ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
ON A WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION GRANT
FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA OF THE OCEAN COUNTY
SEWERAGE AUTHORITY IN OCEAN COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
VOLUME
FINAL
OCTOBER 1974
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION II
26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York 10007
-------
902174255A
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
ON A WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION GRANT
FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA OF THE OCEAN COUNTY SEWERAGE AUTHORITY
IN OCEAN COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
VOLUME I
FINAL
OCTOBER 1974
Prepared by:
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION II
26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York 10007
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
I SUMMARY 1
II DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 11
III BACKGROUND 14
General Description of the Project Area 14
Physical Geography of Ocean County 17
Geology of Ocean County 21
Land Use in Ocean County 24
Population Projections for the Central Service Area ... 50
Economic and Occupational Profiles of Ocean County. ... 56
Natural Resources of Ocean County 64
Surface Waters 64
Fresh Waters 65
Estuarine Waters 68
Coastal Marine Waters 72
Ground Water 76
Raritan and Magothy Formations . 77
Kirkwood Formation ". 78
Water-Table Aquifer ' 79
Englishtown Formation 80
Wenonah Formation and Mount Laurel Sand 80
Water Supply 84
Terrestrial Ecosystems 86
Air Resources 98
Existing Sources of Wastewater in the Central Service
Area 98
History of the Proposed Project 104
Detailed Description of the Ortley Beach Sewage
Treatment Plant 108
IV ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT 112
The "No Action" Alternative 112
System Alternatives 113
Collection System and Service Area 113
Wastewater Treatment System 117
Secondary Treatment System . . . 118
Advanced Waste Treatment System 123
Effluent Disposal System 123
Sludge Disposal System 128
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Sectio_n_ Title Pj|_ne
V DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 135
Collection System 136
Treatment System 136
Effluent Disposal System 143
Sludge Disposal System 143
Miscellaneous 144
VI ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 148
. Short-Term Impacts 149
Aquatic Ecosystems 149
Ground Water 153
Terrestrial Ecosystems 154
Air, Noise, and Traffic 156
Long-Term Primary Impacts 157
Aquatic Ecosystems 157
Ground Water 166
Terrestrial Ecosystems 171
Air Quality 176
Long-Term Secondary Impacts 176
Surface and Ground Waters 176
Air Quality. 180
Development of the Air Quality Analysis 186
Results of the Air Quality Analysis 191
Relationship Between the Air Quality Analysis
and the OCCSTP 194
VII ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED 199
SHOULD THE PROPOSED PROJECT BE IMPLEMENTED
VIII RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S 201
ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF
LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY
IX IRREVERSIBLE OR IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES 204
WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED PROJECT SHOULD
IT BE IMPLEMENTED
X COMMENTS AND RESPONSES • 206
XI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 228
XII ABBREVIATIONS USED 235
ii
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Ti tl e Page
XIII METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH UNITS 237
XIV BIBLIOGRAPHY 239
XV APPENDICES
Appendix A - Selected Approved New Jersey State Water
Quality Classifications and Criteria . . . 251
Appendix B - Methodologies Used to Estimate Population . 260
Appendix C - National Primary and Secondary Ambient
Air Quality Standards 262
Appendix D - Alternative Treatment Plant Sites,
Collection System Sewer Routings, Outfall Routings,
and Sludge Disposal Sites 263
Appendix E - U.S. Public Health Service Bacteriological
Standards for Drinking Water 291
iii
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Number Title Page
1 Population Estimates for Municipalities in the 52
Central Service Area.
2 Employment Profile of Ocean County, 1964-1990. 58, 59
3 Occupational Profile of Ocean County Residents, 1970. 62, 63
4 Stream Flow Data, Ocean County, 1968. 66
5 Pumpage from Aquifers in Ocean County, 1968. 87
6' Air Quality Data: Ocean County, July 1972 - June 1973. 99
7 Existing Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the 101,102
Central Service Area, December 1973.
8 Comparison of Costs for Alternative Wastewater 122
Treatment Systems: OCSA Southern Service Area.
9 Proposed Lift and Pump Stations for the OCSA Central 138
Service Area Sewerage Project.
10 Major Treatment Units for the Proposed OCCSTP. 140,141
11 Staff Complements for Wastewater Treatment Plants. 147
12 Primary Long-Term Impacts of the Proposed Project on 172,173
Terrestrial Ecosystems.
13 Local Short-Term Effects on the Environmental During 202
Construction.
D-l Summary Environmental Evaluation of Alternative Sites 275
for the OCCSTP.
D-2 Alternative Collection System Routings for the Central 281
Service Area. 282,283
IV
-------
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
D-l
through
D-10
LIST OF FIGURES
Title Page
Location Map of Central Service Area. 15
Drainage Basins of Ocean County. 16
Topography of Ocean County. 19
Geohydrologic Cross Section of Ocean County. 22
Geology of Ocean County. 23
Current Municipal Zoning in the Central Service Area. 25
Present and Proposed Development in Berkeley Township. 26
Present and Proposed Development in Dover Township. 27
Present and Proposed Development in Jackson Township. 28
Present and Proposed Development in Lacey Township. 29
Present and Proposed Development in Manchester Township. 30
Present and Proposed Development in Ocean Township. 31
Officially Designated Coastal Wetlands in Ocean County. 35
Officially Designated Coastal Area in Ocean County. 38
Trends in Employment in Ocean County, 1962-1972. 57
Piezometric Contours of Kirkwood Formation. 82
Water-Tab!e Contours in Ocean County. 83
Existing Sewage Treatment Facilities and Sewered Areas 103
in the Central Service Area.
Proposed Sewerage Facilities for the Central Service Area. 137
Schematic Flow Diagram of the Proposed OCCSTP. 142
Sewerage System Alternatives for the Central Service
Area.
264
through
273
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ON A
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION GRANT
FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA OF THE
OCEAF COUNTY SEWERAGE AUTHORITY
IN OCEAN COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
SUMMARY
DATE: October 1974.
TYPE OF_ STATEMENT:
Final.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCY:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region II.
TYPE OF ACTION:
Administrative.
DESCRIPTIQN_OF ACTION INDICATING STATES AND COUNTIES AFFECTED;
Funds have been requested from the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) by representatives of the Ocean
County Sewerage Authority (OCSA) of Ocean County in the
State of New Jersey. The funds are needed to finance the
preparation of construction drawings and specifications for
1) a secondary sewage treatment plant for the OCSA's Central
service area, 2) interceptor sewers and force mains, and 3)
an ocean outfall to dispose of the effluent from the sewage
treatment plant.
The proposed project affects the Atlantic Ocean in the
area east of Seaside park and Seaside Heights. It also
-------
affects Atlantic, Cape May, Cumberland and Ocean counties.
(See DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT).
SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTALJ5FFECTS:
Implementation of the proposed project will 1) improve
the quality of receiving waters by providing secondary
treatment of wastewater prior to ocean discharge, 2) allow
cessation of wastewater discharge into inland streams that
have low assimilative capacities, and 3) provide the OCSA's
Central service area with centralized sewage treatment. The
highly treated effluent will be discharged into the Atlantic
Ocean. Waste sludge produced at the treatment plant will be
disposed of in a State-approved sanitary landfill. This
will not significantly disrupt the environment.
If the proposed project is implemented, some adverse
effects are expected: 1) reduced ground-water recharge with
associated decreases in stream flows and increases in
saltwater encroachment, 2) possible contamination at the
point of effluent disposal, and 3) slight deterioration of
air quality.
(See ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT and
ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED
SJOULD THE PROPOSED PROJECT BE IMPLEMENTED) .
-------
ALTERNATIVES_CONSIDEFED:
Project alternatives, other than the "no action" alter-
native, have been divided into four components: collection
system and service area, wastewater treatment system,
effluent disposal system, and sludge disposal system.
Alternatives within each system have been evaluated and
proposed systems chosen.
Collection System and Service ^rea
Past governmental decisions have narrowed the field of
alternatives to one, the proposed approach. Ocean County
has been divided into three service areas: Northern,
Central, and Southern.
The Central service area has been divided into two
sections, the Island Beach section and the mainland section.
Each section is to have its own treatment facility. The
Ortley Beach sewage treatment plant is currently being
expanded and upgraded to serve the Island Beach section.
The Ocean County Central sewage treatment plant (OCCSTP),
the proposed project, is to serve the mainland section. The
collection system for the Island Beach section is designed
to accommodate the sewage flows generated by the ultimate
saturation population of the area. The collection system
for the mainland section is designed to accommodate the
sewage flows generated by the anticipated 2020 population of
-------
the area. Collection system alternatives have been limited
to alternative routings; these are discussed in Appendix D.
Treatment System
Four major alternative treatment processes have been
considered by the OCSA:
1. Activated sludge using air
complete-mix (proposed)
conventional
contact stabilization
step-aeration,
2. Activated sludge using "pure" oxygen
(Unox process),
3. Trickling filters,
U. Physical-chemical.
Properly designed and operated, any one of these alternative
systems can meet the Federal regulations for secondary
treatment systems.
Effluent Disposal System
Previous actions by both the New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection (NJDEP) and the EPA have eliminated
inland streams and coastal estuaries as possible receiving
waters for the effluent from the OCCSTP. Only two alterna-
tive effluent disposal systems remain viable for the OCCSTP,
discharge to the Atlantic Ocean and artificial ground-water
recharge.
Sludge Disposal System
The sludge disposal system has been divided into four
subsystems: conditioning, stabilization, dewatering, and
-------
final disposal. The following alternatives have been
considered:
1. Conditioning (thickening)
a. Sedimentation
b. Flotation
c. Centrifugation (proposed),
2. Stabilization
a. Anaerobic digestion (proposed)
b. Aerobic digestion
c. Chemical stabilization
d. Pyrolysis,
3. Dewatering
a. Centrifugation (proposed)
b. Vacuum filtration
c. Filter press,
4. Final disposal
a. Incineration and landfill
b. Landfill (proposed)
i. at private landfill
ii. at OCSA owned landfill
c. Land spreading.
(See HISTORY OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT and ALTERNATIVES TO
THE PROPOSED PROJECT).
FEDERAL., STATE, AMD LOCAL AGENCIES FROM WHICH COMMENTS
HAVE BEEN REQUESTED;
Federal Agencies:
Department of Agriculture
/Agricultural Stabilization and Research service
Agricultural Research Service
Forest Service
Soil Conservation Service
Department of Commerce
-------
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Department of Defense
Army corps of Engineers (Philadelphia District)
Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy
Department of Health, Education and Welfare
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Department of the Interior
United States Senate
Honorable Clifford P. Case
Honorable Harrison A. Williams
United States House of Representatives
Honorable James J. Howard
Honorable Edwin B. Forsythe
United states Environmental Protection Agency
State Agencies:
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
New Jersey Department of Community Affairs
Division of State and Regional Planning
Local Agencies:
County
Atlantic County
Board of Chosen Freeholders
Planning Board
-------
Burlington County
Board of Chosen Freeholders
Planning Board
Cape May County
Board of Chosen Freeholders
Planning Board
Cumberland County
Board of Chosen Freeholders
Planning Board
Monmouth County
Board of Chosen Freeholders
Planning Board
Ocean County
Board of Chosen Freeholders
Board of Health
Business Administrator
Engineer
Environmental Agency
Extension Service
Municipal Utilities Authorities Association
Planning Board
Sewerage Authority
Municipal
Beachwood Borough
-------
Mayor
Sewerage Authority
Berkeley Township
Mayor
Planning Board
Recreation Commission
Sewerage Authority
Dover Township
Mayor
Planning Board
Sewerage Authority
Island Heights Borough
Mayor
Planning Board
Jackson Township
Conservation commission
Mayor
Municipal Utilities Authority
Planning Board
Lacey Township
Mayor
Municipal Utilities Authority
Planning Board
Lakehurst Borough
8
-------
Mayor
Municipal Utilities Authority
Planning Board
Lakewood
Municipal Utilities Authority
Lavallette Borough
Mayor
Planning Board
Manchester Township
Conservation Commission
Mayor
Municipal Utilities Authority
Planning Board
Mantoloking Borough
Mayor
Ocean Gate Borough
Mayor
Planning Board
Ocean Township
Mayor
Planning Board
Pine Beach Borough
Mayor
Planning Board
-------
Seaside Heights Borough
Mayor
Seaside Park Borough
Mayor
South Toms River Borough
Mayor
Planning Board
Sewerage Authority
Union Township
Mayor
Citizens Groups
American Littoral Society
Area Residents Environmental Association
Citizens Conservation Council of Ocean County
Crestwood Village Club
Federation of Conservationists United Societies
Holiday City Phase I Nature Club
Holiday City Phase II Clubhouse
Izaak Walton League of America
Leisure Village Nature Club
New Jersey Audubon Society
Ocean County Citizens Against Water Pollution '
Ocean County League of Women Voters
The Sierra Club - South Jersey Division
10
-------
DESCRIPTION QF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
C-34-372^- Ocean County Sgwerage Authority -^Central Service
Area Status - Preliminary Plans and Studies Completed
In 1970 the OCSA was assigned the task of constructing
and operating a regional sewerage system for Ocean County.
The OCSA divided the county into three service areas:
Northern, Central, and Southern. This environmental impact
statement deals with the sewerage facilities proposed for
the Central service area. The need for these facilities is
attributed to the rapidly increasing population of the
Central service area. In 1970 the population of the Central
service area was 92,000; by 1990 the population is expected
to reach 330,000 (FKSW, 1973).
At this stage of the project development process, the
OCSA has applied to the EPA for a Step 2 grant. A Step 2
grant is essentially a planning grant that pays part of the
cost of preparing construction drawings and specifications
for proposed facilities. The proposed facilities for the
Central service area are 1) a 91,000 cu m/day (24 mgd)
secondary sewage treatment plant, 2) ten pump stations and
three lift stations, 3) approximately 74 km (45 mile) of
sewer pipe, ranging in size from 35 to 183 cm (14 to 72
in.), and 4) a force main outfall, measuring 137 cm (54 in.)
11
-------
in diameter and extending 2C20 m (67CO ft) into the Atlantic
Ocean.
The treatment plant will employ the complete-mix, step-
aeration, activated sludge process. The effluent will be
chlorinated before it is discharged into the ocean. The
sludge will undergo two-stage digestion and dewatering.
After it has been processed, the sludge will be transported
by truck to a landfill site for disposal.
The development of Ocean County has had serious conse-
quences for the quality of area waters. There are now many
small wastewater treatment plants that discharge their
effluents into tributaries of Barnegat Bay and Little Egg
Harbor, or directly into the Atlantic Ocean. As a result,
the receiving waters are unfit for their designated uses
(see Appendix A).
Water quality conditions prompted a recommendation in
the 1967 Proceedings - Conference report (FWPCA, 1967) that
four treatment facilities be built in Ocean County by
November 1970. In 1972, the pre-conference report on area
waters (U.S. EPA, 1972a) noted that because the necessary
facilities had not been built, water quality standards were
being contravened.
To rectify this situation, the EPA decided to update its
implementation plan for abating water pollution in New
12
-------
Jersey's Atlantic coastal area. The EPA determined that the
Metedeconk River, the Island Beach, the Central Easin, and
the Southern regions would each require a treatment, plant
with effluent discharge to the Atlantic Ocean. Each
regional plant ;would have to provide year-round disinfection
of wastewater and a minimum biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
removal of 85 percent. The updated implementation schedule
specified that final plans be submitted to the EPA by June
1, 1974, that construction be started by December 1, 1974,
and that construction be completed by December 1, 1976.
The NJDEP submitted preliminary plans for a 125,000 cu ,
m/day (32 mgd) secondary sewage treatment plant to the EPA
on June 25, 1973. The NJDEP submitted revised plans,
including a reduction in plant capacity to the proposed
91,000 cu m/day (24 mgd), on July 30, 1973. The estimated
total cost of preparing construction drawings and
specifications for the proposed project is $5,708,000. The
Federal Step 2 grant will amount to $4,281,000. New Jersey
will contribute $856,000, and the OCSA will contribute
$571,000.
13
-------
BACKGROUND
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA
Ocean county, which is located in southeastern New
Jersey, is bounded on the north by Monmouth County, on the
east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Atlantic County,
and on the west by Burlington County. The geographic center
of Ocean County is approximately 80 km (50 mile) east of
Philadelphia and 97 km (60 mile) south of New York City.
(See Figure 1) .
The OCSA's Central service area includes the Toms River,
Forked River, and Cedar Creek drainage basins, the southern
portion of the Metedeconk River drainage basin, and the
Island Beach barrier bar drainage basin. The limits of the
Central service area and of each municipality within the
service area are illustrated in Figure 1. The drainage
basins are shown in Figure 2.
Ocean County has a fairly extensive transportation net-
work. As of 1965, there were 3325 km (2065 mile) of roadway
within Ocean County; municipal roads constituted 60 percent
of the total road system, county roads 30 percent, and State
roads 10 percent. U.S. Route 9 and the Garden State Parkway
are major north-south arteries that provide access to
central New Jersey and metropolitan New York.
-------
ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN
SOUTH OF LINE
NEW YORK CITY
LOCATION MAP OF CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
Figure 1
-------
\' I
HOWELL TOWNSHIP ' WALL TOWNSHIP
I -v
LAVALLETTE BORO
SEASIDE HEIGHTS BORO
SEASIDE PARK BORO
BEACHWOOD BORO,'
'
FORKED RIVER
CEDAR CREEK BASIN
IONG BEACH TOWNSHIP
SURF CITY BORO
SHIP BOTTOM BORO
TUCKERTON CREEK BASIN
MULL1CA RIVER BASIN
POINT PLEASANT BEACH RORO
BAYHEAD 60RO
MANIOLOKING HOBO
01234
KILOMETERS
LEGEND
^MBR» NATURAL DRAINAGE BASINS • MAJOR
^^•^M NATURAL DRAINAGE BASINS - MINOR
" TOWNSHIP BOUNDARIES
if ^ VJM" I 1 ft
xr \o>v f &
c<^
DRAINAGE BASINS OF OCEAN COUNTY
Figure 2
-------
State Route 35 connects the Island Beach barrier bar commu-
nities with areas to the north. State Routes 70 and 72 run
east-west, connecting Ocean County with the Camden - Phila-
delphia area.
Ocean County has six operational airports. The airports
are located in Berkeley Township, Lakehurst, Lakewood, Mana-
hawkin, Point Pleasant, and West Creek. Miller Airport in
Berkeley Township is owned and operated by the county. The
Lakehurst Naval Air Station is a military installation. The
other airports are privately owned. None of the airports in
Ocean County offer regularly scheduled flights, but charter
services are available.
Three railroad lines serve Ocean County. The New York
and Long Branch Railroad provides passenger and freight
service from New York City to Point Pleasant and Bay Head in
northern Ocean County. The Central Railroad of New Jersey
operates a freight line between Jersey City and Lakewood.
The Union Transportation Company, which leases track from
the Penn Central Railroad, provides freight service to the
western part of the county at New Egypt.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF OCEAN COUNTY
The area delineated as Ocean County is part of the
Atlantic Coastal Plain province (see Figure 1) . The
county's topographic profile is generally flat; mean eleva-
17
-------
tion in the county is 15 m (50 ft) above sea level (See Fig-
ure 3). Most of the land in the county has a gradient of 5
percent or less; only 1 percent of the land has a gradient
of 10 percent or more. The flatness of the landscape has
encouraged the development of short, broad-channeled streams
bordered by wetlands.
Within Ocean County, the entire eastern edge of the
Atlantic Coastal Plain is bounded by Barnegat Bay. The bay
is separated from the ocean by two barrier bars, or islands,
situated approximately 5 km (3 mile) offshore of the main-
land. These barrier bars, Island Beach and Long Beach Is-
land, shield the coastline of the mainland from the ocean
surf.
Ocean County has a modified continental climate. In
other words, continental winds, which blow out of the north-
west in the winter and out of the southwest in the summer,
create basic weather patterns that are modified by the
ocean. The winter climate is affected by cold fronts that
issue from high pressure systems over central Canada and the
north-central United States. The summer climate is affected
by Bermuda highs, systems of warm moist air that originate
over the ocean and that cause hot and humid days with
occasional thunderstorms.
18
-------
74°IO'
£S^° ^
^^y>.-"\
POINT PLEASANT BEACH
MANTOLOKINO
NORMANDY 6EACH
SEASIDE HEIGHTS
01234
KILOMETERS
CONTOUR INTERVAL 50 FEET
DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL
TOPOGRAPHY OF OCEAN COUNTY
Figure 3
-------
Air temperature is also affected by the ocean. The
ocean's moderating influence is most pronounced along the
shoreline. Coastal communities enjoy summer temperatures
that are generally 5.5 to 8.3C° (10 to 15°F) lower than
those in inland communities and winter temperatures that are
generally 5.5 to ll.lc0 (10 to 20F°) higher. Inland, the
average annual temperature is between 10 and 12.8°C (50 and
55°F).
Average annual precipitation in Ocean County is 114 cm
(45 in.); about 38 percent is in the form of snow or sleet.
The west-central section of the county receives an average
of 122 cm (48 in.) of precipitation per year, and the south-
ern tip of the county receives an average of 107 cm (42
in.). Rainfall is evenly distributed over the year at the
rate of 8 to 13 cm (3 to 5 in.) per month, although the rate
may fluctuate markedly during July and August when hurri-
canes and tropical storms occur.
Prevailing winds are out of the west or northwest during
the winter, and out of the south during the summer. Onshore
breezes that occur during the summer in the late morning and
early afternoon can cause the prevailing wind direction to
be south or southwest to northeast. (Biel, 1958; EAC,
1973) .
20
-------
GEOLOGY OF OCEAN COUNTY
About 12C million years ago, during the Cretaceous
period, the sea level rose until the eastern coastline ran
through what is now northwestern New Jersey, when the sea
receded, it left behind a wedge of marine sediment over the
relatively flat erosional surface of the basement Precam-
brian metamorphic rock. The wedge is thinnest at the
inland-most edge of the inner coastal plain (see Figure 1).
The thickness of the wedge increases seaward; at Island
Beach, the wedge is approximately 1158 m (3800 ft) thick
(see Figure 4).
Only the upper group of the twenty-four identified
coastal plain formations appears at the surface in Ocean
County. This is due to the gentle southeast dip of the
coastal plain sediments and to the general flatness of the
terrain. The Cohansey formation, which is a white to yellow
sand interspersed with gravel and clay lenses, is the ex-
posed sediment over most of Ocean County. The only notable
exceptions are the extreme western and northern sections of
the county where the Kirkwood formation, which usually
underlies the Cohansey sand, prevails. Locally, a veneer of
the Beacon Hill gravel or of the Pennsauken, the Bridgeton,
or the Cape May formation may mantle the Cohansey or the
Kirkwood formation. (See Figure 5) .
21
-------
(Q
C
U Undifferentiated woter-
lobU aquifer
Tkw KJrkwood Formation
aquifer
Tvr Vint.nto.rn Formation
aquil*r
aquifvr
aquifer undefined)
Tmq Monosquan Formation
Thr Hornentown Sand
Krb R«d Bank Sand
Km Nov.sink Formation
Kml Mariholllown Formatii
Kwb Woodbury Clay
Kmv Merchantville Formal
ES3
SCALE
GEOHYDROLOGIC CROSS SECTION OF OCEAN COUNTY
-------
01234
KILOMETERS
GEOLOGY OF OCEAN COUNTY
Figure 5
-------
LAND USE IN OCEAN COUNTY
The Ocean County Master Plan, which was approved in
1966, is being revised by E. Eugene Oross Associates (EAC,
1973). The original plan is no longer responsive to the
needs of Ocean County, which is undergoing rapid devel-
opment. Current municipal zoning in the Central service
area is outlined in Figure 6.
Most of the information on population projections and
secondary effects of development in Ocean County contained
in this report was derived from studies that were recently
conducted by the Division of State and Regional Planning
(DSRP) of the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs.
The DSRP analyzed the growth rate and, to some extent, the
growth patterns in Ocean County. Figures 7 through 12 are
copies of maps developed by the DSRP; the maps show present
land use and definitely proposed development in the munici-
palities of the Central service area.
Residential development in Ocean County embraces a wide
range of housing types. In the older village centers, there
are mainly large, two-story dwellings. Beyond the village
centers, there are several large-scale housing developments
composed of single-family units. In addition, there are
many vacation homes that are used primarily on a seasonal,
24
-------
JACKSON TOWNSHIP
MANCHESTER
TOWNSHIP
MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY
SERVICE AREA BOUNDARY
BERKELEY TOWNSHIP
I I RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
E53 RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
rrm COMMERCIAL
•• COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL
MANUFACTURING - INDUSTRIAL
LIGHT INDUSTRY - COMMERCIAL
DOVER TOWNSHIP
STATE FOREST , PARKS 4 MILITARY BASES
WETLANDS
iq m
4,050
1,400
850
700
450
2.80C
1,100
70C
8,100
1,400
CURRENT MUNICIPAL ZONING IN THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
-------
(0
c
SCALE
0
MlliS
KILOMETERS
LEGEND
I | RURAL OPEN LAND
^m DEVELOPED
TO BE DEVELOPED
^V^S| WETLANDS
DEDICATED OPEN SPACE
— —— WETLANDS BOUNDARY
PRESENT AND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT IN BERKELEY TOWNSHIP
-------
(D
C
^
(D
00
SCALE
LEGEND
RURAL OPEN LAND
^^^ DEVELOPED
[' '"% j TO BE DEVELOPED
KNSSvl WETLANDS
PRESENT AND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT IN DOVER TOWNSHIP
-------
(Q
C
LEGEND
| | RURAL OPEN LAND
l^^l DEVELOPED
| - - J TO BE DEVELOPED
Y///\ DEDICATED OPEN SPACE
|55&3 MILITARY INSTALLATION
__— SERVICE AREA BOUNDARY
PRESENT AND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT IN JACKSON TOWNSHIP
-------
ID
C
LEGEND
| | RURAL OPEN LAND
^^1 DEVELOPED
TO BE DEVELOPED
WETLANDS
DEDICATED OPEN SPACE
— — SERVICE AREA BOUNDARY
Source: DSRP, 1973.
PRESENT AND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT IN LACEY TOWNSHIP
-------
CQ
C
KIIOMEURS
LEGEND
I I RURAL OPEN LAND
^^| DEVELOPED
[ ' ] TO BE DEVELOPED
Y//A DEDICATED OPEN SPACE
K%$ MILITARY RESERVATION
SERVICE AREA BOUNDARY
Source OSBP 1973
PRESENT AND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT IN MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP
-------
(Q
C
^
(D
KJ
LEGEND
| 1 RURAL OPEN LAND
Sou.!.: DSRP, 1973.
PRESENT AND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT IN OCEAN TOWNSHIP
-------
recreational basis. The vacation homes in Ocean County
range from small cottages on lots measuring less than 7.6 by
30.5 m (25 by 100 ft) to large, rambling, frame structures.
Lagoonal developments, retirement communities, garden apart-
ments, and trailer parks are also numerous.
Ocean County's main industrial centers are Toms River
and Forked River. Commercial development consists of re-
gional shopping centers and the larger, local shopping areas
in Point Pleasant Beach, Seaside Heights, and Seaside Park
(EAC, 1973).
Recreation in Ocean County generally takes the form of
water-oriented activities in and along the ocean and the
bay. There are also commercial amusement parks; county
parks; State parks, forests, and fish and game areas; and a
national wildlife refuge. The county. State, and Federal
governments administer a total of 18,392 ha (U5,367 acre )
of recreational land in Ocean County.
"Ocean County has won what might be considered an unfor-
tunate distinction - that of being the fastest growing
county in the whole United States in the decade 1960-1970."
(Robichaud and Buell, 1973). The proposed development out-
lined in Figures 7 through 12 indicates that this trend will-
continue. However, three acts passed by the New Jersey
Legislature may slow Ocean County's growth rate by restric-
32
-------
ting the location of development and by promoting the
orderly implementation of acceptable development. Brief
accounts of each of these acts follow.
Realty Improvement Sewerage and Facilities Act (1951):
This act stipulates that before a local building permit can
be issued, the local board of health must certify that the
proposed sewerage facilities will comply with the NJDEP's
applicable standards (State of New Jersey, 1954). The
"Regulations Governing Installation of Sewerage Facilities
in Critical Areas," which were authorized by this realty
improvement act, were updated in 1971 (NJDEP, 1971a). The
regulations, which have application to Ocean County, state
that without the written approval of the NJDEP, no person
shall construct or install sewerage facilities in any area
that lies between any tidal waterway and elevation 10 feet
above the mean sea level datum of 1929. The NJDEP will not
approve the proposed sewerage facilities unless they comply
with the standards outlined in the realty improvement act.
The NJDEP also considers factors that can affect the safe
and proper operation of sewerage facilities in critical
areas, including soil conditions, water-table levels, popu-
lation density, and projected growth trends.
Another amendment to the realty improvement act was
passed on June 7, 1972. Known as the subdivision amendment,
33
-------
it requires the NJDEP to decide whether or not a subdivision
of fifty or more units can be constructed based on the ade-
quacy of the subdivision's water supply and sewerage facil-
ities (Benintente, oral communication, 1974).
Coastal Wetlands Act (or The Wetlands Act of 1970): with
the passage of this act, the New Jersey Legislature acknowl-
edged the estuarine zone as one of the most vital and pro-
ductive areas of the natural world. The legislature de-
clared that it was necessary "...to preserve the ecological
balance of this area and prevent its further deterioration
and destruction by regulating the dredging, filling, .
removing or otherwise altering or polluting thereof...."
(State of New Jersey, 1970). The wetlands act authorized
the Commissioner of the NJDEP to inventory and to map all of
New Jersey's tidal wetlands by November 5, 1972. Figure 13
shows the general areas in Ocean County that, after public
hearings, were designated coastal wetlands.
Coastal Area Facility Review Act (1973): This act is
intended to protect New Jersey's coastal area, which the
State legislature has characterized as an important natural
resource. As noted in the act, portions of the coastal area
have been adversely affected by existing facility activity "
which tends to preclude multiple uses and which is, there-
fore, disadvantageous to the people of New Jersey. The leg-
34
-------
MANTOLOKING
SEASIDE HEIGHTS
\ <*
V J PASAOEN
INT PLEASANT BEACH
ARNEGAT CITY
LEGEND
• WETLANDS MAP COVERAGE
'////, TUCKERTON TEST SITE
SURF CITY
SHIP BOTTOM-BEACH ARLINGTON
BEACH HAVEN CREST
BEACH HAVEN
SCALE
Soutte: NJDEP, 1972.
01234
KILOMETERS
OFFICIALLY DESIGNATED COASTAL WETLANDS IN OCEAN COUNTY
Figure 13
-------
islature's position is, "...it is in the interest of the
people of the State that all of the coastal area should be
dedicated to those kinds of land uses which promote the pub-
lic health, safety and welfare, protect public and private
property, and are reasonably consistent and compatible with
the natural laws governing the physical, chemical and
biological environment of the coastal area." (State of New
Jersey, 1973).
The legislature also declared, "...the coastal area and
the State will suffer continuing and ever-accelerating seri-
ous adverse economic, social and aesthetic effects unless
the State assists, in accordance with the provisions of this
act, in the assessment of impacts, stemming from the future
location and kinds of facilities within the coastal area, on
the delicately balanced environment of that area." (State of
New Jersey, 1973). The act seeks to reconcile the
legitimate economic aspirations of people living in the
coastal area with the environmental sensitivity of the
coastal area.
The act affects almost every industry and utility; waste
treatment plants; road, airport, and highway construction;
new housing developments of twenty-five or more dwelling
units or equivalent; expansion of existing developments by
the addition of twenty-five or more dwelling units or equi-
36
-------
valent; installation of above or underground pipelines for
the transport of petroleum, natural gas, or sanitary sewage;
and marine terminal and cargo handling facilities. The
coastal area delineated by the act is shown in Figure 14.
Anyone who plans to construct a facility in the coastal
area must first obtain a permit from the Commissioner of the
NJDEP. The Commissioner must base his decision to grant or
to deny the permit on the proposed facility's compliance
with both the letter and the spirit of the Coastal Area
Facility Review Act. An applicant who is denied a permit by
the Commissioner has recourse to the Coastal Area Review
Board created by the act. The review board is composed of
three voting members, the Commissioners of Environmental
Protection (NJDEP), Labor and Industry, and Community Af-
fairs, or their designated representatives. The review
board may uphold, overturn, or modify the permit decisions
made by the Commissioner of the NJDEP.
Those responsible for administering these three pieces
of legislation report that the Realty Improvement Sewerage
and Facilities Act has been effective in restraining devel-
opment in unsewered critical areas (Nerlick, oral commu-
nication, 1974; Newsom, oral communication, 1974; Schorr,
oral communication, 1974). For example, approximately 180
requests for permits to install septic tanks were received
37
-------
All LANDS EAST OF LINE ARE
DESIGNATED AS COASTAL AREA
Sourc*: Star* ol Now J«r««y, 1973.-
OFFICIALLY DESIGNATED COASTAL AREA IN OCEAN COUNTY
Figure 14
-------
by the NJDEP between January 1972 and March 1973, but only
thirty-three permits were granted (Schorr, oral communica-
tion, 1974). Similarly, more than half of the requests for
approval of subdivisions of fifty or more units have been
denied under the subdivision amendment of the realty im-
provement act (Benintente, oral communication, 197U). These
statistics reflect the NJDEP's strict enforcement of the
act. The Central Coordination and Implementation Section of
the NJDEP, which administers the permit program authorized
by the act, has issued a number of sewer connection bans in
Ocean County. Bans have been imposed on Lavalette, Seaside
Heights, Seaside Park, Surf City, Beach Haven, part of
Jackson Township, and part of Lakewood (Simpson, written
communication, 1974) .
It is too soon to assess the full impact of either the
Wetlands Act of 1970 or the Coastal Area Facility Review
Act. It must be remembered that neither of these acts is
intended to stop development, but only to decrease the rate
of development and to promote the orderly implementation of
acceptable development.
In addition to the activities of State and local agen-
cies, the activities of certain Federal agencies can have a
significant impact on land use and proposed development in
Ocean County. This is especially true of the programs
39
-------
administered by the Corps of Engineers (COE), the Federal
Highway Administration (FHWA), the Atomic Energy Commission
(AEG), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
The COE is responsible for several programs that can
directly or indirectly affect development. In the former
category are the permit program for dredging and bulkheading
operations, and the permit program for the construction of
offshore facilities, such as deepwater ports, drilling rigs,
and platforms for nuclear power plants. In the latter
category are shoreline protection and beach replenishment
activities, and navigation channel maintenance operations.
The COE's permit program for dredging and bulkheading
operations has slightly impeded the development of coastal
wetlands. The effects on development of the COE's permit
program for the construction of offshore facilities have not
been fully evaluated. However, one aspect of the program,
that dealing with the construction of deepwater ports, was
the subject of a report prepared in 1973 by Arthur D.
Little, Inc. for the Council on Environmental Quality. The
report explores the primary environmental and economic
effects of establishing a deepwater port at either of two
possible sites in the mid-Atlantic region, the Long Branch
site or the Delaware Estuary site.
-------
The report suggests that between 75 and 85 percent of
the environmental and economic effects of port-related
development would occur in a sixteen county corridor of the
region. The corridor would run southwest from Richmond
County in New York, through New Jersey, across the Delaware
River into Pennsylvania and northern Delaware, back across
the river into New Jersey, and south to Cape May County.
(Arthur D. Little, Inc., 1973). Although Ocean County is
not mentioned in the report as one of the sixteen counties
that would be directly affected by a deepwater port in the
mid-Atlantic region, it is unlikely that the county would
escape the secondary effects, such as pressure to provide
housing and services.
The FHWA's influence on development in Ocean County has
been considerable in the past and is likely to grow in the
future. As Ocean County's population increases, it will be
necessary to improve and to expand all types of roadway
facilities. It is not known what plans the county has to
expand its road system. The following is the DSRP's account
of planned improvements in the State and Federal highway
systems:
1. The New Jersey Turnpike Authority plans to build a
spur that will extend from the Turnpike in South
Brunswick to Toms River. The new road will be
-------
called the Governor Alfred E. Driscoll Expressway.
Within Ocean County, the expressway will intersect
with Interstate Route 195 (1-195), State Poute 70,
County Route 527, and the Garden State Parkway.
2. By 1975, 1-195 from Trenton to State Route 3H at
Allaire State Park in lower Monmouth County will be
completed. It will run through Jackson Township,
Lakewood, and Plumsted, connecting that section of
Ocean County with Trenton and the Delaware valley.
3. The dualization of U.S. Route 9, which will be
accomplished sometime after 1980, will provide a
less congested north-south artery within the county
and will enable more rapid movement of traffic
between the county and areas to the north and
south.
U. State Routes 70 and 72 are scheduled for dualiza-
tion sometime after 1980. Dualization of these
highways will make the Camden-Philadelphia area
much more accessible to travelers from the central
section and from some parts of the southern section
of Ocean County.
5. Improved access between Ocean County and the
Camden-Philadelphia area is the focus of plans to
improve the State Route 38 expressway. The
U2
-------
expressway will intersect with 1-195 in Jackson
Township.
6. The New Jersey Highway Authority recently awarded a
contract for a year-long study of the Garden State
Parkway. The study will determine the need for
improvements and additional interchanges in Ocean
County. Suggested improvements are likely to
include the widening of the Parkway, which is now a
four-lane highway in this area. (DSRP, 1973).
Through its licensing programs, the AEC controls the
location and operation of nuclear power generating facil-
ities. In Ocean County, the Jersey Central Power and Light
Company operates a 620 megawatt nuclear facility at Oyster
Creek in Lacey and Ocean Townships. The Oyster Creek plant,
which began operating in 1969, occupies part of a 573.5 ha
(1416 acre) site. (AEC, 1973). Another nuclear facility,
the Forked River Nuclear Station Unit 1, is proposed to be
built on the same site as the Oyster Creek plant. Site
preparation was scheduled to begin in February 1973. All
major construction and installation of equipment is
scheduled for completion in June 1977. The generating
capacity of the Forked River facility will be 1093 mega-
watts. (AEC, 1972) .
-------
In addition to these land-based facilities, the Public
Service Electric and Gas Company plans to build two floating
nuclear power stations in the Atlantic Ocean. These float-
ing nuclear power plants will probably be located about 4.8
km (3 mile) seaward of Little Egg Inlet. Each unit will be
able to generate 1093 megawatts of power. Both units are
scheduled for completion in 1981.
The Clean Air Act (CAA), the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972 (FWPCAA), and the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) give the EPA a certain
amount of control over development. The manner in which the
EPA implements the provisions of these acts can affect both
the rate and extent of development.
Some of the major provisions of the CAA are:
1. The EPA, assisted by the States, will desig-
nate air quality control regions.
2. The EPA will develop air quality criteria for
the major pollutants, and will provide the
States and appropriate air pollution control
agencies with information on control tech-
nology for each of the pollutants.
3. The EPA will set primary and secondary
national ambient air quality standards for
each major air pollutant. A standard will
44
-------
establish the maximum permissible level for a
given pollutant. Primary standards will be
strict enough to protect the public health;
secondary standards will be strict enough to
protect the public welfare. Both sets of
standards will apply to all control regions.
4. Within nine months of the EPA's issuance of
primary and secondary standards for a pollu-
tant, each State will formulate an implemen-
tation plan to meet, maintain and enforce
those standards in each air quality control
region.
5. The EPA will also set "standards of per-
formance" that will constitute direct emission
limitations for all major pollutants from
specified types of sources. (CAA, 1970; The
Conservation Foundation, 1972; U.S. EPA,
1973).
6. Each State must identify those areas which,
due to current air quality and/or projected
growth rate, may have the potential to exceed
any national standard by 1985. The EPA must
review the State listings and identify
potential problem areas. For each area
45
-------
identified, the State must submit to the EPA
by June 1975 an analysis of the potential
impact on air quality of projected growth and
development over the ensuing ten-year period
and a plan to prevent violation of any
national standard over that ten-year period.
The provisions of the CAA were duly fulfilled. However,
in May 1972 the U.S. District Court for the District of
Columbia, in response to a suit filed by the Sierra Club and
other groups, issued a preliminary injunction requiring the
Administrator of the EPA to disapprove, "...any portion of a
State [implementation] plan which fails to effectively
prevent significant deterioration of existing air quality."
(U.S. EPA, 1973a). The EPA appealed the judgment and the
matter was finally brought to the attention of the U.S.
Supreme Court. The Court was evenly divided on the matter,
in effect upholding the original judgment. Although the
courts did not define significant^deterioration, they did
agree that wherever the air is cleaner than required by the
national standard, it should not be allowed to decline in
quality to the standard.
"In EPA's view, there has been no definitive judicial
resolution of the issue whether the Clean Air Act requires
prevention of significant deterioration of air quality."
U6
-------
(U.S. EPA, 1973a). Nevertheless, the EPA Administrator has
proposed alternative regulations that would, "...establish a
mechanism for preventing significant deterioration pursuant
to the preliminary injunction issued by the District Court."
(U.S. EPA, 1973a). The bases for preventing significant
deterioration are the desire to protect aesthetic, scenic,
and recreational values, and the concern that some air pol-
lutants may have adverse effects that have not been docu-
mented. "The problem of preventing significant deterio-
ration can be somewhat simplistically stated as that of
reducing emissions to the lowest practicable level, and then,
distributing those residual emissions in a manner in which
they do the least harm." (U.S. EPA, 1973a). A specific
proposal to prevent significant air quality deterioration is
discussed in the section entitled "Environmental Impact of
the Proposed Project."
The EPA has also proposed regulations for the review of
new or modified indirect sources of air pollution (U.S. EPA,
1973b). An indirect source is a facility, building, struc-
ture, or installation which causes or which may cause mobile
source activity resulting in emissions of a pollutant for
which a national standard has been established. Indirect
sources include highways, parking facilities, airports,
industrial facilities, retail and commercial establishments,
-------
and residential complexes. The EPA's proposed regulations
require that the potential effects of a facility on air
quality be evaluated before construction of that facility
begins.
The provisions of the FWPCAA are the EPA's second major
source of control over land use and development patterns.
Titles II and IV of the FWPCAA have the most direct bearing
on the EPA's authority in this area.
Title II deals with Federal grants for the construction
of treatment works. It directs the EPA to require and to
assist in the development and implementation of waste treat-
ment management plans and practices that provide for the
application of the best practicable waste treatment tech-
nology before any discharge is made into receiving waters.
Title II gives the EPA Administrator the authority to make
grants to any State, municipality, or intermunicipal or
interstate agency for the construction of publicly-owned
treatment works. Such treatment works must also be consis-
tent with the NEPA.
Title IV created the National Pollutant Discharge Elim-
ination System (NPDES) to replace the permit program autho-
rized by the 1899 Refuse Act. Title IV also transferred
responsibility for the permit program from the COE to the
EPA. Under the new system, the EPA must establish national
48
-------
effluent limitations and performance standards for sources
of water pollution, including sewage treatment plants.
Publicly-owned sewage treatment plants must provide a mini-
mum of secondary treatment by July 1, 1977, and best prac-
ticable technology by July 1, 1983. The NPDES makes it il-
legal for point sources, including sewage treatment plants,
to discharge any pollutant into the Nation's waters without
a permit. (U.S. EPA, 1974a) .
One of the major provisions of the NEPA is that an
environmental impact statement be prepared on any major
Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the
human.environment. In accordance with the provision the EPA
has developed interim regulations for the preparation of
environmental impact statements on wastewater treatment
projects. Among other things, the interim regulations
require that the EPA consider whether the proposed treatment
works will induce or encourage significant changes in
industrial, commercial, or residential concentrations or
distributions. "Factors that must be considered in
determining if induced changes are significant include but
are not limited to: the land area subject to increased
development as a result of the project; the relative
increase in population which the project may induce; the
potential for overloading sewage facilities; the extent to
-------
which landowners may benefit from the areas subject to
increased development; and the nature of land use regula-
tions in the affected area and their potential effects on
the development." The interim regulation also requires that
the EPA consider whether "...the project will include or
induce development which will have a significant adverse
effect upon local ambient air quality, local ambient noise
.levels, surface or groundwater quality, fish, wildlife,
their natural habitats, or other natural elements." (U.S.
EPA, 1973c).
Finally, there is one project in the private sector
that, because of its nature and size, will affect land use
and development in the Central service area and beyond.
Great Adventure, Inc. has developed a drive-through animal
park, called Safari Park, and an amusement center, called
Theme Park, on a 506 ha (1250 acre) site in Jackson
Township. The facilities are designed to accommodate a
maximum of 11,500 persons at any one time or a maximum of
20,000 persons per day. Most of the facilities are already
open to the public. (Great Adventure, Inc. 1973; 197U).
POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR THE
CENTRAL SERVICE APEA
Sewerage facilities are designed to serve the population
of a given area, the service area, through a specified
50
-------
future date, the design year. The accurate estimation of a
service area's future population is crucial to the design of
adequate sewerage facilities for that area. The task of
determining the Central service area's future population is
complicated by two factors: the recent rapid development of
the area and the tremendous upsurge in population that oc-
curs each summer.
Estimates of the Central service area's 1990 permanent
population were developed by the DSRP and by Fellows, Read &
Weber (FR&W), engineering consultants to the OCSA, according
to the methodologies outlined in Appendix B. In preparing
preliminary designs for the proposed sewerage facilities,
FR&W relied on its own population estimates. Table 1 sum-
marizes the population estimates generated by E. Eugene
Gross Associates, by the DSRP and by FR&W. A comparison of
the DSRP's and FR&W's estimates reveals disagreement in
\
certain areas. The DSRP analyzed the assumptions and
methodologies used by FR&W to estimate the 1990 population
of the Central service area, and concluded that FR&W's
estimate was conservative. The DSRP added that its own
population estimates, although higher than those made by
FR&W, were also on the low side. The DSRP's 1990 estimate
exceeds FR&W's estimate by almost 82,000 persons. There are
two discernible reasons for this difference: 1) the DSRP
51
-------
TABLE 1
POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR MUNICIPALITIES
Municipality
Berkeley
Dover
Jackson
Lacey
Manchester
Ocean
Union
Beachwood
Island Heights
Lakehurst
Lavallette
Ocean Gate
Pine Beach
Seaside Heights
Seaside Park
So. Toms River
Total
IN THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
E. Eugene Oross Associates DSRP
1973 Permanent Zoned 1972 Peak
(Estimated) Capacity Seasonal
17,318 195,428 18,572
56,221 122,857 59,903
19.998S/ 118, 864-/ 7,300§/
11,339 137,751 15,989
15,135 168,560 16,457
3,462 44,396 6,647
3,236 62,401 3,401
5,890
1,429
2,652
1,534 •
1,186
1,493
1,328
1,544
4,065
147,830
1990
Permanent
118,848
74,613
26,588s-7
57,964
79,082
10,637
14,699
8,900
1,600
3,000
2,400
1,550
1,950
2,000
• 2,300
5,600
411,731
FR&W
1990
Permanent
71,800
86,400
28,000
50,000
36,000
15,500
13,000
8,900
1,600
3,000
2,400
1,550
1,950
2,000
2,300
• 5,600
330,000
a/Includes entire township, but only a portion is in the Central service area.
Sources: Asbury Park Press, June 4, 1973; DSRP, 1973; FR&W, 1973.
52
-------
assumed an average of 3.01 persons per unit in planned
residential developments (PRO), whereas FRfcw assumed an
average of 2.U persons, and 2) the DSRP's estimate takes
into account developments that were proposed for Berkeley
(t>249 units) and Manchester (9950 units) townships after
FR&W had completed its calculations. (DSRP, 1973).
Table 1 also presents the DSRP's estimates of zoned
capacity. According to the DSRP: "Figures for zoned
capacity have no real use except to give parameters for
conjecture about growth. Zoning ordinances can and will be
changed, and also it is improbable that every last square
foot of land will be built upon as zoned." (DSRP, 1973).
Based on the studies it has conducted, the DSRP
envisions the following "overall growth picture" for Ocean
County:
Ocean is the fastest growing county in New Jersey
in terms of residential development. In both 1971 and
1972 more than 17% of the housing units built in the
state were built in Ocean. Between 1960 and 1970 the
County population just about doubled going from 108,000
to 208,000. It is estimated by Eugene Oross that in the
next three years, 1970-1973 it has grown by almost
another 100,000. It is difficult to see how anything
short of nuclear war or the demise of the automobile
could put a stop to the building boom there considering
the following growth-conducive factors:
1. The existence of vast amounts of flat, well
drained land. (Our estimates show 138,778
acres of vacant, undeveloped land outside of
the Wetlands for which no development has yet
53
-------
been proposed). This results in cheaper
building costs. Smaller lots are possible.
There is no rock to blast through, little
grading to be done, etc.
2. Underground water supplies are abundant and
many people seem to think they are limitless.
3. No other area within a two hour commuting
radius of New York City has such felicitous
natural features for building.
H. A special land-holding situation where major
developers own enormous tracts outright which
they bought very cheaply, quite a few years
ago.
5. Industry and service jobs are moving out to
fringe areas. So more and more jobs will
exist close to Ocean County and thus increase
the demand for housing. Middlesex County, for
instance, is New Jersey's fastest growing
county industrially. Also industry and
service jobs will come to Ocean, too, as the
work force grows.
6. As land and building costs go up in Ocean
County, they will be going up higher in the
already more developed areas, so that
relatively speaking it will still be cheaper
to build in Ocean.
7. The ocean and bays are an attraction in
themselves. Living near them means easy
access to recreation - vacation living year
around [sic].
8. Accessibility.
New roads and road improvements planned
by the state, the Turnpike Authority, and the
New Jersey Highway Authority which runs the
Garden State all promise increasing accessi-
bility for large portions of Ocean County.
9. Regional Sewerage System.
-------
It seems that Ocean County would develop
rapidly even if the regional sewer weren't
built. However, pollution problems are
beginning to plague various parts of the
County. Developers are willing to build
package treatment plants, but not whole
collector systems and tertiary treatment
plants with ocean outfalls. The regional
sewerage system, thus, will be another factor
insuring continued growth, removing one of the
few obstacles which can be seen today to rapid
growth. (DSRP, 1973).
The DSRP also identified the following "patterns of
growth within the county":
1. Development is pushing simultaneously down the
coast and inland, literally exploding in
certain areas where there are especially
helpful factors, such as favorable zoning, low
tax rates, or accessibility to highways.
2. The chart of housing units approved by
fcuildina permits indicates where the most
rapid growth has been occurring since 1970.
Dover, Manchester, Berkeley are the leaders,
in that order.
3. Retirement population. The over-sixty age
group represents over 25% of the total
resident population. Unless court decisions
interfere with this, retirement communities
will continue to make up a large part of
Ocean's growth. These communities are being
located in the inland areas of the County,
most of them west of the Parkway. (DSRP,
1973).
As a further indication of the way in which development
is proceeding, FPSW predicts that by 199C most of the resi-
dences in the Central service area will be year-round homes.
55
-------
Consequently, seasonal variations in population will be
negligible. (FR5W, 1973).
ECONOMIC AND OCCUPATIONAL PROFILES OF OCEAN COUNTY
Between 1962 and 1972 the reported number of jobs in
Ocean County rose from approximately 18,000 to 35,000 (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1962-72). This near-doubling of
available positions is reflected in Figure 15. Table 2
represents the county's employment profile for the years
1964 through 1990. The 1980 and 1990 projections do not
take into account three potential factors that would have a
stimulating effect on the county's growth rate: 1) the
attraction of industry to the area by a large labor market,
2) the decentralization of industry into the suburbs, 3) the
construction of offshore deepwater ports.
Although employment figures by municipality are not
usually available, some indication of the prevailing
economic and employment trends in a municipality can be
gained through a review of local zoning. Of all the
municipalities .in Ocean County, Jackson Township has the
greatest amount of commercially zoned land. The bulk of
industrially zoned land is in Manchester, Jackson, Dover,
Lakewood, Berkeley, and Little Egg Harbor townships.
Commercial development and consequent employment oppor-
tunities in the commercial sector often parallel population
56
-------
RETAIL TRADE
MANUFACTURING
CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION
FINANCE, INSURANCE, REAL ESTATE
TRANSPORTATION, PUBLIC UTILITY
WHOLESALE TRADE
MINING
1962 1963
1964 1965
1966 1967 1968 1969
1970
1971 1972
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT IN OCEAN COUNTY, 1962-1972
Figure 15
-------
TABLE 2
EMPLOYMENT PROFILE OF OCEAN COUNTY
1964-1990
Standard Industrial
Code
07
09
. .
. ,
15
16
17
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
42
44
48
49
. .
. .
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Category
Agriculture Service, Forestry, Fishery
Agriculture Service and Hunting
Fisheries
Mining
Contract Construction
General Building Contractors
Heavy Construction Contractors
Special Trade Contractors
Manufacturing
Food and Kindred Products
Textile Mill Products
Apparel and Other Textile Products
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper and Allied Products
Printing and Publishing
Chemicals and Allied Products
Petroleum and Coal Products
Rubber and Plastics Products
Leather and Leather Products
Stone, Clay and Glass Products
Primary Metal Industries
Fabricated Metal Products
Machinery, Except Electrical
Electrical Equipment and Supplies
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Transportation and Other Public Utilities
Trucking and Warehousing
Water Transportation
Communication
Electric, Gas and Sanitary Services
Wholesale Trade
Retail Trade
Building Materials and Farm Equipment
General Merchandise
Food Stores
Automotive Dealers and Service Stations
Apparel and Accessory Stores
Furniture and Home Furnishing
Eating and Drinking Places
Miscellaneous Retail Stores
Finance, Insurance and Real Estate
Number of Jobs—'
1964
200
100
100
200
2,600
900
200
1,500
3,300
400
, .
600
100
0
200
1,2002.'
0
100
0
200
0
of/
of/
30QS/
300
0
1,200
200
100
. .
500
800
5,900
400
900
1,300
900
300
200
1,200
700
1,300
1972
300
200
100
100
3,500
1,000
400
2,100
4,700
200
. .
600
30 0^.'
500
0
400 ,
1,400^'
0
300
0
300
0
100
200
300
200
" 0
2,100
200
200
900
700
1,100
11,800
600
1,900
2,600
1,600
500
500
2,900
1,200
3,200
igsok/
0
200
6,100
1,600
1,300
3,500
8,400^.'
100
. .
800
400e-/
900
0
700 .
1,500^
0
500
0
500
0
300S/
500
500
100
0
2,900
100
400
900
1,100
1,300
18,100
900
2,800
4,200
2,200
100
900
4,900
1,500
4,600
19 90^/
. .
400
10,100
3,100
1,100
6,000
15,200
500
1,900
(£/
1,600
0
1,100
4,800^
0
. .
0
800
0
200
600
1,100
600
0
6,300
1,000
600
2,300
2,100
3,200
34,200
1,900
5,900
7,300
4,700
1,500
7,800
3,500
7,500
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
Standard Industrial
Code
60,61
63,64
65,66
. .
70
72
73
75
76
78
79
80
81
82
86
89
••
Category
Banking and Credit
Insurance
Real Estate
Services
Hotels and Other Lodging Places
Personal Services
Miscellaneous Business Services
Auto Repair, Services and Garages
Miscellaneous Repair Services
Motion Pictures
Amusement and Recreation Services
Medical and Other Health Services
Legal Services
Educational Services
Nonprofit Membership Organizations
Miscellaneous Services
Unclassified Establishments
Total
Number of Joba3/
1964
500
100
600
4,200
1,000
400
100
100
100
200
1,300
200
300
200
200
100
19 , 700
1972
1,100
400
1,600
7,900
700
500
4CO
200
200
300
3,400
400
500
800
500
400
35,100
19 SO^-'
1,500
1,100
2,200
13,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
400
300
1,600
4,200
500
1,200
2,100
900
68,900
1990^'
3,000
1,300
3,000
21,300
2,700
1,800
800
700
400
700
t t
8,300
900
1,400
1,700
1,100
300
99,800
a/Figures have been rounded to the nearest hundred; subcategories may not add to totals due to rounding errors, exclusion of the "administrative
wSo^££Mc?^ function of the proportion of county
~~ growth to State growth and the shift in relationship between county and State employment over time.
c/1990 projections were made using the "fixed ratio of employment to population" technique. The equation is:
Ocean County Employment (1990)
County Employment (1970) X [County Population (1990)1
[County Population (1970)J
d/The fiEure for State employment in 1980 used in the shift-share expression includes Ordinances (Standard Industrial Code 19), while the figure
- for St!te employment in1970 does not include this category. This would not introduce any significant errorbecause the Ordinances category
.,S£ are°from the CoTed Em^t gLd^(Nl"^^"^?-Labor and Industry, n.d.) since no data were reported in the County Business
~" Patterns (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1962-72) because of the disclosure problem.
f/Covered Employment Trends data for 1965 - no data were available for 1964.
J/Includes Ordinances category.
Source: Zimmerman, 1974.
-------
distribution. Conversely, industrial development is
generally unrelated to population distribution, within
Ocean County, manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in
the Lakewood and Point Pleasant Beach areas, which are in
the OCSA's Northern service area, and in the Dover-Toms
Fiver area, which is in the OCSA's Central service area
(U.S. Bureau of the census, 1971).
Table 2 shows that Ocean County's residential building
boom has provided many job opportunities. Contract con-
struction accounted for almost 10 percent of total employ-
ment in the county in 1972. Contract construction includes
site preparation, building construction, and the expansion
of public services, such as roads and utilities. Residen-
tial construction also creates a ripple effect, stimulating
employment in industries for the manufacture of building
materials, stone and glass products, and furniture and
fabricated metals (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1970).
Recreational equipment and related industries are also
important to the economy of Ocean County, particularly those
industries that specialize in marine facilities and equip-
ment, and in ship and boat building and repair. Great
Adventure, Inc.'s Safari Park project in Jackson Township
will boost employment in the amusements sector and in sup-
porting industries and services.
60
-------
From "the standpoint of numbers of people employed, the
chemical and allied products industry is the major manu-
facturing field in Ocean County. The chemical industry is
dominated by the Toms River Chemical Company, which employs
about 1300 people. On the whole, however, manufacturing is
a minor component of the Ocean County economy and is likely
to remain so in the future. Of far more significance are
population-related endeavors, particularly retailing,
services, and finance. (See Table 3).
In 1970 the median income for families in Ocean County
was $9,246, which is substantially lower than the $11,407
median income for families statewide (U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1972). The difference can probably be attributed to
the large number of retired persons living in Ocean County.
Over the years, Ocean County has functioned as a retirement
and recreation community, resulting in fewer employed resi-
dents by reason of age or purpose of residence.
A comparison of the economic and occupational profiles
indicates that in 1970 there were 30,000 jobs in the county
and about 66,000 employed residents (U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1972). The reason for this imbalance is the growth
of Ocean County as a commuter suburb. In 1960, 70.3 percent
of the resident working population worked in the county; in
1970, 57.5 percent of the resident working population worked
61
-------
TABLE 3
OCCUPATIONAL PROFILE OF OCEAN COUNTY RESIDENTS
1970
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Furniture, lumber and wood
Primary and fabricated metals
Machinery, except electrical
Electrical machinery
Motor vehicles and other
transportation equipment
Other durable goods
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products and
other fabric textiles
Printing, publishing
Chemical and allied products
Other non-durable goods
Transportation and other Public Utilities
Railroads and railway express service
Trucking service and warehousing
Other transportation
Communications
Utilities and sanitary service
Wholesale Trade
Retail Trade
Food, bakery and dairy stores
Eating and drinking places
General merchandise retailing
Motor vehicles retailing and
service stations
Other retail trade
Finance, Insurance and Real Estate
Banking and credit agencies
Insurance, real estate and other
finance
Number
844
176
6777
12219
573
1028
794
2131
826
1184
527
817
844
2255
1240
7463
346
970
1728
1014
1423
1982
14018
2576
2855
2286
1938
4363
3439
1148
2291
Percent
1.3
0.3
10.3
18.6
0.9
1.6
1.2
3.2
1.3
1.8
0.8
1.2
1.3
3.4
1.9
8.3
0.5
1.5
2.6
1.5
2.2
3.0
21.2
3.9
4.3
2.5
2.9
.
6.6
5.2
1.7
3.5
62
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
Services
Business services
Repair services
Private households
Other personal services
Entertainment and recreation
services
Hospitals
Health services, except hospitals
Education
Welfare, religious and non-profit
Legal, engineering and miscellaneous
professional
Public Administration
Total (employed persons 16 yrs +)
Number
15754
2026
-
443
1682
632
1352
1435
5315
817
2051
5151
65841
Percent
25.1
3.1
-
0.7
2.6
1.0
2.1
2.2
8.1
1.2
3.1
7.8
100.0 ..
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1972.
63
-------
in the county (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1972). Recent
studies confirm the existence of a large commuting popu-
lation. (N.J. Department of the Treasury, 1973; Nieswand et
al., 1972). But the most recent of the studies reveals a
slight reversal of this trend with more working residents
seeking jobs within the county. The study also shows that
most residents who commute to jobs outside the county work
in Monmouth County or in the Newark-New York City metropol-
itan area. (N.J. Department of the Treasury, 1973).
Most of Ocean County's employed residents travel to work
by car. The dependence of Ocean County residents on the
automobile is reflected in the fact that in 197C, 89.8
percent of all housing units in the county had at least one
automobile. Statewide the percentage was 82.1 percent.
NATURAL RESOURCES OF OCEAN COUNTY
Surface Waters
In Ocean County, the maintenance of good surface water
quality is not only environmentally and aesthetically
desirable, it is economically essential. Many industries,
recreation-related industries and commercial fishing chief
among them, literally depend on the quality of area waters.
In fact, water-dependent industries account for 40 percent
of Ocean County's gross income (EAC, 1973). A review of
Ocean County's fresh, estuarine, and marine waters reveals
64
-------
that although water quality is generally good, the effects
of widespread development in the county are becoming in-
creasingly evident.
Fresh Waters
The freshwater lakes, streams, and rivers of the service
area are or can be valuable assets to the communities in
which they are located. Beyond this, the streams and rivers
are important because of their influence on the estuarine
waters into which they flow. All freshwater streams in the
service area are classified as FW-1 or FW-2. Appendix A
explains these classifications and lists the classification
of each stream in the central service area.
Numerous small, shallow lakes occur in the Central
service area. The lakes are naturally acidic: their pH
values range from 4.3 to 6.5. The lakes seem to have an
adequate supply of oxygen, although the dissolved oxygen
(DO) level is some lakes may drop during the summer because
of the oxidation of naturally occurring o'rganic matter. The
hardness of the lake waters is very low because calcium and
magnesium concentrations in the water and sediment are low.
Streams in the service area are typically wide, short,
and slow-moving. Stream flow is principally derived from
ground-water discharge. Flow data for Ocean County's
streams are presented in Table H. The streams and rivers in
65
-------
TABLE 4
STREAM FLOW DATA
OCEAN COUNTY
1968
Stream
Cedar Creek
Crosswicks Creek
(near Monmouth County line)
Forked River, North Branch
Manasquan River
Metedeconk River, North Branch
Mill Creek, Main Branch
Toms River, North Branch
Tuckerton Creek, Mill Branch
Westecunk Creek
Total
Average Flow
cu m/min.
181.9
113.9
28.9
121.4
108.1
35.7
355.3
11.2
43.0
999.4
cfs
107.0
67.0
17.0
71.4
63.6
21.0
209.0
6.6
25.3
587.9
Minimum Flow
cu m/min •
21.9
14.8
9.2
29.6
26.4
19.9
98.6
2.2
7.1
229.7
cfs
12.9
8.7
5.4
17.4
15.5
11.7
58.0
1.3
4.2
135.1
Source: FR&W, 1969.
66
-------
the area have naturally low pH values, 4.5 to 6.5. The BOD
value is low, less than 4 mq/1; the DO ranges from 7 to 1C
mg/1. Hardness and total dissolved solids values are low, 5
and 25 mg/1, respectively. Phosphate-phosphorus levels are
i?. 03 mg/1 or less; nitrate-nitrogen levels are generally
less than 0.4 mg/1. The total coliform count ranges from
low to 4000 per 100 ml. (EAC, 1973).
Many types of recreationally important freshwater fish
inhabit the waters of the service area: pickerel, sunfish,
largemouth bass, yellow perch, and catfish. Certain other
fish, such as suckers, chubsuckers, darters, mudminnows, and
golden shiners, are used as bait by fishermen. The mosquito
fish has been stocked in pnrts of Ocean County to aid in the
control of mosquitoes. There are no endangered species in
the fresh waters of Ocean County. However, the black-
banded, the blue-spotted, the sphagnum, and the mud
sunfishes that inhabit the naturally acidic fresh waters of
Ocean County are not common in any other part of New Jersey.
The fresh waters of the service area are generally of
good quality, but deterioration is apparent in areas of high
population density. Most of the ponds and lakes in the ser-
vice area are used for swimming and fishing. The streams
and rivers are primarily used for fishing.
67
-------
Estuarine Waters
The estuarine (tidal) waters are more biologically pro-
ductive than either the fresh or marine waters which they
adjoin. This heightened productivity is due to the physi-
ography of the estuary which promotes the mixing of fresh
and salt waters and permits the favorable action of oscil-
lating tidal currents. The tides transport nutrients, food,
and waste materials within the estuary. All of the estua-
rine waters in the area are classified as TW-1. Appendix A
explains this classification.
The streams and rivers in the service area widen con-
siderably as they enter Earnegat Bay. Tidal marshes abound
in the area. The larger estuaries in the service area are
the lower reaches of Oyster Creek, Forked River, Cedar
Creek, and Toms River. Barnegat Bay is rather shallow, 1 to
3m (3 to 10 ft). It is bordered on the east by the Island
Beach barrier bar and on the west by the irregularly shaped
coastline of the mainland.
Available data indicate that the waters of central
Barnegat Bay are relatively unpolluted with a BOD value of
2.0 mg/1, an average DO value of 8.5 mg/1, a total phospho-
rus concentration of 0.1 mg/1, and a nitrate-nitrogen con-
centration of 0.02 mg/1. The average total coliform count
68
-------
is 5 per 100 ml; the average fecal coliform count is 4 per
100 ml. (U.S. EPA, n.d. a).
In contrast, the estuarine sections of the rivers and
streams in the area show signs of degradation with a higher
BOD value, 4.0 mg/1; lower DO values, 7.0 mg/1 or less; a
higher phosphorus concentration, 0.3 mg/1; and a higher
nitrate-nitrogen concentration, 0.04 mg/1. The total and
fecal coliform counts are also higher, 900 and 400 per 100
ml, respectively. (U.S. EPA, n.d. a).
Several lagoonal communities are located along the bay;
septic tanks are common in these developments. The efflu-
ents from the septic tanks seep into the water-table aqui-
fer. The resulting mixture of septic tank effluent and
ground water is eventually discharged into the bay at the
shoreline, adding nutrients, oxygen-demanding substances,
bacteria and viruses to the bay. Septic tank effluents
contain greater numbers of bacteria and viruses relative to
population than do sewage treatment plant effluents. Con-
sequently the shoreline bay waters may seem more polluted
than the deeper bay waters.
The distribution of organisms, such as algae, in a water
body, such as Barnegat Bay, and the interaction of the two
constitute a pattern. The algal pattern of Barnegat Bay
changes with the seasons, but overall it is one of high
69
-------
productivity and low species diversity (Mountford, 1971).
This means that there are large numbers (high productivity)
of only a few types (low species diversity) of algae. Low
species diversity is characteristic of physically or chemi-
cally controlled systems because physical or chemical stress
tends to restrict the kinds of organisms that can inhabit
the system (Odum, 1971).
According to Mountford (1971), productivity in Barnegat
Bay is greatest during July and August. According to
Loveland et al. (1971), species diversity is lowest during
those months. This indicates that there is a non-biological
stress at work within the bay ecosystem. Water quality data
and the algal pattern indicate that the bay is rich in nu-
trients and, therefore, eutrophic.
Macroscopic algae, and the problems associated with
them, are common in Barnegat Bay. Within limits, these
algae are valuable as food for waterfowl, but uncontrolled
algal growth creates nuisance conditions. As the algae die
and decompose, they deplete the dissolved oxygen supply in
the water. The result is an unsightly and foul-smelling
"r
mass of rotting vegetation. The problem can be complicated
by the death of fish due to the lack of oxygen or the pre-
sence of toxic algal products in the water. During the
winter and spring, the brown algae, Petalonia facia, cover
70
-------
the floor of Barnegat Bay. During the summer, the green
algae, Ulva, Codiurn and Enteromorpha, dominate. During the
late summer and early fall, the red algae, Gracilaria
yerrucosa, dominate. (Mountford, 1971) .
Planktonic forms (i.e., free-floating organisms) are a
major source of food for developing clams. Diatoms are the
dominant planktonic organisms during the winter and spring.
Nannoch_loris and the flagellates are dominant during the
summer and fall. (Mountford, 1971).
The organisms that live in or on the bottom of a water
body are called the benthos. Benthic organisms, including .
the larvae of snails, worms and clams, are most abundant
during the warmest months of the year. The clam larvae are
especially important because they are immature versions of
the clams that are harvested in the estuarine waters. The
blue crab, another inhabitant of the estuarine waters, is of
great recreational importance.
The estuarine waters also serve as a nursery area for
fish fry. Species of both recreational and commercial
value, such as fluke, flounder, striped bass, blueback
herring, alewife, white perch and bluefish, use the nursery
area. Smaller fish, such as silversides and anchovies,
provide the larger fish with a ready food supply. The
economic backbone of the bay area is recreation; fishing,
71
-------
hunting, swimming and boating are the most popular
activities.
Commercial shellfishing is another important economic
factor in Ocean County, particularly in the Barnegat Bay
area. However, water pollution is taking its toll. To
date, 7980 ha (19,700 acre), or 17 percent, of the county's
shellfish beds have been closed. Thirty-five percent of the
waters north of Great Bay have been closed to shellfishing.
In the heavily populated areas north of Ocean County, vir-
tually all of the shellfish beds have been closed. A simi-
lar pattern exists within Ocean County where the northern,
heavily populated areas have a greater proportion of their
waters closed to shellfishing than do the southern, lightly
populated areas.
Coastal Marine Waters
The mainland coast of Ocean County is protected from the
Atlantic Ocean by two sandy barrier bars, Island Beach and
Long Beach Island. The beaches of these barrier bars are
prime resort areas. Optimum use of these areas depends on
the quality of the coastal marine waters. The classifica-
tions for coastal marine waters are CW-1 and CW-2. Appendix
A explains these classifications. The coastal marine waters'
of Ocean County are not affected by land uses, except in
areas where there are wastewater treatment plant outfalls.
72
-------
In the offshore areas, a rich diversity of phytoplankton
(i.e., plankt.onic plants) serves as a food source for zoo-
plankton (i.e., planktonic animals), such as copepods,
shellfish larvae, crabs and other benthic species. The zoo-
plankton, in turn, become food for small fish and large
crustaceans. The plankton populations of the coastal marine
waters follow seasonal cycles similar to those described for
the plankton populations of Barnegat Bay. The planktonic
patterns influence the populations of larger species that
feed on plankton. A number of finfish species, including
red hake, whiting, porgy, fluke, butterfish, bluefish,
silverside and anchovy, commonly feed in the offshore area,
as do certain shellfish species, including blue crabs and
clams.
In recent, years red tide, the product of an overabun-
dance of certain dinoflagellates, has become a frequent
occurrence along the coast of New Jersey. The causative
organism is not always the same. Mountford (1971) found
that the dinoflagellate Gymnpdinium splgndens occasionally
occurred in bloom-like proportions for brief periods in July
or August. Mahoney (1968, 1969, 1970, and 1972) reported
that several species of dinoflagellates were involved in the
red tides that occurred in New Jersey waters between 1963
and 1971. These dinoflagellates and the years
73
-------
in which they appeared are as follows:
Glenodinium sp 1967, 1968
Gonvaulax sp 1968r 1971
Massartia rotunda 1969, 1970
Olisthodiscus luteus 1963, 1967, 1969, 1971
Peridinium trochoideum 1971
Prorpcentrum micans 1968, 1969, 1970.
Mahoney also reported that the red tides of 1967 and
1968 produced toxic compounds. These compounds caused some
swimmers to develop minor skin irritations. Saltwater aero-
sols containing these toxic compounds also irritated the
eyes and respiratory tracts of some swimmers. Gonyaulax is
the dinoflagellate species usually associated with toxic red
tides in temperate waters. Not all red tides are toxic.
Noctiluca, another dinoflagellate, may turn the sea a red
color; Noctiluca is bioluminescent, but not toxic.
The exact, combination of conditions that will trigger a
bloom of red-tide-producing organisms is unknown. Many fac-
tors, including temperature, light, salinity, turbidity and
nutrient concentration, can affect the intensity of a bloom.
Duxbury (1971) believes that red tides may be stimulated by
stable conditions in areas where previous algal blooms have •
produced and concentrated organic nutrients and growth
substances. Odum (1968) believes that organic pollution
74
-------
from natural or man-made sources can increase the frequency
and intensity of toxic blooms.
Hutner and Mclaughlin (1958) and Ryther (1955) have
studied the causes of red tides. According to these
authors, the following are required for a bloom:
1. Diluted sea water,
2. Vitamin B-12,
3. A resident population that can survive under
low nutrient conditions,
U. Conditions favorable for growth of bloom
organisms, such as light, temperature, organic
and inorganic nutrients.
Recreation is a major economic factor in the coastal
area. The coastal marine waters are primarily used for
boating, fishing, and swimming. Therefore, the maintenance
and enhancement of water quality is especially important in
the coastal area.
-------
Ground Water»
Ocean County lies entirely within the Atlantic Coastal
Plain physiographic province (see Figure 1) . The coastal
plain sediments dip gently seaward (southeast), increasing
in total thickness downdip from 300 to 1200 m (1000 to 4000
ft) in Ocean County. The effect is a series of wedges
consisting of clays, sands, and gravels. The lithology,
thickness, and water-bearing characteristics of each of the
geologic formations in the county are shown in Figure 4.
In Ocean County, virtually all available ground water
occurs in the pore spaces of the coastal plain sediments
that overlie consolidated crystalline bedrock. The esti-
mated quantity of water in storage in the sediments is quite
large, 5.3 x 10*° cu m (14 x 10* billion gallons), but it is
neither desirable nor feasible to withdraw all available
water from storage.
Precipitation is the source of all non-saline ground
water in Ocean County. The county's highly permeable sandy
surface allows about 40 percent of the average annual rain-
fall of 114 cm (45 in.) to infiltrate to the water table.
This amounts to about 45 cm (18 in.) of recharge annually.
]_/This section has been extracted from Anderson and Appel ,
1969.
76
-------
Seven aquifers are now utilized as water supply sources
in Ocean County. The other formations are impermeable
acruitards or yield such small quantities of water that they
can only be utilized in selected locations for domestic
supplies. In order of their importance as sources of public
water supplies, the seven aquifers are the Raritan and Ma go-
thy, Kirkwood, water-table, Englishtown, Wenonah formation
and Mount Laurel sand.
Raritan and Magothy Formations
The Raritan and Magothy formations are discussed as a
single geohydrologic unit because they have similar geologic
and hydrologic characteristics. At least two aquifers occur
within this aquifer system, which contains the greatest
amount of ground-water in storage in the coastal plain in
Ocean County.
The Raritan and Magothy could potentially yield 100 cu
m/day/sq km (70,000 gpd/sq mile) of water. However, their
180 m (600 ft) depth makes them an impractical source of
ground water for all but the large industrial and public
water supply companies. The present rate of withdrawal is
only 15 cu m/day/sq km (10,000 gpd/sq mile) in Ocean County.
Consequently, the Raritan and Magothy aquifer system is im-
portant to the county mainly as a future source of ground
water. It is possible that withdrawals from the aquifer
77
-------
system in areas outside Ocean County will diminish the
amount of water potentially available to the county. Fresh
water in the Raritan and Magothy formations is soft (28 to
51 ppm hardness) and generally of good quality, except for
high iron concentrations (0.66 to 3.2 ppm).
Kirkwood Formation
The Kirkwood formation is the most intensely developed
aquifer in Ocean County. The Kirkwood supplies ground water
to all of the public water supply companies on Long Beach
Island. In addition, it provides all of the public water
supplies as far north as Point Pleasant.
Along the coast from Beach Haven to Point Pleasant, the
Kirkwood is tapped by forty-four public wells; their yields
range from 2.U to 71.3 I/sec (38 to 1225 gpm) and average
26.3 I/sec (117 gpm). If these forty-four wells were pumped
simultaneously at full capacity, the total yield would be
98,400 cu m/day (26 mgd). Actually, the average daily
ground-water withdrawal from the Kirkwood is 19,000 cu m/day
(5 mgd) over the entire county.
The seasonal peak demand in the summer is about seven
times greater than the winter demand. On Long Beach Island,
the water demand ranges from 2300 cu m/day (0.6 mgd) in Feb-
ruary to more than 15,000 cu m/day (U mgd) in July. This
has resulted in a depression of the static water level by
78
-------
more than 9.0 m (30 ft) below sea level in southern Ocean
County. However, no saltwater intrusion has been detected
to date. Recharge is principally in the form of leakage
from the water-table aquifer.
Ground water from the Kirkwood aquifer is suitable for
most uses. The water is soft to moderately hard with a pH
range of U.O to 8.3.
Water-Table Aquifer
The water-table aquifer is composed of five formations.
The Cohansey sand is the thickest and most important of the
five. Moderate pumping occurs at Toms River and Lakehurst -
and along the mainland coast of Ocean County. Precipitation
is the main source of recharge to the water-table aquifer.
Infiltration of stream waters or septic tank discharges can
be a local source of ground-water recharge.
The water-table aquifer has a larger outcrop area than
any other coastal plain aquifer. Consequently, the water-
table aquifer receives a greater amount of recharge than any
other coastal plain aquifer. Evapotranspiration and base-
flow runoff are responsible for a 50 percent loss of poten-
tial recharge from precipitation. Ground-water baseflow
from this aquifer in the Toms River basin is 378,500 cu
m/day (100 mgd) for the total basin area, or eighty times
the present daily pumpage from the aquifer in Ocean County.
79
-------
The water-table aquifer and the Kirkwood formation are
the only sources of fresh water in the southern half of
Ocean County. Since the Kirkwood is already intensely
developed, the water-table aquifer is the most important
future source of fresh water for southern Ocean County.
The waters of the water-table aquifer are of very poor
quality. Generally, they are acidic (pH, 4.4 to 6.7),
contain excessive iron (C.09 to 22 ppm), and may have a
hydrogen sulfide odor.
Englishtown Formation
In Ocean County, the Englishtown formation is the fourth
ranked aquifer in terms of water yield. Reported yields of
wells in this formation range from 1.2 to 32 I/sec (19 to
500 gpm). The Englishtown formation has little potential
for further development because water levels are already far
below the altitude at which saltwater intrusion could occur.
Wenonah Formation and Mount Laurel Sand
Throughout most of the outcrop area and for some dis-
tance downdip, the Wenonah formation and Mount Laurel sand
are porous sands that form one aquifer. Although it is not
now as important an aquifer as the Kirkwood or the English-
town, its potential for development is greater than that of
either the Kirkwood or the Englishtowr. Its waters are
8C
-------
neutral in pH and generally soft, but may contain excessive
iron.
To date no serious saltwater intrusion has been reported
in Ocean County. However, static water levels in the En-
glishtown and Kirkwood formations have dropped as low as 2U
m (80 ft) below sea level along the coast. Further develop-
ment of these aquifers in this area will only add to the
existing danger of saltwater encroachment. Figure 16 shows
the altitude of the piezometric1 surface as well as the
decline in piezometric head of the Kirkwood formation since
1919.
Along the entire coast of Ocean County, the waters of
the water-table aquifer are already saline. Continued
pumpage of ground water from this aquifer in the coastal
area will aggravate the situation. Figure 17 shows the
saltwater boundary in the water-table aquifer.
There is yet another problem associated with ground-
water development. According to Anderson and Appel (1969):
"Streamflow in the Coastal Plain consists largely of base
flow derived from ground-water discharge. During periods of
]_/The piezometric level is the level to which water will rise
in a we!1 .
81
-------
COUNTY
74°10'
40°00
SCALE,
01234
KILOMETERS
PIEZOMETRIC CONTOURS OF KIRKWOOD FORMATION
Figure 16
-------
COUNTY
2
<
UJ
U
o
01234
KILOMETERS
WATER-TABLE CONTOURS IN OCEAN COUNTY
Figure 17
-------
little or no precipitation, base flow accounts for virtually
all the stream flow in Ocean County." Further development of
the water-table aquifer could cause the water table to drop
below local stream levels. If that happened, the streams
would become influent to the water table, resulting in re-
duced stream flow and, depending on the quality of the
stream water, a serious ground-water contamination problem.
Water Supply
None of Ocean County's lakes are used for water supply
purposes. There are thirty lakes of sufficient size and
dependability to be considered for future development and
use. However, Ocean County's freshwater lakes are relative-
ly few in number and small in size: their recreational and
aesthetic value may outweigh their water supply value. If
these lakes were used for water supply, severe water level
reduction would result. (FR&W, 1969).
There are nine rivers and streams in Ocean County of
sufficient size and dependability to be considered favorable
for water supply development. Flow data for these rivers
and streams are presented in Table 4. Gaging studies have
been conducted on some of the major rivers in the county.
Gaging studies on all of the major rivers in the county are
needed to determine the reliable yields of water that can be
withdrawn to augment water supply in the future. (FR&W,
84
-------
1969) . At present, there are no plans to develop the sur-
face waters of Ocean County for water supply purposes.
Ocean County derives its entire potable water supply
from ground-water aquifers. The estimated average quantity
of ground water withdrawn for public supply, that is, for
both domestic and industrial purposes, is 87,000 cu m/day
(23 mgd) . Public water supply pumpage varies significantly
on a seasonal basis. The average daily pumpage for a peak
month can be almost double the average daily pumpage for the
year.
According to the 1960 census, 66 percent of Ocean
County's population rely on public and private water supply
companies. The remaining 34 percent maintain private wells.
Based on the 1960 census, it is estimated that 19,000 cu
m/day (5 mgd) of water are withdrawn from privately-owned
wells. In addition, the Lakehurst Naval Air Station with-
draws approximately 2500 cu m/day (0.65 mgd) of water from
wells in the water-table aquifer.
The largest industrial consumers of water are the Toms
River Chemical Company and the Glidden Company. The com-
bined consumption of these two companies is about 33 percent
of Ocean County's daily water pumpage. At present, the
amount of ground water used by other industries in the coun-
ty is insignificant. In the future, however, industrial
85
-------
water use may account for a larger percentage of the total
water used.
The amount of ground water used for agricultural pur-
poses in Ocean County is not known. However, the irrigated
land area is small and agricultural use of land is steadily
declining. The water resources of the county are not appre-
ciably affected by withdrawals for this purpose. Table 5
summarizes the water pumpage from each major aquifer within
the county.
Terrestrial Ecosystems *
There are six terrestrial or semi-terrestrial ecosys-
tems2 in Ocean County. Five of the ecosystems are arranged
in bands that parallel the coastline. The sixth ecosystem,
the flood plain, cuts across the other five ecosystems.
Proceeding from the inland to the coast, the five ecosystem
bands are:
1. Upland - originally wooded, dry highlands
averaging 16 km (10 mile) in width;
]_/This section has been extracted from the applicant's
environmental assessment statement (EAC, 1973). Addi-
tional information can be found in Robichaud and Buell
(1973) and in McCormick and Jones (1973).
2/Robichaud and Buell (1973) define an ecosystem as "...a
particular type of biological system in which plants,
animals, and environmental factors are related to each
other and affected by interactions."
86
-------
TABLE 5
PUMPAGE FROM AQUIFERS IN
OCEAN COUNTY
1968
oo
Formation
Kirkwood
Cohans ey
Englishtown
Combined
Formations
r • * •- ?•
.
Total 1968 % of Total
cu m/day
6,337,914
15,963,521
3,622,487
10,562,364
Total 36,486,287
Maximum Daily Output
During 1968
mgd i cu m/day
j
1674.5 I 17.4
t
4217.6 ! 43.8
957.0 \ 9.9
2790.6 • 28.9
9639.7 . 100.0
33,667
48,118
12,437
54,980
149,204
mgd
8.9
12.7
3.3
14.5
39.4
% of Total
22.6
32.3
8.3
36.8
100.0
Source: EAC, 1973.
-------
2. Coastal swamp - originally wooded, coastal
lowlands averaging 2.4 km (1.5 mile) in width;
3. Tidal marsh - orginally grassy, tidal lowlands
averaging 2.4 km (1.5 mile) in width;
4. Marsh islands - grassy islands in the Barnegat
Manahawkin - Little Egg Bay estuary system;
5. Barrier beach islands - long sandy strips
forming a barrier between the coastal bays and
the ocean and ranging from less than 0.8 to
1.6 km (0.5 to 1 mile) in width.
The flood plain ecosystem crosses this banded sequence in an
east - southeast direction. Flood plains are composed of
the sediments left on valley floors by flowing streams.
The upland ecosystem covers approximately 1100 sq km
(420 sq mile) in Ocean County. This ecosystem exhibits four
subdivisions:
1. Upland Pitch Pine - Scrub Oak - Blackjack Oak
Association (Stunted Pine Association, Pitch
Pine Association): This association occurs in
western Ocean County, primarily on Lakewood
soils which are very sandy, acidic, and se-
verely leached. The Lakewood soils support
widely spaced, scrubby, slow growing, mixed
88
-------
stands of pitch pine, scrub oak, and blackjack
oak. These stands provide little shade; the
lack of shade results in high soil-surface
temperatures. The ground cover consists of a
scattering of lichens, mosses, and dwarfed
shrubs of the heath family. The sparse ground
cover is a poor source of food and shelter for
wildlife in the area, consequently, resident
birds and mammals are few in numbers and
types.
Human use of this unique semi-arid association
has been limited to educational, scientific,
and recreational pursuits. If utilities were
provided, this land would be susceptible to
home-site development. Under the proposed
project, the Union Branch, Ridgeway Branch,
and Wrangel Brook interceptors will cut
through this association.
2. Upland Pine-Oak and Upland Oak-Pine Associ-
ations: These associations occur on loamy
soils containing more fine sand, silt, and
organic matter than the Lakewood soils. The
89
-------
larger oaks, white and black, dominate. The
trees form dense canopies, shielding the
ground from direct sunlight. The shaded soil
supports a crowded woody ground cover, which,
in turn, supports a large and diversified
animal population. Two important game birds,
the ruffed grouse and the bobwhite quail,
inhabit the area. White-tailed deer are also
common.
These upland areas have been used for logging
and charcoal manufacture, subsistence farming,
surface mining, and, more recently, housing
developments. The pine-oak and oak-pine asso-
ciations will be traversed by portions of the
proposed project: the western and central
sections of the Kettle Creek, Union Branch,
Ridgeway Branch, and Wrangel Brook inter-
ceptors, and other interceptors lying west of
U.S. Route 9.
Upland Oak Forest Association: This associa-
tion usually takes the form of isolated clus-
ters of mature trees on sandy loam or loamy
90
-------
sand soils. These soils are well- to moder-
ately well-drained, but contain enough silt or
humus to retain the moisture and nutrients
necessary for the growth and maintenance of
large deciduous trees. The mature forest is
characterized by a dense canopy reaching in
height to 20 m (70 ft). The dominant oaks of
the forest canopy are the white, black,
scarlet, chestnut, and northern red. The
ground cover consists mainly of low growing
heath, sheep laurel, and mountain laurel. The
same types of birds and mammals that inhabit
the oak-pine forest inhabit the oak forest.
Most of the oak forest stands in Ocean county
were cut for lumber. Attempts were made to
farm the clear-cut land. This once-farmed
land has since been developed for housing.
The remaining oak fores-t stands have high
potential value for recreational use and for
well-planned homesites. Most of the proposed
project's major interceptors pass through
upland oak forest at some point along their
routes.
91
-------
U. Abandoned Farmland; Many of the farms in the
area were abandoned during the depression of
the 1920's and the 1930«s. More recently, a
number of poultry farms have been abandoned.
This abandoned farmland is the most productive
wildlife habitat in the uplands. It supports
a mosaic of successional vegetation, providing
a highly diversified wildlife habitat.
The second ecosystem band, the coastal swamp forest,
ranges in width from 0.2 to 3.2 km (0.1 to 2 mile) and
merges with the flood plains of local streams. The coastal
swamp forest is commonly associated with sands and gravels
that are overlain with muck. The water table is close to
the surface throughout the year and standing water is common
in spring and during periods of heavy precipitation.
The coastal swamp forest is dominated by red maple in
association with black gum, pitch pine, willow oak, pin oak,
northern red oak, white oak, sweet gum, and Atlantic white
cedar. The understory is composed of a vast array of shrubs
and vines. Along the edge of the forest, the understory
generally includes cat briar, grapes, and five-leaf ivy.
Coastal swamp forests harbor a variety of wildlife.
Song birds often nest in these areas, as do certain game
92
-------
species, such as mallard, wood and black ducks, ruffed
grouse, and bobwhite quail. White-tailed deer and several
types of smaller mammals also inhabit the forest.
Human use of the coastal swamp forest has been limited
to logging of the Atlantic white cedar and to isolated
community development. Since legislation has essentially
prohibited the dredging and filling of tidal lands for
homesite development, the coastal swamp has become the prime
target for large-scale developments. Portions of the pro-
posed interceptor routes cut through the coastal swamp and
four of the alternative treatment plant sites1 include some
coastal swamp land within their boundaries.
The third type of ecosystem is the tidal marsh; 12,200
ha (30,000 acre) of Ocean County are in tidal marsh. Tidal
marshes are flat expanses of grassland at or near sea level
that are normally flooded twice daily at high tide. It is
doubtful whether any of this tidal marsh acreage is still in
virgin condition. Almost everywhere there is evidence of
mosquito control ditching and of deterioration due to
siltation, pollution, spoil deposition, and diking.
JYBerkeley Shores East, Berkeley Shores West, Sloop Creek,
and Butler Boulevard.
93
-------
Typical soils are alluvially deposited silts with high
organic content (20 percent). Tidal marsh vegetation has a .
high salt tolerance. Along the low tide mark, cord grass
and marsh elder dominate. Further inland, marsh hay and
cord grass dominate. In the central and inland areas, there
are uninterrupted stands of marsh hay. At the normal high
tide mark, the marsh hay gives way to stands of black gum,
red maple, and pitch pine that have been stunted by salt
spray.
The nesting birds of the tidal marsh are ducks, rails,
and other species normally associated with wetlands. The
nesting birds also feed in the tidal marshes and mud flats.
The marshes and mud flats are especially important as rest-
ing and feeding areas for migratory water fowl and shore
birds. A few mammals, principally muskrats, inhabit the
tidal marsh. Rice rats commonly reside in transitional
areas between the marsh and the upland. Cottontail rabbits
abound in the drier areas.
The tidal marsh is extremely important to the produc-
tivity of the estuary. Organic debris, on the order of
several tons per hectare, is washed into the estuary by the
tides. The organic debris serves as food for invertebrate
organisms which, in turn, serve as food for shellfish and
fin fish.
94
-------
In the past, human use of the tidal marsh was limited to
harvesting of the marsh hay and cord grass for use as mulch
and as bedding for domestic animals, and to hunting, outdoor
education, and research. In recent years, the use of bulk-
heads and lagoons has allowed the construction of housing
developments which have encroached upon and destroyed
thousands of hectares of tidal marsh. Development has been
so extensive that it now threatens to eliminate this natural
ecosystem. With respect to the proposed project, tidal
marsh is involved to some degree in the alternative inter-
ceptor routings, treatment plant sites, and outfall
routings.
The fourth type of ecosystem is the marsh island. There
are about sixty tidal marsh islands in the bays of Ocean
County. These flat, grassy, tide-washed islands are very
similar to the tidal marshes from which they are separated
by open water. The relative isolation of the islands offers
greater sanctuary to nesting, feeding and resting birds.
The tidal marsh islands are also valuable in terms of
recreation, outdoor education, and research. The sand and
mud flats associated with these islands might prove to be
valuable shellfishing areas if existing sources of pollution
were eliminated. The alternative outfall routings for the
proposed project are very close to both undisturbed tidal
95
-------
marsh islands and islands that have been disturbed by dredge
spoil deposition.
Two barrier beach islands. Island Beach and Long Beach
Island, constitute the fifth ecosystem band. The islands
are composed of sands that have been washed off the mainland
by streams and then spread by coastal currents. The coastal
currents tend to transport the sands northward north of
Barnegat Inlet and southward south of Barnegat Inlet. Once
the sand has been deposited, it is driven westward into
dunes by prevailing onshore winds. Eventually, the dunes
become stabilized by salt tolerant vegetation.
Most of the barrier beach area has been radically
altered by development. Both of the barrier beach islands
have been overrun by year-round and summer residences,
commercial districts, amusement parks, marinas, lagoonal
developments, landfills, and roads. Island Beach State
Park, however, has been maintained in a relatively natural
state. The park provides areas for intensive,recreational
use, and natural areas for scientific research and outdoor
education. Under the proposed project, interceptors will be
installed to serve the southern Island Beach communities.
The alternative ocean outfall routings cut across Island
Beach.
96
-------
The sixth type of ecosystem is the flood plain. The
flood plains of streams cover about 130 sq km (5C sq mile)
of Ocean County. Flood plain soils are characteristically
sandy and gravelly. The soils have a high organic content,
high acidity, and low phosphate availability. (Tedrow,
1963) .
Vegetation along the stream banks typically includes red
maple, black gum, and speckled alder. In the mucky depres-
sions of the primary flood plain1,Atlantic white cedar
dominates. Along some streams, secondary flood plains,2 or
terraces, occur. Pitch pine, red maple, sheep laurel, and.
smooth holly are characteristic of these terraces. The
wildlife of the flood plain is similar to that of the
coastal swamp.
The flood plains are used for cedar logging, cranberry
and blueberry production, and recreation. Most of the
alternative west to east interceptor routings follow stream
courses.
J_/The primary flood plain is flooded annually and seasonally
2/The secondary flood plain is rarely flooded.
97
-------
Air Resources
Ocean County is a member of the New Jersey Intrastate
Air Quality Control Region (AQCR). The other members of
this AQCR are Atlantic, Cape May, and Cumberland counties.
In general, air quality in the AQCR is uniform and is better
than required by the national standards. However, there are
areas within the AQCR that have less than acceptable air
quality levels. These localized air quality problems should
be corrected by 1975; at that time, the entire AQCR would
meet all primary and secondary air quality standards. (See
Appendix C).
There are five air quality monitoring stations in Ocean
County. Data obtained at these five stations are presented
in Table 6. A comparison of these data with the national
ambient air quality standards (Appendix C) shows that air
quality in Ocean County is better than required by the
standards.
EXISTING SOURCES OF WASTEWATER
IN THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
In Ocean County, there has been a proliferation of small
wastewater treatment systems, each one built to,serve an
individual housing development or small community. The net
effect of these haphazard wastewater management practices
has been the installation of about fifty treatment facili-
98
-------
TABLE 6
AIR QUALITY DATA: OCEAN COUNTY
JULY 1972 - JUNE 1973
Monitoring
Station
Location
Toms River
Municipal Building
33 Washington Street
Jackson
Recreation Area
Ralph Place near Mark Place
Berkeley
Island Beach Bath House #2
Island Beach State Park
Waretown
Waretown Elementary School
Railroad Avenue
Tucker ton
Ocean County Park
Route 9 and Lakeside Drive
1
Description
of Station
Location
commercial -
suburban
playground -
residential
beach -
parking lot
playground -
residential
playground -
residential
Pollutant
Particulates
ug/raj a/
43
27
40
28
23
Sulfur dioxide ' Carbon monoxide
ppm
o.oiV °-oa£/
ppm
32 . 1-/
\o
VO
a/Annual geometric mean, July 1972 to June 1973.
b_/Annual arithmetic mean, July 1972 to June 1973.
c/Maximum one hour concentration.
Source: U.S. EPA, n.d. b.
-------
ties in the county. Many of these facilities have reached
or are fast approaching their design capacity. The existing
facilities in the Central service area are listed in Table 7
and shown in Figure 18. The sewered areas and the existing
interceptor lines are also shown in Figure 18.
Another dubious practice has been the development of
areas using septic systems for wastewater disposal. This
practice has led to the installation of septic systems in
lots as small as 23 by 31 m (75 by 100 ft) in some of the
larger high-density developments along Barnegat Bay. Septic
systems serve approximately 58 percent of Ocean County's
population. Most of the septic systems are located in
lagoonal developments bordering the bay and in small popu-
lation centers along U.S. Route 9 (EAC, 1973).
The county's numerous storm drainage systems are also
significant sources of pollutants. These drainage systems :
transport commercial fertilizers from lawns and farms, and
decaying animal and vegetable matter directly into surface
waters. The effect of these untreated pollutants on surface
waters is especially great in the heavily populated drainage
basins in northern Ocean County (FRSW, 1966-67).
Two other sources of surface water pollutants are boat
toilets and holding tanks. The wastes discharged into
waterways from boat toilets and from holding tanks at
100
-------
TABLE 7
EXISTING WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
IN THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
DECEMBER 1973
Map
No .a.'
1.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Location
t
Lavallette
Dover
Township
Seaside
Heights
Seaside
Park
Berkeley
Township
Island
Heights
Dover
Township
Manchester
Township
Lakehurst
Manchester
Township
Jackson
Township
Berkeley
Township
Owner
Municipal
Dover Sewer-
age Auth.
(Ortley Beac
Municipal
Municipal
Berkeley Twp
Sewerage Aut
Municipal
Toms River
Chem. Corp.
U.S. Navy
Municipal
Crestwood
Vil. Sewer
Co. ,Inc.
Board of
Education
Berkeley Twj
Sewerage Aul
(Berkeley
Shores)
Year
Built
1928
1965
i)
1949
1949
. 1965
h.
1933
1960
1944
1964
-
1963
>. 1964
:h.
Influ- Design Capacity
ent&.
D
D
D
D
D
D
I
D
D
D
D
D
cu m/day 1 mgd
3285.4
22.7
6434.5
3633.6
1892.5
1514.0
18925.0
1892.5
1135.5
378.5
79.5
1135.5
.868
6.0
1.7
.96
.5
.4
5.0
.5
.3
.1
.021
.3
Average Flow—'
cu m/day
3304.0
1684.0
13247.5
3406.5
6131.7
249.8
1703.0
151.4
893.0
147.6
579.0
374.7
17789.5
19682.0
991.7
1037.0
461.8
1105.2
435.3
272.5
30.3
56.8
11733.5
946.3
mgd
.873 S
.445 W
3.5 S
.9 W
1.62 S
.066 W
.45 S
.04 W
.236 S
.039 W
.153 S
.099 W
4.7 S
5.2 W
.262 S
.274 W
.122 S
.292 W
.115 S
.072 W
.008 S
.015 W
3.1 S
.25 W
Type of
Treatment
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
No. of
Connections
1545
11,212
3015
-
962
716
1
—
379
1211
1 School
1115
Receiving Waters
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Dillon Creek to Toms
River
Atlantic Ocean
Ridgeway Br. of Toms
River to Barnegat Bay
Manapaqua Br. of Toms
River
Swale
Toms River to Barnegat
Bay
Lagoon to Barnegat Bay
-------
TABLE 7 (Continued)
Map
No.S.>
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Location
Berkeley
Township
Lacey
Township
Lacey
Township
Ocean
Township
Ocean
Township
Lacey
Township
Berkeley
Township
Manchester
Township
Manchester
Township
Ocean
Township
Owner
Year
Built
Berkeley Twp. 1965
Sewerage Auth.
New Jersey
Highway Autl
1954
i.
Forked River 1962
State Marina
Mid Jersey
Sewerage Co
Inc.
Indianola
Sewer Co.
1960
>
1965
Oyster Creek
Nuclear Station
Board of
Education
Crestwood
Vil. Sewer
Co. , Inc.
Leisure
Tech. Co.
BLT Utility
Co.
1961
1972
1972
1972
.Influ- Desien Capacity
entk/ j cu m/day
D
D
D
D
D
-
D
D
D
D
946.3
151.4
22.7
321.7
378.5
-
37.8
1135.5
1135.5
946.3
mgd
.25
.04
.006
.085
.1
-
.01
.3
.3
.25
Average FlowS/
cu m/day| mgd
94.6
193.0
128.7
34.0
-
151.4
83.3
367.0
348.0
295.2
4078.8
-
-
-
—
.025 S
.051 W
.034 S
.009 W
-
.04 S
.022 W
.097 S
.092 W
.78 S
1.08 W
-
-
-
—
Type of
Treatment
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
-
Secondary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Tertiary
No. of
Connections
426
1
1
239
532
-
1
-
-
"~
Receiving Waters
Clamming Creek to Barne-
gat Bay
Cedar Creek to Barnegat
Bay
Forked River to Barnegat
Bay
Waretown Creek to Barne-
gat Bay
Lochiel Creek to Barne-
gat Bay
Oyster Creek to Barnegat
Bay
Swale
Ground Discharge
Ground Discharge
Ground Discharge •
o
ro
a/See Figure 18.
b/D: domestic, I: industrial.
c/S: summer, W: winter.
Source: OCSA, 1973-74.
-------
LEGEND
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
SEWERED AREA
EXISTING INTERCEPTORS AND OUTFALL
SCALE
) I 2 3 4
KILOMETERS
Source: FR4W. 1973.
EXISTING SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES AND SEWERED AREAS IN CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
Figure 18
-------
marinas are partially responsible for the prohibition of
shellfishing in many areas. (FR&W, 1966-67). Wastes should
be collected in holding tanks aboard the vessels, then ,
pumped into collection tanks at marinas, and finally trans-
ferred to wastewater treatment facilities. The enforcement
of acceptable sewage disposal practices has been considered,
but never implemented. Under the FWPCAA (1972) the States
were authorized to promulgate regulations prohibiting the
discharge of sewage from vessels into waterways. The regu-
lations were to become effective when adequate facilities
for the safe and sanitary removal and treatment of the
sewage became available. To date, no regulations have been
enacted under this enabling legislation.
At present, the only significant source of industrial
waste is the Toms River Chemical Company. The company
provides secondary treatment for its wastewater before dis-
charging it into the Atlantic Ocean via an 18 km (11 mile)
pipeline. (FR&W, 1966-67).
HISTORY OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
The State and Federal governments share the responsi-
bility for water quality management planning. The purpose
of water quality management planning is "...to provide for
continuous, systematic and coordinated development of an
efficient and effective course of action to protect or
10U
-------
enhance the quality of the waters of a discrete area." (U.S.
EPA, 1971). The place of the proposed project in relation
to the water quality management plan for Ocean County is
outlined below.
The proposed project is the end product of a series of
governmental decisions that began in 1967 with the publi-
cation of the "Master Plan for Wastewater Management, Ocean
County, New Jersey" (FR&W, 1966-67). The original master
plan delineated five natural drainage basins in the county,
each of which would constitute a service area with its own
sewage treatment system. The concept of regional planning
for wastewater management is that drainage basin boundaries
rather than political boundaries should determine the make-
up of a service area.
Modifications to the original plan resulted from a 1972
conference convened by the EPA in cooperation with the NJDEP
(U.S. EPA, 1972 a and b). The objective of the conference
was to resolve the problems of deterioration and closing of
shellfishing areas off the New Jersey coast. One recom-
mendation of the conference was that wastewaters to be dis-
charged to the inland waters and estuaries of Ocean County
receive a higher degree of treatment (95 percent BOD
removal) than wastewaters to be discharged to the Atlantic
Ocean (85 percent BOD removal). The thrust of this recom-
105
-------
mendation was to encourage the construction of secondary
treatment facilities with effluent disposal to the Atlantic
Ocean. Another recommendation was that treatment include
year-round disinfection of wastewater.
The conference also recommended that four regional
treatment facilities be built in Ocean County. Two of the
regional facilities were slated for the Central service
area: one to serve Island Beach and the other to serve the
central basin. The recommendations of the conference went
even further than the original master plan in delimiting the
scope of the proposed project. The recommendations defined
the size and make-up of the service area, the degree of
treatment required, and the effluent receiving waters.
The problems associated with ocean disposal of sludge
also came to the fore in 1972. Recognizing that sludge
adversely affected the ocean floor and its productivity, the
EPA issued the following interim policy on construction of
new wastewater treatment facilities:
No grant shall be made for the construction of any
new treatment facilities unless:
a. The Administrator has been assured by the
applicant that no sludge from the project
will be disposed of to ocean waters.
b. Plans for the project include adequate
provisions for disposal of all sludge by
means, other than ocean disposal, which
106
-------
are acceptable to the Administrator.
(U.S. EPA, 1972c).
This policy further restricted the available alternatives
for the proposed project by eliminating the possibility of
employing ocean disposal of sludge.
One other factor was important in shaping the proposed
project: the commitments made between 1970 and 1972 to
expand and upgrade the Ortley Beach sewage treatment plant
(OBSTP). This project is underway and is scheduled for com-
pletion in January 1975. The OBSTP is the regional facility
for the Island Beach portion of the Central service area.
The sum of all these past governmental decisions is a
regional facility for the central basin portion of the
Central service area, providing secondary treatment (85
percent BOD removal) with effluent discharge to the Atlantic
Ocean, and employing some means of sludge disposal other
than ocean dumping. There are alternatives available within
this framework, but they are quite limited. The proposed
Ocean County Central sewage treatment plant (OCCSTP) is in
line with the prototypical project outlined by these govern-
mental decisions. In June 1973 the NJDEP completed its
"Interim Plan for Wastewater Management/Water Pollution
Control for Ocean County." The proposed project was found to
be in confdrmance with the interim plan.
107
-------
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ORTLEY BEACH
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
The OBSTP is not part of the proposed project. However,
as mentioned in the preceding section, the decision to ex-
pand and upgrade the OBSTP as one of the regional facilities
for the Central service area was important to the develop-
ment of the proposed. OCCSTP project. For this reason, a '
description of the OBSTP project, which is in progress, is
presented below.
The OBSTP, which is owned and operated by the Dover
Township Sewerage Authority, has been in operation since
1964. It is currently being expanded and upgraded from a
23,000 cu m/day (6 mgd) primary treatment plant to a 45,000
cu m/day (12 mgd) secondary treatment plant. The plant is
expected to be 50 percent operational by September 197U and
complete by January 1975.
The treatment units that will be provided in the ex-
panded and upgraded OBSTP include a raw sewage pumping
station, primary settling tanks, grit removal units, aera-
tion tanks, final settling tanks, chlorination facilities
and an effluent pumping staion. At the OESTP, sludge will
be thickened, digested anaerobically, and dewatered by
vacuum filtration. It will then be transported by truck to
108
-------
a private sanitary landfill, the Ocean County Landfill Cor-
poration in Manchester Township, for disposal.
Odor control at the OBSTP will be accomplished by cover-
ing the raw sewage pumping station wet well, the primary
settling tanks, the aeration tanks, and the sludge thick-
eners. These units will be subject to forced ventilation
and ozone treatment of the odoriferous airstreams. Odor
control at the OBSTP is especially important because the
treatment plant site is in a residential area.
The OBSTP is designed to handle influent BOD and sus-
pended solids concentrations of 250 mg/1 each and to effect
BOD and suspended solids removals of 90 percent each. At an
average flow rate of 45,000 cu m/day (12 mgd), the 90 per-
cent design removals will result in BOD and suspended solids
loadings to the Atlantic Ocean of approximately 1100 kg/day
(2500 Ib/day) each.
The existing 61 cm (24 in.) diameter outfall line will
be extended 730 m (2400 ft) offshore of Island Beach by the
addition of 430 m (140C ft) of 76 cm (30 in.) diameter con-
duit. A 69 m (225 ft) diffuser section will be attached to
this outfall conduit. The dilution ratio expected with this
outfall system is approximately 75:1 at the average design
flow of 45,000 cu m/day (12 mgd). This should be sufficient
109
-------
to maintain both water quality and aesthetics even under the
most adverse conditions.
The service area for the existing OBSTP is composed of
sections of Island Beach and sections of the mainland:
1. Beach service area - the Island Beach portions
of Dover and Brick Townships, the portion of
Berkeley Township lying on Pelican Island, and
the portion of Lavallette lying on West Point
Island.
2. Mainland service area - the mainland area of
Dover Township and a portion of Berkeley
Township. (Kupper, 1971-72) .
As part of the current OBSTP project, the service area
boundaries will be redrawn. The beach service area will be
expanded to include the Borough of Mantoloking. In effect,
the mainland service area will be eliminated and sewage
flows from the mainland service area will be transported to
the OCCSTP for treatment and disposal.
The average 1990 summer flow expected from the Island
Beach service area is 34,000 cu m/day (9 mgd). To take full
advantage of the OBSTP1s 45,000 cu m/day (12 mgd) design
capacity, provisions have been made to allow the transfer of-
up to 11,000 cu m/day (3 mgd) of sewage from the mainland
service area to the OBSTP. The transfer of mainland sewage
110
-------
to the OBSTP would be necessary only during peak flow con-
ditions at the OCCSTP.
In sum, the Central service area will be served by two
major sewage treatment facilities, the OCCSTP and the OBSTP,
Although there is no direct connection between the two
treatment plants, flexibility is provided so that a limited
quantity of mainland sewage can be directed to either the
OCCSTP or the OBSTP in the future.
111
-------
ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT
Alternatives to the proposed project have been strictly
limited by past governmental decisions, as discussed on
pages 10U to 107. In fact, the only basic alternative to
the proposed project is the "no action" alternative which is
discussed below. Within the framework outlined by past
governmental decisions, alternatives are available in the
areas of site and routing selections for the required facil-
ities, and types of systems for sewage collection, sewage
treatment, effluent disposal, and sludge disposal. System
alternatives are discussed in this section. Alternative
interceptor routings, treatment plant sites, outfall rout-
ings, and sludge disposal sites are discussed in Appendix D.
THE "NO ACTION" ALTERNATIVE
In 1970 approximately 42 percent of the homes in Ocean
County were served by wastewater treatment facilities. The
remaining 58 percent were served by septic systems. In the
Central service area alone, there are twenty-five wastewater
treatment facilities. As shown in Table 7, six of the fa-
cilities discharge to the ocean, eight to estuaries, five to
inland streams, and three to land. Such discharges have
been responsible for the closing of shellfishing areas, the
contravention of water quality standards in both the fresh-
water and estuarine regions, and the closing of bathing
112
-------
beaches along the ocean and the bay. These conditions re-
present a significant adverse impact on both the environment
and the economy of the area.
The projected rate of development for the area indicates
that existing conditions will become progressively worse
unless remedial action is taken. In addition to degraded
surface water quality, it can be expected that the water-
table aquifer and those aquifers which recharge within the
developing area will be polluted by recharge from septic
systems. In light of these consequences, the "no action"
alternative is unacceptable.
SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES
Collection System and Service Area
The collection facilities of a sewerage system convey
the wastewater from its source to the sewage treatment
plant. Local collector sewers are those that initially
receive the wastewater. These sewers empty into larger
interceptor sewers, which are usually owned and operated by
a regional sewerage authority. Interceptors are the link
between the local collector sewers and the sewage treatment
plant. Each collection system is tailored to its service
area. Therefore, the size and path of the collection system
depend on many factors: land use, population density, and
sewage treatment requirements for example. Design sizing of
113
-------
the sewerage system is discussed in greater detail on pages
115 and 116.
The master plan for wastewater management that was
developed for Ocean County delineated five major drainage
basins in the county (FR&W, 1966-67). According to the
master plan, the basins, separated by natural ridge lines
rather than political boundaries, would each be served by a
regional sewerage system. The advantage of this type of
planning is that it allows maximum use of gravity flow
because the sewage does not have to be pumped across ridge
lines. The original master plan was revised in 1973 for the
following reasons:
1. To update flow estimates so that they would
reflect the revised population estimates made
in the 1970 census;
2. To incorporate the results of feasibility and
economic analyses dealing with the service
area, the number and location of treatment
plants, and the method of wastewater solids
treatment and disposal;
3. To insure conformance with current require-
ments of the NJDEP and the EPA regarding
environmental considerations. (FRSW, 1973).
-------
The concept of regional planning for wastewater manage-
ment was jointly promoted in 1967 by the State of New Jersey
and the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (a
predecessor of the EPA). On November 1, 1967 a Federal
Enforcement Conference was convened to resolve the problems
of deterioration and closing of many shellfishing beds in
the New Jersey coastal area from Shark River to Cape May.
As discussed on pages 104 to 107, another conference was
convened in 19*72 at which both the NJDEP and the EPA re-
iterated their support of the regional planning concept
(U.S. EPA, 1972a).
Design sizing is one of the most important first steps
in planning an adequate sewerage system. A sewerage system
must be designed to'accommodate the anticipated range of
sewage flows from its service area. Each component of the
system must be sized for a selected design period. The
factors involved in determining the quantity of sewage ex-
pected for a specified design period are "...largely a
function of population served, population density, and water
consumption...." (ASCE and WPCF, 1969).
The sizes of the interceptors, force mains, pump sta-
tions, and lift stations for the proposed project are based
on population projections developed for the OCSA by FR&W
(1973). These projections, along with those made by the
115
-------
DSRP, are shown in Table 1. The projections made by FR&W
basically agree with those made by the DSRP, except in the
cases of Manchester and Berkeley townships. The DSRP
projected that the 1990 population of Manchester Township
would be 79,082; FR&W projected that it would be 36,000.
The DSRP projected that the 1990 population of Berkeley
Township would be 118,848; FR&W projected that it would be
71,800. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are dis-
cussed on pages 50 to 56.
The Central service area's mainland sewers are sized for
a forty year design period; in other words, the sewers are
designed to accommodate the sewage flows that will be gener-
ated by the population of this area through the year 2020.
The barrier beach sewers are designed to accommodate the
sewage flows that will be generated by the ultimate satura-
tion population of the area, that is, the largest possible
population. The 2020 population projections made by FR&W
for Manchester Township and Berkeley Township were 72,000
and 100,000, respectively. In designing the interceptors
for these municipalities, FR&W used its own 2020 projec-
tions. The DSRP did not feel that the 2020 population could
be accurately estimated because of the area's erratic growth
patterns. Nevertheless, in light of the fact that the
DSRP's 1990 population projections exceed FP&W's 2020 pro-
116
-------
jections, the OCSA should reevaluate the design of the
interceptors for Manchester and Berkeley townships.
Wastewater Treatment System
The means of effluent disposal selected for a sewage
treatment plant project is the overriding factor in deter-
mining the degree of sewage treatment required. In the case
of the proposed OCCSTP, effluent discharge to inland streams
or coastal estuaries has been ruled out by past governmental
decisions (see pp. 104 to 107). Two effluent disposal
alternatives remain, discharge to the Atlantic Ocean and
ground-water recharge. Effluent discharge to the' Atlantic
Ocean would require secondary treatment; any method of
ground-water recharge would require advanced waste
treatment.
Effluent disposal alternatives are dealt with in the
next section of this environmental impact statement. For
reasons that are explained in the next section, ground-water
recharge has been rejected as a viable means of effluent
disposal in Ocean County at this time. Discharge to the
Atlantic Ocean is the chosen method of effluent disposal for
the OCCSTP. Therefore, in this section, emphasis is placed
on the selection of a suitable secondary wastewater treat-
ment system. Advanced waste treatment is dealt with in a
more cursory manner.
117
-------
Secondary Treatment System
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972 require that effluent limitations based upon secondary
treatment be achieved, " (B) for publicly owned treatment
works in existence on July 1, 1977, or approved pursuant to
section 203 of this Act prior to June 30, 1974 (for which-
construction must be completed within four years of approv-
al)...." This means that to be eligible for EPA construction
funds, the OCCSTP must provide at least secondary wastewater
treatment.
Federal regulations for secondary treatment systems were
published in the Federal Register on August 17, 1973 under
40 CFR Part 133 (U.S. EPA, 1973d). The regulations require
that a system either effect minimum BOD and suspended solids
removals of 85 percent each or provide for BOD and suspended
solids concentrations in the effluent of no more than 30
mg/1 each, whichever criterion is more stringent. In cer-
tain cases, exceptions to the regulations may be granted:
for example, where high combined sewer flows or strong
industrial wastes make the required removals unattainable.
This is not the case in Ocean county.
There are many ways to remove BOD and suspended solids
from wastewater. Some type of physical, chemical, biolog-
ical, or combination process is usually employed. The
118
-------
different methods are discussed in most textbooks on
wastewater engineering (Metcalf & Eddy, 1972; Fair, Geyer,
and Okun, 1966; Fair, Geyer, and Okun, 1968). There is no
one ideal method of wastewater treatment. A suitable
treatment system is one that responds to the engineering,
economic, and environmental conditions prevailing in the
area it is intended to serve.
The alternative treatment processes considered by the
OCSA were: 1) activated sludge using air (complete-mix,
conventional, contact stabilization, step-aeration), 2) ac-
tivated sludge using "pure" oxygen (Unox process), 3) trick-
ling filters, and U) physical-chemical treatment. Properly
designed and operated, any one of these systems is capable
of meeting the aforementioned Federal regulations for sec-
ondary treatment systems.
According to FR&W (1973), preliminary decisions were
made to eliminate certain alternatives before making a
detailed cost comparison of the treatment processes:
1. The contact stabilization and conventional
activated sludge processes were eliminated
because of their complexity of operation and
their inability to handle seasonal variations
in flow.
119
-------
2. Trickling filters were rejected because of
potential nuisance problems, such as flies and
odors, and because of the inability to convert
from a trickling filter process to a more
efficient process in the event that effluent
standards are upgraded.
3. The "Z-M"1 process, a physical-chemical
process, was rejected because the solids
generated by the process would not be amenable
for use in a land reclamation system.
The remaining processes are the step-aeration, the complete-
mix, and the "Unox" modifications of the activated sludge
process, and physical-chemical treatment, excepting the "Z-
M" process.
The OCSA is designing a regional system that requires
the construction of three new treatment plants. In an
effort to make its approach to wastewater treatment consis-
tent throughout the county, the OCSA decided to construct
similar facilities in each of its three service areas. This
l/FR&W (1973) explain the "Z-M" process as follows: '"Heavy
lime dosages are used to increase the pH to 11.5 and hydro-
lyze the organic matter. After neutralization the process
flow is sent to a granular media filter to remove the sus-
pended solids and then to an activated carbon column for
adsorption of the remaining soluble matter."
120
-------
decision made it possible, for the OCSA to derive one set of
cost figures for the Southern service area's treatment plant
and then to apply those cost figures to the treatment plants
for the Northern and Central service areas. Table 8 is a
cost comparison of the alternative wastewater treatment
systems for the Southern service area facility.
The physical-chemical systems were rejected because of
their comparatively high annual costs. The "Unox" system,
although its cost is comparable to that of a conventional
activated sludge system, was eliminated because of the lack
of previous full-scale use. The annual cost of the
complete-mix with diffused air system is essentially the
same as that of the mechanical aeration system. The
complete-mix with diffused air system was chosen because of
its greater reliability and flexibility. (FR6W, 1973) .
In the proposed secondary treatment system, disinfection
will be achieved by chlorinating the effluent from the
secondary clarifiers. The NJDEP's wastewater treatment
plant design standards specify that the "use of disinfec-
tants other than chlorine will not be permitted." (NJDEP,
19*70) . There are other methods of disinfection, but they
have not been considered by the OCSA.
121
-------
TABLE 8
COMPARISON OF COSTS FOR ALTERNATIVE WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS: OCSA SOUTHERN SERVICE AREA
Treatment System
Complete-mix, diffused air
Complete-mix, mechanical air
Unox process , 90% oxygen
Physical-chemical, lime
Physical-chemical, polymer
Costs (dollars)
Capital
1974
15,270,000
15,570,000
15,370,000
15,860,000
14,480,000
Annual3./
1975
1,465,600
1,484,600
1,475,400
1,539,800
1,467,400
1980
1,591,100
1,609,700
1,600,100
1,681,900
1,623,700
1985
1,781,700
1,800,100
1,789,900
1,899,200
1,862,900
ro
ro
^/Includes bond debt service and operating costs.
Source: FR&W, 1973.
-------
Advanced Waste Treatment System
The type and the degree of treatment that should be
provided in a wastewater treatment plant depend on the
effluent quality needed to maintain the quality of the
receiving waters. In the case of Ocean County, previous
regulatory actions have directed that wastewater treatment
consist of secondary treatment with effluent discharge to
the Atlantic Ocean. Nevertheless, provisions have been made
to allow the construction of advanced waste treatment (AWT)
units if they are needed in the future. Such AWT units
would be required if a ground-water recharge system of
effluent disposal was instituted in the future.
Effluent DispQsal^gY§tgm
The effect of the effluent from a wastewater treatment
facility on the environment varies according to the type of
treatment provided. An effluent disposal system should be
able to return treated water to the environment with minimal
adverse effects. Previous actions by both the NJDEP and the
EPA have eliminated inland streams and coastal estuaries as
possible receiving waters for the effluent from the OCCSTP.
Only two alternative effluent disposal systems remain viable
for the OCCSTP, discharge to the Atlantic Ocean and
artificial ground-water recharge.
123
-------
Ocean disposal of treated effluent is the alternative
selected for use at the OCCSTP. Ocean disposal will allow
the cessation of effluent discharge to mainland streams and
estuaries, thereby improving the quality of these waters.
It will also aid in the restoration and protection of
shellfishing areas in the region. The assimilative capacity
of the ocean is not infinite, but it is very great. The
ocean is not expected to suffer any adverse effects as a
consequence of ocean disposal of secondary treatment plant
effluent (see pp. 127 to 131).
The artificial ground-water recharge1 alternative was
not considered necessary or feasible for use in Ocean County
at this time. However, it may become necessary in the
future not only as a means of effluent disposal, but as a
means of preventing saltwater intrusion into the ground-
water aquifers and of insuring the availability of fresh
ground-water supplies.
Artificial ground-water recharge can be accomplished
using either surface water spreading systems or injection
wells. Both methods depend upon the creation and mainte-
nance of a freshwater ridge paralleling the coast and
J/Todd (1964) defines artificial ground-water recharge as
"...augmenting the natural replenishment of ground-water
storage by some method of construction, spreading of
water, or by artificially changing conditions."
-------
preventing the intrusion of sea water (U.S. EPA, 1973e).
The injection well method pumps the recharge water directly
into an aquifer. To prevent rapid clogging of the wells,
the water to be recharged must receive advanced waste
treatment. Water to be recharged via the injection well
method must be 1) free of organic matter, suspended solids,
and ions that can precipitate in the ground water, 2) chlo-
rinated to prevent the buildup of biological slime in the
area of the well head, and 3) free of oxygen to prevent the
oxidation of materials. In addition, the wells must be
periodically cleaned and redeveloped.
-------
the system is installed. The soil and underlying strata
should be permeable and the land slopes should be gentle to
prevent excessive runoff and erosion. The distance between
the soil surface and the water-table should be great enough
to allow the soil and underlying strata to filter out and
adsorb any harmful pollutants in the recharge water.
The effect of treated effluent on ground-water quality
is a matter of concern with both the water spreading and
injection methods. Water spreading systems partially depend
on the purification capacity of the soil to prevent contam-
ination of the ground water. However, the actual capacity
of the soil for purification is not known; in many cases,
researchers seem to have overestimated the purification
capacity of soil. Purification in the soil is accomplished
by filtration, sorption, ion exchange, dilution, and dis-
persion; and by biological and chemical oxidation. Unfor-
tunately, in areas conducive to water spreading, the organic
matter-clay fraction is low and little sorption or ion
exchange occurs (Deutsch, 1965) . The purification capacity
of soil is not a factor with the injection well method be-
cause injection wells bypass the soil and discharge directly
into the aquifer. For this reason, treated effluent to be
recharged via the injection method must be of superior
quality.
126
-------
With minor exceptions, the chemical quality of water to
be recharged can meet the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)
standards for drinking water supplies (Parkhurst, n.d.).
However, care must be taken to insure that, in addition to
toxic elements and compounds containing toxic elements, the
detergent and pesticide levels are acceptable. The USPHS
bacteriological standards for drinking water are presented
in Appendix E. Water to be recharged should meet these
standards to insure protection of the public health.
Clarke et al. (1962) computed the enteric virus density
in feces at 200 virus units per gram and the ratio of virus
density to coliform density at 1 to 65,000. Kelly and
Sanderson (1960) estimated that the maximum virus density in
raw sewage is 5 virus units per 100 ml in cold weather and
100 virus units per 100 ml in warm weather. The length of
time of virus survival depends upon the media and the tem-
perature. "Virus populations in sewage and polluted waters
are subjected to die-aways due to aging, adsorption and
sedimentation, dilution and various undetermined causes. It
is likely, therefore, that the virus content of polluted
surface waters, wells, etc., is quite low when judged on the
basis of the coliform virus ratio...." (USPHS, 1962). Re-
search in California appears to support the opinion that
virus organisms are not likely to enter the aquifer. At the
127
-------
Hyperion recharge wells in California, no viruses were de-
tected in observation wells located 6, 15, and 20 m (20, 50,
and 70 ft) from the injection well. (Bargman et al., 1962) .
Nitrogen levels, specifically nitrate-nitrogen levels,
are of concern in the recharge of aquifers that are used for
water supply. The USPHS drinking water standard is 45 ppm
nitrate. Nitrogen should be removed from the recharge water
either before or during the recharge process. Nitrogen re-
moval is necessary to prevent nitrification in the zone of
aeration and resultant increases in the nitrate level in the
aquifer. Dilution of the recharge water with ground water
cannot be counted upon to obtain acceptable nitrate levels.
Since Ocean County's ground-water supplies are not
seriously threatened by saltwater intrusion, ground-water
recharge of treated effluent is unnecessary at present. The
expense, the limitations, and the possible complications of
a ground-water recharge system of effluent disposal make
this alternative impractical for the present.
Sludge Disposal System
The sludge disposal system of a sewage treatment facil-
ity must collect, treat, and dispose of the solids that are
removed from the wastewater during treatment. A complete
sludge disposal system is composed of four subsystems: con-
ditioning, stabilization, dewatering, and final disposal.
128
-------
The final disposal alternatives will be discussed first
because they have a direct bearing on the selection of
appropriate treatment processes for conditioning, stabili-
zation, and dewatering.
Ocean disposal of sludge has been eliminated because it
is contrary to EPA policy for new wastewater treatment
plants (see pp. 10U to 107). The EPA prohibited ocean dis-
posal of sludge because of the serious adverse effects on
the ocean environment that resulted from past disposal
activities. According to FRSW (1973), the OCSA rejected
ocean disposal of digested and partially dewatered sludge -
for three reasons:
1. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will
not provide grants for the construction of new
treatment facilities if ocean disposal is used
for the ultimate disposal of wastewater
solids.
2. There are no harbors in close proximity to the
treatment plant, thereby requiring the Author-
ity to either establish a port facility in
Great Bay and/or Manasquan River or offshore
loading facilities similar to those used by
oil companies.
3. Extreme resistance would undoubtedly come from
concerned citizens, legislators, Federal and
State Agencies.
Alternatives to ocean disposal of sludge include
incineration, landfill, and land reclamation. The land
reclamation alternative is currently being studied under a
129
-------
demonstration project supported by the following organiza-
tions:
New Jersey Division of Environmental Quality,
New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shell
Fisheries,
New Jersey Division of Water Resources,
Ocean County Sewerage Authority,
Rutgers - the State University of New Jersey,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and
U.S. Geological Survey.
According to FR&W (1973), "It is the opinion of the Author-
ity [OCSA] that the disposal of organic solids through a
program of land reclamation may prove to be the most suit-
able method in Ocean County." Land reclamation may indeed
turn out to be the most suitable sludge disposal alterna-
tive. Thusfar, however, not enough data have been collected
to make a reliable judgment on its feasibility for use in
Ocean County.
If they are properly designed and operated, both the
incineration and the landfill disposal alternatives are
acceptable. An economic analysis performed by FR&W (1973)
indicates that the incineration and landfill methods are
approximately equal in cost. In light of the possibility
that a land reclamation program will be implemented in the
future, the OCSA has selected the landfill alternative.
According to FR&W (1973):
...it was decided to use standard-rate anaerobic
digestion at each treatment plant. After diges-
130
-------
tion, the wastewater solids will be dewatered and
trucked to an existing State approved private
landfill site. In the future, the solids could be
pumped to a land reclamation area or, if the land
reclamation pilot study indicates land reclamation
is not desirable, the Authority will have the
option to operate its own landfill, use a public
landfill, or continue to use private landfills.
Both the EAC and the NJDEP made suggestions on the
selection and operation of a suitable landfill site:
1. Select a site that is well above the water
table, is removed from surface waters or
shallow wells, and has relatively impermeable
soil.
2. Install a liner and drainage system to collect
all leachate.
3. Recycle the collected leachate through the
wastewater treatment facility.
u. Cover the fill with a relatively impervious
layer of material, and landscape the site to
maximize runoff so that infiltration of
rainfall is kept to a minimum.
5. Make sure that the landfill site is screened
by a woodland buffer. (EAC, 1973).
At the OCCSTP, sludge will be prepared for disposal by
conditioning, stabilization and dewatering. Conditioning
will consist of sludge thickening only. The purpose of
131
-------
thickening is to decrease the volume of sludge and, thereby,
to facilitate the treatment and disposal processes. Thick-
ening can be accomplished by sedimentation, flotation, or
centrifugation. Disc centrifuges have been selected for use
at the OCCSTP because their annual cost ($40,700) is lower
than that of either flotation thickeners ($52,100) or grav-
ity thickeners ($73,100). Furthermore, centrifuges take up
less space than gravity or flotation thickeners and operate
more efficiently under conditions of fluctuating solids
loadings.
After it has been conditioned, the sludge will undergo
stabilization. The stabilization units may be the most
important components of a sludge handling system. Stabi-
lization signifies that the sludge is made relatively inert
through biological, chemical, or physical processes. Once
sludge has been stabilized, it can usually be disposed of
without creating health hazards.
The biological processes used to stabilize sludge are
aerobic and anaerobic digestion. In each case, a suitable
environment must be established to encourage the growth of
microorganisms that are capable of utilizing the sludge as a
food source. The microorganisms break down the solids into
simpler organic compounds that are relatively inert. Chem-
ical stabilization processes use highly reactive chemicals,
132
-------
such as chlorine, to oxidize the organic sludge. With the
physical stabilization processes, pyrolysis for example,
heat is applied to the sludge, transforming it into a
relatively harmless slurry.
The OCSA considered three biological stabilization
processes: 1) standard-rate anaerobic digestion, 2) high-
rate anaerobic digestion, and 3) aerobic digestion. The
aerobic digestion alternative was eliminated because of its
relatively high operating costs (FRSW, 1973). The high-rate
anaerobic digestion alternative was rejected because:
1. The wastewater solids from high rate digestion
is [sic] difficult to dewater. This difficul-
ty is primarily due to the continuous complete
mixing within the primary digesters resulting
in pockets of air forming in the secondary
digester.
2. The supernatant from the high rate digestion
process is extremely high in BOD and suspended
solids and creates a significant organic load-
ing on the liquid processes.
3. With the higher loading rate and therefore
reduced detention time, there is a more
delicate balance between the methane forming
bacteria which can result in possible opera-
tion problems.
U. There is a possibility that the wastewater
solids from high rate digestion may not be
readily adaptable to a land reclamation
program. (FR&W, 1973).
The OCSA chose standard-rate anaerobic digestion. In
addition, the OCSA decided to use a two stage digestion
133
-------
system because of its greater efficiency. The supernatant
from the secondary digesters will be recycled through the
treatment plant.
Dewatering will be the final sludge processing step.
Dewatering removes the excess water from stabilized sludge
so that the sludge can be disposed of more easily. There
are several devices available for dewatering sludge, in-
cluding centrifuges, vacuum filters, and filter presses.
Solid-bowl centrifuges were selected because their annual
cost ($97,600) is lower than that of vacuum filters
($143,200). The OCSA also feels that the centrifuges will
be easier to operate than the vacuum filters. (FRSW, 1973)
134
-------
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
PROPOSED PROJECT
The proposed project involves the construction of
interceptors, force mains, pump stations, lift stations, a
secondary sewage treatment plant, and an outfall to the
Atlantic Ocean. The new facilities will be tied in with
existing sewerage facilities in the Central service area.
The proposed project can be divided into four component
systems:
1. Collection System
. interceptor and force main lines
. pump stations and lift stations
. connections to the existing system
2. Treatment System
. secondary treatment using the complete-mix
activated sludge process, with step-aeration
activated sludge process backup capability
3. Effluent Disposal System
. construction of an effluent pump station
and a force main outfall line to the Atlantic
Ocean
135
-------
4. Sludge Disposal System
. conditioning using disc centrifuges
. stabilization using anaerobic digesters
. dewatering using solid-bowl centrifuges
. final disposal by landfill.
COLLECTION SYSTEM
The proposed collection system is shown in Figure 19.
The design capacities of the proposed pump stations and lift
stations are given in Table 9. The interceptor routings are
described and evaluated in Appendix D.
TREATMENT SYSTEM
A 91,000 cu m/day (24 mgd) secondary sewage treatment
plant will be constructed. The treatment plant will employ
the complete-mix activated sludge process. In this process,
the effluent from the primary clarifiers is mixed with the
return sludge from the secondary clarifiers; the mixture is
then fed into the activated sludge aeration tanks through a
series of inlets to insure complete mixing. One advantage
of this system is that it can withstand shock loadings.
This feature will be especially useful at the OCCSTP where
exceptionally high influent flows are expected during summer
weekends. (FRSW, 1973). The system is flexible in that it
136
-------
LEGEND
FUTURE PHASE I EXISTING
SERVICE AREA BOUNDARY
MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY
EXISTING PUMP. LIFT STATION
PROPOSED PUMP, LIFT STATION
INTERCEPTOR - GRAVITY
INTERCEPTOR - FORCE MAIN
OCEAN OUTFAU LINE
(Q
C
^
(D
3
JACKSON TOWNSHIP
/RIDGEWAY BRANCH I
^ ! s INTERCEPTOR >
MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP
UNION BRANCH
INTERCEPTOR
LACEY TOWNSHIP
WRANGLE BROOK INTERCEPTOR
BERKELEY TOWNSHIP
DAVENPORT INTERCEPTOR
JAKES BRANCH INTERCEPTOR
TOMS RIVER
INTERCEPTOR
TOMS RIVER RELIEF INTERCEPTOR
,-SOUTH BAYSHORE INTERCEPTOR
42"LS-3
OCEAN COUNTY
CENTRAL SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANT
DOVER TOWNSHIP
TOMS RIVER CROSSING
INTERCEPTOR
. PS-9
BUTLER BLVD. INTERCEPTOR
PS-5
MILL CREEK INTERCEPTOR
./<• OCEAN GATE\
I INTERCEPTOR
CROSS BAY
INTERCEPTOR
LS-1 WRANGLE BROOK LIFT STATION
LS-2 VEEDER LANE LIFT STATION
IS-3 MIDDLE BRANCH LIFT STATION
LS-4 SEASIDE HEIGHTS LIFT STATION
PS-I CRANMORE PUMP STATION
PS-2 WINSOR PARK PUMP STATION
PS-3 JAKES BRANCH PUMP STATION
PS-4 CHELSEA AVENUE PUMP STATION
PS-5 BERKELEY.CLAMMING CREEK PUMP STATION
PS-6 OCEAN-INDIANOLA PUMP STATION
PS-7 OCEAN-BIRDSALL ST. PUMP STATION
PS-8 LACEY PUMP STATION
PS-9 BERKELEY-CEDAR CREEK PUMP STATION
PS-10 SEASIDE PARK PUMP STATION
PS-11 LAVALLETTE PUMP STATION
PS-12 ISLAND HEIGHTS PUMP STATION
SCALE
SOUTH ISLAND BEACH INTERCEPTOR
SEASIDE HEIGHTS INTERCEPTOR
ATLANTIC
ORTLEY BEACH-
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OCEAN
PROPOSED SEWERAGE FACILITIES FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
-------
TABLE 9
PROPOSED LIFT AND PUMP STATIONS FOR THE
OCSA CENTRAL SERVICE AREA SEWERAGE PROJECT
Map Designation
(See Figure 19)
LS-2
LS-3
LS-4
PS-3
PS-4
PS-5
PS-6
PS-7
PS-8
PS-9
PS-10
PS-11
PS-12
Name of Lift or Pump Station
Veeder Lane Lift Station
Middle Branch Lift Station
Seaside Heights Lift Station
Jakes Branch Pump Station
Chelsea Avenue Pump Station
Berkeley-Clamming Creek Pump Station
Ocean- Indianola Pump Station
Ocean-Birdsall Street Pump Station
Lacey Pump Station
Berkeley-Cedar Creek Pump Station
Seaside Park Pump Station
Lavallette Pump Station
Island Heights Pump Station
Design Capacity
Average Peak
cu m/day
3,800
31,000
17,000
117,000
36,000
6,800
11,000
16,000
43,000
59,000
5,700
-
800
mgd
1.0
8.2
4.4
31.0
9.4
1.8
2.9
4.3
11.3
15.6
1.5
-
0.2
cu m/day
11,000
64,000
39,000
193,000
72,000
19,000
27,000
38,000
84,000
109,000
16,000
-
2,600
mgd
3.0
17.0
10.2
51.1
19.0
4.9
7.2
10.0
22.1
28.8
4.2
-
0.7
to
oo
Source: OCSA, 1973-74.
-------
can be easily converted for use as a step-aeration activated
sludge system.
The treatment facilities are designed to accommodate
influent raw sewage BOD and suspended solids concentrations
of 250 ppm each. The treatment process is capable of
removing 90 percent of both the POD and suspended solids,
resulting in effluent BOD and suspended solids concentra-
tions of approximately 25 ppm each. Therefore, at an
average flow rate of 91,000 cu m/day (24 mgd), the BOD and
suspended solids loadings to the Atlantic Ocean will be
approximately 2300 kg/day (5000 Ib/day) each.
The proposed OCCSTP's major treatment units are listed
in Table 10. The treatment plant site is shown in Figure
19. It was chosen from among twelve alternative sites (see
Appendix D). Figure 20 is a schematic flow diagram of the
proposed treatment facility. The design flows for this
facility are:
Minimum Flow 63,000 cu m/day (16.6 mgd)
Average Flow 91,000 cu m/day (24 mgd)
Peak Flow 156,000 cu m/day (41.3 mgd).
The plant can be expanded in the future by the addition of
30,000 cu m/day (8 mgd) modules. Influent flows are ex-
pected to reach the 91,000 cu m/day (24 mgd) design capacity
in 1984. Expansion of the plant to a 121,000 cu m/day (32
139
-------
TABLE 10
MAJOR TREATMENT UNITS FOR THE PROPOSED OCCSTP
Treatment Unit
Dimensions, Capacity and/or Detention Tim&5/
Remarks
Sewage Treatment Units
Raw sewage pump station
Two Parshall flumes
Three mechanical bar screens
Four aerated grit chambers
Three primary clarifiers
Complete-mix activated sludge
process, six aeration tanks
Six secondary clarifiers
Two chlorine contact tanks
Effluent pump station
220,000 cu m/day (58 mgd) capacity.
1.5 m (5 ft) throat width each.
220,000 cu m/day (58 mgd) capacity.
7.3 m x 7.3 m x 4.3 m SWD^/ (24 ft x
24 ft x 14 ft SWD). DT at peak flow-
6.3 min.
33 m (108 ft) diameter x 3.0 m (10 ft)
SWD each. DT-2.0 hours. Capacity
per clarifier-30,000 cu m/day (8 mgd).
44.2 m x 15 m x 4.9 m (145 ft x 50 ft x
16 ft) each. DT, excluding recycle-
5.2 hours. Capacity per tank-15,000
cu m/day (4 mgd).
35.7 m (117 ft) diameter x 3.7 m (12 ft)
SWD each. DT excluding recycle-4.3 hours.
Capacity per clarifier-15,000 cu m/day
(4 mgd).
13 m x 43 m x 2.4 m SWD (44 ft x 140 ft x
8 ft SWD) each. DT at peak flow-25.3 min.
Capacity per tank-61,000 cu m/day (16 mgd).
156,000 cu m/day (41.3 mgd) capacity.
Three screw lift pumps-110,000 cu m/day
(29 mgd) capacity each. Future ca-
pacity-330,000 cu m/day (87 mgd) by
addition of one pump.
Range of flow measurement-3800 to
208,000 cu m/day (1 to 55 mgd) each.
Capacity per screen-110,000 cu m/day
(29 mgd). Future capacity-330,000
cu m/day (87 mgd).
Air lift pumps for grit removal.
city per chamber-53,000 cu m/day
(14 mgd).
Capa-
Surface settling rate at average flow-
37 cu m/day/sq m (900 gpd/sq ft).
Expected removals-30% BOD, 60% sus-
pended solids.
Diffused air with wide band aeration.
Mixed liquor suspended solids-3000
mg/1. Applied BOD loading-838 g/day/
cu m (52.4 lb/day/1000 cu ft). Capa-
bility of using six tanks in a step
aeration configuration.
Surface settling rate at average flow-
20 cu m/day/sq m (500 gpd/sq ft).
Additional contact time provided in ocean
outfall. Solution feed chlorinators.
Three vertical turbine pumps. Discharge
to 140 cm (54 in.) diameter outfall
conduit. Future capacity-330,000 cu
m/day (87 mgd) by addition of one pump.
-------
TABLE 10 (Continued)
Treatment Unit
Dimensions, Capacity and/or Detention TimeS.'
Remarks
Sludge Treatment Units
Three sludge thickeners
Four primary sludge digesters
Two secondary sludge digesters
Two centrifuges
Two centrifuges-6 to 19 I/sec (100 to 300 gpm)
each. One centrifuge-3 to 6 I/sec (50 to
100 gpm).
26 m (86 ft) diameter x 9 m (30 ft) average
water depth. DT-31.2 days. Capacity per
digester-30,000 cu m/day (8 mgd).
26 m (86 ft) diameter x 9 m (30 ft) average
water depth. Maximum DT-20.8 days.
Capacity per centrifuge-530 cu m/day; 6 I/sec
(0.14 mgd; 100 gpm).
Disc centrifuge thickeners.
Standard rate digesters with gas recir-
culation, external heat exchangers,
floating covers.
Secondary digesters unheated and unmixed.
Floating cover gas holders.
Solid-bowl centrifuges.
a/Detention time (DT) based on average flow unless otherwise noted.
b/Side water depth(SWD).
Source: OCSA, 1973-74.
-------
TO OCEAN OUTFALL
AREA RESERVED FOR FUTURE TREATMENT FACILITIES
-------
mgd) capacity could extend the design life of the plant to
1990. Advanced waste treatment units could also be added if
needed.
EFFLUENT DISPOSAL SYSTEM
A 137 cm (54 in.) diameter outfall line will be con-
structed from the OCCSTP across Barnegat Bay and Island
Beach to the Atlantic Ocean. The outfall will extend 1500 m
(5000 ft) offshore of Island Beach to a water depth of ap-
proximately 15 m (50 ft). The outfall routing is shown in
Figure 19.
A diffuser pipe will be attached to the end of the
outfall. The effluent will be released through 8 cm (3 in.)
diameter outlet ports atop the diffuser pipe. The diffuser
pipe will be approximately 520 m (1700 ft) in length. In
the immediate vicinity of the outfall, dilution is expected
to be between 100:1 and 200:1.
In the future, an alternative effluent disposal method
may be instituted at the OCCSTP. In that event, the ocean
outfall would be retained as a "safety valve".
SLUDGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
The sludge disposal system will thicken, anaerobically
digest, dewater, and dispose of approximately 640 cu m/*tlay
(C. 17 mgd) of primary and secondary sludge. The proposed
sludge handling facilities are listed in Table 10 and
143
-------
schematically diagrammed in Figure 20. The OCSA has chosen
two privately-owned, State approved landfill sites for
disposal of the sludge from the OCCSTP (see Appendix D).
The landfill system of sludge disposal may ultimately be
replaced by a land reclamation program if the latter proves
to be a feasible alternative (see pp. 128 to 13U) .
MISCELLANEOUS
The probability, frequency, and severity of sewerage
system failures are matters of concern to Federal, State and
local regulatory agencies. The most serious type of failure
is one that endangers human health. Other types of fail-
ures, although less critical, are unnecessary nuisances.
The OCSA will take potential sewerage system failures into
account when preparing final designs for the Central service
area's sewerage systems.
Local collector sewers will transmit sewage to the OCSA
interceptors, pump stations and lift stations. Both the
NJDEP (1970) and the EPA (197Ub) require that auxiliary
power sources be provided at the pump and lift stations to
insure operation reliability. Pump and lift station fail-
ures will be monitored at the treatment facility so that the
malfunction can be located and corrected without delay.
1U4
-------
Precautionary measures will be designed into the treat-
ment plant to mitigate the adverse impacts of system fail-
ures. For example, the treatment plant's pumping capacity
will be great enough to handle peak flows even if the
largest pump is inoperative. Sludge will be anaerobically
digested and dewatered before being transferred to a sani-
tary landfill for disposal. Provisions will be made to
store undigested sludge in the event of a digester break-
down; inadequately treated sludge will never be applied to a
landfill area.
It has been common practice to incorporate raw sewage --
overflow outlets into the design of collection systems, and
to include raw sewage bypasses in the design of treatment
systems. The practice of discharging raw sewage into
waterways results in degraded water quality. The OCCSTP
will not employ any raw sewage bypasses; all flows received
at the plant will be discharged into the Atlantic Ocean.
Every effort will be made to eliminate the overflow outlets
in local collection systems.
The safeguards designed into a sewerage system can be
negated by improper construction practices. Therefore, both
construction and environmental inspectors oversee
construction of the sewerage facilities.
1U5
-------
Proper operation and maintenance of the sewerage
facilities are at least as important as structural safe-
guards in preventing system failures. Qualified personnel
must be hired and must receive periodic retraining to main-
tain their skills at peak efficiency. The Operation and
Maintenance Manual for the OCCSTP will conform to the
current EPA guidelines on this subject (Green et al.f 197U).
The manual will include contingency plans to insure that
adequate sewage treatment is provided even when the plant is
operating under less than ideal conditions, for example
under emergency conditions or when routine maintenance is
being performed. An effective maintenance program will be
established and sustained.
At this time, the exact size of the staff that will be
needed to run the sewerage facilities cannot be predicted.
However, Patterson and Banker in a study published in 1971
describe the total manpower requirements for conventional
wastewater treatment facilities. Patterson and Banker's
manpower estimates are presented in Table 11. The estimates
are general in nature; they are not directly applicable to
any particular sewage treatment plant. Based on Patterson
and Banker's estimates, the staff complement for the OCCSTP
would be thirty to thirty-five persons.
1U6
-------
TABLE 11
a/
STAFF COMPLEMENTS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS-
Occupation Title
Superintendent
Assistant Superintendent
Clerk Typist
Operations Supervisor
Shift Foreman
Operator II
Operator I (assists Operator II)
Automotive Equipment Operator
Maintenance Supervisor
Mechanical Maintenance Foreman
Maintenance Mechanic II
Maintenance Mechanic I
Electrician II
Electrician I
Maintenance Helper
Laborer
Painter
Storekeeper
Custodian
Chemist
Laboratory Technician
Total Staff Complement
Average Plant Capacity, cu m/day (mgd)
19,000 (5)
38,000 (10)
76,000 (20)
132,000 (35)
189,000 (50)
Estimated Number of Personnel
0.5
-
-
-
-
3
5
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
12.5
1
-
-
-
-
4
6
1
-
-
1
1
0.5
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
1.5
19
1
-
1
-
-
5
9
3
-
-
1
1
1
-
2
3
-
-
-
-
2
29
1
1
1
-
1
7
11
4
-
1
2
2
1
1
3
4
-
-
-
-
2
42
1
1
2
1
2
10
12
4
-
1
2
2
1
1
4
5
-
-
1
-
3
53
^/Plant components include: Liquid treatment-raw wastewater pumping, preliminary treatment, primary sedimen-
tation, aeration, final sedimentation, recirculation pumping, chlorination; Sludge treatment-primary sludge
pumping, sludge digestion, sludge holding tanks, vacuum filtration, with filter cake hauled from plant site
by plant personnel; Other plant components-yardwork, laboratory, administration and general.
Source: Patterson and Banker, 1971.
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
The environmental effects of the proposed project can be
divided along the lines of duration, short-term or long-
term, and relationship to the project, primary or secondary.
Short-term impacts are usually primary in nature. Long-term
impacts can be either primary or secondary in nature.
Short-term impacts are generally associated with project
construction: for example, construction noise, loss of her-
baceous vegetation, windblown soil and debris, disturbance
of fresh water, estuarine, and marine benthic communities,
and disruption of traffic patterns. Long-term impacts are
generally associated with operation of the completed facil-
ities changes in the quality of surface and ground waters,
changes in the quantity of ground water, changes in land use
patterns.
Primary impacts are the immediate effects of the pro-
ject, such as removal of the vegetation along an interceptor
route. Secondary impacts are only indirectly related to the
project and, consequently, are difficult to predict and
quantify. For example, the installation of s"ewers in rural
areas bordering urban centers generally leads to increased
residential development in the rural areas. The development'
itself and the needs for water, electricity, and municipal
services that accompany it are typical secondary impacts.
-------
SHORT-TERM IMPACTS
Aquatic Ecosystems
Any construction in or near aquatic ecosystems will dam-
age those ecosystems. The extent of the damage depends on
many factors: the proximity of construction to the waterway,
the time of the year when construction takes place, the
duration of construction activities, the construction tech-
niques used, and the physical characteristics of the con-
struction area. The effect of construction on aquatic
ecosystems begins with the removal of vegetation and the
disturbance of soil layers along stream banks. Once the .-
ground cover is disturbed, the exposed surface is sus-
ceptible to erosion. Erosion and subsequent siltation are
especially problematic during the installation of intercep-
tors along stream banks or across streams.
In the Central service area, 2U40 m (8000 ft) of inter-
ceptor line will be installed in the flood plain of Wrangel
Brook. Interceptors will be installed next to Lake Barne-
gat. Pine Lake, and an unnamed artificial pond. There will
also be thirteen stream crossings, including three crossings
of Toms River and five of Wrangel Brook. Adherence to pro-
per construction techniques and restoration of affected-
areas after construction will minimize the potentially
damaging effects of siltation on freshwater ecosystems.
149
-------
There will also be two estuarine water crossings in the
*
Central service area, one of Toms River and the other of
Barnegat Bay.
Materials on the bottom of a water body will have to be
removed during the excavation of pipe trenches. Non-motile
fauna and fixed flora will be removed along with the bottom
materials. There will also be a temporary loss of habitat
for certain motile aquatic forms. However, disruption
should be local and short-lived. As soon as a section of
pipe is in place, it will be covered with the material being
excavated to form a trench for the next section of pipe.
This method is called backfilling.
Trench digging will cause fine materials to become
suspended in the waters at and around the construction site.
The size of the affected area will depend on water flow and
tidal effects. The suspended material could have several
undesirable effects: siltation, decreased photosynthetic
activity, and loss of certain fauna for example.
Siltation will alter the habitat around the trench. Its
effects will be greatest in the area nearest the cut, and
will decrease as distance from the cut increases. Since
current velocities in the project construction area are low,'
the suspension of sediments is not likely to result in wide-
spread siltation. Turbidity in the waters of the construc-
150
-------
tion area will decrease light penetration; decreased light
penetration will result in reduced photosynthetic activity.
The benthos of Barnegat Bay will be disrupted along the
route of the trench. Worms, clams, and crabs will be
disturbed by sedimentation, but most will adjust within a
week after turbidity subsides. They may take longer to
recover if the water is very cold because their metabolic
rates are lower at lower temperatures. If dredging is done
during the fall when the water is still warm, benthic ani-
mals will be active and better able to adjust to the level
of sediment. Clams will have an easier time repositioning-
themselves relative to the surface of the sediment during
the fall than they will during the spring. Regardless of
the season, attached benthos, such as hydrozoans, bryozoans
and algae, will be buried in place.
Since fish are capable of migrating from the area during
construction, they should not be greatly affected by dredg-
ing activities. The fine sediment suspended in the water
may clog the gills of some fish. Those fish that are le-
thargic or are sluggish swimmers will be most susceptible to
gill clogging.
Recovery of the area will take two to four years during
which benthic organisms will resettle. A pattern of suc-
cession will be established beginning with detritus and
151
-------
bacteria and culminating with a climax benthic community
(Phillips, 1972). After the sediment that is suspended
during dredging settles, the larvae of worms, clams, and
other fauna will settle and establish a new benthic com-
munity similar to that in the adjacent area. The new
community will be less diverse in age and size because its
members will have started growing at about the same time.
Even though the backfilling method will be used, the two
estuarine crossings will produce an excess of dredged
material. The proper disposal of this material is necessary
to avoid undue damage to deposition sites. Depositing the
dredge spoils on the bay bottom next to the trench will harm
shellfish and other benthic organisms in the path of the
trench and in adjacent areas. Removing the dredge spoils
and depositing them at acceptable spoils sites will minimize
disruption of the benthos in areas adjacent to the trench.
Those organisms contained in the spoil material will be
destroyed.
The EAC (1973) recommends that dredge spoils be
deposited in areas that have been used for this purpose in
the past. However, the EAC cautions that these areas should
not be used if a natural population has developed since the
last deposition. After surveying several possible disposal
152
-------
sites, the EAC made the following recommendations:
1. Clean sand spoils should be deposited on the
ocean shoreline to replenish beach sand that
has been eroded away.
2. Other spoils should be deposited on islands in
Bamegat Bay that are rapidly disappearing due
to erosion.
3. Any remaining spoils should be deposited on
old spoil sites.
Construction of the outfall will affect the marine
environment by disrupting benthic organisms, such as surf .
clams and mole crabs. The area inhabited by these benthic
organisms is expected to recover in approximately one year.
Increased turbidity in the waters near the dredging site
could cause a temporary reduction in primary production due
to reduced light penetration. Proper disposal of the
material displaced during installation of the outfall is
necessary to prevent damage to benthic organisms near the
dredging site.
Ground water
In areas where the water table is close to the surface,
the trenches dug for interceptor installation will probably
fill with water. The water must be pumped out of the
trenches. Trench dewatering will cause local short-term
153
-------
depressions in the water table. Shallow residential wells
that are very close to trenches that are being dewatered may
experience water level fluctuations and may even go dry.
Local disruption of the soil horizons during construction
will also create turbidity problems in the water-table aqui-
fer. This impairment of ground-water quality will persist
for some time after construction.
Terrestrial Ecosystems
In general, the effects of interceptor construction on
terrestrial ecosystems are the removal of vegetation and the
disturbance of soils. The severity of the construction ef-
fects depends on the season, the types of soil and topogra-
phy encountered, the construction practices employed, and
the nature and timing of restoration. Damage to terrestrial
ecosystems can be minimized by avoiding critical areas, such
as steep slopes and flood plains, by scheduling construction
for low-rainfall periods, and by starting restoration as
soon as possible after construction begins.
The effects of construction on terrestrial ecosystems
can be minimized, but they cannot be eliminated. During
construction, there will undoubtedly be times when soil
surfaces are exposed and, therefore, subject to erosion.
Piles of excavated material will be exposed to rainfall and
local drainage patterns will be disrupted. Material eroded
15U
-------
from slopes may be retained at the base of the slope or it
may be washed into the nearest stream. Broad, shallow
depressions can be formed which, when filled with water, can
become mosquito breeding areas. Eroded material that is
retained on th.e land surface can crush and destroy herba-
ceous vegetation. In sufficient amounts, eroded material
can even smother the roots of trees and other woody plants
and can create an anaerobic environment for the flora and
fauna of the soil. Prolonged erosion can have a serious
long-term effect on the environment.
Vegetation in the path of the interceptor and along the
right-of-way is always destroyed. Access to the interceptor
lines reguires that trees and other woody species not be
allowed to reestablish themselves. However, herbaceous
species rapidly reestablish themselves on the open ground,
forming a stabilizing ground cover. Although the area may
never achieve its pre-construction state, it will develop a
vegetative community that is compatible with conditions at
the site.
The impact on birds and animals in the construction area
will be minimal. The birds and animals will vacate the
area, seeking food and shelter in another territory. When
construction ends and vegetation reestablishes itself, the
birds and animals will return.
155
-------
In addition to the generalized effects of construction
on terrestrial ecosystems, there are certain construction
effects that are specific to an ecosystem. The lowland
ecosystems occur on soils with poor internal drainage.
Where drainage is exceptionally poor, anaerobic zones occur
in the soil. In the coastal swamp, tidal marsh, and marsh
island ecosystems, the subsoils may contain large amounts of
organic matter. Decomposition of this organic matter under
anaerobic conditions produces hydrogen sulfide and methane
gas. When excavation exposes these subsoils, there will be
a significant odor problem. When the subsoils are re-
covered, the odor problem will abate.
Construction will interfere with recreational use of
those sections of the barrier beach island that are within
the immediate construction area. Locally, swimming, pic-
nicking, and fishing may have to be curtailed.
Air, Noise, and Traffic
During construction, a certain amount of dust will be
raised, adding to the particulate load in the air around the
site. The release of hydrocarbons by construction machinery
will also temporarily degrade air quality. As noted in the
previous section, construction in certain areas will cause
temporary odor problems.
156
-------
The noise made by the operation of heavy construction
equipment will also be a short-term problem.
Normal traffic patterns may be disrupted by construc-
tion. If necessary, special provisions will be made to
maintain traffic flows on access routes to hospitals, health
service facilities, and other emergency response agencies.
LONG-TERM PRIMARY IMPACTS
Aquatic Ecosystems
When the OCCSTP is put into operation, sewage treatment
plant effluent will no longer be discharged into the streams
in the Central service area. As a result, the water quality
of the streams and of the estuaries into which they flow
should improve. Another probable effect of eliminating ef-
fluent discharges into the streams will be a decrease in
stream flow. Those streams that empty into Barnegat Bay may
experience a shift in saline conditions because reduced
stream flow will permit the salt water of the bay to flow
farther upstream. However, this shift in saline conditions
will cause only minor variations in the normal distribution
of organisms. The proposed project will improve estuarine
water quality by reducing the nutrients, BOD, suspended
solids and bacteria that now enter the estuaries. A reduc-
tion in nutrients should slow the rate of eutrophication of
Barnegat Bay.
157
-------
The proposed project should also help to reduce the
number of areas closed to shellfishing. Seventeen percent
of Ocean County's waters are condemned for the purpose of
shellfish harvesting. Both sport and commercial shellfish-
ing have been adversely affected by the closing of shellfish
beds due to pollution. Recovery of the shellfishing areas
is a long-term proposition. According to the EAC (1973):
"If the pollution of Barnegat Bay is ceased, the effects of
previous pollution might be expected to linger for some
years. The clams from presently condemned areas would
continue to be unsafe to eat for some time."
The proposed project will check the pollution of Barne-
gat Bay by sewage treatment plant effluent. However, the
bay will continue to suffer the effects of sewage pollution
caused by discharges from boats and marinas. This problem
is particularly acute in Ocean County because of the resort
character of the coastal area.
The effects of the proposed project on the marine en-
vironment are especially important because two ocean out-
falls will be located in the Central service area, one to
serve the OBSTP and the other to serve the OCCSTP. The
OBSTP will discharge 45,000 cu m/day (12 mgd) of treated
effluent into the Atlantic Ocean; the OCCSTP will discharge
91,000 cu m/day (24 mgd) of treated effluent into the ocean.
158
-------
The environmental effects of discharging treated effluent
into the ocean depend on the quality and quantity of the
effluent, the design of the outfall, and the characteristics
of the ocean water.1
At an average flow rate of 91,000 cu mi/day (24 mgd) , the
OCCSTP will release 2300 kg/day (5000 Ib/day) of both BOD
and suspended solids into the ocean. The discharge of
treated effluent into the ocean should not affect dissolved
oxygen levels. However, there may be some deposition of
solids in the area of the outfall. The nutrient levels in
the effluent are expected to be 27,000 ug/1 of nitrogen and
5800 ug/1 of phosphorus. The predicted nitrogen level may
be understated; it is lower than that currently obtained in
practice. A comparable system, the Bay Park treatment plant
in Nassau County, New York, produces a secondary effluent
with a nitrogen level of 35,000 ug/1 (Manganaro, Martin and
Lincoln, 1966).
In considering the impact of discharging treated efflu-
ent into coastal waters, nutrients warrant special atten-
tion. Nutrient concentrations, among other factors, have
l_/The discussion of the environmental effects of the OCCSTP's
ocean outfall has been extracted from the applicant's
environmental assessment statement (EAC, 1973), and the
technical report for the southern service area (FR&W, 1974).
159
-------
been implicated in phytoplankton blooms in ocean waters.
Red tide is a particularly important instance of this
phenomenon. Nutrients are conservative substances; they
will remain in the system indefinitely. The nutrient data
in the following table were obtained in the open ocean off
Shark River.
Nutrient Data - Open Ocean - Off shark River
Date Defith N^- Total P^
4/21/71 Surface 176 U3.U
a/21/71 Mid 188 34.1
a/21/71 Bottom 160 3a.l
7/27/71 Surface 151 53.9
7/27/71 Mid 15C 45.9
7/27/71 Bottom 193 58.9
a/Values in ug/1.
Source: National Sport Fisheries Marine Laboratory, n.d.
This is one reason why the design of the outfall is so
important. An ocean outfall should be designed to allow
dilution of the effluent nutrient concentrations to the
approximate ambient concentrations in order to minimize the
impact of the effluent discharge. The following table shows
the estimated concentrations of nutrients after dilution at
various design dilution ratios.
160
-------
Concentrations of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
at Various Effluent Dilutions!?
Effluent
Concentration 50:1 60;1 100:1 150:1 200:1
Phosphorus
(as P) 5,800 158 132 100 83 74
Nitrogen
(as N) 27rOOO 573 479 312 22U 180
a/All averages in ug/1.
Source: EAC, 1973.
With a dilution factor of 50:1, the phosphorus concen-
tration is greater than the ambient value and the nitrogen
concentration is more than twice the ambient value. With a
dilution factor of 2CO:1, the phosphorus level approaches
the normal range of fluctuation in sea water. The nitrogen
value is only slightly above the ambient level and is still
within the range of fluctuation.
The OCCSTP outfall is designed to effect a dilution
ratio of between 100:1 and 200:1 in the immediate vicinity
of the outfall. The actual process of dilution is a complex
interaction of the effluent, as it is released by the
outfall, and the ocean water.
The OCCSTP outfall will extend 1500 m (5000 ft) offshore
of Island Beach to a water depth of approximately 15 m (50
ft). A diffuser section attached to the outfall will extend
the outfall another 520 m (1700 ft) . The farther the
outfall extends into the ocean, the more sea water will be
161
-------
available to dilute the effluent. Release of the effluent
will be controlled by pumping it into the ocean through 8 cm
(3 in.) diameter outlet ports in the diffuser pipe; gradual
release of the effluent facilitates dilution.
Once the effluent is released into the ocean, the sea
water itself becomes the most important determinant of what
happens to the effluent. Temperature and salinity are the
two .most important factors in determining the density of sea
water. If the temperature and salinity are uniform through-
out a column of sea water, that is, from the surface to the
bottom, the density of the sea water will be uniform. If
the temperature and salinity are not uniform, the density
will not be uniform. The latter is called stratification,
or layering, and its presence or absence can affect the
movement of the effluent after it leaves the outfall.
The effluent from a sewage treatment plant is
essentially fresh water; it is not as dense as sea water.
Consequently, when effluent is released into the ocean, it
t
tends to rise as a stream through the sea water toward the
surface. As the effluent rises, it mixes with the sea
water, becoming more and more dense. When it approximates
the density of sea water, it ceases to rise. If the column
of sea water is unstratified, there is nothing to prevent
the effluent stream from going all the way to the surface.
162
-------
Once the stream reaches the surface, ocean currents and wave
action take over, further mixing the effluent with the sea
water and providing significant dilution.
If the column of sea water is stratified, the rising
effluent stream may be trapped before it reaches the
surface. The result is concentration and lateral movement
of the effluent at some mid-depth. According to Hires
(1972), "The subsequent dilution of the effluent as it
spreads at mid-depth is ...difficult to determine."
If the sources of energy for the diffusion proc-
esses in the ocean's surface layers are compared to
those which can furnish energy for mixing at mid-depth,
it appears that the rate of dilution may be signifi-
cantly less at mid-depths than at the surface. At the
surface, the energy for mixing can be supplied from
tidal currents, wind-generated waves and wind driven
currents. At mid-depths, the sources of energy for
mixing are reduced to just tidal currents and internal
waves. (Hires, 1972)
From June through September, the ocean in the vicinity of
the proposed OCCSTP outfall exhibits a vertical temperature
and salinity stratification. This produces a restricting
density, that is, a density that can trap a rising effluent
stream, 40 to 50 percent of the time.
The currents at mid-depth often flow in the opposite
direction of the surface waters. An offshore current may
produce an upwelling of mid-depth waters closer to shore.
If density stratification causes a mid-depth concentration
163
-------
of effluent, the current patterns at that depth may carry
the effluent concentration toward the shore. A well de-
signed outfall will provide travel time for dilution at mid-
depths so that pollutant concentrations will be reduced to
acceptable levels.
In the immediate area of an ocean outfall, biological
productivity usually decreases. Beyond the immediate area,
productivity gradually returns to background conditions.
In some cases, productivity remains constant, but a shift in
kinds and numbers of organisms occurs. A widely diversified
population can succumb to a single dominant species, which
may not support the upper levels of the food chain. The
timing of maximum productivity can be altered to the extent
that an organism's food supply may not be available at a
critical stage in that organism's life cycle. In still
other cases, productivity actually increases.
As previously mentioned, a major cause of red tide is an
overabundance of nutrients in the water. Another important
factor is the seasonal temperature profile of the ocean.
During the winter, an isothermic condition exists and the
ocean waters are well mixed. However, during the summer,
the waters become stratified, setting the stage for a
buildup of nutrients in particular layers of water.
164
-------
Nutrients tend to accumulate in the bottom layers
because of the large number of dead organisms introduced
from surface layers. Even though nutrients are most
abundant in the deeper waters, blooms are not likely to
occur there because of the lack of sufficient light. Warm,
nutrient-rich waters flow into the ocean from adjacent
estuaries, rivers, and bays. These warmer waters tend to
remain at the surface. Algal blooms are more likely to
occur under such conditions.
It is and will continue to be difficult to pinpoint the
cause of a particular red tide. The causative factors and
their interrelationships are extremely complex. However,
the EAC (1973) maintains that if the secondary effluent
discharge from the OCCSTP is subjected to an actual dilution
of at least 100:1, the effluent will not aggravate the over-
all red tide effect on bathing waters.
As a general policy, the State of New Jersey requires
that all ocean outfalls achieve a minimum dilution of 50:1
at the highest point of rise of the center of the effluent
stream. A 50:1 dilution ratio is compatible with mainte-
nance of the water quality standards for coastal waters.
The water quality standards are designed to protect the-
beaches and adjacent waters for primary contact recreation.
The standards are also designed to protect the open ocean
165
-------
waters in the vicinity of the outfall. A 50:1 dilution also
insures that the secondary effluent discharge from the
outfall will not be visible.
Ground Water
The proposed project will affect both the quality and
quantity of ground water in Ocean County. Basically, opera-
tion of the OCCSTP will improve ground-water quality and
decrease ground-water quantity. The effluent disposal
system chosen for the OCCSTP, discharge to the Atlantic
Ocean, will enhance ground-water quality by eliminating
septic tank discharges and by improving water quality in
streams, including those streams that intersect with the
water table.
The effect of the sludge disposal system chosen for the
OCCSTP, sanitary landfill, on ground-water quality are an-
other matter. The physical characteristics of the landfill
sites will go a long way toward protecting or endangering
local ground-water quality.
The environmental feasibility of a sanitary landfill
depends on several factors; one of the most important is
soil type. Soil type governs the rate at which fluids move
through the ground and, to a lesser extent, the changes
which those fluids undergo in transit. The porosity and
permeability of the soil is determined by its grain size:
166
-------
the larger the grain size, the more porous and permeable the
soil. Fine soils that contain a large amount of clay or
organic matter are chemically active. Clay and organic
matter act as exchange receptors for many pollutants.
The soils at the two sites selected by the OCSA are com-
posed of unconsolidated sands and gravels. The sands and
gravels are very coarse and highly permeable: their infil-
tration range is 10-2 to 10 cm/sec (3.3 x 10~* to 3.3 x 10-»
ft/sec). At each of the sites, a large amount of sand
combined with a small amount of clay minerals and an absence
of organic matter makes the soil chemically inert, conse-
quently, the potential for ground-water contamination from
landfill leachates is very high.
Another factor affecting the environmental feasibility
of a sanitary landfill is the vertical distance between the
landfill and the water table. The movement of ground water
and the infiltration of rainwater depend on the structure of
the landfill and on the hydrologic gradient in the area.
The solution that is created by the natural leaching of
the landfill's contents (i.e., soil, refuse, and sludge) by
rainwater percolating through the landfill is called the
leachate. Rainwater percolates through the landfill, forms
a leachate, and then transports the leached materials down
to the water table. The formation of leachate can be
167
-------
limited by placing a semi-impervious cover on the landfill.
This will increase the runoff rate and decrease the amount
of rainwater percolating through the landfill. To control
the leachate that is formed, an impervious liner and a
drainage system can be installed to collect and reprocess
the leachate.
In the case of a landfill that intersects with the water
table, high soil permeability and rainwater infiltration
cause the leachate that is formed to move away from the
landfill deposit. An impervious liner will establish a
water-table mound with a ground-water gradient away from the
landfill. The liner, which is the only source of control
over the movement of leachate, is subject to leakage as a
result of cracks, punctures, decomposition, and eventual
overflow. A collection system can be installed to lower the
water table in the landfill and to establish an inward gra-
dient. Although this would prevent leakage of the leachate
from the landfill, it would necessitate the collection and
reprocessing of the leachate.
A slow ground-water flow rate coupled with a rapid
pollutant addition rate increases the danger of ground-water
contamination by leachate. Moreover, the fact that the
ground water is contaminated may not be immediately appar-
ent. Once the contamination becomes apparent and the source
168
-------
of contamination is terminated, the process of ground-water
recovery can begin. However, the time required for
purification of the ground water will be far greater than
the time required for contamination of the ground water.
There is one other aspect of the proposed project that
could affect ground-water quality. Exfiltration of waste-
water from interceptors could degrade ground-water quality
in areas adjacent to the interceptors. An exfiltration lim-
it will be established in the contract specifications for
the proposed project. The State of New Jersey requires that
exfiltration from interceptors not exceed 100 g/in./mile/day.
Exfiltration is not likely to be a problem, however, because
most of the interceptors for the proposed project will be
placed below the water-table aquifer. Infiltration of
ground water into the interceptors is much more likely to
occur; infiltration is a ground-water quantity problem.
In terms of ground-water quantity, the proposed project
will be less than beneficial. Effluent disposal to the
Atlantic Ocean will eliminate direct ground-water recharge
by septic tank discharges and indirect ground-water recharge
by wastewater discharges in streams. This will improve
ground-water quality but will reduce the amount of ground
water available for storage by 77,000 cu m/day (20.3 mgd).
In light of the present ground-water recharge rate of
169
-------
2,110,000 cu in/day (557 mgd) , the loss of effluent recharge
is insignificant. The quantitative advantages of ground-
water recharge by septic tank discharges are offset by the
danger of ground-water contamination, which is especially
high in areas where the housing density can exceed seven
units per hectare.
The proposed project, by indirectly encouraging de-
velopment, will have an effect on ground-water supplies. At
present, pumpage from the water-table aquifer is concentra-
ted in the Toms River and Lakehurst areas on the mainland.
Long Beach Island's water supply is derived from the
Kirkwood formation. However, the Kirkwood is approaching
maximum development and future water supplies for Long Beach
Island will have to be drawn from the water-table aquifer on
the mainland. Furthermore, new communities that will exert
increased demands on the water-table aquifer are already
springing up on the mainland. Water-table depressions will
steadily worsen with development and the danger of saltwater
intrusion will increase.
Increased water demand is not the only ground-water
problem associated with development. Development will also
reduce the amount of recharge to the water-table aquifer.
Precipitation is the only direct source of recharge to the
water-table aquifer in Ocean County. Development will in-
170
-------
crease the runoff rate by covering over large portions of
the recharge area with buildings, streets and other imper-
vious surfaces. A reduction in the recharge area will cause
a reduction in the grounds-water recharge rate.
Two ground-water quantity problems are associated with
the interceptors for the proposed project, conduction and
infiltration. Bellard (written communication, 1974)
describes the conduction problem:
With the large size of the collection pipes and the
quantity of porous bedding material placed under
these pipes, there may be a tendency for
groundwater to be conducted along the pipes. This
piping may cause adverse effects by altering the
natural internal drainage of areas by diverting
water or conducting excess water to areas of lower
elevation.
Ground water can also be lost by infiltration into
interceptor lines. Infiltration can be controlled through
the use of special construction materials and methods.
Requirements that such materials and methods be used will be
included in the contract specifications for the proposed
project.
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Construction of the proposed project could have sig-
nificant long-term effects on three of the area's six
terrestrial ecosystems. Table 12 outlines the major long-
term impacts of construction on these three terrestrial
171
-------
TABLE 12
PRIMARY LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED
PROJECT ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Association
Stage of Growth
Project Phase Responsible
for Impact
Size of Area
Potentially Affected
Long-Term Impact
Upland
Pitch pine - scrub oak - blackjack oak
mixed stand
Pine-oak
pole stand
Oak-pine
mature stand
Oak forest
pole stand
very mature stand
Sweet gum
nearly mature stand
Coastal Swamp Forest
Red maple - black gum'
pole stand
Interceptor segments: L-2,
M, 0-2, P, Q, and R-2
Interceptor segment: S-2
OCCSTP: Segal Street site
Interceptor segments: C-2
and 0-2
Interceptor segment: S-2
Interceptor segments: A-3,
C-2, E-2, and 0-2
Interceptor segments: E-2
and R-2
Interceptor segment: A-3
Length: 7100 m
(23,600 ft)
Length: 720 m
(2,400 ft)
Area: 10 ha (25 acres)
Length: 510 m (1700 ft)
Length: 600 m (2000 ft)
Length: 1700 m (5600 ft)
Length: 660 m (2000 ft)
Length: Unknown
An ecotone will be created.
Habitat for present animal
population will be lost.
Association's return to
existing stage of develop-
ment will take about twenty
years.
Natural ecosystem will be ter-
manently eliminated on devel-
oped portion of site.
An ecotone will be created.
Several trees that provide
dens for tree-cavity nesting
species will be lost.
Habitat for wildlife will be
improved.
Aesthetically valuable areas
will be impaired. Trees that
provide dens for tree-cavity
nesting species will be lost.
Trees that provide dens for
tree-cavity nesting species
will be lost.
Rookery for herons and egrets
will be lost for approximate-
ly ten years.
-------
TABLE 12 (Continued)
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Association
Stage of Growth
Project Phase Responsible
for Impact
Size of Area
Potentially Affected
Long-Term Impact
Flood Plain Forest - Primary Flood Plain
Ked maple - black gum
mature stand
Interceptor segment: R-2
Length: 1200 m (4000 ft)
White cedar - red maple
young sapling stand
pole stand
White cedar swamp
mature stand
Interceptor segments: D-2
and Q
Interceptor segments: N-2
and 0
Interceptor segment: D-2
Length: 600 m (2000 ft)
Length: 1200 m (4000 ft)
Length: 390 m (1300 ft)
Vegetation will be lost, caus-
ing instability along banks
of shifting streams. Shift-
ing streams normally cut steep
banks. Erosion of the banks
will be aggravated by increas-
ed runoff. Shade trees near
streams will be lost causing
higher water temperatures.
Trees that provide dens for
tree-cavity nesting species
will be lost.
Vegetation will be lost, caus-
ing increased runoff and soil
erosion.
Trees will be lost, creating
unstable soil conditions and
consequent siltation in adja-
cent water courses. Prime
habitat for the pine barrens
tree frog and the Rhoad's
red-backed mouse will be lost.
Winter shelter for game and
song birds will be lost.
Source: EAC, 1973; OCSA,1973-74.
-------
ecosystems. The creation and maintenance of access routes
along interceptor lines is the one impact that is common to
all six of the area's terrestrial ecosystems. These rela-
tively clear swaths of open herbaceous or controlled shrub
cover along the right-of-way are necessary for reasons of
inspection and maintenance of installed interceptors:
Generally, the removal of vegetation and the digging of
pipe trenches will not exert any long-term negative impact
unless the interceptor routes threaten specimen trees or
rare or endangered plants, animals or ecosystems. The
interceptor routings for the proposed project have been
carefully planned to avoid interference with areas of
special value. If the required environmental protection
specifications are strictly followed during construction,
interceptor placement should have no significant long-term
adverse effects.
In some cases, the placement of interceptor lines may
have a long-term beneficial effect. In ecological terminol-
ogy, a community is "...a group of mutually adjusted organ-
isms maintaining themselves in an area." (Clark, 195U) . Two
neighboring communities may form a transition zone between
them. Organisms from both communities may inhabit this
zone, but because of physical or competitive pressures they
may fare less well than organisms dwelling within the com-
17U
-------
munity proper. A transition zone that exhibits such pres-
sures is called an ecotone. An ecotone is often inhabited
by a distinct functional community. As a rule, the ecotone
community will be more diversified and more populous than
either of its parent communities. This increase in species
diversity and number of organisms is usually labeled "edge
effect" or "principle of edges."
In conjunction with the proposed project, the principle
of edges should be demonstrated in the upland forest and
coastal swamp forest ecosystems. For example, trench
building will involve the horizontal mixing of the soil
profile. The fine sands and clays of the subsoil will be
mixed with the coarse sands of the surface layer. This will
improve the overall soil texture and will promote retention
of moisture and nutrients in the root zone of the soil.
Lanes of dense vegetation measuring 6.1 m (20 ft) in width
will develop in the pitch pine - scrub oak - blackjack oak
forest. These lanes will provide exceptionally good habitat
for grouse, quail, deer, and rabbit.
Air Quality
The landfill operation is the only part of the proposed
project that could have a significant long-term, primary im-
pact on air quality. Meade and Wilkie (1972) describe the
problem:
175
-------
When impervious cover material is used [at a land-
fill], provisions must be made to allow for escape of
gases, primarily carbon dioxide and methane, produced by
refuse decomposition. If an escape through the landfill
cover is not provided, these gases will tend to migrate
laterally through the earth adjacent to the landfill.
In many cases, methane has collected in closed places
and been responsible for explosions or fires.
LONG-TERM SECONDARY IMPACTS
The long-term secondary impacts of the proposed project
are almost exclusively related to urbanization. The second-
ary effects of the project will be more rapid and more pro-
nounced if development is of the high-density rather than
the low-density variety. Land use patterns and trends in
the Central service area are discussed on pages 24 to 50.
The effects of the prevailing land use patterns and trends
on surface and ground waters and on air quality are dis-
cussed below.
Surface and Ground Waters
Urbanization typically has four interrelated effects on
hydrology: 1) changes in the amount of runoff, 2) changes in
the peak flow characteristics of streams, 3) changes in
water quality, and 4) changes in the aesthetic value of
waterways (Leopold, 1968).
The amount of precipitation that becomes runoff is a
function of the infiltration characteristics of land: the
slope of the land, the permeability of the soil profile, and
176
-------
the vegetative cover. Runoff is also affected by the amount
of land area that is covered with impervious surfaces, such
as roofs, streets, and parking lots (Leopold, 1968). In the
early 1950's the runoff rate in the Toms River basin was 45
percent of the average annual precipitation. By the early
1960's, the runoff rate had risen to 50 percent. (FR5W,
1969) .
Urbanization increases runoff; its effects on the runoff
rate are especially pronounced in areas where development
occurs on small lots. Felton and Lull (1963) estimated that
a 0.08 ha (C.2 acre) building lot would have 32 percent of.
its area covered with impervious surfaces, but that a 0.73
ha (1.8 acre) building let would have only 8 percent of its
area covered with impervious surfaces. It is apparent that
the greater the area covered with impervious surfaces, the
higher the amount of total runoff will be.
Increased runoff will cause increases in the height of
peak flow in streams. The result will be more frequent
flooding. Leopold (1968) studied the effects of urbaniza-
tion on a 2.6 sq km (1 sq mile) drainage basin. The study
showed that if 20 percent of the basin is sewered and cover-
ed with impervious surfaces, the number of times that a-
stream will overflow its banks during the year will be al-
177
-------
most double that under conditions of zero urbanization.
Leopold's findings are summarized in the following table.
Measure of Urbanization on Flooding
Percent
Sewered
0
20
40
50
80
100
Percent
Impervious
0
20
UO
50
60
60
Ratio of
Overbank
1.0
1.8
3.0
3.7
U. 7
5.7
Flows
Source: Leopold, 1968.
Increased runoff will decrease infiltration and, con-
sequently ground-water recharge. In Ocean County, increased
runoff coupled with increased demands on the water-table
aquifer for potable water supplies will make stream flows of
less than 120 cu m/min. (70 cfs) a more common summer occur-
rence. It will also make stream flows of less than 9U cu
m/min. (55 cfs) possible during drought conditions. On a
gently sloping coastal plain even a moderate decrease in
stream flow will permit the upstream migration of sea water.
The intrusion of salt water into formerly freshwater por-
tions of a stream can render fish and wildlife habitats un-
suitable for native populations. It can corrode engineering
structures and reduce their life expectancy. It can also
contaminate fresh ground-water supplies, leaving them un-
suitable for domestic purposes long after the saltwater
178
-------
wedge retreats. (U.S. EPA, 1973e). In Ocean County, the
upstream migration of sea water will cause only minor var-
iations in the normal distribution of organisms.
Urbanization can affect the aesthetic value of a stream
in three ways. First, increased flooding gradually enlarges
the stream channel, divesting the banks of vegetation, cre-
ating scoured or muddy channel beds, and forming unusual
accumulations of debris. Second, certain side-effects of
urbanization, such as litter, are likely to increase. Al-
though tires, beer cans, oil drums and the like deposited in
and along the stream do not affect the hydrologic function
of the stream, they do detract from its aesthetic value.
Third, the tremendous amount of construction that is typical
of an urban area increases turbidity in streams. Increased
turbidity disrupts stream biota by increasing nutrient lev-
els and by decreasing oxygen levels and sunlight penetra-
tion. (Leopold, 1968).
Implementation of the proposed project will directly or
indirectly create all of the adverse hydrologic conditions
noted herein. With careful planning, the problems
associated with urbanization can be controlled. The
seriousness of these hydrologic problems will depend on' the
type, the extent, and the rate of urbanization.
179
-------
Air Quality
The secondary air quality effects of the proposed
project are likely to be significant. The rate and extent
of development in the Central service area have the poten-
tial to seriously degrade air quality. The proposed project
will accommodate development; it will be "...another factor
insuring continued growth, removing one of the few obstacles
which can be seen today to rapid growth." (DSRP, 1973).
Since the proposed project will play a supporting role
in the development of the Central service area, the ultimate
effects of development on air quality are logically of con-
cern to the EPA. Beyond this, the letter and spirit of the
Clean Air Act (along with the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards and the EPA's "Approval and Promulgation of
Implementation Plans: Prevention of Significant Air Quality
Deterioration," which were developed pursuant to the Clean
Air Act) and the National Environmental Policy Act (along
with the EPA's "Preparation of Environmental Impact State-
ments: Interim Regulation," which was developed pursuant to
the National Environmental Policy Act) require that the EPA
carefully weigh the consequences of its own actions with
respect to the proposed project (see pp. 44 to 50).
Present and projected land use and employment patterns
indicate that residential and commercial growth will prob-
180
-------
ably remain the dominant forms of development in Ocean
County. Residential and commercial growth are directly
linked to population growth (see pp. 2U to 64). Therefore,
to assess the secondary effects of the proposed project on
air quality, it was necessary to analyze the probable impact
on air quality of the emissions increases associated with a
significant population increase in the Central service area
by 1990.
At the outset, the EPA concentrated on two population -
related pollutants, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter.
Eventually, the EPA narrowed its analysis to particulate -
matter. Particulate matter was chosen as the indicator
pollutant because the five existing air quality monitoring
stations in Ocean County provided sufficient data on par-
ticulate matter, but insufficient data on sulfur dioxide.
The other pollutants covered by the National Air Quality
Standards (see Appendix C) were not analyzed because they
are primarily or substantially related to automotive emis-
sions. Automotive emissions are not expected to be a long-
term problem:
As a result of the application of EPA's emissions
standards for new motor vehicles, total motor vehicle
emissions are decreasing and will continue decreasing
well into the future. Accordingly, the purpose of
preventing significant deterioration related to carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and photo-
chemical oxidants is in the Administrator's judgment,
181
-------
adequately served by the proposed additional requirement
for applying best available technology to new stationary
sources. (U.S. EPA, 1973a).
In July 1973, the EPA published its "Proposed Rule Mak-
ing for the Prevention of Significant Air Quality Deterio-
ration" (also called the proposed non-degradation regula-
tions) . The regulations listed four alternative plans for
evaluating air quality deterioration: the Air Quality
Increment Plan, the Emission Limitation Plan, the Local
Definition Plan, and the Area Classification Plan. (U.S.
EPA, 1973a). The EPA chose the Air Quality Increment Plan
(AQIP) and the Emission Limitation Plan (ELP) to analyze the
air quality situation in Ocean County. The Local Definition
Plan and the Area Classification Plan were impractical be-
cause they required State determinations of areas or zones
that were not available.
Of the two plans that were used, the AQIP proved to be
much more precise in determining the probable extent of air
quality deterioration because it required the prediction of
future ambient pollutant concentrations. The results
_j
obtained using each of the plans were reported in the draft
environmental impact statement issued in April 1974. Since
that time, the proposed non-degradation regulations have
been revised.
182
-------
The newly proposed non-degradation regulations set forth
the following four-point strategy:
1. Areas will be placed in one of three classes
depending upon the probable significance of
air quality deterioration. Class I will apply
to areas in which almost any change in air
quality would be significant. Class II will
apply to areas in which the deterioration that
normally accompanies moderate, well-controlled
growth would be insignificant. Class III will
apply to those few areas in which deterio- .-
ration of air quality to the secondary
standard would be insignificant.
2. Each class will be assigned a "deterioration
increment," that is a maximum allowable in-
crease in the pollutant concentrations in that
area. The "deterioration increments" for
particulate matter are shown in the following
table.
183
-------
Increments Measured Annually
Geometric Mean for Partjculate Matter
Class I Class_II Class III
Deterioration
Increment 5 ug/m3 10 ug/m3 up to
secondary
standard
The "deterioration increments" for Class I and
Class II will be firm ceilings that cannot be
exceeded. However, provisions will be made to
reclassify areas, both large and small, to
allow the introduction of sources that are not
compatible with the initial classification.
3. The impact of proposed major sources on the
"deterioration increments" will be evaluated
*
through the conventional new source review
procedures outlined in the Clean Air Act, that
is, through a pre-construction review. Nine-
teen major source categories will be estab-
lished. Any proposed facility that fits into
one of the nineteen categories will be subject
to a pre-construction review. The impact of a
proposed major source will be viewed in the
context of the existing impact from smaller
sources and area sources. In other words, if
184
-------
existing sources have already claimed part, of
the "deterioration increment" for an area, the
proposed major source will have to be compati-
ble with what remains of the "deterioration
increment."
U. The States will be authorized to designate
areas as Class I, Class II, or Class III,
subject to the approval of the EPA, and to
enforce the non-degradation regulations. If
the States fail to enforce the regulations,
the authority to do so will revert to the EPA.
(U.S. EPA, 197Uc).
The newly proposed non-degradation regulations are es-
sentially a modified version of the Area Classification Plan
outlined in the formerly proposed non-degradation regula-
tions. The Area Classification Plan is, in turn, a
variation on the Air Quality Increment Plan that the EPA
used to analyze the air quality situation in Ocean County.
Therefore, except for the actual classification of Ocean
County, the EPA analysis is basically in conformance with
the newly proposed non-degradation regulations.
The air quality analysis performed by the EPA is a '
valuable predictive tool, but it is only a tool. It simply
indicates the direction in which Ocean County's air quality
185
-------
is proceeding, and at what rate. In this case, it indicates
the need for preventive measures to be taken now so that the
county is not faced with a serious air quality problem in
the future.
Development Of The Air Quality Analysis
The EPA decided to conduct a diffusion model study of
the county to determine the effect of projected population-
related emissions increases on the ambient air quality con-
centrations. A diffusion model is a mathematical represen-
tation of a physical condition. The diffusion model study
of Ocean County was directed solely at particulate air
pollution because particulate matter is the only pollutant
for which there are enough air quality monitoring stations
in the county, generating enough data, to validate the model
results.
The type of diffusion model used was the Air Quality
Implementation Planning Program model (EPA Contract No. PH
22-68-60; APTD-06UO, 0641) . The EPA has used this model in
the New York-New Jersey region to test air pollution control
strategies in order to determine the acceptability of the
State Air Implementation Plans required by the clean Air
Act.
The Air Quality Implementation Planning Program model is
based on the model developed by Martin and Tikvart (in TRW
186
-------
Systems Grout), 1970) . The results are reported as annual
average ambient concentrations at ground level. Two data
bases are needed for the model: wind frequency distribution
and source inventory.
1. Wind Frequency Distribution: This is a
statistical distribution of wind speed and
direction, and atmospheric stability. The
distribution for Ocean County was developed
from data collected over a five-year period at
the Lakehurst Naval Air Station.
2. Source Inventory: This is a compilation of
data on the point and area sources of air
pollutant emissions in the county. A point
source is an individual stationary source of
emissions, such as a fossil-fuel power plant.
An area source is the combined emissions from
all sources within a given square area. An
area source value is used where the emissions
sources are too small or too numerous to
specify on an individual point source basis.
The total emissions for an area source are
assumed to be evenly distributed over the '
area. (TRW Systems Group, 1970). The point
and area source data for Ocean County were
187
-------
compiled from the EPA's National Emissions
Data System (NEDS) .
In order to get an accurate picture of the distribution
of emissions, a grid system was superimposed on the county,
and the emissions were apportioned on the basis of popula-
tion density. Each grid measured 3.1 x 3.1 km (2 x 2 mile).
The apportioning procedure involved two steps.
1. Using the NEDS inventory for the 1972 base
year, a factor was developed for emissions per
capita.
2. Based on the 1972 population of each township,
and on the location of each grid, the emis-
sions per grid (EPG) were calculated according
to the following equation:
EPG = FACTOR x (POP. X AREA OF GRID/AREA OF TWP.).
This assumes that the population is evenly
distributed over the township. Where a grid
covered parts of two or more townships, the
partial emissions were calculated according to
the equation above. The partial emissions
were then added together to produce an emis-
sions value for that particular grid. The
188
-------
1990 emissions estimates were calculated in
the same manner, using the 1990 population
projections made by FR6W and by the DSRP.
The NEDS lists four major categories and various sub-
categories. The major categories are fuel combustion, in-
dustrial process, transportation, and miscellaneous. Since
the Ocean County analysis centered around population-related
emissions, only certain NEDS categories and subcategories
were relevant. Included in the analysis were total residen-
tial fuel use and total commercial-institutional fuel use
under the fuel combustion category, and gasoline use and -
diesel fuel use under the transportation category. Excluded
from the analysis were the miscellaneous category, indus-
trial area and point sources under the industrial process
category, and aircraft emissions (including military) and
marine diesel fuel use under the transportation category.
The decision to include or exclude a particular emis-
sions subcategory was based on a review of the Ocean County
situation. Present and projected land use and employment
patterns indicate that residential and commercial growth, as
opposed to industrial growth, will remain the dominant forms
of development in Ocean County. Residential and commercial
growth are tied to population growth. By extension, the
189
-------
emissions increases associated with residential and com-
mercial growth are tied to population growth.
The proportionality of emissions to population is
illustrated by the data on particulate matter in the
following table.
Total
Counties Emissions
Population-
Related % of Total
Emissions Emissions
% of Total
Population
in the
AQCR
Ocean
Atlantic
Cumber-
land
Cape May
kg/year
(tons/year)
1755 x 103
(1928)
2910 x 103
(3197)
6160 x 103
(6770)
1615 x 103
kg/year
(tons/year)
794 x 103
(875)
9UO x 103
(1033)
558 x 103
(614)
368 x 103
in the
AQCR
30
35
21
14
1970
Population
208,470
175,043
121,324
59,554
in the
AQCR
37
31
21
11
A comparison of the percentage columns shows that the emis-
sions characterized as being population-related are indeed
proportional to the population figures for the counties of
the AQCR. Therefore, population-related emissions form the
core of the air quality analysis.
It is possible that industry will play a more signifi-
cant role than is now predicted for it, especially if
7
certain conditions favorable to industrial growth develop
(see pp. 50 to 64). However, it is impossible to accurately
predict the types of industries that might gravitate to
Ocean County, or the types and amounts of air pollutants
190
-------
those industries might generate. Therefore, industrial
emissions are held constant at the 1972 base year level in
the air quality analysis.
Finally, three minor assumptions enter into the air
quality analysis. First, it is assumed that the aircraft
and the marine emissions levels will remain relatively con-
stant; the EPA knows of no plans to increase activities at
the Lakehurst Naval Air Station or to turn Ocean County into
a major port. Second, it is assumed that the ratio of fuel
oil use to population will remain constant because there are
shortages in the northeast region of the country of the two
main alternative forms of home heating, electricity and
natural gas. Third, it is assumed that the sulfur content
of the fuel oil will remain constant, as required by the
NJDEP's regulations (N.J.A.C. 7:27-9).
RESULTS OF THE AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS
The Ocean County area source emissions for particulate
matter, updated to 1972, are shown in the following table.
Particulate Emissions
NEDS Subcategory kg/year (tons/year)
Total Residential Fuel Use 11.1 x 10* (122)
Total Commercial-Institutional
Fuel Use 36.1 x 10* (398)
Gasoline Use 27.2 x 10* (300)
Diesel Fuel Use 5.0 x 10* (55)
Total 79.4 x 10* (875)
191
-------
According to the assumptions used in this analysis, partic-
ulate emissions will increase in proportion to the popula-
tion. Based on FRSW's (1973) population projections for the
area in 1990, the calculated net increase in particulate
emissions will be 1.7 x 10* kg/year (1910 tons/year).
The table below compares existing air quality data with
the 1990 air quality projections derived from the diffusion
model study. One set of projections reflects the population
estimates used by FR5W to determine the size of the OCCSTP.
The other set of projections reflects the population distri-
bution by town predicted by the DSRP; the DSRP estimates are
the most recent ones for Ocean County. Both sets of projec-
tions are based exclusively on increases in population-
related emissions.
Annual Geometric Mean of Particulates (ug/m3)
/ Projected Projected
Measured Measured— 1990 from 1990 from
Station (7/72-6/73) (7/73-6/74) FRSW Data DSRP Data
1. Toms River
2. Berkeley
3. Waretown
4. Jackson
a/This column is included for the sake of comparison only. Two
years of data are insufficient to identify a general upward
trend in particulate emissions. However, this column does
show that particulate air quality levels have increased
over the past year.
43
40
28
27
50
45
34
28
76
66
54
35
90
77
64
39
192
-------
Three different numerical guidelines can be used to ana-
lyze these air quality data; the guidelines correspond to
the three different area classifications in the newly pro-
posed non-degradation regulations. The first, and most
lenient, guideline is the 60 ug/m3 guideline specified for
achieving the short-term (24 hr) secondary air quality
standard for particulates; this is the "deterioration
increment" for a Class III area. According to FR&W's
population estimates, conditions at stations 1 and 2 will
exceed this guideline; according to the DSRP's population
estimates, conditions at stations 1, 2, and 3 will exceed
it.
The second guideline is a 10 ug/m3 increase in the
existing annual geometric mean; this is the "deterioration
increment" for a Class II area. According to FRSW's popu-
lation estimates, conditions at stations 1, 2, and 3 will
exceed this guideline; according to the DSRP's population
estimates, conditions at stations 1, 2, 3, and U will exceed
it.
The third, and most stringent, guideline is a 5 ug/m3
increase in the existing annual geometric mean; this is the
"deterioration increment" for a Class I area. According to
both FPSW's and the DSRP's population estimates, conditions
at stations 1, 2, 3, and 4 will exceed this guideline.
193
-------
Thus, the available data indicate that whether Ocean
County is designated a Class I, Class II, or class III area,
problems will be encountered in complying with the newly
proposed non-degradation regulations.
Relationship Between the Air Quality
Analysis and the OCCSTP
The air quality analysis indicates that unless
preventive measures are taken now, there will be significant
deterioration of air quality in Ocean County. The EPA
realizes that there is now a serious water quality problem
in Ocean County, and that the proposed project is needed to
alleviate this problem. The EPA also realizes that unless
steps are taken to prevent it, implementation of the
proposed project will give an added impetus to the already
staggering rate of development in Ocean County, eventually
resulting in a serious air quality problem. It is the EPA's
responsibility to consider both the immediate water quality
problem and the potential air quality problem.
After obtaining the results of the air quality analysis,
the EPA quantified the reduction in projected emissions that
would be needed to meet the Class III "deterioration incre-
ment" guideline and the Class II "deterioration increment"
guideline. The reduction needed to meet the Class I "de-
terioration increment" guideline was not calculated because,
194
-------
assuming that Ocean County is designated as a single area,
the existing and approved development in the county would
prevent it from meeting Class I specifications. The EPA
based its calculations on FR&W's population estimates
because these were the estimates used to size the OCCSTP. A
13 to 21 percent reduction in projected emissions would be
required to meet the Class III "deterioration increment"
guideline; a 28 to 31 percent reduction would be required to
meet the Class II "deterioration increment" guideline.
The treatment plant design is based on a direct popula-
tion to capacity ratio. The air quality analysis assumes a
direct population to emissions ratio. Therefore, the re-
quired percent reduction in projected emissions will corre-
spond to the required percent reduction in sewage treatment
plant capacity. The OCCSTP was originally designed to
accommodate sewage flows of 125,000 cu m/day (32 mgd). It
was also designed to be built in 30,000 cu m/day (8 mgd)
modules. By eliminating one module from the design the
plant capacity is reduced to 91,000 cu m/day (2U mgd). This
25 percent reduction in plant capacity is within the range
of the calculated reduction in projected emissions required
to meet both the Class III and II requirements, allowing for
errors inherent in the diffusion modeling process. There-
fore, the proposed project, a 91,COO cu m/day (24 mgd)
195
-------
sewage treatment plant, should meet the intent of the newly
proposed nondegradation regulations.
Once again it should be mentioned that these calcula-
tions deal only with population-related emissions increases.
Future increases in industrial emissions have not been in-
corporated into the air quality analysis. A recent employ-
ment study of Ocean County indicates that construction,
retailing, and services will be the major employment fields
in the future; heavy industry, the chemical and allied pro-
ducts industry for example, will not be a major employment
field in the future (Zimmerman, 1973). This is in line with
the current economic picture for the county.
The small predicted employment increase in the heavy
industry sector and the fact that the EPA knows of no plans
to construct any fossil-fuel plants in the AQCR lend support
to the assumption that industrial emissions will not be a
significant factor in the air quality outlook for Ocean
County or the AQCP. However, the EPA is aware that circum-
stances in Ocean County could change. For example, if a
deep water oil terminal was established in the area, the
onshore development associated with it, such as refineries,
would generate emissions far in excess of the population-
related emissions. Therefore, the potential air quality
impacts of large industrial facilities would have to be
196
-------
reviewed in the same manner as the present population-
related emissions analysis. The review would determine if
and where in the AQCP such facilities could be built without
violating the National Air Quality Standards or causing
significant air quality deterioration.
Another mechanism available to the EPA under the Clean
Air Act is the program dealing with maintenance of National
Ambient Air Quality Standards. The EPA intends to designate
Ocean County an air quality maintenance area (AQMA), an area
that has the potential to exceed National Air Quality Stan-
dards by 1985. An AQMA designation for Ocean County means-
that the State of New Jersey will have to submit to the EPA
by June 1975:
(1) An analysis of the impact on air quality of
projected growth and development over the IC-year period
from the date of submittal.
(2) A plan to prevent any national standards from
being exceeded over the 10-year period from the date of
plan submittal. Such plan shall include, as necessary,
control strategy revisions and/or other measures to
insure that projected growth and development will be
compatible with maintenance of the national standards
throughout such 10-year period. (U.S. EPA, 1973 ) .
The air quality maintenance plan submitted by the State will
be reevaluated every five years and, if necessary, revised.
Finally, a permit program governing indirect sources of
air pollution, such as parking lots, shopping centers, and
roads, will have to be set up by the State. Until the State
197
-------
establishes an acceptable program of its own, the EPA will
administer the permit program. Under the permit program,
the potential effects of a facility on air quality will be
reviewed to insure that the facility will not present an
unacceptable threat to air quality. If the facility is not
compatible with the maintenance of air quality, and cannot
be made compatible by siting or design modifications, a
construction permit will not be granted. (U.S. EPA, 197Ub).
The OCCSTP is expected to reach its design capacity of
91,000 cu m/day (24 mgd) in 1984. Whether or not the plant
can then be expanded by the addition of a 30,000 cu m/day (8
mgd) module will depend largely on the long-range planning
efforts that are undertaken now by the State of New Jersey
and by the responsible county and local agencies. The air
quality analysis indicates that if positive action is not
taken now, there will be a serious air quality problem in
Ocean County when the OCCSTP comes due for expansion, pre-
venting the EPA from participating in that expansion.
However, a final decision cannot be made ten years in ad-
vance of the fact. Air quality will be continuously mon-
itored over the next ten years. The EPA's decision on
expansion of the OCCSTP will be based on conditions pre-
vailing in the area at that time.
198
-------
ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ffHICH CANNOT BE
AVOIDED SHOULD THE PROPOSED PROJECT BE IMPLEMENTED
Erosion and siltation will be problems during construc-
tion of the proposed project, particularly during installa-
tion of the interceptors and the inland portions of the
ocean outfall line. Erosion and siltation are problems that
accompany almost every type of construction project.. Con-
tractors must fce required to institute effective temporary
and permanent erosion control measures to minimize the
adverse effects. Similarly, turbidity and sedimentation
problems will occur during stream and bay crossings.
Adverse effects can be minimized by proper construction
restraints.
The noise associated with the operation of heavy
construction equipment will have a localized adverse impact.
Operation of heavy equipment should be restricted to hours
when it will not interfere with the normal sleeping habits
of area residents.
During construction, dust and other particulate matter
will be released into the atmosphere, creating an air
quality problem in the vicinity of the construction site.
However, the problem will be temporary and its effects •
insignificant. In terms of long-range air quality,
projected population increases in the Central service area
199
-------
will claim a large proportion of the allowable emissions
increases for the New Jersey Intrastate Air Quality Control
Region. Thus, the proposed project, by accommodating those
projected population increases, represents an unavoidable
degradation of present air quality.
Implementation of the proposed project will reduce
stream flow by eliminating the discharge of sewage treatment
plant effluent into the streams in the Central service area.
Reduced stream flow will allow the upstream migration of
salt water. The discharge of treated effluent into the
Atlantic Ocean will divert potential ground-water recharge.
This may cause ground-water levels to decline. Declining
ground-water levels could result in 1) decreased ground-
water inflow to streams, 2) decreased ground-water outflow
to Barnegat Bay and the Ocean, and 3) saltwater intrusion
into the aquifers. If monitoring reveals that ground-water
levels are declining, adequately treated sewage can be
diverted to the recharge area to counterbalance the
declining ground-water heads.
200
-------
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF
MANIS ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT
OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY
During each stage of construction, one or more short-
term adverse environmental effects will be evident. These
effects are outlined in Table 13. The short-term adverse
environmental effects of the proposed project will be
counterbalanced by the long-term environmental benefits to
be derived from operation of the completed facilities:
1. Sewage that now impairs the quality of surface
and ground waters will be conveyed to the
CCCSTP where it will receive secondary
treatment. After treatment, the wastewater
will be discharged into the Atlantic Ocean.
The quality of surface and ground waters will
improve as a result.
2. The use of septic tanks will be discontinued.
Therefore, no further pollution of the ground
water with septic tank discharges will occur..
Recovery of already polluted ground water will
be facilitated by dilution of the polluted
water with relatively clean water from
precipitation infiltration. Most important,
the quality of the water supplies withdrawn
from the water-table aquifer will improve.
201
-------
TABLE 13
LOCAL SHORT-TERM EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION
Type of Effect
Air Pollution
Dust
Smoke
Noise
Disruption of Traffic Patterns
Increased traffic
Diverted traffic
Disruption of Existing Vegetation
Disruption of Soil Surface
Disruption of Barrier Bars
Disruption of Streams
Disruption of Bay and Ocean
Phase of Project
Interceptor
Construction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
STP
Construction
X
X
X
X
X
X
Outfall
Construction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
202
-------
3. Water quality in Barnegat Bay will gradually
improve as a result of improved ground-water
quality and improved water quality in streams
that discharge into the bay. Improved bay
water quality could lead to the re-opening of
some of the shellfish beds that have been
closed due to pollution. It could also lead
to the opening of more areas for primary and
secondary contact recreation, i.e. swimming
and fishing.
203
-------
IRREVERSIBLE OR IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT
OF RESOURCES WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE
PROPOSED PROJECT SHOULD IT BE IMPLEMENTED
Certain essentially irreversible resource commitments
will be involved in the construction and operation by the
OCSA of sewage treatment facilities for the Central service
area. The major resource commitments will be construction
materials and land.
The proposed site for the OCCSTP was chosen over eleven
other possible sites as the most environmentally acceptable
location for the treatment facilities. At the proposed
site, approximately 62 ha (25 acre) of woodland will have to
be cleared prior to construction. Vegetation at the site is
not unusual: a mixture of oak and pitch pine trees. There
are no rare or endangered species of plants or animals in
the area. Several smaller parcels of land in the Central
service area will also have to be cleared prior to
construction of the necessary pump stations.
Disposal of sludge from the OCCSTP at a landfill site
will preclude use of that land area for any other purpose
for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, when the capacity
of the landfill site has been exhausted and the area
restored, use of the land will be restricted to parks, golf
courses, and other low load facilities.
204
-------
Operation of the collection and treatment systems will
require approximately 57,000 kw hr/day of electricity. This
is roughly equivalent to 5 percent of the average daily
residential power consumption. (Smith, 1973). Disinfection
of wastewater at the treatment plant will require the com-
mitment of as much as 910 kg/day (2000 Ib/day) of chlorine
for an indefinite period of time. Some areas of the U.S.
are currently experiencing chlorine shortages.
205
-------
COMMENTS AND RESPONSES
Comment - 1
Are the effluents from the tertiary facilities listed in
Table 7 acceptable for surface discharge? (Citizens' Con-
servation Council of Ocean Countyt_Inc.)
Response - 1
The terms tertiary treatment and advanced waste treat-
ment are often used interchangeably. This practice is
erroneous. Tertiary treatment refers to removals of
carbonaceous materials beyond those obtained by secondary
treatment. Advanced waste treatment refers to removals of
noncarbonaceous materials such as nitrogen, phosphorus or
dissolved solids beyond those obtained by secondary
treatment. The facilities listed in Table 7 are tertiary
according to the above definition. The effluents from such
facilities are not acceptable for surface discharge.
Comment - 2
Provide soils data that verifies the high organic con-
tent, high acidity and low phosphate availability in the
flood plain soils. (U.S., Department of the Army)
Response - 2
All the mineral soils of the coastal plain of New Jersey
are derived from acid sands. (Tedrow, 1963). The soils
206
-------
which develop on these acid sands generally have a pH of
less than 5.5. The mineral flood plain soils are often
characterized by pockets of organic soils or deposits of
eroded organic soils. The organic matter content of muck
soils ranges from 20 to 80 percent. The pH of muck soils is
less than 5.5. (SCS-Rutgers University, 1972 a, b, c, and
d).
Phosphate availability is a function of pH. At pHs of
less than 5.5, phosphate forms insoluble iron and aluminum
compounds. The supply of iron in the soil and soil-water
complex is in excess of that necessary to bind all available
phosphate.
Comment - 3
OCSA should consider requiring a two year performance
bond to "assure" the correction of environmental problems.
(NJDEP)
Comment - H
Division of Marine Services should be consulted before
construction with respect to specific sites for the inter-
ceptor lines. (NJDEP)
Comment - 5
Detailed plans and specifications should be made
available before commencement of construction. (NJDEP)
207
-------
Comment •«• 6
OCSA and NJDEP should discuss dredge spoil sites prior
to completion of final EIS. (NJDEP)
Comment - 7
NJDEP should be consulted about any activity which it
has the responsibility to control, i.e. reparian permits,
wetlands, coastal areas, etc. (NJDEP)
Comment - 8
The numerous minor drainage ways in the project area
have not been considered in the planning and design of the
collection system. (Soil Conservation^Service)
Comment - 9
An inventory of aquatic flora and fauna should be
included for each of the areas of aquatic disturbance.
The location of spoil sites and impacts associated with
their use should presented. (U.S. Department of Interior)
Comment - 10
Insufficient information is presented to assess the
alignment of the proposed outfall pipe pathline. (UAs^
Department of Commerce)
Response to Comments 3 thru 1C
The preceding questions or comments can not be answered
at this stage of project development. As was indicated on
page 1 of the EIS the funds have been requested for the
208
-------
preparation of construction drawings and specifications.
Upon completion of these documents, the applicant submits a
request for a Step 3 - construction grant to the NJDEP.
Following review NJDEP submits the request for Step 3 funds
to EPA. During NJDEP1s review, all NJDEP units that will
have to issue permits or make judgments regarding the
acceptability of the proposed project should conduct a
coordinated review so that the project submitted to EPA
fulfills all State requirements.
When the request for Step 3 funds is made to EPA, EPA
will renew their continuing environmental review. This
review will include a determination if the submitted
environmental specifications will be adequate to protect the
impacted natural floral and faunal systems.
If COE, Coast Guard or other Federal permits are
required, public notices and permit applications will be
sent to appropriate agencies for their consideration. If
EPA is satisfied that the plans and specifications produced
by the Step 2 grant are environmentally sound, a negative
declaration will be issued. The negative declaration will
be submitted to public comment for a period of 15 days
before an administrative action is taken. This procedure
should afford all individuals an opportunity for comment.
209
-------
Comment - 11
The text of the environmental statement does not show
any indication that consideration has been given to cultural
resources. (U.S. Department of Interior)
Response - 11
The proposed project is in full compliance with Execu-
tive Order 11593. None of the National Historic Register
properties in Ocean County are effected when the Advisory
Council on Historic Preservation "Criteria of Effect" are
applied. There are no known archeological sites in the
area. No structures of architectural significance are to be
altered.
Comment - 12
The statement does not mention hiking and trail use in
the area. (U.S. Department of Interior)
Response - 12
While there is a paucity of formally designated hiking
trails in the service area, there is an abundance of unim-
proved roads. These roads are often used for recreation
especially by trail-bike riders. In a conversation with Mr.
Gritzuk of the OCSA, he indicated that there was no opposi-
tion on the part of the Authority to the use of the right-
of-ways by hikers provided vandalism could be prevented and
210
-------
that potential legal problems could be avoided. (Gritzuk,
oral communication, 1974).
Comment - 13
Will herbicides be used to control vegetation along
project right-of-ways? (U.S^ Department of Interior)
Response - 13
No herbicides v;ill be used. (Gritzuk, oral
communication, 197U).
Comment_-_.lU
Discuss ground water recharge systems that could be
implemented should it prove necessary to do so. (y«.S«_
Department of Commerce)
Response - 1U
There is a remote possibility that local demands on the
ground water will be sufficient to permit saltwater
intrusion. This is a very unlikely occurrence. However,
the OCSA will monitor ground-water levels. If the data
collected by this monitoring shows an undesirable situation
developing, the OCSA will be expected to consider ground-
water recharge of effluent. Prior to the implementation of
such a project an environmental assessment statement would
be required.
211
-------
The following comments and responses are related to the
subject of Ocean County air quality.
Comment -_1
1970 air pollutant emission levels were used rather than
the base year of 1972. (OCSA)
Response - 1
The 1970 designation in the draft statement was a
mistake. The basic emission inventory data were collected
in 1970; however, the emission inventory was updated in
1972. Therefore the dates have been changed in the
appropriate places in the text.
Comment - 2
The proposed air quality non-degradation regulations
state that a 25 percent reduction in background air quality
concentrations will be achieved when all pollution control
strategies are finally implemented. Why has EPA not taken
this into account in their calculations? (QCSA)
Response_~ 2
The concept of a 25 percent reduction in background
concentrations is applicable to metropolitan areas where air
quality standards are being violated. It is assumed that
with the implementation of emission control strategies,
applicable standards will be met. This should effect a
212
-------
reduction in the background concentrations. This is not the
case in Ocean County since standards are not now being
violated and strategies are not designed to roll back exist-
ing sources. Strategies are directed towards new sources.
Therefore, the 25 percent reduction is not applicable.
Comment - 3
Air quality in Ocean County has improved in recent years
while population has increased. This disputes the assumption
that air pollutant emissions are proportional to population.
(OCSA)
Response - 3
It is true that sulfur dioxide levels in the ambient air
at the Toms River monitoring station have improved somewhat
while population has increased. This is due to New Jersey's
regulations limiting the sulfur concentration in fuel which
have required a reduction statewide, in the sulfur content
in fuel oil since the late 1960"s. This program has had a
dramatic effect in lowering sulfur dioxide levels throughout
the state particularly in the densely populated areas, while
population has increased. However, these regulations are
now fully implemented and no further reductions in air
quality levels can be attributed to this strategy. This was
one of the assumptions used in EPA's analysis. New data
213
-------
have been included in the air quality analysis section of
the statement dealing with proportionality of growth and air
pollutant emissions. They are proportional as indicated.
Comment - H
No account was taken for a possible reduction in partic-
ulate emissions from the Toms River Chemical Company and the
impact this would have on future air quality levels. (OCSA)
Response -_H
Analysis of the air quality model results shows that the
particulate emissions from the Toms River Chemical company
have little impact on the air quality levels for the Toms
River monitoring station. This is because the company has a
high level source that disperses the pollution downwind.
The company does influence the other three monitoring
stations. On checking with the State of New Jersey
(Winchester, oral communication, 1974), EPA was informed
that the particulate emissions in the inventory related to
Toms River Chemical Company represent standby coal fired
boilers which it is no longer legal to use under New Jersey
regulations. Therefore, the impact of these emissions on
the appropriate monitoring stations has been removed from '
the model results and the calculated levels for the Berkley,
Waretown and Jackson stations (p. 192) have been reduced
21U
-------
accordingly. The reduction in the predicted values is minor
(1-3 ug/m3) because the overwhelming portion of the partic-
ulate emissions in Ocean County comes from area sources.
This reduction in predicted ambient concentrations for
particulates at these stations does not change any of the
conclusions drawn from" the original values.
Cojmment_-_J?
EPA is requested to comment on the advisability of using
the Local Definition Plan of the proposed non-degradation
regulations for evaluating the air quality situation in
Ocean County. (OCSA and NJDEP)
Response - 5
This discussion is now academic since EPA proposed new
regulations in August, 1974 for evaluating the degradation
of air quality which essentially requires the use 'of the
Area Classification Plan with some modifications. This new
regulation is described in the environmental impact section
of the statement (pp. 183-186). The analysis conducted by
EPA follows the definition of significant deterioration
outlined in the regulation.
215
-------
Comment - 6
EPA did not follow the non-degradation regulations
exactly in analyzing the air quality situation in Ocean
County. Specifically, EPA (1) used 1970 instead of 1972
emission data, (2) did not account for a decrease in
i
background concentrations, (3) assumed emissions were
proportional to population growth and (4) did not account
for reductions in emissions at the Toms River Chemical
Company. (OCSA)
Response - 6
These points have been answered in the preceding com-
ments and responses. EPA has complied with all sections of
the non-degradation regulations (U.S. EPA, 1973a and 197Ub)
that it is possible to comply with at this time. However,
this is not solely a non-degradation review under the Clean
Air Act but rather an environmental impact review under
NEPA. It is felt that the analyses satisfy all the
requirements under both laws.
Comment - 7
EPA did not account for the reduction in particulate
emissions from transportation sources that should occur when
lead is removed from gasoline. (OCSA and NJDEP)
216
-------
Response -m7
A reduction in particulate emissions from transportation
sources due to the removal of lead from gasoline was not
considered in EPA's analysis. This is because a pilot
program conducted during the past two years in New York City
on cars equipped with catalytic converters using unleaded
gas showed that the particulate emission levels of the cars
were equal to or greater than conventional cars using leaded
gasoline. This is due to the formation of sulfates and
other particulates as a side reaction in the catalytic
converter emission control system. Since the auto
manufacturers have decided to use the catalytic converter as
the means of meeting the Federal automobile emission control
regulation, no adjustment in particulate emissions from
automotive sources appears justified. (Moran, oral
communication, 1974).
Comment - 8
The accuracy of the air quality diffusion model is
questioned: it should merely be used as a predictive tool in
evaluating the air quality situation in Ocean county and
should not be used to set the final treatment plant design
at this point in time. Proportional modeling is another
217
-------
predictive tool which when used gives slightly different
results. This should be evaluated. (OCSA and NJDEP)
Response - 8
Regarding the accuracy of the diffusion model, the
mathematical model itself is verifiable. However, as with
any predictive methodology, the model results in the form of
annual average concentrations are only as good as the input
data. The concentration of a pollutant in the ambient air
varies in both space and time. This spatial-temporal air
quality distribution is influenced by the rate, height,
spatial distribution and temporal distribution of emissions
as well as the meteorological and topographical conditions
in the region of interest.
The ideal model for estimating the change in future air
quality due to alternative emission control actions would
include quantitative consideration of all the factors
mentioned above, and atmospheric reaction and pollution
decay processes as well.
No existing model can handle all of these factors
simultaneously. The more advanced diffusion models such as
IPP allow some of these factors as inputs, and therefore are
considered more sophisticated than a simple proportional
model which uses only emissions and air quality data. A
properly calibrated diffusion model with good input data
218
-------
will give more accurate results than a proportional model.
In this case, EPA used the best input data available (a 1970
emission inventory updated to 1972, 5 years of current
meteorological data from Lakehurst Naval Air Station which
is in Ocean County) and listed all other assumptions. We
feel that the accuracy of the model is the best obtainable
at this time. The general magnitude of the output numbers
is supported by the proportional model analysis presented by
the State of New Jersey in their comment letter. To get a
better handle on whether the predictions are in the range
that would occur in 199C in Ocean County, EPA looked for .
areas in the New York - New Jersey Region which had
population densities in 1970 that approximated Ocean County
Central Service area predictions (FR6W, 1973) in 1990. This
was to determine the range of particulate concentrations
which exist in these areas. The results are presented in
the following table.
Range of Particulate
Population Density Concentrations (1971)
Area Capjta/sq mi (1970) _UJ3/IDl
Monmouth Co., N.J. 965 , 42-75
Morris Co., N.J. 819 ' 56
Ocean Co., N.J. 1040 36-76
(Predicted 1990)
Monroe Co., N.Y. 1054 41-90
Suffolk CO., N.Y. 1210 35-74
219
-------
It is apparent that the existing air quality in areas with
approximately the same population density as predicted for
Ocean County in 1990 is in the same range as the air quality
predicted by the diffusion model. This is supportive of the
modeling results.
EPA has used the model results for no purpose other than
as a predictive tool to assist in determining the size of
the treatment facilities. The decision recommended at this
time is a reversible one. The decision to expand the
facility at a later time will be made based on (1) actual
air quality data taken over the next ten years and (2) on
any regulations that are in effect at that time. If,
however, the data obtained thru 1984 agrees with the model
predictions and the same environmental regulations are in
effect, then EPA will not participate in the expansion of
the facility which in turn would supply a further inducement
to growth.
Comment _-r_9
Controlling the size of the treatment plant is not the
best way to control growth and reduce air quality impact in
Ocean County. Other strategies are available such as:
a. Improvement in combustion equipment,
especially domestic and commercial units.
220
-------
b. Auxiliary corvtfrols on domestic and commercial
combustion units.
c. Wider use of cleaner fuels.
d. Substitution of remote heat and power sources
for onsite generation.
e. More homogeneous population distribution.
While some of these strategies may be "advanced" for today's
climate, they cannot be ruled out when looking fifteen years
or more into the future. (NJDEP)
Response - 9
EPA agrees that the best way to control growth is not by
restricting any single factor which is basic if that growth
is to occur. It is recognized that there is no substitution
for effective land use planning which is based on natural
resources as one of the controlling factors. As a result it
is recommended that the State, County and local governments
work together to assure that growth occurs within the proper
bounds.
We have also recognized that new and improved technology
may indeed significantly affect the impact of growth on the
natural resources of the area. Any of the strategies
pointed out by the State plus a number of others could have
such an impact on the Ocean County situation. This is why
221
-------
the site for the facility is large enough to allow for plant
expansion in the future. See the response to Comment - 13.
Comment - 10
Limiting the capacity of the sewage treatment plant will
lead to the extensive use of septic tanks when plant capac-
ity is reached if no further expansion of the Central
Service Area plant is allowed. This could result in a
deterioration of ground and surface water quality. (PCSA
and Ocean County Planning Board)
Response - 10
This may be true if there is not a coordination of all
parties involved with approving sewage treatment systems
whether it be the regional system, small package plants, or
individual septic systems to assure that the impact of each
system is considered in the context of the overall strategy.
The Ocean County Sewerage Authority has the broad power
to control construction of sewage treatment systems. The
following provision of the State law has been pointed out as
a possible means of such control: C. UO:14A-29.
Construction of other disposal plants prohibited.
"No sewage disposal plant or other facilities for •
the collection, treatment or disposal of sewerage
arising within a district shall be constructed unless
the sewerage authority shall give its consent there to
and approve the plans and specifications therefore.
222
-------
Each sewerage authority is hereby empowered to give such
consent and approval, subject, however, to the terms and
provisions of any agreement with the holders of bonds."
(New Jersey State Department of Health, 1969)
OCSA should explore the implementation of this provision.
Comment - 11
The imposition of a population limitation on central
Ocean County would result in litigation if land owners are
deprived of the use of their property.
(Ocean^Cpunty Planning Board)
Response - 11
EPA is not imposing a population limitation on the Ocean
County Central Service Area. Rather, the Agency is carrying
out its legal mandate to assure that acceptable air quality
levels are maintained. EPA's analysis of the Ocean County
situation from this standpoint shows population related
emissions to be the main contributor to ambient air quality.
Therefore a treatment plant will be funded at this time
which will serve the number of people comparable to that
number which the analysis show will maintain air quality.
Other Clean Air Act strategies will be used to deal with the
overall planning that is required to assure good air
quality. (See Fecommendation 3.) These strategies will have
to deal with growth related issues. As is indicated in the
223
-------
statement, it is expected that new technology will become
available that will eventually allow growth to occur with a
minimum impact on air quality.
Comment - 12
Does the population equivalent of 250,000 people corres-
pond to a full time resident population or a combination of
permanant and seasonal residents. (Ocean County. Planning
Board)
Response - 12
The population figure is for the full time resident
population.
Comment - 13
Can EPA tie the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Ammendments to the Clean Air Act? It is our opinion that
EPA cannot condition a water pollution control grant with
Clean Air Act requirements. (QCSA)
Response - 13
EPA ties the FWPCAA and CAA together, along with a host
of other environmental laws in every project that undergoes
a review pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act.
EPA is required by NEPA to do so. The scope of the NEPA
review by EPA must consider the requirements of the Clean
224
-------
Air Act where the project can be shown to have a specific
effect, either directly or indirectly, on air quality. In
the Ocean County case, it has been decided that the re-
commendation in the Draft EIS on this point need not be
implemented because EPA regulations concerning AQMA planning
make it unnecessary to condition the water pollution control
project grant in such a way. The analysis in the impact
statement speaks for itself; it says EPA will consider
funding a specific size treatment plant which meets all
EPA's environmental objectives. If a project of that size
is proposed, then the funding issue will proceed normally;.
if an oversized project is proposed, EPA will require a
reduction in plant size before funding is considered. The
reasons for doing this and the recommendations for the
permit program are delineated in the impact statement; they
do not have to be put in the form of grant conditions.
Comment - l.U
The Emissions Limitation Plan analysis indicates that
growth would be disproportionately arrested in Cape May if
Ocean county grows as projected. This is unfair and all
four counties in the Air Quality Control Region should be
treated equally. (Cape; May County Municipal Utilities
Authority)
225
-------
Response - 14
It is agreed that the ELP does not equalize growth
related air quality impacts as well as diffusion modeling.
The ELP analysis was presented only as an example in the
draft statement to show that different methods do exist to
analyze for air quality degradation. It was not used as a
basis for conclusions. This presentation has been elimina-
ted from the final impact statement because new regulations
have been proposed which depend solely on ambient air
quality modeling. This approach allows a County by County
(or larger or smaller area) analysis depending on how the
State intends to apply the regulation.
Comment - 15
Consideration should be given to a regional management
system for air quality control through the appointment of
representatives from each of the four counties in the AQCR
to immediately develop a basic strategy for management of
air quality. (Cape May County Municipal Utilities
Authority)
226
-------
Response - 15
Pursuant to the newly proposed regulations for dealing
with air pollution problems in areas already having air
quality better than the national standards, the State will
have the responsibility for developing strategies to deal
with future air pollution. However, EPA thinks that the
Cape May County Municipal Utilities Authority's proposal has
merit, particularly since the four counties are environ-
mentally similar. EPA would support this type of combined
effort and commend the initiative of the Cape May County
Municipal Utilities Authority.
227
-------
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ,
Conclusion 1
A diffusion model study of the air quality situation in
Ocean County shows that significant air quality deteriora-
tion may result if the population of the Central service
area exceeds approximately 250,000, assuming that current
fuel use patterns, transportation modes, and industrial
patterns remain constant. The population of the Central
service area is expected to reach 250,000 by 1984.
Recommendation 1
In seeking to provide the Central service area with
adequate sewage treatment facilities, the responsible
governmental agencies should not indirectly encourage air
quality deterioration. Therefore, the capacity of the Ocean
County Central sewage treatment plant should initially be
limited to 91,000 cu m/day (2H mgd). A sewage treatment
plant of this size will be capable of treating the wastes
generated by a population of approximately 250,000.
Conclusion 2
It is not the intent of the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency to restrict the ultimate population of the
Central service area to 250,000. However, the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency will, at this time, only consider
granting funds for a sewage treatment plant size of 91,000
228
-------
cu m/day (24 mgd). Future expansions of the treatment plant
will be predicated upon:
1. Air quality monitoring data which shows the
actual ambient conditions at the time expan-
sion is considered.
2. Any EPA, State, and/or local regulations that
are in effect at that time which set forth
strategies to maintain acceptable air quality.
Recpmmendation 2
Growth in the Central service area necessitating expan-
sion of the Ocean County Central sewage treatment plant
beyond 91,000 cu m/day (24 mgd) requires that the air
quality surveillance and monitoring system continue to be
operated in order to generate the data necessary to show
actual ambient conditions at the time expansion of the
facility is considered. Further, local government agencies
should consider implementing controls such as revisions to
the building codes to require energy conserving features,
land use plans which require less dependence upon the
automobile, and requiring the use of new technologies as
they become available.
Any decision made by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency must be consistent with the possibility that a
solution to the Central service area's potential air quality
229
-------
problems will be found. Therefore, the interceptors should
be sized to accommodate the sewage flows that would be
generated by the 2020 population of the Central service
area, as projected by Fellows, Read 6 Weber, Inc., except in
the cases of Manchester and Berkeley Townships, whose popu-
lation projections may be understated.
Conclusion 3
Present State and local land use legislation cannot pre-
vent urbanization of the communities in the Central service
area. At most, existing legislation can retard the rate of
urbanization and can promote the orderly implementation of
development. New regulations adopted pursuant to the Clean
Air Act should provide the basis for dealing with the
potential air quality problems in Ocean County. These
regulations require the State of New Jersey, pursuant to the
designation of Ocean County as an Air Quality Maintenance
Area, to develop a plan to maintain acceptable air quality
in Ocean County. Part of this plan should be a definition
of degradation zones in conformance with the Non-Degradation
Regulations. New Jersey must submit to EPA by June 1975:
1) An analysis of the impact on air quality of pro-
jected growth and development over the 10-year period from
the date of submittal.
230
-------
2) A plan to prevent any national standards from being
exceeded over the 10-year period from the date of plan
submittal. Such plan shall include, as necessary, control
strategy revisions to the existing Implementation Plan for
the area and/or other measures to insure that projected
growth and development will be compatible with maintenance
of the national standards throughout the 10-year period.
Recommendatign 3
In developing this Air Quality Maintenance Plan, the
State should v?ork with the Ocean County Planning Board,
local governments, and the Ocean County Sewerage Authority-
to decide on effective and implementable land use and
environmental strategies that meet the requirements of the
Clean Air Act.
Conclusion 4
Care has been taken to select interceptor and outfall
routings that will minimize the environmental effects of
construction. However, damage is still likely to occur in
critical areas, such as steep slopes, barrier bar crossings,
stream and estuary crossings, and marshlands.
Recommendation H
The contract specifications for the proposed project
should include the recommendations made by the Environmental
Assessment Council. Relevant procedures outlined in the
231
-------
following documents should also be included in the specifi-
cations:
Maryland Department of Water Resources, Becker,
B.C., and Mills, T.R. 1972. Guidelines for
Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and
Implementation. U.S. EPA, Office of Research
and Monitoring. Washington, D.C.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.
1972. Environmental Guidelines for Planning,
Designing and Constructing Interceptor Sewers.
New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection. Trenton, New Jersey.
New Jersey State Soil Conservation Committee.
1972. Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment
Control in New Jersey. The New'Jersey State
Soil Conservation Committee. Trenton, New
Jersey.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1973.
Processes, Procedures, and Methods to Control
Pollution Resulting from All Construction
Activity. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington, D.C.
The specifications should clearly identify each problem
area and should stipulate exactly what the contractor is to
accomplish in each problem area. During preparation of the
specifications, it may be necessary to make changes in the
proposed routings. If, for any reason, it is necessary to
alter the proposed routings, an environmental assessment of
the new routings should be prepared.
Conclusion 5
The Ocean County Sewerage Authority and its engineering
consultant have developed the framework for the proposed
232
-------
project, but have yet to prepare detailed plans and speci-
fications.
Pecommendation 5
In preparing detailed plans and specifications for the
proposed project, the Ocean county Sewerage Authority and
its engineering consultant should follow the Federal
Guidelines for Design, Operation and Maintenance of Waste
Water Treatment Facilities (FWQA, 1970) and the Design
Criteria for Mechanical, Electric and Fluid System and
Component Reliability (U.S. EPA, 197Uc).
Conclusion 6
Increased pumpage from the water-table aquifer and
decreased ground-water recharge will reduce the ground-water
level. A reduction in the ground-water level will induce
saltwater intrusion into the aquifers and will reduce the
base flow of streams.
R ecommendation 6
Programs should be developed and implemented to monitor
the incidence and extent of the operational effects of the
Ocean County Central sewage treatment plant on the base flow
of streams, the intrusion of saltwater into aquifers, and
the piezometric head of aquifers. If the monitoring data
indicate the potential for serious problems, a program to
233
-------
artificially recharge the ground water with treated effluent
should be developed.
Conclusion 7
Urbanization will increase runoff which will decrease
the amount of natural ground-water recharge and increase the
amount of water and contaminants entering the waterways of
the County. Further urbanization will require greater
consumption of ground water. This increased pumpage may
induce saltwater intrusion into the aquifers.
Sewage discharges from boats and marinas will also
continue to pollute the waterways. If maximum benefit is to
be gained from the proposed STP, a plan must be developed
and implemented to control these and other forms of water
pollution.
Recommendation 7
Ocean County should investigate with the State the
possibility of undertaking areawide wastewater management
planning for these and other problems as set forth in
Section 208 of the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments to
enhance and preserve the valuable streams, bays, and aqui-
fers of the county. Studies should be initiated as soon as
practical to determine if and when artificial recharge will •
be necessary and what changes in the treatment system will
be required to accomplish the task.
234
-------
ABBREVIATIONS USED
AEC
AQCR
AQIP
AQMA
ASCE
AWT
BOD
CAA
COE
DO
DSRP
DT
EAC
ELP
EPA
EPG
FHWA
FWPCA
FWPCAA
FR&W
9
KOA
Atomic Energy Commission
Air Quality Control Region
Air Quality Increment Plan
Air Quality Maintenance Area
American Society of Civil
Engineers
advanced waste treatment
biochemical oxygen demand
Clean Air Act
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
dissolved oxygen
Division of State and Regional
Planning
detention time
Environmental Assessment Council
Emission Limitation Plan
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
emissions per grid
Federal Highway Administration
Federal Water Pollution Control
Act
Federal Water Pollution "Control
Act Amendments
Fellows, Read & Weber, Inc.
gram or gallon
Kampground of America
-------
USPHS U.S. Public Health Service
ug/1 - millionth grams per liter
ug/m3 - millionth grams per cubic meter
WPCF - Water Pollution Control Federation
-------
METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH UNITS
Metric
Centigrade (C°)
centimeter (cm))
centimeters/second (cm/sec)
cubic meters/day (cu m/day)
cubic meters/day/square
kilometer (cu m/day/sq km)
cubic meters/day/square meter
(cu m/day/sq-m)
cubic meters/hectare/week
(cu m/ha/week)
cubic meters/minute (cu m/min.)
hectare (ha)
kilogram (kg)
kilograms/day (kg/day)
ki1ograms/year/square
kilometer (kg/year/sq km)
kilometer (km)
liter (1)
liters/second (I/sec)
meter (m)
milligrams/liter (mg/1 )
square meter (sq m)
square kilometer (sq km)
English
Farenheit (F°)
inch (in.)
inches/second (in./sec)
million gallons/day (mgd)
gallons/day/square mile (gpd/sq mile)
gallons/day/square foot (gpd/sq ft)
gallons/acre/week (g/acre/week)
cubic feet/second (cfs)
acre (acre)
pound (Ib), ton (ton)
pounds/day (Ib/day), tons/day
(tons/day)
tons/year/square mile (tons/year/sq
mile)
foot (ft), mile (mile)
gallon (g)
gallons/minute (gpm)
foot (ft)
parts per million (ppm)
(this is an approximate equivalent)
square foot (sq ft)
square mile (sq mile)
-------
L.S.
min.
mg/1
N
NEDS
NEPA
NJDEP
NPDES
OBSTP
OCCSTP
OCSA
P
pH
ppm
PRO
P.S.
PUD
SCS
SWD
lift station
minute
mi Hi grams/liter
nitrogen
National Emissions Data System
National Environmental Policy
Act
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System
Ortley Beach sewage treatment
plant
Ocean County Central sewage
treatment plant
Ocean County Sewerage Authority
phosphorus
negative logarithm of the
effective hydrogen-ion
concentration
parts per million
planned residential development
pump station
planned unit development
Soil Conservation Service
side water depth
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Society of Civil Engineers and Water Pollution
Control Federation. 1969. Design and Construction of
Sanitary and Storm Sewers. ASCE Manual and Report on
Engineering Practice No. 37, WPCF Manual of Practice No.
9. New York, New York. 332pp.
Anderson, Henry R. and Appel, Charles A. 1969. Special
Report No. 29: Geology and Ground-water Resources of
Ocean County, New Jersey. New Jersey Department of
Conservation and Economic Development. Trenton, New
Jersey. 93pp.
Arthur D. Little, Inc. 1973. Potential Onshore Effects of
Deepwater Oil Terminal-Related Industrial Development.
Volume II, Part Two: "Mid-Atlantic Region." Written for
Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, D.c.
182pp.
Asbury Park Press. June 4, 1973. "Ocean Population Growing
Faster Than '66 Projection." Asbury Park Press. Asbury
Park, New Jersey. p.l.
Atomic Energy Commission. 1972. Draft Environmental Impact
Statement, Forked River Nuclear Station, Unit 1, Jersey
Central Power & Light Company. Directorate of
Licensing, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Washington,
D.C.
Atomic Energy Commission. 1973. Draft Environmental Impact
Statement, Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station,
Jersey Central Power & Light Company. Directorate of
Licensing, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Washington,
D.C.
Bargman, R.D., Samples, W.R. and Bruington, A.E. 1962.
Recharging of Confined Aquifer with Polished Activated
Sludge Effluent. Unpublished paper presented at WPCF
meeting Toronto, Ontario, October 1962.
239
-------
Bellard, Chester F. (written communication).1 June 3, 1974.
Letter from Chester F. Bellard, State conservationist,
Soil Conservation Service, Somerset, New Jersey to Paul
Arbesman, Chief, Environmental Impacts Branch, U.S. EPA,
Region II, New York, New York.
Benintente, Joseph (oral communication). January 8, 1974.
Conversation between Joseph Benintente, Environmental
Engineer, Central Coordination and Implementation
Section, New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection, Trenton, New Jersey and Barbara Metzger,
Environmental Assessment Coordinator, Environmental
Impacts Branch, U.S. EPA, Region II, New York, New York.
Biel, Erwin. 1958. The Climate of New Jersey. Reprinted
by the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station from
The Economy of New Jersey, a report prepared by the
Department of Economics, Rutgers University. Rutgers
University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey. 98pp.
Caldeira, Joseph J. (written communication). February 25,
1974. Letter from Joseph J. Caldeira, Secretary-
Treasurer, Southern Ocean County Landfill, Inc., Toms
River, New Jersey to John R. Jimenez, Environmentalist,
Environmental Impacts Branch, U.S. EPA, Region II, New
York, New York. 2pp.
Clarke, George L. 1954. Elements of Ecology. John Wiley 6
Sons, Inc. New York, New York. 560pp.
Clarke, N.A., Berg, G., Kabler, P.W. and Chang, S.L. 1962.
Human enteric viruses in water: source, survival and
removability, pp 523-542. In Advances in Water
Pollution research Volume 2. 1964. The Macmillan
Company. New York, New York.
Clean Air Act. 1970. Public Law 91-604. 91st Congress,
December 31, 1970.
The Conservation Foundation. 1972. A Citizen's Guide to
Clean Air. The Conservation Foundation. Washington,
D.C. 95pp.
l_/Comment on the draft environmental impact statement,
240
-------
Deutsch, M. 1965. National controls involved in shallow
aquifer contamination. Ground Water 3(3): 37-40.
Division of State and Regional Planning. 1973. Analysis of
Residential Development in Ocean County in the Central
and Southern Sewer Service Areas. New Jersey Department
of Community Affairs. Trenton, New Jersey. 10 + pp.
Duxbury, A.C. 1971. The Earth and Its Oceans. Addison-
Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts.
Environmental Assessment Council. 1973. Environmental
Assessment Report on the Proposed Sewerage Facilities of
the Ocean County Sewerage Authority. Ocean County
Sewerage Authority. Toms River, New Jersey. 445 + pp.
Fair, Gordon M., Geyer, John C. and Okun, Daniel A. 1966.
Water and Wastewater Engineering - Volume I: Water
Supply and Wastewater Removal. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New York, New York.
Fair, Gordon M., Geyer, John C. and Okun, Daniel A. 1968.
Water and Wastewater Engineering - Volume 2: Water
Purification and Wastewater Treatment and Disposal.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, New York.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
Public Law 92-500. 92nd Congress, S. 2770. October 18,
1972.
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1967.
Proceedings of the Conference on the Pollution of the
Navigable Waters of Eastern New Jersey - Shark River to
Cape May. U.S. Department of the Interior. Boston,
Massachusetts. 345pp.
Federal Water Quality Administration. 1970. Federal
Guidelines Design, Operation and Maintenance of
Wastewater Treatment Facilities. U.S. Department of the
Interior. Washington, D.C.
Fellows, Read & Weber, Inc. 1966-67. Master Plan for
Wastewater Management Parts I and II. Prepared for-the
Board of Chosen Freeholders of Ocean County, New Jersey
and the New Jersey Department of Health. Fellows, Read
& Weber, Inc. Toms River, New Jersey.
241
-------
Fellows, Read & Weber, Inc. 1969. Master Plan for Water
Resource Management Ocean County, New Jersey. Prepared
for the Board of Chosen Freeholders of Ocean County, New
Jersey and the U.S. Department of Agriculture - Farmers
Home Administration. Fellows, Read & Weber, Inc. Toms
Piver, New Jersey 29 * pp.
Fellows, Read & Weber, Inc. 1973. Project Report - the
Ocean County Sewerage Authority Regional System Phase I,
April 1973. The Ocean County Sewerage Authority. Toms
River, New Jersey.
Fellows, Read 6 Weber, Inc. 1974. Technical Report for the
Southern Service Area. April 1974.. Ocean County
Sewerage Authority. Toms River, New Jersey.
Felton, P.N. and Lull, H.W. 1963. Suburban hydrology can
improve watershed conditions. Public Works 94:93-94.
Great Adventure, Inc. 1973. Statement on Environmental
Protection and Public Safety - Jackson Township Animal
Preserves. Great Adventure, Inc. New York, New York.
15 + pp.
Great Adventure, Inc. 1974. Supplemental Report on
Environmental Protection and Public Safety. Great
Adventure, Inc. New York, New York. 84pp.
Green, R.L., Page, G.L. Jr. and Johnson, W.M. 1974.
Considerations for Preparation of Operation and. Main-
tenance Manuals. U.S. EPA. Office of Water Programs
Operations. Washington, B.C. 239pp.
Gritzuk, Michael (oral communication). July 19, 1974.
Telephone conversation between Michael Gritzuk,
Executive Director, OCSA, Toms River, New Jersey and
Barbara Metzger, Environmental Assessment Coordinator,
Environmental Impacts Branch, U.S. EPA, Region II, New
York, New York.
Grove, Fred H. Jr. (oral communication). March 4, 1974.
Conversation between Fred H. Grove, Jr., General
Manager, Ocean County Landfill corporation, Lakehurst,
New Jersey and John R. Jimenez, Environmentalist,
Environmental Impacts Branch, EPA, Region II, New York,
New York.
242
-------
Hires, Fichard I. 1972. Mixing Zone Definition for the
Proposed Central Plant Outfall off Island Beach State
Park, Ocean County Sewerage Authority. Toms River, New
Jersey.
Hires, Richard and Henry, Charles. 1973. Northern, Central
and Southern Outfall Diffusion Studies. Woodward-
Environ Inc.
Hutner, S.H. and Laughlin J. 1958. Poisonous tides.
Scientific American 199 (2):92-97.
Kelly, S.M. and Sanderson, W.W. 1960. Density of enteric
viruses in sewage. Jour. WPCF 32(12): 1269-1274.
Kupper, C.J. 1971 with 1972 revisions. Engineer's Report
on Secondary Treatment Additions and Alterations to
Ortley Beach Waste Water Treatment Plant in Dover
Township, Ocean County, New Jersey. Dover Sewerage
Authority. Toms River, New Jersey.
Leopold, Luna B. 1968. Hydrology for urban land planning.
In McKenzie, G.D. and Utgard, R.O. (eds.). 1972. Man
and His Physical Environment. Burgess Publishing
Company. Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Loveland, E.E. et. al. 1971. The Qualitative and
Quantitative Analysis of Analysis of the Benthic Flora
and Fauna of Earnegat Bay Before and After the Onset of
Thermal Addition, Progress Report #7. Rutgers - The
State University of New Jersey. New Brunswick, New
Jersey.
Mahoney, J. 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1972. Ecological Roles of
Marine Microorganisms Annual Report. Atlantic Maritime
Game Fisheries Research Program, National Maritime
Fisheries Service. Sandy Hook, New Jersey.
Manganaro, Martin and Lincoln. 1966. Nassau County Report-
Outfall Sewer Location-Sludge DisposalDistrict No. 3.
Manganaro, Martin and Lincoln Consulting Engineers. New
York, New York. 41 + pp.
McCormick, Jack and Jones, Leslie. 1973. The Pine Barrens:
Vegetation Geography. New Jersey State Museum.
Trenton, New Jersey. VII + pp.
243
-------
McKee, J.E. 1971. Potential for reuse of wastewater in
north-central Texas. Water Resources Bull. 7(4):740-
749.
Meade, Berton E. and Wilkie, William G. 1972. Bridging the
gap - leachate prevention and control from sanitary
landfills. Waste Age 3 (2):8,32-39.
Metcalf S Eddy, Inc. 1972. Wastewater Engineering:
Collection, Treatment, Disposal. McGraw-Hill Book
Company. New York, New York. 782pp.
Moran, John (oral communication). August 5, 1974.
Telephone conversation between John Moran, Director,
Fuel and Fuel Additives Program, U.S. EPA, Durham, North
Carolina and Paul Arbesman, Chief, Environmental Impacts
Branch, U.S. EPA, Region II, New York, New York.
Mountford, Kenneth. 1971. Plankton Studies in Barnegat
Bay. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Rutgers - The State
University of New Jersey. New Brunswick, New Jersey.
National Sport Fisheries Marine Laboratory, n.d. Sandy
Hook Marine Laboratory Survey unpublished data.
National Sport Fisheries Marine Laboratory. Sandy Hook,
New Jersey.
Nerlick, Russell (oral communication). January 7, 1974.
Conversation between Russell Nerlick, Supervisory
Engineer, Project Analysis and Review Section, New
Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton,
New Jersey and Barbara Metzger, Environmental Assessment
Coordinator, Environmental Impacts Branch, U.S. EPA,
Region II, New York, New York.
N.J.A.C. 7:27-9. New Jersey Administrative Code. Title 7,
Chapter 27, Subchapter 9: "Sulfur in Fuels." Division of
Administrative Procedure. New Jersey Department of
State. Trenton, New Jersey.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 1970.
Rules and Regulations for the Preparation and Submission
of Plans for Sewer Systems and Wastewater Treatment
Plants. New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection. Trenton, New Jersey. 19pp.
-------
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 1971a.
Regulations Governing Installation of Sewerage
Facilities in Critical Areas. New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection. Trenton, New Jersey. 4pp.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 1971b.
Rules and Regulations Establishing Surface Water Quality
Criteria. State of New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection. Trenton, New Jersey. 19pp.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 1972.
Wetlands Order - Tuckerton and Mannington Meadows Areas,
Ocean and Salem Counties. New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection. Trenton, New Jersey. 8 + pp.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 1973.
Interim Plan for Wastewater Management/Water Pollution
Control - Ocean County Sewerage Authority District,
Ocean County, New Jersey. New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection. Trenton, New Jersey. 93 pp.
New Jersey Department of Health. 1969. Water and Sewerage
Statutes-Circular 213 3rd Edition. New Jersey State
Department of Health. Trenton, New Jersey. 180pp.
New Jersey Department of Labor and Industry, n.d. New
Jersey Covered Employment Trends. Division of Planning
and Research. Trenton, New Jersey.
Newsom, Peter (oral communication). January 2, 1974.
Conversation between Peter Newsom, Chief, Marine
Wetlands Section, New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection, Trenton, New Jersey and Barbara Metzger,
Environmental Assessment Coordinator, Environmental
Impacts Branch, U.S. EPA, Region II, New York, New York.
Nieswand, George H., Stillman, Calvin W. and Esser, Anthony
J. 1972. Inventory of Estuarine Site Development
Lagoon Systems: New Jersey Shore, New Jersey Water
Resources Research Institute. New Brunswick, New
Jersey.
Odum, W.E. 1968. Mullet grazing on a dinoflagellate bloom.
Chesapeake Science 9:202-204.
245
-------
Odum, Eugene P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. 3rd ed.
W. B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
574pp.
Ocean County Sewerage Authority. 1973-1974. Additional
Information Required to Satisfy the Implementation of
the National Environmental Policy Act. Ocean County
Sewerage Authority. Toms River, New Jersey.
Parkhurst, J.D., n.d. A Plan for Water Re-use. For the
directors of the County Sanitation Districts of Los
Angeles County, California.
Patterson, W.L. and Banker, R.F. 1971. Estimating Costs
and Manpower Requirements for Conventional Wastewater
Treatment Facilities. U.S. EPA, Office of Research and
Monitoring. Washington, D.C. 251 + pp.
Phillips, F.X. 1972. The Ecology of the Benthic
Macroinvertebrates of Barnegat Bay, New Jersey.
Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Rutgers - the State
University of New Jersey. New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Robichaud, Beryl and Buell, Murray F. 1973. Vegetation of
New Jersey. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick,
New Jersey. 340pp.
Ryther, J.H. 1955. Ecology of autotrophic marine
dinoflagellates with reference to red water conditions.
In The Luminescence of Biological Systems. American
Association for the Advancement of Science. Washington,
D.C.
Schorr, Paul (oral communication). January 7, 1974.
Conversation between Paul Schorr, Principal Environ-
mental Engineer, Central Coordination and Implementation
Section, New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection, Trenton, New Jersey and Barbara Metzger,
Environmental Assessment Coordinator, Environmental
Impacts Branch, U.S. EPA, Region II, New York, New
York.
246
-------
Simpson, Lawrence (written communication).1 June 20, 1974.
Letter from Lawrence Simpson, Chairman, Ocean County
Sewerage Authority, Toms River, New Jersey to Gerald M.
Hansler, Regional Administrator, U.S. EPA, Region II,
New York, New York.
Smith, Robert. 1973. Electrical Power Consumption for
Municipal Wastewater Treatment. U.S. EPA, National
Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Soil Conservation Service in Cooperation with Rutgers
University. 1972a. Soil properties and soil survey
interpretations - Alluvial Land. Soil Conservation
Service. Somerset, New Jersey.
Soil Conservation Service in Cooperation with Rutgers
University. 1972b. Soil properties and soil survey
interpretations - Berryland (St. Johns). Soil
Conservation Service. Somerset, New Jersey.
Soil Conservation Service in Cooperation with Rutgers
University. 1972c. Soil properties and soil survey
interpretation - Muck. Soil Conservation Service.
Somerset, New Jersey.
Soil Conservation Service in Cooperation with Rutgers
University. 1972d. Soil properties and soil survey
interpretations - Tidal Marsh. Soil Conservation
Service. Somerset, New Jersey.
State of New Jersey. 1954. The Realty Improvement Sewerage
and Facilities Act (1954).
State of New Jersey. 1970. Assembly, No. 509 Chapter 272.
Coastal Wetlands. Revised Statutes Cumulative
Supplement 13:9A-lst seq.
State of New Jersey. 1973. Assembly, No. 1429 Major
Coastal Area Facilities Review Act.
Task Force on Land-Use Implications of Municipal Permits.
1973. Special Conditions to be Included in Municipal
Permits in High-Growth Areas (Draft, Nov. 15, 1973);
lyComment on the draft environmental impact statement.
247
-------
U.S. EPA, Office of Air and water Programs. Washington,
D.C. 16 + pp.
Tedrow, J.C.F. 1963. New Jersey Soils. Circular 601.
College of Agriculture, Rutgers - the State University.
New Brunswick, New Jersey. 20pp.
Todd, D.K. 1964. Ground water. Sec. 13, pp 1-55. In
Chow, V.T. ed. Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-
Hill Book co., Inc. New York, New York.
TRW Systems Group. 1970. Air Quality Implementation
Planning Program - Volume I: Operator's Manual. Written
for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington,
D.C.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1970. Patterns of U.S.
Economic Growth Bulletin 1672. U.S. Government Printing
Office. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1962-1972 (excluding 1963).
County Business Patterns, 1962, 1964-1972, New Jersey.
U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1971. Census of Manufactures:
1967 Vol III Part 32 Nebraska - Wyoming. U.S.
Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1972. Census of Population:
1970, General Social and Economic Characteristics. U.S.
Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. a. STORET -
Water Quality Control Information System. U.S. EPA,
Region II. New York, New York.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. b. National Air
Data Information System. U.S. EPA. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1971. Guidelines
Water Quality Management Planning. U.S. EPA, Water
Quality Office. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1972a. Pre-
conference Report for Water Quality Standards
Setting/Revision conference New Jersey Atlantic coastal
248
-------
Area. U.S. EPA, Region II. New York, New York. 74 +
PP-
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1972b. Report on
Recommended Revisions to water Quality Standards
Implementation Plan New Jersey Atlantic Coastal Area.
U.S. EPA, Region II. New York, New York. 22 + pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1972c. Policy on
Ocean Disposal of Sewage Sludge. U.S. EPA, Office of
Air and Water Programs, Engineering and Design Branch.
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1972e. National
primary and secondary ambient air quality standards.
Federal Register 32(84) Part II: 8182-8201.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1973a. Proposed rule
making for prevention of significant air quality
deterioration. Federal Register 38(135) Part IV: 18986-
18999.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1973b. Proposed rule
making for maintenance of national standards. Federal
Register 38(208): 29893-29896.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1973c. Interim
regulations for the preparation of environmental impact
statements. Federal Register 38(11): 1696-1712.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1973d. Rules and
regulations-secondary treatment information. Federal
Register 38(159) Part II: 22297-22299.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1973e.
Identification and Control of Pollution from Salt Water
Intrusion. U.S. EPA, Office of Air and Water Programs.
Washington, D.C. 9Upp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1974a. Toward
Cleaner Water - The New Permit Program to Control Water
Pollution. U.S. EPA, Office of Public Affairs.
Washington, D.C. 33pp
U.S. EPA. 1974b. Air Programs; Approval and Promulgation
of Implementation Plans: Review of Indirect Sources.
Federal Register 39(38) Part III: 7270-7285-
249
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1974c. Technical
Bulletin Design Criteria for Mechanical, Electric, and
Fluid System and Component Reliability - Supplement to
Federal Guidelines for Design, Operation, and
Maintenance of Waste Water Treatment Facilities. U.S.
EPA, Office of Water Programs Operations. Washington,
D.C. 54pp.
U.S. Public Health Service. 1962. Public Health Service
Drinking Water Standards. U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. Rockville, Maryland. 61pp.
Winchester, Robert (oral communication). August 23, 197U.
Telephone conversation between Robert Winchester,
Principal Environmental Engineer, Bureau of Air
Pollution Control, New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection, Trenton, New Jersey and Paul
Arbesman, Chief, Environmental Impacts Branch, U.S. EPA,
Region II, New York, New York.
Zimmerman, Rae. 197U. Economic and Occupation Profile of
Ocean County, New Jersey. Prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region II. New York,
New York. 2U + pp.
250
-------
APPENDIX A
SELECTED APPROVED NEW JERSEY STATE WATER QUALITY
. CLASSIFICATIONS AND CRITERIA
CLASSIFICATION OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF
THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
Pursuant to authority vested in it under the provisions of Chapter 12,
Title 58 of the Revised Statutes, the New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection promulgated the following classifications of the surface waters of
the Central service area of the Ocean County Sewerage Authority. Standards of
Quality to be maintained in these waters as established by New Jersey Depart-
ment of Environmental Protection follow.
Class FW-1
A. Cedar Creek Drainage Basin
1. Webbs Mill Branch and tributaries situated wholly within
the Greenwood Forest boundaries.
2. Chamberlain's Branch and tributaries situated wholly
within the Greenwood Forest boundaries upstream from
the blueberry farm exception, also other tributaries
to Chamberlain's Branch situated wholly within the
Greenwood Forest Tract boundaries.
B. Barnegat Bay Drainage Basin
1. All the fresh water ponds on Island Beach State Park.
Class FW-2
A. All other fresh waters of the service area upstream from the head
of tide.
.Class TW-1
A. All tidal waters of the service area downstream from the head of
tide to surf waters.
251
-------
Class CW-1
A. Ocean waters within 1,500 feet from mean low tide to a depth of
15 feet whichever is more distant from the mean low tide line.
Class CW-2
A. Ocean waters not included under Class CW-1 out to the "three
mile limit."
CRITERIA FOR WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATIONS
SECTION 3.1 - SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR FW-1 WATERS
CLASS FW-1 - Fresh waters, including rivers,
streams, lakes, or other bodies of water, that
because of their clarity, color, scenic setting,
or other characteristic of aesthetic value or
unique special interest, have been designated by
authorized State agencies in conformance with
laws pertaining to the use of private lands, are
set aside for posterity to represent the natural
aquatic environment and its associated biota.
3.1.1 These waters shall be maintained as to quality in their natural state
and shall not be subject to any man-made wastewater discharges.
SECTION 3.2 - SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR FW-2 WATERS
CLASS FW-2 - Fresh surface waters aporoved as
sources of public water supoly. These waters
shall be suitable for public potable water
supply after such treatment as shall be
required by the Department.
These waters shall also be suitable for the
maintenance, migration and propagation of
the natural and established biota; and for
primary contact recreation; industrial and
agricultural water supply and any other
reasonable uses.
3.2.1 FLOATING SOLIDS. SETTLEABLE SOLIDS, OIL. GREASE.. COLOR AND TURBIDITY
None noticeable in the water or deposited along the shore or on the"
aquatic substrata in quantities detrimental to the natural biota.
None which would render the waters unsuitable for the designated uses.
252
-------
SECTION 3.2 FW-2
3.2.2 TOXIC OR DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO MINERAL
ACIDS. CAUSTIC ALKALI. CYANIDES. HEAVY METALS. CARBON DIOXIDE, AMMONIA
OR AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS. CHLORINE, PHENOLS. PESTICIDES. ETC.
None, either alone or in combination with other substances, in such
concentrations as to affect humans or be detrimental to the natural
aquatic biota or which would render the waters unsuitable for the
designated uses. None which would cause the Potable Water Standards
of the Department for drinking water to be exceeded after appropriate
treatment.
3.2.3 TASTE AND ODOR PRODUCING SUBSTANCES
None offensive to humans or which would produce offensive tastes
and/or odors in water supplies and fauna used for human consumption.
None which would render the waters unsuitable for the designated uses.
3.2.4 £H
Between 6.5 and 8.5.
3.2.5 DISSOLVED OXYGEN
(a) Trout Production Haters - Not less than 7.0 mg/1 at any time.
(b) Trout Maintenance Streams - Daily average not less than 6.0 mg/1.
Not less than 5.0 mg/1 at any time.
(c) Trout Maintenance Lakes - Daily average not less than 6.0 mg/1.
Not less than 5.0 mg/1 at any time.
In eutrophic lakes when stratification is present, not less
than 4.0 mg/1 in or above the thermocline where water tem-
peratures are below 72°F. At depths where the water is 72°F.
or above, daily average not less than 6.0 mg/1 and not less
than 5.0 mg/1 at any time.
(d) Nontrout Waters - Daily average not less than 5.0 mg/1. Not
less than 4.0 mg/1 at any time.
3.2.6 TEMPERATURE
(a) Trout Production Waters - Natural temperatures shall prevail
except where properly treated wastewater effluents may be
discharged. Where such discharges occur, stream temperatures
shall not be raised more than 1°F.
253
-------
SECTION 3.2 FW-2
(b) Trout Maintenance Streams - No heat may be added which would
cause temperatures to exceed 2°F. over the natural temperatures
at any time or which would cause temperatures in excess of 68°F.
Reductions in temperatures may be permitted where it can be
shown that trout will benefit without detriment to other des-
ignated water uses. The rate of temperature change in des-
ignated mixing zones shall not cause mortality of the biota.
(c) Trout Maintenance Lakes - No thermal alterations except where it
can be shown to benefit the designated uses.
(d) Nontrout Haters - No thermal alterations, except in designated
mixing zones, which would cause temperatures to deviate more
than 5°F. at any time from natural stream temperatures or more
than 3°F. in the epilimnion of lakes and other standing waters.
No heat may be added, except in designated mixing zones, which
would cause temperatures to exceed 82°F. for small mouth bass
or yellow perch waters or 86°F. for other nontrout waters.
The rate of temperature change in designated mixing zones shall
not cause mortality of the biota.
3.2.7 RADIOACTIVITY
Current U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards shall
apply.
3.2.8 BACTERIAL QUALITY
Fecal coliform levels shall not exceed a geometric mean of 200/100 ml.
Samples shall be obtained at sufficient frequencies and at locations
and during periods which will permit valid interpretation of labora-
tory analyses.
Appropriate sanitary surveys shall also be carried out as a supple-
ment to such sampling and laboratory analyses.
254
-------
SECTION 3.4 - SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR TW-1 WATERS
CLASS TW-1 - Tidal waters approved as sources
of public potable water supply. These waters
shall be suitable for public potable water
supply after such treatment as shall be
required by the Department.
These waters shall be suitable for shellfish
harvesting where permitted.
These waters shall also be suitable for the
maintenance, migration and propagation of
the natural and established biota; and for
primary contact recreation; industrial and
agricultural water supply and any other
reasonable uses.
3.4.1 FLOATING SOLIDS. SETTLEABLE SOLIDS, OIL. GREASE, COLOR AND TURBIDITY
None noticeable in the water or deposited along the shore or on the
aquatic substrata in quantities detrimental to the natural biota.
None which would render the waters unsuitable for the designated "uses.
3.4.2 TOXIC OR DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO MINERAL
ACIDS, CAUSTIC ALKALI, CYANIDES. HEAVY METALS. CARBON DIOXIDE, AMMONIA
OR AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS. CHLORINE, PHENOLS, PESTICIDES, ETC.
None, either alone, or in combination with other substances, in such
concentrations as to affect humans or be detrimental to the natural
aquatic biota or which would render the waters unsuitable for the
designated uses. None which would cause the Potable Water Standards
of the Department for drinking water to be exceeded after appropriate
treatment.
3.4.3 TASTE AND ODOR PRODUCING SUBSTANCES
None offensive to humans or which would produce offensive tastes and/or
odors in water supplies and biota used for human consumption. None
which would render the waters unsuitable for the designated uses.
3.4.4 pH_
Between 6.5 and 8.5.
3.4.5 DISSOLVED OXYGEN
(a) Trout Maintenance Waters - Daily average not less than 6.0 mg/1.
Not less than 5.0 mg/1 at any time.
255
-------
SECTION 3.4 TW-1
(b) Nontrout Waters - Daily average not less than 5.0 mg/1. Not
less than 4.0 mg/1 at any time.
3.4.6 TEMPERATURE
(a) Trout Maintenance Streams - No heat may be added which would
cause temperatures to exceed 2°F. over the natural temperatures
at any time or which would cause temperatures in excess of 68°F.
Reductions in temperatures may be permitted where it can be
shown that trout will benefit without detriment to other
designated water uses. The rate of temperature change in
designated mixing zones shall not cause mortality of the biota.
(b) Nontrout Waters - No heat may be added except in designated
mixing zones, which would cause temperatures to exceed 85°F.,
or 82°F. in yellow perch waters, or which will cause the monthly
mean of the maximum daily temperature at any site, prior to the
addition of any heat, to be exceeded by more than 4°F. during
September through May, or more than 1.5°F. during June through "
August. The rate of temperature change in designated mixing
zones shall not cause mortality of the biota.
3.4.7 RADIOACTIVITY
Current U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards shall
apply.
of
3.4.8 BACTERIAL QUALITY
(a) Approved Shellfish Harvesting Waters - Where harvesting
shellfish is permitted, requirements established by the
National Shellfish Sanitation Program as set forth in its
current manual of operations shall apply.
(b) All Other Waters - Fecal coliform levels shall not exceed a
geometric mean of 200/100 ml.
Samples shall be obtained at sufficient frequencies and at
locations and during periods which will permit valid inter-
pretation of laboratory analyses.
Appropriate sanitary surveys shall be carried out as a supple-
ment to such sampling and laboratory analyses.
256
-------
SECTION 3.7 - SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR CW-1 WATERS
CLASS CW-1 - The waters of the Atlantic Ocean
within 1500 feet from mean low tide shoreline
or to a bottom depth of 15 feet below the mean
low tide elevation, whichever is more distant
from the mean low tide shoreline.
These waters shall be suitable for primary
contact recreation; the maintenance, migration
and propagation of the natural and established
biota and any other reasonable uses.
3.7.1 FLOATING SOLIDS. SETTLEABLE SOLIDS, OIL. GREASE, COLOR AND TURBIDITY
None noticeable in the water or deposited along the shore or on the
aquatic substrata in quantities detrimental to the natural biota.
None which would render the waters unsuitable for the designated uses.
3.7.2 TOXIC OR DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO MINERAL
ATlDS. CAUSTIC ALKALI, CYANIDES, HEAVY METALS, CARBON DIOXIDE, AMRWlA
OR AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS. CHLORINE, PHENOLS, PESTICIDES. ETC.
None, either alone or in combination with other substances, in such
concentrations as to affect humans or be detrimental to the natural
aquatic biota or which would render the waters unsuitable for the
designated uses.
3.7.3 TASTE'AND ODOR PRODUCING SUBSTANCES
None offensive to humans or which would produce offensive tastes and
odors in biota used for human consumption. None which would render
the waters unsuitable for the designated uses.
3.7.4 pJi
Between 6.5 and 8.5.
3.7.5 DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Not less than 5.0 mg/1 at any time.
3.7.6 TEMPERATURE
No heat may be added directly to these waters. As a result of any
heat which may be added elsewhere, the temperature at any given site
may not exceed 80°F., nor may the monthly mean of the maximum daily
temperature, prior to the addition of any heat, be exceeded by more
than 4°F. during September through May or more than 1.5°F. during
June through August.
257
-------
SECTION 3.7 CW-1
3.7.7 RADIOACTIVITY
Current U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards shall
apply.
3.7.8 BACTERIAL QUALITY
Fecal coliform levels shall not exceed a geometric mean of 50/100 ml.
Samples shall be obtained at sufficient frequencies and at locations
and during periods which will permit valid interpretation of labora-
tory analyses.
Appropriate sanitary surveys shall also be carried out as a supple-
ment to such sampling and laboratory analyses.
SECTION 3.8 - SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR CW-2 WATERS
CLASS CW-2 - Atlantic Ocean waters beyond
those established under CW-1 to the three
mile limit.
These waters shall be suitable for secondary
contact recreation; the maintenance, migration
and propagation of the natural and established
biota and any other reasonable uses.
3.8.1 FLOATING SOLIDS. SETTLEABLE SOLIDS, OIL. GREASE. COLOR AND TURBIDITY
None noticeable in the water or deposited on the aquatic substrata in
quantities detrimental to the natural biota. None which would render
the waters unsuitable for the designated uses.
3.8.2 TOXIC OR DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO MINERAL
ACIDS, CAUSTIC ALKALI, CYANIDES, HEAVY METALS. CARBON DIOXIDE. AMMONIA
OR AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS. CHLORINE. PHENOLS. PESTICIDES. ETC.
None, either alone or in combination with other substances, in such
concentrations as to affect humans or be detrimental to the natural
aquatic biota or which would render the waters unsuitable for the
designated uses.
3.8.3 TASTE AND ODOR PRODUCING SUBSTANCES
None offensive to humans or which would produce offensive tastes and
odors in fauna used for human consumption. None which would render
the waters unsuitable for the designated uses.
258
-------
SECTION 3.8 CW-2
3.8.4 jjH
Between 6.5 and 8.5.
3.8.5 DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Not less than 5.0 mg/1 at any time.
3.8.6 TEMPERATURE
No heat may be added, except in designated mixing zones, which would
cause the temperature to exceed 80°F., or which would cause the monthly
mean of the maximum daily temperature at any site, prior to the addition
of any heat, to be exceeded by more than 4°F. during September through
May; or more than 1.5°F. during June through August. The rate of
temperature change in designated mixing zones shall not cause mortality
of the biota.
3.8.7 RADIOACTIVITY
Current U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards shall
apply.
3.8.8 BACTERIAL QUALITY
Fecal coliform levels shall not exceed a geometric mean of 200/100 ml.
Samples shall be obtained at sufficient frequencies and at locations
and during periods which will permit valid interpretation of labora-
tory analyses.
Appropriate sanitary surveys shall also be carried out as a supplement
to such sampling and laboratory analyses.
Source: NJDEP, 1971b.
259
-------
APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGIES USED TO ESTIMATE POPULATION
Both the DSRP and FR&W used the same general methodology in calculating
population projections for the Central service area. This methodology can be
expressed as follows:
1990 Estimate
1970 census population
plus Seasonal housing population!/
plus Approved 1970. 1971, and 1972 building permits
equals 1972 peak seasonal population
1972 peak seasonal population
plus Number of units definitely proposed
equals 1990 estimate of permanent population
Although the DSRP and FR&W used the same general methodology, their under-
lying assumptions differed:
Assumptions for 1990 Estimate
Factor DSRP FR&W
Wetlands not developed developed
Incremental growth not included not included
Proposed growth 100% built by 1990 80% built by 1990
Persons/unit in PRDl/ 3.01 2.4
Persons/unit in apartments 2.1 not given
Persons/unit in retirement community 2.0 not given
Persons/unit in single family 3.5 3.5
VU.S. Census categories: vacant seasonal and occasional use,
2/Average number of persons per household.
260
-------
Only the DSRP calculated zoned capacity estimates. The underlying
assumptions for zoned capacity estimates follow:
Assumptions For Zoned Capacity Estimates
Category Degree of Development
Definitely proposed PUD's and PRD's 100%
Zoned single family or PRO 50% single family, 50% PRO
Zoned multi family 25% apartments, 75% single family
Zoned industrial 75% industrial, 25% residential
Source: DSRP, 1973.
261
-------
APPENDIX C
NATIONAL PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Pollutant
Carbon
monoxide
Hydrocarbons
(nonmethane)
Nitrogen
dioxide
Photochemical
oxidants
Particulate
matter
Sulfur
dioxide
Type of
Standard
Primary and
secondary
Primary and
secondary
Primary and
secondary
Primary and
secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Averaging
Time
1 hour
8 hours
3 hours
(6 to 9
a.m.)
1 year
1 hour
24 hours
24 hours
24 hours
24 hours
24 hours
1 year
3 hours
Frequency
Parameter
Annual maximum^/
Annual maximum
Annual maximum
Arithmetic mean
Annual maximum
Annual maximum
Annual geometric met
'
Annual maximum
Annual geometric me£
Annual maximum
Arithmetic mean
Annual maximum
Concen
ug/mj
40,000
10,000
160^
100
160
2.60
n 75
150
n 60^-
365
80
1,300
tration
ppm
35
9
0.24^
0.05
0.08
_
-
-
—
0.14
0.03
0.5
ro
cr>
ro
a/Not to be exceeded more than- once per year.
b/As a guide in devising implementation plans for achieving oxidant standards.
c/As a guide to be used in assessing implementation plans for achieving the annual maximum 24-hour standard.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1971e.
-------
APPENDIX D
ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT PLANT SITES. COLLECTION SYSTEM SEWER ROUTINGS.
OUTFALL ROUTINGS. AND SLUDGE DISPOSAL SITESl/
The criteria used in selecting proposed sites and routings were 1) that
the proposed site or routing minimize the potential for adverse environmental
effects, and 2) that the proposed site or routing be cost-effective. Figures
D-l through D-10 illustrate the alternatives. Since the choice of a treatment
plant site has a direct bearing on the collection system alignment, the alter-
native plant sites will be discussed first. Alternative collection system
routes to the selected plant site will then be presented. Discussions of al-
^
ternative outfall alignments and sludge disposal sites complete the appendix.
TREATMENT PLANT SITES
Options are available in the selection of a site for the OCCSTP because
the proposed project involves the construction of a completely new system
rather than the alteration or expansion of an existing system. Approximately
60 ha (150 acre) of land will be required, of which 10 ha (25 acre) will be
used for construction of the treatment units and associated structures. The
remaining 50 ha (125 acre) will be used as a buffer zone. If the OCCSTP is
expanded in the future, which is possible sometime around 1985, 12 ha (30
acre) will be subtracted from the buffer zone for construction of the addi-
tional units. A 38 ha (95 acre) buffer zone will be permanently maintained.
The sewage treatment facilities will not necessarily be in the exact center
l_/Much of the information contained in this appendix has been extracted from
the applicant's environmental assessment statement (EAC, 1973).
263
-------
LAKEWOOD
TWP.
(Q
C
O
I
CENTRAL SERVICE
AREA BOUNDARY
EXISTING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
PROPOSED PUMP OR LIFT STATION
PROPOSED REGIONAL INTERCEPTOR
ALTERNATIVE REGIONAL INTERCFPTOR
PROPOSED OCEAN OUTFALL
ALTERNATIVE OCEAN OUTFALL
EXISTING SEWER LINE
DIRECTION OF SEWAGE FLOW
EXISTING PUMP, LIFT STATION
SEWERAGE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
KEY MAP
-------
-------
-------
BERKELEY
A
c TOWNSHIP
: OCSA, 1973-74.
SEWERAGE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
Figure D—4
-------
FOR ADJOINING AREA SEE FIGURE 0-6
(0
c
T
(0
o
I
en
: OCSA. 1973-74
FOR ADJOINING AREA SEE FIGURE D-10
SEWERAGE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
-------
FOR ADJOINING AREA SEE FIGURE D-7
Source: OCSA, 1973-74.
OR ADJOINING AREA SEE FIGURE D-S
SEWERAGE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
-------
FOR ADJOINING AREA SEE FIGURE 0-8
UNION BRANCH -
RIOGEWAV BRANCH INTERCEPTOR
500 1000
FOR ADJOINING AREA SEE FIGURE D-6
SEWERAGE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
Figure D—7
-------
FOR ADJOINING AREA SEE FIGURE D-7
SEWERAGE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
Figure D—8
-------
MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP
FOR ADJOINING A8(A SEE FIOU8E D-7
SEWERAGE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
Figure D —9
-------
FOR ADJOINING AREA SEE FIGURE D-5
W1
m
EXISTING OUTFALL
BERKELEY TWP.
SEW. AUTH.
L A
'
• j blAiiut r«K*. SEASIDE PAR
*1 I
l*-\ NOTE: PROPOSED OUTFALL EXTENDS 1500 M (5000 FT)
^^ OFFSHORE OF ISLAND BEACH. A 52O M (1700 fl)
^^"^ OIFFUSER PIPE WILL BE CONNECTED TO THIS OUTFALL.
";;,;;.0.™/ \\ \
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT \ *
SCALE
EXISTING .
OBSTP OUTFALL
SEWERAGE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES FOR .THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
-------
of the selected site, but there will be a minimum buffer strip of 150 m
(500 ft) on each side of the treatment plant.
In all, twelve alternative treatment plant sites were considered by the
OCSA. Ten of these were evaluated by the EAC in the applicant's environmental
assessment statement (see Figures D-3 to D-6). Subsequently, two sites west
of the Garden State Parkway were suggested to the OCSA by local citizens groups,
Table D-l summarizes the major reasons for accepting or rejecting each of the
twelve sites. As shown in the table, a combination of environmental and eco-
nomic considerations narrowed the field of alternatives to three: Segal
Street West, Segal Street East, and Pinewald.
Segal Street Area
Segal Street West and Segal Street East are separate, but adjoining sites
in Berkeley Township (see Figures D-4 and D-6). Abandoned sand and gravel
pits mark the center of the Segal Street West site. The treatment units
and associated facilities would be constructed on the mined areas, leaving a
150 m (500 ft) buffer strip of trees along the northern and eastern sides of
the site and a 150 m (500 ft) buffer strip of abandoned sand and gravel pits
along the southern and western sides. Vegetation at the site is common and
there are no rare or endangered species of birds or animals in the area.
The Segal Street East site is close to areas that are undergoing resi-
dential development. However, the treatment facilities would be screened
from view by the 150 m (500 ft) buffer strip. Again, vegetation at the site
is common and there are no rare or endangered species of birds or animals in
the area.
274
-------
FOR ADJOINING AREA SEE FIGURE D-5
I "" ' """ SEASIDE PA
|*-s- NOTE: PROPOSED OUTFALL EXTENDS 1500 M (5000 FT)
^^. OFFSHORE OF ISLAND BEACH. A 520 M (1?00 FT)
^r""^ DIFFUSES PIPE Will BE CONNECTED TO THIS OUTFALL.
SEWERAGE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
-------
of the selected site, but there will be a minimum buffer strip of 150 m
(500 ft) on each side of the treatment plant.
In all, twelve alternative treatment plant sites were considered by the
OCSA. Ten of these were evaluated by the EAC in the applicant's environmental
assessment statement (see Figures D-3 to D-6). Subsequently, two sites west
of the Garden State Parkway were suggested to the OCSA by local citizens groups.
Table D-l summarizes the major reasons for accepting or rejecting each of the
twelve sites. As shown in the table, a combination of environmental and eco-
nomic considerations narrowed the field of alternatives to three: Segal
Street West, Segal Street East, and Pinewald.
Segal Street Area
Segal Street West and Segal Street East are separate, but adjoining sftes
in Berkeley Township (see Figures D-4 and D-6). Abandoned sand and gravel
pits mark the center of the Segal Street West site. The treatment units
and associated facilities would be constructed on the mined areas, leaving a
150 m (500 ft) buffer strip of trees along the northern and eastern sides of
the site and a 150 m (500 ft) buffer strip of abandoned sand and gravel pits
along the southern and western sides. Vegetation at the site is common and
there are no rare or endangered species of birds or animals in the area.
The Segal Street East site is close to areas that are undergoing resi-
dential development. However, the treatment facilities would be screened
from view by the 150 m (500 ft) buffer strip. Again, vegetation at the site
is common and there are no rare or endangered species of birds or animals in
the area.
274
-------
TABLE D-l
SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE
SITES FOR THE OCCSTP
Map Designation^/
Site
Environmental Evaluation and EAC Recommendation
W-l
W-2
and
W-3
W-4
W-5
W-6
W-7
W-8
and
W-9
W-10
Segal Street West
Berkeley Shores East
and
Berkeley Shores West
Segal Street East
Pinewald
Forked River
Sloop Creek
Western Boulevard
and
Cedar Creek
Butler Boulevard
Double Trouble
and
Beachwood
(sites west of the
Garden State Parkway)
Recommended as first choice.
Not recommended because trucks transporting sludge from the
treatment plant to the landfill site would have to use local
residential streets. This practice would create a potential
health hazard, cause odor problems, and impair the aesthetic
value of the area.
Acceptable as second choice.
Acceptable as third choice provided the outfall is realigned
to avoid Island Beach State Park.
Not recommended because the outfall line would damage part of
Barnegat Bay's estuarine ecosystem and Island Beach State
Park's sole freshwater pond.
Not recommended because the mature forest at this site is an
especially valuable wildlife habitat. Drainage at the center
of the site is extremely poor; extensive landscaping of the
site would be required prior to construction.
Not recommended because both sites have potential value as
State or municipal parklands. Construction of the outfall
line would damage Island Beach State Park and part of Barnegat
Bay's estuarine ecosystem.
Not recommended because site development would involve des-
truction of 18 ha (45 acres) of wetlands and because radical
alteration of drainage patterns would cause severe siltation
problems in Clamming Creek.
Rejected because neither site was more environmentally advan-
tageous than sites W-l through W-10 and because neither site
was cost effective ($5 to $7 million more in capital costs
and $350,000 more in annual costs than the other alternative
sites).
a/See Figures D-3 through D-6.
Source: EAC, 1973.
-------
The advantages of building the treatment plant at one of the Segal Street
sites are:
1. This is the most acceptable location from an environmental
standpoint.
2. The surrounding area is still relatively undeveloped.
3. Use of either site would be in conformance with the local
land use plan: construction would be almost entirely within
the industrial zone with the buffer strip in the residential
zone.
4. Both sites are accessible from low frequency commercial roadways.
5. There is very little public opposition to use of either of the
Segal Street sites.
The disadvantages are:
1. Officials of the Boroughs of Seaside Heights, Seaside Park and
Lavalette object to use of the Segal Street sites because the
outfall line would be near the boundary between Island Beach
State Park and South Seaside Park. The officials contend that
the effluent would pollute local beach waters. They recommend
that the outfall alignment be shifted southward to effect an
8 to 10 km (5 to 6 mile) separation between the OCCSTP outfall
and the OBSTP outfall. This would require the crossing of Island
Beach State Park. The MJDEP would not grant a permit for such
a crossing.
2. Most of the flow to the sewage treatment plant would have to be
pumped. This would significantly increase the amount of power
276
-------
needed to operate the system.
3. Any necessary local pump stations would have to be built and paid
for by the municipalities as part of their local collection
systems. The capital cost of such facilities would be about
$900,000 and the annual costs about $44,000.
4. The capital cost of either of the Segal Street sites would be
somewhat higher than the capital cost of the Pinewald site.
Pinewald Area
The Pinewald site is also located in Berkeley Township (see Figure D-4).
Approximately half of the site is free of vegetation, an aftereffect of sand
and gravel mining operations. The rest of the site supports mixed stands of
aged oak, aged pine, and young pine. Trash and debris are scattered over the
site. The site does not harbor any rare or endangered wildlife species.
Resident wildlife would be adequately provided for by the maintenance of a
150 m (500 ft) buffer. The buffer would also screen the plant from the view
of passersby.
The advantages of building the treatment plant at the Pinewald site 'are:
1. The location is acceptable from an environmental standpoint.
2. The surrounding area is undeveloped.
3. The site is accessible from U.S. Route 9, a major commercial road-
way.
4. The capital cost would be approximately $921,000 less than the
capital cost of either of the Segal Street alternatives.
The disadvantages are:
1. The outfall line would cut across Island Beach State Park. The
277
-------
NJDEP would not issue a permit for such a crossing. The capital
cost of routing the outfall to a location north of the State park
would be $838,000.
2. The necessary local pump stations would have to be built and paid
for by Berkeley and Lacey Townships as part of their local collec-
tion systems. The capital cost of such facilities would be about
$450,000 and the annual costs about $22,000.
3. Most of the flow to the sewage treatment plant would have to be
pumped. This would significantly increase the amount of power
needed to operate the system.
4. Mining operations have so altered the area and its natural drain-
age patterns that extensive site preparation would be required
prior to construction.
Final Site Selection
After considering the recommendations made by the EAC and the NJDEP and
the comments made at public hearings held on November 1 and 2, 1972, February
14, 1973 and June 14, 1973, the OCSA chose to locate the OCCSTP in the Segal
Street area. The proposed site is actually a compromise between the Segal
Street West and Segal Street East sites, (see Figures D-4 and D-6).
A letter from the NJDEP to the OCSA, which was read into the record of
the June 14, 1973 public hearing, outlines the NJDEP's reasons for recommend-
ing the Segal Street site:
We are now in a position to recommend the Segal Street site over
the Berkeley Shores and Pinewall [sic] Sites. This determination
was made for the following reasons:
1. The Segal Street Site is more compatible with the existing
278
-------
land use patterns, the zoning plan, and future land use
planned for Berkeley Township.
2. The site is nearer to the sludge disposal sites, and
fewer problems would be encountered in connection with
the selection of sludge trucking routes which would be
accepted by the public.
3. This site maximizes the use of existing rights of way
(the abandoned C.R.R. New Jersey Railroad Right of Way),
reducing the main interceptor length and utilizing an
existing corridor.
4. The Segal Street Site also provides for a greater future
flexibility to accommodate land disposal of treated
effluent since it will be closer to possible land dis-
posal areas.
5. There has been demonstrated more public acceptance of
this site since it is removed from existing recreational
and residential areas.
We recognize that this site will result in a slightly higher
annual operating cost because of the necessity to utilize increased
pumping from service areas located east of the Railroad. However,
the compatibility of this site with land use planning in the area
and the preservation of flexibility for the future outweighs this
slight differential in cost. (OCSA, 1973-74).
The OCSA acknowledged at the public hearing that the deciding factor in
their selection of the Segal Street site was the NJDEP's endorsement of that
alternative. The OCSA's other reasons for choosing the Segal Street site were:
1. Communications from the NJDEP and the EPA indicate that the
additional capital and operating costs of the Segal Street
site (as compared to the Berkeley Shores site) are justifiable
because of the disadvantages associated with the Berkeley Shores
sites.
2. Segal Street is the site recommended by the EAC.
3. The Pinewald site is unacceptable because it requires an outfall
279
-------
crossing of Island Beach State Park. This is prohibited by the
NJDEP.
4. The Segal Street site is generally preferred by local communities
and groups. (OCSA, 1973-74).
COLLECTION SYSTEM SEWER ROUTINGS
The service area for the OCCSTP was delineated by the natural drainage
basins of Toms River, Forked River, Cedar Creek, and the Island Beach barrier
bar. The proper locations for interceptor sewers within the service area were
determined by such factors as present and projected population distribution,
land use patterns, and sewage treatment requirements. Proposed routings were
selected on the basis of their ability to minimize the potential adverse en-
vironmental effects of construction and operation of the sewer line.
A detailed environmental assessment of each alternative routing was pre-
sented to. the public by the OCSA. The proposed routings were either recommend-
ed by or acceptable to the OCSA's environmental consultant, the EAC. Generally,
the recommended routings are located in pavement while the acceptable routings
involve disruption of natural habitat. In several cases, the proposed routing
passes through or very close to an environmentally critical area; these cases
are discussed below. A summary of all the alternative interceptor routings is
presented in Table D-2. The alternative routings are shown in Figures D-l
through D-10.
South Bayshore Interceptor
Part of the proposed routing (segment A-2) pases near large shade trees
that line the 1200 m (4000 ft) paved section of Old Lower Shore Road. These
trees should be preserved. Another part of the proposed routing (segments
B-l, B-2, B-2A) passes near shade trees along Main Street (Old Main Shore
Road), U.S. Route 9, and Parker Avenue. These trees must be avoided.
280
-------
TABLE D-2
ALTERNATIVE COLLECTION SYSTEM ROUTINGS
FOR THE CENTRAL SERVICE AREA
Interceptor or Force Main
Pipe Diameter—''
cm (in.)
Alternative
Routings by
Segment^-'
Comparative Cost—'
In Dollars
Capital
Annual
EAC Evaluation
OCSA Proposed
Alternative^/
Mainland
South Bayshore Interceptor
North Bayshore Interceptor
Ocean Gate Interceptor
41 to 69
(16 to 27)
61 to 107
(24 to 42)
91 to 107
(36 to 42)
107
(42)
137
(54)
61
(24)
61
(24)
A-l
A- 2
A-3
A-4
B-l
B-2
B-2A
B-1.B-2.B-2A
C-l
C-2
C-3
C-4
D-l
D-2
D-3
D-4
E-l
E-2
E-3
F-l
F-2
G-l
G-2
3,441,350
2,163,980
2,323,070
2,869,450
3,074,450
4,214,600
3,346,900
3,504,810
1,419,900
2,201,010
1,883,400
1,017,590 .
-
49,390
51,155
53,520
88,015
116,260
98,630
143,615
96,435
20,385
32,505
115,145
16,155
-
Recommended
Acceptable
Not Recommended
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Recommended
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Recommended
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Recommended
Acceptable
Acceptable
Recommended
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
A-2
B-1.B-2.B-2A
C-4
D-3
E-3
F-2
G-2
-------
TABLE D-2 (Continued)
Interceptor or Force Main
Wrangle Brook Interceptor
Jakes 'Branch Interceptor
Ridgeway Branch Interceptor
Union Branch Interceptor
Ridgeway Branch - Union
Branch Interceptor
Toms River Interceptor
Toms River Crossing
Interceptor (Including
Fischer Boulevard Inter-
ceptor, Section H)
Pipe Diameter-
cm (in.)
61
(24)
69
(27)
53
(21)
41 to 76
(16 to 30)
61
(24)
91
(36)
91
(36)
41 to 91
(16 to 36)
152
(60)
76 to 91
(30 to 36)
Alternative
Routings by
Segment—'
L-l
L-2
M
N-l
N-2
0-1
0-2
P-l
P-2
Q
R-l
R-2
R-2A
R-2B
R-2.R-2B
0-1, R-l
0-2,' R-2
0-2, R-2A
0-2, R-2.R-2B
S-l
S-2
T (original)
T (alternate)
Comparative Cost—'
In Dollars
Capital
777,670
558,250
287,020
1,184,790
954,960
Annual
16,230
11,605
5,730
46,520
38,680
See Ridgeway Branch -
Union Branch Interceptor
883,250
527,430
913,470
13,310
9,600
14,750
See Ridgeway Branch -
Union Branch Interceptor
2,627,060
1,846,310
2,812,510
3,295,110
2,569,500
2,726,870
2,188,510
82,290
45,890
58,620
92,380
41,270
111,395
100,805
EAC Evaluation
Recommended
Acceptable
Acceptable
Recommended
Acceptable
Recommended
, Acceptable
Recommended
Acceptable
Acceptable
Recommended
Not Recommended
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Recommended
Not Recommended
Acceptable
Acceptable
Recommended
Acceptable
Acceptable
Recommended
OCSA Proposed
Alternative^-'
L-2
M
N-2
0-2
P-2
Q
R-2.R-2B
0-2.R-2.R-2B
S-2
T (alternate)
-------
TABLE D-2 (Continued)
Interceptor or Force Main
Toms River Relief Inter-
ceptor
Butler Boulevard—''
Interceptor
Mill Creek Interceptor^/
Davenport Interceptor—'
Pipe Diameter—'
cm (in.)
137 to 183
(54 to 72)
69
(27)
91
(36)
91
(36)
Alternative
Routings by
Segment—'
Y-l *
Y-2
Y-3
-
-
-
Comparative CostS.'
In Dollars
Capital
-
-
-
-
Annual
-
-
-
-
EAC Evaluation
Acceptable
Not Recommended
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Not Evaluated
OCSA Proposed
Alternative^/
Y-3
Butler Boulevard
Mill Creek
Davenport
Island Beach
Lavallette Interceptor
Seaside Heights Interceptor
South Island Beach Inter-
ceptor
-
91
(36)
36 to 76
(14 to 30)
I
J
K
279,000
390,850
1,418,250
22,553
27,972
79,242
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
I
J
K
a/See Figure 19.
Win each case, the proposed routing is either one of the alternative routings or a combination of alternative routings.
^/Where available, approximate cost figures have been included for the sake of comparison.
d/Alternatives considered subsequent to public hearings.
Source: EAC, 1973; OCSA, 1973-74.
-------
Siltation in Lower Barnegat Lake must also be avoided. The final part of the
proposed routing (segment C-4) is not expected to cause any environmental dam-
age because it lies entirely within the Central Railroad of New Jersey right-
of-way.
North Bayshore Interceptor
The proposed routing for this interceptor (segments D-3 and E-3), is not
expected to cause any environmental damage because it lies in the Central
Railroad of New Jersey right-of-way.
Ocean Gate Interceptor
The proposed routing (segment F-2) is acceptable because most of it lies
in existing roadway. Part of the interceptor will pass through a severely
fire-damaged area of coastal hardwoods. The young stands of red maple and -
black gum that have grown since the fire will be removed during construction;
the stands should reestablish themselves within a few years.
In the vicinity of Ocean Gate Drive, the proposed routing crosses Duck
Pond. This crossing is acceptable if the following measures are taken: 1)
pond bank stability is maintained to prevent siltation in the pond, 2) the
small cedar stands on the western side of the pond are avoided, and 3) the
pond banks are seeded immediately after construction to establish vegetative
cover and to prevent bank erosion.
Wrangle Brook Interceptor
The proposed routing (segments L-2 and M) is acceptable even though seg-
ment L-2 skirts 700 m (2300 ft) of leather leaf bog. Leather leaf bog is not
very common in the project area. The bog area should be protected from
284
-------
disturbance by construction.
Jakes Branch Interceptor
Part of the Jakes Branch interceptor (segment N-2) skirts 300 m (1000 ft)
of cranberry bog. Construction should be carefully controlled to prevent des-
truction of the bog. In addition, siltation in Jakes Branch and its associat-
ed ponds must be avoided.
Ridgeway Branch Interceptor
The proposed routing (segment 0-2) lies within the primary flood plain of
Ridgeway Branch. It involves one stream crossing, at Cabin Brook Branch.
According to the EAC (1973): "There are sections of the line, specifically
just east of Alligator Road, where the line comes close to the main stream
itself. Care should be taken at these areas where the line is close to Ridge-
way Branch to avoid siltation of the stream and possible siltation of Pine
Lake into which the Ridgeway Branch empties." If these precautions are taken
the proposed routing is acceptable.
Union Branch Interceptor
The Union Branch interceptor will be near the Pine Lake Bathing Beach.
The immediate lake area has been avoided in the proposed routing (segments
R-2, and R-2B) by placing the interceptor in Beacon Street upland of the beach.
This routing, combined with proper construction techniques, should eliminate
the hazard of siltation in Pine Lake. As a further precaution, excavated
materials must be stock-piled away from the bathing beach. In addition, con-
struction of the interceptor along County Route 571 should be scheduled to
allow access to the KOA campgrounds near Ridgeway Branch.
285
-------
Toms River Interceptor
The proposed routing (segment S-2) is acceptable if the portion of the
interceptor lying east of Oak Ridge Parkway remains in the 46 m (150 ft) power
line right-of-way and does not encroach upon the wooded area between the power
line right-of-way and the Garden State Parkway.
Toms River Crossing Interceptor
The proposed routing (T-alternate) is preferred because it involves a
460 m (1500 ft) crossing of Toms River as opposed to an 1800 m (6000 ft) cross-
ing for the original routing. Adequate measures should be taken to prevent
siltation in Toms River. The rest of the interceptor lies in existing -road-
way rights-of-way.
Toms River Relief Interceptor
Since most of this interceptor lies within the Central Railroad of New
Jersey right-of-way, no adverse environmental effects are expected. The pro-
posed routing (segment Y-3) places the interceptor closer to the Garden State
Parkway than does alternative Y-2 and crosses Toms River at a narrower point,
avoiding the wild rice patches that would be disturbed by alternative Y-2.
Construction precautions should be taken to avoid siltation in Toms River.
Butler Boulevard Interceptor
The Butler Boulevard interceptor is acceptable because it is aligned in
existing roadway. However, construction should avoid the specimen silver
maples that line Butler Boulevard. If the extensive root systems of these
trees are damaged, the trees may die.
286
-------
Mill Creek Interceptor
The proposed interceptor routing is acceptable provided the following con-
straints are implemented: 1) extension of the existing sewer easement north-
east of U.S. Route 9 is restricted to the upland areas to prevent the distur-
bance of cedar swamps located in the lowland areas, 2) trench spoils are not
stockpiled in lowland areas or in areas susceptible to erosion, 3) the con-
stuction right-of-way through the cedar swamp area southwest of U.S. Route 9
is as narrow as possible to avoid damage to swamp vegetation, and 4) erosion
and siltation in the cedar swamps and in Mill Creek are prevented. An alter-
native routing that would avoid the cedar swamp southwest of U.S. Route 9 was
proposed by the EAC. The OCSA is considering this alternative.
Davenport Interceptor
The alignment for this interceptor has not yet been finalized. However,
the alignment shown in Figures D-6 and D-7 lies in existing roadway.
Island Beach Interceptors
The proposed Island Beach interceptor routings (segments I, J, and l()
are acceptable because they follow existing roadway rights-of-way. However,
"Care should be taken to avoid the pumping of excavation water into Barnegat
Bay, and construction should be performed during winter months." (EAC, 1973).
OUTFALL ROUTINGS
The routing for the OCCSTP outfall mainly depends on the location of the
treatment plant. The proposed location for the OCCSTP is the Segal Street
site. Alternative outfall alignments for other treatment plant sites, although
considered by the OCSA and the EAC, will not be discussed.
287
-------
The outfall line is divided into the following sections: the mainland
crossing, the Barnegat Bay crossing and the Island Beach crossing. The
mainland section follows existing roadway and is, therefore, environmentally
acceptable is proper construction methods are employed. The Barnegat Bay and
Island Beach crossings are discussed below. The alternative outfall routes
are shown in Figures D-5 and D-10.
Barnegat Bay Crossing
As shown in Figure D-10, two alternative bay crossings were considered.
Alternative Crossing No. 1 requires that 3390 m (11,100 ft) of the outfall be
placed in Barnegat Bay and 940 m (2800 ft) be placed in Allen Road on the
mainland. The total length of Alternative Crossing No. 1 is 1810 m (13,900
ft). Alternative Crossing No. 2 requires that 2520 m (8250 ft) of outfall be
placed in Barnegat Bay and 2820 m (9250 ft) be placed in mainland roadways.
The total length of Alternative Crossing No. 2 is 5340 m (17,500 ft). Alter-
native Crossing No. 2 has a higher construction cost because of its greater
length.
Both alternatives are acceptable, but Alternative Crossing No. 2 is pre-
ferred because it involves a shorter bay crossing. In either case, precautions
must be taken to prevent siltation in the bay waters during construction. The
proposed construction method (immediate backfilling after pipe installation
with material being excavated for the next section) is expected to minimize
siltation. This method eliminates the need to establish temporary storage
points for excavated material. The suspension of bottom sediments during con-
struction should not result in wide-spread siltation because of the relatively
low current velocities in the bay (OCSA, 1973-74).
288
-------
Island Beach Crossing
Seven alternative Island Beach crossings were evaluated by the EAC. Four
of the routings follow existing roadways; three traverse Island Beach State
Park. The alternative routings and the recommendations of the EAC are:
21st Avenue Crossing Acceptable
22nd Avenue Crossing Acceptable
23rd Avenue Crossing Acceptable
24th Avenue Crossing Acceptable
Island Beach State Park Crossing No. 1 Acceptable
Island Beach State Park Crossing No. 2 Not recommended
Island Beach State Park Crossing No. 3 Not recommended
The OCSA selected the 23rd Avenue Crossing as the proposed routing.
The three Island Beach State Park crossings were rejected because 1) the
NJDEP prohibited the crossing of the State park, 2) the EPA opposed any unne-
cessary construction in the State park, and 3) the other alternative were
more environmentally acceptable. Ease of construction was the reason for
choosing the 23rd Avenue crossing over the other alternatives.
SLUDGE DISPOSAL SITES
Sludge from the OCCSTP will be conditioned, stabilized, dewatered and
disposed of in a sanitary landfill. Four alternative sites were considered.
The OCSA has selected two landfill sites: Southern Ocean Landfill, Inc. and
Ocean County Landfill Corporation. (Simpson, written communication, 1974).
Both of the selected sludge disposal sites are State-approved private
sanitary landfills. The Southern Ocean Landfill, Inc. is located in Ocean
Township. Operating at a maximum capacity of 750 cu m/day (1000 cu yds/day),
289
-------
this 115 ha (287 acre) site has a life expectancy of approximately thirty-five
years. The site has an average elevation of 44 m (145 ft) above sea level,
and thetwater table lies at an average depth of 14 m (45 ft) below the surface.
The only water body in the vicinity of this site is a small stream about 1.6
km (1 mile) from the site (Caldeira, written communication, 1974).
The Ocean County Landfill Corporation is located off State Route 70 in
Lakehurst, Manchester Township. This 180 ha (450 acre) site has a life ex-
pectancy of approximately thirty years. The water table lies at an average
of 28 m (90 ft) below the surface. No water bodies lie within 1.6 km (1 mile)
of the site (Grove, oral communication, 1974).
290
-------
APPENDIX E
U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE BACTERIOLOGICAL STANDARDS
FOR DRINKING HATER
The U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, dated 1962,
state:
3.21 When 10 ml standard portions are examined not more
than 10 percent in any month shall show the presence of
the coliform group. The presence of the coliform group
in three or more 10 ml portions of a standard sample shall
not be allowable if this occurs:
(a.) In two consecutive samples;
(b.) In more than one sample per month when less
than-twenty are examined per month; or
(c.) In more than 5 percent of the samples when
twenty or more are examined per month...etc.
3.22 When 100 ml standard portions are examined, not more
than 60 percent in any month shall show the presence of
the coliform groun. The presence of the coliform group
in all five of the 100 ml portions of a standard sample
shall not be allowable if this occurs:
(a.) In two consecutive samples;
(b.) In more than one sample per month when less
than five are examined per month; or
(c.) In more than 20 percent of the samples when
five or more are examined per month...etc.
3.23 When the membrane filter technique is used, the arithmetic
mean colifcrm density of all standard samples examined per month
shall not exceed one per 100 ml. Coliform colonies per standard
sample shall not exceed 3/50 ml, 5/100 ml, 7/200 ml, or 13/500 ml
(a.) In two consecutive samples;
(b.) In more than one sample per month when less ,
than twenty are examined per. month; or
(c.) In more than five percent of the samples when
twenty or more are examined per month...etc.
291
-------
-------
|