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                                             TABLE 2.1.1.-1J
                                 HISTORICAL THEN08 IN COUNTY-SPECIFIC FORESTATION
                                           (ACRES X tiOOU)
COUNTY
NAME


ALLE
ARMS
1IEAV
HUTL
CAHB
CLAK
CLEA
ELK
FAYE
FORE
UREE
I NO I
JEFF
LAHH
MERC
SOME
VENA
HASH
HEST
TOT*L
TOTAL
LAND
ACRES

465, 9
417, J
2fll.6
500.2
442.9
3*2.1
729.0
516.5
513. J
268.2
369.9
528,0
417.5
234.9
420.6
689,9
413.9
540.5
655.4
8831.6
ESTIMATED FOREST ACREAGE
YEAR

1922 1934 1947 1951 1958 J968 1974
109.2 74.6 135.0 147.5 171.4 191.2 206.3
»?7.9 127.9 198.1 J70.7 211.7 23J.6 234.7
77.4 77.4 104.4 100.4 116.7 16J.I 179.3
105.6 150.8 156.4 t«»2.0 20?. 8 204.9 292.5
257.0 249.3 270.7 259.0 315.5 308.4 319.7
153.0 159.3 193.2 189.6 204.9 290.0 291.6
500.0 535.8 527,5 541,5 601.4 611.5 644.8
417.0 443.5 458.4 456.3 447.9 480.6 491.1
315.0 230.0 297.0 264.5 326.4 351.2 355. 0
£13.6 236.2 245.5 247.8 242.5 250.6 2S0.3
89.4 .47.9 9Q.7 115.5 137.8 157.0 150.1
176.0 212.4 249.4 221.7 251.7 316.9 316.7
221.0 233.6 232,1 203.4 262.9 314.1 317.4
49.0 43.0 40,2 SO. 3 55.2 101.9 102.2
106.7 90.4 97.0 86.6 91.7 166.4 168.1
400.0 354.3 372, 0 379.0 431.8 467.0 466.8
176.0 251.3 239.3 278.8 29fe.O 371.4 372.3
76.9 98.2 129.5 122.0 132.1 213. 0 215.0
215. 5 242.1 302.7 239.1 J17.1 354.7 362.7
3026.2 3874.0 4339.9 4346.5 4825.5 5660.3 5734.6
ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE FORESTED
YEAR

|922 |934 1947 195| |958 (960 (97«
23.4 16.0 2"».0 31.7 36.0 41,0 44,3
30.6 30.6 47.5 40.9 50.7 56.0 56,3
27.5 27.5 37.1 35.7 41.4 57. 9 63,7
20.0 29.7 30.0 37.0 39,9 56.1 57.6
50.0 56,3 61.1 50, 5 7|,2 69.6 72.2
40.0 41,7 50.6 49.6 51,6 76.1 76,3
68,6 73.5 72.4 74.3 02.8 08.3 00.4
00.7 05.9 00.0 08.3 06.7 93.1 95. 2
65.3 46.4 S7.9 51.5 63.6 60.4 69,2
07.1 80.1 91.5 92.4 90.4 93.4 91.3
24,2 12. <» 24.5 31.2 37.2 42.4 42.7
33,5 40.2 47.2 42.0 48.0 6Q.O 60.0
53.0 56.0 55.6 67.9 63.0 7S.3 76.1
20.9 10.3 17.1 21.4 23.5 43.4 43.5
24.9 22.9 22.6 20.2 21.0 3e.O 39.2
58.0 51.4 54.0 54.9 62.9 67.7 67.7
40.6 57.9 55.2 64.3 60.2 05.6 05.8
14,0 17.9 23.6 22. <| 24.1 3fl.8 39.2
32.9 36.9 46.2 36.5 40.4 54.1 55.3
43.5 43. » 49.1 49.2 54.6 64.1 64,9
SOURCES:  Adapted from data  in  Illick (28);  Pa.  Dept. of  Forests and Waters  (29); U.S.  Forest Service
          (30);  Soil Conservation Service  (31).

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                                FIGURE 2.1.4.  - 4
                              PERCENT OF COUNTY IAND
                             IN THE FORESTED CONDITION
                      PENNSYLVANIA ORBES REGION   -  1974
Source:  Adapted from data in Table 2.1.4- - 4

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Pin n f\ V _— _

beech
...... ._.,*hi ^ WP pf n iim 	

(33, 34).



dominated, whereas .moist slopes and gentle river valleys are mixed
mesophytic or occasionally beech-maple.   The hemlock-hardwood
association can still  be found on steep  ravines  and plateau  summits
(32).

     The Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers course through a
belt of low hills.  The flood plain and  riparian vegetation  cradled
by these hills includes:  silver maple,  willow,  sycamore, American
elm, sweet gum, cottonwood, and river birch.  Patches of alder
and bands of red maple are also important constituents.  Secondary
growth stands are comprised of beech, white oak, black oak,  and
hickory.  The old valley flatland areas  are forested with pin oak,
sweet gum, and red maple.   The dry sections of this flatland con-
tain considerable numbers  of tulip tree, white oak, and beech.
The developmental sequence for the remnants of the primary commun-
ities appears to be as follows:

                                                  red maple
                                                  sweet


     The upland areas  along the Ohio River are typically dominated
by oak-hickory associations.  The same situation is true of  such
areas along the middle and lower reaches of the  Allegheny and
Monongahela Rivers.

     The land surrounding  the headwaters of the  Allegheny River is
dominated by northern  hardwood species.   Similarly, the drainage
basins of the major tributaries are vegetated with typical species
of the Northern Hardwood Forest Association (K106).  Yellow  birch
and sugar maple are common.  Tulip trees are frequently encountered
on the southern range  of the Allegheny Plateau and Mountains.
Secondary oak stands are common around the periphery of the  plateau.
Although the northern  forest of this region has  been modified by
lumbering activities and the intrusion of more southern tree species,
the original forest in Cook Forest State Park has been preserved.
This large, virgin forest  borders the Clarion River and contains
approximately equal numbers of white pine and hemlock.  This primeval
forest association has been designated as a national natural land-
mark by the National Park  Service.

     Lumbering and other human activities have eliminated much of
the Mixed Mesophytic Forest Association  (K103) from our area.
Tracts of land in the  vicinity of the Upper Monongahela River, in
addition to the eastern slope and valleys of the Allegheny Front,
support remnant examples of this association.   Ohiopyle State
Park along the Upper Youghiogheny River  contains an especially
representative example of  the mixed mesophytic type.  A hemlock-
white pine-northern hardwoods association also exists in the Ohio-
pyle region; it intergrades and interfingers with the more southern
mesophytic forest.  This mixing and interdigitation of forest
types is more characteristic of our middle and southern latitudes,
where the north-south  trends in mountain ridges  and valleys  induce

-------
relative uniformity in climate and. soil  types.   Individual  plant
species and entire forest associations thereby  have access  to a
continuous migratory route; (.6 > >9).   3

     Commercial  forest lands  consist of  those areas which:   (a) are
producing, or are potentially capable of producing, usable  crops
of wood; (b) are economically available  now or  prospectively; and
(c) are not withdrawn from timber utilization.   This definition
encompasses the overwhelming  majority of all  forested land  in
Pennsylvania.  Indeed, approximately 98% of all  forested  land
within Pennsylvania ORBES region is deemed to be commercial  forest
(21).  The ownership of commercial  forest lands  within the  Pennsyl-
vania ORBES region is delineated in.Table 2.1.4.-5.  Table  2.1.4.-6
describes the principal tree  associations which  occur on  our com-
mercial forest lands within each of the  nineteen Pennsylvania
ORBES counties.   Table 2.1.4.-7 quantitatively  distributes  these
association types within each of the nineteen Pennsylvania  ORBES
counties.  A simplified overview of modern association dominance
is presented in Figure 2.1.4.-5.

F.   Herbaceous Flora of the  Forest

     Irrespective of association type, the mature forests of our
region are characterized by an almost continuous crown cover with
little solar radiation reaching the forest floor.  Consequently,
understory shrubs and herbs undergo maximal growth during the
spring.  Magnificent woodland flowers such as spring beauty,
trillium, hepatica, anemone,  and violets are typical woodland
flowers.  Flowering shrubs such as  azalea, mountain laurel,  and
rhododendron are also aesthetic treasures of this region.  Many
of our flowering plants are currently on the endangered species
list (Table 2.1.4.-8).  This  is especially true  of the orchids
(Family Orchidae).

G.   The Field Community

     The clearing of Pennsylvania's forests for  agriculture
established numerous grasslands and fields during the last  century,
especially in the counties of Somerset,  Butler,  Washington,  West-
moreland, Mercer, and Indiana.  Herbaceous species such as  golden-
rods (Solidago) and other members of the aster  family, which pre-
fer open, sunny areas, are believed to be more  abundant today than
in pre-settlement times.  Dewberries and black  raspberries  (Rubus)
are also characteristic of our field communities.  These  fruits
serve as food for a wide variety of wildlife.  However, the  over-
whelming majority of Pennsylvania's grasslands  and fields are
merely transitional communities which, if left  undisturbed,  will
eventually revert to secondary woodland.

H.  Endangered Plant Species

     "The Endangered Species  Act of 1973"  (PL 93-205) directed
                                16

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                           TABLE 2.1.4.-5


                OWNERSHIP1 OP COMMERCIAL FOREST LANDS
                        IN ORBES-PENNSYLVANIA
                        (thousands of acres)


COUNTY   ST. FOR.  GM. LAND  NAT. FOR.  FOR. IND.2  FARMS  OTHER  T.C.F.A,
ALLE
ARMS
3EAV
BUTL
CAMS
CLAR
CLEA
ELK
FAYE
FORE
GREE
INDI
JEFF
LAWR
MERC
SOME
VENA
WASH
WEST
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
74.2
66.1
14.5
2.1
0
0.5
8.7
0
0
26.1
• o
0
3.4
1.1
2.0
1.3
2.0
17.3
11.0
24.7
59.6
10.9
7.8
3.4
. 4.6
22.8
1.0
0.8
17-2
15-3
2.1
9.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
113-3
0
110.6
0
0
•0 .
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
9.6
17.4-
12.7
45.7
0.7
33.4
0.1
1.3
12.2
0
0.2
8.5
22.7
0.2
0.4
8.0
35.2
20.5
35.6
36.8
45.8
35-1
12.8
42.3
7.1
40.6
57.4
31.6
17.7
53-2
110.0
32.6
44.3
43.1
163.4
172.3
104.5
215.1
214.4
184.1
' 430.5
178.6
248.3
92.3
140.9
217.6
232.1
71-5
105-4
275-3
284.5
173-5
252.6
172.5
210.0
126.3
252.7
278.3
258.3
577.2
476.1
316.7
253-3
185.0
281.4
307.4
90.2
159.6
437.1
355-. 1
220,1
309-0
19 County
Total    195.8
214.4
223.9
165.6
709-7  3756.9  5266.3
St. For. = State Forests; Gm. Land = Game lands; Nat. For. = National
Forest; For. In. = Forest Industry; T.C.F.A. = Total Commercial Forest
Acreage.

1.  1964-1967

2.  For. In. = 35$ pulpmills, 37% sawmills and 28% wood-using industry
    (exclusive of logging) on a state-wide basis.

3.  1964 Census of Agriculture

SOURCE:  Pa. Dept. of Commerce (21)
                                   17

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                           TABLE 2.1 .4.-6.

                DEFINITIONS OF FOREST COVER TYPES

                  . APPEARING IN TABLE 2.1.,4,-7
White pine:  Forests in which 50 oercent or more of the stand is
     eastern white pine.  In Pennsylvania, this includes a small
     acreaqe in the hemlock tyoe.

Virginia-pitch pine:  Forests in which 50 percent or more of the
     stand is Virginia pine, pitch pine or other yellow Dines,
     singly or in combination.   Includes small  areas of the
     soruce forest tyoe.

Oak-hickory:  Forests in which  50 percenter more of the stand is
     upland oaks or hickory, singly or in combination except
     where pines comprise 20 to 49 percent, in  which case the
     stand would be classified  oak-pine.  It also includes the
     yellow poplar - oak forest type.

Other oak types:  Primarily oak-pine and oak-gum forests.  Those
     forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is hardwood,
     usually upland oak, but in which pines make uo 25 to 49 percent
     of the stand are categorized as oak-oine.   Oak-aum forests
     are bottomland types in which 50 nercent or more- of the stand
     is blackgum, sweetgum, or  oaks, singly or  in combination,
     except where pines comprise 25-49 percent.

Elm-ash-red maple:  Forests in  which 50  percent or more of the stand
     is American elm, black ash or red manle, singly or in combination,
     When all three species are present, this signifies a wet site.
     In Pennsylvania predominantly red maple stands on unland sites
     make up most of the acreage in this broad  type.

Maple-beech-birch:  Forest in which 50 percent  or more of the stand
     is sugar maple, beech or yellow birch, sinaly or in combination.
     It includes the black cherry forest tyoe.

Aspen-birch: Forests in which 50 percent .or more of the stand is
     aspen, paper birch, gray birch, or Din cherry, sinaly or in
     combination.
                                     18 -

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                             TABLE 2.1 .4.-7

                  ORBES - PENNSYLVANIA  COMMERCIAL FOREST

                     COMPOSITON BY TREE ASSOCIATION1
County
T.C.F.'A.2     %
(thousand  White Dine
   acres)
Alle
Arms
Beav
But!
Camb
Clar
Clea
Elk
Faye
Fore
Gree
Indi
Jeff
Lawr
Merc
Some
Vena
Wash
West
172.5
210.0
126.3
252.7
278.3
266.7
585.9
471 .6
316.7
251.6
185.0
281.4
315.6
90.2
159.6
437.1
361.5
220.1
309.0
4.4
4.9
4.7
4.8
2.1
8.4
6.8
4.9
2.5
4.9
4.6
4.9
9.9
4.5
4.2
2.3
9.3
4.4
4.9
19 County
TOTAL     5291.2
Pitch-
Virginia
Pine
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.7
1.0
4.5
2.3
___
1.5
—
0.9
0.8
3.5
0.6
0.9
1.6
2.4
0.6
0.6
Oak-
Hickory

26.7
29.7
27.9
28.7
55.7
52.5
59.4
20.8
55.3
19.1
27.1
29.6
54.1
27.7
24.9
52.2
55.3
24.7
30.1
Other
Oaks

2.4
2.0
1.9
1.9
5.1
1.8
1.3
0.8
5.7
3.0
2.6
2.2
1.5
1.7
2.8
5.6
1.4
1.8
1.9
Elm-Ash
Red Maple

22.2
24.6
23.0
24.1
9.7
6.6
8.8
12.1
9.1
11.4
22.3
24.2
7.8
23.3
20.7
8.3
9.6
20.1
24.1
Maple
Beech'
Birch
16.6
18.1
19.5
19.7
21.8
9.6
12.3
47.7
20.1
50.0
19.7
18.5
9.4
18.7
18.1
24.3
10.2
21.7
18.0
                                                                             Birch
                                                                              26.9
                                                                              20.0
                                                                              22.5
                                                                              20.1
                                                                               4.6
                                                                               1.6
                                                                               9.2
                                                                              13.7
                                                                               5.7
                                                                              11.6
                                                                              22.
                                                                              19.
                                                                       ,7
                                                                       ,7
                                                                              13.8
            5.3
1.4
40.2
2.5
14.6
21.3
                                                                              23.5
                                                                              28,4
                                                                               5.7
                                                                              11.8
                                                                              26.7
                                                                              20.4
14.9
     1.  Percentage of county-specific, total commercial forest land  (1965)
        occupied by the given  tree association.  Percentages may not add to
        one hundred due to rounding of fiqures.

     2.  T.C.F.A.  Total Commercial Forest Acreage for 1965.   Substantial  increases
        in  the amount  of forested land within the  Pennsylvania  ORBES
        region have  occurred  during  the  past decade.   For  a more recent
        estimation of  T.C.F.A.  see Table  2.1.4.-4  (commercial  forest  lands
        typically comprise over  99%  of the estimated  forest acreage).

    SOURCE:   Adapted  from Ferguson (25)
                                         19

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            FIGURE  2.1.4.  -  5
MAJOR FOREST TYPES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA ORBES REGION
                                                 - Oak-Hickory
                                                 - Aspen-Birch
                                                 - Maple - Beech - Birch
                                                 - White Pine
                                                 - Nonforest

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                                       TABLE 2.1.1.-8

                           ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANT SPECIES
                                IN THE STATE OP PENNSYLVANIA
  Status

Endangered


Endangered

Endangered

Endangered


Endangered*

Threatened

Threatened

Threatened



Threatened

Threatened


Threatened

Threatened

Threatened


Threatened

Threatened
  Specific Name

Cerastlum arvense
var.  vllloslsslmum

Isotrla rnedeololdes

Potamogeton Porter!

Trollius laxus


Scirpus ancistrochaetus

Echinacea laevlgata

Juncus gymnocarpus

Cyprlpedium candidum



Platanthera peramoena

Calamagrostis Porter!


Muhlenbergla curtisetosa

Poa palud!gena

Asplenlurn ebeno!des


Potamogeton Hill!!

Prunus alleghaniensls
 Common Name

Long-hairy field
Chickweed

Small whorled Pogonia

Porter's pondweed

Spreading globe-flower


Bulrush

Smooth purple coneflower

Naked-fruited rush

Small white lady's slipper



Purple fringeless orchid

Porter's reed-bentgrass


Short-bristled Muhly grass

A meadow grass

Walking spleenwort


Hill's pondweed

Sloe; Allegheny plum
Habitat Preference

Serpentine barrens


Acid soil in dry woods

Shallow water

Swamps, wet woods and
wet meadows

Bogs.

Woods and prairies

Sphagnum bogs

Calcareous sails of
marly bogs, open swamps
and wet prairies

Damp or wet soil

Wet rocks and sandy
shores

Moist, shady ground

Bogs and wet woods

Woods banks and rocks
in circumneutral soil

Shallow water

Dry, rocky woods

-------
(TABLE 2,1.1.-8 Cont.)


  Status          Specific Name                Common Name                Habitat Preference

Threatened      Mlcranthemum micrantnemoIdes   Lettuce-leaved saxifrage;   Muddy shores between
                                              Mountain lettuce            estuary tide-marks
SOURCES:  -Species after Smithsonian Institution (36).
          -Habitat Preferences after Gleason and Cronquist (37)

*Revisions as of May 21, 1975; see Federal Register (38).

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the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a list of endangered and
threatened plant species.   Th.e term "endangered" denotes those
species of plants in danger of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of their ranges.   Plant taxa from very limited
areas (e.g., type localities] or from restricted fragile habitats
are usually considered endangered.   Threatened species are those
species that are likely to become endangered within the foresee-
able future throughout all or a significant portion of their
ranges.  This includes species categorized as rare, very rare, or
depleted.   Table 2.1.4.-8  presents  a  list of endangered and threat-
ened plant species for the State of Pennsylvania with notations  on
the preferred habitat of these species.

     The compilation of an endangered and threatened species list
has gained new impetus in  recent years and the potentiality exists
for additions to the list  in the near future.  Table 2.1.4.-9 lists
species which are rare in  western Pennsylvania, have been found  in
Pennsylvania ORBES counties, but have not yet received official,
threatened status.  Likewise, Table 2.1.4.-10 lists species which
are rare in western Pennsylvania, have been found in counties that
neighbor the ORBES region, but have not  yet been designated as
threatened.

     It is evident from these tables  that the majority of endangered,
threatened, or rare species are small, flowering plants native to
moist or wet areas.  Pine, serpentine, and shale barrens also
support a  significant number of such  species.

I.    Beneficial Aspects of Natural  Vegetation

     The precise monetary  value of  our botanic communities is
unquantifiable , yet indisputably astronomical.  Plants, either
directly or indirectly, serve as the  food source for virtually
all heterotrophic organisms.  Furthermore, the plants of fragile,
ecosystems may serve as valuable indicator organisms, "sounding
an alarm"  to man in the event of environmental perturbations.
Forests, woodlots, and fields serve as living and breeding places
for our wildlife.  Pennsylvanians have utilized particular species
for timber and fiber for centuries.  Modern man is equally depend-
ent upon natural areas as  aesthetically  appealing places for
seeking tranquility or pursuing outdoor-based recreation.  In
addition,  well managed forests are  extremely valuable entities
within the framework of the hydrologic cycle.  Such forests tend
to control soil erosion and, therefore,  promote good water quality.

     The multiple benefits associated with our forests can be
best insured by wise management and the  preservation of species
diversity  within the various community types.  The Smithsonian
Institution (36) has rendered the following justification for
this strategy.
                                23

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                                  TABLE  2*1 .4.4:9  '

                        RARE  PLANTS* OF THE PENNSYLVANIA  19
                               COUNTY ORBES REGION
 Specific  Name

 Aconitum  recTinaturn
 grey

 Aster 11 neariifoil us
 L.
Carex fraseri Andr.
(= Cymophyllus)

Clethra acuminata
Michx.

Croton glandulosus
var. septentrional Is
Mvel1. Arg.

Eleocharis rostellata
Torr.
Gentiana flavida
Gray

Gentiana saponaria
L.

Houstom'a purpurea
L.
Common Name

Trailing wolfs-
bane

Linear-leaved
Aster

Fraser's Sedge
Mountain Sweet
pepperbush
 Location where  found      Habitat  Preference
Wymp's Gap,  Fayette Co.  Mountain woods
Ohiopyle,  Fayette Co.
Reel's Corners, Somer-
set  Co.

Elliotsville,  Fayette
Co.
 Dry ground  & open
 woods;  esp. sandy  soil

 Rich mountain woods
Rich mountain woods
Glandular Croton   Bidwell, Fayette Co.     Dry or sandy soil
Small-beaked
spike-rush
Lawrence Co.
Yellowish Gentian  Ribold to Renfrew,
                   Butler Co.

Soapwort Gentian   Markleysburg Bog,
                   Fayette Co.

Mountain Houstom'a Ohiopyle and
                   Chalkhill, Fayette Co
Saline or calcareous
swamps and marshes;
esp. along coast

Moist, open woods
                         Moist woods and
                         thickets

                         Dry woods  , pine barrW:
                         and prairies
Iris prismatica
Pursh

Magnolia tripetala
L.

Marshallia grandiflora
Beadle & F.E. Boynt
Slender Blue
Flag

Umbrella Mag-
nolia

Barbara's -
buttons
Ohiopyle floodplain,
Fayette Co.

Ohiopyle and Indian
Creek, Fayette Co.

Ohiopyle, Fayette Co.
Sandy open woods &
pine-lands

Rich woods
River banks and dry
woods
                                           24

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(TABLE 2.1  .4.-9 Cont.)
Specific Name

Polygala cruelata
var. aqu.ijpnia
Fern. & Schub.

Prenanthes racemosa
Michx.

Samolus  parviflorus
Raf.
Stylosanthes riparia
Kearney

Tri11ium cernuum var.
macranthum  Wieg

Xyrls torta
J.E. Smith
Common Name

Cross-leaved
Milkwort var.
Great Lake
Lion's-foot

Water-pimpernel
Location where found

Chalkhill, Fayette Co.
Plaingrove Bog,
Lawrence Co.

Butler Co.
(only 1 specimen
 collected)
Pencil-flower     Ohiopyle, Fayette Co.
Nodding Trillium  Formerly grew @
                  Thornhill, Allegheny Co.
Ye How-eyed
Grass
Chalkhill Bog,
Fayette Co.
Habitat Preference

Damp or wet soil;
marshes and pine-barren:
Stream banks, moist
meadows

Muddy stream banks &
ditches
                          Dry woods & barrens
                          Moist or wet woods
Bogs & wet, esp.
sandv soil
* These plants have been collected from only one Western Pennsylvania county.


Sources:  -Species and their locations after Carnegie Museum Herbarium Records (39)

          -Habitat preferences after Gleason and Cronauist (37).
                                           25

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IN}
cr>
     Specific Name

     Animoph.11 a breviligulata
     Fern
     Arctostaphylus glaucophylla
     var. latifolia
     Rehd.

     Arctostaphylus uva-ursi
     var. adenotricha
     Fern. & Macbr.

     Botrychium multlfldum
     "     .) Rupr.
Butomus  umbel latus  L.
     Cakile edentula var.
     lacustris  Fern.

     Chrysogonum virginianum L.

     Conioselinum chinense (I..)


     Dlarrhena americana  Beauv,

     Eriocaulon septangulare
     Withering
                                                   TABLE 2.1. 4.-10

                                             RARE PLANTS* OF COUNTIES

                                        NEAR THE PENNSYLVANIA ORBES REGION

                                 Common Name               Location where found

                                 Beachgrass
                                  Bog-rosemary
                                  Bearberry
Leathery Grape-
fern

Flowering Rush
                                  Scurvy-weed


                                  Chrysogonum

                                  Hemlock-pars ley


                                  Twin  grass

                                  Seven-angled
                                  pipewort
                          Presque  Isle,  Erie Co.
                          Sulfur Springs  Bog,
                          Warren Co.
                          Presque Isle, Erie Co.
                                                           Wattsburg, Erie Co.
Escaped along Elk Creek
and Presque Isle, Erie Co.
                          Presque Isle, Erie Co.


                          Warfordsburg, Fulton Co.

                          Laurel Springs & Spruce
                          Creek, Huntingdon Co.

                          Bedford Co.

                          Canadohta Lake, Crawford Co.
                                   Habitat Preference

                                   Dunes and dry sandy shores
                                   along all Great Lakes and
                                   Atlantic

                                   Acid Bogs
                                   Sandy or rocky soil
Open, often moist and sane
places, rarely in woods

Shores and river banks ale
St. Lawrence River Valley
and some stations.along
Great Lakes

Coastal sands
                                   Woodland

                                   Swamns, bogs, wet  ledges
                                   and wet meadows

                                   Moist woods

                                   Usually shallow water,
                                   occasionally  in deep  watei
                                   or on miry shores
     Eriophorum spissum Fern.
                                  Hare's-tail
                          Titus Bog, Erie Co.
                                   Bogs and wet  soil

-------
      (TABLE 2.1 .1-10 Cont.)
ro
      Specific  Name

      Gerardia  auriculata Michx.


      Habenaria leucophaea  (Nutt.)
                                 Common  Name

                                 Auricled  Gerardia
                          Location where found

                          Tonolowav Creek, Fulton Co.
Hibiscus palustri's  L.

Iris verna var.  smalliana
Fern.

Juncus alpinus var.
rariflorus  Hartm.

Juncus balticus  var.
littoralis Engelm.
      Ledurn groenlandicum
      Oeder

      Ligusticum canadense  (L.)
      Britt

      Listera  australis  Lindl
      Lonicera  villosa  var.
      tonsa   Fern.

      Pachistima  Canbyi   Gray
      Pinus  echinata  Miller
      Potentilla  anserina L.
                                  Prairie  white-frinqed      Harmonsburq, Crawford Co.
                                  orchid
      Heteranthera  reniformis R.&P.     Mud plantain
Rose mallow

Upland violet Iris


Alpine rush


Baltic rush



Labrador tea


Anqelico


Southern Tway-
blade

Mountain fly-honey-
suckle

Canby's mountain-
lover

Short-leaved nine

Silverweed
                                                            Lutzville,  Bedford Co.
                                                                 Presque Isle, Erie Co.

                                                                 Biq Tonoloway Creek, Fulton
                                                                 Co.

                                                                 Presque Isle, Erie Co.
                                                                 Presque  Isle, Erie Co.
                                                            Sulphur  Springs  Boq,
                                                            Warren Co.

                                                            Breezewood,  Bedford Co.
                                                            Sulphur  Sorinqs  and Toplo-
                                                            vich  Boqs,  Warren  Co.

                                                            Toplovich  Boq, Warren Co.
                                                            Lutzville,  Bedford Co.


                                                            Shale  barrens  in  Fulton Co.

                                                            Presque  Isle,  Erie Co.
Habitat Preference

Prairies or open upland
woods

Wet praries, boqs, marshes
Submersed, floatinq or
creepinq in mud

Salt marshes alonq coast

Sandy soil, coastal
barrens, piedmont,
mountains.
Wet meadows and sandy or
gravelly shores

Calcareous or brackish
shores and dunes and also
inland

Bogs and wet shores
Woods, chiefly in the
mountains

Shaded boqs and wet woods
Swamps and wet woods


Rocky woods in the
mountains

Dry, sandy, or rocky soil

Wet, sandy beaches

-------
ro
oo
(TABLE 2.1  .4-10  Cont.)

Specific Name

Prenanthes  serpentaria
Pursh

Pseudotaenidia montana
Mackenzie

Salix Candida Flugge


Salix glaucophylloides var.
albovestita (Ball) Fern.

Scheuchzeria palustris var.
americana  Fern.

Senecio antennariifolius

Shepherdla  canadensis (L.)
Nutt

Sida hermaphrodita (L.)
Rusby

Sparganium minimum Fries

Spi raea corymbosa Raf.

Triglochin palustris L.


Utricularia resupinata B.D.
Greene

Zizania aquatica var.
anqustifolia  Hitchc.
Common Name

Lion-foot


False pimpernel


Hoary willow


White-haired willow


Scheuchzeria


Cat's-paw ragwort

Soapberry


Virginia mallow


Least Bur-reed

Flat-topped Spiraea

Marsh arrow-grass


Purple bladderwort


Northern wild rice
                                                               Location where found

                                                               Bedford Springs,  Bedford Co.
                                                               Hewitt, Bedford Co.
                                                               Presque Isle, Erie Co.
                                                               Presque Isle, Erie Co.
                                                               Titus Bog, Erie Co.
Harrisonville, Fulton Co.

Elk Creek and shores of Lake
Erie, Erie Co.

Saxton, Bedford Co.
                                                               Presque Isle, Erie Co.

                                                               Clearville, Fulton Co.

                                                               Presque Isle, Erie Co.


                                                               Presque Isle, Erie Co.


                                                               Presque Isle, Erie Co.
                                   Habitat Preference
                                   Woods
                                   Shale-barrens
                                   Cold bogs and glaciated
                                   areas

                                   Sandy shores, calcareous
                                   slopes and sometimes swam;

                                   Cold sphagnum bogs
Shale-barrens

Dry, sandy or stony, cal-
careous soil

Moist alluvial soil
                                   In shallow water

                                   Mountain woods

                                   Brackish marshes along tr
                                   coast and in bogs

                                   Muddy soil or very shallf
                                   water at edge of oonds

                                   Marshes, stream banks an<
                                   shallow water
    *   These  plants  have been collected from only one Western Pennsylvania County.

    Sources:  -Species and  their locations after Carnegie Museum Herbarium Records (39)

             -Habitat Preferences after Gleason and Cronquist (  37 ).

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          A wide variety of plant species is essential  to
     the maintenance of the environment in a livalbe con-
     dition in order to prevent wind and water erosion  and
     to aid in developing fertile soil, in storing water,
     and in maintaining or providing subsurface water.   A
     wide diversity of plant species and populations, there-
     fore, is required to stock the many different habitats
     and ecosystems of the earth and is necessary to main-
     tain ecological stability.  Man's own monocultural
     system of agriculture has taught him much about the
     problems of ecological stability in the need for pro-
     tection from diseases, insect pests, weeds, depletion
     of soil nutrients, and similar ecological problems.
     ... A large untapped potential of enormous value to
     man exists if he preserves the diversity of plant
     species.  It has been estimated that 50,000 new
     alkaloids can be discovered in plants, including
     possible cancer cures.  New plant medicinals and
     drugs are presently being discovered.

     The mere presence of a dense forest canopy above a  land mass
serves to reduce the erosive force of rainfall.  Furthermore, the
thick mats of leaf litter and humus, so typical of Pennsylvania's
deciduous forest floors, effectively absorb and retain  significant
quantities of precipitation.  These processes reduce runoff  and
erosion; consequently, they regulate stream flow and limit silta-
tion.  Table 2.1.4. - 11 depicts the substantially reduced capacity
of harvested forest lands for erosion control.  Field studies have
indicated that roads used to access logging sites are probably
more responsible for this diminished erosion-control capacity
than the actual removal of trees (41).  However, managed forests
in western Pennsylvania have been shown to be' substantially  less
erodible than their unmanaged counterparts (see Table 2.1.4. -12).
The "Copeland Report" (43) noted that the hydrology and  water quality
of most of western Pennsylvania is influenced to a major degree by
the forests of the area

     Forested lands enhance water quality in several additional
ways.  Canopy cover often shades cold water streams from direct
solar radiation, thereby inhibiting temperature increases and
algae blooms.  The autumnal leaf-drop "powers" the bioenergetics
of the aquatic communities inhabitating woodland streams.  Further-
more, the biomass of our terrestrial vascular plants acts as a
storage reservoir within the hydrologic cycle that is not easily
polluted by man.  Unfortunately, indiscriminate land clearing,
heavy livestock grazing, and poor lumbering practices have left
approximately one-third of western Pennsylvania in poor  hydrologic
condition.  Essentially all (95%) of Pennsylvania's forested land
has a high to medium potential for hydrologic improvement (44).
                                29

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                              TABLE 2.1.4 - 11




             REPRESENTATIVE EROSION RATES FOR VARIOUS LAND USES






                                                Soil Loss
               Cover type                       Tons/Acre/Year






               Forest                                0.0375




               Grassland                             0.375




               Abandoned Surface Mines               3.75




               Cropland                              7.50




               Harvested Forest                     18.75




               Active Surface Mines                 75.00




               Construction                         75.00








Source:  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency (40)
                                      30

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                                                                TABLE   2.1.4.  -  12
                                                             197"I LAND USE AND CALCULATED' EROSION
                                                                RATES IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA

116
117
118
119
120
Pa. DER Sub-baaln
(Upper Allegheny River Basin in Pa.)
(Middle Allegheny River Basin)
(Lower Allegheny River Baaln)
(Honongahela River Basin In Fa.)
(Upper Ohio-Beaver River Basin In Pa.)
Acreage*
(millions of acres)
2.375
1.607
1.317
1.521
1.561

Cropland
16
16
• 22
20
28
LAND USE

Pasture
6
1
5
10
12
ill

Forest
71
75
61
56
16

Other
1
5
12
11
11

Cropland
3.1
3.9
3.8
6.5
3-8

Poret
Managed
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.1
SHEET
ER03IOM HATES
AND RILL
(tona/acre/year)
it
Uninanaged Pasture I Other Land
7,2
9.2
9.2
10.1
7-8
2.9
1.2
5.2
5.1
5.1

Weighted Averan
1.2
1.8
2.3
3-1
2.9
'Calculated  using  the universal soil-loss equation (USLE)

1.  Acreage  of sub-basin after federal land, urban land, built-up areas,  and
    large water areas are deducted from the total area of the sub-basin.'
SOURCE;  Adapted  trot Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (12).

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 2.1.4.2  VERTEBRATE FAUNA

      A.)  Amphibians and  Reptiles     £
                                     !••
      The  great  diversity of  Pennsylvania's  "herpetofauna"  has
 classically been'attributed  to  the  presence of  the  Appalachian
 Mountains and  three large  river basins;  these  physiographic
 features  provide a  variety of  suitable  habitats throughout the
 Commonwealth.   On a statewide  basis,'Netting and Richmond  (45)
 indicate  that  seventy-six  different species* of.reptiles  and
 amphibians have been recorded  over  the  years.   More than  two-
 thirds  of this  total have  been  observed  within  the  confines  of
 the  Pennsylvania ORBES  region  (46,  47,  48).

      Although  the physiographic features of the Commonwealth  do
 not  function as exceptionally  strong  distributional barriers,
 Reinert and Dalby (49)  have  noted  the  following generalized
 zoogeographic  patterns:

      I.   A southern element  of  the  Nearctic herpetofauna
          has penetrated  the  southeastern portion of the
          state, inhabiting the  lowland  and  coastal  plain
          region.

     II.   Another southern  element  has  penetrated part,
          or all, of the  Appalachian mountain system but
          has not been successful  on the  more westerly
          Appalachian Plateaus  (Pa.  ORBES region).

    III.   A western  element of  the  Nearctic  herpetofauna,
          consisting of  a smaller number  of  species  has
          entered the Appalachian Plateaus. (Pa-.  ORBES
          region) but has had little success in  penetrating
          the Appalachian Mountains.

 However,  these  distributional  patterns  are  "givens" in  any environ-
 mental  analysis (i.e. they are  "part  and parcel" of the ecological
 framework imposed by nature  and evolution).   Currently, the  most
 dramatic  influences on  reptile  and  amphibian distribution  within
 the  Pennsylvania ORBES  region  arise from the activities of man.
 The  Army  Corps.of Engineers  (33, 34)  summarize  the  most important
 distributional  trend as  follows, "As  might  be  expected, the  number
 of species and  suitable  habitats increases  with distance  from
 Pittsburgh and  its  associated  urbanization, industrialization,  and
 environmental  pollution."

      None of Pennsylvania's  herpetofauna are currently  included  on
 the  "Federal Endangered  Species Lis't"  (50).  The bog  turtle  (Clemmys
 muhlenbergi) was formerly  listed but  has recently been  dropped  from
 the  list.** However, the Pennsylvania  Fish  Commission issues  its
 *This total  is comprised of 21  salamanders,  15 frogs  and toads,  4
  lizards,  14 turtles,  and 22 snakes.

**New evidence suggests that this turtle may  merely be behavioral^
  secretive and not actually endangered.
                                 32

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own "List of Endangered, Threatened, or Status Indeterminant
Amphibians and Reptiles" (see Table 2.1.4.  - 13)  which includes
the bog turtle and seventeen other species  of herps.   Authority
for the protection of Pennsylvania herpetofauna rests primarily
with the Fish Commission.  The annually published "Summary of
Fishing Regulations and Laws" (52) outlines the laws  regulating
the possession of particular species.

     Inasmuch as no extensive inventory of  Pennsylvania's
herpetofauna has ever been undertaken, the  quantification of
any past impacts is tenous.  The herpetological records indicate
that several currently rare species (Blanding's turtle, midland
smooth softshell turtle, and Kirtland  s water snake)  were proba-
bly never exceedingly common in western Pennsylvania  (53).
Nonetheless, impacts on other species  have  indeed occurred since
the herpetological records once indicated a high  diversity in
Allegheny County (48) and such is obviously not the case today.
Conversely, certain species, of herps seem to be quite compatible
with civilization.  Species still relatively common in Allegheny
County include:  American toad (Bu.fo a. ameri canus) ,  garter snake
(Thamnophis s. sirtal is ), black rat snake' (E Tap he. o .  obsoleta).
milk snake  (Lamphropeltis t_. trianguTum) , northern dusky salamander
(Desmognathus f.fuscus )T red-backed salamander (PI ethodon c_.
ci nereus) , a~n~d eastern box turtle (Terrapene c. Carolina) (54).

     The following four species of herps merit special consideration
by virtue of their present status within the Pennsylvania ORBES
region.

         1.  Massasauga  (Sistrurus catenatus)

         In the Pennsylvania ORBES region the'.massasauga  (a
     prairie rattlesnake) occurs chiefly in wet meadows,
     although it may also inhabit bogs, swamps, and even dry
     woodlands  (32, 46, 47).  The literature (55) suggests
     that this snake, at least during  the last century, never
     was exceedingly common in the Pennsylvania ORBES region.
     Nonetheless, natural succession and habitat  destruction
     by man via the damming and draining of wetlands  have
     served to make this rare species  even  more scarce in
     recent years (56, 57).  Persecution by people who dislike
     snakes, especially poisonous ones, has doubtlessly in-
     tensified the problem (57).  Consequently, the massasauga
     is currently labeled an endangered species by the Penn-
     sylvania Fish Commission (see Table 2.1.4.-13).   Although
     records of their occurrence exist for  four Pennsylvania
     ORBES counties, at the present time known massasauga
     populations are essentially confined to areas near Slippery
     Rock (see Appendix, Natural  Area  #35)  and Bruin  in Butler
     County, in addition to Five Points in  Venango County (58).
     Individuals have also been reported from the Pymatuning
     area in Crawford.*
*Crawford County  is not a Pennsylvania ORBES County but it is
 drained by  the Upper Ohio River system.

                                33

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                             TABLE 2.1.4.--- 13

                      PENNSYLVANIA FISH COMMISSION
                 LIST OF ENDANGERED' (1),  THREATENED (2)
                 OR STATUS INDETERMINATE (3) AMPHIBIANS
                               AND REPTILES
      Common Name
  Scientific Name
Status
   +Blanding's turtle
   ^Eastern mud salamander
   ^Eastern tiger salamander
   *New Jersey chorus frog
   *Southern plain leopard frog
   *Eastern mud turtle
   *Red-bellied turtle
   *Broad-headed skink
   *Eastern kingsnake
    Coal skink
    Green salamander
    3og turtle
    Midland smooth softshell
    Kirtland's water snake
    Eastern hognose snake
    Rough green snake
    Timer rattlesnake
    Massasauga
Emydoidea blandingii
PseudotrTton m. montanus
Ambystoma t_. tigrinum
Pseudacris triseriata kalmi
Rana sphenocephala
Kinosternon s'. subrubrum
Chrysemys rubriventris
Eumeces laticeps
Lampropeltis g. getulus
Eumeces anthracinus
Aneides aeneus
Clemmys^ muhlenbergi
Trionyx jji. muticus
Clonophis kirtland^
Heterodon platyrhinos
Opheodrys aestivalus
Crotalus horridus
Sistrurus catenatus
  1
  1
  1
  1
  1
  1
  1
  3
  3

  2
  1
  1
  3
  3
  3
  3
  1
         Status categories are defined as follows:

            1.  Endangered: Actively threatened with extinction in
                the state.  Continued survival unlikely without
                special protective measures.

            2.  Threatened; Not under immediate threat of extinction
                in the state, but occurring in such small numbers
                and/or in such restricted habitat that it could
                quickly cease to be a part of the state fauna.

            3.  Indeterminate: Apparently threatned or uncommon to
                rare, but insufficient data currently available on
                which to base a reliable assessment of status.
-••Collected in Crawford County which is not a PA ORBES County but. is drained
 by the Ohio River System.

*Based upon the herpetological records of the past (45,48), such species are
 not deemed to be-likely inhabitants of the PA ORBES region.
   Source:  Adapted from PA Fish Commission (51); Netting  and Richmond (45);
            and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (48).
                                     34

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          2.   Timber Rattlesnake  CCrotaTus  horridus)

          The timber rattlesnake  inhabits  rocky  areas  with  a
     southern exposure in the more  sparsely settled, mountain-
     ous counties of the Pennsylvania  ORBES region.  Although
     upland areas seem to be its  preferred  habitat,  the  timber
     "rattler" is known to descend  into  valleys  to  obtain water
     in the late summer (45).   In the  past, specimens  have  been
     recorded from ten of the nineteen Pennsylvania  ORBES
     counties (see Fig. 2.1.4.-6);  however, at  the  present  time,
     significant-populations within this area are  probably  con-
     fined to the northern section  (Elk, Forest, Venango,
     Clarion, and Jefferson Counties)  (58,  59).  Consequently,
     the timber rattlesnake is  currently listed  as  an  indeterminate
     species  by the Pennsylvania  Fish  Commission  (see  Table 2.1.4.-
     13).

          The greatest threat to  the continued  survival  of  the
     timber rattlesnake within  the  Commonwealth  is  direct persecu-
     tion  by  man.  Pursuit of these "rattlers"  was  at  one time
     encouraged by a bounty of  one  dollar  per snake  and  past  refer-
     ences describe lone snake  hunters slaughtering  hundreds  of
     them  in  the northcentral  portion  of the state  (55).  At  the
     present  time, outdoorsmen  and  farmers  may  still  kill them
     because  of a fear and/or hatred of  snakes,  especially  poison-
     ous ones.  Organized snake hunts  for  sport  also occur  in
     Pennsylvania and although  the  "rattlers" are  usually
     released unharmed, a recent  committee  on reptile  conserva-
     tion  (60) has recommended  the  prohibition  of  such hunts.

          Timber rattlesnakes are known  to  congregate  in rocky
     den areas, which often harbor  numerous individuals, especially
     during hibernation.  For this  reason,  they  are  particularly
     susceptible to impact from earth-moving activities  within
     their preferred habitat.


          3.   Bog Turtle (Clemmys muhTen bergi)

          The bog turtle is a small, semi-aquatic  turtle which  is
     currently categorized by the Pennsylvania  Fish  Commission  as
     an endangered species (see Table  2.1.4.-13).   The ruination
     of this  turtle's preferred habitat  (bogs and  marshes)  is
     thought  to be the principle  cause for  its  demise  (58,  61).
     In addition, the scarcity  of this reptile  makes  it  a valuable
     "black market" item among  exotic  pet  fanciers  and herpeto-
     legists.

          The bog turtle is believed to  be  very  rare  in  the
     Pennsylvania ORBES region.  Moreover,  this  turtle's secretive
     nature complicates efforts to  locate  and identify populations
     for special protection.  Specimens  have been  reported  from
     Mercer County (48) and Conneaut Marsh  in Crawford County*  (32),

*Crawford  County is not a Pennsylvania ORBES county  but  it  is
 drained by the Upper Ohio River  system.


                               35

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                                              FIGURE  2.] .4.-6
                                   COUNTY  LEVEL  HERPETOLOGICAL RECORDS
                                              FOR RARE  SNAKES
                                     IN THE  PENNSYLVANIA ORBES REGION
CO
cr>
                        flLLE


                         B,C    j HEST


                 HflSH v^      /   A,C
                                                                                  LEGEND

                                                                          A.   Timber Rattlesnake

                                                                          B.   Massasauga

                                                                          C.   Kirtland's Water Snake
               S.OURCE:  U.S^. Army  Corps j)f  Engineers (48)

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          4.   Kell bender CCryptobrarichus  alleganiensis  all egani ensi s_)

          This large, fully aquatic salamander  is  more  properly
     discussed within the realm of aquatic  ecology;  however,  it
     will  be  dealt with herein since amphibians,  as  a  group,
     are typically thought of as terrestrial  creatures.

          At  one time hellbenders inhabited swift, cool,  and
     clear streams with rocky bottoms throughout  the Pennsylvania
     ORBES region.   Excavations of Indian Villages and  the
     herpetol ogical records of Carnegie Museum  indicate  that  they
     were  relatively common in and around Allegheny  County (58).
     At the present time, hellbenders are hardly  rare  in  the
     Pennsylvania ORBES region; however,  their  distribution has
     been  substantially reduced.  The effects of  siltation, acid
     mine  drainage, river impoundment, and  thermal pollution  have
     almost eliminated them from much of  southwestern  Pennsylvania
     (33,  34,  58).   The largest remaining populations  inhabit
     the clean watersheds to the north and  east of Pittsburgh,
     especially the Upper Allegheny River,  French  Creek,  and
     Loyalhanna Creek (58).

     At a  recent symposium on the status  of nongame  species within -•
the Commonwealth (60), professional and amateur herpetologists  dis-
cussed management strategies for the state's  herpetofauna.   The
following  recommendations summarize the essence of the  outcome:

     a.)  Conservation of habitat-this would  include,  but not
          limit itself to, the acquisition  of critical  habitat
          and  adjacent lands for endangered and threatened species.

     b.)  The  undertaking of a statewide  inventory of  the herpetofauna

     c.)  The  prohibition of organized snake  hunts.

     d.)  The  establishment of bag and possession  limits  for  all
          currently nonprotected species.

     e.)  Rewrite existing legislation in a more  comprehensive
          manner in such a way as to give the Fish Commis-
          sion more enforcement clout.

B.  Avifauna

     Trustworthy records of bird abundance  and  species  composition
are nonexistant for western Pennsylvania  in pre-colonial  and  colonial
times.  Nonetheless, Todd (62) suspects that  birds were  more  plenti-
ful then and  that forest species predominated.   Indeed,  the extensive
forests of pre-settlement Pennsylvania could  not  have  conceivably
furnished  suitable habitat to numerically significant  populations
of field species such as the bobolink, meadowlark, prairie horned
lark, bobwhite, vesper sparrow, savannah  sparrow,  and  grasshopper
sparrow.  These species undoubtedly entered the Pennsylvania  ORBES
                               37

-------
region frora the Mississippi Valley only after the agriculture and
•lumber industries had cleared substantial tracts of the virgin
forest (see Section 2.1. 4.1.. -C).;     1;          •

     Many ornithologists believe that atmospheric temperature is
the primary ecological factor controlling the zoogeographic dis-
tribution of birds.  Consequently, the life-zone concept of Allen
(62) and Merriam (64) has often been applied to the Nearctic
avifauna.  This system divides North''America into seven transcon-
tinental  belts of distribution, each of which is characterized by
an assemblage of species.  Figure 2.1.4.-7 maps the three life-
zones that cross the Pennsylvania ORBES region.  Table 2.1.4.-14
functions as a legend to this map by listing representative
assemblages for each zone.

     The Carolinian avifauna is comprised of typically southern
species.   In Pennsylvania, resident species belonging to this assem-
blage are believed to have their northernmost range limited by the
severity of winter temperatures at higher latitudes.  Altitudinal"
influence on temperature has impeded the colonization of the
Allegheny Mountains by this group.  Nonetheless, Todd (62) believes
that these birds are numerically increasing and extending their
occupied territory northward.

     The Canadian avifauna is comprised of northern birds; however,
in Pennsylvania this group contains few strictly boreal species.
Moreover, changing forest conditions have resulted in a recession
of Canadian species with an accompanying intrusion of the Alleganian
avifauna from- the south.

     The Alleganian avifauna does not constitute a distinct zoo-
geographic unit in western Pennsylvania, since it lacks a unique
assemblage of species.  In the Pennsylvania ORBES region it may be
regarded as a transition belt of varying width, an area of overlap
where northern and southern avifaunal elements abut:and intermingle
(62).

     The life-zone concept has been justifiably attacked by many
ecologists over the years.  Indeed, the zoogeography of many species
cannot be adequately explained by this method.  The concept has been
presented herein merely to illustrate the current distributional
trend of a receeding northern avifauna and an expanding southern
avifauna.  Todd (62) notes that although this trend is probably
"characteristic of life flowing north in the backwash of the last
glaciation," i.t has undoubtedly been, accelerated and modified by
man.

     The draft material of the Army Corps of Engineers' "Environ-
mental Resource Inventory" (48) indicates that 284 species of birds
occur in western Pennsylvania  (35).  However, only 186 of these
birds can be legitimately categorized as "relatively abundant."
                                38

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                                                 FIGURE  2.1.4. - 7

                                       PROVISIONAL LIFE-ZONE AVIFAUNAL MAP OF THE PA. ORBES REGION
Co
                                                                                                 LEGEND
                                                                                                 -Canadian Avifauna
                                                                                                 -Alleghanian Avifauna
                                                                                                 -Carolinian Avifauna
                                                                                 For an explanation of the legend
                                                                                    see Table 2.1.4. - 14.
                                        SOURCE: Adapted from Todd (62)

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                                           TABLE 2.1.4. -14
                            KEY TO LEGEND OF PROVISIONAL LIFE-ZONE AVIFAUNA
                                         MAP (Figure 2.1 .4.-7)
-r*
o
       Canadian Avifauna

Eastern Goshawk
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher
Alder Flycather
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Red-breasted Nuthatch
Brown Creeper
Eastern Winter Wren
Eastern Hermit Thrush
Swainson's Thrush
Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet
Solitary Vireo
Magnolia Warbler
Black-throated Blue Warbler
Blackburnian Warbler
Northern Water Thrush and
Grinnell's Water.Thrush
Mourning Warbler
Canada Warbler
Northern Pine Siskin
Red Crossbill
Slate-colored Junco
White-Throated Sparrow
    Alleghanian Avifauna

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
Least Flycatcher
Tree Swallow
Black-capped Chickadee
Veery
Nashville Warbler
Black-throated Green Warbler
Chestnut-sided Warbler
Bobolink
Rose-breasted Crosbeak
Eastern Purple Finch
Eastern Savannah Sparrow
Swamp Sparrow
  Carolinian Avifauna

Turkey Vulture
Barn Owl
Red-bellied Woodpecker
Acadian Flycatcher
Carolina Chickadee
Tufted Titmouse
Bewick's Wren
Carol i na Wren ~,j
Eastern Mockingbird
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
Prothonotary, Wasrbler.__
Worm-Eating Warbler
Cerulean Warbler
Kentucky Warbler
Louisiana Water-Thrush
Yellow-breasted Chat
Hooded Warbler
Eastern Cardinal
Bachman's Sparrow
                                                                             SOURCE:  Todd  (62)

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Furthermore, the relative abundance of many species is a seasonal
phenomenon due to annual  migrations.   The current status of five
groups in the study area  is as follows:

          1.  Waterfowl
          The Pennsylvania ORBES region is located on a major
     waterfowl  migration route which is part of the Atlantic fly-
     way.   Consequently, the rivers of the area occasionally serve
     as resting places for migrating species such as the ring-
     necked duck CAythya colTaris ). greater scaup (A_. mari la ),
     goldeneye  (Bucephala clangula), bufflehead (B_. al beol a ) .
     mallard (Anas  p.  piatyrhynchos),  oldsquaw (C1anqula hyemalis),
     and common merganser (Mergus merganser) (33, 34).Ducks
     which may  remain  in the area to breed include the mallard,
     wood  duck  (Aix sppnsa), and black duck (Anas rubripes).
     Marsh and  wadi ng  birds known to inhabit the area TncTude
     the great  blue heron (Ardea herpdias), killdeer (Charadri us
     vocif erus) , belted kingfisher  (MegTcferyle alcyon), greater
     yel1 owl egs (Tringa melanoTeuca) ,  and lesser yellowlegs
     (J_. fTavipesT

          The most  significant wetlands for the production  of
     waterfowl  in western Pennsylvania are located in Crawford
     and Erie Counties to the north of the Pennsylvania ORBES
     region.  Sites of particular importance within the Pennsylvania
     ORBES region include the Shenango Wildlife Management  Area,
     State Game Lands  #270, and the Great Blue Moron Rookery in
     Mercer County; Beaver Run Reservoir in Westmoreland County;
     and State  Game Lands #95 in Butler County (32, 65, 66).

          2.  Songbirds

          Songbirds comprise the largest group of terrestrial
     vertebrates in the Pennsylvania ORBES region.  Strictly wood-
     land  species have generally experienced population decreases
     over  the years due to the clearing of the virgin forests
     (62).  Conversely, populations of species preferring second
     growth woodland and thickets,  suburban backyards and gardens,
     and agricultural  areas have tended to increase.  Species
     such  as the robin  (Turdus migratorius), house wren (Troglodytes
     aedon), cardinal  (Cardi na"l i s cardi nal i s), starling* (Stunms
     vu1gari s ), and house sparrow*  (Passer domesticus)  are  cur-
     rently thriving in such areas  (33, 34, 67).

          Past  impacts on Pennsylvania's songbirds are attribu-
     table to numerous factors including:

          a.)  Habitat destruction  (primarily deforestation).

          b.)  Intensified competition from introduced  European
               species.

 *These  species  were introduced  from Europe.
                                41

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     c.)  Predation by th.e house cat, crow, and red squirrel.

     d'. }.  Increases in populations of the cowbird.

     e. )  II legal  shootings.

     f.)  Miscellaneous deaths indirectly caused by man (i.e.
          pesticides, el.ectrical transmission Lines, large
          plate glass windows).!

     3.   Gamefairds
     Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), ruffed grouse
(Bonasa u_. umbel! us ),  wild turkey (Meleagris gal lopavo si 1 vestri s ) ,
and mourning dove (Zenaida macroura carol i ne"nsi s )  are the most
sought after gamebirds in the Pennsylvania  ORBES region; wood-
cock (Philohela mi nor),  bobwhite quail  (CoTinus c.  virqi nianus) ,
and snipe (Capella  gallinago) are also  pursued by  hunters,
although not as intensely.  Riparian bottomlands in the study
area function as habitat for pheasant and  doves.  The wild
turkey has suffered from encroaching civilization;  consequently,
these upland birds  attain their maximum population  densities
in the sparsely settled, "big woods" counties such  as Elk,
Forest, Venango, and  Clarion.  Ruffed grouse prefer dense cover
as their habitat;  this species has benefited from  small timber
operations in Somerset,  Fayette, Venango,  and Clarion Counties
(68, 69).  Population  data for the three most extensively studied
gamebird species are  presented in Tables 2.1.4. -  15, 16, and 17.

     4.  Predatory  Birds

     Approximately  twenty-one species of'predatory  birds are
known from western  Pennsylvania (33, 34):   Hawks and owls
account for the greatest number of species, although eagles,
falcons, and osprey are  also known from the area.   Most of
the predatory birds inhabit woodlands,  however many species
frequently venture  into  fields while hunting.  Red-tailed
hawk (Buteo jamaicensis ), Cooper's hawk (Accipiter  cooperi ) ,
great horned owl (.Bubo v.  virqi nianus), and screech owl
(Otus a s i o) are some  of  the common predatory birds  of the
Pennsylvania ORBES  region (33, 34, 60).

     Although predatory  birds have suffered from habitat
destruction, significant impacts have also  resulted from
other miscellaneous factors.  Adverse effects from  the
bioaccumulation of  pesticides have received national atten-
tion.  Predatory birds,  including the bald  eagle (61), have
been known to die from electrocution on transmission lines.
Substantial impacts in the Pennsylvania ORBES region have
resulted from formerly existing predator control programs.
The campaign instituted  against the goshawk (a predator of
game animals and domestic fowl) in 1929 best exemplifies
such impacts.  During  the first year of this statewide
                          42

-------
                                                        'i . i . <* . - i a
                                          RING-NECKED PHEASANT POPULATION
                                       DATA* FOR PENNSYLVANIA ORBES COUNTIES
County
ALLE '
ARMS
8EAV
BUTL
CAMS
CLAR
CLEA
ELK
FAYE
FORE
GREE
INDI
JEFF
LAWR
MERC
SOME
VENA
WASH
WEST
Range
Type
1-st Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
1st Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
3rd Class
1st Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
1st Class
2nd Class
3rd Class
Thousands
Acres Habitat1
13.1
331.5
28.2 '
2.6
9.8
339.3
190.5
15.7
359.9
103.3
39.3
98.3
38.9
78.9
10.5
155.3
68.3
64.2
87.3
107.0
13.3
61.6
236.0
9.8
313.8
121.6
215.4
19.4
136.6
256. S
20.3
209.7
18.9
182.1
239.8
254.9
248.4
281.8
3.2
Avg. Annual Avg. Fall . . .
peaL. 2 Av8- Annual
Population Density Peculation Density- Harvest4
533
272
177
302
143
116
197
151
254
186
314
236
399
215**
115
84
75**
646
327
251
Insufficient
148
109
224
160
191
. 352
247
195**
122**
289
206
137**
88**
395
298
586
307
210
355
181
118
201
96
77
131
100
169
125
209
157'
266
144**
77
56
50**
431
218
167
Data for Population
99
73
149
106
128 .
235 '
165
130**
31**
192
137
92**
58**
264
199
391
205
140
142
54
29
80
29
9
39
25
51
31
63
39
30
50**
23
14
18**
172
65
42
Calculations
30
18
45
27
32
71
41
46**
28**
58
34
32**
20**
79
50
156
62
35
Harvest
Value^
3.02
1.15
0.62
1.70
0.62
0.40
0.83
0.53
1.09
0.66
1.34
0.83
1.70
1.06**
0.49
0.30
0.38**
3.66
1.38
0.89

0.64
0.38
0.95
0.57
0.68
1.51
0.87
0.98**
0.60**
1.23
0.72
0.68**
0.43**
1.63
1.06
3.32
1.32
0.75
* 1972 - '73 averages; cocks only unless otherwise noted.
** Cocks and hens.
1.  Thousands of acres
2.  Pheasants/thousand acres
3.  Pheasants/thousand acres (immediately prior co commencement o£ the hunting season).
4.  Pheasants harvested/thousand acres (during the hunting season).
5.  Dollars/acre (based soley on hunters' expenditures in 1975).
     SOURCE: Palmer (70).
                                                        43

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                                 TABLE 2.1.4.-16

                            RUFFED GROUSE POPULATION
                             DATA* FOR PENNSYLVANIA
                                 ORBES COUNTIES
Avq. Annual
Amount of
County Habitat
ALLE 86.2
ARMS 218.9
BEAV • 134.6
BUTL 261.6
CAMB 284.6
CLAR 272.6
CLEA 608.0
ELK 360.4
FAYE 317.3
FORE 138.1
GREE 147.8
INDI 289.4
JEFF 292.8
LAWR 92.7
MERC 147.6
SOME 443.4
VENA 352.7
WASH 192.7
WEST 312.1
* 1972-73 averages
1 . Thousands of acres
2. Grouse/thousand acres
3. Grouse/thousand acres
Peak Pop.
2
Density
253
564
421
399
280
233
185
107
121
171
534
434
288
185
356
264
240
335
279



Avg. Fall
Population
Density 3
169
376
281
266
187
155
123
72
80
114
356
289
192
124
237
176
160
223
186



(immediately prior to
4. Grouse harvested/thousand acres
(durinq the

Avg. Annual
. a
Harvest
25
56
42
40
28
23
18
11
12
17
53
26
29
19
36 •
26 '
24
33
28



commencement of the
hunting season) .

Harvest
Value5
0.23
0.51
0.39
0.37
0.26
0.21
0.17
0.10
0.11
0.16
0.49
0.24
0.27
0.17
0.33
0.24
0.22
0.30
0.26



hunting s

5. Dollars/acre (based soley on hunters' expenditures in 1975).
SOURCE:  Palmer (70)

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                                 TABLE 2.1.4.-17

                          WILD TURKEY POPULATION DATA*
                      FOR SOME PENNSYLVANIA ORBES COUNTIES**
County
CAMB
CLAR
CLEA
ELK
FORE
JEFF'
SOME
VENA
Amount of
Habitat1
102.4
144.0
601.6
505.6.
262.4
233.6
160.0
192.0
Avg. Annual
Peak Pop.
2
Density
34.5
9.9
15.0
22.2
24.2
28.5
32.2
18.4
Avg. Fall
Population
Density
24.6
7.0
10.7
15.9
17.3
20.4
23.0
13.1
Avg. Annual
4
Harvest
4.9
1.4
2.1
3.2
3.5
4.1
4.6
2.6
Harvest
Value5
0.49
0.14
0.21
0.32
0.35
0.41
0.46
0.26
**

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1972-73 averages
Remaining Pa. ORBES Counties have insufficient data for population
calculations.
Thousands of acres
Turkeys/thousand acres
Turkeys/thousand acres (immediately prior to commencement of the hunting season)
Turkeys harvested/thousand acres (during the hunting season).
Dollars/acre (based soley on hunters' expenditures in 1975).
SOURCE:  Palmer (70)
                                         45

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program, seventy-five 'percent of the birds presented as
goshawk for bounty were other species of predators including:
sparrow haw.k, screech; owl ,r go! den eagle, turkey vulture, red-
tailed hawk, red-shouldered hawk, Cooper's hawk, osprey, and
even peregrine falcon: (71,{72).':  More importantly, the predator
control programs of the past convinced a significant number
of Pennsylvania nimrods that predatory birds threaten game
populations.  Consequently, many predatory birds are still
"shot on sight" in violation of both state and federal laws.

    5.  Endangered Birds

     The peregrine falcon  (Falco peregri nus),  Kirtland's
warbler (Dendroica kirtjandii) , and southern bald eagle
(Haliaeetus 1. 1eucgcephalus) are endangered birds which may
occur in the Pennsylvania  ORBES region.   The falcon and war-
bler are occasional migrants through the area; the eagle nests
in Crawford County which borders the ORBES region.

   The peregrine falcon prefers rough, wooded  country as its
habitat.  Todd (62) notes  that  peregrines have a tendency to
avoid flat cultivated areas.  In Pennsylvania  the breeding
areas of this falcon were  typically located on cliffs in the
vicinity of water.  Although this falcon has not been known
to breed in Pennsylvania since  1952 (56), thirty-four rock
ledges once served as nesting sites in the state (72).

   The abundance of peregrines  in pre-colonial times has been
estimated at a mere five thousand birds  for the entire continent
(73).  The species was therefore prone to impact from man and
his activities since the time of Europeancolonization.  The
exact reasons for the demise of the peregrine  are not definitely
known;. however, pesticides  are  suspected of killing birds direct
ly and rendering eggs infertile (61, 73).

   The Kirtland's warbler  is a  small songbird  that nests in
the jack-pine forests of Michigan and winters  in the Bahama
Islands.  While migrating  in the spring  and fall, this bird
has been known to pass through  the Pennsylvania ORBES region
(33, 34, 62).  Mayfield (74) has ascribed their demise to the
northward recession of the  jack-pine plant association and
increased pressure from the brown-headed cowbird.

   The southern bald eagle  currently inhabits  a few areas in
Crawford County, Pennsylvania.   Three nests located in the  ,
Black Jack and Sanctuary areas  of Pymatuning State Park and
in Conneaut Marsh near Geneva usually yield two eggs/nest/
year; however, only one of  these six eggs typically hatches
(75).  Pesticides are suspected of being a possible cause of
this poor reproductive success.

   At a recent symposium on the status of nongame species in
Pennsylvania the following  recommendations were made for the
management of the Commonwealth's avifauna:
                           46

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     a.)  Adoption of guidelines (76] concerning the minimum
          breeding area requirements of warblers and vireos.
          Such guidelines should be incorporated into strategems
          for the management of state parks and forests.

     b.)  Elimination of pesticide use in the control of  the
          gypsy moth.

     c. )  Consolidation and extension of existing knowledge of
          Pennsylvania birdlife.
C.  Mammals
     Prior to European colonization, the vast forests of Pennsylvania
supported a diverse mammalian fauna.  Wolf (Cani s lupus) ,  cougar
(F e1i s concolor) ,  beaver (Castor canadensis )~ f1sher (Martes p e n n a t i) ,
marten (.M. ameFi cana) , Canadian lynx (.Lynx canadensis), elk (Cervus
canadensis) .  and even  an occasional  wolverine (Gulo luscus) were
known  to inhabit pre-settlement Pennsylvania (14, 77, 78).   Some
authors contend that moose  (Alces alces) and bison (Bison  bison)
were  also present, but such claims have never been substantiated
(79,  80, 81).  By  the  end of the nineteenth century, all of the
aforementioned species had  become extinct from the state (77).  More-
over,  market  hunting had made white-tailed deer (Qdocoileus virginiana)
so rare, that occasional sitings merited front page coverage in cer-
tain  area newspapers (81).   Later efforts by the  Pennsylvania Game
Commission resulted in the  re-introduction of the beaver and elk.
Management techniques  likewise helped to greatly  increase  the deer
herd.   Nonetheless, the majority of the original.boreal species
have  remained extinct  from  the state.

     The draft material of  the Corps of Engineers', "Environmental
Resource Inventory," (48) lists sixty-two species of mammals as
currently occurring in western Pennsylvania.  About half of these
species can be legitimately categorized as common.  During  the last
century, populations of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus  virgini-
anus) , eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanusTT eastern
chipmunk (Tamias striatus), gray squirrel (Sciurus caroli nensis) ,
woodchuck (Marmota monaxT>  red fox (Vulpes vulpes), meadow  vole
(Microtus pennsyTvanicus) ,  and raccoon (Procyon lotor)  have faired
welland in many instances  have shown evidence of increasing.
Conversely, bobcat (Lynx rufus) and river otter (Lontra canadensis)
populations have suffered extensive damage in the Pennsylvania
ORBES  region.

     Current  patterns  of mammalian distribution within  the  study
area  vary from species to species.  Many mammals  such as the chip-
munk,  gray squirrel, and raccoon are abundant throughout the Penn-
sylvania ORBES region.  Nonetheless, several general trends are
evident:
                                 47

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     a.)  Deer and black, bear QJrsus 'anter 1 c a n u s.)  population
          densities are greatest in ;the northeastern counties
          of the study are:a.         5

     b.)  Porcupine C E r e t hi z o n ' d o r s^ a'turn} and beaver populations
          are essentially confined to the northern counties.

     c.)  FO.X squirrel CSciurus niger rufiventer) populations
          are essentially confined to the counties around
          Pittsburgh.

     d.)  Cottontail rabbit,  woodchuck, and vole, population
          densities are greatest in the semi-agricultural counties
          around Allegheny County.

     e.)  The Norway rat (R'attus norivegicus) , an  introduced
          pest, reaches peak  densities on riparian land
          around urban areas.

     The Pennsylvania Game Commission classifies  deer, elk*,  black
bear, wild rabbits, woodchuck, raccoon, squirrels, bobcat*, and
snowshoe hare as game mammals.  Population  data on the three  most
extensively studied species is presented in Tables 2.1.4.-18, 19,
and 20.  Mink, muskrat, foxes, river otter*, beaver, skunk, and
opossum are classified as furbearers.  Hunting and trapping consti-
tute big business in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; license sales
alone typically exceed 14 million dollars annually.  Millions more
are spent each year on ammunition, firearms, and  supplies.   In the
1976-77 marketing year, the statewide fur harvest (673,747  pelts,
comprised chiefly of muskrat) was worth 6.12 million dollars.

     Past impacts on Pennsylvania's mammalian fauna are partially
attributable to deforestation via excessive logging, market hunting,
intensive fur trapping, and predator control programs.  These act-
ivities no longer represent ecological threats to the Pennsylvania
ORBES region; they have long  since been either discontinued or
placed under strict regulations.  Urbanization and industrialization
are currently the greatest source of detrimental  impacts on wildlife
Increased noise levels, habitat destruction from  construction act-
ivities, predation by free-roaming pets, gross pollution, and high-
way traffic accidents are among the.more obvious  causative  agents.

     Indeed, millions of mammals are killed every year on Pennsyl-
vania's roads.  Rabbit, raccoon, woodchuck, opossum, skunk, and
deer are the most susceptible species.  Quantifications of  current
annual small game road kills  are not available; however, it is
widely believed that such mortalities exceed the  annual hunting
harvest by a considerable amount.  Big game road  kills are  less
than hunting mortalities; however, they do  account for a signifi-
cant fraction of the total  annual attrition in deer.  Those road-
killed deer which are located by Game Commission  personnel  are
recorded.  Doubtlessly, many  crippled individuals amble off the
highway and die without being reported or located.  Thusly, the

*Hunting or trapping of these species is currently prohibited.

                              '  48

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                        TABLE 2.1.4.-18

                   GRAY SQUIRREL POPULATION
             DATA FOR PENNSYLVANIA ORBES  COUNTIES
Avg. Annual
Peak Avg. Fall
Amount of Population Population Avg. Annual
1-2 3 4
County Habitat Density Density - Harvest
ALLE 86.2
ARMS 218.9
BEAV 134.6
3UTL 261.6
CAMB 284.6
CLAR 272.6
CLEA 608.0
ELK ' 360.4
FAYE 317-3
FORE 138.1
GREE 147.8
INDI 289.4
JEFF 292.8
LAWR 92.7
MERC 147.6
SOME 443.4
VENA 352.7
WASH 192.7
WEST 312 . 1
4.4
1.8
2.2
2.2
1.4
1.4
1.0
0.5
1.2
2.3
3.3
2.1
1.7
2.0
2.3
1.6
1.1
2.9
2.6
2.9
1.2
1.5
1.4
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.3
0.8
1.5
2.2
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.1
0.7
1.9
1.7
0.29
0.12
0.15
0.14
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.03
0.08
0.15
0.22
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.11
0.08
0.20
0.17
Harvest
Value5
2.13
0.88
1.09
1.05
0.68
0.68
0.48
0.23
0.60
1.09
1.60
1.01
0.84
0.97
1.12
0.79
0.54
1.42
1.26
1. Thousands of acres
2. Squirrels/acre
3- Squirrels/acre (immediately prior to commencement of the
hunting season) .
4. Squirrels harvested/acre (during the hunting season).
5. Dollars/acre (based solely on hunters' expenditures).
SOURCE: Palmer (70).
                                49

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                        TABLE 2.1.4£-19

                 COTTONTAIL RABBIT POPULATION
             DATA FOR PENNSYLVANIA ORBES  COUNTIES
Amount of
County Habitat
ALLE
ARMS
BEAV
BUTL
CAMB
CLAR
CLEA
ELK
PAYE
PORE
GREE
INDI
JEFF
LAWR
MERC
SOME
VENA
WASH
WEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
194.8
277-2
169-1
333.2
226.6
164.7
184.1
135.0
266.9
76.0
289-2
323.1
184.0
177.5
330.1
371.4
122.9
428.8
426.8
Avg. Annual '
Peak
Population
Density2
6.8
5.8
6.8
6.7
4.9
6.1
6.8
4.0
5.1
1.6
4.5
5.6
6.8
5.4
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.4
6.0
Avg. Fall
Population
Density^
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.5
i.i
' 1.4
1.5 -
0.9
1.1
0.4
1.0
1.3
1.5
,1.2
1.2
1.2
1-3
;1.2
1.4
Avg . Annual
Harvest
0.47
0.20
0.31
0.30
0.23
0.28
0.31
0.14
0.23
0.06
0.10
0.19
0.31
0.24
0.18
0.18
0.31
0.25'
0.34
Thousands of acres.
Rabbits/acre.
Rabbits/acre (immediately prior to commencement of the
season) .
Rabbits harvested/acre (during the hunting season).
Dollars/acre (based solely on hunters' expenditures in
Harvest
Value 5
11.52
4.91
7.62
7.48
5.55
6.81
7.62
3.33
5.67
1.36
2.52
4.69
7.62
5.99
4.42
4.44
7.75
6.07
8.36
hunting
1975)
SOURCE: Palmer (70).
                               50

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                        TABLE 2.1.4.-20

                   WHITE-TAILED DEER POPULATION
             DATA* FOR PENNSYLVANIA ORBES  COUNTIES
Avg . Annual
Peak
Amount of Population
1 2
County Habitat Density
ALLE
ARMS
BEAV
B.UTL
CAMB
CLAR
CLEA
ELK
PAYE
FORE
GREE
INDI
JEFF
LAWR
MERC
SOME
VENA
WASH
WEST
210.3
391.0
232.4
466.6
408.7
358.2
688.7
387.3
463.7
147.8
348.3
482.2
389-0
213-6
380.3
655.1
412.1
496.2
576.6
*Based on 1972-75
1.
2.
3-
4.
5.
14
30
7
19
23
46
39
103
8
193
27
30
46
7
10
15
56
9
20
.7
.5
.8
.2
.8
.4
.3
.3
.7
.4
.9
.5
.0
.8
.0
.0
.1
.1
.3
Avg. Fall
Population Avg. Annual
3 4
Density Harvest
11
24
6
15
19
37
31
82
7
154
22
24
36
6
8
12
44
7
16
.8
.4
.2
.4
.0
.1
.4
.6
.0
.7
.3
.4
.8
.2
.0
.0
.9
.3
.3
I
4
1
3
4
7
6
8
1
23
3
6
7
0
2
4
8
1
4
.8
.9
.9
.8
.8
.4
.3
.3
.7
.2
.4
.1
.4
.9
.0
.2
.8
.8
.1
Harvest
Value5
1
4
1
3
4
7
6
8
1
23
3
6
7
0
1
4
8
1
4
.75
.85
.86
.83
.74
.37
.25
.22
.74
.10
• 34
.07
.32
.93
.98
.18
.93
.81
.04
averages
Thousands of acres.
Deer/thousand acres.
Deer/thousand acres (immediately prior
hunting season) .
Deer harvested/thousand acres (during
Dollars/acre (based solely on hunters'
to commencement of the
the hunting season) .
expenditures in 1975).
SOURCE: Palmer (70) .

-------
data presented in Table 2.1.4..-21  represents  a  conservative estimate
of annual  white-tailed mortalities due to traffic mishaps.   Westmore-
land, Butler and Venarigo Counties h.av|e among  the highest mortalities
in the Commonwealth.   Fergus (83]  not*es that  many deer and  bear are
killed along the portion of Interstate 80 that  cuts through the
heavily wooded Allegheny Plateau region (Clearfield, Jefferson,
Clarion, and Venango  Counties).

     Approximately ten species  of  mammals are considered to be rare
in the Pennsylvania ORBES region.   By virtue  of their present status,
the following four species  merit additional  consideration.

     1.  River Otter  (Lontra canadensis)

          Prior to the twentieth century, this  aquatic mustelid
     was a relatively common inhabitant of many Pennsylvania water-
     ways.  At the present  time this species  is very rare in the
     state and is probably  extinct from the study area.   The last
     individuals known to occur in the Pennsylvania ORBES region
     .are as follows:   the Ohio  River in 1898, the Allegheny and
     Monongahela Rivers in  1899, Jacob's  Creek  in 1905.,  and
     Dunkard Creek in 1947  (79, 84).  Otters  were occasionally
     reported along wild sections  of the  Clarion River in the
     late 1940's, but Richmond  and Rosland (85) were unable to
     verify any of these sitings.

          The extirpation of otters from  western Pennsylvania
     has been, ascribed to excessive deforestation, water pollu-
     tion, and intensive trapping  (86).  The  current statewide
     population has been estimated to be  between a range of 285-
     465 animals, ninety percent of which are confined to the
     northeastern counties  of Pike, Monroe, and Wayne (87).
     Wildlife biologists with the Game Commission describe  the
     otter as "barely holding its  own" despite  complete  protection
     in 1952 (88).  Nonetheless, Eveland  and  Ryman note  that half
     of Pennsylvania's sixty-six counties contain suitable  otter
     habitat.  Moreover, a  limited live-trapping and transferral
     program is now underway in an effort to  repopulate  the
     Commonwealth.  The preservation of relatively large, clean
     streams with wild riparian land is necessary if this pro-
     gram is to be successful.

          2.  Elk (Cervus canadensis)

          In pre-colonial and colonial times  the Pennsylvania elk
     herds are believed to  have attained  their  peak densities in
     the mountainous  central portion- of the state and in the
     Pocono region of the northeast; however, elk did indeed
     occur throughout much  of the Pennsylvania  ORBES region (79).
     The native Pennsylvania elk became extinct between  1860 and
     1870.  Stocking  efforts commenced in 1913  with individuals
     procured from Yellowstone  National Park; these animals were

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                         TABLE 2.1.4. -21

                    AVERAGE ANNUAL1 REPORTED
                  WHITE-TAILED DEER MORTALITIES
                     DUE TO TRAFFIC MISHAPS
                IN THE PENNSYLVANIA ORBES REGION
County
ALLE
ARMS
BEAV
BUTL
CAMS
CLAR
CLEA
ELK
FAYS
FORE
GREE
INDI
JEFF
LAWR
MERC
SOME
VENA
WASH
WEST
TOT*
STTO**

280
267
186
637
267
504
614
198
118
401
173
502
497
80
304
325
652
209
907
7,456
23,845
Range
493
- 666
342
- 1,133
- 345
- 745
970
391
300
592
392
- 695
- 831
119
417
456
- 1,041
493
- 1,260
-10,167
-29,914
Mean
367
505
275
807
312
593
832
303
206
469
259
596
690
102
342
392
845
312
1,089
9,307
26,177
One Standard Deviation
± 75
± 132
± 56
± 176
± 26
± 86
± 129
• ± 79
± 59
± 85
± 74
± 81
± 144
± 16
± 40
± 49
± 140
± 89
± 136
± 936
±2,007
 1.   1971-1977 data
 *   Total for the Pennsylvania ORBES region
**   Total for the entire Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

SOURCE:  Adapted from Pa. Game Commission (82).
                                53

-------
released chiefly in tiie counties of central  Pennsylvania.
In the 1920's it became obvious that the elk population
could not withstand hunting pressure, so the species was
given complete protection in 1931,

     Elk are currently very rare in Pennsylvania.   The
herd size has typically averaged about fifty or sixty
individuals during the past decade  (89).  These animals
are essentially confined to the Cameron-Elk-Forest County
area.  The majority of the population occurs between St.
Mary's and Benezette in Elk County  and on State Game
Lands No. 14 in Cameron County (90, 91, 92).  Preferred
elk habitat consists of grassy openings and  fringe areas
where early post-disturbance successional communities
merge with mature forest, providing both food and  cover.
The gradually maturing forests of State Game Lands No. 14
has eliminated many of these savanna-like areas, thereby
pushing the elk to nearby agricultrual areas (93).  The
Game Commission has, therefore, undertaken  a program of
selected land clearing on SGL No. 14 in order to encourage
the elk to remain on this tract.

     The current estimated annual mortality  rate for the
herd is about fifteen percent.  The deaths  are due to brain
worm infestation, natural attrition, shootings by  careless
deer hunters, shootings by farmers  due to crop damage, and
an occasional road kill (89).  Moreover, it  is believed that
elk are "high strung" animals and that a lack of solitude
may result in lower reproductive rates (79).  This fact
is especially alarming when one considers that elk aren't
exceptionally prolific animals even under natural  condi-
tions.

     3.  Bobcat (Lynx rufus)

     This .nocturnal carnivore was relatively common through-
out most of the state prior to the  early 1930's.  Because
this cat preys upon game animals and livestock, the
Commonwealth paid bounties on it from 1810  until the mid-
1900's.  During the twentieth century claims averaged about
200-300 cats per year with a range  of 97-862 per year (79,
94).  This predator control program is believed to have had
a significant impact on the state's population (71, 95).

     The present statewide population of bobcats is estimated
from one hundred to si* hundred individuals  (96).   The Game
Commission believes that the population is  currently on the
upswing and although it is still very rare,  it is  not likely
to become extinct (97).  Prime bobcat habitat consists of
extensive tracts of second growth woodland  with brushy areas.
In Pennsylvania they avoid areas with extensive farmland
(92).  Rocky recesses are typically chosen  as den  areas,
therefore ledges, caves, and boulder piles  may be  considered
                           54

-------
     valuable habitat assets.   Tfie bobcat is  susceptible to impact
     from man due to its wide-ranging nature;  it is known that
     males may travel up to twenty miles in a  single night in
     search of a mate.   If any individuals  currently occur within
     the Pennsylvania ORBES region, they are  doubtlessly confined
     to sparsely populated areas  in the northern and eastern
     counties (e.g.  Elk, Forest,  Clearfield,  Cambria, and
     Somerset].

          4.   Indiana Bat (MyOtis' soda! is)

          This is the only Pennsylvania mammal  that is currently
     on the federal  "Endangered Species List."   Very little
     knowledge exists as to the bionomy and habits  of this bat,
     for it was  not  described  as  a species  until 1928 at which
     time it was already rare.  In the Pennsylvania ORBES region,
     small wintering colonies  have been reported from caves in
     •Fayette and Westmoreland  Counties.  Future encounters with
     man could be severely detrimental to this  species since
     hibernating cave populations are concentrated  and, therefore,
     vulnerable  to impact.  (79).

     At a recent symposium on  the status of nongame species in
Pennsylvania (60), the mammalogical committee  made  the following
recommendations  for  the preservation of the Commonwealth's mammal-
ian fauna:

     a.)  Undertake  a state mammal field survey.

     b.)  Construct  a detailed vegetation habitat map of the
          state.

     c.)  Make detailed studies of the transformations induced
          by major developments (highways,  strip mines, etc.)

     d.)  Develop guidelines for  minimizing destructive changes.

     e.)  Identify vulnerable  species and habitats.

     f.)  Purchase remaining outstanding natural areas.

2.1 .4.-3  SPECIFIC HABITATS

     The Pennsylvania ORBES region contains a  substantial number of
wild, scenic, natural and/or recreational areas.  The Allegheny
National Forest  comprises the  largest single  tract; the portion
within the study area occupies over 224 thousand acres of Forest
and Elk Counties.  Throughout  the study area,  seventy-seven State
Game Lands account for approximately 277 thousand acres (see Fig.
2.1.4.-8).  Twenty-two existing State Parks and five State Parks
currently under  design, development, or acquisition contribute
119 thousand additional acres  to  the study  area (see Fig. 2.1.4.-9)
                                55

-------
                                              FIGURE  2.1.4.  -  8
                            STATF  GAME LANDS  OF THE  PENNSYLVANIA ORBES REGION
en
cr>
                                                                              Approx.  Area of State Game Lands
                                                                                    in the Study Region
                                                                                     (thousands of acres)
ALLE
ARMS
BEAV
BUTL
CAMB
CIJVR
CLEA
ELK
FAYE
FORE
GREE
INDI
JEFF
LAWR
MERC
SOME
VENA
WASH
WEST
1.2
4.8
2.7
8.6
17.3
11.0
24.7
59 . 6 , . . , .
19.7
7.8
9.2
8.1
41.0
2.1..^.,
4.4
17.2
21.0
7.4
9.5
                                                                                 TOT
277.3
                                                                                       Boundary  of the Pa.
                                                                                                ORBES Region
                  SOURCE: Adapted  from Pa.  Game Commission (98).

-------
en
                                                    FIGURE  2.1.4.  -  9






                                          STATE  AND NATIONAL  FORESTS/PARKS



                                          OF THE  PENNSYLVANIA ORBES REGION
                                 SlJitt ftWCtl LAND
                                           • ALCCGHtim HATlOtlM. fOMCST  • STA1C PAAnS  O ST*rt Hi&TOAlC P*HHS  Q SIA|C nlSIOHlC PROPCflTiCS AM) MuSCUMS (^HAIIOKAi. HiSIOftlC PARKS  (J) UMOCRM VtLOPCD
         SOURCE:  Adapted  from the Pa. Dept.  of Commerce  (99).

-------
and Table 2.1.4.-22).   Various picnic areas, historical sites and
county parks, account for several  thousand more acres.   For a more
detailed mapping, of these'-areas}  tft.e| reader is referred to Plates
IV-21 and IV-19 of Pennsylvania's, "Comprehensive Water Quality
Management Plan."  (COWAMP') for.study areas 8 and 9 respectively
C100, 101).                .          i

     The Western  Pennsylvania Conservancy has identified 159
"Natural Areas" in the Pennsylvania ORBES region (see  Appendix A).
These areas  are by definition:  a.)  sites for basic scientific
research, b.)  environmental  quality baseline study areas, c.)
places providing  guidance in  land use, d.)  habitats for reserves
of breeding  stock biota, e.)   outdoor classrooms for ecology, and
f.)  protected areas of natural  beauty (102).  Many of these
natural  areas are located on  State Game Lands, State Forests, or
the Allegheny National Forest; others are located on privately
owned land which  may or may not  be protected from degradation.
Irregardless  of ownership, these  sites merit prime consideration
in the assessment of any potentially adverse environmental impacts.
The most significant of these natural areas are mapped on two -
plates (IV-22 and IV-17) of the  Pennsylvania, "Comprehensive
Water Quality Management Plan" for study areas 8 and 9 respectively
(103, 104).
                               58

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                         TABLE 2.1.4.-22
                  STATE AND NATIONAL 'PARK LAND
                OF THE PENNSYLVANIA ORBES REGION
County
ALLE

ARMS
BEAV
BUTL
CAMS
CAMB-FAYE-
SOME-WEST
CLAR-FORE-
JEFF
CLEA
ELK

FAYE  '
FAYE-SOME
GREE
INDI
JEFF
LAWR
MERC
SOME
VENA

WASH
WEST
  Name of Park
Allegheny Islands*
Point State Park
Crooked Creek
Raccoon Creek
Moraine
Prince Gallitzin
Laurel Ridge

Cook Forest

Curwensville
Parker Dam
S.B. Elliott
Bendigo
Elk
Fort Necessity
Ohiopyle
Ryerson Station
Yellow Creek
Clear- Creek
McConnell's Mills
Maurice K. Goddard
Babcock
Kooser
Laurel Hill
Mount Davis
Mount Davis
Allegheny River*
Oil Creek*
Hillman*
Keystone
Laurel Mountain
Laurel Summit
Linn Run
Mountain Streams**
Acreage
Park Type"
TOTAL
139
36
2,440
6,909
15,838
6,249
15,426
6,418
2,118
895
330
100
3,192
912
18,443
1,104
2,822
1,209
2, '512
4, '883
54
170
3,935
581
10
3,165
7,001
3,780
1,187
493
15
560
8,000
120,930
S
H
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
P
S
S
N
p
S
S
S
S
S
p
S
S
 *Under design or development
**Under acquisition
1.  Key:  S-State; P-State Forest Picnic Area: N-Natural Area;
          U-National; H-Kistorical
SOURCE:  Pa. Bureau of Statistics, Research, and Planning  (99).
                                59

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     arium records.   Pittsburgh,  Pa., 1978.

40.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Methods for Identifying and  Evaluating
     the Nature and Extent of Nonpoint Sources  of Pollutants.   Washington, D.C.,
     1973.

41.  Green International,  Inc.  Existing  Population, Economy and Land Use of Study
     Area 9 (prelim, draft).   Prepared for the  Pa.  Dept. of Environ. Resources by
     Green Int. of Sewickley,  Pa., 1976.

42.  Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources.  Sub-basin 17 - State Water
     Plan (draft copy).  Harrisburg, Pa., 1977.

43.  The Copeland Report - A National Plan for American Forestry, Vol. 1, Senate
     Resolution 175,  72nd Congress, pp.  378-395, 1933.

44.  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Office of Appalachian Studies.  Development of
     Water Resources in Appalachia.  Main Report II - Sub-Regional Plans, Chap. 11,
     46: 25..  Cincinnati,  1969.

45.  Pennsylvania Fish Commission.  Pennsylvania Reptiles and Amphibians, 3rd ed.,
     M.G. Netting and N.D. Richmond (eds.),  Harrisburg, Pa., 1950.

46.  R. Conant.  A Field Guide to Reptiles and  Amphibians.   Boston:  Houghton
     MiffTin Co., 1958.

47.  W.F. Blair et_ ajL  Vertebrates of the United States.  2nd ed., New York:
     McGraw-Hill  Co., 1968.

48.  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh District.  Environmental Resource
     Inventory (draft material).   Pittsburgh', 1977.

49.  H.K. Reinert and P.L. Dalby.  "Distributional  Patterns of Pennsylvania
     Herpetofauna," Manuscript under preparation at the Biology Department of
     Clarion State College, Clarion, Pa., 1978.
                                       62

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50.  Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Division of Herpetology and Endangered Species,
     Bellefonte, Pa. Private Communication July 25, 1978.

51.  Pennsylvania Fish Commission.  "New List of Endangered,  Threatened,  or
     Status Indeterminate Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles."   Bellefonte, Pa.,
     1977.

52.  Pennsylvania Fish Commission.  Summary of Fishing Regulations and Laws - 1978.
     Harrisburg, 1978.

53.  Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Department of Herpetology.   Pittsburgh,
     Pa., Private Communication June 25, 1978.

54.  Based upon the collecting experience of the author between 1964 and  1978.

55.  Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Division of Zoology.   The Serpents of
     Pennsylvania.  IV (4, 5), Harrisburg, 1906.

56.  Green International, Inc. Environmental Characteristics  of Study Area 8
     (preliminary draft)r  Chap. IV, Comprehensive Water Management Plan  (COWAMP)
     prepared for the Pa. Dept. of Environ. Resources by Green International,
     Sewickley, Pa. 19

57.  J.K. Bowler.  "Venomous Snakes of Pennsylvania."  Pennsylvania Game  News
     45(7), 1974.

58.  Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental Science.
     Pittsburgh, Pa., Private Communication January 24, 1978.

59.  Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Division of Herpetology and Endangered Species,
     Bellefonte, Pa., Private Communication July 28, 1978.

60.  Pennsylvania Game Commission and the National Audubon Society.   Proceedings
     of the Symposium on Nongame Species October 1, 1977.   T. Williams (ed.),
     Harrisburg, Pa., 1978.

61.  G. Laycock.  America's Endangered Wildlife. New York:  W.W.  Norton and Co.,
     Inc., 1969.

62.  W.E.C. Todd.  Birds of Western Pennsylvania.  Pittsburgh:  University of
     Pittsburgh Press, 1940.

63.  J.A. Allen.  Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoo!.  2: 375-425,  1871.

64.  C.H. Merriam.  Nat. Geogr. Mag. 6: 229-238, 1894.

65.  Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources.  Sub-basin 16-State Water
     Plan (draft copy).  Harrisburg, Pa., 1977.

66.  Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources.  Sub-basin 20 -  State
     Water Plan (draft copy).  Harrisburg, Pa., 1977.
                                        63

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 67.   L.A.  Luttringer.   Pennsylvania  Birdlife.^  7th  ed.,  Harrisburg,.Pa.:
      Pennsylvania  Game  Commission,  1973.

 68V   PennsylvaniaGame  Commission. • Departmentf of  Information  and-..Education.
      "Hunting  in Southwestern  Pennsylvania." * Harrisburg,  Pa.,  19761   ,"  .

 69.   Pennsylvania  Game  Commission,  Department-of  Information  and-Education.
      "Hunting  in Northwestern  Pennsylvania." . Harrisburg,  Pa.,  1976.

 70.   H.  Palmer.  Environmental  Impact  Review Manual.   Harrisburg:   Pennsylvania
      Game  Commission, 1977.

 71.   R.  Gerstell.   The  Pennsylvania  Bounty  System.   Research  Bulletin  No.  1.
      Harrisburg:   Pa. Game Commission,  1937.

 72.   S.P.  Baldwin,  S.C.  Kendeigh, and  R.W.  Franks.   "The protection of hawks
    ...and. owls  in Ohio."   Ohio  Jour.  Sci.  32(5): 403-424, 1932.

 73.   M.E.  Rutzmoser and  O.S. Heintzelman.   "Peregrines and pesticides  -.the
      extinction of a species."   Pa.  Game .News  41(6),  1970.

 74.   H.  Mayfield.   The  Kirtland's Warbler.  Bloomfield Hills, Michigan:  Cranbrook
      Inst.  of  Science,  1960.

 75.   Pennsylvania  Game  Commission,  Waterfowl  Mgmt.  Station, Pymatuning Reservoir.  .
      Private Communication July 20,  1978.

 76.   American  Birds 31:  3-23.

 77.   W.C.  Grimm and R.  Whitebread.   Mammal  Survey of Northeastern  Pennsylvania.
      Harrisburg:   Pa. Game Commission,  1952.

 78.   R.M.  Gilmore.   "Mammals in archaeological  collections from southwestern
      Pennsylvania.". Journ. Mamm.   27(3):   227-334.

 79.   O.K.  Doutt, C.A, Heppenstall,  and  J.E. Guilday.   Mammals of Pennsylvania.
      R.M.  Latham (ed.).   Harrisburg: Pa.  Game  Commission,  1966.

 80.   R.B.  Simpson.   "Mammals of Warren  County,  Pennsylvania."   Unpublished field
      notes; a  copy is on file  at the Allegheny  National  Forest  Station, Warren,
      Pa.,  1890-1944.                        :

 81.   H.E.  Clepper.   The  Deer Problem in the Forests  of Pennsylvania.   Pa.  Dept.
      of  Forests and Waters Bulletin  No. 50, Harrisburg,  1931'.'

 82.   Compiled  from various issues of Pennsylvania Game News from 1971  to 1977.

-83.   C.  Fergus.  "A Wasted Harvest.-" .  Pennsylvania-.Game  News, Vol.  45(10), .,
      Harrisburg, 1974.               -

 84.   W.C.  Grimm and H.A.  Roberts.   Mammal Survey  of Southwestern Pennsylvania.
      Harrisburg:   Pa. Game Commission,  1950.
                                        64

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 85.  N.D. Richmond and H.R.  Rosland.   Mammal  Survey of Northwestern  Pennsylvania.
      Harrisburg:   Pa.  Game Commission, 1949.

 86.  L.A. Luttringer,  Jr.  An Introduction to  the Mammals  of Pennsylvania.
      Harrisburg:   Pa.  Game Commission, 1931.

 87.  T.  Eveland and I. Rymon.   "Pennsylvania  Otter Study."   In:   Proceedings of
      the Symposium on  Nongame  Species Oct.  1, 1977.  T. Williams  (ed.).   Harrisburg:
      Pa. Game Commission,  January 1978.

 88.  Pennsylvania Game Commission, Department of Information and  Education.
      "Mammals Conservation Fact Sheet."   Harrisburg, Pa.

 89.  Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources,  Bureau of Forestry.
      Private Communication.   Harrisburg,  Pa.  June 21, 1978.

 90.  Pennsylvania Game Commission.  A Digest  of Pennsylvania Hunting and Trapping
      Regulations.  Harrisburg, Pa., 1977.

 91.  Pennsylvania Bureau, of Maps.  Pennsylvania County Maps  and Recreational
      Guide.   Kaukauna, Wisconsin:  Thomas Publications -  Hartjes  Center, 1978.

 92.  Pennsylvania Game Commission.  Twenty-five Well-Known  Pennsylvania  Mammals.
      Harrisburg,  Pa.,  1954.

 93.  T.  Godshall.  "A  New Approach to Elk Management." Pennsylvania Game News,
      Harrisburg,  Pa.,  1976.

 94.  Pennsylvania Game Commission.  "Annual  Report of the Board of the  Commonwealth
      of Pennsylvania  for the Year 1921."   Harrisburg, Pa.,  1922.

 95.  R.M. Latham.  The Ecology and Economics  of Predator  Management.  Report No.  2
      of the Pittman -  Robertson Project  36-R.  Harrisburg:   Pa. Game Commission,
      1951.

 96.  Pennsylvania Game Commission.  "Bobcat"  Game Conservation Wildlife  Note 175-3.
      Harrisburg,  1975.

 97.  Pennsylvania Game Commission.  Pennsylvania Game News.  48(7), Harrisburg,  1977.

 98.  Pennsylvania Game Commission, Department of Information and  Education.
      Harrisburg,  Pa.

 99.  Pennsylvania Department of Commerce, Bureau of Statistics, Research,  and
      Planning.   Pennsylvania Statistical  Abstracts.  19th ed., Harrisburg, Pa., 1977.

100.  Green  International,  Inc.  "State/Federal  Recreation Areas"  Plate  IV-21,
      COWAMP Study Area 8.   Prepared for  Pa.  Dept, of Environ.  Resources  by Green
      Intern, of Sewickley, Pa., 1975.

101.  Green  International,  Inc. "State/Federal Recreation  Areas."   Plate  IV-19,
      COWAMP Study Area 9.   Prepared for  Pa.  Dept. of Environ.  Resources  by Green
      Int. of Sewickley, Pa.  1975.

102.  Illinois Nature  Preserves Commission.   Comprehensive Plan for the  Illinois
      Nature Preserves  System,  Part I - Guidelines.  Rockford,  111.,  1972.


                                         65

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103.   Green International,  Inc.  "Conservation Map" Plate'lV-22, COWAMP Study Area
      8.   Prepared for Pa.  Dept.  Environ.  Resources by Green Intern, of Sewickley,
      Pa., 1975.

104.   Green International,  Inc.   "Conservation" Map"  Plate IV-17, COWAMP Study Area
      9.   Prepared for Pa.  Dept.  Environ.  Resources by Green Intern, of Sewickley,
      Pa., 1975.
                                         66

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APPENDIX

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                                  APPENDIX
                      KEY TO ALPHA - NUMERIC DESCRIPTORS
                               OF NATURAL AREAS
                       IN THE PENNSYLVANIA ORBES REGION

FORMAT:  Name of Site - County; 7.s'uSGS Quad.; distance and direction from the
         nearest city; size in acres; owner; protection status.
         Key type                  Other types                   K types
                                                            See Table 2.1.4.-1
                            SAF * Forest types
                            OVT « Herbs, Scenic 4 Research types
                              Z = Zoologic types
                              G = Geologic types
                              A * Aquatic types
                                 FOREST TYPES
SAF 16 Aspen                                 SAF 44 Chestnut Oak
SAF 18 Paper Birch                           SAF 45 Pitch Pine
SAF 19 Gray Birch - Red Maple                SAF 46 Eastern Red Cedar
SAF 21 White Pine                            SAF 50 Black Locust
SAF 22 White Pine - Hemlock                  SAF 51 White Pine - Chestnut Oak
SAF 23 Hemlock f                              SAF 52 White Oak - Red Oak - Hickory
SAF 24 Hemlock - Yellow Birch                SAF 53 White Oak
SAF 25.Sugar Maple - Beech - Yellow Birch    SAF 54 Northern Red Oak - Basswood -
                                                    White Ash
SAF 26 Sugar Maple r Basswood
                                             SAF 58 Yellow Poplar - Hemlock
SAF 27 Sugar Maple
                                             SAF 59 Yellow Poplar - White Oak -
SAF 28 Black Cherry - Sugar Maple                   Northern Red Oak
SAF 29 Black Cherry                          SAF 60 Beech - Sugar Maple
SAF 39 Black Ash - American Elm - Red Maple  SAF 61 River Birch - Sycamore
SAF 41 Scarlet Oak                           SAF 63 Cottonwood
SAF 43 Bear Oak
                        HERB. RESEARCH. AND SCENIC TYPES
OVT 3 Sand Barren                            OVT 9 Rare and Endangered Species .
                                                   Locality
OVT 4 Prevernal Herbaceous Flora
                                             OVT 10 Type locality
OVT 5 Vernal Herbaceous Flora
                                             OVT.11 Talus Community
OVT 6 Meadowlands
                                             OVT 12 Cliff Community
OVT 7 Scenic Areas/Natural Vistas
                                             OVT 13 Bryophytes and Ferns
OVT 8 School Study Site/Research Site/
      Nature Trail                           OVT 15 Serotinal Herbaceous Flora
                       A-l
                                             OVT 17 Heath Barren
                                             OVT 19 Thickets

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ZOOLOGIC TYPES '
Z  9 Arthropoda
Z 13 True Fish .
Z 15 Reptiles  '
Z 16 Birds
Z 17 Mammals
GEOLOGIC TYPES
G  1 Plains, Plateaus, and Mesas
G  6 Folded Mountains
G  9 Caves
G 10 Works of Erosion
G 11 Works of Glaciers
G 13 Volcanoes and Assorted Works
G 16 Igneous (granite, felsite, basalt)
G 17 Sedimentary (clay, sandstone, limestone)
G 23 Carbonates (calcite, aragonite)
G 28 Silicates (quartz, opal, talc, mica)
G 30 Non-human Zoo logic
G 31 Botanic
AQUATIC TYPES
A 12 Rapidly Flowing Rivers and Streams
A 13 Slow Meandering Rivers and Streams
A 15 Springs
A 19 Large Shallow Lakes
A 22 Kettle Lakes and Potholes
A 23 Oxbow Lakes
A 25 Sphagnum Bog
A 29 Swamps and Marshy Areas
A 34 Lake Shorelines
                       A-2

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                           APPENDIX
                           INVENTORY OP
                 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA CONSERVANCY
                 NATURAL AREAS IN THE PENNSYLVANIA
                           ORBES REGION


ALLEGHENY COUNTY

 1.  A.W. ROBERTSON ARBORETUM-Allegheny; Bridgeville; Pleasant Hills;
     16 Ac; A.W. Robertson Corporation; complete protection.
     SAF52 (K104)

 2.  BOYCE PARK-Allegheny; Braddock; 2 miles N of Monroeville; 50 Ac;
     Allegheny County Parks; partial protection.
     SAF60 OVT9 (K102)

 3.  BURKE GLENN FOSSIL SITE-Allegheny; Murrysville; 2 miles W of
     Murrysville; PennDot; partial protection.
     G30 G17, Gl

 4.  GROUSE RUN-Allegheny; Glenshaw: N of Allison Park; 55 Ac: private;
     no protection.
     SAF23  SAF61, OVT4, OVT9, OVT7 (K106)

 5.  DARK HOLLOW WjDO_DS_-Allegheny; New Kensington West; just N of
     Oakmont; 80 Ac; Oakmont Borough; complete protection.
     SAF52  G10 (K104)

 6.  DEER CRJIEK-Allegheny; New Kensington West;' 2 miles E of Dorsey-
     ville; 70 Ac; private; no protection.
     SAF52  SAF23, SAF61, G10 (K104)

 7.  FALL RUN PARK-Allegheny; Glenshaw; 4 miles N of Etna; 109 Ac;
     Shaler Township; partial protection.
     OVT10  G10, OVT4, OVT73 SAF59 (K103)

 8.  14 MILE ISLAND-Allegheny; New Kensington West; at Harmarville;
     Fo" Ac; Western Pennsylvania Conservancy; complete protection.
     SAF61  SAF62, SAF63, G10, OVT8

 9.  HARMARVILLE ROAD CUT_-Allegheny; New Kensington West; Harmarville;
     PennDot; no protection.
     G17  G303 G31

10.  LAWRENCE ESTATE-Allegheny; Glenshaw; N of Etna; 200 Ac; Allegheny
     County Parks; partial protection.
     SAF52  (K104)

11.  McCORMICK OAKS-Allegheny; Glenshaw; just NE of North Park Dam;
     100 Ac; private; no protection.
     SAF52  (K104)


                                 A-3

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12.  PENN HILLS PARK-Allegheny;  New Kensington West; just N of Oakmont;
     100 Ac; municipal park; no  protection.
     SAF27  G10, Gl, OVT7 (K102)  •

13.  RED CEDAR STAND-Al'legheny;  Glenshaw; S of Dorseyville; 10 Ac;
     private; no protection.
     SAP'16

14.  TRILLIUM TRAIL-Allegheny; Glenshaw; NE of Sharpsburg; 100 Ac;
     Pox Chapel Borough; complete- protection.
     OVT4  SAF52, SAF59, A12 (K103,  K104)

15.  TURTLE CREEK-Allegheny & Westmoreland; Murrysville; N of Pitcairn;
     300 Ac; private; no protection.
     SAF61  G10

16.  WHITE OAK PARK-Allegheny; McKeesport;  just NE of White Oak;
     50 Ac; Allegheny County Parks;  partial protection.
     SAF60  OVT4 (K102)

ARMSTRONG COUNTY .

17.  BRADY'S BEND OVERLOOK-Armstrong; East  Brady; 2 miles N of East
     Brady; 2 Ac; PennDot; partial protection.
     G10  OVT7

18.  BUFFALO CREEK VALLEY-Armstrong & Butler; Freeport and Worthington;
     between Freeport and Worthington; private; no protection.
     A12  SAF52, SAF23, SAF24, Z13,  OVT7, OVT4 , G10 (1-104, KL06)

19.  CROOKED CREEK STATE PARK-Armstrong; Leechburg & Whitesburg;
     2,480 Ac; State Park; partial protection.
     SAF52  SAF59,  Gl (K103, K104)

20.  NICHOLSON ISLAND-Armstrong; Leechburg; just N of lock #6; 40 Ac;
     Western Pennsylvania Conservancy; complete protection.
     SAF62  G10, A29

21.  WORTHINGTON FOSSIL SITE-Armstrong; Worthington; 2.7 miles NW of
     Worthington; private; no protection.
     G30  G17

BEAVER COUNTY

22.  ALIQUIPPA  FOSSIL SITE-Beaver;   Aliquippa; 3 miles S of  Aliquippa;
     private; no protection.
     G30  G173 Gl

23.  BLAZING STAR MEADOW-Beaver; Beaver Falls; 1 mile NE of Beaver
     Falls; 7 Ac; private; no protection.
     OVT9  OVT6, OVT15
                                A-4

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24.  LITTLE BEAVER RIVER-Beaver;  East Palestine;  N of Ohioville;
     private; no protection.
     Gil  OVT7

25.  RACCOON CREEK STATE PARK-Beaver; Hookstown & Aliquippa &
     Burgettstown; 6,909 Ac; State Park: partial  protection.
     SAF52  SAF59, SAF16, SAF50,  Gl,  A12  OVT6, OVT19 (K104,  K103)

26.  WILDFLOWER RESERVE-Beaver; Aliquippa & Clinton; NE of Raccoon
     Creek State Park; 300 Ac; Western Pennsylvania Conservancy;
     complete protection.
     OVT4  SAF52, SAF62, SAF61, SAF39, SAF24, Gl, A12, OVT19, OVT6
     OVTB" (K104)

BUTLER COUNTY

27.  ALLISON WOODS-Butler; Prospect;  just N of Moraine State  Park;
     100 Ac; private; no protection.
     OVT9  OVT5, OVT4, SAF25, SAF44,  SAF52, SAF60 (K104, K102)

28.  BEAR CREEK VALLEY-Butler; Foxburg; between Bruin and Parker;
     500 Ac; State Game Lands; no protection.
     SAF24  A12, G30, G17, G10, OVT5, OVT7, SAF52 (K104)

29.  BURNS WOODS-Butler; Parker & Billiards; 1 mile SW of Bruin;.
     10 Ac; private; no protection.
     SAF32

 —  BUFFALO CREEK VALLEY-Armstrong & Butler; Freeport & Worthington;
     private; no protection, (see Nat. area #18)
     A12  SAF52, SAF23, SAF24, Z13, OVT7, OVT4, G10 (K104, K106)

30.  DESHON WOODS-Butler; Butler; 3 miles NW of Lyndora; 16 Ac;
     Butler Township; partial protection.
     SAF52  (K104)

31.  EPWORTH WOODS-Butler; Mars;  4 miles W of Mars; 30 Ac; private;
     no protection.
     SAF52  (K104)

32.  HEINER FOREST-Butler; Parker; just N of Bruin; 18 Ac; Western
     Pennsylvania Conservancy; complete protection.
     OVT4  SAF52

33.  HOGG WOODS-Butler; Slippery Rock; 2 miles NE of Slippery Rock;
     30 Ac; private: no protection
     SAF60  SAF53, Gl, Gil (K104, K102)

34.  JACKSON TOWNSHIP PARK-Butler; Zelienople; just N of Zelienople;
     150 Ac; private; no protection.
     OVT4  OVT9

35.  JENNINGS NATURE RESERVE-Butler;  Slippery Rock: 5 miles S of
     Slippery Rock; 300 Ac; Western Pennsylvania Conservancy; complete
     protection
     OVT9  SAF16, SAF52, A29, A13, OVT6, OVT15, OVT19, OVT8,  Z15 (K104)
                                A-5

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36.  LOWERY RUN-Butler;  Emlenton;' 1 mile SE of Emlenton; 90 Ac;
   .  private;  no protection.
     SAF23  A12, G10, OVT4 (-K106);     *
            •     '-'*'(•%           .
                                 f     f
37.  McCORMICK GORGE-Butler;  Slippery 'Rock; E of Moores Corners;
     400 Ac; private; no pro.tectibn.  :'
     G10  A12, Gil, Gl;  SAF23, OVT4, At5, A23, SAF25, SAF59
     TK103, K106)
                                      \
38.  MERIDIAN  LABORATORIES-Butler;  Butier; just NE of Meridian;
     100 Ac; private; complete protection.
     OVT8  Z16, SAF52, OVT6 (K104)

39.  MILLER WOODS-Butler, Slippery  Rock; 2 miles NW of Slippery Rock;
     42 Ac; Slippery Rock State College; partial protection.
     SAF27  SAF61,  A23,  Gl, Gil, A12 (K102)

40.  MORAINE STATE  PARK-Butler; Prospect and Chestnut and Slippery
     Rock; 15,921 Ac; State Park; partial protection.
     Gil  Z16, A19, A34, SAF16, SAP53,1 SAF52, SAF60, Gl, OVT6, OVT19,
     TIT04, K103)

41.  ONEIDA DAM-Butler;  East  Butler; 4 miles NE of.Butler; 200 Ac;
     water authority; partial protection.
     Z16  OVT5

42.  PARKER FOSSIL  SITS-Butler, Parker; 1 mile SW of Parker; private;
     no protection.
     G_3p_  G17

43-  RENFREW WOQDS-Butler; Butler;  W of Renfrew; 200 Ac; private;
     no protection.
     OVT4  SAF59, SAF62, SAF52 (K103, K104)

44.  ROUTE 488 OVERLOOK-Butler; Prospect; 2.2 miles N of the inter-
     section of Rt. 488  and Rt. 422; 5 Ac; private; no protection.
     Gil

45.  SCHOLAR'S RUN-Butler; Zelienople; 4 miles N of Zelienople; 80 Ac;
     private;  no protection.          .:
     OVT9

46.  SQUAW VALLEY RUN-Butler; Emlenton; SW of Emlenton; private; no
     protection.
     SAF60  (K102)

47.  TODD SANCTUARY-Butler, Freeport; 3-5 miles N of Freeport; 130 Ac;
     Audubon Society of  Western Pennsylvania: complete protection.
     SAP24  Z16, OVT7, OVT8,  'SAF52, SAF16, Ai2, Gl, G10, OVT4
     (K106, K104)

48.  WEST LIBERTY ESKER-Butler; Slippery Rock; between West Liberty
     and Jackville; private;  no protection.
     Gil
                                ' A-6

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49.   WOLF CREEK NARROWS-Butler;  Slippery Rock; 2 miles NW of
     Slippery Rock; 100 Ac; private; no protection.
     G10  SAF28, SAF59, SAF58, SAF60,  Gl, Gil, A12,  A29
     TK106, K103)

CAMBRIA COUNTY

50.   DUNLO FLATS-Cambria; Beaverdale;  2 miles SE of Dunlo;
     200 Ac; private; no protection.
     SAF19  SAF23, SAF16, Gl, A25, A29 (K106)

51.   ELMHURST BOG_-Cambria; Ebensburg;  2 miles NE of Ebensburg;
     10 Ac; private, no protection.
     A25

52.   LAUREL RIDGE STATE PARK-Cambria & Westmoreland & Somerset &
     Fayette; Johnstown & Rachelwood & Boswell & Ligonier &
     Bakersville, and Seven Springs  &  Kingwood & Mill Run &
     Ohiopyle; 15,436 Ac, State  Park,  3,752 Ac. of which are in
     Cambria County; partial protection.
     G6.  OVT7, G10, A12, SAF44,  SAF52, OVT19, OVT12 (K104)

53.   PRINCE GALLITZIN STATE PARK-Cambria; Coalport;  6,600 Ac;
     State Park; partial protection.
     SAF52  SAF25, SAF16, Gl, A29 (K104, K106)

CLARION COUNTY

54.   COOKS FOREST STATE PARK-Clarion & Jefferson & Forest;
     Cooksburg & Lucinda & Tylersburg  & Marienville West;
     7,822 Ac; partial protection. (Complete protection to 3
     virgin tracts)
     SAF21  SAF16, SAF22, SAF23, SAF24, SAF25, SAF52, Gl, A12,
     A29 (K104, K106)

55.   RIMER5BURG FOSSIL SITE-Clarion; Rimbersburg; 1.2 miles N of
     Rimbersburg; private; no protection.
     G30  G17

CLEARFIELD COUNTY

56.   BILGER ROCKS-Clearfield; Curwensville; 3-5 miles WNW of
     Curwensville; 30 Ac; private; no  protection.
     G10  G17, OVT7, SAF24, OVT12, OVT13 (K106)

57.   CLEARFIELD FOSSIL REEF-Clearfield; Glenn Richey; 2 miles S of
     Clearfield; private; no protection.
     G31  G17, OVTS, Gl

58.   NEW LONDON FOSSIL SITS-Clearfield; Ramey; 6 miles N of
     Beccaria; private; no protection.
     G31  G17
                              A-7

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59-  QUEHANNA WILD AREA-Clearfi[eId & Elk & Cameron; Driftwood &
     Sinnemahoning & Devils Elbow & ^ottersdale; 50,000 Ac; Elk
     & Moshannon State Forests; partial protection.
     SAF25.  SAF16, SAF19 > ;.:SAF44;5 SAE52, A29, Gl, OVT6 (K104, K106)

ELK COUNTY          .     ':      \     \:

60.  BIG HILL CREEK BOG_-Elk; James city; Jones Township along Big
     Mill Creek S of a pipeline'; 1 Ac; Allegheny National Forest;
     no protection.
     A25  OVT9

61.  BLACK CHERRY STAND-Elk; James City; 100 Ac; Kane Experimental
     Forest-Allegheny National Forest; partial protection.
     SAF29  (K106)

62.  3ROCKPORT FOSSIL SITE-Elk; Brandy Camp; just N of Brockport;
     private; no protection.
     G30  G17

63.  DENTS FARM NATURAL AREA-(Proposed) Elk; West Creek.; 2 miles
     N of Dents Run; 12+ Ac; Elk State Forest; complete protection.
     SAF21  Gl (K104)

64.  HIGHLAND BOG_-Elk; James City; 1 mile  N of Highland; 1 Ac;
     private; no protection.
     A25

65-  PAIGE RUN NATURAL AREA-(Proposed) Elk; Dents Run & Driftwo'od;
     10 miles SW of Sinnamahoning; 917 Ac; Moshannon State Forest;
     complete protection.
     SAF18  SAF16, SAF19, SAF52, Gl, A29, OVT6 (K104)

	  QUEHANNA WILD AREA-See Natural.Area #59 /

66.  SPRING CREEK FOSSIL TRACKS-Elk; Hallton;  NW of Hallton; 2 Ac;
     private; no protection.
     G_3_0  G17

FAYETTE COUNTY

67.  ASKON HOLLOW-Fayette;  Brownfield; SE of Fairchance; 300 Ac;
     private; no protection.
     G£  OVT7, G103 G6, G17

68.  BEAR RUN NATURE PRESERVE-Payette; Mill Run; 2 miles S of Mill
     Run; 23000 Ac; Western Pennsylvania Conservancy; complete
     protection.       . '           :
     OVT8  A12 , GfO, SAF52, SAF23, ;Zl6  (K104)

69.  CASPARIS CAVE-Fayette; South Connellsville; SE of Connellsville;
     private; no protection.
     G9  G10, G6, G17
                               A-8

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70.  CONFLUENCE BOG-Fayette; Confluence; 3 miles W of Confluence;
     10 Ac; private; no protection.
     A25  Gl

71.  DEER LAKE MARSH-Fayette; Fort Necessity; 1.7 miles E of
     Chalkhill; 100 Ac; private; no protection.
     A29  Z17

72.  FALLINGWATER-Fayette; Mill Run; 3 miles N of Ohiopyle; 500 Ac;
     Western Pennsylvania Conservancy; complete protection.
     SAF52  A12, G10, G6, G17, OVT7 (K104)

73.  FOSSIL QUARRY:  FAYETTE COUNTY-Fayette; Brownfield; 8 miles
     E of Uniontown; private; no protection.
     G30  G17, G6

74.  IGNEOUS INTRUSION-Fayette; Carmichaels; E of Adah on Middle
     Run; 3 Ac; State Game Lands #238; no protection.
     G16  G13

75-  INDIAN CREEK GORGE-Fayette; Mill-Run; 4 miles 'NE of Mill Run;
     700 Ac; private; no protection.
     OVT7  A12, G10

	  LAUREL RIDGE STATE PARK-See Natural Area #52 for descrip.;
     2,841 Ac. of the 1571^ Ac. total are in Fayette County.

76.  LICK RUN (LICK HOLLOW)-Fayette; Brownsfield; 7 miles E of
     Uniontown; State Forest; 1,000+ Ac; no protection.
     SAF52  SAF59, G10, G6, A12, OVT7 (K104)

77.  LINN RUN STATE PARK-Fayette; Ligonier; 5.60 Ac; State Park;
     partial protection.
     SAF52  SAF25, SAF44, Gl, G6, A12 (K104, -K106)

78.  MARKLEYSBURG BOG_-Fayette; Ohiopyle; 6.1 miles E of Farmington;
     10 Ac; private; no protection.
     A25  OVT10, Gl, SAF52

79.  OHIOPYLE STATE PARK-Fayette & Somerset; Fort Necessity &
     Ohiopyle & Mill Run & South Connellsville; 18,483 Ac; State
     Park; partial protection (complete protection for the
     Ferncliff area).
     SAF52  SAF59, Gl, G10, G6, A12, OVT4, OVT6, OVT7> OVT19,
     OVT12, OVT13  (K103, K104)

80.  QUEBEC WILD AREA (proposed)-Fayette; Smithfield & Brownfield;
     SE of Uniontown; 5,200 Ac; State Forest; partial protection.
     SAF59  SAF52, SAF25, G10, G17, G9, A12 (K103, K104)

81.  WHITE ROCKS_-Fay ette; Brownfield; 3.2 miles E of Fairchance;
     100 Ac; private; no protection.
     G10  G6, G17
                               A-9

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FOREST COUNTY

82.  BEAVER MEADOWS-Forest; Lynch; L-,000 Ac; Allegheny National
     Forest; no '< protection.    'i     ^         •
     A29  Gl                   -:   "  t

--  COOKS STATE FOREST-See Natural JArea #54.

83.  HICKORY CREEK WILDERNESS- CPropo.'sed) Forest; Cobham; NE of
     Queen; 12 ,800 Ac; Allegheny National Forest; no protection.
     SAF25  OVT7, A29, Z17 , Gl, G10,: A12, SAF23, SAF24 (K106)

84.  TIONESTA FOSSIL SITE-Forest ;  Tionesta; W of Tionesta;
     private; no protection.
     G_3_0  G17

GREENE COUNTY

85.  CARMICHAELS FOSSIL SITE-Greene; Carmichaels ; 4 miles N of
     Carmichaels; private; no protection.
     G31  G17

86.  ENLQW FORK OF WHEELING CREEK-Washington & Greene; Wind Ridge
     & Claysville; 4. miles S of Claysville; private; no protection,
     OVT4  OVT9,  SAF26, SAF61, SAF52, SAF53, OVT19 , OVT6, SAF59
            K103)
87-  RYERSON STATION STATE PARK-Greene; Wind Ridge & New Freeport ;
     800 Ac; partial protection.
     G28  Gl, SAF52, SAF59 (K103,.K104)

INDIANA COUNTY

88.  CLARK RUN NATURAL AREA- (Proposed) Indiana; Vintondale; N side
     of Conemaugh River; 3 miles W of. Johnstown; 384 Ac; Forbes
     State Forest; complete protection.
     SAF59  G65 G10, OVT12, OVT8, A12 (K103)

89.  PINK LADIES SLIPPER WQODS_- Indiana; Burnside; 3 miles N of
     Glenn Campbell; 3 Ac; private; -no protection.
     OVT5  SAF21

90.  SUN CLIFF- Indiana; Brush Valley; 12 miles SE of Indiana;
     private; no protection.
     SAF24

91.  WURTZITE LOCALITY -Indiana; Elderton; .just W of Shelocta;
     PennDot ; partial protection.
     G23  G17, G30, OVT10
                               A-10

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 JEFFERSON COUNTY

 92.   CLEAR CREEK STATE PARK-Jeffarson;  Sigel;  1,123 Ac;  partial
      protection.
      SAF52  SAF51, Gl, A12 (K104)

 —   COOKS FOREST STATE PARK-See Natural Area  #54.

 93-   SUGAR HILL SCHOOL FOSSIL SITE-Jefferson;  Carman;  3  miles W of
      Brockway;  private; no protection.
      G30  G17-

 LAWRENCE COUNTY

 94.   BLUE IRIS  AREA-Lawrence; Harlansburg;  1.9 miles N of
      Harlansburg; 10 Ac; private;  no protection.
      OVT9  A29

 95.   BUCHANAN RUN-Lawrence;  Edinburg; N of  Pulaski; 110  Ac;
      Western Pennsylvania Conservancy;  complete protection.
      SAF24  G10, A12, OVT7,  Gil, SAF62, SAF52  (K106)

 96.   FRINGED GENTIAN BOG-Lawrence;  New  Castle  S;  3  miles E of
      New Castle; 1 Ac; Western Pennsylvania Conservancy; complete
      protection.
      A25  Gil,  OVT9

 97.   GARDNER SWAMP-Lawrence;  New Castle South; 2  miles SE of
      New Castle; 15 Ac; private; no protection.
      A29

 98.   KENNEDY MILLS-Lawrence;  Portersville & Harlansburg; N of
      McConnells Mill State Park; 500 Ac; private; no protection.
      G10  Gil,  A12, SAF23, SAF24,  SAF25, Gl, 'OVT7,  (K103, K106)

 99.   LOCKE WOODS-Lawrence; Harlansburg; 2 miles NW of Harlansburg;
      30 Ac; private; no protection.
      SAF52  SAF53, A29, Gl,  Gil, OVT19  (K104)

100.   McCONNELLS MILL STATE PARK-Lawrence; Portersville;  2,000 Ac;
      complete protection (gorge portion).
      G10  A12,  SAF23, SAF24,  SAF25, SAF44,  SAF52, SAF59, Gil, OVT7,
      OVT13, OVT4, OVT5, OVT12, OVT8, OVT9 (K103,  K104, K106)

101.   MUDDY CREEK RALLjS-Lawrence; Portersville; N of Rose Point;
      20 Ac; private; no protection.
      G10  Gil,  OVT7, Gl, A12

102.   NORTH LIBERTY-BRENT SWAMP-Lawrence; Harlansburg;  between N.
      Liberty 4  Brent; 100 Ac; State Game Lands 151; no protection.
                                A-11

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103-  PLAINGROVE BOG-Lawrence ;  Harlarisburg; just W of Plaingrove;
      20 Ac; private; no protection. ,-•
    •  A25.  A29,
104.  PLAINGROVE POTHOLE - L awr enc e ;  Harlansburg; N of Plaingrove; 300
      Ac; private; no protection.
      Gil  OVT9

105-  QUAKERTQWN FALLS-Lawrence; Campbell; 1.2 miles E of the
      Ohio-Pennsylvania Line; 70 Ac; private; no protection.
      OVT7  SAF54, SAF58, SAF50, G10 , G17 , A12, OVT13 (K103)

106.  ROCK POINT-Lawrence; Beaver Falls; W of Ellwood City; 100 Ac;
      private; no protection.
      OVT9  G10, OVT7, A12, Gil, SAF59 (K103)

107.  WAMPUM FOSSIL SITE-Lawrence;  New Castle S; 0.7 miles S of
      Wampum; private; no protection.'
      G30  G17

MERCER COUNTY

108.  BLACKTOWN 'SWAMP-Mercer ; Mercer; 1.9 miles WNW of Grove City;
      135 Ac; private; no protection.
      A29

109-  CRANBERRY SWAMP -Mercer ; Hadley; S of Sunol; 150 Ac; private;
      no protection.
      A29  Gil, Gl

110.  FRENCH GREEK HEMLOCKS-Venango & Mercer; Utica; N of Utica;
      200 Ac; private; no protection.
      SAF24  SAF23, SAF25, SAF52, Gil (K104, K106)

111.  FOWLER BOG-Mercer ; New Lebanon; N of Carlton; 10 Ac; private;
      no protection.
      A25  A29, Gil, Gl, OVT9       .

112.  GREAT BLUE HERON ROOKERY -Mercer; Mercer & Grove City; 5-6
      miles NW of Slippery Rock; 25 Ac; private; no protection.
      Z16  A29

113.  GROVE CITY FOSSIL SITE-Mercer; Grove City; 2.5 miles N of
      Grove City; private; no protection.
      G30  G17
114.  HALFMOON SWAMP-Mercer;  Jackson. Center; 4 miles N of Fairview;
      50 Ac; private; no protection."
      A29                ••••••:

115.  MAURICE K. GODDARD STATE PARK-Mercer; Sandy Lake & Lebanon;
      NW of Hadley; 6,972 Ac; partial protection.
      OVT8  (K104, K106)
                              '  A-12

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116.   McCLURE TRACT-Mercer;  Hadley; 1 mile NE of Clark's Mill;
      100 Ac; private;  no protection.
      SAF29  SAF28, Gil (K102)
                     •
117.   MERCER BCX}-Mercer; Greenfield; 2 miles SW of Mercer; 30 Ac;
      private; no protection.
      A25  A22, A29, Gl, Gil,  OVT9 (K94)

118.   OTTER CREEK SWAMP-Mercer;  Jackson Center; 5 miles W of
      Jackson Center: private;  no protection.
      A29  Gil

119.   PINE SWAMP-Mercer; Sandy  Lake; 5 miles S of Sandy Lake;
      200 Ac; Western Pennsylvania Conservancy; complete protection.
      A29  SAF25, SAF39, SAF52,  SAF53, Gl, Gil, A25, OVT9, OVT19
      TKI04, K106)

120.   SCHOLLARDS RUN-Mercer; Mercer & Harlansburg; 1 mile E of
      Leesburg; State Game Lands; 1,000 Ac; partial protection.
      A29

121.   SHENANGO RESERVOIR-Mercer;  Sharpsville & Freedonia; N of
      Sharon; 13,000 Ac; Corps  of Engineers; no protection.
     • Z16  A29, A34, Gl

122.   SPRINGFIELD FALLS-Mercer;  Mercer; 2 miles NE of Leesburg;
      50 Ac; State Game Lands;  partial protection.
      SAF25  Gl, GH, G10, A12,  OVT7 (K106)

123.   SWAMP ROOT-Mercer; Grove  City; just SE of Swamproot; 100 Ac;
      private; no protection.
      A29  Gil

SOMERSET COUNTY

124.   BEECHDALE HOLLOW-Somerset;  Murdock & Meyersdale; 5 miles N of
      Meyersdale; 120 Ac; private; no protection.
      SAF22  SAF24, SAF59, Gl,  A12 (K103, K104)

125.   BIG SPRING-Somerset; Markleton; 5-7 miles NE of Listonburg;
      5 Ac; private; no protection.
      415

126.   KINGS BRIDGE PARK-Somerset; Kingwood; 1.6 miles W of
      New Lexington; 300+ Ac;  private; no protection.
      A29  OVT19, A13

127.   LAUREL HILL STATE PARK-Somerset; Seven Springs & Rockwood
      & Kingwood & Bakersville;  4,169 Ac; State Park; partial
      protection.
      SAF24  SAF25, SAF52, SAF44, SAF59,  Gl, A12 (K104, K103, K106)
                                A-13

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 —  LAUREL RIDGE STATE PARK-See Natural Area #52 for description;
      5,354 Ac. of the 15,^-36 Ac; total are in Somerset County.

128.  MOUNT DAVIS NATURAL AREA-Spmersjet;  Markleton; 8.miles W of
      Meyersdale; 585 Ac; Forbes! Statfe Forest; complete protection.
      G£  G10, SAF41, SAF44,, SAF45, SAF43, SAF52, OVT11, OVT7,
      OVT17 (K104)         ;     ;     !

129.  MOUNT DAVIS QUARRY-Somerset; Markleton; 3/4 mile W of Mount
      Davis; private; no protection. :.

130.  PACK SADDLE-Somerset; New Baltimore & Fairhope; 2.4 miles NW
      of Fairhope; 400 Ac; private; no protection.
      OVT7  OVT3, SAF22, G10, G6, A12;:

131.  ROARING RUN SWAMP-Somerset; Somerset; 2 miles NE of Jennerstown;
      100 Ac; private; no protection.
      A29  GI                        •;

132.  ROCKWOOD RESERVOIR-Somerset; Rockwood; NW of Rockwood; 30 Ac;
      water company; no protection.  .
      SAF23  (K104)

VENANGO COUNTY

133.  ALLEGHENY RIVER STATE PARK-Venango; Kennerdale & Polk-; 3,140 Ac;
      State Park; partial protection.
      SAF25  SAF52, A12, Gl, G10 (K104, K106)

	   FRENCH CREEK HEMLOCKS-See Natural Area #110.

134.  HEMLOCK WOODS KENNERDALE-Venango; Kennerdale; junction of
     - Scrubgrass and Bullion Creeks; private; -no protection.
      SAF23  Gil (K106)

135-  OIL CREEK STATE PARK-Venango; Titusville South & Oil City &
      Pleasantville; 7,197 Ac; partial protection.
      SAF52  SAF24, SAF25, A123 Gl, G10 (K104, K106)

136.  WESLEY FOSSIL SITE-Venango; Wesley; 1 mile N of Wesley;
      private; no protection.
      G30  G17

137.  WHANN RUN/LOCKARD RUN-Venango; Eau Claire; 2 miles N of Lisbon;
      110 Ac; private; no protection.
      A12  G17, G10, OVT7, SAF23, SAF25 (K106)

WASHINGTON COUNTY

	   ENLOW FORK OF WHEELING CREEK-See Natural Area #86.

138.  HILLMAN STATE PARK-Washington; Burgettstown & Clinton; 3,654
      Ac; partial protection.
      OVT8
                                A-14

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139.  LABORATORY FOSSIL SITE-Washington; Washington East; 1.7 miles
      S of Washington; private; no protection.
      G30  G17

WESTMORELAND COUNTY

140.  BEAR CAVE-Westmoreland; Boliver & Wilpen; NE of Derry; private;
      no protection.
      G£  G10, Z17, G17, G6

141.  BEAR CREEK-Westmoreland; Ligonier; 6 miles SE of Rector;
      76 Ac; Rolling Rock Farms; partial protection.
      SAF24  SAF25, A12, Gl, OVT11 (K106)

142.  BEAVER RUN RESERVOIR-Westmoreland; Slickville; 3 miles W of
      Slickville; 400 Ac; water company; partial protection.
      Z16

143.  BIG OAK WOODS-Westmoreland;  Ligonier; 2 miles E of Rector;
      300 Ac; Rolling Rock Farms;  partial protection.
      SAF59  (K103)

144.  BUFFALO NUT SANCTUARY-Westmoreland; Stahlstown; 3 miles W of
      Stahlstown; 53 Ac; Carnegie  Museum of Natural History; complete
      protection.
      OVT9  SAF52, SAF59, Gl, G6,  A12 (K103, K104)

145.  CON_ CAVE-Westmoreland; Boliver; NE of Derry; private; no
      protection.
      G£  G10, G6, G17, Z17

146.  CONEMAUGH GORGE-Westmoreland; Boliver; NE of Derry; 3,000 Ac;
      State Game Commission; partial protection.
      G10  G6, G17, SAF52, OVT19 (K104)

147.  COON CAVE-Westmoreland; Boliver; NE of Derry; private; no
      protection.
      G_9  G10, G6, G17, 217, Z9

148.  COPPERHEAD CAVE-Westmoreland; Boliver; NE of Derry; private;
      no protection.
      G_9_  G10, G6, G17, 217, 29

149.  DELMQNT FOSSIL SITE-Westmoreland; Slickville, just S of
      Delmont; PennDot; partial protection.
      G30  G17

150.  DUFF PARK-Westmoreland; Murrysville; just S of Murreysville;
      148 Ac; Franklin Township; partial protection.
      SAF52  OVT4, OVT8, SAF27, SAF61 (K104)

151.  FURNACE WOODS NATURE RESERVE-Westmoreland; Ligonier; 1 mile
      N of Laughlintown; 133 Ac; Carnegie Museum of Natural History;
      complete protection.
      SAF59  SAF52, Gl, A12, A29,  OVT4, OVT8, OVT11 (K103, K104)
                                A-15

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152.  GUFFY HOLLOW-Westmoreland; McKeesport;  4 miles SE of-McKeesport;
      100 Ac; private; no protection."
      OVT4  G10, OVT9, SAF59 (K103)

153-  HIGH ROCKS VALLEY-Westmoreland| Derry;  ME of Derry; 200+ Ac;
      private; no protection.
      OVT7  G17

 	   LAUREL RIDGE STATE PARK-See Natural Area' #52; 3,488 Ac.of the
      15,436 Ac. total are in Westmoreland County.

154.  LEMON HILL-Westmoreland; Wilpen; 3-6 miles SW of New Florence;
      70 Ac; Girl Scouts of Western Pennsylvania; partial protection.
      SAF59  SAF52, OVT4, OVT8 (K103, K104)

155.  LEMON HOLE CAVE-Westmoreland; Boliver;  NE of Derry; Torrance
      State Hospital; no protection.
      G£  G10, G6, G17, Z17, Z9, G30

156.  LINN RUN BOG-Westmoreland; Ligonier; 7  miles SE of Rector;
      30 Ac; Forbes State Forest; partial protection.
      A25  Z16

157-  MOUNTAIN STREAMS-ROARING RUN VALLEY-Westmoreland; Seven Springs;
      E of Champion; 3,000 Ac; Western Pennsylvania Conservancy;
      complete protection.
      OVT7  SAF27, SAF25, SAF52, G6, G10 (K101)

158.  POWDERMILL NATURE RESERVE-Westmoreland:  Ligonier; 3 miles
      S of Rector; 1,800 Ac; Carnegie Museum of Natural History;
      complete protection.
      OVT8  SAF44, SAF52, SAF59, SAF27, Gl, G65 A12, Zl6, OVT19,
      OVT 6 (K103, K104)

159.  SILVERMINE RUN-Westmoreland; Ligonier;  2 miles E of Rector;
      300 Ac; Rolling Rock Farms; partial protection.-
      SAF60  A12, SAF24, G10 (K103, K102)

	    TURTLE CREEK-See Natural Area #15-
                               A-16'

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