WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES • 16110 FRU 12/71-9
     The River Basin Model:
                UTILITY  DEPARTMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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          WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes the
results and progress in the control and abatement of pollution
in our Nation's waters.  They provide a central source of
information on the research, development, and demonstration
activities in the water research program of the Environmental
Protection Agency, through in-house research and grants and
contracts with Federal, state, and local agencies,  research
institutions, and industrial organizations.

Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research Reports
should be directed to the Chief, Publications Branch  (Water),
Research Information Division, R&Mr Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington^ D. C,  20460

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     The RIVER BASIN MODEL;

       Utility Department
               by
      Envirometrics,  Inc.
      1100 17th  Street,  N.W.
      Washington,  D.C.  20036
              for  the
Office of Research  and Monitoring
 Environmental Protection Agency


         Project #l6llOFRU
       Contract #14-12-959
         December,  1971

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                         EPA Review Notice

This report has been  reviewed by the  Environmental Protection
Agency  and approved for publication.   Approval  does not sig-
nify that the contents  necessarily  reflect the  views and
policies  of the Environmental Protection Agency,  nor does
mention of trade names  of commercial  products constitute en-
dorsement or recommendation for use.
      For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1 25
                               11

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                   UTILITY DEPARTMENT MANUAL
  I.   Introduction to the Model 	     1

      A.   Brief Description of the Model 	     1
      B.   The Three Sectors 	     2

          1.   The Economic Sector 	     4
          2.   The Social Sector 	     5
          3.   The Public Sector 	     6

      C.   The Water Component 	     8
      D.   The Local System 	     8
      E.   The Unit of Time--A Round 	    10
      F.   The Function of the Computer 	    11

 II.   The Government Sector 	    13

      A.   Introduction to the Sector 	    13
      B.   Sector Functions 	    13
      C.   Administrative (Non-Decision)  Functions 	    15
      D.   Government Decisions 	    15
      E.   Government Output 	    15
      F.   Government Budgetary Procedures 	    18
      G.   Government Master Table 	    21

III.   The Utility Department 	    22

      A.   Introduction 	    22
      B.   Summary 	    23

 IV.   Computer Printed Output Description 	    25

      A.   Introduction 	    25
      B.   Map Output 	    27

          1.   Economic Status Map	    30
          2.   Government Status Map 	    33
          3.   Socio-Economic Distribution Map 	    35
          4.   Demographic Map	    37
          5.   Topographical Restriction Map 	    39
          6.   Social Decision Maker Map  	    41
          7.   Utility Map	    43
          8.   Surface Water Map 	    45
          9.   Municipal Treatment Plant Map 	    47
         10.   Municipal Inflow and Outflow Point Map 	    51
         11.   Water Quality Map 	    53
         12.   Water Usage Map 	    57
         13.   Farm Map 	    59
         14.   Farm Runoff Map 	    61
         15.   River Basin Flood Plain Map 	    63
                                    in

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      C .   Summary Information .................................... . . •    65

          1.   Demographic and Economic Statistics ........ . ......... .    65
          2.   Transactions with the National Economy ................    69

      D .   Utility Department Output ---- ......... ....................    70

          1 .   Utility Department Finances .............. . ............    70
          2 .   Water Department Reports ..... .........................    73
          3.   Sampling Station Report:  Point Source Quality .........    79
          4.   Sampling Station Report:  Ambient Quality .............    79
          5 .   Utility Department Report ................ . ........... .    79

      E.   Water System Output .......................................    84

          1 .   Water User Effluent Content .... .......................    84
          2.   River Quality During Surface Water Process  ............    84
          3.   Water User Costs and Consumption ................ . .....    88
          4.   Coliform and Pollution Index Values (Map) .... .........    99

  V.   Utility Department Decisions ...... . ...........................    93

      A.   Summary of Decisions ................ . .....................    93
      B.   Input Format ..............................................    94
      C.   Sample Decisions ..........................................    98
 VI .   Master Sheets for the Utility Department
      A.   Planning Master Table ... ..................................  101
      B.   Master Sheet for the Utility Department ...................  102
      C.   Utility Department Master Table ...........................  103
      D.   Characteristics of Outflow Treatment Plants ................  104
      E.   Pollution Characteristics of Economic Activities ...........  105
      F .   Water Master Table ................. . ......................  107
      G.   Elimination of Three Pollutants Due to Time in the Water...  IQS
      H.   Biodegredation of Pollutants ..............................  109
      I.   Definition of the Nine Comprehensive Water Quality .........
VII .   Water Quality Officer .........................................  HI

  Appendix A   Sequence of Computer Print-Out .......................  H2
                                     IV

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I.  INTRODUCTION TO THE MODEL

    A.  Brief Description of the Model

        In a sense, the RIVER BASIN MODEL is a misnomer
because if one places an emphasis on "River" it leads one
to believe that the model is primarily concerned with
water management.  The emphasis should be placed on "River
Basin", and that term should be interpreted in its broadest
context as meaning a geographical area of land.  Through
its two major components -- human interaction and computer
simulation — the model represents the economic, social
and governmental activity that takes place within the
geographical boundaries defined by the river basin or more
simply by a group of continguous counties.

        The model is unlike most other simulation or human
interaction models.  It was not designed to accomplish any
one specific purpose.  Rather it was designed to let its
users represent the major economic, social, and govern-
mental decision-makers who cause a regional system to
function and change on a year-to-year basis.  As part of
the functioning of this regional system, water is demanded
by industries and municipal water suppliers and pollution
is generated by manufacturing and commercial activities, by
people, and by farm activities.

        The model is a computer-assisted decision-making
tool, in which a number of computer programs simulate major
processes that take place in the local system such as
migration, housing selection, employment, transportation,
shopping patterns,the allocation of leisure time, and water
quality determination.  Users of the model provide inputs
to these programs on behalf of business activities in the
economic sector, groups of people or population units in
the social sector,  and government departments in the
government sector.

        Normally, the users of the model are assigned
decision-making responsibility for businesses, population
units, and government departments in a gaming format.
This means that users become members of teams that are
assigned control of:

        1.  Economic Assets:  cash, land, manufacturing
            plants, outside investments, commercial
            activities, and/or residences. '

        2.  Social  Assets:  population units that are
            designated as high income, middle income,
            and/or  low income.

                            1.

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        3.  Government Assets:   power of the budget, taxing
            and assessing authority,  service responsibility,
            and planning and regulatory power.

        The computer print-outs for a year provide a de-
tailed description of the regional area represented by the
model, and  the users of the model evaluate this status as
individuals, as team members, and collectively to define
problems, establish objectives, develop strategies, imple-
ment plans, and react to feedback from the new computer
printout for the next year.

        The initial starting position shows a particular
set of allocations of the locals system's resources and
their effects on the status  of  the local area.   The users
of the model evaluate their  own particular status within
the local system as well as  the status of the area as a
whole.  They then interact with one another in a dynamic
decision-making environment  in  which they collectively have
control over the local water quality decisions that will be
made, implemented, and reacted  to.  Some of the model play-
ers may have apparently only marginal interests in the local
water quality issues because they are pre-occupied with
running schools, building roads, earning incomes, producing
manufactured goods, building housing, and supplying local
goods and services.  Others  will have maybe more interest
as they attempt to be elected into public office, run the
planning department, collect taxes, recreate, and develop a
generally pleasant environment  for their new residential
subdivisions.  Still others  might have a direct and pressing
interest in the local water  quantity and quality as they
attempt to set and enforce water quality standards, supply
municipal water, use surface water in their production
process, and benefit from major water-based recreation areas.

        In short, the entire local system is represented by
the model and its users, and water decisions are placed
within their realistic context  of having different importance
to different individuals as  a function of their occupation,
location, resources, and personal inclinations.

    B.  The Three Sectors

        The model contains three basic decision-making sectors:
economic, social and public.  (Figure 1)  Every city or region
contains these three vital sectors whose interactions cause
the area to function and to  either grow and prosper or stagnate
and decay.  Decisions made by one group ultimately affect others
                            2.

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                                       Figure  1

                THREE DECISION-MAKING SECTORS AND CONSTITUENT TEAMS
ECONOMIC TEAMS
(Identified by single letter
codes: A, B, C, etc.)
INDUSTRIAL DECISION-MAKER

  Hi-Heavy Industry
    FL-Furniture and Lumber
    SG-Stone Clay and Glass
    MP-Primary Metals
    MF-Fabricated Metals
    NL-Nonelectric Machinery
    EL-Electric Machinery
    TE-Transportation Equipment

  Li-Light Industry
    FO-Food
    TA-Textiles  and Apparel
    PA-Paper
    CR-Chemicals, Plastics and Rubber

  NS-National Service
COMMERCIAL DECISION-MAKER

  BG-Business Goods
  BS-Business Services
  PG-Personal Goods
  PS-Personal Services

RESIDENTIAL DECISION-MAKER

  RA-Single Family
  RB-Garden Apts. and Duplex
  RC-Multiple Unit and High Rise
      GOVERNMENT TEAMS
      (Identified by the specific
      code preceding the depart-
      ment name)

CH-Chairman of Jurisdiction

CO-Councilman

AS-Assessment and Finance

SC-School

MS-Municipal Services

UT-Gas,  Electric, Water and Sewer

HY-Highways

BUS-Bus Company

RAIL-Mass Transit Agency

PZ-Planning and Zoning
       SOCIAL TEAMS
       (Identified by double letter
       codes: AA, BB, CC, etc.)
 PH-High Income

 PM-Middle Income

 PL-Low Income

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 and one group often works  against  another  group to
 achieve its goals.   For  example, proposed  commercial.
 developments by an  economic  group  in a  predominantly
 residential area can be  blocked by residents  of that
 area just as proposed changes  by the government depart-
 ments can be opposed by  those  participants in the  economic
 or social sector.
 1.    The Economic Sector

      Economic  decision-makers are  those businessmen who
 operate industrial, commercial, residential and  farm  es-
 tablishments.   Upon receiving output at the beginning of
 the  round  economic decision-makers review  their  economic
 status and make decisions  for the  present  round.   The
 various economic activities in  the model have  the  following
 characteristics:

      Basic Industry

      Heavy Industry, Light Industry and National Services
 spend money  for business goods  and business services,  utilities,
 a labor force,  transportation,  and taxes.  In  order to
 produce basic  industry output which is then sold to the
 national markets at prices determined by national  business
 conditions (the  computer), owners of basic industries  can
 make  a wide variety of decisions.  These decisions include
 purchasing land, changing  salaries or maintenance  levels,
 boycotting business goods  and business services establish-
ments, acquiring laons, building new businesses, upgrading
 existing businesses, demolishing old ones, and treating
 effluents  that  are dumped  into  the local water system.

      The basic  industry of the  economy can be  further  sub-
 divided into the following categories:

      HI. -  Heavy  Industry

           FL -  Furniture and lumber
           SG -  Stone, clay and  glass
          MP -  Primary metals
          MF -  Fabricated metals
          NL -  Non-electrical machinery
           EL -  Electrical machinery
           TE -•  Transportation equipment
                             4.

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     LI — Light Industry

          FO - Food
          TL - Textile, apparel and leather
          PA - Paper
          CR - Chemicals, plastics, and rubber

     NS - National Services

     Commercial Establishments

     Business goods  (BG) and business services  (BS), per-
sonal goods  (PG) and personal services  (PS) spend money
on many of the same items as basic industry in order to
maintain a level of service capacity.   This service capacity
is consumed or partially consumed by local customers which
include:  the industrial sector, other  commercial estab-
lishments and the population units (Pi's) who live in the
city.  Owners of the commercial establishments may make
most of the decisions  that owners of basic industries make
in addition to setting prices for their products.

     Residences

     Single-family  (RA), townhouse (RB), and high-rise  (RC)
residence units spend money on personal goods and personal
services, utilities, and taxes, and earn income based on
rent charged and the number and type of occupants residing
in their housing units.  Owners of residences may make the
same types of decisions made by owners of basic industry
in addition to setting th.e rent paid by their tenants.

     Farms

     Farm owners make very few decisions aside from how
their land will be utilized and what level of fertilizer
use they will employ.

  2m  The Social Sector

     Decision-makers in the social sector represent the
citizens who live and work in the simulated area.  People
are represented in terms of population units (Pi's).  Each
population unit represents fixed numbers of people (500).
Population units are divided into three socio-economic
groups:  high income (PH), middle-income (PM) and low-
income (PL) .   Because each class possesses i'ts own ex-
pectations and behavioral patterns, each will have different
preferences for residence, job, and schooling, etc.  Social
decision-makers can vote on behalf of the Pi's which they
represent.   Voting power is dependent upon the number of

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 population units  controlled, the number of registered voters
 in  each,  and  their  socio-economic class.  Social decision-
 makers  can also direct the population units under their  con-
 trol  to boycott places of employment or shop locations.
 Social  decision-makers can also allocate leisure time_of
 their population  units to be spent in any of four basic
 activities:   extra  work, adult education (public or private),
 politics, and recreation.  The amount of time spent on each
 of  these  activities has an effect on the socio-economic
 status  and/or the dissatisfaction index of people living
 within  the city.

      A  significant  part of the model centers around how
 Pi's  function within  the local system during the course
 of  each round of  play which represents one year of time  in
 the local area.   Figure 2 shows the actions of Pi's as they
 are affected  by the major operating programs.
 3.    The Public Sector

      In the model, the government sector deals with  the
 problems of education, highways, municipal services,
 planning,  zoning, utilities, water supply and quality  and
 bus  and rail transportation.  The public sector is divided
 into two basic components.  The first component includes
 elected officials:  the Chairman and the Council.  These
 officials  are elected by the social decision-makers  repre-
 senting the people who live in each jurisdiction.  The
 Chairman and Council set tax rates, approve budgets, grant
 subsidies  and appropriations, and make appointments.
 Appointed  officials named by the Chairman are heads  of these
 six  governmental departments:  Assessment  (AS), Schools  (SC)1,
 Municipal  Services (MS), Highway (HY), Planning and  Zoning
 (PZ) , and  Utilities (UT).  The Bus and Rapid Rail Companies
 are  semi-private organizations which also may be appointed
 by the Chairman.  Players representing these departments
make decisions which include allocating capital and  current
 funds, changing salaries and maintenance levels, requesting
 federal-state aid, changing district boundaries, con-
 structing  or demolishing public buildings, upgrading public
 buildings, changing levels of service, and transferring
 cash between accounts.

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                       Figure 2

     Example of How Population Units Are Affected by the
         Major Operating Programs of the Model
Major Operating
    Programs
          Effect on Population Unit
Migration
Water System
Depreciation
Employment
Transportation
School Allocation



Park Allocation


Time Allocation
Commercial Allocation
Pi's move to the local system, find
and change housing within the local
system, leave the local system

Poor water quality incareses dis-
satisfaction and high coliform count
increases health costs and time lost
due to illness.

Housing that depreciates becomes less
attractive in the migration process.

Pi's are assigned to full and part
time jobs tha.t maximize net income
(salary minus transportation costs),
employers search for best educated
workers.

Pi's travel to work by the mode and
route that minimizes total costs
(dollar plus time), Pi's travel to
shopping along the minimum cost routes

Students of Pi's are assigned to
public or private schools based upon
the quality of public schools.

Pi's are assigned to parks within a
specified distance of where they live.

Involuntary expenditures of leisure
time are calculated as a function of
the success of getting part time
jobs, public adult education and the
time spent on transportation.

Pi's are assigned to stores at which
the total costs are minimized  (price
plus transportation to the store).
                             7.

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    C-  The Water Component

        The water component is a subsector that,  in a sense,
cuts across the other three sectors or is a part  of each.
For example,'some of the industrial activities in the econo-
mic sector use surface water in their production  process_  _
and all other economic businesses have some need  for munici-
pally supplied water.  Population units in the social sector
use water as a function of their income class and the type
of housing they inhabit.  In the government sector, the_  _
Utility Department is responsible for supplying the municipal
water needs of the residents of its jurisdiction.

        Each of the surface water users requires  a specified
quality of water and must either treat the water  they intake
or purchase water from a source outside of the local system.
Every water user adds some pollutants to the water it
returns to the water system.  If left untreated,  these water
discharges may lower the quality of water of the  body of
water into which they are dumped.  Since water users and
polluters are located in a geographical space, acitivities
upstream and downstream are affected differently  by the
dynamically created water quality conditions.

    D.  The Local System

        The particular regional configuration being used is
represented on a grid map consisting of 625 squares.  Each
square is of equal size and represents 6.25 square miles,
2.5 miles on a side.  The grid and all.of the computer maps
are keyed to a coordinate system.  Each parcel can be
identified by its coordinates.  Horizontal coordinates
range from 70 to 118 and vertical coordinates from 12 to 60.
Intersections are identified by the odd-numbered  coordinates
and highways are identified by even-odd (east-west) or odd-
even  (north-south)  coordinates.  In all cases, the
horizontal coordinate (i.e., the larger number) is identi-
fied first.

        For example, on the map in Figure 3 the shaded
parcel is identified as 7014.   Further, the four  mile
highway indicated by ZZZ is identified as 7217, 7417, 7617,
7817, while the two mile highway indicated by XXX is
identified as 7318, 7320.   The intersection marked by 0
is located at 7317.
                            8.

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                       Figure  3
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                          9.

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     E.  The Unit of Time — A Round

     In the model, a round represents a year of change in
the life of the simulated area.  From the standpoint of tne
participants, however, a round may be thought of as a   _
decision-making cycle which starts when they receive_their
computer output and ends when they hand in their decision
input forms for processing by the computer.

     During the early part of the typical round, decision-
makers will be simultaneously reviewing their computer out-
put and attempting to organize their possible actions.
Economic decision-makers, for example, will  probably attempt
to acquire parcels of land that look good for future devel-
opment purposes.  They may attempt to secure loans from
local or outside sources, apply for zoning changes, request
utility expansions, and lobby for increased  highway access.
At the same time, social decision-makers might be bargaining
for higher wages, requesting improvements in local schools
and municipal services, lobby for higher water quality in
the local river, and trying to promote those politicians
who see things their way.

     Meanwhile, the governmental decision-makers may be
receiving requests from the economic and social decision-
makers to lower taxes, improve schools, provide better
municipal services, expand highways, build additional
utilities, enlarge the park system, and improve other
services.  Budget officials are faced with the task of
finding additional revenue to meet expanding public needs
and dividing appropriations among the many local depart-
ments, all of which have attempted to justify their ex-
panding budgets.  Also the government office concerned
with water quality might be pressuring the polluting indus-
tries to treat their wastes or face regulatory action.  All
water users might be concerned with water quality and quan-
tity in so far as it affects their cost of using water and
doing business.
                              10.

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     Toward the middle of the round, ft becomes clear to
many decision-makers that all of their requests will not
be granted.  Thus, trade-offs and bargains must be made.
Elected officials will begin to worry about staying in
office.  Departments must often plan to operate with less
funds than they had requested.  Low income representatives
attempt to make their political power felt.  High-income
representatives attempt to maintain their status.  Business-
men begin to look for short-cuts to reduce their losses and
increase their activity and profit-making ventures.  The
Water quality office begins to act upon its earlier threat.

     As the round approaches a conclusion,  the participants
formalize the bargains they have made, continue to fill out
their decision forms, terminate the negotiations  on new wage
levels, new prices and new rents, carry on their boycotts
and complete any other possible actions.  All water related
decisions by the private and public decision-makers are
completed.  Treatment plants are built, industries shut down,
fine levied, sampling stations constructed, etc.

     When the round ends, participants campaign and carry
out new elections, hold town meetings, debrief their actions,
and develop new strategies while the computer performs
its functions and prepares new output on the status of the
simulated city.

     F.  The Function of the Computer

     In the model, players are able to exercise a number of
decision  alternatives.  Only some of these will be com-
municated to the computer, the rest will be part of the con-
stant communication, bargaining and negotiating carried
out in the game-room itself.

     The computer performs several major functions in the
model.

     First, it stores all the relevant economic, social
and governmental statistics for the area; updates data
when changes are made; and prints out yearly reports on the
status of the local system and reports for the economic,
social, and government decision-makers.

     Second, the computer simulates the actions of the out-
side system.  For example, the computer simulates both a
national business cycle, the probabilities of federal-state
aid and interest rates on most loans.
                               11.

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     Third, the computer performs certain routine functions
or processes that would be time-consuming if the players
themselves were to perform them.   For example,  the computer
assigns workers from population units to jobs under the
assumption that workers will attempt to earn as much money
as possible.  Other processes include assessing all property,
assigning buyers of goods and services to shop  at particular
commercial establishments, assigning children to public or
private schools based upon the capacity and quality of the
public schools, and assigning population units  to residences
based on their desirability.   The computer also simulates
the migration process which moves population units into,
out of, and within the local system.   It also measures
all of the types of pollution at  all points along the river
system and calculates a comprehensive water quality index.
                            12.

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                II.   THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR

A.   Introduction to the Sector

         The GOVERNMENT SECTOR represents the management ap-
    paratus for the public sector of the area represented by
    the model.  Participants in this Sector are the elected and
    appointed public officials.  The Government Sector can make
    public policy, implement plans and programs, provide public
    services and raise and disperse funds.  The model is suf-
    ficiently flexible that the Government Sector can be oper-
    ated using strong central control or somewhat autonomous
    departments as determined by the participants.  There is a
    separate government apparatus for each of the political
    jurisdictions represented by the model.  Thus, intergovern-
    mental cooperation and competition may evolve during the
    play.

 g_  Sector Functions

         Figure GV1shows the government structure that may exist
    in each of the local systems.  The Bus and Rail Departments
    are systemwide functions, whereas the other departments oper-
    ate on a jurisdiction basis.  As noted, the Chairman  (or
    Mayor) and Council are elected in each of the jurisdictions,
    and the department  (staff) decision-makers are appointed
    by the chairman.  The optional public departments, Utilities,
    Bus and Rail are usually part of the Government Sector, as
    quasi public functions, but they can also be operated as
    private  (economic) sector activities either initially or as
    a result of participant action  (public sale).  The codes used
    to identify the government functions are shown in parentheses
    after the function name in Figure GV--1.

         Elected officials are accountable to the electorate
     (the social sector).  They are required to respond to
    public hearings, propose and defend referenda on certain
    issues, and stand for election.  The manner in which elected
    officials exercise power and conduct their administration
    and public affairs, however, is at their discretion.

         Appointed Department representatives are responsible
    to the Chairman and Council.  However, the presence or
    absence of effective leadership and communication may in-
    fluence this relationship and staff decisions.  The Govern-
    ment Sector decision-makers depend for their political life
    on the votes of the social sector.  Their relationship with
    the business community is determined by their own view
    of public office and public service.

                                 13

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                                              GV-1
                                      GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
                                         CHAIRMAN (CH)
                                    Appoint Department  Heads,
                                      draw up  budget, and
                                   	suggest tax rates
      ELECTED
      OFFICIALS
      APPOINTED
      DEPARTMENTS
PLANNING
ZONING  (PZ)
Zone land
Develop
Master Plan
                                           DEPARTMENTS
                                          1	
ASSESSMENT  (AS)
Assess Land
OPTIONAL -
  PUBLIC OR
  PRIVATE
                                                              COUNCIL (CO)
                                                            Pass on budgets
                                                             and tax rates
SCHOOLS (SC)
Provide school
service for
adults and
children
MUNICIPAL
SERVICES (MS)
Provide police,
fire, & health
services

HIGHV7AYS (H*.
Build &
operate
roads &
terminals
          UTILITIES  (UT)
          Provide water
          and other
          utility service
                                                         T:
                BUS
                Provide
                bus service
              RAIL
              provide
              rapid  rail
              service

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Administrative  (Non-Decision) Functions

     Any number of additional administrative functions can
be created to approximate local structures or to examine
a variety of administrative mechanisms.  While these op-
tional functions do not make direct input decisions to
the computer, they may be created to have as much advisory,
regulatory or "legal" influence as the participants (or
Director) determine.  An ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL
Commission, for instance, could be established to act as
a regulatory agency in the area of water quality and as
such could influence current economic activities and future
development.

Government Decisions

     The Government Sector decisions cover a wide spectrum
of municipal and public service activities.  The types of
possible decisions are listed in Figure GV-2, with an
indication of the individual decision-makers with primary
interest or responsibility.  Complete descriptions are in
each decision-maker's manual.

     In the model, as in the real world, the government can
anticipate the emergence of pressing issues related to jobs,
housing, economic development, education, public transit,
and "the environmental quality of their region.

     This issue may, for example, occur in the form of
special zoning requests, substantial school budgets for
adult education, or adamant citizen demands for clean water,
increased recreation facilities or lower utility rates.

Government Output

     It rarely happens that the government has all the in-
formation it wants, or needs, to make perfect decisions.
Many decisions, under pressures of time, will be typical
"guesstimates" - intuitive actions.  It is possible, how-
ever, for each activity to develop an effective information
system using the available resources in the model.

     For the local system, the general output is usually
posted each round and is available to all decision-makers
for general information and analysis.  The general output
makes available to each participant, in maps, detail and
summary form, extensive current and comparative informa-
tion about conditions, trends and characteristics of the
region.   The range of information in the maps and the items
of General Output cannot be overemphasized.  Experience

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                           GV-2

               GOVERNMENT SECTOR DECISIONS

     TYPE OF DECISION                   PRIMARY INTEREST
                                  CH
                                  CO AS SC MS HY PZ UT BU  RA

Grant Appropriations              x

Grant Subsidies                   x

Transfer Cash                     x     xxxxxxx

Set Welfare Payments              x

Set Tax Rates                     x

Float Bonds                       x

Assess Land, Buildings               x

Buy and Sell Land                       x  x  x  x  x      x

Establish Government Jobs               x  x           x   x

Establish Maintenance Levels
  of Government Facilities              x  x  x        x   x

Establish Service Districts             x  x        x

Request Federal State Aid         x     x     x

Establish Employee Salaries             x  x           x   x

Build and Demolish Schools              x

Establish Adult Education Programs      x  ,;

Build and Demolish Municipal
  Service Plants                           x

Contract to Purchase Goods
  and Services                          x  x

Construct and Demolish Roads                  x

Construct and Demolish Terminals              x

Zpne Land                                        x

Create and Demolish Public
  Institutional Land Uses                        x
                             16

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                       GV-2  (Cont.)

               GOVERNMENT SECTOR DECISIONS

       TYPE OF DECISION                PRIMARY INTEREST
                                  CH
                                  CO AS SC MS HY PZ UT BU RA

Provide Parkland                                 x

Install Utility Services                            x

Set Utility Service Prices                          x

Construct and Demolish Utility
  Plants                                            x

Locate Public Transit Routes                           x  x

Buy and Sell Rolling Stock                             x  x

Set Fares                                              x  x

Establish Amount of Transit
  Service                                              x  x

Construct Rail Lines and
  Stations                                                x

Set Water Prices                                    x

Construct Treatment Plants
  (intake and outflow)                              x

Specify Intake and Outflow
  Points                                            x

Establish Water Sampling
  Stations

Set Dam Priorities                x                 x
                               17

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with the model has indicated that decisions are facilitated
if the participants use the General Output information as
part of their decision process.

     The complete government sector output consists of the
information, maps and detail made available to each govern
ment decision-making function  of the government.  Each
government function has available to it a comprehensive
portrayal of its status and the conditions which pertain
to its activities.

Government Budgetary Procedures

     The  same general financial accounting procedure is used
 for all government departments/ including Utilities, Bus
 and Rail.   Department budgets are divided into Capital and
 Current accounts.  Departments may transfer funds from one
 account to  another, but no automatic transfers will take
 place.  Appropriations, subsidies, and cash transfers to
 departments must be directed to either the capital or
 current account.

     The  Chairman's account has only a current account, the
 Planning  and Zoning Department has only a capital account,
 and the Assessment Department has no financial accounts.
 All other departments have both accounts.

     The  Chairman makes appropriations, and subsidies from
 his current account before he actually receives  income to
 his account.  His is the only department which makes
 expenditures before income is calculated.  Once  a depart-
 ment has  received an appropriation, the money is never
 automatically transferred back to the Chairman's account.
 If the Chairman spends more than he later receives in
 revenue, .a current bond is automatically floated in the
 Chairman's name and is paid off from the Chairman's
 account.  If a department spends more than its revenues
 (this can only happen in a department's current  account),
 a current bond is floated in the department's name and is
 paid off  from the department's account.

     The  following format is contained within each account:

                    Previous Cash Balance
                    Revenues
                    Expenditures
                    New Cash Balance.
                              18

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     If the output is for round T, then Previous Cash
Balance would be equal to the New Cash Balance for round
T-l.

     Expenditures may not be made from capital accounts
unless there is sufficient cash to cover the expenditure.
Therefore, the cash balance in a capital account is
always greater than or equal to zero; the cash balance in
the capital account may not be negative.

      If  expenditures  from the  current account  are  greater
 than previous  balance plus  revenues,  then  a  short  term
 bond (current  or  two-year)  is  automatically  floated  to
 cover the deficit.   Therefore,  the  New Cash  Balance  may
 never be negative in  the  current  account.  Because of
 rounding, the  New Cash Balance will normally be  slightly
 positive (rather  than zero)  even  in the case where a short-
 term bond had  to  be  floated.

      All capital  expenditures  are player or  director
 decisions which have  been submitted during the previous
 EDIT.  Current expenditures are made according to  govern-
 ment policies  which  may have been established  in any previous
 EDIT.  Current expenditures (except miscellaneous  expendi-
 tures) do not  directly reflect player decisions; they  are
 functions of policies.  For example,  a player  sets the
 salaries and number  of job  openings which  the  School Depart-
 ment offers, but  other local conditions influence  how  many
 employees the  department  actually hires and  thus influence
 the amount which  the  department pays in salaries.

      The most  common  capital revenue sources for departments
 are appropriations  (for MS,  SC, HY, and PZ) , capital bonding
 for 25 years  (all departments), Federal-State  Aid  (SC, HY)
 and miscellaneous sources (sale of  land, and incoming  cash
 transfers).  Special  capital revenue sources are subsidies
 to the Utility Department.

      The most  common  capital expenditures  are for con-
 struction, land purchase, and  miscellaneous  (outgoing  cash
 transfers).

      The most common current revenue  sources  are  appropria-
 tions (all but UT and CH), short term bonding,  Federal-
 State Aid (MS and SC), and miscellaneous  income (incoming
 cash transfers).

      Special current revenue sources  exist  for  the  Utility
 Department (income from  user charges  on utility and water
 service and subsidies) and the Chairman (taxes).

                                19

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     The most common current expenditures are for bond  pay-
ments (capital bonds and current bonds together), goods  and
services (MS, SC, maintenance for HY, and utility operating
costs for UT), salaries (MS and SC),  and miscellaneous
(outgoing cash transfers).

     Special current expenditures are for welfare payments
(MS), adult education (SC),  treatment operating costs and
sampling Station operating  costs (UT) ,  and subsidies  (CH) .
                            20

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                                     G. GOVERNMENT MASTER TABLE
                            (Characteristics  are  for  Level One Development)
                                                                          RAIL TRACKS (Per Mi]
                                                                    RAIL
                                                          UNDER-   VEHICLES
                           SC
         MS
                                           UT
 CONSTRUCTION COST
 (Millions of Dollars)

 DEMOLITION COST
 (Millions of Dollars)

 CHARACTERISTICS OF
 FACILITIES

   Possible Levels
   of Development
   Land Requirement
   (% of a parcel)

^  Rate of Annual
""*  Depreciation (%)
                         HY
                         TM
                      STATION  SURFACE  GROUND   RAIL  BUS
 27
5.4
 30
30
                          .8M
         14
                .16M    2.8M
                                          NA
  3

 16


2.0


 SC
  3

 12


3.3


 MS
 3

20


NA


UT
          3        1

         12     NONE
5.0
                                                    HY
NA
                                                            RAIL
NA
                                             BUS
                                  NA
NA
                                                   NA
                                   NA
                   1       1

                   4    NONE
                                PZ
POSSIBLE SOURCES OF
REVENUE TO DEPARTMENTS
Current Funds
Appropriations
Subsidy
Cash Transfer
Automatic Bonding
Automatic Federal-
State Aid
Capital Funds
Appropriations
Subsidy
Cash Transfer
Bondina
Federal-State Aid
Charges to Users
Labor Hired



X

X
X
X


X

X
X
X

PH
PM


X

X
X
X


X

X
X


PM
PL



X
X
X




X
X
X

X

NA


X

X
X



X

X
X
X


NA



X
X
X




X
X
X

X

PM



X
X
X



X
X
X X
X X

X

PM NA
                                 .8/mi  .4/mi
NA   3.5   3.5

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                  III. UTILITY DEPARTMENT

A.   Introduction

        This manual contains the basic information and descrip-
    tion of the model required by the Utility Department.
    It is assumed that the Model Overview,  the Scenario, and
    the Government Sector descriptions have been read prior
    to the receipt of this manual.

        Once the players comprising the Utility Department
    have become familiar with the model in  general, the parti-
    cular city being represented, and the workings of the
    local utility system they will be able  to bring their own
    imagination and initiative to bear on the operation of
    the Utility Department in their specific jurisdiction.

        The local Utility Department is given control of a
    number of resources within the local dynamic system and
    it will have the opportunity to allocate these resources
    and change them in such a way as to satisfy self-established
    goals and/or to respond to pressures brought on it by
    elected officials and the local citizenry and business
    community.
                                22

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  B.  Utility Department Summary
     The Utility Department is responsible for the provision
of the utility and water and sewer services which economic
activities require in order to operate.  The department's
utility operations are separate from its water and sewer
operations but both are funded from the department's general
budget.

     Each utility plant has its own district, comprised of
full parcels contiguous to the utility plant.  A utility
district is also a water district, which can contain one
water intake treatment plant and one sewage treatment plant.
When utility service is installed on a parcel, water and
sewer service-, is also installed.

     Utility plants, intake treatment plants, and outflow
treatment plants are constructed in levels, each level
having a fixed capacity of service.  Outflow treatment plants
are also constructed as certain types, each type having the
ability to remove different amounts of each pollutant type.
All of the plants require a fixed amount of land for each
constructed level.  When a level is demolished, the land
becomes available for other Utility Department construction
or sale to another owner.


     The Department sets the price which any economic
activity must pay per utility unit consumer.   Each
activity does consume a different number of utility units,
but the price per unit consumed is the same for every
utility user.

     The Department also sets the water price per MG con-
sumed, but the price set can vary by the type of economic
activity, and, in the case of residences, by class.
Utility users always obtain the utility service which they
need; the only variable is the price set by the Utility
Department.  However,the Utility Department might not
always be able to provide sufficient water for all of its
users' needs.  The quantity and quality of water in the
local water system affect the costs of providing water
service to the local system users.

     Figure UT-1 shows how the Utility Department fits into
the local government structure.  It may be a public or
private operation depending upon the wishes of the local
system decision-makers in each jurisdiction.

                               23

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                                           Figure UT-1

                               THE UTILITIES DEPARTMENT AS IT FITS
                             WITHIN THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
                                         CHAIRMAN, (CH)
                                    Appoint Department Heads,
                                      draw up budget, and
                                                tax rates
      ELECTED
      OFFICIALS
                                           DEPARTMENTS
      APPOINTED
      DEPARTMENTS
PLANNING
ZONING  (PZ)
Zone land
Develop
Master Plan
                                          _L
ASSESSMENT  (AS)
Assess Land
                                                              COUNCIL (CO)
                                                            Pass on budgets
                                                             and tax rates
                                         _L
SCHOOLS (SC)
Provide school
service for
adults and
children
MUNICIPAL
SERVICES (MS)
Provide police,
fire, & health
services

HIGHWAYS (HY)
Build &
opetate
roads &
terminals
OPTIONAL -
  PUBLIC OR
  PRIVATE
I          UTILITIES  (UT)
          Provide water
          and other
          utility service
                BUS
                Provide
                bus service
              RAIL
              provide
              rapid rail
              service

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               TV.  COMPUTER  PRINTED  OUTPUT  DESCRIPTION

     A.  Introduction

         The printed computer output provides a yearly
report of the status of the simulated region and of inter-
actions within the region during the previous year.  There
are several types of output:   maps showing characteristics
of the region which differ geographically; summaries which
present information in capsulated form; and detailed
information from which the summaries are derived.

         The figure  on the next page shows the titles
of the output sections in the order in which they are
printed.  That sequence follows neither the logical order
of computer program operations nor the usual sequence in
which a user examines the output.  The code number beside
the title of each section of output listed in this figure
is the code number used in all examples of output included.
in this manual.  The output is explained in this section
in order of most general to most detailed information.
Output is explained in the following order:

                  - maps
                  - summary information
                  - general information of relevance to
                    all three sectors
                  - social sector detail
                  - economic sector detail
                  - government sector detail

         There are a few standard features of all printed
output sections.  Each has a title which is a short
description of the type of information given by the section
of output.  Each also contains both the round number and
the game heading (the name of the data base being used or
some other heading input by the director.) .  Where relevant,
a jurisdiction number is also printed.

         After a few rounds'  experience with the model, a
model user usually needs only the printed computer output
from a round and the Master Tables and input formats con-
tained in this manual in order to play subsequent rounds.
                             25

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1.  Migration
2.  Hater System
3.  Employment
                          RIVER BASIN MODEL OUTPUT

                        1.1  Environmental Indexes
                        1.2  Personal Indexes
                        1.3  Dissatisfaction Cutoffs
                        1.4  Migration Detail
                        1.5  Migration Statistics
                        1.6  Migration Su.tunary

                        2.1  Water  User  Effluent Content
                        2.2  niver  Quality During Surface Water Process
                        2.3  Water  User  Costs and Consumption
                        2.4  Coliform and  Pollution Index Values

                        3.1  Employment  Selection Information for PL Class
                        3.2  Employment  Selection Information for PM Class
                        3.3  J^mploynent  Selection Information for PH Class
                        3.4  Part-Time Work Allocation  for I'll Class
                        3.5  Part-Tir.e Work Allocation  for PM Class
                        3.6  Part-Tiir.o Work Allocation  for PL Class
                        3.7  Employment  Summary

4.  Coscterclil Allocation
                        4.1  Personal Goods Allocation  Summary
                        4.2  Personal Services Allocation Summary
                        4.3  Business Goods Allocation  Summary
                        4.4  Dusiness Services Allocation Summary
                        4.5  Government  Contracts
                        4.6  Terminal Demand and Supply Table
                        4.7  Terminal Allocation Map

5.  Social Sector       5.1  Dollar Value  of Time
                        5.2  Social Decision-Maker  Output
                        5.3  Social Uoycotts

                      • 6.1  Form Output
                        6.2  Residence Output
                        6.3  Dasic  Industry Output
                        6.4  Co;r.::!crcial  Output
                        6.5  Economic Boycott Status
                        6.6  New Construction Table
                        6.7  Land Sun.mjry
                        6.8  Loan Statement
                        6.9  Financial Summary

7.  Social and Economic Summaries
                        7.1  Number of Levels of Economic Activity Con-
                            trolled by  Teams
                        7.2  Employment  Centers
                        7.3  Economic Control Summary for Teams
                        7.4  Social Control Summary for Teams
                        7.5  Social Control Summary Totals
    ro                  7.6  Economic Graphs  for Teams
    0X1                  7.7  Social Graphs  for Teams
                                                                                 8.  Government Detail  S.I
                                                                                                        S.3
                                                                                                        3.4
                                                                                                        8.5
                                                                                                        8.6
                                                                                                        8.7
                            Assessment F.eport
                            Water Department Reports
                            Stapling" Station F.eport:  Point Source Quality
                            Sampling Station Report:  A.-?i>ient Quality
                            Utility Department Report
                            Utility Dcpart.-.ont Finances
                            Municipal Services repartr.ent Report
                            Municipal Services Department Fir.sr.ces
                            ."•jp.icipal Services Depart.-.cnt Construction Table
                            riar.r.ing and r.cnir.c Department Report
                       3.11 School Dopart.~.-j:it Report
                       8.12 School Dcpartr-cnt Finances
                       8.13 School Depjrt.-.dnt Construction Table
                       8.1-! l!icj!ivay DoparL.-.ent Finances
                       S.15 Highway Department Construction Table
                       8.16 Rail Csr.iJ.iny Re-sort
                       8.17 3us Ccrpany import
                       8.18 Chair.T'ori Doportr.-ent Finances
                       3.19 Tax Sur.rary
                       8.20 Financial SvJT.-iary

9.  Svm.T.ary Statistics 9.1  Demographic and Econoaie Statistics
                                                                                10.  Maps
8.  Economic Sector
                      10.1  Personal Goods Allocation Xap
                      10.2  Personal Services Allocation Hap
                      10.3  S'jsir.ess Cor-^ercial Allocation Map
                      10.-!  Hunicioal Service Hap
                      10.5  School :-'.ap
                      10.6 .Utility Map
                      10.7  Water Usage Map
                      10.0  Water Qunlity Map
                      10.9  Municipal Treatment
                      10.10 Municipal Intake and Outflow Point Map
                      10.11 Surface Water Map
                      10.12 Farm Ilunoff Map
                      10.13 River P.asin Flood Plain Xap
                      10.14 Tarn Map
                      10.15 Tarn Assessed and Market Value Map
                      10.16 Market Value Map
                      10.17 Assessed Value Map
                      10.18 Econo.-ric Status Map
                      10.19 Highway Map
                      10,20 Planning and Zoning Map
                      10.21 Parkland Usage Map
                      10.22 Socio-i;cono.T,ic Distribution Hap
                      10.23 Demographic Map
                      10.2'. Social be ci s ion-Maker Map
                      10.25 Topographical Restriction Map
                      10.26 Government Status Map

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                     B.  Map Output

     The model output includes several maps which visually
represent characteristics of the simulated region which
differ by location.  The entire simulated region is repre-
sented on a single, two-page computer map.  A map key is
printed at the bottom of each page.  Map symbols appear on
a map in the three types of locations which can be specified
in the model:  parcels  (squares), parcel edges (lines sep-
arating squares), and intersections of lines (parcel corners)
Land uses and other characteristics of parcels are repre-
sented within the squares.  Divisions between parcels such
as roads or jurisdiction boundaries are represented be-
tween parcels, and activities such as terminals are repre-
sented at parcel corners.

     The Map Titles and a brief description of their con-
tents are given below, in the order in which they will be
discussed.  All information is located spatially.

     Economic Status Map:  economic owners, economic activ-
ities and operating levels, zoning, levels of utilities
installed, amounts of undeveloped land, road types, ter-
minal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Government Status Map:  school levels, parks, municipal
service levels, utility plant levels, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Socio-Economic Distribution Map;  residence types and
levels, number of Pi's of each class, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Demographic Map:  populations, residential quality in-
dexes, business value ratios, percent occupancy, road
types, terminal levels,  jurisdiction boundaries.

     Personal Goods Allocation Map:  PG shopping location
for each class and residence, PG location.

     Personal Services Allocation Map:  PS shopping loca-
tion for each class and residence, PS location.

     Business Commercial Map:  BG and BS shopping location
for each business, BG and BS locations.

     Utility Map;   utility units served, ut'ility units
installed, utility plants, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
                            27

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     Surface Water Map;  volumes of surface water, rates of
flow, land area in water, directions of surface water flow,
lakes.

     Municipal Treatment Plant Map;  municipal water intake
treatment plants and levels, municipal sewage treatment
plant types and levels, utility plant locations_and code
numbers, directions of surface water flow,  utility district
boundaries, lakes.

     Municipal Inflow and Outflow Point Map;  Municipal
surface water intake points, municipal sewage outflow
points, utility districts served by each,  surf ace _ water-
qualities, directions of surface water flow, utility dis-
trict boundaries, lakes.

     Water Quality Map;  economic activities and operating
levels, surface water qualities, directions of surface
water flow, lakes.

     Economic Sector Water Usage Map;  economic activities
and operating levels, amounts of recycling, business ef-
fluent treatment types and levels, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.

     Municipal Services Map;  economic activities and oper-
ating levels, municipal service units required, municipal
services and their use indexes, municipal  service district
boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.

     School Map;  numbers of public school students, num-
bers of private school students, schools and their use
indexes, school district boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Highway Map;  economic activities and operating levels,
road types, terminal levels.

     Planning and Zoning Map;  zoning, park, public insti-
tutional land uses, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.

     Parkland Usage Map;  parks, populations served by park,
park use indexes, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.

     Market Value Map;  market values of all non-farm land,
privately owned buildings, and privately owned land and
buildings, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries
                                28

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     Assessed Value Map:  assessed vaUies of non-farm pri-
vately owned land and buildings, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Farm Assessed and Market Value Map:  assessed and mar-
ket values of farms, amount of land in farms, road types,
terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries, lakes.

     Farm Map;  farm owners, amount of land in farms, farm
types, levels of fertilization, road types, terminal levels,
jurisdiction boundaries.

     Farm Runoff Map:  where runoff from farms flows, di-
rection of surface water flow, lakes.

     River Basin Flood Plain Map:  river basins, dam
priorities, flood susceptibility of each parcel, direction
of surface water flow,lakes, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Topographical Restriction Map:  topographically unde-
velopable land, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.

     Social Decision-Maker Map:  social decision-maker con-
trolling each class living on each residence parcel, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
                             29

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               1.   Economic  Status Map

     This map shows the  economic  sector  owners  of all privately
owned non-farm parcels and the  economic  activity, if any,  on
each parcel   A parcel can have only  one economic owner and
c-ne econoL; actSvity.   Owners  of farm P«cels  are shown on
the Farm Map.  The types of  economic  activities represented
in the model are listed  in the  Master Tables.

      The economic  owner  of  a parcel  owns all of  the land
 and developments  on  the  parcel which do not belong  to the
 government or  which  are  not topographically undevelopable.
 If the  economic owner sells land to  another economic de-
 cision-maker,  he must sell  all of the privately-owned
 land and buildings on the parcel to  the new owner.   An
 economic decision-maker  can sell any portion of  undeveloped
 land on a parcel  to  a government department.

      The Planning  and Zoning Department may zone parcels.
 Zoning  is a restriction  on  economic  development.  Once a
 parcel  is assigned a particular  zoning  code, all new economic
 development on the parcel must conform  to the  new zoning.
 If a parcel is unzoned,  there  is no  restriction  on  what
 type of activity may be  constructed  on  it.  The  Economic
 Status  Map key defines  what private  land uses  are allowed
 under each zoning  code.

      When a new economic development is constructed on a
 parcel, it must not  only conform to  the parcel's zoning;
 it must have sufficient utility  service.  Utilities are
 installed by the  Utility Department  in  "levels"  (1  - 9) .
 Each level of  economic  activity  requires a certain  number
 of utility units,  and each  level of  utility service supplies
 a fixed number of  utility units  to a parcel.

      If an economic  decision-maker has  insufficient utility
 service for a  proposed development,  the Utility  Department
 must install adequate utility  service before the new devel-
 opment  can be  constructed.*
     *There are two exceptions to the utility restriction
on_development:  1) RA housing can be built with  "private
utilities", which do not require utilities supplied by  the
Utility Department; 2) the director can override  the utility
restriction on individual developments.
                              30

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                                               Figure
                               10.18
                                                         FCON011C  STATUS MAP                                                PCHIN1  ?
      70   72   74   76   7R   80    H2    A4    86   6A   90   92    94   96   96  100   102   104   106  108  1 10  U2  11 4  t 16   11H
   OOOODOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOCDOOCOOCOQOOOOOOOaooCDOOOOOOOOOCCnOOODOOOOOOOQCiOQOOOODOOOOQC3COOC1000000000000300?CCOOCiOCCiOOCOO
12 °    -    -    *    •    •    •     "    *    '•     *    i     "    o    !    i    '.    ;    ;    *.    ;    ;    ;    ;    .*    Si?
   o loo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo.  ioo. ioo.  ioo.  mo.  mo.  ioo.   BRR  ae.  ioo. ioo.  too.  ioo.  ioo. mo. mo. ion. too. ino.  mno
                                                                                        	
   o ion, ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo.  ioo.  ioo.  ioo.  ioo.  ioo, ioo,   BRB  si.  ioo. ioo. too. ioo. mo. ioo. ioo. inn, inn. mo. lono
   o	fl	o
   0...	0...	0
   0	H	              0 If,
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                                                                                                                                0
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   0	O.H	
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                                                                              	0
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      70   72   7*
                                                                                100  102  10*  t06  1CB  110  11?  11*
           PIRCEL KEY
    TOP' LEFT :     OMNF8
    TOP HICHT1    ZONING
    HIOILt:        UNO USE INO LEVEL
    BOTTOM LEFT!   UTILITY LEVEL
    60TTOH P.1GHT1 t UIIOEVLPO LAND
     PARCEL EDGES
., .. ROAPdFD
	 II TYPF 1 RD40
• <• HH TYPE 2 PC An
tl Wk TYPE 1 ROAD
CO 00 JURISDICTION BCUNDASY
  1MERSECTIONS
» TYPE 1 1FRMIMAL
X TYPE 2 TFPHINAL
• TYPE 3 TERMINAL
                                                                   31
If ON ING  LAND USf
    ftfjy USE
in  AMY BUS INESS
20  HI . LI .f I
21  HI
22  LI
73  Cl
30  MS,BG,9S,PC,PS
31  US
32  RG
                                                                                                                        C
                                                                                                                        iRKL AM

-------
     Economic developments also require land.  Each activity
depending on its type, requires a certain amount of land
for each constructed level of development.  Regardless of
the operating level of an activity,  the land consumed is
that of the constructed level, which is always greater than
or equal to the operating level.   The amount of privately-
owned land which is not in developments is classified on
this map as undeveloped.   If a parcel shows .no undeveloped
land, no further economic development can occur there un-
less the owner either acquires more  land from a government
department owning a portion of the parcel or demolishes
existing economic developments.  An  economic decision-
maker can acquire land by purchasing a parcel from another
economic decision-maker or by bidding on land which is
owned by the Outside.

     The operating level  of an economic activity is shown
on the Economic Status Map.  For  most purposes, a busi-
ness' operating level is  the only level considered by the
computer programs.   However, a business pays property
taxes and maintenance for its constructed level.

-------
                2.  Government Status Map

     Whereas there can be only one economic owner per parcel,
any combination of government departments can own developed-
and undeveloped land on a parcel.  The government depart-
ments which can own land, and the types of developments each
can construct on a parcel are:

     Department               Development Type

     Utility Department       Utility Plant
                              Water Intake Treatment Plant
                              Sewage Outflow Treatment Plant:
                                 Chlorination
                                 Primary Treatment
                                 Secondary Treatment
                                 Tertiary Treatment
     School Department        School Unit
     Municipal Service        Municipal Service Unit
       Department
     Planning and  Zoning      Parkland
       Department             Public Institutional Land
     Highway Department       Road*
                              Terminal*

     A government  department  can sell undeveloped land
which it owns to either  another government department or
to the economic decision-maker owning the privately-owned
portion of a parcel.

     The government status map shows the locations of some
of the types of government activities:  schools,  parks,
utility plants, and municipal service units.
     *A road requires land from the parcels on each side,
and a terminal requires land from the four parcels touching
the intersection at which it is located.
                             33

-------
Figure
             10.26
•TWOCITr
GOVERNMENT STATUS KST"

ROIIVO r
102 104 106 108 110 112 11* 114 11»
OOOOOC30!)OOOOOOOC000000005BOOOOOOOOrCOCOOOOC00000000000000000030CnOD0000000000390C003COOOOOOOOOOeiOOCiOOOOe'frCOOffCWr5rCP?5COMO


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' 26 0 . . . 	 	 24 . 52 . i8 fl
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0...*. -. ... .H.8..
28 0 	 . 52 H . D
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S.-JOTOKJOOCOOICOCS 0039039!: 03000 005000000900000000 0030000000000 000 iOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOJIOOOOeOOCOoaeOOOIOOCOJOOOOOSOOOOao

»JRCEl KFY MRCEl FOCFS INTFUSECT
102 104 106 108 HO 11? 11* 116 115

-IOOLF'RW: r'u"rt p»uml '-'- ]\ ™*o'T' « T"F J ""SUn
Sinn-* urn MI u"m • LFVEI »• MM TYTF ? ROAR » TYPE 3 TERMINAL
BCTT01 Rlr.HTi IT PU«T • LVL H m TYPF 5 Pn40
00 00 JUR1 SPICT IOS ROUNnAO' 'ZA


-------
          3.  Socio-Economic Distribution Map

     This map shows the number of Pi's of each class living
on each residence parcel.  The residence type and level are
also printed.

     The migration process allocates people to housing.
Only two classes can live on a residence parcel simul-
taneously, due in part to the model's restriction that a
PH -will not move into a residence with a quality index
below 71 and a PL will not move into housing with a quality
index above 70.  It is possible, if a residence depreciates
below the minimum that a class will accept, that high-
income, for example, will live in a residence with a quality
index below 71 if the class was living on the parcel before
the depreciation.  In no case, however, can PH's reside on
the same parcel with PL's.


     Each  level of a residence type provides a fixed num-
ber of  space units.  A PI occupies a  fixed number of
space units, depending on its class.  The percent occu-
pancy of  each  residence  is shown on the Demographic Map.
                             35

-------
                                            Figure
                                                                     10.22
                                              SOCIO-ECONOMIC  .IISTBIBUTIOI MAP
   ,0   72   74   7.   7.   .0   .2   .4   ,6   «»   90   »2   ,4   «   18  100  102  104   10*   10.   110   112  114  11*  11.
 oooBooooaoooooooooocooDoooocoooooooocgoooflooooooooooooooooBOOowonooooofloooooo^oooooooooocoooaooo^^^
0
12 0
0
9.... .
0
14 0
0
0 	
0
16 0
0
0 	
18 0
0 	
20 0 .
0
0 	
0
0 	
0 	
- 26 0
0 	
0
0
0 .
0
0
0 .
'" 0. 	 	
0
9




9 .
40 0
0
" 0 	
0
42 0
0
0 	
44 0 ' .
0
• 9 	
46 0
0 	
0
48 0
0 	
0
50 0
a
0 	
0
0
0
0 	
0
56 0
r : : : i i . . . •

. " . . . . . 5H. 5H.
	 1 	 H
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... .PA 4.RA 6IRC l.P.C 2H
...... 4H. 1 13H. ?1HH

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	 9
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	 9
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   0905003COCOOOOOCOOOCC00000000900W000900MOOO;OOM00300MOOUOOOC0090COOO^
      70    72   74   76   78   80
                               J2
                                    84   96   8R   <10
                                                       •>:•
                                                            14
                                                                 56
                                                                      18   100   102   104  106  108  1 10  112  114
       HftCfl KFY
TOP Rnwi    P.EMDEVCE TVI>E AND IEVEL
MIDDLE  ROW! N'jyKrR OF PI'S AUC CLASS
B07IOH  POU: NUKJE'l OF PI'S tNO CLASS
                                             PARCEL  EDGES
                                         ..  ..  ROADPFO
                                         —  II  TYPF  1 RHAO
                                         «  MH  TYPE  ? PHAD
                                         ff  KM  TYPE  3 HOAD
                                         00  00  JURISDICTION IIOUNDARY
 INTEBSECTIONS
4 TYPE  1  TERMINAL
* TYPE  2  TERMINAL
• TYPE  3  TERMINAL
                                                            36

-------
                    4. Demographic Map--

     The  demographic map  shows  the number of people living
 on  each residence  parcel,  the percent occupancy of each
 residence and  the  quality  of all privately owned buildings
 and equipment.

     Overcrowding  (over 100% occupancy)  contributes to a
residence's neighborhood index and to the health index.

     The  quality is expressed as the quality index for a
residence and as the value ratio for non-residential ac-
tivities.   A value ratio is the ratio of the present con-
dition of a business' buildings and equipment to their
original  condition, expressed as a percent.

     A quality index is somewhat different.  Whereas a
new business has a value ratio of 100, a new residence
can have  a quality index from 40 to 100.

     Each year buildings and equipment depreciate in re-
sponse to several conditions which vary by type of activity
 (see the Master Tables for the causes of depreciation).
A business's depreciation  is measured as a percent of
original value (100).  A residence's depreciation is
measured  as a percent of the original value of such a type
of residence originally built at a quality index of 100,
regardless of the original quality of the specific resi-
dence.  Thus, business depreciation is a percent of original
value but residential depreciation is a percent of quality
index 100.

     The owner of an activity can set a maintenance level
for the activity.  The maintenance level is the quality
index or value ratio at which the owner will maintain
the activity, regardless of how much it depreciates in a
year.  Not until the activity's value ratio or quality
index falls to its maintenance level does the owner incur
maintenance expenditures.  The computer program depreciates
and maintains buildings and equipment and charges the
owner for the maintenance cost.

     The Demographic Map shows quality indexes and value
ratios after depreciation and after any maintenance.
                             37

-------
                                           Figure
                              10.23
        72   74   76  78
                                                                 96   98  100   10?  104  106  IDA  110   112  114  IIfc  lift
' Q000003800QQC000803000000C000003000CCOCCOQOC008C0000800000^^


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	 117 B117 .122 .117 117 	

	 25. 25. 25. 158 . . 140 35. . .15.


	 1 	 H 	 8. — - 	 Hlttt 	



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	 10 . HO 1 75 . 90 H 10 0 H 16 . 10 . 30 50 .
	 117 .117 1 97 .101 H 0 H .100 1100 ...

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    70   72   74   76   75   80   82
                                              88   40   92   C4
                               300900000003000003 3C300QQOQ30303C0003CaeCO3000O3C1CC'C3Q

                                9ft  100  102  104   106  108  110  112  114   116   11«
        P1RCEL Kft
  TOP ROW!    TOTAL POP \H 100'S  (RI-SI
  MIDDLE BOWl 01  («ES) CR VR (FIR)
  BOTTOM ROM! t OCCUPANCY (RES)
—- 1 I  TYPE  I ROAO
-• MH  TYPE  2 R060
it WW  TYPE  3 ROAD
CO 00  JURISDICTION fiOUMDARY
  INTERSECTIONS
* TYPE  I  TFRHINil
x TYPE  2  TERMINAL
* TYPE  3  TERHINAL
                                                        38

-------
         5.   Topographical Restriction Map

     This map shows the percent of a parcel that may not be
purchased or developed by any local decision-makers.  Land
that is topographically undevelopable includes mountains,
rock outcrops, swamps.  None of the area consumed by water
bodies represented in the local system  (large lakes, small
lakes, and rivers) is shown on this map.  The map also
shows jurisdictional boundaries, the road network, and the
location of terminals.
                              39

-------
    Figure
10.25
* 	 r™w" " T , r , ie ,. RESTR,moN «P

102 104 106 108 110 112 114 11* 11«
COOOOOOOOOPCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOJCOOOOtOOCOPJOOOOOOOS00000030CIOrOO«0 _


0... 	 0..


14 0 	 B..

0 	 	 . B
jo° ••"••• 	 • e • :

° 	 :„„• • • 1- .' 	 - 	 i
0 	 B..

0 	 B..


~26 0 	 B..
0 	 B


280 	 '. 1 H . B
0 	 I.H.B..
o 	 1 	 H....ocigcon 	
0 	 ...t.HOH..
30 0 	 	 .I.HOH..
O........I.HOH..

32 0 . . . .. .".". H . . a H
0 	 ..'.- H..OH
0 	 ---"H... 	 0. ...H 	
C'.........H.OH
340.....-....H.OH
0 	 ..H.OH


36 0 	 .....'B.H
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0 	 O.H..
380 	 0 .'H .".
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42 0 . . . 	 	 0 . H
0 	 O.K..
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44 0 	 	 . 0 . H . .



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OOOCOOOOOOOOC!000035COOOOCIOOCOOOOCOOCCOCCK10000000COOOOOOOOOOOOOCOaOC0000003009M000000005000?OCSOOOOOOCOC:OOOSO!D03f:'OOK = roC'C'0
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 .6 a, ,0 92 .4 ' 96 98 ,00
ftfUL KEY PABCFl FOGFS INTERSECT
102 104 106 10K 110 112 114 116 114

PERCENT TO»nf,«PHlCAUr UNOEJRi.F .. .. ROMIUCO » TVPC 1 7FBM1NAL
— II TYPE 1 ROAO X TYPE 2 T
FRHINAL
«» HH TYPE 2 RCUtl » TYPE 3 TERMINAL
  WM TYPE •» ROAO
00 00 JURISDICTION BOUNDARY
                40,

-------
             6.  Social Decision Maker-~Map

     This map indicates which social players make decisions
for the low, middle, and high income population units on
parcels.  The top letter on a given parcel represents the
social decision-maker who controls the PL's who live there,
and the middle and lower letters represent the social decision'
makers who control the PM's and PH's, respectively, who live
there.  If a particular class does not live on a parcel,
no letter is printed.

     Not until a parcel is developed for residential land
use and occupied by at least one income class, will a social
decision-maker for that parcel appear on the map.  Note that
different decision-makers may control the different popu-
lation classes on a single parcel.  Social teams acquire
control over additional Pi's on a parcel when the number of
Pi's of that class moving into the parcel exceeds the number
moving out.  Social teams may find that from round to round
they gain or lose control of population units on a residential
parcel of land.  This occurs as a result of the migration of
Pi's of a class to a parcel where previously there were no
Pi's of that class  (a gain) or as a result of the migration
away from a parcel of all the Pi's of a class on that parcel.
                            41

-------
    Figure
10.24
TWOCITY
70 72 74 76 78 60 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100
ROUNfl 2
102 104 106 109 110 112 114 116 118
' pTOoogocooaooooBooooootOTogooooooooccgocgooTOOoaoDooggoooooogoooanogooooooooog^MOOooooaoBOSODOOOOooooooDOoaanaocoooooooBcojsa


e 	 B

B 	 B . .
It B 	 H . .
0 	 B . .

B 	 	 8 . .
16 0. 	 	 . .8...
B 	 .....B..
B ;........... e . .


0 	 B . .
20 B 	 	 B . .



24 B 	 . C B
B 	 . . . . e . • .


26 0 . . 	 	 C.C.C.CB . .


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BOBBCOaBaoaBgg30C3BBBflBBaBB3BgcooBBCcogggagsBOOBBOogogg!igooottioc6oi3og6BBcgflceBBoaBBOB803B3flB?Boa60!;oBoogcBoosecBBgc'g5CB?aoMB3
70 72 74 76 78 60 82 84 «6 88 90 92 94 96 18 100
102 10* 106 108 UO 112 11* US nn
PARCEL KEY PABCEI EDGES INTERSECTIONS
Tfl» -SOWI LOU SC1C 0-H .. .. RDAC1.1EO * TY1>E 1 TEHlltUl.
HIHOLE ROW! HID SOC D-H —II TYPE 1 P.HAO K TYPE ? TEOHINAL
80ITOS R0»: HI SOC 0-H .. IIH TYPE 2 ROAD » TYPE 3 TCRH1KAL
CO 00 JURISDICTION BOUNDARY
              42

-------
                  7.   Utility Map

     This map designates the jurisdictional boundaries
(000) and the district boundaries  (xxx) for all utility
plants within each jurisdiction.  Utility districts are
groups of contiguous parcels that are within the service
area of a utility plant.  There may be parcels of land
that are"not contained within a utility district.

     The information contained on a land parcel shows
the number of utility units required by utility users,
the number of utility units installed on the parcel, and
the number of the utility district serving the parcel.

     Utility plant locations are indicated on the Utility
Map with asterisks surrounding the parcels on which the
plants are located.  Each utility district is identified
with a unique utility number (starting with "1" and
ending with "n", where "n" is the number of utility dis-
tricts).  The bottom piece of information on each parcel
indicates the number of the utility plant serving that
parcel.

     The number of utility units consumed on a parcel is
dependent upon the private land use activity.  The map
key shows the number of utility units demanded by a level
one of each of the private land use activities.

     The number of units installed on a parcel is a policy
decision made by the Utility Department.  The Utility
Department provides one of nine levels of utility service
to a parcel.  Each level of utility service has a corres-
ponding number of utility units that may be provided.
Consult the Utility Master Table for the maximum number
of utility units that may be provided for each level of
utility service.

     A parcel of land that is within a utility district
may not be developed if the private development would
require more units of utility service than could be pro-
vided by the present level of utility service provided
to that parcel.  Thus, the "UNITS INSTALLED" puts an
upper limit on the "UNITS SERVED" for all parcels within
utility districts.
                           43

-------
.figure
                   10. 6
         UTILITY M«P
70   72  74  76   7«   «0  «2  84   86  88  90   12   94
                            "» 10«  lot  1011  "° M2  U*  1U  '"
                            ^


I I I I I I
1 1 1 1 I 1
1 1 1 I 1 1
111111
111111
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 I
1 I 1 ' 1 I "1

111111
111111
1 1 1 1 1 t

I*
1 1 1 • ' 1 ~ 1 1

111111
111111
1 • 1 11 1 •
111111
111111
1 1 1 	 1 • 1 1
111111
111111
1 1 1 1 1 I
70 72 7* 74 78 80
PARCELS
TOP fiOUi' UNITS SEPVPO
KIDDLE ROV1 UXITS INSTALLED
BQTIOM nOKI UTILITY CODE IF UT
a
a
t
	 i
•
•
a
'1 1 1 1 1 1 182 2 2
a
iooa
40 * 0 16
100 100 100 100 100C 400 100 100
100 100 100 • IOCS 100 200 100
1 1 1 1 I 1 • 1 » 2 22
12 12 12 fl« «
100 100 100 IOOH?500 100
1 1 1 1 1 1 182 2 2
100 100 100 200 iooa 200 100
111111 18222
100 100 100 400 300 200R • 300 200 100'
1 1 1 1 1 192*2 ? 2
100 100 100 100 200 300S 300 700X 100* 100
16 12 26 7B9 117 117
100 100 200 2008 200 - 300
11 111192222
100 lOOa 200 200 200 200
1 1 1 1 1 B Z 2 2 i t
48 4 12 16 12
" ' ' " too« 100 too loo 'loo
11111122222
•
• 100 100
•
e
«
0
11111122222
• ' "
1
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1
1 1 I 1 1 • 2 7 2 2' 2
I
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1
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•
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•
*
II
. 8
1 1 1 1 1 « 2 } 2 2 2
«2 84 86 81 90 ,12 94 46 98-100
P»»Cei EDGES
XX DtSTft ICT fmiJNO&KV
00 JURISDICTION [IOUVOARY
ON P««CEL OB BOTH
*• UT ON PMCEL
44
* 12
2 2 2 2'2 2 Z 2 2«
n 14
600 « >*
M
600 " 1"
222222222«
II
600 * '^
H
« r>
16 »
100 • 2*
22222222Z*
12 8 •
100- • 100 « 26
22222222JJ
100 100 100 100 tOO B >1
2222222221
8 •
100 100 100 200 200 B 30
222222*2211
12 »
100 100 100 200 200 . » 37
•
100 100 II 34
222222222B
A
T. 16
•
	 ' • 38
1
B 40
B
• 4?
fl
ft 44
1
fl 46
II
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1
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II
C 42
8
« M
a ^A
It
t 5«
B
t 60
102 104 106 103 110 112 114 us u,
UNITS RgOUIftfn UNITS INQUIRED
HASIC INDUSTRY f.OMVfPr.UL
HI1 402 flCl 112
111 13 Oil 71
NSI 7 "fit 90
nesioENC s PSI 77
««1 CONSTRUCTION
«0l 2 CM NQNF
KCI 117

-------
                8.   Surface Water Map

     The Surface Water Map displays  those characteristics
of a surface water system which do not change dynamically
during a particular run of the model.  For each parcel
on which there is surface water, the map shows the volume
of water, its rate of flow, and the percent of the surface
area of the parcel which is water.

     The volume of water on a parcel is measured in mil-
lions of gallons per day (MGD) passing any one point on
the parcel.  The volume of water on  a parcel affects both
the water quality on a parcel and the amount of water
which can be removed from the surface water on that par-
cel for municipal and industrial use.
     The rate of flow of water on a parcel is measured
in the number of parcels which water flowing at that
rate would cross in one day.  Water bodies undergo a
natural cleansing process.  The slower a river flows, the
less distance some types of pollutants travel before they
are naturally removed from the river.
     The amount of surface area occupied by water has one
effect in the model:  it preempts a portion of the parcel
from use in other activities.
     The map also displays the direction of the river's
flow.  The arrows between parcels point in the direction
that the water flows.  Water flows from parcel to parcel,
traveling within parcels.  If a parcel has a volume of
water but no arrows pointing away from it, it either is
the las't parcel through which a river flows or has a
self-contained surface water system which does not dyna-
mically interact with the other surface water system
parcels.

     A parcel which is displayed as all dots is entirely
water, usually a very large body of water into which a
river flows, such as a large lake or ocean.  The water on
such a parcel does not interact with the surface water
represented in the model; its quality is affected by
activities in an area much greater than the simulated
area.  For convenience, such a water body is termed a
lake in the model.
                            45

-------
                           THOCITV
                     SURFACE  HATER HftP
TO   72    74    76    78    80   82    84  . 86   86   90   92   94   96
                                                                       98  100   102   104   106   108  110  112  114  116   118












640
tl


























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11


























620
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610
11


























600
11











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520
11















11

150
11
200
11
250
11
260
11
270
11
280
11
210
11
300
11
500
11
510
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200
11





















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170
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70   72   74   76   7fl   90   82   8*   86   88   90    92    94   96   9«  100  102   104   106   108   110  112  114  U6   t18
  PARCELS

     TOP KOUl Au.OlfJT OF SURFACE WATER
              ON PARCEL  
-------
          9.  Municipal  Treatment Plant Map
     A Utility Department supplies water to all economic
activities except some basic industries which obtain their
own water from the surface water.  Each utility district
is also a water district.,  A parcel is supplied with
municipal water and sewer service when utilities are
installed on the parcel.  The department can decide where
to intake water, where to dump sewage, how much intake
water it will provide, how much sewage treatment it will
provide, and where treatment facilities will be located.

     Municipal water intake and sewage treatment plants
are located in the utility districts which they serve.
An intake treatment plant processes the surface water
removed from the parcel on which its intake point is
located (not necessarily within the water district which
it serves).  All water treated by an intake treatment
plant is processed to drinking water quality.  The quality
of the water before it is treated varies with the amount
of pollution in the surface water where the intake .point
is located.  There are nine water quality ratings, 1 being
the best quality and 9 being the worst.  A parcel's water
quality rating is based on the volume of water on the par-^
eel and the amount of pollution entering it from adjoin-
ing parcels.
Water Quality Rating
        1
        2
        3
        5
        6

        7

        8

        9
Description

Drinkable - best quality water
Drinkable - with minor treatment
Swimmable - direct body contact
  possible
Boating and Fishing - indirect
  body contact
Fair esthetic value
Poor esthetic value - treatable
  at moderate cost
No esthetic value - treatable
  at high cost
Negative esthetic value -
  treatable at very high cost
Unusable water
Seven types of pollutants are measured for the quality
rating.
Pollutants
BOD
Description

Biochemical Oxygen Demand; the
                           47

-------
                      Figure              10,
     TUOCITV
MUN1CIPAI,  TRCATHFNT PLANTS
1 n tit l * an
B999PE
»
12 0
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0
0
16 (1
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0
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TOP LEFT I

TOP RIGHT!
HIOOIF  IFF
H100LE  RIG
BOTI OH  ROW
N FOR  MU'ttflPAl
         LANT
LEVFL  OK
> IIT  rnp
T:  COOt f.
 HIJNICIPA
   UL1TV DISTRICT RUM
   »0f«  OF UIIL1TV OISTRICT
    EFFLUENT TRJAIHENT TYPE
                  IAKC PARCELS
                                        P4P.CCL  EOOCS

                                        MV< DIRECTION OF FlOtf
                                        	  NO WATCH  FLtlHING
                                              OF.TWCEN PAHCTLS
                                        0000  UTIUTY  OISTBICT BOUNOARV
                                                48

-------
Pollutants
Chlorides



Nutrients


Coliform Bacteria



Temperature



Oil and Floating Solids
High-Level Wastes
Description

natural breakdown of this
pollutant causes a decrease
in the concentration of dissol-
ved oxygen in the water.

Chlorides are employed as an
indicator of persistent pollu-
tants .

Phosphate, nitrite, nitrate,
nitrogen, and phosphorous.

Indication of the potential
health hazard of a given body
of water.

A measure of the deviation  from
the normal temperature of the
surface water.

Any oil added to the system
and all floating solids such
as refuse, garbage, cans,
boards, tires, etc.

Highly toxic, non-degradable
substances.
     The quality of water at a district's intake point
affects, among other things, the cost to process the water
to drinking water quality.  The water quality of a parcel
is shown on the Water Quality Map.  That quality is not
affected by any pollution dumped on the parcel, only by
pollution dumped on upstream parcels.

     An inflow treatment plant, while able to make all
but the worst  (quality 9) water drinkable, has a capacity
which is a function of its level.  The amount of water
which a district needs is a function of the needs of the
activities located in the district, but the amount of
water which a district can obtain may be limited by its
inflow treatment plant capacity.  Whenever a district
cannot obtain all of its needed water for any reason,
including insufficient inflow treatment plant capacity,
the activities served by the district purchase that
proportion of their water needs which cannot be met
locally from the Outside at a high cost.  The cost to
                           49

-------
construct an inflow .treatment plant increases with the
number of levels constructed.  Unlike levels of other
activities in the model, municipal treatment plant costs
and capacities are not necessarily even multiples of level
one costs and capacities.  The land requirements, however,
are multiples of level one.

     Municipal sewage treatment plants can be constructed
not only to different levels  (capacities) but also to
different types of treatment.  The types of sewage treat-
ment are, in increasing order of pollution removal:

               Chlorination  (CL)
               Primary Treatment (PT)
               Secondary Treatment (ST)
               Tertiary Treatment (TT)

     Tertiary treatment requires the three other types of
treatment; secondary treatment requires  chlorination and
primary treatment.   The level of treatment printed on the
map is the level of the type printed and of all lesser
types.  There is no provision for the case of different
levels of different types of treatment within a single
district.

     Since treatment plants have fixed capacities which
vary by their levels, any district's sewage in excess
of its plant's capacity flows untreated into the surface
water on the parcel on which the district's outflow point
is located.

     Note that all of a district's  intake treatment must
be located on a single parcel.  Likewise, all of its sew-
age treatment must be on a single parcel, although that
parcel, does  not have to be the same one  as that on which
its intake treatment plant is located.

     'UT1 appears in the middle row of a parcel if there is
a utility plant on the parcel.  Next to  the 'UT1 is the
code number  of the  utility plant.  That  number matches the
number printed next to the district's  intake and outflow
points on the Municipal Inflow and  Outflow Point Map.
                           50

-------
  10.    Municipal Inflow and Outflow Point Map

     Unlike treatment plants, municipal intake and
outflow points do not have to be located within the dis-
tricts which they serve.  This map shows where each dis-
trict's intake  and outflow points are located.  The
code number next to the 'IN' or 'OU' on the map is the
code number of the utility plant in the district which
the point serves.

     Each district has one intake point and one outflow
point.  However, there can be more than one inflow and
outflow point on a parcel.  The map shows only one point,
so if there is  nore than one on a parcel, only the
Utility Department Report will note the existence of
all of the others.
                           51

-------
      TUOCITY
HUNlCtPftl INFLOW *HO  OUTFLOW POINTS
70
eeeee
t
12 II
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t
14 t
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16 t
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>AV< DIRECTION OF FLOW
T TNTAMNG 	 NO WATER FLOWING
PETHECN PARCELS
0000 UTILITY DISTRICT BOUNDARY
RICT DISCHARGING
                   11KE PARCELS

-------
             11.   Water Quality Map

     The surface water quality on a parcel is a function
of the pollution entering the parcel from adjoining par-
cels and of the amount of water on the parcel itself.
The water quality on a parcel is not affected by any
dumping activity on the parcel itself.  Any activity which
removes water  from a parcel removes it at the quality
shown on the Water Quality Map.

     Quality is the only characteristic-of surface water
which can change during a run of the model.  The other
characteristics  (rate of flow, volume, and surface area)
are constant.

     Water Sampling Stations can be set up to measure
the exact pollution content of the water flowing out of
parcels.  Sampling stations can also be established to
measure the pollution content of water generated by either
individual economic activities or municipal systems.  The
operation of a sampling station is charged to the Utility
Department of the jurisdiction in which the station is
located.

     The figure on the next page illustrates the processes
which affect surface water pollution.  The pollution flow-
ing into a parcel from adjoining parcels is mixed in the
water on the parcel.  The pollution concentration per MGD
is then measured and the water is rated in one of the nine
water quality categories.  The water quality rating is
the'worst rating category generated in any single pollutant.
The rating allows no trade-off between a pollutant which
is present in very low concentration and one which is very
highly concentrated.

     Next, water is removed if there are any intaking
activities on the parcel.  There are two types of intaking
activit"es :  1) basic industries of the types which require
surface water; and 2) municipal intake points.  There can
be only one economic activity on a parcel, and if it is
a surface water user, it intakes and dumps on the parcel
on which it is located.  Municipal intake water is sent
to the municipal intake treatment plant and from there to
activities served by the district.

     The surface water which is not removed undergoes a
biological  change process in which some of the pollutants
decay naturally.  That water is mixed with any water
dumped on the parcel.  There are three types of activities
which can dump on a parcel.  In addition to basic industries


                           53

-------
                                MUNICIPAL  INTAKE
BORDERING PARCELS
    MIX  AND
RATE WATER QUALITYJ
     I
                          INDUSTRIAL INTAKE
                                (FL,MP,FO,TA,PA,CR)

                                  INTAKE TREATMENT!
                                         *         ,
                                   INDUSTRIAL USB )
                                     '        -
                                OUTFLOW
                               TREATMENT
       UNTREATED
  BIODEGREDATION
                        3UST.RIAL OUTFLOW
                       RECYCLE
                                                              -|  INTAKE TREATMENT j
                                            RA,RB,RC,PG,PS,
                                               BG,BS,NS 	
                                            (SG,MF,NL,EL,TE)

                                           j  INTAKE TREATMENT]
                                           '         *         """*
                                          "I   INDUSTRIAL  USE j
                                                               OUTFLOW
                                                              TREATMENT
                                     UNTREATED
                                                     UNTREATED
      MIX
.FARM RUNOFF
        Prj.?^SSSflE!^SE^SS
                     'MUNICIPAL OUTFLOW
                                           FARMS
   NEXT PARCEL
    IN RIVER
                                                       RECYCLE
                                                                    OUTFLOW TREATMENT
                                            THE SURFACE WATER SYSTEM
                                                               [SP)= Sampling Point Possible

-------
                                          Figure
        10.8
                         TWOCITY
                   WATER  Omit TY HAP
TO   72   7*   76   78   80   82   8*   86    8B   90   92   94   96   98  100   102  104  106   lOfl  110  112











6
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RA 4

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RA 1












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1 1
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1 1 1
1 1
F 21 F 21
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
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RA 1 tRA 2 IRA 4
1 1 1
1 1
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70   12  74   76   7»
                                          B«   40   12   It,   96   ID   100  102  104  106   108  110  11?   114  116  lit
  PARCfLI

     TOP eOUI F.CCN01IC  ACTIVITY TTPE
             AND OPERATING LEVEL
             FflRH TYPE If FAR^ ON PARCEL
  HIDOLF ROW: SURFACE 'WATER QUALITY RATING
  BQTTOH ROW! WORST POLLUTANT
        LAKE PARCELS
PARCEL  Fnr.ES

>AV< DIRECTION OF FLOW
	  NO WATEV FLOWING
      BETWEEN PARCELS
                                                       55

-------
and municipal outflow points, farm runoff can add to  the
pollution on a parcel.  Whereas basic industries and  muni'
cipalities can treat their effluent and thus remove
some or all of their pollution, farm pollution can be
cut back only if the farm owner decreases the amount
of fertilizer used on the farm.  The total amount of
pollution is then moved on to the next parcel in the
river.

     The water quality map shows where rivers and econo-
mic activities are located in addition to water quality.
                          56

-------
               12.   Water Usage Map

     Basic industries can treat their effluent in order
to remove pollutants.  An industry's effluent treatment
plant is located on the same parcel as the industry and
does not consume land.  Like municipal effluent treatment
plants, industrial treatment plants can be of four types:
chlorination  (CL), primary treatment (PT), secondary
treatment  (ST), and tertiary treatment (TT).  Industrial
treatment plants can be constructed to any level and each
treatment plant level has the capacity to treat all of
the effluent of a level of the industry type which it is
constructed to serve.  The construction cost of a level
of treatment plant varies by treatment type and type of
industry.

     Industries can recycle up to half of their effluent.
Recycled water is not processed through an effluent treat-
ment plant.  Its treatment is a process distinct from
industrial intake or outflow treatment and costs a fixed
number of dollars per MG recycled.  So, a level two indus-
try at a recycle level of 100% and having a level one
effluent treatment plant treats all of the water which
it dumps.  If the recycle level under those conditions
were 50%, then the industry would treat only two-thirds of
the amount which it dumped and one third would be dumped
untreated.

     Unlike municipal water intake treatment facilities,
industrial intake treatment is assumed to exist when the
industry is constructed and it is assumed to have the
capacity to treat all of the water required by the indus-
try.  Like municipal intake treatment costs, industrial
intake treatment costs increase as water quality worsens,
and the worst water  (quality 9) cannot be treated.  The
industry is forced to pay a high cost for water, the cost
represented by the Outside price of water.  Furthermore,
intake water quality affects the depreciation of surface
water users, a reflection of wear on treatment equipment.

NOTE:  Regardless of tne amount of recycling, intake water
       quality nas tne same effect on industrial deprecia-
       tion.   The volume treated does not matter.  The
       assumption is that recycled water goes through in-
       take treatment, so no wear and tear on treatment
       equipment has been avoided.
                           57

-------
                                             ure              10.7
IWOCITY


B
12 B
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32 8 XX B 12
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70   72   74   76   7>   BO   12   84   86   «8   40   42   <)4   16   IS  .100   102  104  106  108  110   112   114   116  lls
           AMD OPERATING LEVEL
  MIDDLE  ROWI  IFru BASIC INDUSTRIES)
               PERCENT nr U4TFR flC-CYCLED
  BOTTan  KOMI  (fn^ IUSIC INOUU«[E'.I
               EFFLUENT TRE4THEIIT
               7YPE «NO LEVEL
PARCEL EDGES

XX XX UTILITY  DISTRICT BOU10ARY
00 00 JURISDICTION BOUNDARY
BB «R BOTH
                                                  LAKE PARCELS
               58

-------
                   13.  Farm Map

     A farm can  contain more  than one parcel.  All of the
parcels in a single  farm have the same owner,  farm code
number, farm type, and fertilizer level.  The  amount of
land in farm use may be different for the different par-
cels in a single farm.  The rest of  the  land can be in
public use or  can be topographically unusable.  No other
economic activity can be located on  a farm parcel, and
all of the farmland  on a single farm parcel is of the
same farm type.  When the economic owner of a  farm parcel
changes, the parcel  ceases to be classified as a farm.
Once an initial  starting configuration of the  board has
been selected, no farms can be created.

     There are two types of decisions which a  farm owner
can make:  set the fertilizer level  for  a farm; and sell
part or all of the farmland on a farm.

         A farm's fertilizer  level is an integer from 0
to 3.  Associated with each of the four  fertilizer factors
is a multiplier which represents the  increase in normal
income which occurs  at that fertilizer factor  for the
farm type.  There is also an  associated  amount of pollu-
tion in the runoff resulting  from each fertilizer factor.
Volume of runoff stays the same for  a farm parcel regard-
less of the amount of land on that parcel in farm activity,
IVhen a parcel  is no  longer a  farm, no more runoff exists.
A farm owner's income increases as he sets a higher fer-
tilizer factor level.  Likewise, the amount of pollution
on a farm's runoff increases  with the fertilizer level.
                           59

-------
Figure
10.14
Twor. i TV
fARK HAP
70 72 74 '76 7ft 60 ft 2 64 fl&


RO'INO 2
108 110 112 II* 11* 11"
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TOP LFFT: OWNER
TOP P-ICHTi FARM COOE MJUftER
MIDOLFl PERr,F*JT OF PAPCCt.
BOTTOM LFFTl FA<
-------
                 14. Farm Runoff Map

     Farms do not use surface water or municipally-
supplied water.  Their water requirements are assumed to
be met by rain or ground water.  However, so"me of the
water which falls on farms runs into the surface water.
Farms use fertilizer, and those nutrients flow into the
surface water in farm runoff.  The Farm Runoff Map shows
where farm runoff flows.  The program assigns each surface
water parcel a code number, which is printed on the top
row of parcels containing surface water.  Wherever there
is a farm, the middle row shows "F" and the farm type.
Different types of farms have different -basic fertilizer
requirements and net incomes from sales.  On a farm par-
cel the bottom row of the parcel shows the code number of
the surface water parcel on which the farm parcel's run-
off flows.

     A farm owner sets a level of fertilizer use for the
farm.  The higher the fertilizer level, the greater the
concentration of nutrients in the runoff from the parcels
comprising the farm.
                          61

-------
                                  Figure
                                                          10.12

12
14
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
59
60
70 72 74





24




	

















23
























22

























F 1
21
21























F 1
20
20





'








1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
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f 11
19 1
19 < 19
f l<
19 <
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86 89 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106










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6 1 6
7 1
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11 1
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33

F 3
32






















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f 3
32






















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31 < 30

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32





































29















112 114 116









28
























27























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f





25
"

	









12
14
If.
ie
20
22
24
26
•
30
32
34
39
4O
42
44
46
4*
50
52
54
56
60
       74   76   70   aO   02
                              84   86   1)8   90
                                                    4V  '46   98  100   102  104   106  108  110  112  114  116  llfl
PARCELS

   TOP ROWI {FOR SURFACE WATER PARCELS)
           COOP KUHBER QF PARCEL
H100LE *mv<: FiKM TYPE
BOTTOM ROW: PABCEL UHFRE RUNOFF FLOWS
     UKE PARCELS
                                                      PARCEL EDGES
• DlftECTICN OF FLOW
 fjo UATFR FLOWING
 BETWEEN PARCELS
                                                    62

-------
          15. River Basin Flood Plain Map

     Each parcel has a flood susceptibility between 0 and
3 representing the parcel's likelihood of suffering damage
due to its location when a flood occurs in its river basin,
A parcel with zero flood susceptibility remains undamaged
when there is a flood, and a parcel with a flood suscep-
tibility of 3 suffers the flood's worst damage.

     The game director controls the time of occurrence
and severity of floods.  When a flood occurs, it affects
the depreciation Of businesses and residences located on
parcels with non-zero flood susceptibilities.  The degree
of damage done to a business or residence by a flood is
a function of the severity of the flood as input by the
director, the parcel's flood susceptibility, the type of
economic activity, and the dam priority of the river basin
in which the parcel is located.  A river basin's dam
priority  (A, B, or C) represents the major purpose of the
operation of the dams in that river basin.  The three sets
of priorities involve trade-offs among flood control,
pollutant concentrations, and water availability for major
recreation areas.

     Each of the four factors in degree of damage has an
associated numerical value.  All four are multiplied toge-
ther in the calculation of degree of damage.
                           63

-------
                          TWGCITY
                    RIVER RASIN-FI.OCO PLAIN HflP                                                                       POUND  2
70   72   T>   76   78    SO
                                    8*   86   88   90   92   9*    96    98  100  102  104   104   108   1 10  112  114   11*   Ilfl
0 1
12 C
0
t 1
14 C
D 1
16 4.
0
t 1
11 0
II
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20 It
C
t 1
22 t
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e i
24 t
0
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26 (
0
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lllll
0 1
30 0
II 1
3? 6
(3333
0 1
34 e
H2222
0 1
36 01
t 1
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t
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t
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    TTHM ROW: FLOOD SUSCFPI16 ILITY

    ..  LAKE PARCELS
                                              64
PARCEL fOCES

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      BCTMEEN PARCELS
••**  DAM ON "fllCEL
0000  RIVER RASIN  BOUNDARY

-------
                     C.  Summary Information
1.   Demographic and Economic Statistics

    The output summarizes a wide variety of information
about the simulated region.  There are two basic types
of information:  statistics by jurisdiction and for the
region as a whole about local conditions, and measures of
interactions between the region and the Outside System.
The former provide comparisons between jurisdictions; the
latter provide comparisons between the local and Outside
systems.

     Statistics Regarding Local Conditions

     Total population:  the number of people (not Pi's),
by class.

     Percent change over previous year:  the total popu-
lation change, positive or negative, between the current
round and the previous round.  This is the only local
statistic which is given only as a total and not broken
down by jurisdiction.

     Average population per parcel:  the number of people
divided by the number of parcels.

     Developed land  (in parcels):  the amount of land
area  (in parcel equivalents) consumed by public and
private developments.

     Undeveloped land:  the amount of land area (in parcel
equivalents) not consumed by developments.

     Total land area:  the number of parcels.
     Assessed value of land in millions:  the property tax
base.
     Assessed value of developments in millions:  the
development tax base.

     Average quality of life index:  a measure across
classes of the people's average quality of life index.
The higher the index, the poorer the quality of life.
The indexes may differ significantly within a jurisdiction,
but only averages are given here.

     Number of registered voters:  the number of people
eligible to vote, from which the number who actually vote
are selected.
                          65

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                                                             Figure -  9.1
o\
ON
              iwociir
                           DEMOGRAPHIC 4HD ECONOHIC STATISTICS                          .                              ROCND  1
      ******************************************** **************** ****«.* ********************************************** **ijt* »***
, » ****************** * ************ **** * **
TOTAL POPULATION
PERCENT CHANGE OVEH
AVERAGE POPULATION
DEVELOPED LAND {IN
UNDEVELOPED LAND
TOTAL LAND ABBA
LOH CLASS
HIDDLE CLASS
HIGH CLASS
PREVIOUS YEAR
PEH PABCEL
PARCELS)
TOTAL
**********
275500
73500
99000
103000
0
0
77
548
625
JURISDICTIONS JURISDICTION JURISDICTION
I II III
********** ********** **********
126000
0
61000
62000
0
30
266
296
119500
73500
35000
11000
0
46
283
329
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ASSESSED VALUE  OF  LAND
    IN MILLIONS

ASSESSED VALUE  OF  DEVELOPaENTS
    IN HILLIONS
AVEBAGE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
HUHBEH OF REGISTERED  VOTERS
NO. IN PUBLIC ADULT EDUCATION

AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
     LOW
     1UDDLE
     HIGH
           NO.  OF WORKERS RECEIVING HELFAHE

           STODEHT/TEACflEfl RATIO

           SCHOOL ENROLLHBNT
                PUBLIC
                PRIVATE

           HOUSING UNITS
                SINGLE    DWELLINGS
                BULTIPLE  DWELLINGS
                HIGH RISE APARTMENTS

           VlCANClt RATE        (PERCENT)
                NEGATIVE MEAHS OVERCROWDED
                                                             12312.
                                                                                        5321.
                                                                                         158.
                                                                                28
                                                                                                       6992.
                                                                                                        264.
                                                                                              -23
                                                                                                                         0.
                                                                                                                         0.
69
88573
0
59
17
61
5232821
12800
7
«87i)0
20160
100
21
6
61
15566
0
73
0
61
0061270
0
13
31010
0
62
7
4
75
43007
0
17
17
62
278305
12800
10
14700
20460
38
17
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
                                                                   SO-2

-------
                                            Figure  - 9.1  (Cont'd)
NOBBBB OF EMPLOYED WORKERS
     LOW
     HIDDLE
     HIGH
                              79(»00
                              23000
                              31680
                              24720
                         35360
                             0
                         20480
                         14880
              UUOUQ
              23000
              11200
               9840
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
BOBBER EMPLOrED IN
     LIGHT     INDUSTRY
     HEAVI     INDUSTRY
     NATIONAL  SERVICES
     COHSTRUCTION INDUSTRI
     BUSINESS  GOODS
     BUSINESS  SERVICES
     PERSONAL  GOODS
     PERSONAL  SERVICES
     HUNICIPAL SERVICES
     SCHOOLS
     RAIL
     BUS
     FEDERAL-STATE

KOHBER OF ONEflPLOTED HOHKEHS
     LOW
     MIDDLE
     HIGH
                              27160
                              27760
                                  0
                                  0
                               2800
                               5240
                               3360
                               5680
                               1920
                               3880
                                  0
                                  0
                               1600

                               6.400
                               6400
                                  0
                                  0
                         10240
                         11800
                             0
                             0
                          1680
                             0
                          3360
                          2480
                          1920
                          3880
                             0
                             0
                             0

                             0
                             0
                             0
                             0
              16920
              15960
                  0
                  0.
               1120
               5240
                  0
               3200
                  0
                  0
                  0
                  0
               1600

               6400
               6400
                  0
                  0
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0

                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
UNEBPLOrHEST RATE
     LOW
     HIDDLE
     HIGH
(PERCENT)
 7.46
21.77
 0.0
 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.69
21.77
 0.0
 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
PERCENT EARNING     0NDER $ 5,000
PERCENT EARNING $5,000 TO 510,000
PERCENT EARNING      OVER $10,000
                                 33
                                 37
                                 29
                             5
                            54
                            39
                 55
                 22
                 21
                   0
                   0
                   0

-------
     Number in public adult education:  the number of
people who wanted to participate in public adult education
programs and were able to do so because programs were
provided, by their school departments.

     Average educational level:  by class, the average
educational level.  This ranges from 0 to 100.  The higher
a worker's educational level relative to those of other
workers, the greater his chances of being hired before the
others.

     Number of workers receiving welfare:  if a jurisdic-
tion does have a program for aid to the unemployed, this
number is the number of unemployed workers.  The number is
zero if there are either no unemployed workers or no
welfare program.

     Student/teacher ratio:  ratio of number of students
attending local public schools to number of teachers
employed by public schools.  This is a factor when students
are allocated to public or private schools.

     School enrollment:  the number of students attending
local public schools and the number attending private
schools.  Students attend private schools only if the
public schools in their districts are inadequate.

     Housing units:  the number of levels of RA  (single
family), RB (town house, multiple dwellings), and RC
(high rise) housing.

     Vacancy rate:  the ratio of existing housing space
to housing space occupied, expressed as a percent.  A
negative rate means that housing is overcrowded.

     Number of employed workers:  the number of people
holding full-time jobs, by class of worker.

     Number employed by type of employer:  the number of
full-time workers employed by each type of business and
government employer.

     Number of unemployed workers:  by class, the number
of workers seeking full-time employment who were unable
to obtain jobs.

     Unemployment rate (percent):  by class, the number of
unemployed workers as a percent of the total number of
workers who sought full-time jobs.
                          68

-------
     Earning distribution:  the percent of workers
earning less than $5,000, between $5,000 and $10,000, and
over $10,000 from full-time employment.

  2.  Transactions With the National Economy

     Income from the national economy:  federal-state aid
received, by type of aid, and income from both basic
industry sales of output and bus and rail sales of equip-
ment.

     Sales to the national economy:  federal-state taxes
paid, by type of tax, and purchases of goods, services,
and outside-owned land.  The only Outside expenditure
which can be significantly controlled locally is the
purchase of goods and services due to local insufficiency.

     National economy business cycle:  last round's ratio
to "typical income"per unit of output for basic industry,
interest rates on loans and bonds from the Outside
(expressed as percents), and the average rate of return on
outside investments  (expressed as percents).
                          69

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                D,    Utility  Department  Output

         The  Utility  Department  is  responsible for the provision
    of the utility  and water  and sewer services which economic
    activities  require in  order  to  operate.   The department's
    utility operations are separate from its  water and sewer
    operations  but  both  are funded  from  the department's general
    budget.

         Each utility plant has  its own  district,  comprised of
    full parcels  contiguous to the  utility plant.   A utility
    district  is also  a water  district, which  can contain one
    water intake  treatment plant and one sewage treatment plant.
    When utility  service is installed on a parcel, water and
    sewer service-, is  also  installed.

         Utility  plants, intake  treatment plants,  and outflow
    treatment plants  are constructed in  levels, each level
    having a  fixed capacity of service.   Outflow treatment plants
    are also  constructed as certain types, each type having the
    ability to  remove different  amounts  of each pollutant type.
    All of the  plants require a  fixed amount  of land for each
    constructed level.   When  a level is  demolished,  the land
    becomes available for  other  Utility  Department construction
    or sale to  another owner.

         The  Utility  Department  output consists of a financial
    summary,  a  report on utility plants,  treatment plants,
    water sampling stations,  and miscellaneous other information
    of concern  to the Department.

1.   Utility Department Finances

         All  capital  and current revenues and expenditures are
    summarized  on thdsc output.   Capital  expenditures are made
    in direct response to  player decisions; current expenditures
    are made  in response to policies set by players.  All capi-
    tal revenues  and  the current revenues of  subsidies, bonding,
    and miscellaneous income  are obtained in  the manner described
    in the Introduction  to the Government Sector.   The Utility
    Department  has  two additional sources of  current income:
    income from utility  users and income from water users.  For
    the most  part,  the two types of users are identical.  How-
    ever, some  types  of  basic industries use  surface water
    directly  and do not  require  municipal water although they do
    require utilities.*
    * One exception to this  rule  is  the  case of an RA with pri-
    vate utilities  (well water, septic tanks, etc.).   Such an
    RA does  not drain  municipally-provided utilities  or water.
                               70

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                                  Figure 8.6
 TWOCITY
                                        *#****^


                                          UTILITY  DEPARTMENT FINANCES
                          FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
     CAPITAL
PREVIOUS CASH  BALANCE
                                      0.
                       CURRENT
                 PREVIOUS CASH
               BALANCE
    6769.
REVENUES
    SUBSIDIES
    BONDING
    MISC.  INCOME
 60000000.
        0.
27000000C.
REVENUES
  SUBSIDIES
  BONDING
  MISC. INCOME
  UTILITY  USERS
  WATER USERS
       0.
 7580000.
       0.
11310200.
       0.
TOTAL
330000000.
TOTAL
18890200.^
EXPENDITURES
  "  UTILITY PLANT CONSTR
    TREATMENT PLANT CONSTR
    MISCELLANEOUS
    EXTENSION OF SERVICE
    LAND  PURCHASE
 30000000.
 15,599999.
        0.
        0,
   122000.
EXPENDITURES
  UTILITY OPERATION
  TREATMENT OPERATION
  SAMPLING STATIONS
  MISCELLANEOUS
  BONO PAYMENTS
15773330.
 1347152.
  700000.
       0.
 1075191.
TOTAL
 45721999.
TOTAL
18R95673.

-------
     The Department sets the price which any economic_
activity must pay per utility unit consumed.  That price?.
does not vary with the type of economic activity consuming
utilities.   Each activity does consume a different number
of utility  units, but the price per unit consumed is the
same for every utility user.

     The Department also sets the water price per MG con-
sumed, but  the price set can vary by the type of economic_
activity, and, in the case of residences,  by class.  Utility
users always obtain the utility service which they need;
the only variable is the price set by the Utility Department.
However, the Utility Department might not always be able
to provide  sufficient water for all of its users' needs,
the reasons for which are explained below.  A water shortage
is relevant to current revenues because water users pay the
Department  for only the water which they actually obtain
from the municipal system.

     Capital expenditures are separated into five types:
utility plant construction, treatment plant construction,
extension of service, land purchase, and miscellaneous.
The expenditures under utility plant construction also
include utility plant demolition costs.  The cost to con-
struct or demolish each level of a utility plant are given
on the Master Table.  Treatment plant construction costs
include the costs to construct and demolish levels of intake
treatment plants and the costs to construct and demolish
types and levels of effluent treatment plants.  The costs
for extension of utility service include extension of water
and sewer service to those parcels receiving utilities for
the first time.  Once a parcel has utilities, it never needs
more water  and sewer service; if a parcel has any utility
service of  whatever level it has sufficient water and sewer
service for any level of any economic activity.  The land
purchase expenditure category includes income from land sale.
Both utility plants and treatment plants require land for
construction.  Miscellaneous capital expenditures  are  the
total of all cash transfers made from the department's capi-
tal account.

     There  are five types of current expenditures:  utility
plant operation, treatment plant operation, sampling station
operation,  bond payments, and miscellaneous.  The expendi-
ture for utility plant operation is the total of the operat-
ing costs of all of the utility plants in the jurisdiction.
Treatment plant operation is the total of the operating
costs of all of the intake and outflow treatment plants in
the jurisdiction.  There is one fixed cost to operate each
ambient (river quality) sampling station and another fixed
cost to operate each point source (user effluent quality)
                           7.2

-------
sampling station.  The total operating cost of all sampling
stations in the -jurisdiction appears as a single current
expenditure.  Payments on both current and capital bonds are
made through the current account.  Miscellaneous current
expenditures are the total of all cash transfers made from
the department's current account.

     The new cash balances in both accounts remain in
those accounts and are available for expenditure in the
following round.

Water Department Reports

     Four types of detailed information are shown on this
output:  intake treatment plant status, outflow  (effluent)
treatment plant status, municipal sampling station reports,
and the water prices which have been set by the department.

     The intake treatment plant table has one row per intake
plant.  Each intake treatment plant has a code number which
is identical to the code number of the utility district
in which it is located and which it serves.  Both the plant
code number and its coordinates are given here.  An intake
plant also has a level, which denotes its maximum capacity
(in MGD) to treat water.

     The water which is treated at an intake treatment plant
may actually be obtained from surface water anywhere in the
simulated region, although the water intake for a single
utility district must all be from a single parcel having
surface water.  The coordinates of the parcel on which a
district's intake point is located are in the fourth column.
The fifth column shows the intake water quality.  Intake
water quality affects the cost which the department must
pay in order to treat the water to drinking water quality.
The worse the water, the greater the cost per MG to treat
the water.

     The total water requirement (in MGD) of all of the
water users in the utility district is in the sixth column.
The seventh column contains the total amount of water  (in
MGD) which the department was able to obtain from the sur-
face water at its intake point.  The amount obtained is
never greater than the amount needed.  There are three
possible reasons that the amount obtained could be less
than the amount needed:  1) the water quality on the parcel
on which the intake point is located is 9: 2) tne total
amount attempted removed by surface water users  (municipal
intake points or surface water using basic industries) from
the parcel on which the intake point is located is greater
than the amount of water on the parcel; 3) the intake
                           73

-------
                                                       Figure  8.2
                                 TWOCITY
                           'WATER "DEPARTMENT REPORTS
************ ******* *«*#*****#*« «#«*«#«>IA
HO
ur.
$
J"
$
£ .
*
t
$
 200
 450
 450,
" 450
 450
 450
 300
 450
 450

-------
treatment plant has the capacity to process a volume less
than the total amount needed by the district's water users.
In the first case, no water users supplied by the municipal
system receive municipal water; all purchase from the Outside
In the second and third cases each water user receives a
share of municipally-supplied water proportional to its
needs.  If both the second and third cases obtain, the lesser
amount is removed from the surface water and treated.

     The seventh item, total treatment cost, is the plant's
operating cost for the year, based on the total water users'
annual requirements (in MG), the proportion of their daily
needs (MGD) which the district obtained, and the quality of
the intake water.  The proportion is multiplied by the total
annual requirement and then multiplied by the cost per MG
to treat water at the intake quality.  For example, suppose
that a district contained only a BGl and a TEl, had a
level 1 intake plant, quality 4 intake water, and no
shortage of water at the intake point.  Suppose that the
Master Tables showed that:  a BGl requires .17 MGD and 41
MG annually; a TEl requires 8 MGD and 2080 MG annually; a
level 1 intake plant can treat 3 MGD; and the cost per MG
to treat quality 4 water is $100.  Then the total amount
needed (MGD) would be 8.17.  The amount obtained would be
3.00, and the capacity would be 3.00.  The total treatment
cost would be:

     3.00/8.17 x (41 + 2080) x $100 = $77882

     The treatment cost per MGD is the total treatment cost
divided by the MGD obtained.

     The last item on the table, income from users, is
the total income from the district's sale of water.  It is
shown on the intake treatment plant table because water
users pay the department only for those portions of their
water needs which are provided locally.  They pay the local
price per MG for the number of MG's obtained from the dis-
trict.
     Whereas a water user may obtain some of its water from
Outside, all of its effluent is dumped into the municipal
sewer system (for municipal water users only).  Thus a dis-
trict receives revenue only for  water provided but receives
the total amount of effluent generated in the district.  On
the outflow treatment plant table, each outflow plant has
a row.  The first two columns contain the code number of the
utility district in which the plant is located and which it
serves, and the coordinates of the outflow plant.


                           75

-------
     The third column is the treatment type and level.
Level denotes the maximum amount of effluent which the plant
can treat.  Type denotes the amount of each pollutant removed
from the effluent which the plant treats.  The four types
of plants, in increasing order of pollution removal, are:
chlorination (CL), primary treatment (PT), secondary treat-
ment (ST) , and tertiary treatment (TT) .

     The sewage generated by a district may be dumped into
surface water anywhere in the simulated region, although
all of the outflow for a single district must be on a single
surface water parcel.  The coordinates of the parcel on
which the district's outflow point is located are given ir
the fourth column.  All of the district's effluent, treated
or not, is dumped on that parcel.

     The fifth column contains the amount of effluent (in
MGD) generated by all of the water users in the district.
That amount is equal to the amount of water needed shown on
the intake treatment plant table.  The plant capacity (in
MGD) is in the next column and is the maximum amount which
can be treated.  If the amount of effluent is greater than
the plant capacity, the difference between the amount of
effluent and the amount  treated is dumped untreated at
the outflow point.  The amount treated has an amount of
pollution removed according to the treatment type.

     The total treatment cost, the treatment plant's opera-
ting cost for the year, is based on the  total water users'
annual requirements (in MG) , the proportion of their effluent
which the plant treated, and the treatment cost per MG
for the treatment type and level.  The proportion is multi-
plied by the total annual requirement and then by the treat-
ment cost per MG for the treatment type.  For example, sup-
pose that the same district in the example above had ST2
effluent treatment, and that the Master  Tables showed that
a level 2 has a capacity of 8 MGD and that the treatment
cost per MG at ST2 is $190.   The total treatment cost would
be:

     8-.00/8.17 x (41 + 2080) x $190 = $394,605

     The last column, treatment cost per MGD, is the total
treatment cost divided by the amount treated (in MGD).



     The department can set up sampling stations to monitor'
the concentration of each pollutant in the municipal effluent
which it dumps into the surface water.   Municipal sampling
stations must be located on parcels where municipal systems
                              76

-------
have outflow points.  The municipal  sampling  station  report
is a table with one row per  sampling station.  The  first  two
columns contain the code number  of the  utility district  •",
which the outflow point serves and the  coordinates  of the
outflow point.  The next seven columns  show the  concentra-
tion of each pollutant .in the effluent  being  dumped (after
any treatment).  Oil and floating solids  and  high level
wastes are either present or not; they  are not measured in
concentrations.  Suppose that in the example  given  above,
the Master Table showed the  effluent content  of  a BG1 and a
TE 1 to be:

        BOD    Chlorides  Nutrients   Coliform  Temper-  Oil &   High
     (LBS/MG)  (LBS/MG)    (LBS/MG)   (parts/MG) ature  Floating "Level
                                              Deviation Solids Wastes
BG1
TE1
200
500
   0
.'.180
  0
100
10
30
0
0
No
No
No
No
Then the volume of pollution  before  treatment would be:
     BOD:      200 x  .13 +  500  x  8 = 4026 Lbs.
     Chlorides:   0 x  ..13 +  180  x  8 = 1440 Lbs.
     Nutrients:   0 x  .13 +  100  x  8 =  800 Lbs.
     Coliform:  10 x  .13 +  30 x 8 =  241.3

     The amount of pollution  to be treated would be 8.00/8.17
of the amount  in  the  effluent.  Thus,  the amount treated
and untreated  would be:
                        Treated    Untreated
            BOD
            Chlorides
            Nutrients
            Coliform
                  3945
                  1411
                   784
                   236
                       81
                       29
                       16
                        5
Suppose that  the Master  Table  showed that  ST  removed:

BOD   Chlorides   Nutrients    Coliform
 80%
  60%
      50%
       99%
   Temper-  Oil &   High
   ature  Floating Level
           Solids  Wastes
     0%
100%
                                                            0%
     Then the  amount  of  pollution  remaining in  the  treated
effluent would be:
            BOD:         (100
            Chlorides:   (100
            Nutrients:   (100
            Coliform:    (100
                        80) x 3945 =.789
                        60) x 1411 = 564
                        50) x 784  = 392
                        99) x 236  =   2
                             77

-------
     The total amount of pollution dumped would be:

          BOD;        789 + 81 = 870
          Chlorides:   564 + 29 = 593
          Nutrients:   392 + .16 = 408
          Coliform:      2+5=7

     The sampling station report would show those concentra-
tions to be:

          BOD:       106.49 LBS/MG  (870/8.17)
          Chlorides:   72.58 LBS/MG  (593/8.17)
          Nutrients:   49.94 LBS/MG  (408/8.17)
          Coliform:      .86 PARTS/MG  (7/8.17)

     The last column  in the table is the total volume of
effluent dumped at the outflow point.   Actually, the volume
of effluent dumped is unimportant, since the amount of sur-
face water on a parcel is constant.  What does matter is the
total amount of pollution dumped, not its concentration. .
Once in the surface water, the concentration of each pollu-
tant depends on the volume of the surface water and the
amount of each pollutant  already in the surface water, not
on the amount of effluent.
     Water prices are the last section of the Water Depart-
ment Report.  The two-letter code of each activity and the
price per MG are listed.   The first activity, OUT, is the
Outside price per MG which water users pay for any water'
which they cannot obtain locally.  That price is the same
for all jurisdictions and is not controlled by the depart-
ment.

     All of the other prices in the list are set by the
department.  Note that the department does not set prices
for basic industries which use surface water, since those
industries obtain and treat their own water.  The department
sets one price for each type of economic activity except
residences.  Residence prices are set by residence type
and by class.  The first letter of the two-letter code is
the class and the second is the residence type.   'LB' would
be low-income living in residence type RB.  Water consump-
tion by a PI varies by class and residence type.  In general,
high-income consume more water than low-income, and RA
residents consume more water than RC residents.  See the
Master Tables for the exact amounts of water consumption.
                           78

-------
  3.  Sampling Station Report:  Point Source Quality

     The 'department  can sample the effluent discharged by
any economic activities in  the jurisdiction at a  fixed cost
per sampling station.  The  concentration of a basic indus-
try's pollution is shown  after any treatment provided by
the industry.

     The report is a table  consisting of one row  per sampling
station.  The first  column  shows  the coordinates  of the
activity whose effluent is  being  sampled.  Next are the eco-
nomic owner and the  type  and operating  level of the activity.
The fourth column shows the effluent treatment type and
level provided by the activity, but is  relevant for basic
industries only.  A  level one treatment plant has the capa-
city to process all  of the  effluent normally generated by
one level of industry.

     The volume of effluent (in MGD) is next.  Basic indus-
tries which use surface water can recycle some of their
water and cut the amount  of effluent generated by up to
half of the normal amount.  Although the amount of effluent
can be cut, the amount of pollution generated remains the
same.  Thus, the pollution  concentration is higher in
effluent when water  is recycled,  but no more pollution is
present than there would  be if there were no recycling.

     The remainder of the table shows the concentration
of each pollutant in the  activity's effluent.

 4.  Sampling Station Report;  Ambient  Quality

     An ambient sampling  station measures the concentration
of each pollutant in the  surface water  as it leaves a
parcel and moves to  the next parcel.  Ambient sampling
stations can be set  up on any surface water parcels in the
jurisdiction at a fixed cost per parcel.  The type of infor-
mation provided on the ambient sampling station report is
basically the same as on  other sampling station reports,
except that the amount of water is the  amount in  the surface
water, and the water is rated in  a quality category (1-9).

 5   Utility Department Report

     This report contains detail  on each utility  plant in
the jurisdiction and detail of importance to the  department
as a whole (water and utilities)  on undeveloped land and
outstanding bonds.   The detail on utility plants  consists
of a table on which  each  row is a utility plant.  The first
two columns contain  the utility district code number and
the coordinates of the parcel on which  the utility plant is
                            79

-------
                                                                  Figure 8.3
                                     TWOCITY

                               SAMPLING  STATION  REPORT:  POINT SOURCE QUALITY                            JURISDICTION  I          ROUND  2

    ft ***'« ** + * ** ** ***** ******************** A* ********* ***<<***************»*«** **#**«»* !>**** »«
-------
                                                         Figure 8.4
                      SAMPLING STATION RFPORT! AMBIENT DUALITY
JURISDICTION Z
                                                                                                                    KUUNl)
oo
LOCATION
96?0
9622
0624
0626
"612
0614
9616
061R
0628
963T
9632
9432
H830
11630
11430
11230
11030
10H30
10630
10430
10230
10030
9330
son
(LBS/MG)
0.0
0.0
0.0
106.90
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
131.41
424.74
401.90
967.50
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
CHLORIDES
URS/MG)
0.0
0.0
0.0
53.45
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
50.92
135.72
127.26
153.13
0.0
0. 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
NUTRIENTS
(L5S/MG)
10.20
9.22
7.R6
861 .54
0.0
6.67
9.70
11.29
799.11
1150. 11
1125.40
198?. 20
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11.25
8.45
7.01
5.60
RACTFR IALS
(PARTS
PER MG)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.43
1.03
0.93
29.53
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TEMPERATURE
DFVI ATION
(DEGREES)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.43
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0. 0
10.66
7.45
5.15
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
OIL AND
FLOATING
SOLIDS
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
HIGH
LEVEL
WASTES
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
AMOUNT OF
WATER
(MGO)
260.00
254.00
2RO;00
290.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
500.00
510.00
520. 00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100. 00
100.00
100. 00
100.00
120.00
150.00
170.00
192.00
WATER
QUALITY
RATING
1
1
I
1
1
I
1
1
8
8
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1

-------
                                                          Figure  8.5
                                        THOCITY
                                                   UTILITY DEPARTMENT REPORT
JURISDICTION  1
oo
K)
UNITS
PLANT LOCATION LEVEL INSTALLED
1 94-24 2 - -- 5f)00
CHARGE TO CUSTOMERS --'" 9700 PfR UNIT
UNDEVELOPED LAND
LOCATION AMOUNT LOCATION AMOUNT
94-24 7 82-30 4

•OUTSTANDING BONDS

TYPE ORIGINAL REMAINING
PRINCIPAL TERM
CAPITAL" - - 7132128. 	 a
CURRENT 200000. 1
CURRENT 150000. 2
CURRENT 7430000. 2
UNITS
SERVED
1166
TOTALS
LOCATION
94-28



INTEREST
RATE
4.1
3.2
3.2
3.7
OPERATING OPERATING
COSTS COST/UNIT INCOME
15773330. 13527. 11310200.
15773330. 11310200.
AMOUNT LOCATION AMOUNT " LOCATION AMOUNT
9
>


ANNUAL
PAYMENT
464614. " "~ 	 ~ 	 " '•
104325.
78618.
3922430.

-------
located.  Next is the level of utility plant.  Each level
has a fixed capacity in terms of the number of utility units
which it can provide.

     The next two columns show the number of utility units
installed on parcels served by the plant.  The number of
units installed on a parcel is the maximum number which an
activity located there can draw upon.  The program rejects
any construction which would require more utility units
than are installed on the parcel.  The number of units
installed and attached to a plant are always greater than
or equal to the number of units served by the plant.  The
units served are those actually being consumed.  Units
installed indicates actual and potential consumption.
However, a level of a plant has a maximum capacity in terms
of units served.  That maximum cannot be exceeded.

     There is an optimum number of units which a level of
utility plant can serve.  Below and above that number the
operating cost per unit served (equal to a unit of income)
is greater than that optimal minimum cost per unit served.
Column six, total operating cost for the year, is less
informative than column seven, the operating cost per unit
served.  The last column shows the total income which the
district receives for providing utility service.  An eco-
nomic activity pays for only the number of utility units
which it drains, regardless of the number installed on the
parcel on which the activity is located.

     The undeveloped land table shows the location and
percent of parcel owned wherever the department owns unde-
veloped land.  Utility plants, intake treatment plants,
and outflow treatment plants require land.  When a building
is constructed, land is subtracted from the department's
undeveloped land account.

     Each outstanding bond is listed on the bond table, one
row per bond.  The first item is the type of bond, capital
or current.  A capital bond has a term of 25 years; a current
bond has a term of 2 years.  The original principal, remain-
ing term, interest rate, and annual payment are given.  The
remaining term is the number of rounds after the current
round in which the department must make the annual payment.
The annual payment is calculated by the computer to pay off
the bond in equal installments each year, and the payment is
made automatically by the computer from the department's
current account.
                       83

-------
    E. WATER SYSTEM (JU'i'PuT


Water User Effluent Content

     Economic activities, municipal sewer systems, and farms
dump effluent into the surface water.  All businesses except
surface water users dump their effluent into municipal sys-
tems,  which then can treat some or all of the effluent to
varying degrees.  This section of the output shows in detail
the pollution generated by each farm and economic activity.
If a basic industry has a treatment plant, the amount of
pollution printed is the pollution remaining in the effluent
after treatment.  Industries can recycle some water (up to
100%), which decreases the amount of water in the effluent
but not the amount of pollution in the effluent.

     The amount of each pollutant is expressed on this output
as 100 times its actual value.  The pollution here is not
measured in its concentration per MGD, as it is measured at
sampling stations.  The pollution is a total volume of pollu-
tant in the effluent.  The amount of effluent is also expressed
as 100 times its actual value.

     Oil and floating solids and high level wastes are repre-
sented somewhat differently from the other pollutants.  They
are either present in the effluent or not; they are not
measured in volume or concentration.  A zero indicates that
the pollutant is absent and a one indicates that the pollu-
tant is present.

     For a farm parcel, two rows are printed.  The first
shows -the location of the farm parcel and its type.  The
second shows the location of the parcel on which the farm
parcel's runoff flows, the type of farm dumping on that par-
cel, and the volume of pollutants and water being dumped
there from the farm parcel.

River Quality During Surface Water Process

     This output shows the amount of pollution present on a
parcel during all stages of the surface water process.  A
surface water parcel is part of a river.  The beginning of
a river is defined as a parcel having surface water and on
which either no other parcel's surface water dumps or two or
more parcels' surface waters dump.  The last parcel in a
river is a parcel that either dumps on no parcel or dumps on
a parcel on which two or more parcels dump.

     The parcels are listed in the order in which they are
processed, i.e., in sequential order of upstream to down-
stream for each river.  The various stages through which
                               84

-------
Figure
2.1
TKQCI IT
W«TFR IISFR FFflUFNT CONTTNT

I'CCAT | ON
961*
941*
411*
961*
961 6
9616
9B16
9616
961 8
9618
9611
9*22
9622
9B72
10027
9*2*
9A2*
987*
1002*
10224
R126
4026
9276
9476
10026
10226
10626
862B
8821
9078
9228
9124
10021
10221
7630
7632
7MO
7332
»030
8032
S430
3630
1830
9030
9230
-96?0
9130
10130
10230
7632
7632
7832
B032
R032
8*32
8632
8132
9032
9232
9*32
9632
9132
10032
10232
863*
»«4
903*
923*
9*3*
983*
1023*
10*30
1043*
10*30
1043*
10*30
8136
4036
9236
4*36
9436
4136
4038
4238
4*38
9431
9638
4616
4432
0
0
0
TYPE
Ann
LEVEL
f 2
f 2
f 2
F 2
f 2
T 2
F 2
F 2
F 2
F 2
F 2
F 2
RA 1
RA 1
RA 2
RA *
RA 1
RB 2
RB 3
Rfl 1
RA *
RA 3
RA 3
RA 3
RA 2
RB 2
RA 3
RA 2
PA 3
RA 4
RA 1
PS 1
TE 1
RA 4
RA 2
F 1
1
I
1
1
1
A 4
RA 6
RC 1
RC 2
P6 1
PA 1
BC I
A 2
A 2
I
1
I
1
1
1
A 6
RA 6
' RA 2
RB 3
RC 1
FO 1
HP I
P.S 1
RB 2
RA 3
RA *
KA 3
RB 1
RR 3
RC 1
RC 1
3
3
3
3
3
3
RA 5
RA 2
PR i
RB 2
PA 2
OB 2
RA 1
R* 1
PA 3
RA *
RA 3
UT I
UT 2
UT 3
UT *
UT S
TREATMENT
IYPF AND
LEVEL

0

0

0

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.
0
0
0
0
0

0

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
TT 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PT I
ST 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
0
0
TT *
TT *
0
0
0

PERCENT
RECYCLE

0

0

0

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
70
0
0

0

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

sno
IX 100)

0

0

o

0

0
0
10700
6000
12000
27000
10700
8*000
132000
42000
42100
3B400
31500
3S500
23100
R4000
21000
23100
30000
53900
10700
1BOO
400000
27000
23100

0

0

0
47700
70000
153600
307(100
5750
999072
2600
12000
23100
0
0
0
60000
70000
17700
146500
116*00
1*700010
4500016
2550
115500
32100
*7700
30000
60250
18*000
144600
187200
0
0
0
60000
20000
54250
123750
121750
122500
10000
10000
30000
47700
30000
16840
19863
0
0
2550

CHIDRIPES
(X 1001

0

0

0

0

0
0
370
1BO
360
810
370
2520
3960
1260
1490
1400
1400
1400
840
2520
630
840
1200
1960
370
0
144000
eio
840

0

0

n
iflao
2BOO
5940
11820
0
1265412
0
360
840
0
0
0
2400
2BOO
6BO
6500
4560
1960000
1912502
0
4200
1110
1BBO
1200
2350
7200
5640
73 BO
0
0
0
2400
800
2250
4B50
4650
4900
400
400
1700
1880
1200
6497
20107
0
0
0

NUTRIENTS
IX 1001

20000

20000

20000

20000

20000
20COO
770
420
B40
1890
770
5 CIO
9240
2940
30BO
2800
2800
2 BOO
1680
5160
1470
16BO
2400
3920
770
0
80000
1890
1680

4BOOO

48000

4BOOO
3760
5600
HB80
23640
0
299700*8
0

-------
            Figure
2.2
     TKOCITY
RIVER OU'.LITY DURING SURFACE KATfR PROCfSS:  RIVER  2
                                          ROUND
LOCATION
4630
9630
9630
9630
9630
9630
9632
9632
9632
9632
4632
9432
4432
9437
9432
9432
9232
9232
9732
9232
9232
4132
9032
9032
4032
4032
8832
8832
B332
•832
8132
8632
8432
_8632
8632
•432
•432
•432
•432
8432
•732
6232
•232
8232
•232
• 032
•032
•032
• 037
• 032
7832
7832
7832
7832
7832
7632
7637
7432
7632
7632
7432
7432
7432
7432
7432
QUALITY TIME
10
10
10
10
72
63
63
63
63
92
72
72
72
72
91
91
91
91
91
0
91
91
91
91
0
91
91
91
91
0
91
61
81
81
0
• 1
8,1
81
0
• I
11
81
81
0
• 1
• 1
81
61
23
81
81
81
• 1
67
• 1
• I
81
• 1
23
11
81
81
81
0
• 1
FROM OTHER PARCELS
AFTER AGING
RFFOPF BIO CHANGE
AFTER BIO CHANGE
EFFLUENT ADDED
MOVED TO- NEXT PARCEL
AFTER AGING
BFFHRE BIO CHANGE
AFTER BIO CHANGE
EFFLUENT ADDED
MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL
AFTFR AGING
BFFORE BIO CHANGE
AFTFR BIO CHANGE
EFFLUENT AOOED
MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL
AFTER" AGING
BEFORE 010 CHANGE
AFTER 610 CHANGE
EFFLUENT ADDED
MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL
AFTFR AGING
BFFORE RIO CHANGE
AFTER BIO CHANGE
EFFLUENT ADDCO
MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL
AFTER AGING
BEFORE 810 CHANGE
AFTFR 610 CHANGE
FFFLUENT iOOED
MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL
AFTER AGING
BFFORE BIC CHANGE
AFTER "ID CHANGE
EFFLUENT ADDED
AFTER AGING
BEFORE BIO CHANGE
AFTFR BIO CHANGE
EFFLUENT ADDED
MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL
AFTER AGING
BEFORE BID CHANGE
AFTER BIO CHANGE
EFFLUENT ADDED
MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL
AFTER AGING
BEFORE BIO CHANGE
AFTFR BIO CHANGE
EFFLUENT ADDED
MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL
AFTER AGING
BEFORE 810 CHANGE
AFTFR BIO CHANGE
EFFLUFNT ADDED
MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL
AFTER AGING
BEFORE BIO CHANGE
tFTFR BIO CHANGE
EFFLUENT ADDED
MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL
AFTER AGING
BEFORE BIO CHANGE
AFTER P,IO CHANGE
fFFLUFNT AP.OFO
MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL
800 CHLORIDES
(X 100) IX 100)
12118
12118

5404
999072
1004476
1004476
561325
535610
4500016
5035826
5035676
4561296
4353964
14719573
19073837
19073837
19073837
18206832
0
18206632
18706632
18206032
17379248
0
17379248
17379246
17379246
16589283
0
16589283
165*9283
16580283
15815224
0
15835224
15835224
15115441
0
15115441
15115441
15115441
14428375
0
14428375
14428375
14426375
13772539
0
13772539
13772539
13772539
13146514
35
13146549
1314654S
13146549
12548978
0
12548978
17548978
12548976
11978569
0
11978569
329T
3297
1540
1385
1265412
1266797
1266797
707916
637124
1912502
2549626
2 54 96 26
2309372
2076434
101)0107
4058541
4056541
4058541
3652686
0
3652686
3652686
36526B6
32S7417
0
3787417
3267417
3287417
2958675
0
2956675
2058675
2956675
2662807
0
2662807
2662807
2396526
0
2396526
2396526
2396526
2156873
0
2156873
2156673
2156873
1941185
0
1941185
1941185
1941165
1747066
36
1747102
1747102
1747102
1572391
0
1572391
1572191
1572391
1415151
0
1415151
NUTRIENTS COLIFORM TEMPERATURE
IX 1001 (X 100) IX 1001
213962
213167
99*>63
93904
2997004J1
30063952
30063952
16100432
15762774
5625007
21407231
71407231
19389984
18214K12
49050646
67274478
67274478
67274478
63197216
0
63197216
63107216
63117216
59367072
0
59367072
59367072
59367072
55769056
0
55769056
55769056
55769056
52389104
0
57389104
52390104
49214000
0
44214000
49214000
49214000
46231328
0
46231328
46231328
46231378
43479424
96000
43525474
43525474
43525424
' 40887520
96037
40983557
40983557
40963557
36490696
96000
38595696
38595696
38595696
36256560
0
36256560
22
22
10
4
4
13
13
7
6
4500
4506
4506
4081
3771
14702
1B473
18473
18473
17073
0
17073
17073
17073
15779
0
15779
15779
15779
14583
0
14583
14583
14583
13478
0
13478
13478
12456
0
12456
12456
12456
11512
0
11512
11512
11512
10639
0
10639
10639
10639
9833
36
9871
9871
9871
9123
0
4123
9123
9123
• 431
0
8431
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
135000
135000
115000
122279
0
44100
44100
44100
44100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
15
15
IS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AGF OF
OFS
0
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• 0
0
0
0
0.
0
0
d
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
&
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AGE OF
HLW
0
0
0
0
0
0.
0
0
0
0.
0
b
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
0
0
1
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AMOUNT
(NGOX130I
49700
50100
2H60
21160
26640
51000
MOOO
2R500
1*1500
22500
51000
52000
47100
47100
6841
52000
53000
53000
53100
0
53000
54100
54101
54000
0
54100
55000
55010
55000
n
55000
54000
56000
56000
0
57100
57000
57000
0
57100
58000
51100
5«10P
0
5»100
54000
591(10-
59010
1110
59010
60000
60030
61000
3111
60000
61000
&1010
61101
3100
6X010
62100
67000
62000
0
62110
                        86

-------
water is processed are grouped together  for a single parcel.
The^water quality is expressed by a two-digit code, the first
digit of which represents  the water quality category and the
second of which represents  the first pollutant type which
placed the water quality in that category  (1-BOD, 2=Chlorides,
etc.). The volumes of the  first five pollutant„types are
expressed as 100 times their actual values.

     The values printed for the last two pollutant types, oil
and floating solids and high level wastes, are their "ages".
Each of these pollutants disappears from the river water after
travelling five parcels down the river.  Whenever two rivers
meet or effluent is dumped  into the surface water, the "age"
of that pollutant in the surface water becomes the "age" of
the youngest source of that pollutant.  So, if the surface
water had high level wastes age 4 and high level wastes were
dumped on the parcel, the new age of that pollutant would be
1.

     For each parcel, the pollutant content of the water is
given for five different stages.  The first, "AFTER AGING",
shows no difference in pollutant content from the previous
parcel except for the ages  of oil and floating solids and
high level wastes.  Their ages are incremented by one (if
the previous age was not zero) until they are greater than
5, in which case they disappear from the river and become
age zero.  The volume of water is the volume of surface
water on the parcel.

     "BEFORE BIO CHANGE" is the amount of pollution in the
surface water after water has been removed by any intake on
the parcel.  When water is  removed from a parcel, the pollu-
tion in that water is also  removed.  So, if one third of
the water on a parcel were  removed, one third of the pollu-
tion would also be removed.  Only oil and floating solids
and high level wastes are unaffected when water is removed.
The volume of water printed on this line is the volume
remaining in the surface water after any water is removed.

     After water is removed from the surface water, the
remaining pollution undergoes a biodegration process.  The
third line, "AFTER BIO CHANGE", shows the amount of pollu-
tion in the river after that decay process.

     Water is dumped on parcels containing municipal outflow
points, basic industry surface water users, and agricultural
runoff points.  The total amount of pollution added to the
surface water on a parcel is the fourth  line, "EFFLUENT
ADDED".  That pollution is  added together with the pollution
remaining in the river after biodegradation, and the result

-------
is moved to the next parcel in the river.  The total amount
of pollution leaving a parcel is shown on the fifth line,
"MOVED TO NEXT PARCEL".

     For those parcels on which municipal intake points are
located, the program prints the utility district code number
and amount of water removed by the district on a line between
"AFTER AGING" and "BEFORE BIO CHANGE".  The amount of water
printed is shown as 100  times its actual value.

Water User Costs and Consumption

     All water users except farms can incur costs related to
water.  The types of possible expenditures vary by the type
of water user.  Prices paid by municipal water users purchas-
ing locally are set by jurisdiction and by type of user.

     One cost for use of water can be incurred by any water
user:  if a water user cannot obtain all of its needed water
from its normal source,  it automatically purchases the remain-
der from the Outside at the Outside price per unit of water.
Actually the Outside price does not necessarily literally
represent a purchase from sources outside of the simulated
region; it merely represents a higher cost to a water user
to obtain or process its required water.  Regardless of how
a business obtains its water requirement, it dumps all of its
effluent into a municipal system, or if it is a surface water
user, into the surface water on its parcel.

     A municipal water user obtains all of its needed water
from its municipal system unless:  1)  the total amount of water
attempted removed by  surface water users  (municipal intake
points or surface water using basic industries)  from the
parcel on which its municipal intake point is located is
greater than the amount  of water on the parcel; 2) the water
quality on the parcel on which its municipal intake point is
located is 9; 3) the intake treatment plant of its municipal
system has the capacity  to process less than the total water
requirement of the municipal system's water users.  In the
second case, no water .users supplied by the municipal system
receive municipal water; all purchase from the Outside.  In
the first and third cases each water user receives a share
of the municipally-supplied water proportionate to its needs.
If both the first and third cases obtain, the lesser amount
is removed from the surface water and treated.  A business
pays_the local price set for its business type for that pro-
portion of its annual requirement which is supplied locally
and pays the Outside price for that proportion which is not
supplied locally.
                               88

-------
                                                      Figure
2. 3
                                TWOCITY
                          WATER USER COSTS AND CONSUMPTION'
***** ***** ********* * * ********** $6 *<.$*<.*** ***** ****** «
                            >»*******»*****•*******»*******«


                                                  ROUND  2
LOCATION
9422
9622
9822
10022
9424
9624
9824
10024
10224
8826
9026
9226
9426
9626
oo "10026
10 10226.
10826
8628
8828
9028
9228
9428
9878
10028
1027.8
8430
8630
8830
9030
9730
9630
9830
10030
10730
8432
8632
RS32
9032
TYPE
AND
LEVEL
RA 1
RA 1
RA 2
RA 4
RA I
R8 2
R8 3
RB 1
RA 4
.RA 3
RA 3
RA 3
RA 2
CR 0
RB 2
RA 3
RA 2
RA 3
RA 4
RA 1
PS 1
HF 0
TE 1
RA 4
RA 2
RA 4
RA 6
RC 1
RC 2
PG 1
PA 1
BG 1
RA 2
RA 2
RA 6
RA 6
RA 2
RB 3
AMOUNT
UTILITY REQUIRED
JURISDICTION DISTRICT (MGO)
1
2
2
2
1
	 2 	 ..
2
2
2
1
1
" 1
1
2
2
2
2
. i -.
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1 c
I
1
1 '
1
2
2
2
2
I
1
I
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
I
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
I
0.10
0.06
0.12
0.27
0.10
0.84
1.32
0.42
0.40
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.21
0.0
6.84
0.71
0.21
0.24
0.49
0.10
• 0.18
0.0
5.20
0.27
0.21
0.39
0.56
1.29
2.61
0.23
266.40
0.13
0.12
0.21
0.48
0.56
0. 15
1.38
AMOUNT
OBTAINED
(MGD)
0. 10
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.10
0.13
0.20
0.06
0.06
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.21
0.0
0.13
0.03
• 0.03
" : 0.24
0.49
0.10
0.18
0.0
0.78
0.04
0.03
0.39
0.56
1.29
2.61
0.23
266.40
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.48
0.56
0.15
1.38
ANNUAL ANNUAL
CONSUMPTION WATER
(MG) COST
36
21
43
97
36
302
475
151
144
126
126
126
75
0
302
75
75
86
176
36
55
0
1352
97
75
140
201
464
939
. 71
69264
40
43
75
172
• 201
54
496
14580
14220
28440
64440
14580
199980
314640
100440
95400
56700
56700
56700
34020
0
199980
50220
50220
17280
79380
14580
25110
0
885560
64440
50220
34380
40320
208980
422819
32085
.0
26660
28440
50220
34560
40320
17100
223560
RECYCLING
COST
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
' 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
291200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6926400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
INTAKF
TREATMENT
COST
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
: 0
..... o
0
0
0
0
0
0 .
0
0
0
- o
0
0
1385280
0
0
0
0
0
" 0
0
OUTFLOW
TREATMENT
COST
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.
0

-------
     A surface water user obtains all of its needed water from
the surface water unless: 1) the surface water quality is 9;
2) the total amount of water attempted removed from the pardel
by itself and any municipal intake points located on the par-
cel is greater than the amount of water on the parcel.  In
the first case the industry buys all of its water from the
Outside at the Outside price per unit of water.  In the Second
case, the industry receives from the surface water an amount
proportionate to its requirement and buys the remainder from
the Outside.

     On this output, the number printed under AMOUNT REQUIRED
is the water user's daily water requirement.  The AMOUNT
OBTAINED is the amount of water obtained from the water user's
normal source of water.  The annual consumption is a,function
of the activity's type, level, and, in the case of basic
industries, amount of recycling.  The annual water cost is the
total cost which the activity pays for water in that round.
A surface water user which obtains all of its water from the
surface water has zero cost here.

     Only surface water using basic industries can incur recy-
cling, intake treatment, and outflow treatment costs.   A bus-
iness's recycling cost is a function of its amount of recycling
and its normal water requirement.  Its intake treatment cost
has an additional variation for the quality of the intake
water before it is processed.  Outflow treatment costs vary
by the industry's volume of effluent and the type of treat-
ment provided.  All three costs are shown on this output as
total annual costs.

Coliforln and Pollution Index Values (Map)
     /•
     The coliform concentration in the surface water on a
parcel affects the health index of that parcel and adjoining
parcels.  A parcel adjoins a surface water parcel if any of
its corners touches a surface water parcel's corner.  The
coliform count on a parcel which adjoins a surface water
parcel is the highest count of all of the surface water
parcels which it adjoins.  When used in a parcel's health
index, the coliform count is divided by 4 and can have a
maximum value of 50.

     A parcel's pollution index contributes to its environ-^
mental index.  It is one of two indexes in the model which can be
negative; good water quality contributes to the desirability
of surface water parcels and bordering parcels.  For a parcel
containing surface water, the pollution index is:
                          (W-3.5)3
     where W is the surface water quality rating.
                           90

-------
                                   Figure  2.4
.10   12   7«   76   78  80   83   B«   86   89   90   92   9«   96   58  100 102   104  106  108  110  112  111  116  11H
* 	
12) 0
1. 0
1 0
111 0
1 o
t«| 0
I 0
4 	
1 0
18| 0
1 0
«— —
1 o.
20) 0
1 0
32| 0
1 0
1 0
M »
tfL J
000 j Of
I 0
39| 0
J0| 0
1 o
1 o
1 o
J«| 0
1 0
3t| 0
1 0
r «
I<| 0
J -0

• 2| 0
1 o
Ml 0
I 0
1 0

«8| 0
1 a
t • • •
1 o
53| 0
*,: i1
1 0
56| 0
1 0
1 0
Ml 0
1 0
*-—
1 0
«OI 0

0 | 0
0 | 0
0 I 0
0 I 0
0 I 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 I 0
0 I 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 I 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 I 0
0 I 0
0 I 0
0 I 0
0 | 0
0 I 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 t 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 I 0
0 1 0
0 1 0
0 I 0
a i o
0 | 0

0 1 0
0 I 0
0 I 0
0 1 0

0 1 0
0 I 0
0 I 0
0)0
0 | 0
0| 0
0 I 0
0 |: 0
0 1 0
0 | 0
0 I 0
0 I 0
0 1 0
0 1 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1000
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
o o o
0
0
TO 12 7« 76 7B
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
a i o
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0

0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 1 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0

0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 t 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
•o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2»
0
22
2»
0
S3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
0
83
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o o o
0
0
0
0
0
0
80 82 »• 86 88
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
29
0
83
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
3
0
0
0
0
0 0 O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
166
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 O 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-7
0
0
-7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
29
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 O
0 O 0
0
0
0
0
1
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0
1
-15
0
1
-IS
0
1
0
8
0
0
8
0
0
0
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• 0
0
0
0
0

0
0
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0
000
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
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0
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—7
0
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— 7
0
0
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0
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0
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0

0
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0
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0

0
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0

0
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0
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0
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0
0
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0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
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0
0
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0
0
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0
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0
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0
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0
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0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
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0 | 0
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0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
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1 1 1
0 1 0
0 | 0
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0 | 0
0 | 0
0 | 0
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0 | 0
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0 | 0
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0 J 0
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0 | 0
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0 | 0
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o t a
0 ) 0
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0
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a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
a
0

0
0
0
0
0
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0
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Q
0
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1
0
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0
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0
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000
0
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Q
0
1
1
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1
2
2
2
2
'
2
3
Jc
3
3£
Q
a
a
*>
5
s
5
5
6
tO 92 9< IS 98 100 102 10« 106 108 110 112 11» 116 119
• 1DOLE low: WMLI OUJtllTI BftTIVO
                                           91

-------
     The pollution index of a parcel bordering a surface water
parcel on a full side is half of the average pollution indexes
of the surface water parcels which it borders.

     Pollution indexes are calculated for lake  parcels and
parcels bordering lake parcels.   Since the concentration of
individual pollutants is never specified for lake parcels,
there are no coliform counts for them.
                          92

-------
   V.  Types of Decisions Available to the Utility
       Department

   A.   Summary of Decisions

     The decisions which the Utility Department can make
fall into two categories:  those which are jurisdiction-
wide in scope and those that pertain to individual parcels
and districts.

          Jurisdiction-wide
               Change Utility Prices
               Change Water Prices
               Transfer Cash

          Individual Parcels or Districts
               Buy or Sell
               Install or Change Utility Service
               Construct or Demolish a Utility Plant
               Construct A Water Intake Treatment Plant
               Construct A Sewage  (Outflow) Treatment
                 Plant
               Change A Water Intake Point
               Change A Water Outflow Point
               Create or Remove a Water Sampling Station

     The department may make as many of each of those
decisions as  it wishes.  It may choose to make no
decisions,  in which case price policies and facilities
operate as  they did in the previous year.  No new develop-
ment or cash  transfer is undertaken.
                             93

-------
        B.   Input Format

     Local system decision-makers (such as the Utility
Department) use a standardized input form (Figure UT-3.2)
when making decisions that must be processed by the compu-
ter.

     The standard message format is:

          $CODE/ = dm/a, b, c, d, ....

     1.  $CODE stands for the type of decision code.  The
UT Department has the option to make decisions that use the
following decision codes.

          $OTHER (utility prices)
          $CVPT (utility service)
          $CASH (transfer cash)
          $PU (land transfer)
          $OUBLD (construct or demolish)
          $WRBLD (treatment plants,  intake and outflow
                 points, sampling stations)
          $WRPRC (water prices)

     2. "=dm" is the decision-maker, which for the utility
Department is UT1,  UT2, or UTS, depending upon the appro-
priate jurisdiction number.  A jurisdiction number must
always follow the UT decision-maker code, even if there is
only one active jurisdiction.

     3.  The columns "a", "b", and so forth are filled in
with the appropriate information depending upon the parti-
cular decision.

     Note that there is a slash  (/)  after the decision code
and after the decision-maker code.  There are commas separ-
ating all other bits of information.  Note also that the
decision-maker code is prefaced by an equals sign  (=).
                             94

-------
                                                  Note:  When filling out this form, refer to
                                                         input description form in the manual.

                                                         Please write clearly; distinguish
                                                         between 1  (one) and "I"  (eye), "0"
                                                         (oh) and "0" (zero); be sure to fill
                                                         in numbers exactly as required;
                                                         omitting commas within numbers (100000)
Decision  Decision-
  Code      Maker
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
/ _
/ =
/ „
/ —
/ =
/ =
/ =
J
/ =

/ =
/ . ,
/till
/lilt
/till
/III!
/ 1 / I I
/
/lilt
/till
/
i r r t /
i i i i i
i i i t i
i i i i i
i i i t i
r t i i i
i i i i i
i i i i t
t t i f i
i i i i i

-------
UTILITY DEPARTMENT:  INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of
Decision Code
Purchase or $PU
bid on land




Chrnge $CVPT
utility
service
SetJJtil- $OTHER
prices


Construct, $
upgrade or
demolish a
utility
plant
Transfer $CASH
cash








Decision-
Maker
UT1, UT2,
or UT3




UT1, UT2,
or UT3

UT1, UT2,
or UT3


UT1, UT2,
or UT3

UT1, UT2,
or UT3









a b
location price (in
$1000's)




US location


P new price
per unit
of utility
service
site UT
location

C receiver
(economic
or social
decision-
•naker or
department
-and juris-
diction)



c
seller
(economic
decision-
maker or
department
or OU)
location of
plant
serving




old level
(0 if new
plant)

amount
(in dollars)









d e f
percent of
parcel (0
if all)



new level
of service





new level

from if economic o
CAPital or decision-
CURrent maker receiving,
account PVT; if social .
receiving, class
receivincr 'II, M, -
or L) ; if depart-
ment receiving,
to CAPital or CUR-
rent account
                                                                        if social
                                                                        receiv-
                                                                        ing,
                                                                        location
                                                                        receiv-
                                                                        ing

-------
Type of
Decision

Set Water
Prices


Build or
Demolish
Intake
Treatment
Plants
Build or
Demolish
Outflow
Treatment
Plants
Locate
Intake
and Out-
flow
Points
Locate
Water
Sampling
Stations

Decision
Code Maker a b
two- letter
$WRPRC UT1, UT2, activity price
or UT3 Code (AL per
for all MG
water users)
$WRBLD UT1, UT2, T location
or UT3



$WRBLD UT1, UT2, T location
or UTS



$WRBLD UT1, UT2, P location
or UTS



$WRBLD UT1, UT2, S_ location
or UTS (if sample
of munici-
pal out-
flow, give

c d





IN_ old
level



OUT_ old
level



IN_ 0
if., in-
take,
OUT if
outflow
A, if 0 if new;
ambient,! if old
P if and being
Indus- removed
trial

e f g





new location
level of util-
ity plant
serving
district
new location two-letter
level of util- code of
ity plant treatment
serving type
district
0 location
of util-
ity plant
serving
district
1 i f new ;
0 if old
and being
removed

location of effluent,






utility
plant in
district
which out-
flow point
serves)
M if
munici-
pal out-
flow
point








-------
    C.   Sample Decisions for the Ufeillty Department

     Jurisdiction-wide Decisions

A.I  Change Utility Prices - The Utility Department in
     Jurisdiction 1 sets the price for a unit of utility
     at $11,000.

A.2  Change Water Prices - The Utility Department in
     Jurisdiction 1 set all the water prices to $450 per
     MG.  The Utility Department used selective pricing
     .and set the price for TE at $400/MG, for MF at $350/
     MG, and for HA at $475/MG.  The price of water to all
     the other municipal users remained at the previous
     level.

A. 3  Transfer Cash - The Utility Department in Jurisdiction
     3 transferred $250,000 from its capital account to its
     current account.

Parcel or District Specific

B.I  Purchase Land - The Utility Department in Juris-
     diction 2 purchased 10 percent of the land on parcel
     9642 from Team A for $650,000.  This land may be used
     to construct a utility plant and/or a water treatment
     plant.

B.2  Change Utility Service - The Utility Department in
     Jurisdiction 1 decides to provide level 5 utility
     service to parcel 9850 from its utility plant at 10054.
     Parcel 9850 must be contiguous to a parcel that is
     presently receiving utility service from the plant at
     10054.

B.3  Construct a Utility Plant - The Utility Department
     in Jurisdiction 1 decides to construct a level 2
     utility plant on the land it owns on parcel 10248.

B.4  Construct Intake and Outflow Plant - The Utility
     Department decides to build a level 2 intake plant
     at 10444 and a level 2 outflow plant with tertiary
     treatment (TT) at 10850 and associate these with the
     water and utility district serviced by the new
     utility plant at 10248.

B.5  Locate Intake and Outflow Points - The Utility
     Department in Jurisdiction 1 decides to place the
     intake point for the water district served by the
     utility plant at 10248, at 10644 and the outflow point
     at 11050.
                            98

-------
B.6  Locate Sampling Stations - The Utility Department
     in Jurisdiction 3 decides to operate an ambient
     sampling station at 7618 and close down an ambient
     sampling station at 7820,  Furthermore, it decides for
     measure the outflow - pollution of the water district
     defined by the utility plant at 7836 and to measure
     the pollution being dumped by the CR3 on parcel 8038.
                             99

-------
                             SAMPLE DECISION INPUTS FOR THE UTILITY DEPARTMENT
o
o
      ft. 2.
      4.2
      #.3
•8.3.
3.3
XV
*.y
£5-
8.5-
           Decision  Decision-
             Code      Maker
           $ 0TH£K / =  UT1  /   P	, 11000 ,
              / =  urt
$ WRPKC, /  =  UT2,
$ CASH /  =  UT3
$  PU
                                                           475" ,
           $ WMlb / = VT3
           $ W/?fitD / _ UT2
                                                                        -rr ,

-------
vi.  MASTER SHEETS FOR THE UTILITY DEPARTMENT'
A. PLANNING MASTER


















ACTIVITY



FL
SG
MP
MF
NL
EL
TE
FO
TA
PA
CR
NS
BG

BS
PG
PS
RA
RB
RC





r-t

^ M
1
-P Tl
-H 0)
i— | g
•H 3
-P 10
D a
o
.H CJ
(ti
3
fj
c
^
50
100
700
100
100
200
200
300
100
300
400
76
112

71
99
77
4
26
117





in
4J
M *-*
O 0)
U 0
H
rj (ft
0 >
•H
•P -P
O 0)
£^ _^
li ti
•P at
w g

O
U
300
240
240
320
150
140
180
230
120
250
250
50
25

10
30
10
1
6
25




to
Q)
(U
>i
0
H

g
M
<1) trj
6 fl|
•H
EH
H
rH
j3
Cn
8
14
19
24
21
30
25
15
15
23
24
23
14

20
8
6
NA
NA
NA













g
PH






8
18
18
18
20
18
22
19
10
17
24
9
7

9
13
11
NA
NA
NA













a
P*






35
23
18
17
13
17
15
24
30
20
14
9
3

9
23
16
NA
^
iS'A









(0

•H
a
S
H
frt
c

p
V

1000
10000
6000
2000
1000
1000
2000
3000
1000
3000
3000
NA
One per
CU sold
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA





(0
•P
•H

£j

£ ^
•rl -P
nJ -H
M U
Q rt
Dt

g cj
CO
g

150
50
200
150
100
150
200
250
150
200
300
50
25

10
30
10
10
60
250
                               101

-------
      B.  MASTER SHEET FOR THE UTILITY DEPARTMENT

                 Gerier a1 Char ac teri s tic s

Level           Installation             Number of
  of                Costs              Utility Units
Service          (million)                Installed

  1                  2                      100
  2                  4                      200
  3                  5                      300
  46                      400
  58                      500
  6                 11                      600
  7                 14                      700
  8                 18                      900
  9                 35                    2,500

  Operating Costs for a UTI as a Function of the Number
                of Utility Units Served

Utility Units             Per Unit            Total
   Served	          Operating Costs   Operating Costs

   300                    $20,000           $6,000,000
   600                     13,333            8,000,000
   900                      9,630            8,666,667
  1200                      7,778            9,333,333
 *1500                     *6,667          *10,000,000
  1800                      7,407           13,333,333
  2100                      7,936           16,666,666
  2200                      8,080           17,777,778
*The least cost design capacity of a UTI.
                                 102

-------
          C.  UTILITY DEPARTMENT MASTER TABLE

                            Utility  (unit)    Water  (MG)

Normal Price of Service        $10,000          I/

                      Utility  Utility
                       Plant    Level   Intake   Outflow

Cost of Lowest Level   $30       $2.    $.1-4.5   $.1-4.5
  Plant  (millions)
   Capacity            2400      100               3 MGD

Typical Operating  $7000 to $8000      0-$60ol/  $25-300^/
  Cost Per Capacity
  Unit

Land Requirement         §%      None      1%      1%

Intake Treatment Costs per MG

                    Water Quality Level

     123456789

UT   5    60   80   100   180   300   450   600   N.A.
Annual Cost to Operate an Ambient Water Quality
                        Sampling Station      ...$50,000
Annual Cost to Operate a Point Source Water
                        Quality Sampling Station.$25,000
I/ Water prices may be set by type of user
2/ Depending upon treatment type
3/ Depending upon water quality
                             103

-------
      D.  CHARACTERISTICS OF OUTFLOW TREATMENT PLANTS

                              Level of Treatment Plant
Maximum Capacity
     (MGD)
Land Requirement
  (% of Parcel)

Construction Costs
(millions of dollars)
       CL
       PT
       ST
       TT

Operating Costs
 ^dollars per MG)

       CL
       PT
       ST
       TT
3
1
.1
.5
1.5
4.5
25
100
200
300
8
2
.2
1.0
3.0
9.0
24
95
190
285
16
3
.4
2
6
18
23
90
180
270
26
4
.6
3
9
27
22
85
170
255
40
5
.8
4
12
36
21
80
160
240
60
6
1.0
5
15
45
20
75
150
225
90
7
1.2
6
18
54
19
70
140
210
200
8
1.6
8
24
72
18
65
130
195
 Intake  treatment  plants  have  the same construction costs as ST
 outflow treatment plants.
          Percent  Pollution  Removed by Treatment Types
BOD
Chlorides
Nutrients
Coliform
Temperature
Oil  and F
   Solids
CL
0
0
0
99
e 0
f~\ J5 4~ T T\ rr
CJct L.J.I1
-------
                      E.
Pollution Characteristics of Economic Activities
o
Ln
Water Consumption
Surface
Water Users
FL
MP
FO
TA
PA
CR
Municipal
Water Users
Industries
SG
MF
ML
EL
TE
Commercial
NS
BG
BS
PG
PS
Residential
HA
HB
HC
MA

MGD
61
225
49
17
333
31



10
9
12
5
8

.18
.13
.17
.23
.18

.08
.07
.06
.07
Days
Per
Year
260
260
260
260
260
260



260
260
260
260
260

260
312
312
312
312

364
364
364
364
Pollution Generated
Pounds Per Mg
MGY
15
58
12
4
86
8



2
2
3
1
2











,860
,500
,740
,420
,580
,060



,600
,340
,120
,300
,080

47
41
53
72
56

29
25
22
25
BOD
600
1000
6000
6000
3000
2000



500
500
400
800
500

100
200
150
250
100

1250
1250
1250
1100
CL
100
170
400
130
380
500



100
150
150
200
180

0
0
0
0
0

50
50
50
40
NU
1000
500
10000
4000
3000
8000



1000
700
100
200
100

0
0
0
0
0

100
100
100
80
Parts
Per
MG
COLI
20
20
300
20
150
50



10
30
20
20
30

20
10
15
20
15

5
5
5
5
Temper-
ature
9
6
9
18
16
4



0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
OFS
1
1
1
1
1
1



0
1
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
HLW
0
0
0
1
1
1



0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

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Pollution Characteristics of Economic Activities {Cont'd)
Municipal
Water Users
Residential
MB
MC
LA
LB
LC
Days
Per
MGD Year
(Cont'd)
.05 364
.03 364
.03 364
.03 364
.02 364
  Water Consumption
              MGY
                  18
                  11
                  11
                  11
                   7
Pollution Generated



Pounds Per Mg
BOD
1100
1100
1000
1000
1000
CL
40
40
30
30
30
NU
80
80
70
70
70
Parts
Per
MG
COLI
5
5
5
5
5

Temper-
ature
0
0
0
0
0
                     OFS  HLW
                      1
                      1
                      1
                      1
                      1
0
0
0
0
0

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                F.  WATER MASTER TABLE
Physical Characteristics
           Location - parcel number
           Type - river of lake
           Volume flowing to next parcel - MGD
           Rate of flow - parcels per day.
Quality of Water

   Water Quality
      Rating

        1
        2
        3
        4

        5
        6

        7

        8

        9
Comment

Drinkable - best quality water
Drinkable with minor treatment
Swimable - direct body contact possible
Boating and Fishing - indirect body
  contact
Fair esthetic value
Poor esthetic value - treatable at
  moderate cost
No esthetic value - treatable at high
  cost
Negative esthetic value - treatable at
  very high cost
Nonusable water
Types of Pollution

Symbol     Name
BOD    Biochemical Oxygen
         Demand
CL     Chlorides
N03    Nutrients
CO     Coliform Bacteria
T      Temperature
         Deviation
OFS    Oil and Floating
         Solids
HLW    High Level Waster
             Units of Measure
         Pounds per million gallons  of
         water
         LBS/MG
         LBS/MG
         Parts per Million gallons
         Degrees (°)

         Yes or No

         Yes or No
                             107

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G.   Elimination of Three Pollutants Due to Time in the Water
                                          Percent of Original
                                          Pollutant Remaining at
                                          the End of a Flow Through
                                          a Parcel
    Rate of Flow
    of the River
    (parcels per day)
BOD
Nutrients
Coliform
1
2 (sluggish)
4
6 (slow)
8
11 (average)
15
22 (fast)
30
44 (rapid)
50
75
89
92
96
96
97
97
98
99
33
67
83
89
92
94
96
97
98
99
17
58
79
86
90
93
95
96
97
98
                                 108

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             H.  BIODEGREDATION OF POLLUTANTS
     Eleven parcels per day is the typical normal  rate of  flow
of water in the RIVER BASIN MODEL.  The  following  table shows
the percent or amount of each pollutant  if the water volume
does not vary and the rate of flow of  the river  is eleven  par-
cels per day.
Start
Parcels
Downstream

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
            BOD
100%
 96
 92
 88
 84
 81
 78
 75
 72
 69
 66
 63
 60
 58
 56
 54
             NUTRIENTS
100%
 94
 88
 83
 78
 73
 69
 65
 61
 57
 54
 52
 49
 46
 43
 40
            COLIFORM
100%
 93
 86
 80
 74
 69
 64
 60
 56
 52
 48
 45
 42
 39
 36
 33
           TEMP
10'
        o&s
        HLW
10°
7°
4°
1°
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
p
0
0
0
0
0
, 0
                               109"

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                   I.   Definition  of  the Nine Comprehensive Water Quality Levels
                                         Water Quality Levels

                            12345       6
 Pollutant  Types

 (Maximums)

 BOD  (LBS/MG)

 Chlorides  (LBS/MG)

 Nutrients  (LBS/MG)

 Coliform
 Bacteria  (parts per MG)

 Temperature

 Oil  & Floating Solids

 High Level Wastes

 Explanation of the Table

     In order to determine the water quality level or index of given amounts of water, take the
 concentrations of each of the seven pollutant categories and calculate the water quality level
 based upon each pollutant separately.  For example, a BOD concentration of 25 LBS/MG would yield
 an index of 3, coliform bacteria of  169 parts per MG would yield an index of 9, and the presence
 of oil and floating solids would allow the water quality to be no better than 6.  The worst
 (highest) water quality index that was calculated using the pollutant types separately, is
 assigned to the given amount of water.  If the water on parcel x had the three pollutants
 described above, it would be assigned water quality index of 9.

     Looked at another way, water quality level 4 is attained when a body of water has concentra-
tions of BOD that exceed 30 but fall below 41, coliform bacteria concentrations above 12 but
below 21, etc.
10
5
25
2
0
0
0
20
10
50
6
0
0
0
30
15
100
12
1
0
0
40
20
200
20
2
0
0
60
30
400
40
4
0
0
100
40
800
70
7
>0
0
150
60
1600
120
3-0
> 0
0
300
80
3200
160
J-4
> 0
> 0
> 300
> 80
> 3200
> 160
> 14
> 0
> 0

-------
  VI1- .Water Quality Officer

Legislative Options:

1.  Require a certain minimum level of treatment at all
    effluent discharge points.
    - Required only of industries
    - Required only of municipal system
    - Required of all

2.  Allow an absolute maximum quantity or concentration of
    pollutants.
    - in quantity of a specific pollutant/MG
    - in total quantity of a specific pollutant (LBS,  parts,
      etc.)

Economic Options:

1.  Charge an Effluence Tax
    - Charge tax per quantity of pollutants discharged (by type)
    - Charge tax per concentration of pollutants discharged
    - Charge tax according to the size of operation of the
      polluting activity
      .  according to quantity of effluent
      .  according to gross or net income

2,  Issue Permits
    - Set price for permit, with each permit allowing  a spe-
      cific quantity of pollutants.
    - Limit number of permits and allow open market bidding.

Enforcement Options:

1.  Legislative action
    - Fines in absolute or graduated amounts
    - Shut down of plant
    - Imprisonment of decision-maker

2.  Direct fines levied not by legal system but by Water
    Department

Decision Making Options:

1.  Locate and Operate Sampling Stations

2.  Select Ambient Standards

3.  Choose Regulative Option

4.  Enforce Chosen Regulative Option
                                   111

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            Sequence of Computer Print-Out

     Although sections of the computer output can be dis-
tributed in any order and in any combination to players,
it is printed in a fixed order with which the director
should become familiar.  The overall order of output is:

     1.   Migration
     2.   Water System
     3.   Employment
     4.   Commercial Allocation
     5.   Social Sector
     6.   Economic Sector
     7.   Social and Economic Summaries
     8.   Government Detail
     9.   Summary Statistics
    10.   Maps

     Within each, of these major output sections there are
several subsections.  An additional section of print-out
results from the processing of decisions on a data base.
That print-out, called EDIT, has no fixed sequence within
it; the order of decision input is the order in which EDIT
processes and lists player and director decisions.  The
EDIT print-out is separate from the print-outs listed
above.  These print-outs reflect the simulated region's
status in response to the previous year's data base and
any changes made to it through EDIT.

     Each subsection of output has its own title, but on;
every subsection the heading for the data base and the round
number are printed.  A list of the titles of print-out
sections in the order in which they are printed and a des-
cription of each are given below and are summarized in
Figure 4.

     Print-Out Section                Description

1.  Migration

      Environmental         For each class which can live on
      Indexes               each residence parcel> this shows
                            the value of each component of
                            the environmental index based on
                            last round's pollution index, MS
                            use index and school use index  •
                            and this round's residence quality,
                            rent, tax rates, and welfare  rates.
                          112

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                                                                          Figure  4
    . 1.  Migration
     2.  Water System
     3.  Employment
                         RIVER BASIN MODEL OUTPUT

                      1,1  Environmental Indexes
                      1.2  Personal Indexes
                      1.3  Dissatisfaction Cutoffs
                      1.4  Migration Detail
                      1.5  Migration Statistics
                      1.6  Migration Summary

                      2.1  Water User Effluent Content
                      2.2  River Quality During Surface Water Process
                      2.3  Water User Costs and Consumption .
                      2.4  Coliform and Pollution Index Values ••
                       3.1
                       3.2
                       3.3
                       3.4
                       3.5
                       3.6
                       3.7
Employment Selection Information for PL Class
Employment Selection Information for PM Class
Employment Selection Information for PH Class
Part-Time Work Allocation for PH Class
Part-Time Work Allocation for PM Class
Part-Time Work Allocation for PL Class
Employment Summary
t-4-
ts
4.   Commercial Allocation
                       4.1
                       4.2
                       4.3
                       4.4
                       4.5
                       4.6
Personal Goods Allocation Summary
Personal Services Allocation Summary
Business Goods Allocation Summary
Business Services Allocation Summary
Government Contracts
Terminal Demand  and Supply Table
8.   Government Detail  8.1  Assessment Report
                       8.2  Water Department Reports
                       8.3  Sarpling Station P.eport:  Point Source Quality
                       8.4  Sampling Station P.eport:  A.-nbient Quality
                       8.5  Utility Department Report
                       8.6  Utility Department Finances
                       8.7  Municipal Services Department Report
                       8.8  Municipal Services Department Fi.iar.ces
                       8.9  Municipal Services Department Construction Table
                       8.10  Planning and Zoning Department Report
                       8.11  School Department Report
                       8.12  School Department Finances
                       8.13  School Department Construction Table
                       8.14  Highway Department Finances
                       8.15  Highway Department Construction Table
                       8.16  Rail Company Report
                       8.17  Bus  Company  Report
                       8.18  Chairman Department Finances
                       8.19  Tax  S unwary
                       8.20  Financial Summary

    Summary Statistics  9.1  Demographic  and  Economic Statistics
 9.

10.
                                                                                        Hap a
     5.  Social Sector
     6.  Economic Sector
                       4.7  Terminal Allocation Map

                       5.1  Dollar Value of Time
                       5.2  Social Decision-Maker Output
                       5.3  Social Boycotts

                       6.1  Farm Output
                       6.2  Residence Output
                       6.3  Basic Industry Output
                       6.4 " Commercial Output
                       6.5 ' Economic Boycott Status
                       6.6  New Construction Table
                       6.7  Land Summary
                       6.8  Loan Statement
                       6.9  Financial Summary

7.  Social and Economic Summaries
                       7.1  Number of Levels of Economic Activity Con-
                            trolled by Teams
                       7.2  Employment Centers
                       7.3  Economic Control Summary for Teams
                       7.4  Social Control Summary for Teams
                       7.5  Social Control Summary Totals
                       7.6  Economic Graphs for Teams
                       7.7  Social Graphs for Teams
                      10.1   Personal Goods Allocation Map
                      10.2   Personal Services Allocation Map
                      10.3   Business Commercial Allocation Map
                      10.4   Municipal Service Map
                      10.5   School Map
                      10.6   Utility Mop
                      10.7   Water Usage Map
                      10.8   Water Quality Map
                      10.9   Municipal Treatment
                      10.10  Municipal Intake and Outflow Point Hap
                      10.11  Surface Water Map
                      10.12  Farm Runoff Map
                      10.13  River Easin Flood Plain Map
                      10.14  Farm Map
                      10.15  Farm Assessed and Market Value Map
                      10.16  Market Value Map
                      10.17  Assessed Value Map
                      10.18  Economic Status Map
                      10.19  Highway Map
                      10.20  Planning and Zoning Map
                      10.21  Parkland Usage Map
                      10.22  Socio-Econo.-nic Distribution Map
                      10.23  Demographic Map
                      10.24  Social Decision-Maker Map
                      10.25  Topographical Restriction Map
                      10.26  Government Status Map

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     Print-Out Section
      Personal Indexes
      Migration Detail
      Migration
      Statistics
      Migration Summary
                              Description

                      For each class living on each
                      residence parcel,  this.'shows the
                      value of each component of the
                      personal index based on last
                      round's time allocation, resi-
                      dential crowding,  MS use index,
                      and coliform bacteria index.

                      For each residence parcel and for
                      each class which lived on the
                      parcel immediately before or
                      after the migration program ran,
                      this shows the number of Pi's
                      in the class now residing on the
                      parcel and of those who moved,
                      why they moved and where they
                      came from and went to.

                      Number of in-migrants, out-
                      migrants, internal migrants,
                      and natural population growth
                      by jurisdiction and class.

                      The number of Pi's who moved
                      between or within  jurisdictions
                      by class, by jurisdiction and by
                      reason for moving.
2.   Water System
      Water User
      Effluent Content
                      For each economic activity and
                      municipal water system,  the
                      volume of effluent dumped into
                      the surface water and the amount
                      of each pollutant in the effluent
                      after the effluent has received
                      any treatment.

River Quality During  For each of the five stages in
Surface Water Process the surface water process and
                      for the surface water on each
                      parcel through  which a river
                      flows, this shows the water
                      quality rating, the volume of
                      water, and the  amount of each
                      pollutant present.
                          114

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     Print-Out Section
       Description
      Water User Costs and
      Consumption
      Coliform and
      Pollution Index
      Values
3.   Employment
      Employment Selection
      Information for Low-
      Income Class
      Employment Selection
      Information for
      Middle Income Class
This shows for each economic
activity the amount of water
which it required, the amount
which it obtained from its nor-
mal source and the cost which it
paid to purchase water, to treat
its intake water, to recycle
water and to treat its effluent.

Map showing, for each parcel con-
taining surface water, the coli-
form count and the water quality
rating.  The pollution indexes
for such parcels and for parcels
bordering parcels containing
surface water are also shown.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the route used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.

Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.
                           115

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     Print-Out Section
      Description
      Employment Selection
      Information For High
      Income Class
      Part-Time Work
      Allocation For High
      Income Class
      Part-Time Work
      Allocation for
      Middle Income Class
      Part-Time Work
      Allocation for Low
      Income Class
      Employment Summary
4.   Commercial Allocation

      Personal Goods
      Allocation Summary
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel
to work whether by auto or public
transit.

Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time units spent working, and
the yearly salary rate.

Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.

Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.

Information by class and total
for the number of PI's employed
at their design level or at
lower levels, the number unem-
ployed, the total number of
Pi's, the part-time units worked,
and the number of jobs full time
that were not filled by the lo-
cal labor force.
Tabular output showing the i-
dentification number assigned
to each PG establishment, its
                          116

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Print-Out Section
 Personal Services
 Allocation Summary
 Business Goods
 Allocation Summary
 Business Services
 Allocation Summary
 Terminal Allo-
 cation Summary
      Description

location, owner, level, ef-
fective capacity, actual
capacity usedr price, and gross
sales.  For each customer it
shows the store to which it is
assigned, the customer loca-
tion and type or class, the cus-
tomer's owner, the consumption
units (including those for main-
tenance and recreation), trans-
portation costs (shadow costs
in the case of residences) the
purchase cost (total cost in
the case of residences), and
total cost.

This is identical in format to
the Personal Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding personal services.

For businesses which require
business goods, the format is
the same as for personal goods.
In addition, there is a section
called Government Contracts
which shows, for each school
and MS department, how many con-
sumption units it purchases from
each business goods establishment,

This is identical in format to
the Business Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding business services.

Tabular list of the location,
business type (land use), and
terminal requirements of each
terminal user.  Each terminal
is assigned an identification
number and its location, level,
and usage are noted.
                        117

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     Print-Out Section
       Description
      Terminal Allocation
      Map
    Social Sector*

      Dollar Value of Time
      Social Decision-
      Maker Output
      Social Boycotts




    Economic Sector**

      Farm Output
Map showing the code number of
the terminal to which each ter-
minal user in the local system
is assigned.
This table shows, by team and
by class, the dollar value of a
time unit spent in travel.

By jurisdiction, by social de-
qision-maker, and by class, a
table in which each social char-
acteristic is a row and each res-
idence parcel is a column.  The
characteristics are descriptive
and financial.

Detail on who is boycotting, what
function they are boycotting,
and similar details about social
boycotts appear on this output.
Tabular list, one row per farm,
showing the farm code number,
farm type, number of parcels
comprising the farm, number of
percents of parcels comprising
the farm, the farm's fertilizer
level, normal income, actual in-
come, land taxes, and total net
income.
     *The dollar value of time prints a table for each jur-
isdiction, although at this time the value is set for a team
and class without regard to jurisdiction.   The rest of the
social detail prints in order of jurisdiction number, within
that in alphabetical order, and within that in order of class
(low first, high last).  Output for any classes which a team
does not control in a jurisdiction is not  printed.  Likewise,
a class having no boycotts receives no boycott output.

    **The economic output prints by team in alphabetical order.
All of a single team's output is printed before the next team's
output begins.  A team for which a section pf output is ir-
relevant does not receive that section of  output.  For example,
a team with no residences receives no residence output.  Like-
wise, a team which has no loans outstanding as either a debtor
or a creditor does not receive a loan summary.  All active
teams receive financial summaries.
                          118

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Print-Out Section

 Residence Output
Business Output
 Construction
 Industry Output
 Construction
 Industries' Contract
 Table
 Economic Boycott
 Status
 New Construction
 Table
 Land Summary
       Description

Tabular list of descriptive and
financial  information about
each residence parcel which the
decision-maker controls.

Tabular list of descriptive and
financial  information about each
business which the decision-
maker controls.  All basic in-
dustries are grouped together
and precede the group of per-
sonal commercial and business
commercial.

Tabular list of descriptive and
financial  information about each
construction industry which the
decision-maker controls.

Description of all contracts
made by construction industries
controlled by the decision-
maker.

Detail on  all boycotts in which
the decision-maker is either the
party boycotting or the party
being boycotted.

Detail on  all construction contracts
in which the decision-maker is  the
contractee.

Tabular list of the location of
parcels owned by a team, their
assessed value, percent that is
undeveloped and private, the
taxes on undeveloped land, the
percent publicly developed and
undeveloped, the percent un-
developable because of topo-
graphical  constraints, the utility
capacity available and used.
                      119

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     Print-Out Section
      Loan Statement
      Financial Summary
7.  Social and Economic
    Summaries

      Number of Levels of
      Economic Activity
      Controlled by Teams

      Employment Centers
      Economic Control
      Summary*
       Description

Tabular list showing borrower,
lender, interest rate, years re-
maining on the loan, the original
principal, and the annual payment.

A cash flow statement showing ex-
penditures and income, a port-
folio of conservative and spec-
ulative stocks, a balance sheet
of assets and liabilities, and
the amount which the decision-
maker can borrow.
A table listing the number of
levels of each economic activity
controlled by each team.

Table showing the locations,
number of job openings, number
of Pi's hired, and salaries of-
fered by Federal-State Em-
ployers; table showing, for
each local government employer,
the location of its employment
center.

For each non-farm economic ac-
tivity, this table shows its
location, type and operating
level of activity, production
index  (0-100) or occupancy
rate (0-120), net income, and
rate of return.
     *This table prints for each economic team in
alphabetical order.
                          120

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     Print-Out  Section
        Description
      Social Control
      Summary*
      Social Control
      Summary
      Economic Control
      Summary
      Social Control
      Summary
For each class living on each
parcel controlled by a single
two-letter social decision-
maker, this table shows the res-
idence location, class, gross
income per worker, family
savings and total dissatisfactiqn
(quality of life index).

By jurisdiction and by class,
the number of Pi's controlled
by each social decision-maker.

This prints two graphs for each
economic decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order.  The first is,
for up to ten rounds,  the aver-
age net income from the team's
economic activities each round,
expressed as a ratio of the
first round's net income.  The
second is a ten-round history
of the average rate-of-return
of the team's economic activities,
expressed as a percent.

This prints two graphs for each
social decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order.  The first is
a ten-round history of the average
net income earned by each class
which the team has controlled.
The second is a ten-round his-
tory of the average quality-of-
life index of each class which
the team has controlled.
     *This table prints for each  social decision-maker
in alphabetical order.
                          1.21

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     Print-Out Section

8.   Government Detail*

      Assessment Report
      Water Department
      Reports
      Sampling Station
      Report:   Point
      Source Quality
      Sampling Station
      Report:   Ambient ,
      Quality
      Utility Department
      Report
       Description
List of assessment ratios,
special assessments and other
policies set by the Assessor.

List of intake and outflow treat-
ment plant locations, levels,
types, capacities, operating
costs, volume treated, income,
intake and outflow point lo-
cations, prices charged to
municipal water users, pollu-
tant concentration in municipal
effluent (for those districts
which are sampled).

For those economic activities
whose effluent is sampled by
the local government, this
shows the volume of effluent and
the concentration of each pol-
lutant after any treatment.

For any parcel on which the
jurisdiction measures the quality
of the surface water leaving
the parcel, this output shows
the concentration of each
pollutant.

Tabular list of utility plants,
their location, level, units in-
stalled from each plant, units
served, total operating costs
per unit, and income derived
from charges.  Also listed is
the charge per utility unit to
customers, undeveloped land
and outstanding bonds.
     *A department's output is printed for all jurisdictions
before the next department's output is printed.
                            122

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Print-Out Section
      Description
 Utility Department
 Finances
 Municipal Services
 Department Report
 Municipal Services
 Department Finances
 Municipal Services
 Department Con-
 struction Table
 Planning and Zoning
 Department Report
 School Department
 Report
 School Department
 Finances
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.

Tabular list of MS locations,
maintenance levels, value ratios,
effective capacities, loading
(units of capacity used), num-
ber PL and PM's working,  and the
MS use indexes.  Also shown are
the salary levels, contracts to
purchase BG and BS, the locations
of undeveloped land, and out-
standing bonds.

Summary of all current and capital
revenues, expenditures, and new
balances.

For each MS construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the MS location, the status of
construction, the old and new
level of the MS, the contracted
price, the maintenance level, and
the number of PL's and PM's
assigned to work at the MS.

Total jurisdiction population,
total amount of parkland, out-
standing bonds, and capital
revenues, expenditures, and
new balance.

Tabular data on school unit lo-
cations, levels, maintenance
levels, value ratios, students
attending, teachers, student-
teacher ratios, and use indexes.
Also data on undeveloped land,
BG and BS contracts and cost of
purchases, adult education sum-
mary, and several summary
school statistics.

Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
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     Description
 School Department
 Construction Table
 Highway Department
 Report
 Highway Department
 Construction Table
 Rail Company
 Report
For each school construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the school building location,
the status of construction, the
old and new level of the school,
the contracted price, the
amount of federal-state aid used,
the maintenance level for the
school, and the number of PM's
and PH's assigned to work at
the School.

A financial report showing
capital and current expenditures
and revenues, outstanding bonds,
a summary of maintenance levels
and expenditures by road type,
a summary of road conditions,
a terminal status report, a
list of undeveloped land, and a
status report on available fed-
eral-state aid.

For each road or terminal con-
struction or demolition, this
shows the construction firm,
the location of the road or ter-
minal, the status, the old and
new level, the contracted price,
and the dollar amount of fed-
eral-state aid used.

A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
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     Print-Out Section
      Description
      Bus Company
      Report
      Chairman Department
      Finances
      Tax Summary
      Financial Summary
9.  Summary Statistics

      Demographic and
      Economic Statistics
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.

This shows the welfare payment
per unemployed worker and the
financial summaries for munici-
pal services, schools, highways,
planning and zoning, utilities,
and the chairman's account.
Also included are the Chairman's
outstanding bonds.

Tabular list showing by the eight
types of local tax bases, the
dollar amount of the tax base,
the tax rate, and the revenue
generated.

Tabular list, for each depart-
ment, of current and capital
appropriations,  federal-state
aid, total revenue, total ex-
penditures and final surplus or
deficit.
Tabular list by jurisdiction of
population and its character-
istics, land usage, housing,
employment, earnings, income
from the national economy, out-
flows to the national system,
and national business cycle
effects.
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      Print-Out Section
      Description
10.   Maps
       Personal Goods
       Allocation Map
       Personal Services
       Allocation Map
       Business Commercial
       Allocation Map
       Municipal Service
       Map
       School Map
       Utility Map
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
goods establishments, locations
of all PG users, and the code
number of the PG to which each
PG user is assigned.

Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
services establishments, lo-
cations of all PS users, and
the code number of the PS to
which each PS user'is assigned.

Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all business
goods and business services
establishments, locations of
all BG and BS users, and the
code numbers of the BG and BS
to which each BG and BS user
is assigned.

Map showing the locations of
MS's and their districts, the
locations of economic activities,
the number of MS units drained
by each economic activity and
MS use indexes.

Map showing the locations of
schools and their districts,
school use indexes, and the
number of children on each
residence parcel attending
public and private schools.

Map showing the locations of
utility plants and their dis-
tricts, the number of utility
units installed on each parcel,
and the number of utility units
drained on each'parcel.
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Print-Out Section

 Water Usage Map
 Water Quality Map
 Municipal Treatment
 Plant Map
 Municipal Intake
 and Outflow Point
 Map
 Surface Water Map
 Farm Funoff Map
 River Basin Flood
 Plain Map
 Farm Map
       Description

Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the per-
cent recycling at basic in-
dustries, and the type and
level of basic industries'
effluent treatment plants.

Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the surface
water quality on those parcels
having surface water, and the
pollutant which caused the
water quality rating.

Map showing locations, types
and levels of municipal intake
and outflow treatment plants.

Map showing locations of munici-
pal intake and outflow points
and the utility districts which
they serve.

Map showing, for each parcel
having surface water, the volume
of water on the parcel, its rate
of flow, and the percent of the
surface area of the parcel
consumed by water.

Map showing for each farm its
type and where its runoff flows
into the surface water.

Map showing the locations of
river basins, the dam priority
of each river basin, and the
flood susceptibility of each
parcel in  the river  basin.

Map showing the location of each
farm, its owner, its code num-
ber, the percent of  each farm
parcel which is /in farm use,
the type of farm, and its
fertilizer level.
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 Farm Assessed and
 Market Value Map
Market Value Map
 Assessed Value Map
 Economic Status Map
 Highway Map
Planning and Zoning
Map
      Description

Map showing, for each farm par-
cel, its assessed and market
value and the percent of the
parcel which is in farmland.

Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the mar-
ket value of 100% of the land,
the market value of the pri-
vately-owned buildings, and the
total market value of the pri-
vately-owned land and buildings.

Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the as-
sessed value of the privately-
owned land, the assessed value
of the privately-owned buildings,
and the total assessed value of
the privately-owned land and
buildings.

Map showing the economic sector
owner of each privately-owned
non-farm parcel, its zoning,
the type and level of economic
activity, the level of utilities
installed, and, for every pair-
eel, the percent of the parcel
which is privately-owned and
undeveloped.

Map showing the locations and
types of roads and terminals
and the locations, types, and
levels of non-farm economic
activities.

Map showing the zoning classifi-
cation of those parcels which
are zoned, the percent of each
parcel which is parkland, and
the percent of each parcel
which is public.institutional
land.
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   Parkland Usage Map
   Socio-Economic
   Distribution Map
   Demographic Map
      Description

Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is in parkland or
public institutional use, the
population served by the park,
and the park's use index.

Map showing, for each residen-
tial parcel, the type and level
of housing and the number of
Pi's in each class living there,

Map showing the population (in
100's), percent occupancy, and
quality index  (QI) for all resi-
dential parcels, and the value
ratio  (VR) for all private non-
residential developments.
   Social Decision-
   Maker Map
   Topographical
   Restriction Map
   Government Status
   Map
Map showing, for each class living
on a residential parcel, the
social decision-maker which
controls the class on that
parcel.

Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is undevelopable
due to topographical or other
restrictions (e.g., mountains
or military bases).

Map showing the locations and
levels of schools, municipal
services, utility plants,
roads, and terminals.
dU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972-484-484/188
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