-------
50
F = FROUDE No. =
Q
Fig. Dilution S on the axis of rising plume sit water
surface, as function of y /D and F, for horizontal
round jet into uniform environment (after R:-;.\vn-,
Bowcrrnan and Brooks (28)).
-------
. j.,u'
Open ended 6ft pip;
V
CONTOUR INTERVAL 5*
(D"£PTHS BELOW MEAN
SEA LEVEL)
PLAN
MEAN SEA LEVEL
Depth(Y0)-= 108 Feet
Port size (D) = 6 Feet
X = 3280 Feet (1000m)
6. 3U3-AQUOUS
CONC. PIPE
-TOO
90 r
0
200
1000 WF.TERS
PROFILE
-------
Data: Q = 125 MGD
. Y0 = '108 Feet
D = 6.0 Feet
Y°/P = 18 1 '
Y Plot Y0/n vs. F0 shows-initial
Fo .-= 3.0 J dilutiohu (S0) = 10:1
Objective, i
Achieve an initial dilution (S0) of 40 : 1
Available Options: .
(1) Option B: Increase discharge depth with constant
design
(2) Option C: Construct A diffuser; increase the /
number of ports (M) but decrease port
diameter to insure constant jet velocitj
(Vn); all other parameters constant
u
(3) Option D: No diffuser; decrease outlet diameter
(D); all other parameters constant
-------
0
Case B
Case C
Case D
456 8 10
F = FROUDE No. -
Yo Increasing; Q, V, D Constant
N Increasing; 'D Decreasing; V, Y0 Constant
V Increasing ; D Decreasing; Q, Y0 Constant
Fig. Dilution S on the axi.s of rising plume at v/atcr
surface, as function of y /D and F, for horizontal
round jet into uniform environment (after lla\vn,
Boxvcrman and'Brooks (Z8)).
-------
Case I: ' Analysis Results
Methods of In ere a s ing 1)1 'kit. 1 on_
Option
13
C
Yo/D D
(Feet) .
49 6
' 58 1.85
Y0
(Feet)
294
108
No. of
Ports
(N)
1
10.4
Comments.
Must Increase Depth of
charge to 294 Ft.
Must Design a Diffuser
Di5
l-!a\
(10 or 11) 10 or 11 discharge Ports
. . a Diameter of 1.86 Ft, to
the Single Port (Outfall [
6.0 Ft. Diameter
D 45 2.35 108 1 Must Decrease D by Trial i
Error to achieve So =/40
Calculated Port Diameter c
D = 2.35 Ft. Required to c
this will increase v from
ft/sec to 44 ft/sec.
Conclusions:
0) Option C Appears to be most f eas i bl e sol u ti on;
Involves only the construction of A cliff user
(2) ^ti_qn_B_ Requires extension of the outfall itself to a depth of
294'feet.
(3) Option D Requires excessive initial jet velocities anl associated great*
head loss and pump capacity.
-------
Data: Q = 125 KGD
Y0 = 108 Feet
D r 1.86 Feet Y0/D - 58
Objective:
Determine minimum allowable port spacing to prevent
plume overlap.
Solution:
(1) From Plot Y0/D vs. F0> F0 =5.5 .
2\rZ°t.V0/Q = 0.23 (58) = 13.4
(2) From Plot 2vrT"<>: Y0/D vs. 2\T2~X XO/D,
v//D =11
(3) Plume width at. surface will be 2w or 2(11)0
- 41 Feet
Ports must be spaced a minimum of 41 feet apsrt
on the same side of the diffuses to avoid plume
interference
Note: Ports may also be placed on alternate sides of
the cliff user at a spacing of 20.5 feet.
-------
. Co.so .Study I : £or L^H^-
X
3.4
HOUND JET
0 = 0°
[HORIZONTAL)
NOTE:
b/b0=w/C
GO
7(
TRAJECTORIES AND HALF-WIDTHS (W)
FOR HORIZONTAL ROUND JET
INTO STATIONARY UNIFORM ENVIRONMENT
(AFTER BROOKS <* = O.082)
-------
X
Case I: Surf3 ce Pi spersion
Data: Q = '125 MGD
Yc, = 108 Feet '
Current velocity (v) =5.0 ft/min. = .033 ft/sec
Diffuser length normal to current = 410 Fest
Objective:
Determina dilution (D?) provided by surface dispersion
Solution:
Ocean Dispersion Coefficient (E0):
Aft
Eo = 0.01 L ' (CGS Units)
--- 0.01 (410 x 30,5 cm/ft) 4/3
= 289.3 - cm/sec
- 3.1 ft/sec
B = 12Eo = 3J
ub .033~WO)
= 1 . 09
Bx = 1 . 09 J32801
b 410
= 8.7
From Plot Co/Cmax vs. Bx/b:
Surface Dispersion = 13:1
-------
u
LINE
SOURCE
OCEAN ~ PLAN VIEW
SEWAGE
FIELD
E = 0.01L
4/3
k = (
b
cUr.3»?*m OA aow^rjo HaH diffusing L?,tox-filly ITI r.ti
pjn current (dicolf not cc/vc-l.-ler
2 Bx )
35"
V
o
E
O
C
P
<
f
*rl
L
5
f
^? r>£.
X_ U-*>
-V*
'.***
LJ
J>
y
Ivz-
P*
5
>
>-< Ol
C -
7" no?)
006-
c
V
\\
V\
\\
\
-f-l
_J_^
> ^
v
\
\
\^
^
\
x
|\
o ^
£-.
Jb
M!
\
i^
i*
5_
~~-
&
^^^
x<
^
--
"
'^
^
i
.
-
" k
^7^"*^
-
--)
P u
1
-3 C
-41
f
-6 _
i:
"S|
I A
1C)
-15
UMl_UI!VPi ,ir\UlUfS - 'c '
J . . ** *«i C 1J ,
- 4 6 0 1 10
x/ 8 . /
f) ^""
P~b
Pig. Dilution along the ccnter'line of tx Bevi\g
jEien.d in cin ocean current according to various
diffusion.laws. Lowest 'curve is for Richardson's
4/3 lav/, with 'r.^oliition gjven by equation 1.9-
-------
INPUT DESCRIPTION,.(IBM_3r»Q_)
Data input for program P L U i-'i E consists of the follovnn
records (see Figure 1):
Initia-1 Conditions
Format: (211, I3,-F5.0, 7F10.0)
Field
1 .
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
9
10
11
Column
1
2
3-5
6-10
11 -20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60'
61-70
71-80
Description
Leave blank- '
Logical: T (true)=MKS units; Blank=FPS un
Number of Ambient density points to be
entered, £ 50, right justify (do not use f
decimal point).
Anqle of oort orientation from horizontal.
degrees.
- Port diameter.
Vertical distance between water surface ar
outfall port centerline (port depth).
Densitv of effluent in qrarns per cubic
centimeter.
Leave blank.
Total volumetric flov,r rate.
Number of nort$.
Desired data printout interval along plum?
centerline.
* .
Density (s)__Prof 1_l_e_Cards
irrds b D^rM 1-j c;r r-"tr--:-'- c's:'-;.--ty
censiij, is inr^t., v.~ ^r.i'cs '':::'.
-------
One set of paired depth and density values is e rite reel an each ca
o
starting at the surface. If ambient density is constant with dej
use only one card.
Format: (3F10.0) . '
Fi_ejd Column' ' . Description
~ I
1 1-10 Depth (distance measured from surface-0)
. . t '. .-
2 -11-20 De.nsity (or temperature» in degrees. Celsii
3 21-30 Salinity (in parts per thousand) but entci
only if temperature is entered in columns
11-20. Otherwise, blank. You must use a
non-zero salinity if temperature is used.
: Any number of additional cases may be run by providing addil
sets of input data cards as described above.
-------
BUOYANT PLUME I .',' A DENSITY STRATIFIED XEDI A* **#:,*
CASE .NO. .. INITIAL CONDITIONS ......-'
UNITS: FPS - - .
PORT AWGLE >-...,«,... Q
FROUDE NUMBER ..*..,.. 0 .«.«,., 356.1
LENGTH. FOR FLOW ESTABLISHMENT . . i 1 - 40
INTEGRATION STEP LENGTH ....-». - .755
PRINTOUT -IWTEKVAL ........ ...;- 3 .. 50
^'°. °*e*<><''>»<>-eo»'. »,» 1 .40
zo «..«..«.«. » . . .- . 0 . 39.97
DISCHARGE DENSITY ....,..-. KOODOO
- PORT DEPTH .......-....,. /,0.00
FLOyRATE ................ J.OgOOOE 01
. NUMBER OF PORTS . . , . . 0 . . . . 26
DISCHARGE VELOCITY ..... . . . . . 8./;6' ' '
PORT DIAMETEfi. . ....».... 2.50000E-01
DENSITY STRATIFICATION DEPTH RHO
8-20
11 .98.
15»75
19-53
27-08
30-86
34-64
38- 41
42. ] 9
45-97
49-74
HITS
50-24
4.41
8-00
"i i-oi
13-28
14-98
16-30
17-35
IS-22
96
59
20. 1 4
20-63
21 -07
SL'nhACE
21.12
18
19.
0
40-00
39.74
38-62
36.36
33-36
29-99
26-45
22,82
19.15
15-44
?. 1 - 7 2 '
7-99
4-24
.49
00
1-02499
1.02500
ELEV
.26
1 »38
3-64
64
01
6.
10.
13-
17.
20.
24-
55
18
85
56
28-28
32-01
35.76-
39-51
40-00
THETA
8-8
27.1
45-9
58-9
66.9
72-0
>75. 4
77-8
79-6
81 -0
.82- 1
83.0
DILN
3-1131
6-0814
10.0493
15-3324
21.8036
29-'3221
37.7670
47-0715
'-57.1827
68-0580
79-6614
91-96!3
104.92GS
83-6 106.6G4S
rlr.'l'!;/; T
-------
.III. Occanof|_raph iJl_Study_ Reo^i rcment.s
A- i^K^Objc^ctv/es_:_ T° determine the physical/chemical:,
biological and hydroa'ynamic conditions at e-ither an existing or
proposed disposal site in order to access critical conditions with
respect outfall /cliff user design and to establish baseline conditions
for future trend analyses.
B. General Requirements^ .
]. Determination of critical conditions^ for ocean outfall/
cliff user deisgn by consideration of
degree of stratification
. upv;elling
frequency and magnitude of onshore winds
frequency and magnitude of onshore currents
seasonal or periodic changes in any of the above
2- Analy s i s of pi urns trans port and dilution mechani sms
under critical conditions including an evaluation of
adverse biological effects .
compliance with water quality standards at
(a) the maximum' point of plume rise above the
discharge point . . / '
' (b) the Class S13-SC interface (if applicable)
effects on designated water usage
3. Optimization of diffuser des-ton to maximize initial
dilution at the proposed discharge location.
4. A recommended outfal H and diff user design w i th the
rationale for the proposed outfall length, routing,
. discharge depth and diffuser type, orientation and
design. .
5. An assessment of the exi sti ng (base! ine)
_
including a detenni nation of the following:
benthic biota
water column biota
surface (photic zone) biota
sensitive indigenous organisms
indigenous biota of economic importance
general interrelationship(s) of major indigenous
seasonal changes or natural .progressions in biolc
system. . '
6. An ajia!j/sjj;_of ^wastewater character j sties including an
evaluation of chemical properties
potential for acute and/or chronic toxicity to indigenous
biota
potential for aesthetic degradation
-------
7. An overall assess!;!?;^ of t:ho__crrfccts of the proposed
discharge and construction activity on indigenous biota,
general v/ater quality and aesthetic, conditions in the
study area. :
8, Field surveys, data analysis and literature research to
determine
. hydrodymnnic characteristics of study area
. ir.eteorologic conditions immediately prior to
and during surveys.
baseline biological conditions
local bathymetry
bottom geology
-------
C. Haste Characteriza ti on
1. General Considerations
a. The waste characterization program
a set, of mini HI urn initial
to preclude water quality standards contravention
acute or chronic toxicity to indigenous biota
unacceptable aesthetic, degradation
b. Where no existing discharge is available use samples
from similar municipality and/or literature research
to estimate effluent characteristics
c. Toxicity studies should be run with both primary and
secondary chlorinated effluent on sensitive"and/or
economically important species determined from the
biological survey . " -.
2. Chemical Characteristics
a. Samples routine^chemicaT parameters^ eg.,
BOD Kjedahl - N
COD Nitrogen series .
pH total phosphorus
Color orthophosphates
total solids total phosphates
volatile solids total coliform
turbidity fecal coliform
metals dissolved oxygen
transparency suspended solids
and all parameters for which there are water
quality standards in the disposal zone
v
b. Develop and/or utilize past research to determine a
statistical frequency record of effluent total ar,d
fecal coliform concentrations for both primary and
secondary chlorinated effluent (see plot of effluent
coli. vs. % time - )
c- Estimate c^rForm_af^tergrQVjth factor from actual
analysis or past research; ranges usually from 1.5
to 3.0 times the initial concentration
d. Determine initial dijj.rt:|on(So.^ required to moot E.
coli. or fecal coif." standard at both the
(1) maximum point of plume rise and
(2) Class SB--SC interface (if applicable) under
90%, 95% and 99% occurrences
-------
o
o
o
o
1C
o
o
fe
UJ
w
tr
o
o
10
IO4
iO
10
*/
v
/
/i
y
L
10 lii 20 30 '.0 50 CO 70 80 SO 95 37 90 95
% OF TIME LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE EFFLUENT COLIFORM CONCENTRATION
FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TREATMENT
AND POST CHLORINATION
-------
3. D i o 1 09 1 c aj JgAiclty
a. SglQ£t_s e n sit jv e__o r_ i m p o r tan t ;i ri cl i c[e 1 1 o u s s pe_cj_e_ s
' as notecTTrPche Biological Survey section for trfoassay
studios; recommends min-imum of 3 species,
b. . Pe r f ^m^JTOj^t^terrn ( acute Q_tox i _cj jy_tc.s_ts_ v; i t h
primary and secondary chlorinated' effiuent under
varying dilutions to determine the 96-hour median
tolerance limits (TLn1)
c. Acute Toxicity - develop plot(s) of effluejTt_diJirtion
v_s. % _,di_eof'f for each bioassay species and research
literature to determine actual 96 hr. - TL to quantify
the acute toxicity of the proposed effluent to each
of the control species.
d. Chronic Toxicity - adjust the initial dilution(s)
Tso) required for the 96 hr - TLm by the follov/ing
biological "safety factors" to insure against long--
term (chronic) toxicity:
Substance Factor .
Heavy Metals' '1:100
Ammonia 1:20
Cyanide 1:10
Sulfide 1:20
Non-cumulative 1:10
Cumulative 1:20-1:100
The most stringent initial dilution requirement
determined from this procedure should .p.rovi.d8_3fl
additional minimal dilution constraint for the
diffuser design and location.
Aesthetic Cons1deratT_o_n_
_a. Perform laboratory dilution tests with ambient waters
to determine initial dilution (S0) required for
a. Plume incliscernibility
b. Secchi disk visibility at 1 meter depth
-------
TOXCCITY AND .REQUIRED DILUTION FOR MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATERS AFTER TREATMENT
Process Effluent
Primary
| Activated Sludge,
! Std.. rate.
Chemical Precipitation
Chemical Precipitation -f
Ammonia Removal or
Sorption
Chemical Precipitation, r
Aramonia Removal !-
Sorption
Chlorinatioii (Primary
: Elf. ) (5 rng/2)b
Chlorination (Primary
Eff.) (?, mg/£)b
Ghlorination-Dechlorina.tion
(Primary Eff. )
Chlorination- Dechlorination
(Chemical Ppt. Eff. )
Mean. Toxicity
Toxic Units^
2.21
<0, 5Z (0. 78)
"i. Z8
<0. 8 («i.O)
<0. 5Z (0. 83)
10. 0
5.0
1.93
^i. 0
Relative Dilution
Reqxvir'eci
i. 0
<0. 7A (0.35)
0.6
<0.35 (0.45)
<0. 24 (0.4)
4. 5
2.3
0. 87
*
0. 45
y
xicitica belov/ one toxic'unit \vere estimated .from observed
mortalities.using trie binomial function and Figure 2.7. The tv/o
values are the most probable toxicity concentration (IvIPTC) and
the valvie for the xxpper 95%' confidence limit.
Residual chlorine controlled at this level before contact.
-------
TOXICITY OF CHLORINATED EFFLUENTS
Toxicity, 96 hr TL
Total
Toxicity, Toxic Units, T --
Before
Chlorination
Effluent ' Range
imary ' 0.56-0.33
tivated Sludge ' 1.0
emical Precipitation 0.84-0.68
Residual' Chlorine Before
After ' Before Contact Chlorinaticn After
Ch 1 o r i n a t i on
0
0
0
. ' 0
0
0
.35
.06
.17
. 0 5-
.72
.06
(rng/1)
1
8 .
2
5.5
2
' 5
Range Chlorination
9 9
1.8-3.0 , g
0.48-1.2 ^
1.2-1.5 ' 20 * "
te: Table from Reference -(6) ,
-------
b. Past studies indicate that generally 50:1 dilution is
required for secondary effluent and 200:1 dilution
is required for primary effluent to render plunies
indiscernible.
-------
^ Field Survey Requirements
1. Gene ra 1 Cons i ci e: ra. t i pns_
a. The selection of a specific field survey program should
consider at least the
magnitude and toxicity of the discharge
sensitivity and economic importance of local biota
proximity of recreational areas
general hydrology of the area
overall budget constraints for such work
local reef or phosphorescent bay areas more intensive
biological surveys and bioassay work
upwelling or strong onshore currents more intensive
hydro dynamic v/ork
b. At least onfiQ.) survey "should be undertaken jtiirliig_th2
C_Ht.1 r.a 1 period of the year, i.e., when
expected initial dilution is minimal
onshore currents are strongest or when
"local biota is most vulnerable to adverse effects
/
c. In.all cases, MiojiJ±eill5_jiJ_jjniKU^5lice sre the definition
of the.
.degree of stratification (and seasonal changes> if any) '
local hydrodynamics
most sensitive indigenous species and the
general baseline biological community
d. Generally, for any significant discharges recommend a
jiininMiL of
2 hydrodynamic (current meter) studies
2 water quality studies
1 benthic biological study
1-4 water column biological studies
1 bathymetric survey . '
1 geologic survey
2 incteorlogic surveys (concurrent with hydrodynamic work)
-f.oji_t.hp field survey requirpn^nts
-------
Routl ne Cheriri : cal S
( 1 } Re c ornni ended Mse'line n?.ranijelers and sample dejyihs
are as follov/s:
Temperature (vertical profile)-*
Salinity (vertical profile}:**
Secchi Depth-
Dissolved Oxygen*
pH* '
Biochemical Oxygen Demand*
Suspended Solids* .
Turbidity*
Total Organic Carbon*
Nitrogen Series (Organic !i, NH3 - N, H03-N)* '
Phosphorus (Total - Filtered and Unfi Iterec!)*
Col if orm .Bacteria (Total and Fecal)*
_ Chlorophyll "a"*
Inorganic Nitrogen*
Total and Fecal Col if orm*
'^Measurements Belov/ Surface Above Bottom and at Mid-depth
^Measurements at 10 feet intervals x
(2) Chemical surveys generally include
grid ..-SL>ni.p_l.ian_pa_tt<.erP . .
££:t.s_ perpendicular to shoreline
15.,. t.CL,25.. sample stations, or more
^- Strati ficati on Survey
(1) In addition to routine chemical samples, fi
r.ol 1 pct.j nn._._of . salini t.y.. ^nd^tppipe^t'irejlfi tn should
undertaken at as many additional stations as possible
at 10 ft depth intervals '
c. Metals Survey
(1) Recommended base! j ne.. narami'tGrs are as follov/s
mercury zinc nickel
cadmium lead pesticides
copper1 arsenic petroleum hydrocarbons
chromium selenium organohalogens .
beryllium vanadium
(2) Sample at a miriim'iL^ILl-SiatiQa in study area at the
surface, mid-depth and bottom
-------
jurvey
Cns i clera ti ons
(1) The study should &^liiaJ;bjiJiiaiQjiJ^
which will act on the discharge plume. Study should
d£J£!iiiinfL_S.p£fa^
vertical velocity gradients
prevailing current patterns both at surface and in
the water column
frequency and magnitude of onshore current(s)
existence of uov/elling phenomena
surface dispersion characteristics
(2) Each .sjif_y_ey should include, as a mini mum,
CjQirLi;ujQ.us_._curi:ent rneter . studies
surf ac_e .drifter ..st.u d i es
roc; u e _ s t u dies - .
over a 3 ILtfl ,.3 5 ri ax_p_g_r i o cL
recommends frequency: .2_ surveys » all discharges . .
- 3_. surveys for major discharges
b. Survey Specifics
> ------- ^
( 1 ) Cur_r_c?_nt msters
self-operating; anchored to bottom
records apprxoiniately every 5 minutes
re c o;rjESiid eri-raijiiuMa pro g ram :
^-CJir_r_e-nt. Dieter stations
Z-.ciLr.rent . .m.^tg.rs. ..jigr. stati on_: 1 at - 5 meter' MHL
1 at 5 meters off bottom
continuous operation for 30 to 35^dayr>
locate 1 meter sufficiently offshore to avoid local
effects
repeat for 2 surveys
(2) Surface drifters .
short-term (1 to 3 day) studies
record on approx. hourly intervals
usually 5 gallon bouyant jugs
can correlate results with wind studies
ce_C-Q.rpgi_gn(!.Rd..._mi n 1 nif.irn program: '
.LJiii_2_JiQiej3.5_03 at a few stations
do clu rijig c u r re_nj;._.piQ t e r . o pa r a t i on
preferably release cirncumuiJJXJdJ^^
repeat for .2_siiDLey_s.
-------
( 3 ) Bot_t or; i _drp_ri \icjj_
short term (1 to 5 day) studies
provide largo, scale mass movement of water
can be suspended from surface float and recorded hourly
LGuCfliHiaalicLndiiiiiLUiQ program:
Sanir; ..as sur ra_ce dri f tors
(4) Dye Studies '
optional
can be used to determine surface dispersion and
wind effects . .
c. Miscellaneous Review Items
The oceanographic- report, should include the following
items
(1) Discussion of general circulation Ddltgrns in study area
(2) Mscussinn_iiLjiiadi_j^ >
with r:iagnitude(s) and expected duration(s)
(3) Discussion of seasonal and shorter ..temper jocll city.
eg., day-night surface current reversals, in current
measurements.
(4) Progress,:! ve vector d,iaar_dms for each current meter
during each survey
(5) Po 1 a r_. c no r d i n aAe.Mhls t o.gr aa for all meters
(6) Map(s) with drogue/drifter transport patterns
(7) J)ye...c!.isnprs.ion_plpts (c/ca vs. distance) if studied'
(8) Tidal stage .readings for survey period(s)
-------
23.4
OBSERVATIONS IN PPt
MILES
JULY 10- 14. !977
*t--=£j5.cj.;*;----rr/.tjriv' a.v.r j^rsrtr.-J^ati.-rtre'xrrv
OBSERVED SURFACE SALINITY DiSTRlBUTION
-------
70 f
OBSERVATIONS IN PPT
.TRANSECT C - C1
' JULY 10-14, 1372
DISTANCE !N MILES
r-vs^ts^^srr^^ ,\:.-r-,-i-»T. ar: z-rr xxx.
OFFSHORE VERTICAL SALINITY.
-------
X "\V\^^^- 0/j( \V «- c;,'.-^!,
^v>V>Wr^o^^^"' :
.-»-^... '>^>N cA /^^A-'XA ^--r
SURFACE DRIFT
BOTTOM DRIFT
Only 10 - 17, 1972
FIP.UI7F.
-------
B^oTjicnccn Survey
a . Gen era! Considerati o n s
(1) The study should ds.fjiunill^LJ^^
C-XiMiiiiii_h.lolQQiiid.l_cLQuiaLL'aJ-ts>' in both the ..water -Calico
.ftncl the bent hie region. Specific items to be defined
are
sensitive indigenous species
'indigenous biota of economic importance
location of sensitive biological communities
interdependence of observed species
seasonal progressions of biological organisms'
baseline biological conditions for future trend
analysis.
b. D c t e rmi n a t i on of B i o a s say_ J3r_g a n i sin ( s ) :
(1) Generally select at least
1 benthic organism (if reef area, consider coral)
1 water column organism (usually zoc-on phytoplankton) .
1 surface organism ( - 30 ft. depth) and /
possibly 1 finfish species
( 2 ) Con s.l.de.r_ the, f ollov/i n g . .Items in selection
overall expected sensitivity of species
economic importance of species itself
significance as a food source species
reef building organism(s)
most sensitive life stage, eg., larva, egg, juvenile form:
c. Water Column Survey
(1) Collection depths: surface
. mid-depth
above bottom '
(2) Equipment and parameters:
plankton met - phytoplankton
bongo met -- zooplankton
Niksin bottle - phytoplankton, zooplankton. and chemical
sample .
(3) Frequency:
1 _ r LLI.L P c_ r _ seas n_n_
' -3_±a Jl ...run s ... m.^i yl_bn_jieec[pd to define seasonal
changes
d. Benthic. Survey
(1) Number of Stations: miniinii::i ..5 ,st.atiail5- adoquato
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(2) Frequency: 1__nm._usiialiy_fldeaiiat£. especially
if reerarec; probably static community
(3) EquipiP.ent: biological box-corer
tow dredge
grab sampler - Van Veen, Mclntyre
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og'ic Survey
a- 'General Consideration?^ .
(1) The geologic study sioiilOill^OillLlvi the
physical character! sties of the overlying bottom materia'
depth of overlying deposits
location (s) of reef areas
general bottom stability
outfall anchorage requirements
general desirability of alternate outfall routings
b. -Survey Specifics . :
(!) Re convnend ec! .. sgc! i inairL pjirajjielgrs to be evaluated are
as follows:
grain size distribution TOG
volatile solids BOD
trace .metals ' COD
synthetic organics, eg., DDT sulfides
(2) Sonar ("boomer") soundings may be used to determine
the depth of bottom deposits; .^ojiadJLnS-S should be
undertaken alojiajisjiLaGyJjfiL^^ .
(3) Core samples may be taken to verify sonar .
readings (optional)
6- Bathynietry Survey
a- General Cons i derati ons
(1) DaiitiL-EQiindinss should be taken alcaa_^SJDiaay
transects, as possible in study area
(2) EilJ^iyniiit^iLJIEn scale: 1:25,000 to 1:10,000
5 meter contour intervals
j
7. Meteo-rol ogy Study .
a. 6 e n e r a 1 C g n s i c! e r at i o n s
(T) The meteorologic study should include
correlation of wind and surface current patterns
discussion of general ineteorlogic conditions in the
study area and effect on hydrodynann'c regime
(2) Frequency: 2 .or _r,!ore qaqe_periods
3p^_31>_day, e'ach
operation dii rjn CL gi r r en j me t e \ s t ucjje s
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.11 ?siiPJi1 'L ^j-'^Jl'-ii'iiL^iiiL^i ~ J'--xi^i^^Mi^*
A. Ex "is ting S tucl^/jj'^roa _Ch_a ^aj^te rj jitj_c_s_
1. Were surveys undertaken for
instrearn v/ater quality?
water column biota?
benthic biota?
sediment chemical characteristics?
sediment physical characteristics?
hydrodynamic characteristics? surface currents'? bottom current;
bathymetry
geologic characteristics
2- Did the instream v/ater qua Vit.y__sur_ve_ys_ define '.
routine chemical characteristics at the surface, mid-depth
and bottom? '
degree of stratification?
baseline metal concentrations?
salinity and temperature at 10 ft. depth intervals at as
many stations as possible?
3. Did the biolog i cal surveys define
sensitive and/or economically important species? f.
phyto - and zooplankton populations? diversity indices?
benthic organisms? diversity indices? identification of specie
water column and benthic species density?
major indigenous finfish?
major indigenous bottom fish?
seasonal changes in biota?
general predator-prey relationships?
4. Did the sedirae 111 s t ud ies determine
grain siiie distribution?
trace metals concentrations?
volatile solids concentration?
pesticides? synthetic organics?
TOC? BOD? COD.? sulfides? .- .
$' Did the h.y d r o dy n_am i c s tu d i e s include
continuous current meters at a minimum of 3 stations
with surface and bottom maters for a duration of at
least 30 days?
surface drifter and bottom and mid-depth drogue studies?
progressive ector diagrams for all current matters?
maps of drifter/drogue releases and retrievals?
current histograms for all meters?
a minimum of 2 survey periods for meters, drogue and
drifter studies
consideration of local onshore gyres or upv/elliug phenomena?
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coordination of drogue/drifter studies with meter operation?
considc.TcTt.ion of most probable critical period in the year?
tidal stage readings?
definition of most prevalent and most critical current
conditions for diffuser design?
definition of most desirable diffuser location from probable
plume transport considerations?
the overall desirability of the study area for outfall
siting based upon existing hydrodynanric conditions?
6. . Did the seologj_c _stu^He_s_ define
location of all reef areas?
possible impediments to outfall 'construction? .
potential anchorage problems?
most desirable outfall routing(s) and diffuser location(s)
from geologic, considerations?
depth and stability overlying bottom materials?
.Miscellaneous
Did the study include
1. A recommendation for a specific diffuser/ outfall routing,
design and location justification?
2. Diffuser' optimization by varying portage, flow/port, discharge
depth, etc?
3. UseW Program PLUME?
4. Definition critical conditions with respect to stratification
onshore winds and currents
5. Definition of seasonal changes in stratification and
hydrodynamics . ;
6. Calculation of plume dilution under critical conditions
7. Compliance with col i form standards at the maximum point
of plume rise? at the SB-SC interface (where applicable)?
8. Consideration of effluent toxicity and aesthetic requirements?
Compliance with these requirements at maximum point of
plume rise?
9. Consideration of col i form aftergrowth in analyses?
10. Statistical plot of coliform concentration vs. % of time -
11. Chemical analysis of existing discharge or a similar
wastewater?
12. A rneterologic study during surveys with wind histograms
and progressive wind vector diagrams?
13. 'A bathmetric survey and a map of depth profiles in study area?
14. A discussion of probable construction effects on local, biota?
15. Toxicity bioassays on sensitive or economically important specie
16. Determination of 95 hr - Tl.rn for each test species?
17. Plot of effluent dilution vs. % clieoff for each test species
for both primary and secondary chlorinated effluent? .
IB. Definition of the most sensitive test species?
19. Definition of the projected critical effluent characteristics
and hydroclynamic conditions used in the determination of
the required outfall length and diffuser design?
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V. i) i f f 11 s e r 1) e s i cj n C n n s i d o t - n Lion s
A- .^H5l£ Objectives
'i. The diffuse-r should be designed to maximize the initial
di1ut.ion(s,) in order to comply v/ith v/ater quality standards and
meet biological and aesthetic requirements at both
a. the maximum-point of plume rise above the
cliff user and ,
b. the SB-SC interface (where applicable)
with mfhirnal. capital cost, head loss and jet interference.
2. Optimization techniques using Program PLUME should be
employed to evaluate variable diffuser designs to meet above
objective. '
B. General Review Considerations
1. Diffuser should be oriented perpendicular to the predominant
onshore current vector(s) in order to provide maximum effective
plume width normal to such currents; appropriate diffuser types are
as follows:""
Y-shaped random current pattern(s)
T-shaped predominant onshore current
I or splitY'predominant longshore current
2. Diffuser site should be as level as possible
3. Diffuser design should maximize flow uniformity between
.ports
4. All ports should flow full to prevent.seawater intrusion
»
5. All ports should discharge horizontally but may be
alternately located on different sides of the diffuser
6. All ports should be circular and bell-mouthed on
interior edges to minimize head losses
7. Port spacing should be Targe enough to prevent any
jet merging and resultant reduced dilution(s) in the zone of '
plume bouyancy.
8. Diffuser ends should be removable for general maintenance and
sediment flushing.
9. Tapered diffusers and variable port sizes can be used to
provide both minimum desired interior velocities and flow uniformity
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10. Usually, greater initial Fronde numbers(F,) for
the discharge induce more entrainment of ambient waters into
the effluent plume, a greater horizontal trajectory of the
plums and a smaller plums rise at any given distance along
the arc of the plume trajectory. .
£ Specific Design Criteria
1. The sum of all cliff user port areas must be less
than the cross-section area of the outfall itself in order-
to insure no intrustion of sea water =:into the cliff user structure;
the optimum ratio of total -port area/outfall cross-section lias
been shown to be between 1/2 and 2/3.
port area - (1/2 to 2/3) x (outfall cross-section)
2. The sum of the port areas offshore at any point in the
diffuser must be less than the diffuser cross-section area at
that point. . .
3. All circular ports must have an F0~0.59 in order to
flow full; an F0-1.0 is generally adequate for design at low
flow periods.
4. Mini mum velocities of 2 to 3 fps are required for
settled sewage at average design flows to preclude sedimentation
in either the outfall or diffuser structure.
5. Required jet velocities^ are-R-s follows:
Vj - 1.0 ft/sec (for all flows)
- 20. ft/sec (for concrete diffusers under
maximum daily .design flows) *
&' Port dimeter (D) criteria are as follows:
a. Port diarneter(D) - 1/4 manifold cross-section
at any point along diffuser
- 2 to 3 inches in all cases
b. Typical range is 4 to 9 inches
c. Port diameters are usually,larger for primary
effluent to prevent clogging and excessive
maintcnace
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ci. If diffuser is tapered port diameters generally
- increase in size towards the diffuser end (bulkhead)
to insure flov/ unifornrity.
? £211 sj3i\cjjra(1) criteria to preclude jet interference
(merging)
a. Port spacing(l) - 10 x (port diameter)
- jet trajectory (L)/6
b. Typical spacing range is 8 to 15 feet (c.to c.);
average is 10 feet
c. When ports are on the saiaa side of the diffuser,
: jet interference has been observed at a distance
along trajectory of 2.5 to 3.1 L-
d. For ports on alternate sides of the diffuser,
merging has been observed above diffuser when
the Fronde number (FQ) was in range 10 to 40;
generally, greater Froude numbers prevent jet
merging above the diffuser or increase distance
above diffuser that .such merging might occur.
Parameter Definition:
FQ = Froude number
D = Port diameter
L = Trajectory length along plunie £ to maximum point
of rise
'i = Port spacing
Vj = Jet velocity
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V. Ocoan_0_;.ij;fall DosKjii and Cor:s!.:n.:ctier; ^Al^l^l^lL
A. f^il'^^tinsideratio:;^
1. Basic items t:o be considered in the design of an outfall
arc as follows:
a Structural
v/ave pressure effects
longshore current effects
anchorage need (esp. in the surf zone)-
ballast (flotation) requirements
bottom sand movement: (esp. in surf zone)
compressability of bottom material along routing
need for "thrust" blocks at alignment changes
need for support piles (esp. at thrust blocks)
effect of.storm conditions on all of the above
b. Hydraulic.
minimum velocity requirements
peak plant flow(s)
roughness coefficient1^) and head losses
economic analysis of gravity vs pump flow
head requirements
v/ater hammer analysis
2. Outfall design should provide
a. Inspection manholes along entire "length
b. Access chambers for cleaning equipment . -
c. Removable bulkheads on the diffuser for flushing line
3. Scheduling for outfall construction (marine portion) should
consider periods of low biological vulnerability for .
instream biota.
4. Design and construction requirements differ according to
a. Plant to shoreline portion
b. Surf zone portion (out to -20 to --30 feet MLW depth)
c. Offshore portion (beyond -30 feet MLl-J depth)
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1. Bottom materials n;ove during all conditions
?.. In most cases,. on t-R VI ^*ci£21LLJ^D^^^-JlCi''! H
d" stable especially if bottciii Is sandy. (-5 foit cover
over outfall with sand and quarry stone is common).
3. Should CG open trench construction 'is often i "possible;
possible construction technique is as follows:
a - Dri yg J?.ina_r?J J e,l j;Q'.'/s __of sh-^?t pi 1 Q.S
b. Remove inaterial to provide aporox. 5 to 8 ft. cover
over outfall .
c. Install outfall; longer outfall sections desirable
d. Backfill to approx. + 1 ft., above outfall with sand
e. Fill remainder to ocean floor level with quarry grade
stone (50 to 150£) '
Benefits of such placement are as follows:
a. No damage due to sand movement
b. No damage due to lateral currents
c. No anchorage requirements '
d. Mo ballast considerations . .
. ' *
5. ^Consider use ^ of nil inns (preferably pipe piling) to provide
support and lateral constraints .
Of fs here Zone Con s i derati ons
1 . QatfalL jj'gy b_ajiq_or_JialQV' _Qcgan floor
2. Bottom material's generally niove only during storm events
3. Storm events generally fel.t to approx. - 50 ft. \-\-AL depth
4. Generally, - 5 ft cover for stib-terrestial ' outfalls is cordon
5 . If exposed ,. . .b?-llast_./:il_1 outfalj section" to pv'ev^r'i'^'''rov[rir[_
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P o r. t 0 p : r ?. t :i. o n a 1 S ur v -3 v:
RiiCOMI-iCHDKD MONITOKING PROGIIAK
A. Physical Measurements
1. Temperature1
7., Salinity1 - '- . . '. . -
X3. Secchi Depth - - . - ' _
4. Turbidity2
5. -Incident and .reflected .light1-.
B., Chemical Measurements
! Dissolved Oxygen2
2. pH2
3. Nitrogen (organic, ammonia, nitrate)
4. Phosphorus (total, ortho)2
5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand - 5 day2.
6. Total organic carbon2
'- 7, .Reaotiye-Silica2 -
8. Heavy Metals2
C, Biological Measurement
\. Chlorophyll "a"2
2, Algal Counts2
3. Zooplankton Counts2
4. Total and Fecal Coliform2
D.
1. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen.
2. Total organic carbon '
3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand - 5 day . '.
4. Grain size distribution
5. Heavy Metals
6. Benthic trav/1 in outfall region (classification and
enumeration or organisms)
'Surface- and 5 rvster intervals to bottom
"Surfaceand bottom .
^i'ota.1 JL5 j- 20_sl^lt:£0^>__3-''i JLransectJ^perpencULcular to__shorcillne
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A. PuortoRico Cast:a
Literature research indicated the following genera)
characteristics:
" * ii^LJiJ 9n ;i f i cant jtherma lor sal j n i ty_ s_tratrfK:a1ri or;
along the south shore
2. Usually on the north shore, stratification is insignificant
in nearshore areas where depths are - 40 meters; exception (s )
Dorado area
3- No upwelling noted along any coastal areas
4. Due to diurnal offshore/onshore v/incl changes, critical
hydro dynamic conditions may often be during periods or
a. rninirnal stratification and
b. onshore surface winds (often daytime periods)
J3o s s i b 1 e Ft! tu re PoVi cy ' De c i s i on s
Possible future policy decisions which might be considered
by the Puerto Rico Commonwealth are as follows: . /
1. Prohibiting discharge into S3 waters ( - 500 meters offshore)
2, Requiring diffusers en all outfalls
3. Requiring outfall and diffuser designs to meet standards
using primary effluent characteristics if the facility
is to operate for an interim period at this level
4. Requiring that the col i form, aesthetic and biological
chronic toxicity standards be met at the maximum point
of plume rise above the discharge point; requiring, in
addition, that the SB col i form standard be mat at the,
SB-SC interface (if applicable)
5. Requiring Program PLUME be used in all future oceanographic
studies for d.rffuser analysis and optimization
6. Establishing a maximum allowable chlorine residual for
coastal discharges to reduce biological toxicity of the
effluent.
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7. For outfall construction:
a. Require trenched outfall for all discharges into
south coast waters
b. Require trenched emplacement for all outfall sections
into - 30 to 50 feet MLM depth on north shore v/aters or
c. Require all'coastal outfall sections constructed in
surf zone areas (- 30 to 50 feet) in Puerto.Rico
to be placed in trenches with a minimum of 5 feet
cover. . .
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