78 60 62 e\ 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100
D * " . B
12 0 D . .
0 fl . .
0 n
o e . .
0.. D..
o n
0 tl
0 fl
0 0
0 D
is o a
0 0
0 0
0 0 . .
o e . .
0 8
22 0 ...CO..
0 H
0 "-" 0 ,
24 0 C a
0 . . . 0 . .
0 R
0 EI..O
26 0 C C.C.CO
0 B . .
0 1 H 0"« tltif
0 . . . . . . . . t .DM . B . .0
28 0 It. AH . H
0 1 H....C030CB
3 I.HCH..O
30 0 E. IA.AH C H
0 . . . . . . .P.RIC.r, H C' H
8'........H..UH .
32 0 - . . . . . . . HA.ft.flCi H .F
0 B.bHE.E.ECi H
3 ......... H . c H
34 0 . . . . . . . .E. HA.AOFH F .
8 . . . . . . . .R.RHE.fnFH G .
0........-..H H
0 f: = =- = 7-=I"H
360 . . . . . . . .". . 0 HE.''.
0 . . .80C CHC.C.
0 ' 0 H
42 0 0 . H . .
44 0 3 . H . .
0 0 H
*6 0 0 . H . .
8 0 H
0 O.H..
* 0 '.. .O.H.
0 O.H..
0 O.K..
50 0 8 . H . .
0 O.H..
0 0 H
3 0 . II
52 0 0 . H . .
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0 C H
'* ° O.H.'.
0 0 . II . .
0 0 t
3 O.H..
5* 0 o . H
0 c f H
0 O.H..
58 0 0 . H . .
3 O.H.
0 O.H.
COOOfOSOOOOOO g'- - '" ""' ' ' ' ' ° ' "
70 " 7' '8 80 82 84 86 68 90 92 94 96 98 100
ROUNH ?
102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 11«
a 12
0
3 14
0
; c
3 16
0
3 18
C
0
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3
8
D ... i .... 0
r. . . . . . . . . o 24
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0 C
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0
1 c
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C . . . 1 . . . . D 2»
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3 ... I .... C
F . . . l . . . . .e )?
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t o
Q 3*
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v;;
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0
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a
0
102 10*. 106 108 110 112 11* U6 11"
PARCFl. KEY ' P4BCEL FDC.FS INTERSEC t KINS
TO 'ROW: LOW 5nC 0-H .. ., nlAnrien + TYT 1 TERMINAL
HIROLE RHU: BID SC1C C.-H || TYI'F 1 P1/.0 1 TYPE ? TFR1IML
60IT01 R0«: HI S3C 0-H .,. ,;,< IYPF ? POiG , 1VPE 3 TCKMIMVl.
CO 00 JURISOICT 10.N BOUNDARY
42
-------
C. Summary Information
1. Demographic and Economic Statistics
The output summarizes a wide variety of information
about the simulated region. There are two basic types
of information: statistics by jurisdiction and for the
region as a whole about local conditions, and measures of
interactions between the region and the Outside System.
The former provide comparisons between jurisdictions; the
latter provide comparisons between the local and Outside
systems.
Statistics Regarding Local Conditions
Total population: the number of people (not Pi's),
by class.
Percent change over previous year: the total popu-
lation change, positive or negative, between the current
round and the previous round. This is the only local
statistic which is given only as a total and not broken
down by jurisdiction.
Average population per parcel: the number of people
divided by the number of parcels.
Developed land (in parcels): the amount of land
area (in parcel equivalents) consumed by public and
private developments.
Undeveloped land: the amount of land area (in parcel
equivalents) not consumed by developments.
Total land area: the number of parcels.
Assessed value of land in millions: the property tax
base.
Assessed value of developments in millions: the
development tax base.
Average quality of life index: a measure across
classes of the people's average quality of life index.
The higher the index, the poorer the quality of life.
The indexes may differ significantly within a jurisdiction,
but only averages are given here.
Number of registered voters: the number of people
eligible to vote, from which the number who, actually vote
are selected.
43
-------
Figure - 9.1
TWOCITY
DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOHIC STATISTICS
ROUND
& f*f**f>>t-ri>1'<'?stt'*«t**'r**S'* iff*** **** ******** **
TOTAL POPULATION
LOW CLASS
MIDDLE CLASS
HIGH CLASS
PERCENT CHANGE OVER PREVIOUS YEAB
AVERAGE POPULATION PER PARCEL
DEVELOPED LAND (IN PARCELS)
UNDEVELOPED LAND
TOTAL LAND AREA
ASSESSED VALUE OF LAND
IN MILLIONS
ASSESSED VALUE OF DEVELOPMENTS
IN MILLIONS
AVERAGE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
NIJ3BEB OF REGISTERED VOTERS
HO. IN PUBLIC ADULT EDUCATION
AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
LOW
KIDDLE
HIGH
NO. OF WORKERS RECEIVING HELFAEE
STODENT/TEACHEH RATIO
SCHOOL ENSOLLOENT
PUBLIC
PRIVATE
HOUSING UNITS
SINGLE DWELLINGS
MULTIPLE DWELLINGS
HIGH RISE APARTMENTS
TOTAL
275500
73500
99000
103000
0
0
77
548
625
12312.
421.
69
88573
0
59
17
61
5232824
12800
7
48740
20460
100
24
6
JURISDICTION
I
126000
0
64000
62000
0
30
266
296
5321.
158.
61
45566
0
73
0
61
4051270
0
13
34040
0
62
7
4
JURISDICTION
II
149500
73500
35000
41000
0
46
283
329
6992.
264.
75
43007
0
47
17
62
278305
12800
10
14700
20460
38
17
2
JURISDICTION
III
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
VACANCY RATE (PERCENT)
NEGATIVE MEANS OVERCROWDED
28
-23
SO-2
-------
Figure -9.1 (Cont'd)
HUHBEB OF EMPLOYED HORKERS
LOW
MIDDLE
HIGH
79I»00
23000
31680
24720
35360
0
20180
14880
23000
11200
9840
NUMBER EMPLOYED IH
LIGHT INDOSTRY
HEAVY INDUSTRY
NATIONAL SERVICES
CONSTRUCTION INDOSTRY
BUSINESS GOODS
BUSINESS SERVICES
PERSONAL GOODS
PERSONAL SERVICES
MUNICIPAL SERVICES
SCHOOLS
RAIL
BUS
FEDERAL-STATE
HOHBER OF ONEfiPLOYED WORKERS
LOW
KIDDLE
HIGH
27160
27760
0
0
2800
5240
3360
5b80
1920
3830
0
0
1600
6400
6400
0
0
10240
1 1800
0
0
1680
0
3360
2480
1920
3880
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16920
15960
0
0
1120
5240
0
3200
0
0
0
0
1600
6400
6400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
UNEMPLOYMENT EATS
LOW
KIDDLE
HIGH
(PE8CENT)
7.46
21.77
0.0
0. 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.69
21.77
0. 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
PERCENT EARNING UNDER $ 5,000
PERCENT EARNING $5,000 TO 510,000
PERCENT EARNING OVER $10,000
33
37
29
5
54
39
55
22
21
-------
Number in public adult education: the number of
people who wanted to participate in public adult education
programs and were able to do so because programs were
provided by their school departments.
Average educational level: by class, the average
educational level. This ranges from 0 to 100. The higher
a worker's educational level relative to those of- other
workers, the greater his chances of being hired before the
others.
Number of workers receiving welfare: if a jurisdic-
tion does have a program for aid to the unemployed, this
number is the number of unemployed workers. The number is
zero if there are either no unemployed workers or no
welfare program.
Student/teacher ratio: ratio of number of students
attending local public schools to number of teachers
employed by public schools. This is a factor when students
are allocated to public or private schools.
School enrollment: the number of students attending
local public schools and the number attending private
schools. Students attend private schools only if the
public schools in their districts are inadequate.
Housing units: the number of levels of RA (single
family), RB (town house, multiple dwellings), and RC
(high rise) housing.
Vacancy rate: the ratio of existing housing space
to housing space occupied, expressed as a percent. A
negative rate means that housing is overcrowded.
Number of employed workers: the number of people
holding full-time ^obs, by class of worker.
Number employed by type of employer: the number of
full-time workers employed by each type of business and
government employer.
Number of unemployed workers: by class, the number
of workers seeking full-time employment who were unable
to obtain jobs.
Unemployment rate (percent) : by class., the number of
unemployed workers as a percent of the total number of
workers who sought full-time jobs.
46
-------
Earning distribution: the percent of workers
earning less than $5,000, between $5,000 and $10,000, and
over $10,000 from full-time employment.
Transactions With the National Economy
Income from the national economy: federal-state aid
received, by type of aid, and income from both basic
industry sales of output and bus and rail sales of equip-
ment .
Sales to the national economy: federal-state taxes
paid, by type of tax, and purchases of goods, services,
and outside-owned land. The only Outside expenditure
which can be significantly controlled locally is the
purchase of goods and services due to local insufficiency.
National economy business cycle: last round's ratio
to "typical income"per unit of output for basic industry,
interest rates on loans and bonds from the Outside
(expressed as percents), and the average rate of return on
outside investments (expressed as percents).
47
-------
D. COMPUTER OUTPUT EXPLANATION FOR THE
SCHOOL DEPARTMENT"
The School Department for each jurisdiction receives
four sections of computer output: the SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
REPORT, the CONSTRUCTION TABLE, and SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
FINANCES, SCHOOL MAP.
1. School Department Report
This report information is divided into five sections:
a. School Units - supply, demand and use index for
each school district.
b. Undeveloped Land - location and amount of undevel-
oped land owned by the department.
c. Contracts - contractural agreements to purchase
business goods and services from specific suppliers,
d. Adult Education - supply of and demand fro adult
education programs.
Qf Boycotts - information on social classes boycotting
School Department jobs.
1. Characteristics of School Facilities
The first column gives the numerical identification of
the School facility. Each facility in the local system is
given a unique identification number that is used on the
computer maps.
The second column gives the parcel location of the
School facility. The third column provides the development
level of the School facility. These facilities may be built
or upgraded to one of three levels.
The fourth column gives the maintenance level for the
school facilities. The department may change the mainten-
ance level for any school facility. The maintenance level
is the lowest level to which the value ratio will be allowed
decline before maintenance expenditures are incurred.
The fifth column is the value ratio for each school
facility. The value ratio is a measure of the present
value and effectiveness of the plant and equipment in re-
lation to "brand new" plant and equipment. A value ratio
of 80 means that the effective capacity of an educational
facility is reduced to 80 percent of what it would be if the
value ratio'were 100.
48
-------
Figure 8.11
BLUECITY
SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
JURISDICTION I
ROUND 7
SCHOOL UNITS
MAINTENANCE VALUE
SCHOOL LOCATION LEVEL LEVEL RATIO
STUD i N T S
HIGH MID)LE LOW
TEACHERS REQUESTED STUDENT/TEACHER
HIGH MIDDLE RATIO
INDE*
?03Q
,OU24
9032
9631
5
8-*
9t
61
89 0 127HJ 5700
81 0 J 1H6CJO
9t 2600 7S2) 0
BH 01 120 J I 100
22
26
12
22
J03
137
8T
to
UNDEVELOPED LAND
LOCATION
AMOUNT
16
CONTRACTS
TYPE 0*N£R
B« C
as B
ADULT
1
(.OCATION
98- 30
93- 32
r o u c A T
PERCENTAGE OF COST PER
TOTAL PURCHASES UNIT
JOO 110000
100 V7SOO
1 0 N
CAPACITY TOTAL
UNirs USED COiT
14 48SOQOO
16 1560UUO
6100000
HIGH
MIDDLE
EMPLOYMENT OBTAINED
HIGH MIDDLE ACTUAL CAPACITY USED
UNMET
581
58H
S8N
SSI
11600
1»6S
SCHOOL AGE POPULiTION IS
NUMBER OF STUDENTS ATTENDING LOCAL SCHOOLS
NUMBER OF STUDENTS ATTENDING PRIVATE SCHOOLS
S»L»RY OFFERED HIGH INCOME TEACHERS .
SALARY OFFERED MIDDLE INCOME TEACHERS
10*580
55360
51220
10100
5000
-------
The sixth, seventh and eighth columns show the number
of students from each of the three classes that attend
public schools in each of the districts.
Columns nine and ten show the employment mix requests
in terms of population units. The final column shows the
School Use Index. It is the ratio of loading (demand) to
effective capacity (.supply) multiplied times 100.
If the School Department did not hire all the popula-
tion units it requested, the following message is printed:
"7 MIDDLE INCOME TEACHER REQUESTS NOT FILLED"
This would indicate that 7 PM's were not hired.
b. Undeveloped Land
This table shows the parcel location for undeveloped
land owned by the School Department. It also shows the
percent of the parcel owned by the department. The percent
of a parcel required for a level one school facility is
shown in the School Master Table.
c. Contracts
The School Department purchases goods and services each
round as part of the costs of operating and maintaining
their school facilities. These purchases are made from BG
and BS establishments in the local system if contracts to
do so are submitted to the computer by the department. If
no contracts to purchase locally supplied goods and ser-
vices are made, then all needed purchases are made from the
outside system.
The contract table shows the type of good or service
in column one. In the second column, the owner of the
establishment supplying the good or service is indicated.
The third column shows the parcel location of the supplier
if it is a supplier within the local system.
The fourth column shows the percent of total purchases
made from BS and BS suppliers. The fifth column shows the
cost per BG and BS unit being charged by the supplier.
(The outside prices are fixed.)
The sixth column shows the number of BG and BS units
purchased and the last column shows the total cost. This
cost is derived by multiplying the cost per unit times the
number of units purchased.
50
-------
d. Adult Education
The School Department may operate a public adult edu-
cation program if it wishes and can afford to pay the costs.
The demand for public adult education is generated by the
time allocations for free adult education by population units
in the Social Sector.
It is assumed that adult education is carried out in
the-same school facilities used by the children in the public
schools; therefore, the only cost to supplying adult edu-
cation services is the hiring of part-time teachers.
Teachers may be hired in any desired mix from the PH and
PM classes.
The first two columns show the number of part-time work
units requested by the School Department from the PH and
PM classes, respectively. Since the School Department com-
petes in the labor market with all other employers of
part-time workers, there is a chance that occasionally not
all the teachers sought will actually be hired. Therefore,
columns three and four show the part-time work units actually
obtained.
The capacity of the adult education program is obtained
by multiplying the high income part-time units actually
hired times 15 and added that to the number of middle income
part-time units multiplied by 10. Thus PH teachers pro-
vide 50 percent more capacity per work unit hired than PM
teachers.
The used capacity is the number of leisure time units
allocated to public adult education that were able to be
served by the actual capacity of the adult education pro-
gram. The unmet demand (_if any) is the excess of the de-
sired amount of time spent in public adult education by the
population units of the local jurisdiction over the amount
that was actually able to be spent given the capacity of
the jurisdiction's adult education program.
At the bottom of the Adult Education Table, the local
school age population in the jurisdiction is shown along
with the number of these students who attended the public
schools and the number who attended private schools. The
population units whose children attended private schools
had to pay the specified tuition per student as shown in
the School Master Table.
51
-------
The salary offered PH: and PM teachers is also listed
at the end of the Adult Education Table. The same salary
is offered to full time teachers for day classes and part-
time teachers for adult education classes.
e. Boycotts
The Boycott Table shows three bits of information on
the boycotting population units (team controlling, income
class, and function which for School boycotts will always be
work). Three bits of information are formatted for the
boycotted employer. When the School Department is the em-
ployer being boycotted, "SC" and the jurisdiction number
appear under the third column heading entitled "owner".
2. NEW CONSTRUCTION
The Construction Table shows projects that were com-
pleted at the beginning of the round and therefore were
in operation for the entire round. "Outside" indicates
that an outside construction firm performed the construction.
The site location is the parcel on which the school facility
was constructed. The status will always appear as "Completed"
Old level is the previous development level for the
school facility. A zero indicates that no school facility
previously existed on that parcel. The new level is the
present development level for the school facility after the
construction. The price of construction is indicated along
.with the department specified maintenance level (this applies
to the entire structure) and the specified employment mix
(this applies to the entire structure) and the specified
employment mix (this applies to the new total level not
only to the newly constructed increment).
3. SCHOOL DEPARTMENT FINANCES
Outstanding Bonds - This table shows the type (capital
or current) of bond, the original principal, the number of
rounds remaining to pay off the bond (all bonds start as 25
or 2 year bonds), the rate of interest being charged on
the principal (determined by the state of the national bond
market in the year the bond was floated), and the annual
payment that must be made on the debt. Bond payments on a
bond floated in round T being in round T+l. Thus a current
bond incurred in Round 2 will start being paid off in Round
3.
52
-------
Figure 8.12
*«**<
8LUEC1TY
SCHOOL FINANCES
>»****
JURISDICTION 1
!*
CAPITAL
REVENUES
CURRENT
REVENUES
PREVIOUS CASH BALANCE
APPROPRIATIONS
FEDERAL-STATE Aio USED
NEK BONDS
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
792800
13SOOOQO
0
0
0
^"B
11292BOO
PREVIOUS CASH BALANCE
APPROPRIATIONS
FEDERAL-STATE AID USED
NEW BOND:;
MISCELLANEOUS
30711900
19000000
12M56000
0
16000000
78167900
EXPENDITURES
SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
LAND PURCHASES
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
EXPENDITURES
GOODS AND SERVICES
FULL-TIME SALARIES
MISCELLANEOUS
BONO PAYMENTS
ADULT EDUCATION
6HOOUUO
J8J08000
0
0
IH6S7600
39195600
CURRENT BALANCE
M292800
CURRENT UALANCE
38972300
THERE ARE NO OUTSTANDING BONDS
FEDERAL/STATE AID AVAILABLE FOR SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
NONE
-------
4. School Map
This map designates -jurisdictional boundaries (000)
and school district boundaries (xxx) for all school dis-
tricts within each jurisdiction. A school district is
a group of contiguous parcels that are within the service
area of a school facility. Therefore, every school facil-
ity (conceptualized as a collection of elementary and
secondary education buildings) has an associated school
district. There may be parcels of land that are not
served by a public school district. School aged children
on these parcels are forced to attend private schools.
The information contained on a parcel of occupied
residences shows the number of students attending the
local public school (top line) and the number of students
attending private schools (middle line). Both of these
student figures are expressed in hundreds of students.
The School Use Index is shown on those parcels on which
a school facility is located. The parcels on which school
facilities are located are surrounded by asterisks (***).
Students from high and middle income families will
attend the local public schools only if a certain number
of school quality criteria are met. Consult the School
Master Table for the specific criteria.
The School Use Index is dependent upon the number
of students attending the school district and the capacity
"of the school district given the level and value ratio of
the school facility and the mix of teachers. As this
index rises above 100 the quality of public school ser-
vices declines. The School Use Index affects the neigh-
borhood index (neighborhood dissatisfaction) which in
turn affects migration and housing selection.
School district boundaries may be altered by the
School. Department in an effort to improve the supply-
demand balance, serve areas previously not served, and/or
change the social class mix of the students attending
the public schools.
54
-------
SCPHOL MAP ROU^O ?
,2
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
14
36
38
40
4?
44
46
4»
50
5?
-4*
S«
60
TO 72 7* 76 76 60
n
8
fi
«
B
n
°
c
R
fl
a
«
E
C
8
I
fi
*
e
ft
0
t
c
e
B
B
a
B
3
n
8
1
e
ft
e
fi
e
e
E ^
B . '
C
C
1
E
C
R
G
e
«
8
£
e
B
«
B
B
B
n
B
70 72 74 76 7ft 80
PARCELS
TOP ROW: ' PUB SCML STO'JTS
K1DOLE ROW: PBV SCML STnMS
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118
B 0
« 0
« 0
« 0
8 n
» 0
« 0
a o
8 . 0
1 0
H 0
fl 0
B 0
B 0
a o
1R 0
IB 2 4 9 0
» 0
in o
IB 28 44 14 9 0
« 0
fl 0
7 7 7 43 28 7 4 0
8 0
1 B 0
3918 94 0
B 0
X 5 9X t t 4 e
X 1 X 40< 87- : 4 B
X X t ; fl
1 9 1* 1B» 15 3 «
It lit 118 29 4 >
t 48 t H a
53620E »t fl
1 4 11B 35 t 39t B
3 t t 8
7 28 «
8 12 21 24 18 B
8 1
la H
« 1 ' 3 6 3 ' " ' B
B *
8
8 a
B
a B
e a
a
K *
8 a
B 8
B a
B *
1 I
n *
R B
6
8 R
C B
fl *
B «
C K
8 «
B
MiiiiseerBBSBSBBeBcssiesBssBSKtsiisaeetBocBBrBesBBmBBiBCBBMtr.icEBneiiBBRfliicflBeTitsBRsfliticr.rrBBrtrB
B2 84 86 IB 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 lOfl 110 11? 114 116 11B
PABCEL Fpr.ES
xx DISTRICT p.nuvoA»y
00 JURISDICTION COUNfiARY
1?
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
37
34
36
38
4n
47
44
46
50
52
56
j n
""
60II01 XOW. SCML II5C llfKX
c IF ^r.m ON pi»r.tLi
NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN 100'S
tt SCHOOL ON PARCEL
55
-------
V. SCHOOL DEPARTMENT DECISIONS
A. Summary of Decisions
The three categories of decisions made by the -School
Department are those that are jurisdiction-wide in scope,
those that pertain to individual school facilities and
districts, and those that are capital land and construc-
tion decisions. The following table shows the nine types
of decisions as they relate to these three categories.
Jurisdiction-wide
Change Salary Levels
Award BG and BS Contracts
Transfer Cash
Offer Adult Education
Individual School Facilities
Change District Boundaries
Change Maintenance Level
Change Employment Requests
Capital
Acquire and Sell Land
Construct or Demolish School Facilities
The School Department does not need to make any
decisions if it does not wish to do so. If no decisions
are made, it is assumed that salaries, contracts,
district boundaries, maintenance levels, and employment
requests remain at their present values. If no decisions
are made, there will be no cash transfers, land transfers,
constructions, or demolitions.
The School Department must be aware of the local
system constraints on its decision-making. Capital
expenditures may not be made unless there are sufficient
funds in the capital account. New appropriations from
the Chairman may increase the amount of these capital
funds.
Sfi
-------
B. Input Format
Local system decision-makers (such as the School
Department) use a standardized input form (Figure SC-3.2)
when making decisions that must be processed by the com-
puter.
The standard message format is:
$CODE/ = dm/a, b, c, d, ....
1. $CODE stands for the type of decision code. The
School Department has the option to make decisions that use
the following decision codes:
$OTHER (adult education programs, salaries)
$CVPT (contracts, maintenance, employment)
$CASH (transfer cash)
$KEDIST (redistrict)
$PU (land transfer)
$OUBLD (construct or demolish)
$FSA (request Federal-State aid)
2. "=dm'; is the decision-maker, which for the School
Department is SCI, SC2, or SC3, depending upon the appro-
priate jurisdiction number. A jurisdiction number must
always follow the SC decision-maker code, even if there
is only one active jurisdiction.
3. The columns "a", "b", and so forth are filled in
with the appropriate information depending upon the par-
ticular decision.
Note that there is a slash (/) after the decision
code and after the decision-maker code. There are commas
separating all other bits of information. Note also that
the decision-maker code is prefaced by an equals sign (=).
57
-------
Note: When filling out this form, refer to
input description form in the manual.
Please write clearly; distinguish
between 1 (one) and "I" (eye), "0"
(oh) and "0" (zero); be sure to fill
in numbers exactly as required;
omitting commas within numbers (100000)
Decision Decision-
Code Maker
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
/ =
/ =
/ =
/ =
/ =
/ =
/ _
. / -
/ =
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ f
/
/
r i i t
' ' , ' , '
i
' ' ' '
/ t 1.1
\
i 'i i i
till
> ' ',!,.'
-------
SCHOOL DEPARTMENT: INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of
Decision
Purchase
or bid
on land
Change
employment
Change
maintenance
level
Change
district
boundaries
Code
$PU
$CVPT
$CVPT
Decision
Maker a b
SCI, SC2, location price (in
or SC3 $1000's)
SCI, SC2 E location
or SC3
SCI, SC2, M location
or SC3
c
seller
(economic
decision-
maker or
department)
new number
of PM
units
working
there
new
maintenance
level
d e f
percent of
parcel (0
if all)
new number
of PH
units
working
there
$-REDIST SCI, SC2
or SC3
location list of new
of school parcels in
district in
parentheses*
*Parcels can be listed within parentheses by specifying upper left.and lower right hand
corners separated by ">". Example:
$REDIST/=SC1/ 5434, (9232 >10040)
-------
Type of Decision-
Decision Code Maker
Transfer $CASH SCI, SC2,
cash or SC3
a be
C_ receiver amount (in
(economic dollars)
or social
decision-
maker or
department
and iuris-
dietion
d e f
from if economic 0
CAPital or decision-
CURrent maker
account receiving,
PVT if so-
cial re-
ceiving,
class re-
ceiving
(H.M.or L) ;
if depart-
ment receiv-
ing, to CAP-
ital to CUR-
g
if social
receiving
location
receiving
ital to CUR-
rent account
Award BG $CVPT SCI, SC2,
or BS or SC3
contracts
Request $OTHER SCI, SC2,
adult edu- or SC3
cation
teachers
C location
of BG or
BS estab-
lishment
EA number of
middle -
income
time
units
requested
percent of new displaced
total BG priority priority
or BS
purchase
to be
bought
there
number of
high- income
time units
requested
owner
of BG or
BS estab-
lishment
Figure SC-3.2
-------
Type of Decision-
Decision Code Maker
Change
salaries $OIHER SCI, SC2,
or SC3
Construct, $OUBLD SCI, SC2,
upgrade or or SC3
demolish a
school by
the "Out-
side System"
a b
S salary to
middle
income
worker (in
$100's)
a b c
site SC old
location level
(0, if
new
building)
c d
salary to
high income
worker (in
$100's)
d e
new new main-
level tenance
level
e f
f g
number of number of
FM's working PH's working
there
-------
C. Sample Decisions for the School Department
(The input format is shown on the sample input. Note that
the jurisdiction number must always be given even if only
a single jurisdiction exists.)
Jurisdiction-Wide Decisions
1. Change Salary Levels
The School Department in Jurisdiction 2 wishes to change
its salaries for PM's to $5200. Note that no dollar
signs need to be placed on the dollar amounts and that
the old salary for the PH's must also be input. The
decision is to change salaries, and if nothing had
been placed in the column for PH salary, the computer
would read the blanks as zeros and the new PM salary
would be put to the minimum amount.
2. Award BG or BS Contracts
Case 1: The School Department in Jurisdiction 3 wishes
to made a BG contract so that all its purchases will be
made from a single local supplier (BS at 9830). Pre-
sently, all the purchases are being made from the
Outside system.
Case 2: The School Department in Jurisdiction 1 wishes
to split its BS purchases between two local suppliers
in such a way that one gets 60 percent of the School
Department business (BS at 10012) and the other gets
40 percent (BS at 10636). Previously, a third BS
establishment at 11040 had supplied all of the BS
services for the School Department. Its contract must
be negated.
A department in a jurisdiction may not have more than
three contracts for BG or more than three contracts
for BS purchases.
3. Transfer Cash
Case 1: The School Department in Jurisdiction 2 wishes
to transfer $1,000,000 from its current account,to its
capital account.
Case 2: The same department wishes to transfer $525,000
to Economic Team B from its current account.
4. Adult Education
The School Department in Jurisdiction .2 decides to hire
250 time units of PM teachers and 300 time units of PH
teachers.
62
-------
Operational Decisions for Specific "School Facilities
5. Change District Boundaries
The decision to change the boundaries for one school
facility does not require that.the boundaries for
other school facilities be changed unless contiguity
is involved. If the School Department makes sub-
stantive error in any of its redistricting decisions
in a round, all the redistricting decisions are
rejected. The School Department in Jurisdiction 1
decides to add a previously unserved parcel (9048)
to the School district served.by the school on
parcel 9036. It also wants to add parcels 9840, 9842.
10040 and 10042. These four parcels form a "block
input".
6. Change Maintenance Level
The School Department in Jurisdiction 2 decides to
raise the maintenance level for its school facility
at 7420 to 80, and to lower the maintenance level for
its school facility at 7630 to 85.
7. Change Employment Requests
The School Department in Jurisdiction 2 decides to
change the labor mix for the school facility at 7420
to 3 PM and 4 PH and to change the mix at the second
level school at.7630 to 7 PM and 8 PH.
Capital Decisions
8. Acquire or Sell Land
Case 1: The School Department in Jurisdiction 1 pur-
chases 12 percent of parcel 7842 from Economic Team B
for $570,000.
Case 2: The School Department in Jurisdiction 2
attempts to purchase 24 percent of parcel 10032 from
Outside System owners with un unsolicited bid of
$1,500,000.
Case 3: The School Department in Jurisdiction 3 gives
12 percent of parcel 8436 to the Planning and Zoning
Department in its jurisdiction. (Note that the
receiver is designated as the decision-maker.)
9. Construct a School Facility
Case 1: The School Department in Jurisdiction 1 wishes
to build a school facility on parcel 8832, have a main-
tenance level of 90, and hire 3 PM's and 3 PR's to work
there.
63
-------
Case 2; The department also decides to upgrade the
school facility on parcel 10020 from a level 1 to a
level 3 and make the new maintenance level for the
entire facility be 85 and hire 12 PM's and 15 PH's.
Case 3: Because of the demolition of several resi-
dential structures within its boundaries, the school
facility at 8640 has been slated for a reduction in
capacity by the School Department in Jurisdiction 2.
It is decided that the school should be reduced from
a level 2 to a level 1 and the maintenance reduced to
70 and employment cut to 3PM and 2 PH.
64
-------
SAMPLE DECISION INPUTS FOR THE SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT
cn
1.
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
3.1
3.2
4
5
Decision Decision-
Code Maker
$ Cv/pr / =_scL3 /
/ = sci /
$ CASH / =
$CAH / =
$ ifrHgft/ =_£C2,_ /
?£gp{sr/ = sci /
6
52 , /**>
l^o
6^>
4o
loooooo.
.' £AP ,
, PVT,
-------
SAMPLE DECISION INPUTS FOR THE SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT (CONT'd)
6.
Decision Decision-
Code Maker
7. $_CVPr_ / = SQg-
s-1 $__£L / = 5Ci
8.2 $
= SC2* / M f 74^0. g^> /_H
8.3 $ pU / =
9.1 $
9.2 $
9.3 $
/ =. sc i
/ =
79+1,
IOQ3Z,
, Sc
, 7 ,
tz , it , /r
70 , J> , X,
-------
VI. MASTER SHEET FOR THE SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
General Characteristics
SCI
Construction Cost
Land Requirements
Annual Depreciation Rate
BG and BS Requirements
For 1% Maintenance
BG
BS
For Normal Operation
BG
BS
Federal-State Aid
Capital
Current (automatic)
$27,000,000
6%
2%
2 units
.7 units
8 units
3 units
$ for every
local $1
$225 per stu-
dent
Design Capacity (in Students) as a Function of the Number
and Class of Population Units Assigned to Teach There
PM
H
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
7
10
13
17
19
,600
,200
,800
,140
,100
,800
2
5
9
14
17
20
23
,520
,910
,900
,040
,460
.700
,850
4,140
8,460
12,600
16,920
21,060
23,400
26,820
6,840
11,200
15,500
20,000*
23,400
26,640
29,880
9
13
17
21
25
28
31
,900
,320
,460
,960
,200
,440
,320
12
15
19
23
27
30
32
,240
,300
,440
,760
,000
,000
,850
13,140
17,100
21,240
25,560
28,620
31,500
34,200
*The least cost design capacity of an SCI
67
-------
Master Sheet for the School Department Cont'd
Population Unit Characteristics
Characteristics PH PM PL
Number of students 130 140 100
Criteria for Refusal
Attend Public Schools
Value Ratio (Min.) 80 60 None
Student-Teacher 18:1 22:1 None
Ratio (Maximum)
Ratio of High to
Middle Teachers 1:1 3:4 None
(Minimum)
Cost of Private Educa- $39,000 $24,500 $12,500
tion (for students)
Capital Federal-State Aid
1st Request: 60% chance of acceptance
2nd Request: 40% chance of acceptance
3rd Request: 30% chance of acceptance
68
-------
ADULT EDUCATION
School Demand School Supply
Ead time unit allocated to Classes held in public
public adult education is school facilities - only
a unit of demand. additional cost is for part-
time teachers.
One Unit of Time Provides Units
by PI of Adult
Hired Education
PH 15
PM 10
69
-------
APPENDIX A
Sequence of Computer Print-Out
Although sections of the computer output can be dis-
tributed in any order and in any combination to players,
it is printed in a fixed order with which the director
should become familiar. The overall order of output is:
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
4. Commercial Allocation
5. Social Sector
6. Economic Sector
7. Social and Economic Summaries
8. Government Detail
9. Summary Statistics
10. Maps
Within each of these major output sections there are
several subsections. An additional section of print-out
results from the processing of decisions on a data base.
That print-out, called EDIT, has no fixed sequence within
it; the order of decision input is the order in which EDIT
processes and lictG player cud director decisions. Tha
EDIT print-out is separate from the print-outs listed
above. These print-outs reflect the simulated region's
status in response to the previous year's data base and
any changes made to it through EDIT.
Each subsection of output has its own title, but on
every subsection the heading for the data base and the round
number are printed. A list of the titles of print-out
sections in the order in which they are printed and a des-
cription of each are given below and are summarized in
Figure 4.
Print-Out Section Description
1. Migration
Environmental For each class which can live on
Indexes each residence parcel, this shows
the value of each component of
the environmental index based on
last round's pollution index, MS
use index, and school use index
and this round's residence quality,
rent, tax rates, and welfare rates.
70
-------
Figure 4
Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
4.
3.7
Allocation
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4. 6
4.7
RIVER BASIN MODEL OUTPUT
1.1 Environmental Indexes
1,2 Personal Indexes
1.3 Dissatisfaction Cutoffs
1.4 .Migration Detail
1.5 Migration Statistics
1.6 Migration Sundry
2.1 v.'ater User Effluent Content
2.2 River Quality During Surface Water Process
2.3 Water User Costs and Consumption
2.4 Coliform and Pollution Index Values
3.1 Employment Selection Information for PL Class
3.2 Employment Selection Information for ?M Class
3.3 Employment Selection Information for ?H Class
3.4 Part-Time Work Allocation for PtI Class
3.5 Part-Tiro Work Allocation for ?M Class
3.6 Part-Time Work Allocation for PL Class
Employment Summary
5. Social Sector
6. Economic Sector
Personal Goods Allocation Summary
Personal Services Allocation Summary
Business Goods Allocation Summary
Business Services Allocation Summary
Government Contracts
Terminal Demand and Supply Table
Terminal Allocation Map
8. Government Detail 8.1 Assessment Report
8.2 Vfetar Department Reports
S.3 Sampling Station F.eport: Point Source Quality
3.4 Sampling Station F.o?crt: A-fiient Quality
8.5 Utility Department Seport
8.6 Utility Department Finances
8.7 Municipal Services Department Report
8.8 Municipal Services Department Finances
8.9 Municipal Services Department Construction Table
8.10 Planning and Zoning Department Report
8.11 School Department Report
8.12 School Department Finances
8.13 School Department Construction Table
8.14 ilichv.-iy Department Finances
8.15 Highway Department Construction Table
8.16 Rail Co.Tpany Report
8.17 Bus Ccrpany P.opirt
8.18 Chairman Deportment Finances
8.19 Tax Summary
8.29 Financial Summary
9. Sun.-r.ary Statistics 9.1 Demographic and Economic Statistics
10. Mass
5.1 Dollar Value of Time
5.2 Social Decision-Maker Output
5.3 Social Boycotts
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
Farm Output
.csidencc Output
Basic Industry Output
Commercial Output
Economic Boycott Sta.tus
New Construction Table
Land Summary
Loan Statement
Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic Summaries
7.1 Number of Levels of Economic Activity Con-
trolled by Teams
7.2 Employment Centers
7.3 Economic Control Summary for Teams
7.4 Social Control Summary for Teams
7.5 Social Control Summary Totals
7.6 Economic Graphs for Teams
7.7 Social Graphs for Teams
10.1 Personal Goods Allocation Map
10.2 Personal Services Allocation Map
10.3 Business Commercial Allocation Map
10.4 Municipal Service Mao
10.5 School Map
10.6 Utility Ma?
10.7 Water Usage Map
10.8 Water Quality Map
10.9 Municipal Treatment
10.10 Municipal Intake and Outflow Point Map
10.11 Surface Water Ma?
10.12 Farm Runoff Map
10.13 River Basin Flood Plain Map
10.14 Farm Map
10.15 Farm Assessed and Market Value Kap
10.16 Market Value Map
10.17 Assessed Value Map
10.18 Economic Status Map
10.19 Highway Map
10.20 Planning and Zoning Map
10.21 Parkland Usage Map
10.22 Socio-economic Distribution Map
10.23 Demographic Map
10.24 Social Decision-Maker Map
10.25 Topographical Restriction Hap
10.26 Government Status Mao
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Print-Out Section
Personal Indexes
Migration Detail
Migration
Statistics
Migration Summary
Description
For each class living on each
residence parcel, this shows the
value of each component of the
personal index based on last
round's time allocation, resi-
dential crowding, MS use index,
and coliform bacteria index.
For each residence parcel and for
each class which lived on the
parcel immediately before or
after the migration program ran,
this shows the number of Pi's
in the class now residing on the
parcel and of those who moved,
why they moved and where they
came from and went to.
Number of in-migrants, out-
migrants, internal migrants,
and natural population growth
by jurisdiction and class.
The number of Pi's who moved
between or within jurisdictions
by class, by jurisdiction and by
reason for moving.
2. Water System
Water User
Effluent Content
For each economic activity and
municipal water system, the
volume of effluent dumped into
the surface water and the amount
of each pollutant in the effluent
after the effluent has received
any treatment.
River Quality During For each of the five stages in
Surface Water Process the surface water process and
for the surface water on each
parcel through which a river
flows, this shows the water
quality rating, the volume of
water, and the amount of each
pollutant present.
72
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Print-Out Section
Description
Water User Costs and
Consumption
Coliform and
Pollution Index
Values
3. Employment
Employment Selection
Information for Low-
Income Class
Employment Selection
Information for
Middle Income Class
This shows for each economic
activity the amount of water
which it required, the amount
which it obtained from its nor-
mal source and the cost which it
paid to purchase water, to treat
its intake water, to recycle
water and to treat its effluent.
Map showing, for each parcel con-
taining surface water, the coli-
form count and the water quality
rating. The pollution indexes
for such parcels and for parcels
bordering parcels containing
surface water are also shown.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
noL employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the route used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel to
work whether by, auto or public
transit.
73
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Print-Out Section
Description
Employment Selection
Information For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation for
Middle Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation for Low
I.ncome Class
Employment Summary
4. Commercial Allocation
Personal Goods
Allocation Summary
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel
to work whether by auto or public
transit.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time units spent working, and
the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-Lime workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Information by class and total
for the number of Pi's employed
at their design level or at
lower levels, the number unem-
ployed, the total number of
Pi's, the part-time units worked,
and the number of jobs full time
that were not filled by the lo-
cal labor force.
Tabular output showing the i-
dentification number assigned
to each PG establishment, its
74
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Print-Out Section
Personal Services
Allocation Summary
Business Goods
Allocation Summary
Business Services
Allocation Summary
Terminal Allo-
cation Summary
Description
location, owner, level, ef-
fective capacity, actual
capacity used, price, and gross
sales. For each customer it
shows the store to which it is
assigned, the customer loca-
tion and type or class, the cus-
tomer's owner, the consumption
units (including those for main-
tenance and recreation), trans-
portation costs (shadow costs
in the case of residences) the
purchase cost (total cost in
the case of residences), and
total cost.
This is identical in format to
the Personal Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding personal services.
For businesses which require
business goods, the format is
the same as for personal goods.
In addition, there is a section
called Government Contracts
which shows, for each school
and MS department, how many con-
sumption units it purchases from
each business goods establishment,
This is identical in format to
the Business Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding business services.
Tabular list of the location,
business type (land use), and
terminal requirements of each
terminal user. Each terminal
is assigned an identification
number and its location, level,
and usage are noted.
75
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Print-Out Section
Terminal Allocation
Map
Social Sector*
Dollar Value of Time
Social Decision-
Maker Output
Social Boycotts
Economic Sector**
Farm Output
Description
Map showing the code number of
the terminal to which each ter-
minal user in the local system
'is assigned.
This table shows, by team and
by class, the dollar value of a
time unit spent in travel.
By jurisdiction, by social de-
cision-maker,- and by class, a
table in which each social char-
acteristic is a row and each res-
idence parcel is a column. The
characteristics .are descriptive
and financial.
Detail on who is boycotting, what
function they are boycotting,
and similar details about social
boycotts appear on this output.
Tabular list, one row per farm,
showing the farm code number,
farm type, number of parcels
comprising the farm, number of
percents of parcels comprising
the farm, the farm's fertilizer
level, normal income, actual in-
come, land taxes, and total net
income.
*The dollar value of time prints a table for each jur-
isdiction, although at this time the value is set for a team
and class without regard to jurisdiction. The rest of the
social detail prints in order of jurisdiction number, within
that in alphabetical order, and within that in order of class
(low first, high last). Output for any classes which a team
does not control in a jurisdiction is not printed. Likewise,
a class having no boycotts receives no boycott output.
**The economic output prints by team in alphabetical order.
All of a single team's output is printed before: the next team's
output begins. A team for which a section pf output is ir-
relevant does not receive that section of output. For example,
a team with no residences receives no residence output. Like-
wise, a team which has no loans outstanding as either a debtor
or a creditor does not receive a loan summary. All active
teams receive financial summaries.
76
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Print-Out Section
Description
Residence Output
Business Output
Construction
Industry Output
Construction
Industries' Contract
Table
Economic Boycott
Status
New Construction
Table
Land Summary
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about
each residence parcel which the
decision-maker controls.
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
business which the decision-
maker controls. All basic in-
dustries are grouped together
and precede the group of per-
sonal commercial and business
commercial .
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
construction industry which the
decision-maker controls.
Description of all contracts
made by construction industries
controlled by the decJ s ion-
maker .
Detail on all boycotts in which
the decision-maker is either the
party boycotting or the party
being boycotted.
Detail on all construction contracts
in which the decision-maker is the
contractee .
Tabular list of the location of
parcels owned by a team, their
assessed value, percent that is
undeveloped and private, the
taxes on undeveloped land, the
percent publicly developed and
undeveloped, the percent un-
developable because of topo-
graphical constraints, the utility
capacity available and used.
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Print-Out Section
Loan Statement
Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic
Summaries
Number of Levels of
Economic Activity
Controlled by Teams
Employment Centers
Economic Control
Summary*
Description
Tabular list showing borrower,
lender, interest rate, years re-
maining on the loan, the original
principal, and the annual payment,
A cash flow statement showing ex-
penditures and income, a port-
folio of conservative and spec-
ulative stocks, a balance sheet
of assets and liabilities.,- and
the amount which the decision-
maker can borrow.
A table listing the number of
levels of each economic activity
controlled by each team.
Table showing the locations,
number of job openings, number
of Pi's hired, and salaries of-
fered by Federal-State Em-
ployers; table showing, for
each local government employer,
the location of its employment
center.
For each non-farm economic ac-
tivity, this table shows its
location, type and operating
level of activity, production
index (0-100) or occupancy
rate (0-120), net income, and
rate of return.
*This table prints for each economic team in
alphabetical order.
78
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Print-Out Section
Social Control
Summary*
Social Control
Summary
Economic Control
Summary
Social Control
Summary
Description
For each class living on each
parcel controlled by a single
two-letter social decision-
maker, this table shows the res-
idence location, class, gross
income per worker, family
savings and total dissatisfaction
(quality of life index).
By jurisdiction and by class,
the number of Pi's controlled
by each social decision-maker.
This prints two graphs for each
economic decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first is,
for up to ten rounds, the aver-
age net income from the team's
economic activities each round,
expressed as a ratio of the
first round's net income. The
second is a ten-round history
of the average rate-of-return
of the team's economic activities,
expressed as a percent.
This prints two graphs for each
social decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first is
a ten-round history of the average
net income earned by each class
which the team has controlled.
The second is a ten-round his-
tory of the average quality-of-
life index of each class which
the team has controlled.
*This table prints for each social decision-maker
in alphabetical order.
79
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Print-Out Section
8. Government Detail*
Assessment Report
Water Department
Reports
Sampling Station
Report: Point
Source Quality
Sampling Station
Report: Ambient
Quality
Utility Department
Report
Description
List of assessment ratios,
special assessments and other
policies set by the Assessor.
List of intake and outflow treat-
ment plant locations, levels,
types, capacities, operating
costs, volume treated, income,
intake and outflow point lo-
cations , prices charged to
municipal water users, pollu-
tant concentration in municipal
effluent (for those districts
which are sampled).
For those economic activities
whose effluent is sampled by
the local government, this
shows the volume of effluent and
the concentration of each pol-
lutant after any treatment.
For any parcel on which the
jurisdiction measures the quality
of the surface water leaving
the parcel, this output shows
the concentration of each
pollutant.
Tabular list of utility plants,
their location, level, units in-
stalled from each plant, units
served, total operating costs
per unit, and income derived
from charges. Also listed is
the charge per utility unit to
customers, undeveloped land
and outstanding bonds.
*A department's output is printed for all jurisdictions
before the next department's output is printed.
80
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Print-Out Section
Description
Utility Department
Finances
Municipal Services
Department Report
Municipal Services
Department Finances
Municipal Services
Department Con-
struction Table
Planning and Zoning
Department Report
School Department
Report
School Department
Finances
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
Tabular list of MS locations,
maintenance levels, value ratios,
effective capacities, loading
(units of capacity used), num-
ber PL and PM's working, and the
MS use indexes. Also shown are
the salary levels, contracts to
purchase BG and BS, the locations
of undeveloped land, and out-
standing bonds.
Summary of all current and capital
revenues, expenditures, and new
balances.
For each MS construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the MS location, the status of
construction, the old and new
level of the MS, the contracted
price, the maintenance level, and
the number of PL's and PM's
assigned to work at the MS.
Total jurisdiction population,
total amount of parkland, out-
standing bonds, and capital
revenues, expenditures, and
new balance.
Tabular data on school unit lo-
cations, levels, maintenance
levels, value ratios, students
attending, teachers, student-
teacher ratios, and use indexes.
Also data on undeveloped land,
BG and BS contracts and cost of
purchases, adult education sum-
mary, and several summary
school statistics.
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
81
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Print-Out Section
School Department
Construction Table
Highway Department
Report
Highway Department
Construction Table
Rail Company
Report
Description
For each school construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the school building location,
the status of construction, the
old and new level of the school,
the contracted price, the
amount of federal-state aid used,
the maintenance level for the
school, and the number of PM' s
and PH's assigned to work at
the School.
A financial report showing
capital and current expenditures
and revenues, outstanding bonds,
a summary of maintenance levels
and expenditures by road type,
a summary of road conditions,
a terminal status report, a
list of undeveloped land, and a
status report on available fed-
eral-state aid.
For each road or terminal con-
struction or demolition, this
shows the construction firm,
the location of the road or ter-
minal, the status, the old and
new level, the contracted price,
and the dollar amount of fed-
eral-state aid used.
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
82
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Print-Out Section
Description
Bus Company
Report
Chairman Department
Finances
Tax Summary
Financial Summary
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
This shows the welfare payment
per unemployed worker and the
financial summaries for munici-
pal services, schools, highways,
planning and zoning, utilities,
and the chairman's account.
Also included are the Chairman's
outstanding bonds.
Tabular list showing by the eight
types of local tax bases, the
dollar amount of the tax base,
the tax rate, and the revenue
generated .
Tabular list, for each depart-
ment, of current and capital
appropriations , federal-state
aid, total revenue, total ex-
penditures and final surplus or
deficit .
9. Summary Statistics
Demographic and
Economic Statistics
Tabular list by jurisdiction of
population and its character-
istics, land usage, housing,
employment, earnings, income
from the national economy, out-
flows to the national system,
and national business cycle
effects.
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Print-Out Section
Description
10. Maps
Personal Goods
Allocation Map
Personal Services
Allocation Map
Business Commercial
Allocation Map
Municipal Service
Map
School Map
Utility Map
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
goods establishments, locations
of all PG users, and the code
number of the PG to which each
PG user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
services establishments, lo-
cations of all PS users, and
the code number of the PS to
which each PS user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all business
goods and business services
establishments, locations of
all BG and BS users, and the
code numbers of the BG and BG
to which each BG and BS user
is assigned.
Map showing the locations of
MS's and their districts, the
locations of economic activities,
the number of MS units drained
by each economic activity and
MS use indexes.
Map showing the locations of
schools and their districts,
school use indexes, and the
number of children on each
residence parcel attending
public and private schools.
Map showing the locations of
utility plants and their dis-
tricts, the number of utility
units installed on each parcel,
and the number of utility units
drained on each'parcel.
84
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Print-Out Section
Description
Water Usage Map
Water Quality Map
Municipal Treatment
Plant Map
Municipal Intake
and Outflow Point
Map
Surface Water Map
Farm Funoff Map
River Basin Flood
Plain Map
Farm Map
Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the per-
cent recycling at basic in-
dustries, and the type and
level of basic industries'
effluent treatment plants.
Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the surface
water quality on those parcels
having surface water, and the
pollutant which caused the
water quality rating.
Map showing locations, types
and levels of municipal intake
and outflow treatment plants.
Map showing locations of munici-
pal intake and outflow points
and the utility districts which
they serve.
Map showing, for each parcel
having surface water, the volume
of water on the parcel, its rate
of flow, and the percent of the
surface area of the parcel
consumed by water.
Map showing for each farm its
type and where its runoff flows
into the surface water.
Map showing the locations of
river basins, the dam priority
of each river basin, and the
flood susceptibility of each
parcel in the river basin.
Map showing the location of each
farm, its owner, its code num-
ber, the percent of each farm
parcel which is .in farm use,
the type of farm, and its
fertilizer level.
85
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Print-Out Section
Farm Assessed and
Market Value Map
Market Value Map
Assessed Value Map
Economic Status Map
Highway Map
Planning and Zoning
Map
Description
Map showing, for each farm par-
cel, its assessed and market
value and the percent of the
parcel which is in farmland.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the mar-
ket value of 100% of' the land,
the market value of the pri-
vately-owned buildings, and the
total market value of the pri-
vately-owned land and buildings.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the as-
sessed value of the privately-
owned land, the assessed value
of the privately-owned buildings,
and the total assessed value of
the privately-owned land and
buildings.
Map showing the economic sector
owner of each privately-owned
non-farm parcel, its zoning,
the type and level of economic
activity, the level of utilities
installed, and, for every par-
cel, the percent of the parcel
which is privately-owned and
undeveloped.
Map showing the locations and
types of roads and terminals
and the locations, types, and
levels of non-farm economic
activities.
Map showing the zoning classifi-
cation of those parcels which
are zoned, the percent of each
parcel which is parkland, and
the percent of each parcel
which is public,institutional
land.
86
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Print-Out Section
Parkland Usage Map
Socio-Economic
Distribution Map
Demographic Map
Description
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is in parkland or
public institutional use, the
population served by the park,
and the park's use index.
Map showing, for each residen-
tial parcel , the type and level
of housing and the number of
Pi's in each class living there,
Map showing the population (in
100's), percent occupancy, and
quality index (QI) for all resi-
dential parcels, and the value
ratio (VR) for all private non-
residential developments.
Social Decision-
Maker Map
Topographical
Restriction Map
Government Status
Map
Map showing, for each class living
on a residential parcel, the
social decision-maker which
controls the class on that
parcel.
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is undevelopable
due to topographical or other
restrictions (e.g., mountains
or military bases).
Map showing the locations and
levels of schools, municipal
services, utility plants,
roads, and terminals.
87
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APPENDIX B
COMMERCIAL OUTPUT
The Commercial Allocation Process
All people and businesses and two government departments
purchase goods and services each,round in order to function.
People and residence owners (for residential maintenance)
purchase from Personal Goods (PG) and Personal Services (PS)
establishments; businesses, schools, and municipal services
purchase from Business Goods (BG) and Business Services (BS)
establishments. The procedures for allocation of PG and
PS buyers to sellers are identical. The procedures for
allocation of EG and BS buyers to sellers are similar to
the PG and PS allocation and identical to each other. The
computer program performs the entire allocation process,
but is affected by player decisions.
Each user of goods and services requires a certain num-
ber of consumption units. A consumption unit is an expres-
sion which represents a quantity to be purchased, regardless
of what items in,reality comprise that quantity- The quan-
tity of goods or services which a seller can provide is also
expressed as a certain number of consumption units. Each
seller of goods or services sets a price which must be paid
for each consumption unit purchased at his commercial esta-
blishment. Usually PG and PS prices are similar and BG and
BS prices are similar. The quantity which each buyer of
goods and services must obtain is indirectly derived from
player decisions by the computer program. The program
relates the local supply to that demand in the commercial
allocation process, which simulates the decision .of each
buyer as to where it will purchase its required goods and
services.
The PG-PS allocation process is run before the BG-BS
allocation process. A description of PG allocation suffices
as a PS description.
The buyers of PG are each class living on each residence
parcel and each residence unit incurring maintenance. Pi's
buy for themselves to live; residence owners buy goods for
maintenance only. All of the same class living on the same
residence parcel purchase at the same PG; a residence owner
buys all of a single residence parcel's maintenance at the
same PG.
Each buyer of PG attempts to purchase from the PG
establishment at which it can obtain its goods most cheaply.
The buyer's cost per consumption unit (CU) is the cost per
CU at the establishment plus the least transportation cost
-------
Per CU to get from the buyer's location to the establishment.
There are two additional factors in a buyer's perception of
a seller's price. One is the buyer's bias toward shopping
where it shopped in the previous round. The other is the
buyer's bias against shopping at an establishment which was
overused in the previous round, i.e., an establishment at
which more CU's were sold than the establishment could ade-
quately provide. There is no absolute limit on the amount
which a PG can sell, but as it sells more than its effective
capacity to provide, its service deteriorates.
Each buyer selects the PG establishment at which it
incurs the least perceived total cost. A buyer does not
even consider selecting a PG which it is boycotting. All
buyers choose simultaneously, and then reevaluate their
selections in light of the new usage. The evaluation pro-
cess is repeated until no commercial establishment changes
its usage on two successive reevaluations. The cost which
a buyer pays is the actual price at the PG which it selects
and the actual least transportation cost to get to that PG.
There is one competitor for local PG establishments:
the Outside. The Outside is treated the same as any other
PG in the allocation process, but its price is higher than
the typical local price (see Master Tables for Outside prices
and typical local prices). There is, however, no transpor-
tation cost to shop Outside, and no crowding effect. A PG
buyer purchases Outside if the Outside price is less than
its least perceived local cost to shop. The Outside has
unlimited capacity.
Output
There are four main parts to the commercial output:
PERSONAL GOODS ALLOCATION SUMMARY
PERSONAL SERVICES ALLOCATION SUMMARY
BUSINESS GOODS ALLOCATION SUMMARY
BUSINESS SERVICES ALLOCATION SUMMARY
Again, an explanation of PG applies, to a great extent,
to the other allocations.
The first section concerns PG establishments. Each PG
has a code number. The Outside is always code number one.
In the row beside the code number are the location of the
PG, its owner, development level, effective .capacity (in
CU's), the number of CU's sold, the price charged per CU,
and the PC's gross income (price per CU times CU's sold).
The Outside has no owner, level, or capacity.
-------
Figure
4.1
TWOCITY
PERSONAL GOODS ALLOCATION SUMMARY
ROUND
PERSONAL GOODS
NUMBER
1
2
PERSONAL
ASSIGNED
2
2
2
2
1
"l
2
2
2
2
2
LOCATION OWNER
OUTSIDE
9230 E
GOODS"
TO LOCATION
9422
9422
... ^^ .. .
9622
9822
10022"
9424
9424
9424
9624
9624
LEVEL
1
CLASS OR
LAND USE
RA
LOW
MID
LOW
LOW
LOW ""
RA
LOW
MID
RR
LOW
CAPACITY
13148
TOTAL
CUSTOMERS
CAPACITY USED PRICE/CU GROSS INCOME
4144
13322
17966
DECISION MAKER "" "CONSUMPTION
CONTROLLING UNITS
B
F
C
D
D
D "
C
F
C
F
D
1
21
28
42
84
190
2
21
28
52
590
13000 53872000.
10000 138220000=
192092000.
TRANSPORTATION
COST
1175.
24675.
32900.
49350.
0.
.0.
Ifl50.
19425.
25900.
48100.
545750.
PURCHASE
COST
10000.
210000.
280000.
420000.
1092000.
2470000.
200QP.
210000. -
280000,
520000.
5900000.
TOTAL
COST
41175.
234675.
312900.
469350.
1092000.
2470000.
21850.
229425.
305900,
568100.
6445750,
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The second section provides detail on all purchases of
PG. The table contains one row for each purchaser of PG.
The list is ordered by residence parcel location, from left
to right and top to bottom across the board. For a single
parcel, the list is in order of residence, low-income,
middle-income, high-income. The first column contains1 the
code number of the PG at which the buyer is shopping. The
second column contains the coordinates of the residence
parcel and the third identifies the type of buyer on the
residence parcel (RA, RB , RC, LOW, MID, or HIGH). Next is
a single letter identifying the decision-maker controlling
the residence or class. For a residence, the letter denotes
an economic decision-maker; for a class, the letter denotes
a social decision-maker.
The number of consumption units which the buyer has
obtained is the fifth item of information. The number of
CD's required is calculated by the program but is affected
by player decisions. The calculations are different for
residential maintenance than for Pi's. A residence depre-
ciates each round in response to several factors: normal
depreciation (fixed), quality of local municipal services,
sufficiency of local water for fire protection, and floods.
Only the normal depreciation is not responsive to local
conditions. As a residence depreciates, it becomes less
attractive to people seeking housing. A residence owner can
offset depreciation by setting a maintenance level for the
residence. When the residence depreciates below that main-
tenance level, the program automatically calculates the
number of PG and PS units required to restore the residence
to the maintenance level. The values of the factors which
affect depreciation and the number of PG and PS units required
for each 1% maintenance are shown on the Master Tables. For
example, suppose that an RB had a quality index of 70 and a
maintenance level of 70, and that the Master Table showed
that RB requires 4 PG units and 2 PS units per 1% maintenance.
Suppose that the residence depreciated a total of 3% (3% of
100, not of 70). The RB would automatically purchase 3x4,
or 12 units of PG, and 3 x 2,, or 6 units of PS.
The total consumption of a class living on a single
residence parcel is a function of three things: the class,
the amount of time allocated to recreation, and the number
of Pi's in the class living there. The fixed number of PG
and PS units required by a PI in each class are shown on the
Master Table. The amount of time allocated to recreation
is set by the decision-maker controlling the. class on the
parcel. The Master Table shows the number of PG and PS
units which a PI must purchase for each time unit spent in
recreation. Suppose that there are 6 PM's on a parcel and
that they have allocated 10 time units to recreation.
91
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Suppose further that the Master Table shows that a PM
requires 28 PG and 11 PS units per round, and .05 PG and
.05 PS units per time unit in recreation. The 6 PM's
would require:
28 x (10 x .05) x 6 = 84 PG unitsf-and 11 x (10 x .05) x 6 =
33 PS units.
The transportation cost, the sixth column, is the total trans-
portation cost which the buyer pays to obtain PG. The transportation
cost is always zero if the buyer purchases from the Outside.
The transportation costs printed for residences are dummy
costs used for the purposes of assigning residential main-
tenance purchases to PG establishments; no one ever pays that
cost.
The last two columns show the total purchase cost paid
by the buyer to the PG establishment and the total cost paid
by the buyer for the personal goods and transportation (col-
umns six plus seven).
The Personal Services Allocation Summary contains the
identical types of information regarding detail on buyers
and sellers of personal services,
The Business Goods and Business Services summaries are
also identical regarding economic sector buyers and sellers,
with a fewminor exceptions in the economic sector. For one,
PG and PS buy from EG and BS in response to their sales
resulting from the personal commercial allocation. The
Master Table shows how many units of BG and BS a PG or PS
must purchase for each CU which it sells.
A basic industry requires a fixed number of BG and BS
units each round. The fixed number is the number which the
Master Table shows as being required for a level one of the
industry type. That amount times the industry's level is
the industry's fixed consumption'.
Businesses depreciate annually due to several fac-
tors. Like residences, businesses may offset depreciation
through maintenance. The Master Table shows the number of
BG and BS units required per 1% maintenance for each business
type.
Business Goods and Business Services are the only
business types which never pay for operating costs and main-
tenance costs locally. They purchase from the Outside.
The major difference between the BG-BS and PG-PS
allocation processes is that BG and BS can have contracts to
provide local schools and municipal services departments
with their required goods and services. A department can
92
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Figure 4.5
GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS
BUSINESS SERVICES DEPARTMENT CONSUMPTION UNITS COST
MSI 3 3^0000
8 1040000
93
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contract with several local goods and services establishments
for up to a total of 100% of its requirement. If less than
100% of a department's requirement is contracted locally,
then the rest is automatically purchased from Outside at the
Outside price. Government contracts with EG and BS esta-
blishments are made by players; they enter into the commer-
cial allocation process only in that they consume BG and BS
capacity before the other BG-BS buyers select shopping loca-
tions and thus decrease a BG's or BS's remaining capacity.
Sellers to government are assured of government purchases.
The number of units which a department consumes is the sum
of the operating needs of its facilities (number of levels
times a fixed requirement per level) and its maintenance
requirements. Both BG and BS allocation summary outputs
have a table showing where government departments are buying
BG and BS, how many units are consumed by each department,
and the total income to the BG or BS establishment for those
sales.
. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I97Z 484-484/193
94
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