CWT 10-29
Report on the
Water Quality of Long Island Sound
March 1971
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WATER QUALITY OFFICE • NORTHEAST REGION
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REPORT ON THE
WATER QUALITY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND
MARCH 1971
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WATER QUALITY OFFICE - NORTHEAST REGION
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
REPORT ON THE WATER QUALITY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND
Section Title Page
CONCLUSIONS vi
RECOMMENDATIONS viii
I. BASIN CHARACTERISTICS 1
Outline of Area 1
Geology 1
Climate 1
Hydrology 2
Population 3
Economy 4
II. WATER USES 6
Industrial and Municipal Water Supply 6
Commercial Navigation 7
Recreation 7
Swimming 7
Recreational Boating . . 8
Fishing 9
Shellfishing 9
Pollution Affecting Shellfisheries 11
III. SOURCES OF POLLUTION 13
Municipal and Institutional Waste 13
Federal Facilities 13
Industrial Waste 15
Combined - Sewer Overflows 15
Recreational Boating Waste 16
Discharges of Oil and Petroleum Products 16
Disposal of Dredging Spoils 17
Thermal Pollution 17
IV. PRESENT WATER QUALITY 18
Description of Criteria 18
Water Quality in 1969 20
Water Quality in 1970 24
Biology 28
Summary 29
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)
REPORT ON THE WATER QUALITY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND
Section Title Page
V. POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS 30
Federal 30
Water Quality Standards 30
Construction Grants 30
Federal Facilities 30
State 31
New York 31
Connecticut 32
Interstate Programs 32
Interstate Sanitation Commission 32
New England River Basins Commission 33
New England Interstate Water Pollution .... 33
Control Commission
BIBLIOGRAPHY 34
APPENDICES
A - Conventional Steam and Nuclear Electric Power Plants
on Long Island Sound.
B - Wast Source Listing and Implementation Plan Schedule.
C - Letter dated February 10, 1971, Long Island Oyster
Farms, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut regarding economic
loss to shellfish industry as a result of water pollution.
Letter dated February 11, 1971, State of Connecticut
Shell Fish Commission, Milford, Connecticut regarding
economic loss to shellfish industry as a result of
water pollution.
D - Water Quality Standards.
E - Environmental Protection Agency Survey of Long Island
Sound - September-October 1969.
F - Environmental Protection Agency Survey of North Shore
of Long Island Sound - July 1970.
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TABLES
Following
Page
Number Title
1 Summary of Major Surface Water Runoff to Long 2
Island Sound
2 Distribution of Population in Conference Area for 4
I960, 1969, 1980 and 2010
3 Conference Area Population as Percent of Total for 4
1960, 1969, 1980 and 2010
4 Tributary (County) Distribution of Population 4
5 1968 Distribution of Business in Long Island Region 4
by State, County and Major SIC Classification
6 Water Quality Standards Violations in Long Island 19
Sound as Determined by EPA Surveys of
September-October 1969 and July 1970
7 Water Quality Standards Violations on Long Island 19
Sound as determined by State, County and
Interstate Agencies
8 Federal Construction Grant Projects 31
A-l Conventional Steam Electric Power Plants on Appendix A
Long Island Sound
A-2 Nuclear Electric Power Plants on Long Island Appendix A
Sound
B-l Municipal and Institutional Waste Sources Appendix B
B-2 Federal Waste Sources Appendix B
B-3 Industrial Waste Sources Appendix B
B-4 Combined Sewer Systems Appendix B
E-l Data, Environmental Protection Agency Survey Appendix E
of Long Island Sound, September-October 1969
F-l Data, Environmental Protection Agency Survey Appendix F
of Long Island Sound, North Shore,
July 1970
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FIGURES
Number
1
2
3
A
5
Title
Long Island Sound
Surface Current - Average (Knots) - Long Island
Sound
Closed Shellfish Areas - Long Island Sound
Dumping Grounds - Long Island Sound
Standards Violations, 1969, 1970, Long Island
Sound
Following
Page
2
2
11
17
19
A-l Power Generating Stations - Long Island Sound Appendix A
B-l Municipal and Institutional Waste Sources Appendix B
Long Island Sound
B-2 Federal Waste Sources - Long Island Sound Appendix B
B-3 Industrial Waste Sources - Long Island Appendix B
Sound
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REPORT ON THE WATER QUALITY OF
LONG ISLAND SOUND
CONCLUSIONS
1. Long Island Sound is a valuable natural resource which the present
generation holds In trust for posterity, with an obligation to pass
it on in the best possible condition.
2. Pollution of Long Island Sound, particularly in its harbors and
embayments, has adverse effects on fish, shellfish, and other
aquatic life; causes interference with recreational use of the
waters; despoils beaches and shore-front property; and causes
interference with aesthetic enjoyment. Dredging and filling of
marshlands also significantly affect the ecology of the Sound.
The sources of this pollution include wastes from municipalities
and industries (including oil and heated effluents), Federal
activities, watercraft, and sewer overflows.
3. Many commercial shellfish areas in New York and Connecticut are
closed to the harvesting of shellfish for direct human consumption or
market purposes as a result of high bacterial levels or proximity to
sources of pollution. It is estimated that losses to the shellfish
industry over the past 50 years have exceeded $500 million as a
result of these closures.
A. Water quality standards have been established to preserve and
protect the waters of Long Island Sound. Recent reports and
surveys show that water quality in areas of Long Island Sound,
particularly in the major harbors and embayments, does not meet
Federal-State water quality criteria. Moreover, many of the
Federally approved water quality standards implementation
schedules are not being met.
5. A primary source of bacteria in water is the discharge of raw and
inadequately treated domestic wastes. Evidence of severe bacterial
pollution, in violation of the water quality standards, has been
found by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the East River,
Off Stepping Stones, Off Hewlett Point, Eastchester Bay, Hutchinson
River, Little Neck Bay, Manhasset Bay, Off Peningo Neck, Port Chester
Harbor, Greenwich Harbor, Stamford Harbor, Bridgeport Harbor,
Housatonic River, New Haven Harbor, New London Harbor and Thames
River.
6. The small quantity of oxygen normally dissolved in water is perhaps
the most important single ingredient necessary for a healthful,
balanced, aquatic life environment. The discharge of inadequately
treated municipal and industrial wastes with their high concentrations
of biochemical oxygen demand has resulted in seriously low levels of
dissolved oxygen in violation of the Federal-State standards in many
areas of the Sound. EPA studies show that these areas are: East
River, Off Stepping Stones, Off Hewlett Point, Eastchester Bay,
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Hutchinson River, Norwalk Harbor, Housatonic River, Milford Harbor,
New Haven Harbor and Thames River. At present, the main body of
Long Island Sound has not evidenced signs of oxygen deficiency.
7. Many of the harbors and embayments of Long Island Sound have high
nutrient levels. Algal blooms have occurred in Long Island Sound,
with the most recent occurring outside New Haven Harbor in the
fall of 1969.
8. Vessels of all types, commercial, recreational, and Federal, plying
the waters of Long Island Sound and its tributaries are contributors
of untreated and inadequately treated wastes in local harbors and
in the open waters of the Sound. These discharges intensify local
problems of bacterial pollution.
9. Oil discharges from industrial plants and commercial ships and careless
loading and unloading of cargos, despoil beaches and other recreational
areas, damage shore-front property, coat the hulls of pleasure boats,
and are deleterious to fish and other aquatic life.
10. Disposal of polluted dredged material in the open waters of Long
Island Sound contributes to degradation of water quality in the
Sound.
11. The circulation pattern of Long Island Sound is such that the wastes
discharged in Connecticut cross the State line into New York. In
the western part of the Sound, wastes discharged in New York cross
the State line into Connecticut.
12. Discharges of sewage, industrial wastes, and other wastes originating
in New York and Connecticut cause pollution of Long Island Sound
which endangers the health or welfare of persons in States other
than those in which such discharges originate. This pollution is
subject to abatement under the provisions of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1151 et seq.).
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RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. Enforcement action be initiated immediately against those sources
of pollution not in compliance with Federally approved water quality
standards.
2. Waste treatment be provided by all municipal and industrial waste
sources affecting Long Island Sound so as to provide compliance with
Federally approved water quality criteria established by the States.
3. All municipal and industrial discharges containing fecal coliform
bacteria be effectively disinfected year-round.
4. Where Federally approved water quality standards implementation
schedules do not contain interim dates for submission of final
plans and specifications and for start of construction, such dates
be furnished by the States to the Conference Chairman within 30
days from the date of this conference. In all such cases, the
established dates for completion of construction, as specified
in the Federally approved State water quality standards shall
continue to apply.
5. There are 46 municipal and industrial waste sources in the con-
ference area not included in the Federally approved water quality
standards implementation schedules. These sources and the State
Schedules are listed in Tables B-l and B-3 contained in this
report. It is recommended that these schedules be adopted by the
conferees as the enforceable conference implementation schedules.
6. The Environmental Protection Agency, the States, and the Interstate
agencies develop a water quality management program for Long Island
Sound. The program shall evaluate alternatives and recommend specific
programs, including financial and organizational arrangements, to secure
long-term compliance with the water quality standards and a rational
management scheme to protect the Sound. The program shall include, but
not be limited to:
a. Determination of areas of critical value for recreation
and for finfish and shellfish production, and of meas-
ures for restoring these areas or protecting them
from future encroachments;
b. Alternate municipal and industrial waste collection and
treatment systems;
c. Location, siting, and design of power plants;
d. Disposal of dredged material, sludge, and other wastes;
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e. Financial, organizational, and legal arrangements for
implementing recommended actions.
It is recommended that the program be initiated immediately.
It should be coordinated with the interagency multipurpose plan
for the Water and Related Land Resources of Long Island Sound
being initiated under the leadership of the New England River
Basins Commission. None of these activities shall be construed
as superseding the existing water quality standards implementation
schedules or the recommendations of the Long Island Sound Enforce-
ment Conference.
7. The practice of transporting polluted dredged material to spoil
areas in the open waters of Long Island Sound be prohibited.
8. A comprehensive study of the combined sewers in the area be con-
ducted by Connecticut and New York to determine methods of
elimination or treatment, and the report of this study be completed
by April 1973. Upon completion of this study, the conferees shall
establish a program and schedules for alleviating this source of
pollution.
9. Connecticut is to take the appropriate steps to require marinas
to install facilities to receive the sewage discharge from vessels
for appropriate on-shore treatment.
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I - BASIN CHARACTERISTICS
Outline of Area
This report is concerned with the waters of Long Island Sound and
its tidal estuaries, bays and harbors to head of tide along the shores
of New York and Connecticut between Throgs Neck Bridge in the west and
a line extending from the New York-Connecticut-Rhode Island State line
to north shore of Long Island Sound at Orient Point in the east (see
Figure 1). The area covered includes Fishers Island and Plum Island.
It excludes the Pawcatuck River Basin and the tidal portion of the Con-
necticut River not affecting Long Island Sound.
Geology
Long Island Sound was formed in the Tertiary period, probably as
the valley of a large stream, by the erosion of weathered bedrock and
the overlying Lloyd sand. South of the Sound, a line of hills was
formed on what is now Long Island. After the ice sheets melted, the
northern slopes of these hills were carved into a series of short steep
straight valleys and wide deep harbors by the numerous small northward
flowing streams. These small streams on the north shore of Long Island
have drainage areas of less than 30 square miles.
Long Island Sound has a length of more than 90 nautical miles and
an average width of about ten nautical miles. The maximum width of
about 20 nautical miles occurs opposite New Haven Harbor. The depths
of the near-shore waters (less than a mile off shore) are generally
below 25 feet. Off-shore waters range in depth from 25 to more than
100 feet with some pockets having depths of 125 to 150 feet. The
volume of the Sound is estimated to be about 2,200 billion cubic feet
(63 billion cubic meters).
Long Island Sound has an eastern entrance to the Atlantic Ocean
through Block Island Sound and The Race. The Race is that stretch of
water between Fishers Island and Plum Island. The western entrance
to the Sound is by way of the East River at Throgs Neck.
Climate
The average annual air temperature of Long Island Sound is about
51 F. The average monthly air temperature ranges from the middle seven-
ties in the summer to the middle twenties in winter. Extreme tempera-
tures range from above 100 F to less than zero.
Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year with the
monthly average at about 3.7 inches. The annual precipitation rate
varies with location around the Sound, but generally ranges from 40 to
46 inches per year. The annual snowfall on the area is about 30 to 35
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inches. During the winter months, precipitation results from the
"prevailing westerlies." The greatest precipitation generally occurs
during August when tropical storms reach the area. June and July
offer the lowest monthly average precipitation.
Hydrology
Fresh Water Inflow
Three major drainage basins provide the Sound with fresh water.
They are, in order of importance, the Connecticut River Basin (11,265
square miles), the Housatonic River Basin (1,950 square miles) and the
Thames River Basin (1,470 square miles). Smaller streams in Connecticut,
on the New York mainland and on Long Island drain an additional 1,300
square miles. Thus the entire drainage area to the Sound is about
16,000 square miles, or about 13 times the area of Long Island Sound.
A summary of the average annual runoff from river basins draining to
the Sound is shown on Table 1.
Another source of fresh water to Long Island Sound is groundwater
outflow. The estimated subsurface outflow from groundwater in Connecti-
cut is estimated to be about 190 cubic feet per second (cfs) and from
Long Island about 260 cfs.
Circulation of Water
Movement of water in Long Island Sound is complex. Circulation is
influenced by: inflow of salty Block Island Sound water; density dif-
ferences between bottom and surface waters; inflow of fresh water from
streams and groundwater; and by tides, winds, and the earth's rotation.
There is also inflow of water from the East River at Throgs Neck which
affects the western portion of the Sound near the New York Metropolitan
Area.
Water from Block Island Sound enters Long Island Sound along the
bottom through The Race. As the bottom water travels westward it is
gradually mixed into the surface layer. Near New Haven, bottom water
moves west at an average speed of almost six miles per month; at the
western end the bottom transport is essentially zero.
Surface transport, generally composed of mixed bottom water, and
surface runoff and groundwater seepage increases from west to east.
Near New Haven the surface transport flows east at a rate of almost
nine miles per month.
Tidal currents commonly average about 0.7 knots, and generally move
parallel to the coast. Figure 2 shows the average surface velocities in
the Sound. The polluted fresher water entering the Sound through Throgs
Neck tends to keep to the Long Island shore. The saltier Block Island
Sound water entering The Race tends to keep to the Connecticut shore.
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(Q
c
LONG ISLAND SOUND
GREENWICH
\ *
PORT CHESTER
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TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF MAJOR SURFACE WATER RUNOFF TO LONG ISLAND SOUND
Drainage Area Average Annual Flow
Drainage Basin Square Miles Cubic Feet Per Second
Long Island, N.Y.
Glen Cove Creek 11 7.2
Mill Neck Creek 12 9.5
Cold Spring Brook 7 4.6
Nissequoque River 27_ 42.2
57 63.5
Westchester County, N.Y.
Hutchinson River 6 6.3
Mamaroneck River 2^3 29.3
29 35.6
New York-Connecticut
Byram River 36 10.7
Connecticut
Connecticut River 11,265 19,100
Housatonic River 1,950 3,230
Thames River 1,470 2,420
Connecticut Coastal 1.150 2,060
15,835 26,810
Total 15,957 26,920
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SURFACE CURRENT-AVERAGE (KNOTS)
LONG ISLAND SOUND
WE SIC HE SUB \ STAMFORD
COUNTY \
GREENWICH
j NASSAU COUNT.
LillU N. .t Boy -T
NOTES:
1 Surface currents tummed over one tidal cycl*
2 From USCAGS 0S74, tidal current charti.
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These surface currents cross the New York-Connecticut State lines near
Fishers Island and the New York-Connecticut State line near Port Chester
Harbor. When the waters near the State lines are polluted, tidal currents
carry the polluted waters from one State into another.
Population
Conference Area (Immediately Bordering the Sound)
The conference area for Long Island Sound consists of those municipal-
ities which immediately border the water body itself. In addition, it is
necessary to define a larger area — called the tributary region — which
consists of counties which are reasonably close to the Sound. The munici-
palities in the conference area will have the greatest impact on the Sound,
whereas the tributary region contains not only these municipalities but
also others which have a lesser but still significant impact.
In 1960, approximately two million people lived in those municipali-
ties bordering the Sound excluding New York City. About half of the
area's population was located in Connecticut municipalities and the other
half in New York State municipalities. Table 2 shows the population in
the conference area for selected years and area population distribution
and population percentage changes estimated for 1969, 1980 and 2010.
The total population in the conference area is expected to rise
from 2,480,000 in 1969 to 4,340,000 by 2010, an increase of 75 percent.
During this period, the population of the New York portion, primarily
the Nassau and Suffolk municipalities bordering the Sound, can increase
by an estimated 100 percent, from 1,230,000 in 1969 to 2,450,000 in
2010. Table 3 shows, that of the total conference area population, the
Connecticut portion was 53 percent in 1960 but by 2010 it is expected
to decline to 44 percent. Conversely, the New York portion is expected
to increase to 56 percent during this period.
Tributary (County) Region
Any consideration of the Long Island Sound conference area should
take into account the socio-economic impact of the larger county-wide
region that is tributary to the Sound. Counting whole counties (seven
in New York — Kings, Queens, New York, Bronx, Westchester, Nassau and
Suffolk — and four in Connecticut — Fairfield, Middlesex, New Haven
and New London), the population in the tributary region was 11,924,353
in 1960. The estimated 1969 population was 12,890,000; the population
by 2010 is estimated at 18,610,000, an increase of 44 percent (see
Table 4).
In 1960, the total population for the seven New York State counties
was 10,335,839, whereas the four Connecticut counties totalled 1,588,514,
For 2010, the New York counties' total is estimated at 15,640,000 and
Connecticut's four counties at 2,970,000. This indicates that the New
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York counties' population will increase by an estimated 42 percent between
1969 and 2010, compared to the Connecticut counties which will increase
by 55 percent.
Comparison of Table 2 and Table 4 discloses that the population in
the conference area is expected to increase by 75 percent between 1969
and 2010, while the population throughout the tributary region for the
same period will increase more slowly—by 44 percent.
Population growth in the conference area and the larger tributary
region will result in an increase in waste load to the waterways; the
waste load per person will also rise due to the increased domestic use
of such items as garbage disposal units.
The expected increase in leisure time during the coming decades
will place greater demands on recreational facilities and the use of
recreational equipment such as boats. Long Island Sound will be
called upon to serve more and more people. At the same time, the
divergent demands of recreation and other environmental needs versus
waste disposal, power generation and commercial uses are competing
with each other.
Economy
The discussion of the economy in the conference area is based only
upon the seven counties directly adjoining Long Island Sound, namely
Westchester, Nassau and Suffolk Counties on the New York side and
Fairfield, Middlesex, New Haven and New London Counties on the Connecti-
cut side.
For these seven counties slightly more than 91,000 business estab-
lishments (all Standard Industrial Classifications-SIC) were reported
in 1968. Table 5 shows that the New York counties accounted for approx-
imately 57,600 or more than half of the total number.
Roughly 8200 manufacturing establishments were located in this
limited region, and the majority or 57 percent were in New York. Included
among these establishments are such large water using or potential water
polluting categories as food, textiles, paper, chemicals, petroleum and
primary metals.
Although the total number of manufacturing establishments in the
area remained almost constant between 1964 and 1968, it is expected
according to the Office of Business Economics employment projections,
that manufacturing in the conference area will increase by 30 percent
in the next four decades.
Considering employment projections in the six major water-oriented
industries cited above, the importance of the food and chemical indus-
tries in the area is expected to increase, whereas the textile, paper
and primary metals industries are expected to decline. These industrial
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TABLE 2
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN CONFERENCE AREA
I/
FOR I960. 1969. 1980 AND 2010^'
(thousands)
Percentage Increase
1960
Connecticut
Portion 1,060
New York
Portion 930
AREA TOTAL 1,990
CONFERENCE
1969 1980
1,250 1,490
1,230 1,460
2,480 2,950
TABLE 3
AREA POPULATION AS
FOR 1960, 1969, 1980
Connecticut Portion
New York Portion
AREA TOTAL
TRIBUTARY
1960
53
47
100%
2010 1980 2010
1,890 19 27
2,450 19 68
4,340 19 47
PERCENT OF TOTAL
AND 2010
1969 1980
50 50
50 50
100% 100%
2010
51
99
75
2010
44
56
100%
TABLE 4
(COUNTY) DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION^
(thousands)
1960
1969
1980
2010
Percentage Increase
1969- 1980- 1969-
1980 2010 2010
1,588 1,910 2,280 2,970 19 30 55
10,336 10,980 12,320 15,640 12 27 42
REGION TOTAL 11,924 12,890 14,600 18,610 13 27 44
Connecticut
(4 counties)
New York
(7 counties)
Information contained in the table was derived from the U.S. Census of
Population 1960, PC(1)-8A, The Demographic Projections for New York
State Counties to 2020 A.D., New York State Office of Planning Coordina-
tion and the Population Survey, 1970, Long Island Lighting Co. With
the exception of 1960, Connecticut population figures are based upon
Environmental Protection Agency estimates.
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TABLE 5
1968 DISTRIBUTION OF BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS IN LONG ISLAND REGION
BY STATE, COUNTY AND MAJOR BUSINESS CLASSIFICATION^/
Total No. Agricultural
of Estab-9/ Services
lishments— Mining
New York
Nassau
Suffolk
Westch ester
SUB-TOTAL
% of Sub- Total
Connecticut
Fair field
Middlesex
New Haven
New London
SUB-TOTAL
% of Sub-Total
REGION TOTAL
% of Total
26,483
13,440
17,643
57,566
100
14,771
1,943
13,519
3,291
33,524
100
91,090
100
425
238
297
960
1.7
204
29
96
53
382
1.1
1,342
1.5
Contract
Construction
2,558
1,832
1,807
6,197
10.8
1,730
279
1,287
353
3,649
10.9
9,846
10.8
Manufac-
turing
2,187
1,169
1,265
4,621
8.0
1,589
243
1,506
224
3,562
10.6
8,183
9.0
Transport-
ation
800
512
502
1,814
3.2
405
52
396
107
960
2.9
2,774
3.0
Wholesale
2,388
771
1,282
4,441
7.7
944
94
1,034
200
2,272
6.8
6,713
7.4
Finance ,
Insurance ,
Real
Retail Estate
7,662
4,470
5,033
17,165
29.8
4,212
623
3,952
1,183
9,970
29.7
27,135
29.8
2,655
797
2,206
5,658
9.9
1,171
116
1,199
228
2,714
8.1
8,372
9.2
Services
(Hotels ,
Repairs ,
etc.)
7,808
3,651
5,251
16,710
29.0
4,516
507
4,049
943
10,015
29.9
26,725
29.3
I/ County Business Patterns, 1968, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
21 Unclassified Establishments excluded.
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employment changes will come about by means of technological advances
or the use of automated equipment. It is not possible at this time to
obtain employment data for the petroleum industry but the anticipated
increase of petroleum shipping in the Sound indicates that this industry
will be an important factor in the future economic development of the
area.
Extensive land requirements for residential, industrial and commer-
cial development will decrease the amount of agricultural land usage
and agricultural employment in the area, even though the value of the
agricultural output may increase. The decline in the agricultural
industry may be offset by the growth of other industries, such as oyster
shellfishing and services.
At present, the shellfish and fin fish industries significantly
contribute to the economic importance of the conference area. With
improved water quality, the economic value of these two industries could
be greatly enhanced. Detailed information concerning these industries
will be discussed in a later section.
Some indication of the overall economic value of the region can be
measured in terms of the dollar value of the region's physical output.
In 1963, the region accounted for $4.4 billion dollars worth of economic
production (value added by manufacturers).
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II - WATER USES
Industrial and Municipal Water Supply
The waters of Long Island Sound with salinities of about 20 parts
per thousand are unsuitable as a source of municipal water supply.
Few industrial plants withdraw Sound water for in-plant process
use because of high salinities. Seventeen fossil fuel power generating
stations and many industrial plants located around the periphery of the
Sound use Sound waters for cooling purposes. An estimated 2,100 mgd
of water withdrawn from the Sound or its harbors were used for cooling
in conjunction with power generation during 1967. To meet projected
increases in local power demands, several nuclear and conventional
steam electric power plants have been proposed. Cooling water withdrawals
from Long Island Sound for generating this power are estimated at 3,300
mgd by the end of 1970 and 17,400 mgd by 1990.
The installed and planned power capacity of conventional steam and
nuclear power stations using cooling water from the Sound are summarized
below. An estimate of the amount of cooling water used is also included.
Appendix A, Tables A-l and A-2 list the conventional steam electric power
plants and the nuclear power stations used to develop the summary table.
Appendix Figure A-l shows the location of the power stations.
Since more power production will be needed to sustain the projected
population and industrial growths, detailed studies should include the
effects of heated effluent on the ecology of Long Island Sound.
SUMMARY OF CONVENTIONAL STEAM AND NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
ON LONG ISLAND SOUND
t
Installed
Capacity Planned Capacity*
1967 1970 1990
Conventional Steam Electric Power Plants
Installed Capacity (megawatts) 2,930 4,520 5,370
Estimated Cooling Water Use (mgd) 2,100 3,300 3,900
Nuclear Electric Power Plants
Installed Capacity (megawatts) 10,230
Estimated Cooling Water Use (mgd) 13,500
Total
Installed Capacity (megawatts) 2,930 4,520 15,600
Estimated Cooling Water Use (mgd) 2,100 3,300 17,400
*Recent controversies regarding thermal pollution have delayed
construction of many planned stations.
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Commercial Navigation
In 1968, there were 20 active commercial shipping ports in Long Island
Sound (10 each in New York and Connecticut). The major product shipped
on Long Island Sound — 68.5 percent of total tonnage — was petroleum
and related products. The remaining major products shipped were sand and
gravel (17.4 percent) and coal and coke (7.0 percent). Shipping in Long
Island Sound is heavily oriented to the Connecticut ports; in 1968, 24 million
tons were shipped in Connecticut ports and 12 million tons were moved in New
York ports.
The importance of shipping on Long Island Sound can be appreciated
by recognizing that 90 percent of Connecticut's entire fuel supply arrives
by water. Petroleum products in 1968 accounted for 18.8 million tons
of cargo in Connecticut ports and 6.1 million tons in New York ports.
In 1969, there were 102 oil unloading facilities on the Sound, with 49
in New York and 53 in Connecticut. There will be a need to expand these
facilities to meet the growing demand for petroleum products anticipated
in the conference area.
Commercial ferry service on Long Island Sound handles about 500,000
passengers a year and about 130,000 automobiles. Ferry service (primarily
seasonal) runs between New London and Greenport, New London and Fishers
Island, Greenwich and offshore Islands, Bridgeport and Port Jefferson.
Passenger numbers have gradually declined for both the Bridgeport and
Greenwich ferries.
Passenger and cargo handling vessels made over 270,000 trips on
Long Island Sound in 1969. With the expected increases in shipping,
the likelihood of accidental spillages of petroleum products and the
overboard discharge of sewage rises.
Recreation
Swimming
Long Island Sound has approximately 400 miles of recreational
shoreline, 76 miles of which may be categorized as beach area. Twelve
public recreation areas with beaches and many private beaches associated
with individual camps and homes are located on the Sound's waters. More
than 3.5 million visits per year are made to Long Island Sound beaches
with visits being split equally between New York and Connecticut,
About 135,000 people or nearly 5-1/2 percent of the Connecticut
population goes swimming on a sample Sunday afternoon, with approximately
60,000 at saltwater beaches. This number is greater than the Bureau of
Outdoor Recreation "standard of supply" (total fresh and saltwater)
of three percent of the population (87,900). Connecticut State Parks
have a capacity for 50,000 saltwater swimmers per day. Peak day demand
is estimated as high as 100,000 visits, 25,000 o£ which are from New
York State. The number of swimmers in Connecticut is projected to
almost triple by the year 2010.
- 7 -
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Ten percent of the State Park attendance on Long Island in 1969
was at the two north shore state parks (Sunken Meadow and Wildwood).
Bathing activity at these two parks accounted for 1.0 million visits
in that year. New York State indicates an expected regionwide increase
of 50 percent in park visits for the facilities in and around the New
York City area in 1975.
Since much of the swimming on Long Island Sound takes place on
private beaches for which there are no records, the estimated value of
bathing as a recreational activity must be based upon the public sector
data. Multiplying $1.50 (Source - Bureau of Outdoor Recreation) for the
value of a swimming recreation day by 3.5 million visitors in 1969 to
Long Island Sound beaches shows an annual value of $5.25 million. The
magnitude of this value is illustrated when visualized as the equivalent
of a capital investment of $65.5 million at 4-7/8 percent repayable in
principal and interest over a 20 year period at a rate of $5.25 million
annually.
Bathing activity at beaches on the Sound by the year 2000 will more
than double according to State estimates. The estimated annual value of
the activity can increase to more than $10.5 million. The costs of food,
transportation and entertainment associated with swimming if added to
this value increases the total estimated annual expenditure for the
bathing activity to some $42 million by the year 2000 (estimate is based
upon Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission data).
Recreational Boating
Recreational boating has increased significantly in the last decade.
In New York State, over 120,000 boats are registered in the New York City-
Nassau-Suffolk-Westchester County area. This number is expected to increase
63 percent between 1965-1975, with a major portion of both use and growth
occurring in the Long Island area (Nassau-Suffolk Counties). The number
of boats registered in New York and operating on the Sound will probably
increase more than 150 percent by the year 2010.
About 65,000 boats of all sizes and types are based in Connecticut
and operate on Long Island Sound. The number of recreational boats in
Connecticut coastal waters is expected to increase about eight percent
per year. The number of boating recreation days per year is expected to
increase from 6.2 million in 1960 to about 15 million in 2010.
The recreational boating industry is big business. The annual value
of this activity approaches $642 million for Long Island Sound and could
increase to some $1.5 billion by the year 2010. This value consists of
estimates of the value of all boats operated on the Sound, the value of
the recreation day and the value of the peripheral expenses associated
with owning a boat.
- 8 -
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Fishing
Fishing as a sport in Long Island Sound is extremely popular due
to the variety of both fresh and saltwater species found within a short
trip from the Sound's shores.
The annual demand for saltwater fishing in Connecticut is presently
estimated at 2.8 million activity days and is expected to double by the
year 2000. This fishing activity based upon a conservative per person
cost of only $1.50 daily represents a value to the area of over four
million dollars.
New York State reported an estimated 1.6 million persons were fish-
ing on Long Island Sound in 1970; of course the number of days each person
goes fishing will vary. Sport fishing in New York State is expected to
double for the period 1965-1975.
Shellfishing
People living around Long Island Sound are fortunate to have oysters,
hard clams, lobsters and some bay scallops in their shoreline waters.
According to the New York State Bureau of Marine Fisheries, of the
433,000 acres of Long Island Sound in New York State, over 100,000 acres
are suitable for shellfish production. Approximately 61,000 acres, includ-
ing productive and non-productive areas, have been closed to shellfishing.
The Public Health Service's 1966 National Register of Shellfish
Production Areas reports that in Connecticut, of a total of 83,000 acres
of shellfish growing areas, about 15,000 acres are closed to shellfishing.
The Connecticut Shell Fish Commission administers approximately 57,000
acres of franchised, leased and public shellfish grounds.
Approval or condemnation of a shellfish area is predicated upon
bacteriological data resulting from water samples collected by appropriate
state or Federal agencies and the proximity to an actual or potential
source of pollutants. Other factors such as hydrographic conditions,
presence of pesticides and radionuclides, and available dilution water
are also considered. (See Section IV, Description of Criteria.)
The estuaries and coastal harbors surrounding Long Island Sound
are significant areas of shellfish production. These areas contain
the optimum combinations of bottom type, temperature, salinity and
water quality which are key factors in shellfish growth. Estuaries,
harbors and embayments are also areas of urban and industrial develop-
ment. Polluted by waste discharges, many of these areas are closed
to shellfishing.
- 9 -
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Closed Shellfish Areas in New York - Moving from west to east:
The area of Long Island Sound west of a line between the Byram
River on the north and Prospect Point on the south including the entire
Westchester County shoreline, East River, Little Neck Bay and Manhasset
Bay.
In addition, the following harbors are closed or partially closed
to shellfishing:
Hempstead Harbor Nissequogue River
Vicinity of Matinicock Point Port Jefferson Harbor (part)
Oyster Bay Harbor (part) Offshore area of Northville
(oil unloading facility)
Cold Spring Harbor (part) Vicinity of Mattituck Inlet
Huntington Harbor (part) Vicinity of Inlet Point
(Greenport sewer outfall)
Centerport Harbor (part) Vicinity of west end of Fishers Island
Northport Harbor (part)
Closed Shellfish Areas in Connecticut - Harbors and estuaries sur-
rounding the following municipal areas, moving from west to east:
Greenwich Thimbles Islands
Darien - Stamford Madison - Clinton
Darien - Norwalk Old Saybrook - Old Lyme
(Connecticut River)
Norwalk Four Mile River
Wesport - Fairfield Bride Brook
Bridgeport Groton - New London
(Thames River)
Stratford - Milford Groton - Mumford Cove
(Housatonic River)
Milford ' Groton - Mystic River
New Haven Stonington
East Haven - Branford
Figure 3 shows the areas of shellfish closure in Long Island Sound.
Closure of these shoreline areas eliminates the shellfish grounds
most accessible to the commercial and recreational she11fishermen. The
Connecticut Shell Fish Commission indicates that the present sport
fisheries are generally confined to the eastern Connecticut shoreline
- 10 -
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from Branford to Stonington, and the market areas extend westerly from
Branford.
Shellfish ground closures have also contributed, in part, to the
decrease in commercial shellfishing activity. Closure of near-shore
waters has forced commercial fishermen to relocate their shellfish beds
further out where conditions often impair or slow shellfish growth,
consequently requiring longer work hours and a greater expenditure
of effort. Seed and market shellfish are still raised in closed areas,
but are transplanted under the supervision of the State Health Department
to open areas where they are naturally self-purified. This activity is
particularly prevalent in Branford, New Haven Harbor, Housatonic River,
Darien and Norwalk areas of Connecticut. In New York, hard shell clams
are harvested from the closed beds of the Westchester and Nassau County
shores for transplant to the open waters along the Atlantic coast (south
shore of Long Island).
Prior to 1920, oyster companies operating from New Haven Harbor
sent seed oysters to the bays in Long Island and Narragansett Bay in
Rhode Island. Several companies transplanted seed oysters from Connecti-
cut to Gardner's Bay and Shelter Island Sound in New York and reharvested
them for processing in their plants in New Haven. Other companies,
similarly, operated in eastern Long Island waters and in Oyster Bay.
This production represented an annual business of more than five million
dollars to the shellfish industry during that period.
In 1965 and 1966 a group of local fishermen from Stratford, Connecti-
cut, began a shell planting program in an attempt to increase the produc-
tivity of public beds in the Housatonic River. In 1966, the Connecticut
Shell Fish Commission received a grant from the U.S. Department of the
Interior to be used for the rehabilitation of the oyster industry. At
this time the Commission provided 12,000 bushels of shells for planting
and, together with additional shells from the local harvesters, 17,000
bushels were laid. The Commission reported that during the summer of
1966, an excellent oyster "set" was obtained. This was the only planting
of materials that took place on any of the natural beds of Connecticut.
This limited local effort was successful.
Pollution Affecting Shellfisheries
In 1970, the Connecticut State Department of Health issued new
shellfish closure lines affecting communities in Branford, Norwalk and
Darien. Some of these closures forced the shellfishermen to alter their
operations and move their shellfish stock further offshore into waters
acceptable for harvesting. Mr. J. Richard Nelson, President, Long Island
Oyster Farms, Incorporated, New Haven, Connecticut, indicated that their
company had extensive seed beds in Upper New Haven Harbor and the Quinni-
piac River prior to 1920. Since that time these beds have become unfit
for planting because of sludge deposits resulting from inadequately
treated wastewater discharges. Sludge from pollution has destroyed at
least 1,000 acres of formerly productive seed beds in New Haven Harbor
- 11 -
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CLOSED SHELLFISH AREAS
LONG ISLAND SOUND
NORTON PT
W(STCH£STE8 \ STAMFORD
COUNTY \
/ \ NASSAU COUN
L-tiU N«ch Boy ^
-------
and the Quinnlpiac River. To augment the supply of seed oysters, Mr,
Nelson's firm constructed an oyster hatchery at Northport, New York,
at a cost close to one million dollars.
Six hundred acres of shellfish beds are active during part of the
year at Stony Creek in Branford where oysters are harvested for direct
marketing. However, because of pollution from nearby summer homes and
cottages, this area is closed to shellfishing annually from May 1 to
October 1.
Three shellfish dealers operating in Norwalk Harbor reported that
the cost for harvesting shellfish has increased as a result of the shell-
fish closure lines being extended further off shore. The dealers claim
that about 20% more working time is necessary in working the hard clam
and oyster beds because of travel distance committed to seek suitable
grounds. The shifting of shellfish populations from one location to
another involves a risk that can cause a 50 percent loss when transplant-
ing hard clams and a 15 to 20 percent loss when handling oysters.
The grounds inside the chain of islands in Norwalk Harbor are
considered the best producing grounds on the east coast. The shellfish
harvested here represent the best in growth, development and flavor.
Should the shellfish closure lines be moved beyond the islands, this
would reduce the supply of good beds and force the fishermen to use
questionable grounds in deeper waters and the risk of greater losses
due to the lack of protection from storms.
Water pollution along the shores of Greenwich, Stamford and Darien
has contributed to closing of several oyster firms in the area. Out
of 11 oyster dealers which have operated in the Norwalk-Darien area,
five have gone out of business with little chance of returning. The
Norwalk Estuary, including parts of Darien, produces approximately one
million dollars worth of shellfish annually.
Accordingly, the direct and indirect damages to the shellfishing
industry are extensive as a result of water pollution. It has been
estimated by the Connecticut Shellfish Commission and Mr. Richard
Nelson, President, Long Island Oyster Farms, Inc. (see Appendix C)
that, as a result of the closures due to pollution, losses to the
shellfish industry over the past 50 years exceed $500 million. Compari-
son by Mr. Nelson of the oyster yield between 1920 and 1970 indicates
a difference of $17 million in 1970 alone.
- 12 -
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Ill - SOURCES OF POLLUTION
Long Island Sound and its estuaries, harbors and embayments receive
pollutional discharges from municipalities, institutions, industries,
federal installations, combined sewer overflows, recreational boating
and discharges of oil and petroleum products. Thermal discharges and
disposal of dredged spoils also affect the quality of waters in the
Sound.
Municipal and Institutional Waste
A total of 60 municipal and institutional systems serving approxi-
mately 1,272,000 persons discharge approximately 170 million gallons per
day (mgd) of wastewater into the open waters of Long Island Sound and
its embayments. Twenty-two of these systems are in New York and 38 are
in Connecticut. Available data regarding these sources are summarized
in Appendix B, Table B-l. The general location of each discharge is
also shown in Appendix B, Figure B-l. Of the 60 systems listed, five
in Connecticut serving less than one percent of the sewered population,
are individual septic tank communities, 33 (12 in New York and 21 in
Connecticut) serving 73 percent provide primary treatment; and 22
(10 In New York and 12 in Connecticut) serving 27 percent provide
secondary treatment. All of the primary and secondary treatment plants
have chlorination facilities.
Thirteen systems, accounting for about 20 percent of the municipal
flow, discharge directly to Long Island Sound after primary or secondary
treatment. The Mamaroneck and New Rochelle primary treatment facilities
in New York are the largest of these systems. The 47 other facilities
discharge the remaining 80 percent of the wastewater flow to the embay-
ments and estuaries of the Sound or to subsurface fields. Nearly all
of these facilities provide at least primary treatment prior to discharge.
The primary facilities at Bridgeport and New Kaven, Connecticut are the
largest, discharging 64 mgd to the tributary waters of the Sound. Five
relatively small systems in Connecticut are presently served by individual
septic tanks with treatment facilities scheduled for completion by
June 1971.
The ratio of area population served (1,272,000) to area total
population, (2,480,000), indicates that 55 percent of the population
in 1969 were served by primary or secondary sewage treatment facilities.
Service is projected for 1,610,000 people by 1980. In order to sewer
100 percent of the population in 2010, facilities will be needed for
4,340,000 people.
Federal Facilities
There are sixteen (16) Federal installations including eleven (11)
lighthouses (see Appendix B, Table B-2) discharging approximately 2.0 mgd
of treated and untreated wastewater to Long Island Sound and its embay-
- 13 -
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ments and estuaries (see Figure B-2). Approximately 5.3 mgd of untreated
cooling water is also discharged from Federal installations.
Remedial measures are scheduled for completion at all lighthouses
by FY 1972. These measures include incinerator toilets, municipal con-
nections and subsurface disposal.
The U.S.D.A., Animal Disease Laboratory at Plum Island, New York
discharges 0.046 mgd of domestic wastewater after septic tank treatment
and chlorination. Approximately 0.055 mgd of laboratory wastewater is
comminuted, neutralized and sterilized by a heat-pressure process prior
to discharge. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recommended
subsurface disposal for the septic tank effluent and the laboratory waste-
water after upgrading to secondary treatment.
The U.S. Air force Plant #43, Avco Lycoming, at Stratford, Connecti-
cut, provides treatment for 0.576 mgd of industrial wastex\rater prior to
discharge to the Housatonic River. Sanitary wastes are discharged to
the Stratford Municipal System.
There are potential problems at this plant associated with inter-
mittent discharges of oily and industrial wastes. The State of Connecti-
cut has requested that Avco Lycoming provide facilities by October 31,
1972 to prevent any such discharges without appropriate treatment. The
State has outlined the following schedule for abatement:
A. On or before July 31, 1971 submit for the review and
approval of the Water Resources Commission an engineering
report describing all sources and volumes and characteris-
tics of all industrial wastes and oils and describe any
required treatment facilities;
B. On or before December 31, 1971 submit for the review and
approval of the Water Resources Commission contract plans
and specifications for the required treatment facilities;
C. On or before February 29, 1972 verify to the Water Resources
Commission that construction of the required facility has
been started;
D. On or before October 31, 1972 verify to the Water Resources
Commission that the constructed facilities have been placed
in operation.
Avco Lycoming Division is developing a proposal whic.h will include
recommendations for abatement of these discharges. The Water Quality
Office o£ the Environmental Protection Agency has contacted the Air Force
to ensure that appropriate measures are taken to fund and implement the
plan within the timetable outlined by the State.
The U.S. Navy New London Submarine Base at Groton, Connecticut,
discharges 1.36' mgd of domestic wastewater to the Thames River after
primary treatment. The base will connect to the Town of Groton's sewer
system which will provide secondary treatment.
- 14 -
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The U.S.S. Fulton is a submarine tender which discharges approxi-
mately 0.04 mgd of untreated domestic wastewater to the Thames River.
In April, 1971, the Fulton will undergo a major overhaul during which
on-board sewage treatment units will be installed. Provisions will
also be made to enable the ship to connect to a municipal sewer which
will be constructed on the pier as a joint Federal-Connecticut Depart-
ment of Transportation project. This will provide backup facilities
as the on-board units undergo testing to determine their operating
characteristics under service conditions.
The U.S. Navy owns four barges which are berthed at the General
Dynamics piers to provide temporary quarters for Naval personnel while
their ship is under repair. Facilities completed in November, 1970
pump wastewater to the dockside collection system which discharges to
the Town of Groton System.
Industrial Waste
At least 137 sources of industrial wastewater discharge to the
embayments and estuaries of Long Island Sound. None discharges directly
to the Sound. Five of these sources are in New York and the remaining
132 are in Connecticut. (See Appendix Table B-3). The general location
of each source is shown in Appendix Figure B-3.
Industrial wastewaters result from the processing operations asso-
ciated with the manufacture of food and kindred products, primary metals
products, chemicals and allied products, and textiles. The metal finish-
ing industry, in particular, is heavily concentrated in Connecticut.
Significant volumes of wastewater result from the pickling, plating and
anodizing processes associated with this industry.
Flow from industrial operations contributes a variety of contaminants
including, in addition to oxygen consuming materials, oil, grease,
solvents and toxic substances, chromic and other acids, cyanide and
alkali.
Combined-Sewer Overflows
Sixteen municipal collection systems (four in New York and 12 in
Connecticut) serving approximately 680,000 people have combined sewers
(See Appendix Table B-4). When it rains, large quantities of untreated
sanitary and industrial wastewater can be discharged directly to the
receiving waters via combined sewer overflows. These overflows, a
mixture of wastewater and stormwater, contribute organic material which
decrease dissolved oxygen, introduce floating, suspended and settleable
solids which reduce the aesthetic and recreational values of the water
and increase bacterial densities posing a danger to public health.
Other pollutants such as toxic substances, oil and grease are often
contained in the overflow water.
- 15 -
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Recreational Boating Wastes
The presence of the nearly 240 marinas with over 64,000 berths which
service the thousands of boats registered in counties bordering the Sound
indicate that the waters of the conference area are used extensively for
recreational boating. Countless other boats also travel into and along
the Sound for weekend or extended visits. Waste from these recreational
boating activities constitute one more source of pollution to the waters
of the Sound. The discharge of untreated human fecal matter into the
Sound and its estuaries adds pathogenic bacteria contributing to a health
hazard where the water is used for contact recreation or harvesting of
shellfish for consumption. Bilge pumping and litter from boating activi-
ties is another source of pollution causing a deterioration of the
aesthetic quality of the environment.
Discharges of Oil and Petroleum Products
The Sound is used as a major transportation route for large oil
tankers and barges carrying both crude and refined petroleum. A large
number (102 in 1969) of oil unloading and storage facilities dot the
shoreline of this body of water. Two offshore oil unloading facilities
are also located on the Sound; at the Long Island Lighting Company near
Port Jefferson, New York and at Northville Industries, Incorporated near
Northville, New York. In 1968, about 25 million tons of petroleum and
petroleum products were delivered to storage facilities along the Sound
via commercial ships.
The discharge of a large amount of oil into Long Island Sound could
be a catastrophe to the ecology of this water body. In 1969, there were
17 recorded oil pollution incidents in the Sound. There is no doubt
that there were many minor spills of petroleum products into the Sound
which were unreported and therefore unrecorded. Two major spills of
oil occurred in 1970 and 1971, respectively. On June 5, 1970, 670,000
gallons of #2 fuel escaped into Bridgeport Harbor due to a faulty valve
at a petroleum tank farm located at Bridgeport, Connecticut. On January
23, 1971, 386,000 gallons of //2 fuel and kerosine escaped into the Sound
due to the grounding of an oil tanker in the vicinity of New Haven,
Connecticut. These spills caused damage to boats and shorefront proper-
ties and were harmful to marine life and water fowl. Max Blumer, Senior
Scientist of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in a paper "The
Problem of Oil Pollution In Coastal Waters" has said, "All crude oils
are poisons for all marine organisms; many crude oil distillates are
more severely poisonous because they contain higher proportions of the
immediately toxic compounds. Long term toxicity may harm marine life
that is not immediately killed by spills, and oil can be incorporated
into the meat of marine animals, making it unfit for human consumption.
Crude oil and oil products may cause cancer in marine organisms and in
man; even at very low concentrations oil may interfere with processes
which are vital for the propagation of marine species."
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Disposal of Dredging Spoils
There are 19 disposal areas located in the Sound which are controlled
by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (see Figure A). During 1968, more
than 1.4 million cubic yards of material dredged from nearby rivers and
harbors were dumped into these disposal areas. These dredged materials,
often containing pollutants which have settled as bottom deposits in the
estuaries and embayments, can affect water quality.
Municipalities located around Long Island Sound do not dispose of
sewage sludge in the Sound. Sewage sludge from New York's Glen Cove,
Roslyn, Belgrave and Port Chester water pollution control facilities
is barged for ocean disposal in the New York Bight, 12 miles east of
Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Sludge from the conference area's remaining
municipal facilities is disposed of in sanitary landfills.
Thermal Pollution
Seventeen fossil fuel steam electric generating plants with a total
installed capacity of 2,930 megawatts use the waters of Long Island Sound
for cooling purposes. Many industries also withdraw cooling water from
the Sound. For power generation alone, an estimated 2,100 mgd of water
from the Sound was used in 1967 for this purpose. The effect that these
heated water discharges have upon the Sound's ecology will depend upon
many variables which include: the temperature and volume of the heated
effluent; the depth and dispersion pattern of the rejected thermal waste at
the outfall; the circulation pattern and depth of the receiving water;
and the nearness to other discharges. Increased water temperature from
these discharges can upset the entire ecological system with prolifera-
tion of less desirable flora and fauna and decreased assimilative
capacity. Researchers are currently investigating the possible benefits
from thermal discharges under controlled conditions, but there is general
agreement that the overall effect of indiscriminately adding heated efflu-
ents to the Sound would be detrimental.
The projected increase in population and industrial activity will
demand greater power generating capacity. The estimated cooling water
requirements to meet these future demands will exceed 17,000 mgd by 1990.
The possible adverse effects from the release of this significant quantity
of waste heat into the water environment of the Sound must be a considera-
tion in the development of any new power generating facility.
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DUMPING GROUNDS
LONG ISLAND SOUND
WEMCHESUI \ STAMFOID
COUNTY \
GREENWIC
J N.SSAU COUNTY |
lull. N.tk Boy <
-------
IV - PRESENT WATER QUALITY
The extent to which Long Island Sound is affected by pollution can
be shown by comparing existing quality with the approved state and
Federal water quality standards. These standards and their associated
criteria are furnished in Appendix D. The Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) conducted two surveys, one in late September 1969 and an-
other in July 1970, to collect data for defining existing quality.
The 1969 survey was concerned primarily with the quality of the open
waters of the Sound. The July 1970 survey concentrated on harbors and
embayments along the north shore of the Sound from Throgs Neck to the
Connecticut-Rhode Island state line. Data regarding both surveys are
summarized in Appendix E and F. The results of other studies conducted
by the Interstate Sanitation Commission and the States of New York and
Connecticut and Nassau County were also reviewed to supplement the EPA
data.
Pollution problems exist in the harbors and embayments of the Sound
which are surrounded by the highly developed urban areas. Water quality
in these areas was below the approved standards. Areas where existing
water quality does not conform to the standards are identified in
Table 6 and shown in Figure 5. Table 7 lists those areas where surveys
conducted by State, interstate and County agencies showed quality below
the standards. The specific problems are discussed in this section.
Description of Criteria
Important criteria established by the water quality standards to
characterize water quality and the effects of pollution include
temperature, dissolved oxygen and bacteria. Nutrient limits, although
not established by the standards, also characterize water quality and
show the effects of pollution and the ability of the water to support
growth of aquatic plants.
Temperature affects the solubility of dissolved oxygen, rates of
chemical and biochemical reactions, bacterial growth rates and the growth
of biological flora and fauna. The temperature of a body of water will
depend upon the season of the year, water depth, currents and, the dis-
charges of large volumes of hot "cooling" water. Deep waters such as
those found in lakes, estuaries and the ocean show a smaller response
to climatic change than shallow waters.
Adequate levels of dissolved oxygen are necessary to support the
survival and propagation of fish and other forms of aquatic life.
Dissolved oxygen is also necessary for aerobic bacterial action which
stabilize decomposable organic material. The amount of dissolved
oxygen in water will depend upon the transfer rate of oxygen from the
atmosphere, photosynthetic oxygen production, the imposed oxygen demand-
ing waste load and salinity and temperature. Where the oxygen demand
of organic materials exceeds the available dissolved oxygen, anaerobic
conditions exist and the water becomes septic and foul-smelling.
- 18 -
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A primary source of bacteria in water is the discharge of raw and
inadequately treated domestic wastes. Total coliform densities have
traditionally been used as an indicator of human contamination since they
occur in the fecal matter of all warm-blooded animals including man.
Their presence may also indicate the presence of pathogenic bacteria and
viruses. Coliform organisms originate not only in the excrement of
warm-blooded animals but may also be found naturally in the soil. The
use of the fecal coliform group as indicator organisms can further
identify possible fecal contamination. The presence of fecal coliform
organisms above safe levels indicate contamination with human or animal
wastes which can contain organisms capable of causing disease in man.
The water quality standards establish levels of total coliform densities
which cannot be exceeded for particular water uses.
There are no criteria in the standards for levels of fecal coliform
concentrations. The report by the National Technical Advisory Committee
to the Secretary of the Interior on Water Quality Criteria indicates, how-
ever, that detectable health effects may occur in recreational waters where
the fecal coliform level is above 400 per 100 milliliters (ml).
Shellfish contaminated by pathogenic bacteria which are eaten raw
or after improper cooking result in disease and illness. The National
Shellfish Sanitation Program administered under the Food and Drug Adminis-
tration was established to control such disease transmission. State and
Federal governmental agencies as well as industry participate in this
program of preserving and managing shellfish resources. Through the
program, in which New York and Connecticut are members, guidelines for
proper sanitary quality of waters approved for shellfish harvesting have
been established.
Approval or condemnation of a shellfish area is based upon:
1. Amount of dilution water available,
2. Hydrographic conditions,
3. Presence of sources of pollution which might discharge fecal
material, radionuclides, pesticides and chemical wastes,
A. Possible pollution sources, such as toilet discharges from
boats directly over shellfish beds,
5. Lack of knowledge of the above factors pending sanitary surveys,
6. Bacteriological data, with samples collected under the worst
hydrographic conditions. Bacteriologic limits included
in the approved water quality standards require that the
total coliform count be less than 70 MPN (most probable number)
organisms per 100 ml.
Nutrients are necessary to the growth of algae and aquatic plants.
When other environmental conditions such as temperature, sunlight and
salinity are satisfactory, nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus
- 19 -
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TABLE 6
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS VIOLATIONS IN LONG ISLAND SOUND
AS DETERMINED BY EPA SURVEYS OF SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1969 AND JULY 1970
I/
Location
21
AREAS OF SERIOUS DEGRADATION^'
East River
Off Stepping Stones
Off Hewlett Point
Eastchester Bay
Hutchlnson River
Little Neck Bay
Manyasset Bay
Off Peningo Neck
Port Chester Harbor
Greenwich Harbor
Stamford Harbor
Norwalk Harbor
Bridgeport Harbor
Housatonic River
Milford Harbor
New Haven Harbor
New London Harbor
Thames River
Water Quality-
Classification
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
SA
SA
SB
SB
SB
SC
SB,SC
SA.SB
SB
SA,SB,SC
SB
SB
3/
AREAS OF MARGINAL WATER QUALITY-'
New Rochelle Outfall
Larchmont Harbor
Mamaroneck Outfall
Blind Brook Outfall
SB
SA
SA,SB
SA
Year Of
Survey
1969-70
1969-70
1969-70
1970
1970
1969
1969
1969-70
1969-70
1969
1969-70
1970
1969
1970
1970
1969-70
1970
1970
1969
1969
1969-70
1970
Standards
D.O.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Violation
Coliform
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
\J See Appendix D for the criteria pertaining to the water quality
classification.
2] Criteria used for establishing the areas of Serious Degradation include:
DO level below standard on one or more occasions.
Coliform equal to or above median value on two occasions.
Coliform density equal to or above 5000 MPN on one or more occasions.
_3/ Criteria used for establishing the areas of Marginal Water Quality indlude:
Coliform density above median value on only one occasion.
DO level equal to or only 0.1 mg/1 above standards level.
-------
TABLE 7
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS VIOLATIONS IN
LONG ISLAND SOUND AS DETERMINED BY
STATE, COUNTY AND INTERSTATE AGENCIES
Water Quality
Location Classification
East River
Off Stepping Stones
Off Sands Point
Off Hewlett Point
Little Neck Bay
Hemps tead Harbor
Oyster Bay
Cold Spring Harbor
Port Jefferson Harbor
Huntington - Northport Harbor
Off Peningo Neck (Porgy Shoal)
Mamaroneck Harbor
Larchmont Harbor
Off Port Chester Harbor
Housatonic River (from mouth to Derby Dam)
Connecticut River (from mouth to Kurd State Park)
Byram River (from mouth to tide water)
Stamford Harbor - East Branch inside barrier
Norwalk Harbor - inside Calf gas tan Point
Ash Creek, Black Rock Harbor
Bridgeport Harbor
Tidewater inside Bridgeport Shellfish line
New Haven Harbor
Mill River
Quinnipiac River
Mystic River - inside Shellfish line
Stonington - inside Shellfish line
SB
SB
SA
SA
SB
SA
SA
SA
SA
SA
SA
SA
SA
SA
SB
SB
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SB
SC.SB
SC
SC
SB
SA
Year of
Survey or Report
1959,1970
1969,1970
1969,1970
1970
1970
1969,1970
1969,1970
1969,1970
1966-1969
1967-1970
1967-1970
1967-1970
1967-1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
-------
STANDARDS VIOLATIONS 1969,1970
LONG ISLAND SOUND
NORTON PT
WtSlCHtSUR \ STAMFORD
COUNTY \ ,
GREENWIC
PORT CHESTER/1,
MAMARONECK
Lorchmonl M,.,i,
NEW RCKHH
"°" / I NASSAU COUNTY
Liltl. N.ck Boy <
-------
become critical restraining growth factors. Low concentrations of
phosphorous and nitrogen will support algal growth. Algal growth in
limited quantities is desirable as a necessary link in the aquatic food
chain. Enrichment of the receiving water with nutrients can cause
excessive algal growths to occur which renders the water unsightly with
accompanying obnoxious odors and reduced dissolved oxygen levels.
Water Quality in 1969
The results of the survey conducted by the EPA in 1969 show that
the open waters of the Sound, from the New York City - Nassau County
line in the west to The Race, near Fishers Island in the east, (1969
stations 5-23) are of good quality. Temperatures throughout the Sound
ranged from 17.8°C to 20.2 C. Thermal stratification was not detected
although slightly lower temperatures were found in the deeper waters.
Surface dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 6.4 to 7.8 mg/1
(84 to 100 percent saturation). Dissolved oxygen concentrations
(due mainly to the higher salinity) were five to ten percent lower in
the deeper water than near the surface. Total and fecal coliform levels
were generally less than ten organisms per 100 ml except at the extreme
western end near the New York City - Nassau County line, where the level
approached 300 total coliform organisms per 100 ml. Concentrations of
total phosphorous ranged from a high of 0.26 mg/1 in the western end to
0.03 mg/1 in the eastern end. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.19
to 0.06 mg/1. Chlorophyll £ ranged from a high of 14.5 mg/m (milligrams
per cubic meter) to a low of 2.6 mg/m .
Over the past 15 years, state, county, interstate and local agencies
have conducted extensive water quality surveys in selected portions of Long
Island Sound. Generally, the results of these studies were similar to those
found during the EPA survey of 1969.
Western Long Island Sound - Upper East River
Water quality in the west end of the Sound and the adjacent waters
of the East River (1969 stations 1-4, 24, 25, 35 and 36) indicated that
violations of the approved water quality standards occurred during the
fall 1969 survey. The data showed that quality of the water improves
from west to east with the lowest water quality existing in the East
River. Dissolved oxygen levels for all the stations in this section
ranged from 4.6 mg/1 in the East River to 8.0 mg/1 near Orchard Beach.
Dissolved oxygen at two locations (Whitestone Bridge in the East River
and Throgs Neck in the Sound) were below the required concentration of
5.0 mg/1. Total coliform bacterial levels ranged from 27,000 organisms
per 100 ml in the East River to 150 organisms per 100 ml near City Island.
Four locations contained coliform densities greater than the monthly
median value of 2,400 per 100 ml established by the standards. These
stations were in the East River, Long Island Sound at Throgs Neck Bridge,
near Stepping Stones and in Little Neck Bay. Fecal coliform levels at
these locations were greater than the level recommended by the National
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Technical Advisory Committee, suggesting contamination from inadequately
treated wastes and a possible health hazard to people swimming or boating
in the area. Nutrient concentrations were generally higher than those
found in other areas of the Sound. Phosphorous concentrations ranged
0.36 mg/1 to 0.19 mg/1 while nitrate levels varied from 0.25 to 0.19
mg/1. These water quality conditions indicate the effect of waste sources
originating from the metropolitan New York City area.
The Nassau County Department of Health has carried out extensive
bacteriological studies along the beaches and in the harbors on the
north shore of Nassau County. The results of its 1969 studies indicate
that total coliform levels in the western end of the Sound and in several
harbors were in violation of the established standards for Class SB and
SA waters respectively. Based upon five or more samples collected monthly,
median values for total coliform per 100 ml exceeding permissible levels
were found at Stepping Stones and Sands Point in the Sound and in Little
Neck and Manhasset Bays.
In the summer of 1959, the Interstate Sanitation Commission conducted
a water pollution survey of the East River and the western end of Long
Island Sound. That survey revealed that in the upper East River and west
end of Long Island Sound mean percent saturation of dissolved oxygen was
generally below the required 50 percent of saturation. Total coliform
values found at the majority of stations were greater than 2,400 per
100 ml. It was expected at that time that the new chlorination facilities
at the New York City Tallmans Island waste treatment plant would reduce
the coliform density in the upper East River - western Long Island Sound
area. The study also indicated that pollution from the upper East River
can move through Throgs Neck to Stepping Stones Beach.
Southern Shore
Along the southern shoreline from the entrance of Hempstead Harbor
to Fishers Island (1969 stations 26 to 34), dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions were greater than 100 percent saturation at four locations and not
less than 90 percent at any location. Total coliform levels were less
than four per 100 ml except in Port Jefferson Harbor and near Inlet
Point where levels were 50 per 100 ml and 22 per 100 ml, respectively.
Fecal coliform levels were all less than eight per 100 milliliters.
Phosphorous concentrations declined from west to east (0.23 to 0.03 mg/1)
and nitrate concentrations showed the same general trend (0.22 to 0.07
mg/1). Chlorophyll a_ levels, a measure of the concentration of phyto-
plankton (microscopic green plants), were about twice those of the open
Sound waters, reaching a high of 19.7 mg per cubic meter.
The 1969 Nassau County Department of Health studies indicate that
median densities of total coliform per 100 ml were in violation of
permissible values in portions of Hempstead Harbor and Oyster Bay.
Studies conducted by the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation during 1966-1969 reveal that water quality problems restrict
the permissible use (namely shellfishing for market purposes) in Oyster
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Bay, Cold Spring Harbor, Port Jefferson Harbor and Huntington - Northport
Harbor. In these waters, total coliform densities require that certain
areas be closed to the harvesting of shellfish.
Westchester County Shore
Along the shoreline of Westchester County (1969, stations 37-43)
total coliform levels ranged from less than eight organisms per 100 ml
to 4,000 organisms per 100 ml. At three of the seven station locations,
the coliform levels were greater than the established standard for contact
recreation. These locations were near the New Rochelle and Mamaroneck
outfalls and off Peningo Neck. In Larchmont Harbor, the extremely high
chlorophyll a_ (52.1 milligram per cubic meter) suggests an abundant
growth of phytoplankton.
Port Chester Harbor
Port Chester Harbor, including a one and one half mile tidal section
of the Byram River, forms part of the boundary between New York and Connec-
ticut. The EPA survey of 1969 (Stations 44 and 45) and an earlier survey
in September 1968 showed that the quality of these waters violate the
approved standards. In 1969, the sample collected in the Harbor contained
a total coliform level of 14,000 per 100 ml and a fecal level of 2,100 per
100 ml. Another station sampled in the open surface waters adjacent to
the Harbor near Bluefish Shoal (classified for commercial harvesting of
shellfish) contained a total coliform density of 100 per 100 ml.
In 1968, EPA conducted a separate study of the interstate waters of
the Byram River Basin. The results of the survey showed that in the one
and one-half mile tidal stretch dissolved oxygen ranged from a low of
0.9 mg/1 up to and above the water quality standards established by
New York and Connecticut. Total and fecal coliform levels in the stretch
indicate that inadequately treated municipal wastes enter these waters.
In the tidal portion of the Byram River, the water was visibly polluted
by oil and suspended matter. A distinct oily odor filled the air and
the banks were coated with oil. Gas bubbles were surfacing at several
locations. The bottom in this stretch of the Byram River was found to
consist primarily of ooze saturated with oil and which released a slight
hydrogen sulfide odor. Benthic life was typical of a degraded water.
The Byram River forms the interstate boundary between New York and
Connecticut. Interstate pollution occurs in the Byram River and these
waters eventually enter the Harbor and Sound creating interstate pollu-
tion problems there too.
Connecticut Shore
Along the Connecticut shore (1969 stations 46-59), from Port Chester
Harbor to New Haven Harbor, dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from
5.1 to 9.6 mg/1 (64 percent - 120 percent saturation). Bacterial densities
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varied from four per 100 ml to greater than 30,000 per 100 ml for total
coliform and two per 100 ml to 9,800 per 100 ml for fecal coliform.
Problem areas along the western Connecticut shore were found in the
waters in or adjacent to the highly urbanized harbors of Greenwich,
Bridgeport and Stamford. In these harbors, total coliform densities far
exceeded the median level established by the standards. The high density
of fecal coliforms suggest gross pollution from inadequately treated
municipal wastes and represent a potential health hazard to those using
these waters for recreation.
New Haven Harbor
Two stations (1969 stations 60-61) were sampled in New Haven Harbor.
One sample was taken in the Harbor while the other was taken at the break-
water in Long Island Sound. The analytical data suggest dissolved oxygen
and bacterial problems. Dissolved oxygen measured at 4.0 mg/1. In the
Harbor, total and fecal coliform densities were greater than 100,000 and
36,000 per 100 ml respectively, indicating gross pollution from human
wastes. In the Outer Harbor, total and fecal coliform counts were still
above the standards although reduced to less than 3,000 and 300, respec-
tively .
In September and October 1967, EPA conducted a microbiological and
biological study of New Haven Harbor. These surveys confirmed that pol-
lution problems exist in the Harbor. The data also showed the effect of
discontinuing chlorination of the four water pollution control plant
effluents. Chlorination was being carried out in September, but not
during the October surveys. During disinfection, average maximum total
coliform levels in the Harbor ranged from 220 to 17,200 per 100 ml while
during the period in which disinfection was discontinued total maximum
coliform densities showed much higher levels ranging from 1,410 to
348,000 per 100 ml. Average maximum fecal coliform levels during the
surveys varied from 80 to greater than 16,000 per 100 ml with disinfection
and from 790 to 92,000 per 100 ml after chlorination was terminated.
At and beyond the breakwater system, the data again showed marked
reduction in coliforms. Average maximum total coliform levels were less
than 230 per 100 ml, but greater than the established safe level of 70
per 100 ml for shellfishing. Analysis of water samples taken in the
fall of 1967 in the vicinity of shellfish beds showed a direct relation-
ship in the concentrations of coliforms found in the overlying waters
and in shellfish. The data confirm the ability of the shellfish to
concentrate contaminants in their meat.
The biological survey conducted in conjunction with the microbio-
logical study consisted primarily of an examination of the benthic
conditions underlying the Harbor waters. The results indicate the cumu-
lative effect on the Harbor of inadequately treated municipal and industrial
wastes, oil seepage from oil storage facilities and ships, and pollutants
originating from the Mill and Quinnipiac Rivers. The upper Harbor area,
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comprising eight percent of the total Harbor area (from Mill and Quinnipiac
Rivers to City Point) was found grossly polluted from a biological stand-
point. Sludge deposits exceeding six inches in depth were prevalent
throughout the area. The benthic population, extremely limited in numbers
and species, consisted only of worms and snails. Strong septic, hydrogen
sulfide odors were observed in all bottom samples, suggesting extensive
anaerobic decomposition.
In the remaining portion of the Harbor from City Point to the break-
water sludge depths of two to five inches were observed. Foul smelling
odors caused by anaerobic decomposition were again prevalent in the bottom
samples.
Bottom samples outside the breakwater reflected clean unpolluted
water. There were generally no sludge buildups or detectable odors of
decomposition found at the various stations sampled. Benthic species
indicated a wide diversity of life, such as would be found in a clean
water environment.
New London Harbor
Water quality in New London Harbor during the September - October
1969 survey (stations 68-69) indicated a marginal dissolved oxygen and
bacterial condition. The dissolved oxygen (5.1 mg/1) was slightly
greater than the 5.0 mg/1 established by the standards. Fecal coliform
densities were also high (1,200 per 100 ml).
Water Duality in 1970
Previous data and the 1969 Environmental Protection Agency survey
of the open waters of Long Island Sound showed sufficient areas of de-
graded water quality to warrant more extensive and detailed study.
Accordingly, the EPA, The Interstate Sanitation Commission, the Nassau
and Westchester County Health Departments, and the State University of
New York agreed to conduct a more detailed cooperative study during 1970.
Each agency concentrated its activities on different portions of the
Sound. The results of the 1970 EPA Survey, which was conducted along
the north shore of the Sound, support the findings in 1969 and reveal
new areas of water quality standards violation. These results are sum-
marized in Table 6 and Figure 5 and are discussed in the following
paragraphs.
Western Long Island Sound
Water quality standards violations were found in the western end
of Long Island Sound (1970 stations 1-6, 2A). Dissolved oxygen levels
ranged from 0.6 mg/1 in the Hutchinson River to 6.5 mg/1 near Orchard
Beach. Total coliform densities ranged from 35,000 organisms per
100 ml at Throgs Neck to 79 organisms per 100 ml near Orchard Beach.
- 24 -
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Fecal coliform densities ranged from 11,000 to 33 organisms per 100 ml.
These bacterial concentrations were 2-10 times those observed in 1969.
Water quality failed to meet the dissolved oxygen and bacterial
criteria at Throgs Neck, East Chester Bay and in the open waters off
Great Neck (Stepping Stones and Hewlett Point). Total coliform densities
from Throgs Neck to Orchard Beach were 2-1/2 times the monthly median
value of 2,400 organisms per 100 ml established by the standards. The
high fecal coliform densities indicate recent contamination by inade-
quately treated human or animal feces. The nutrient data indicate high
levels of enrichment. Total phosphorus (range: 0.18-0.52 mg/1) and
nitrate (range: 0.09-0.18 mg/1) concentrations were 2-10 times levels
elsewhere in the Sound.
Extremely low dissolved oxygen levels and high coliform densities
indicate gross contamination of the upper Hutchinson River. Combined
sewer overflow may represent a source of this contamination. During
the survey, extensive floating trash and heavy recreational use were
observed in this area. The high fecal coliform density represents a
definite hazard to recreational use.
A study conducted by the Interstate Sanitation Commission during
July 28 - August 14, 1970 in the Upper East River and Western Long Island
Sound showed violations of the approved standards. Interstate Sanitation
Commission results indicate that, although dissolved oxygen has increased
since the 1959 study mentioned earlier, levels in the Upper East River
and the adjacent waters of Long Island Sound were below the standards of
5.0 mg/1. Saturation levels were below 50 percent. Coliform densities
in these waters were found to exceed the limits established by the
Standards with geometric mean ranging from 56,690 MPN per 100 ml in the
East River to less than 100 MPN per 100 ml in Western Long Island. These
coliform densities were noticeably higher than those found during the
1959 survey.
Westchester County Shore
Standards violations continued along the shore line of Westchester
County (1970 stations 7-15, 9A, 10A) from New Rochelle to Port Chester
Harbor. Dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 5.3 mg/1 adjacent to the
Mamaroneck sewage outfall to 9.8 mg/1 in Larchmont Harbor. Dissolved
oxygen concentrations were below acceptable levels in the Class SA waters
adjacent to the Mamaroneck and Blind Brook sewage outfalls. Total coli-
form densities ranged from 2,400 organisms per 100 ml in Port Chester
Harbor to 33 organisms per 100 ml at the entrance to Larchmont Harbor.
Total coliform densities exceeded the established levels at these locations
and in Port Chester Harbor. Fecal coliform densities ranged from 13 to
230 organisms per 100 ml. Chlorophyll ji concentrations were noticeably
higher in Larchmont and Mamaroneck Harbors than in the open Sound waters.
Standards were violated in Port Chester Harbor in 1970. The total
coliform density at the entrance to the Byram River was 2,400 organisms per
100 ml. , Extensive floating trash, aquatic plant growth, and a slight oil
slick were observed.
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A comprehensive study was conducted by the New York State Department
of Environmental Conservation during 1969-1970 of the waters of Long Island
Sound in Westchester County. The results of the study indicated an improve-
ment in water quality in the waters generally west of Mamaroneck Harbor.
It showed that the area northeast of Mamaroneck Harbor continued to contain
high densities of coliform organisms.
Connecticut Shore
Samples were collected at 43 locations along the Connecticut shore
from Port Chester Harbor to New Haven Harbor (1970 stations 16-58, 45A).
Dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.8 mg/1 in Norwalk Harbor to 10.3 mg/1 off
Smith Reef (near Stamford). Total coliform density ranged from 2 organisms
per 100 ml at several locations to greater than 24,000 organisms per 100 ml
on the Housatonic River. Fecal coliform densities ranged from 2 to 5,400
organisms per 100 ml.
Approved coliform and dissolved oxygen standards were violated in
Stamford Harbor, Norwalk Harbor, the Housatonic River, and Milford Harbor.
In the Housatonic River, dissolved oxygen concentrations were below the
established limit of 5.0 mg/1 at three of the five stations sampled.
Total coliform densities were also greater than the established standards
at three locations. The maximum total coliform level of 24,000 organisms
per 100 ml was found at two upstream stations. Fecal coliform densities
were also significantly high at these stations. These low dissolved
oxygen levels and high densities of total and fecal coliform organisms
(24,000 and 5,400 organisms per 100 ml, respectively), suggest that the
Housatonic River receives discharges of inadequately treated municipal
waste. The area of water quality degradation includes both the river
itself and the area adjacent to its mouth.
Dissolved oxygen levels were • also depressed in Norwalk (3.8 mg/1),
and Milford Harbors (5.3 mg/1). High total and fecal coliform densities
(4,900 and 490 organisms per 100 ml, respectively) were observed in Stamford
Harbor.
Chlorophyll a^ concentrations were noticeably higher in Cos Cob,
Stamford, Sheffield, Norwalk, Southport, Black Rock, and Bridgeport
Harbors and the upper Housatonic River when compared to the offshore
waters. These levels suggest, the presence of abundant phytoplankton
or plant growth.
/
A 1970 report by the Water Resources Commission, State of Connecticut
on Water Quality Standards lists those waters where present quality is
..below the adopted standards. The report, which confirms the results of
the 1970 Environmental Protection Agency survey, indicates that problems
of quality exist in: Connecticut River, Housatonic River, Byram River,
Stamford Harbor, Norwalk Harbor, Black Rock Harbor, Bridgeport Harbor,
New Haven Harbor, Mill River and Quinnipiac River, Mystic River and
Stonington.
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New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor (1970 stations 59-69) continues to exhibit poor
water quality. The water quality standards were violated at six of the
11 locations sampled. Water quality at five of the six stations in the
inner harbor (classified SC) failed to meet criteria established for
dissolved oxygen and bacteria. Dissolved oxygen levels varied from
1.4 to 4.2 mg/1. Total and fecal coliform densities ranged from 3,300
to 24,000 and 350 to 5,400 organisms per 100 ml, respectively. Water
quality standards were not violated in the outer harbor (classified SB).
Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 5.5 to 6.1 mg/1. Total
coliform densities ranged from 23 to 220 organisms per 100 ml. However,
dissolved oxygen was below acceptable levels outside the breakwater at
the harbor entrance (classified SA).
Chlorophyll a_ concentrations exceeded 10 milligrams per cubic meter
at 4 of 6 locations in the inner harbor and reached a maximum of
17.1 mg/m . These levels suggest abundant phytoplankton growth.
Branford to Connecticut-Rhode Island State Line
(excluding Thames River)
From Branford to the Connecticut-Rhode Island State line shoreline
(1970 stations 70-91, 106-116) waters excluding the Thames River were
of high quality. Approved standards were not violated in this area
during the survey. The mean dissolved oxygen concentration in these
waters was 7.8 mg/1. Total coliform densities ranged from less than
2 organisms per 100 ml to 540 organisms per 100 ml in Mystic and
Stonington Harbors. Fecal coliform densities were generally less than
30 organisms per 100 ml.
Chlorophyll £ and nutrient concentrations and bacterial densities
were much lower than those in urbanized areas west of New Haven Harbor.
Chlorophyll a_ concentrations were higher than background levels in the
Connecticut River and Mystic and Stonington Harbors.
New London Harbor-Thames River
Water quality standards were violated at seven of 13 locations in
the New London Harbor-Thames River complex (1970 stations 92-105).
Dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 4.2 to 8.6 mg/1. Both total and
fecal colifortn densities ranged from 33 to greater than 24,000 organisms
per 100 ml. Bacterial densities were higher than acceptable levels at
five locations upstream from the Route 95 bridge. Four of these loca-
tions also exhibited total coliform densities greater than 24,000
organisms per 100 ml. These high total and fecal coliform densities —
exceeded only in the western Long Island Sound - East River area — repre-
sent a definite hazard to recreational use.
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Biology
In the balanced biological system of Long Island Sound sunlight
and nutrients foster the growth of microscopic aquatic plants, the grass
of the sea. These microscopic plants are consumed by the microscopic
animals, clams, oysters, shrimps and small fish. Larger fish feed upon
the smaller and waste from all these organisms is broken down by bacteria
into the nutrients which start the cycle anew. It is becoming apparent
that all portions of this complex biological cycle are now undergoing
change.
The results of the EPA surveys of Long Island Sound in 1969 and 1970
showed that nutrients and chlorophyll a_ concentrations varied: for phos-
phorous, 0.52 - <0.01 mg/1; nitrate 0.47 - 0.01 mg/1, Total Kjeldahl
nitrogen, 3.66 - 0.1 mg/1 and chlorophyll £ 88.8 - 1.0 milligrams per
cubic meter. Phosphorous and nitrogen generally decreased toward the
east. Chlorophyll _a, a measure of primary production of plant life,
also followed this same pattern. Riley, 1959, found phosphate and nitrate
concentrations in Long Island Sound to decrease from west to east. He
also found a seven-fold decrease in the chlorophyll concentration per
unit volume between the western and eastern end of the Sound. Harris,
1959, observed maximum levels of all fractions of nitrogen in the western
end of the Sound. Riley, 1941, observed chlorophyll &_ concentrations
ranging from 5.2 - 62.0 mg/m . He found these values much higher than
the oceanic waters outside the Sound. Nutrients, particularly phosphorous
were also higher.
The EPA surveys indicate that nutrients and chlorophyll levels were
generally higher near the population centers. Specifically, the western
end of the Sound and embayments such as Oyster Bay in New York and
Stamford, Southport, Bridgeport and New H^ven Harbors in Connecticut
had nutrient levels and quantities of floating aquatic plants noticeably
higher than other areas of the Sound. These extensive growths of aquatic
plants may occur only sporadically (e.g., New Haven Harbor, 1969) but the
history of their occurrence dates back to the early 1950's. If the incom-
ing load of nutrients continues to increase, the incidence of these nuisance
conditions will multiply. It is then that the water will become green,
the profusion of rooted and floating plants will interfere with swimming,
boating, and fishing, and periodic high tides will leave the beaches
covered with decaying marine plants which produce obnoxious odors. If
those conditions are permitted to continue, the reversal of the downward
trend will be questionable, and extremely costly.
The study of nutrient enrichment is an area which requires extensive
and careful evaluation. The causes of problems produced by extensive
aquatic growth are far more complex than a simple review of nitrogen,
phosphorous and chlorophyll concentrations alone. Research, particularly
in the marine environment is a definite need.
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Summary
The water quality picture of Long Island Sound which has been presented
is a reproduction of what has happened before at other places in other times.
The quality of portions of the Sound are deteriorated to levels below the
adopted standards. These conditions which are now occurring in the Sound
are occurring by default rather than by design and to follow that path
is to invite ecologic disaster and the loss of a valuable natural resource.
This natural system can be well managed and an ecologic balance
restored — it is not too late. A major effort toward this end has been
initiated by the States of Connecticut and New York and these efforts are
described in the next section. This effort, primarily aimed at the con-
struction of upgraded and expanded water pollution control facilities,
will provide the prompt action needed to abate pollution in areas of
presently degraded water quality and prevent the spread of degradation
to areas which are now of good quality. The formulation of a comprehen-
sive water resource management program might well represent a rational
plan which can ensure the future development of the Long Island Sound
Region while protecting the quality of its waters.
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V - POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS
Federal
Water Quality Standards
The Water Quality Act of 1965 amended the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act and provided for the establishment of water quality standards
for interstate waters. Under the provisions of the Act, the states were
given the option of setting water quality standards by June 30, 1967, for
interstate waters or portions thereof within their borders and coastal
waters. The standards were to be consistent with the purposes of the Act
which are "...to enhance the quality and value of our water resources and
to establish a national policy for the prevention, control and abatement of
water pollution."
The Standards adopted by the States include a classification of water
uses, water quality criteria for these uses and a plan for the implementa-
tion and enforcement of the water quality criteria adopted. The standards
shall protect the public health or welfare, enhance the quality of the
water and serve the purposes of the Act. In establishing standards,
consideration was to be given to their use and value for public water
supply, propagation of fish and wildlife, recreation, agriculture, industrial
and other legitimate uses.
The standards adopted by New York and Connecticut were approved by
the Administrator of EPA. Since the Administrator has determined that
they are consistent with the provisions of the Act, they are Federal
water quality standards applicable to those interstate waters. Appendix D
contains a definition of best water usage and its appropriate water quality
criteria pertinent to the waters of Long Island Sound.
Construction Grants
In the Long Island Sound Area, to date, EPA has spent or allocated
$11,500,331 in Federal Grants to assist in the construction of 58 water
pollution control projects having a total eligible cost of $142,615,317,
Fifteen projects are in New York and A3 are in Connecticut. Table 8
lists these projects.
Federal Facilities
Federal agencies are charged by the President and the Congress to
provide leadership for the nationwide pollution abatement program.
Executive Order 11507 issued by the President February 4, 1970, declares:
"It is the intent of this Order that the Federal government in the design,
operation and maintenance of its facilities shall provide leadership in
the nation with effort to protect and enhance the quality of our air and
water resources." Actions necessary to meet the requirements of the
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Executive Order are to be completed or under way by December 31, 1972,
except where enforcement conferences or water quality standards require
earlier actions, in which case the earliest date must be met. Section 21
of the Federal Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 requires, among
other things, that: "Each Federal agency (...includes Federal departments,
agencies and instrumentalities) having jurisdiction over any real property
or facility or engaged in any Federal public works activity of any kind,
shall, consistent with the paramount interest of the United States as
determined by the President, insure compliance with applicable water
quality standards and the purpose of this Act in the administration of
such property, facility or activity."
Federal activities have been instructed to program for needed improve-
ments in order that requests may be submitted to the Congress for the
appropriations needed to meet the compliance dates. Specific details
for each of the Federal facilities located on Long Island Sound are listed
in Appendix B.
State
New York
The New York Water Pollution Control Act of 1949 established a program
of stream classifications for designated waters of the State. In response
to the Federal Water Quality Act of 1965, New York was one of the first
states in the nation to secure approval from the Federal government of
quality standards for interstate waters. Appendix D presents the classi-
fications and water quality criteria for Long Island Sound submitted to
the Secretary of the Interior by New York. Appendix Table B-l and B-3
summarizes the implementation schedule for each identified waste source
as established by New York State in order to achieve compliance with the
standards. Also listed are those waste sources which, in accordance with
the standards, have ordered or voluntary implementation dates not specified
but fall within the Pure Waters Program ending date of March 31, 1972.
According to these schedules, there are five industrial facilities identi-
fied as sources of pollution. A breakdown of the compliance status is
as follows: one is on schedule; one is behind schedule; one has a pending
completion date (with no interim date); and two have no established sched-
ule at this time. Of the 22 municipal waste sources that are identified:
one is completed; three are behind schedule; three have pending interim
dates; 11 have pending completion dates (with no interim dates) and four
presently provide adequate treatment with no established schedule.
The New York State Legislature, in 1966, passed into law Section
33 of the Navigation Law. This section which became effective March 1,
1970 regulates the disposal from vessels of sewage and litter into the
waterways of the State. Administrative Rules and Regulations promulgated
in conformance with the laws prohibit the discharge of all wastes without
complete treatment. Holding tanks, incineration and anaerobic digesters
are some of the treatment methods permitted under the law. Effective
implementation of Section 33 will protect Long Island Sound from the
discharge of wastes from watercraft.
- 31 -
-------
TABLE 8
FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROJECTS
LONG ISLAND SOUND
Name
of
Project
Project
No.
Eligible
Costs
Grant
Amount
Date
of
Grant
I/ 21
Description— Status—
NEW YORK-'
Belgrave S. D.
Glen Cove (C)
Glen Cove (C)
Great Neck S. D.
Great Neck S. D.
Great Neck (V)
North Hempstead (T)
Northport (V)
Northport (V)
Oyster Bay S. D.
Port Chester (V)
Port Washington S. D.
Roslyn (V)
West Chester Co.
(Blind Brook)
Westchester Co.
(Mama rone ck)
190
236
432
84
289
341
609
237
577
130
67
351
342
105
218
$ 400
120
504
975
1,138
265
366
28
508
1,161
916
637
133
2,875
5,020
$ 15,049
,000
,000
,000
,000
,943
,000
,600
,600
,000
,300
,300
,000
,602
,000
,000
,345
$ 120
36
166
250
375
87
120
8
152
348
250
191
44
250
1,506
$3,907
,000
,000
,320
,000
,851
,450
,990
,580
,340
,390
,000
,100
,089
,000
,000
,110
1-63
4-64
9-68
8-59
7-66
3-67
4-70
5-64
9-70
8-61
9-58
8-67
5-67
2-61
6-63
STP
STP
PS,
STP
STP
STP
STP
INT
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
(A)
(A)
FM, INT
(A)
(A), PS, FM
(A)
(A)
, PS, FM
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
3
3
2
3
3
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
3
2
-------
TABLE 8 (Cont'd)
FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROJECTS
LONG ISLAND SOUND
Name
of
Project
Project
No.
Eligible
Costs
Grant
Amount
Date
of
Grant
Description—
2/
Status^-'
CONNECTICUT-''
Ansonia, City of
Ansonia, City of
Bran ford, S.
Bridgeport,
Bridgeport ,
Bridgeport,
Canaan Fire
Connecticut
Conn. Health
Derby , City
East Haven,
East Haven,
A.
City of
City of
City of
Dist.
DPW
Dept.
of
Town of
Town of
Fair field, Town of
Fairfield, Town of
63
91
18
28
98
99
81
25
76
50
14
68
126
55
$ 1,564
2,103
1,373
29
11,540
15,725
418
661
239
915
998
2,130
2,200
819
,980
,000
,145
,815
,000
,000
,500
,926
,000
,000
,586
,695
,000
,897
$ 516
50
250
8
50
1,500
10
198
6
,250
250
42
60
270
,440
,000 (L)
,000
,940
,000 (L)
,000 (L)
,000 (L)
,577
,000 (L)
,000
,000
,000 (L)
,000 (L)
,566
6-67
11-68
9-61
6-63
8-69
8-69
6-68
5-63
12-68
11-65
8-60
9-67
6-70
8-66
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP,
STP,
STP
STP,
INT
STP
STP
STP
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
INT
INT
INT
(A), INT
(A)
(A)
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
1
3
-------
TABLE 8 (Cont'd)
FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROJECTS
LONG ISLAND SOUND
Name
of
Project
Greenwich, Town of
Greenwich, Town of
Groton, Town of
Groton, Town of
Groton, City of
Hamden, Town of
Milford, City of
New Canaan, Town of
New Haven/, City of
New Haven, City of
New London, City of
New London, City of
North Haven, Town of
North Haven, Town of
Project
No.
Eligible
Costs
Grant
Amount
Date
of
Grant
CONNECTICUT-^ (Cont'd)
21
113
61
136
104
38
72
17
39
95
36
135
37
90
$ 846,123
1,350,000
339,000
13,615,000
3,544,000
1,320,000
5,196,000
653,714
2,294,000
82,749
27,000
2,459,000
1,647,100
385,100
$ 250,000
25,000 (L)
111,870
100,000 (L)
50,000
250,000
80,000
196,114
250,000
45,511
8,100
50,000 (L)
250,000
11,000
7-62
12-69
2-67
11-70
8-69 (L)
3-64
1-68 (L)
4-61
6-64
3-69
2-64
11-70
3-64
11-68 (L)
Description-
INT
INT
STP (A), INT
STP, FM, PS
STP (A)
INT
STP, 0, INT
STP (A)
STP (A)
STP (A)
STP (A)
STP, PS, INT
STP
INT
21
Status—
3
2
2
1
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
1
3
2
-------
TABLE 8 (Cont'd)
FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROJECTS
LONG ISLAND SOUND
Name
of
Project
Project
No.
Eligible
Costs
Grant
Amount
Date
of
Grant
I/ 2/
Description- Status-
CONNECTICUT-' (Cont'd)
Norwalk,
Norwalk ,
Norwalk,
Norwich,
Norwich,
Norwich ,
Shelton,
City
City
City
City
City
City
City
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
Southington, Town of
Stamford,
Stanford,
City
City
of
of
Stonington, Town of
Stratford
, Town of
Vest Haven, City of
West Haven, City of
19
42
139
1
26 (APW)
92
46
5
77
103
120
124
64
131
$ 127
1,692
5,361
1,517
339
1,783
970
1,031
100
2,109
3,842
15,450
5,039
12,665
,677
,000
,000
,696
,439
,000
,450
,080
,800
.500
,000
,000
,000
,000
$ 38
558
100
250
40
250
250
55
52
50
100
400
100
,303
,360
,000 (L)
,000
-
,000
,000
,000
,440
,000 (L)
,000 (L)
,000 (L)
,000 (L)
,000 (L)
1-62
10-64
11-70
2-57
-
12-68 (L)
1-65
8-57
4-68
7-69
4-70
5-70
8-67
8-70
STP
STP
STP
STP,
STP
INT
STP,
STP
INT
INT
STP,
STP,
STP,
STP
(A)
(A)
(A)
INT, PS
(A), FM
INT
INT, PS
INT, PS, FM
INT
(A), INT, PS, FM
3
2
1
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
-------
TABLE 8 (Cont'd)
FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROJECTS
LONG ISLAND SOUND
Name
of
Project
Westport, Town of
Project
No.
9 $
Eligible
Costs
4/
CONNECTICUT-
1,059,000
§127,565,972
Grant
Amount
(Cont'd)
$ 250,000
$7,634,221
Date
°f I/ 21
Grant Description— Status—
4-59 STP, 0, INT 3
(L) Limited Federal Grant. State Prefinancing Remainder of Federal Share.
if Description of Project:
(A) - Additions and/or Alterations
PM - Force Main
INT - Intercepting Sewers
STP - Sewage Treatment Plant
0 - Outfall Sewer
II Status:
1. Project Approved (Grant Offer Made)
2. Under Construction
3. Project Completed
_3/ Mew "York State provides a 30% State construction grant to communities to assist in the construction
of Water Pollution Control Facilities. This program also provides for prefinancing of Federal
grants, where necessary, up to 29% because the funding of the Federal program is far below needs.
In 1965, a billion dollar bond issue was authorized to finance the State Grant Program.
_4/ Bond Issues totalling $250 Million have been financed for matching construction grants funds of
30%. The law also provided for State prefinancing of the Federal share of the grant. Connecticut
has prefinanced all major FY 69 and 70 projects with limited Federal Grants averaging 5% of
Eligible Costs.
-------
Connecticut
The Connecticut Water Resources Commission under Connecticut Public
Act No. 57 approved May 1, 1967, has held five public hearings relative to
the adoption of standards for the waters of the State and has adopted
water quality standards for all interstate, intrastate and coastal waters.
The standards applicable to interstate and coastal waters were approved
by the Secretary of the Interior in his letter of February 15, 1968, with
two exceptions. Revisions intended to overcome the exceptions along with
other modifications were adopted by the Commission on November 17, 1969,
and were approved by the Secretary on April 21, 1970.
To achieve compliance with the standards, the Commission has issued
orders to all known polluters, both municipal and private. The orders
are aimed at treating all sources of pollution through the installation
of secondary treatment of the activated sludge type or its equivalent,
except in cases where a higher degree of treatment will be required to
maintain the water quality standards. The original state schedule pro-
vided for completion of all waste treatment facilities by the end of
1972. The Commission has, in some cases, modified original schedules
after review of new information and special conditions. Appendix Table
B-l and B-3 summarizes the implementation schedule for identified waste
sources as established by the State of Connecticut.
According to these schedules, 132 industrial facilities are identi-
fied as sources of industrial and/or domestic pollution. A breakdown
of the compliance status is as follows: four are no longer discharging,
33 are on schedule; 79 are behind schedule; 10 have pending completion
dates (with no interim dates); and six have no schedules established at
this time. In addition, 17 facilities are required to abate domestic
pollution as well as industrial discharges; namely by connection to a
municipal system. A breakdown of the compliance status for these is as
follows: one is no longer discharging, nine are on schedule, and seven
are behind schedule. The municipal plants that have been identified
total 38, of which six are on schedule, 26 are behind schedule; one has
a pending completion date (with no interim date) and five presently
provide adequate treatment with no established schedule.
Interstate Programs
Interstate Sanitation Commission
The Interstate Sanitation Commission was formed by the Tri-State
Compact between the States of New Jersey, New York and Connecticut to
have jurisdiction in the Interstate Sanitation District. This District
consists of all coastal, estuarine and tidal waters within or covering
the signatory states in an area which includes the New York Harbor complex
and the waters of Long Island Sound from the East River to a line extend-
ing from the east side of New Haven Harbor on the Connecticut shore to
the east side of Port Jefferson Harbor on the New York shore.
- 32 -
-------
The Commission has the power to make rules, regulations and issue
orders with regard to pollution and to determine the adequacy of treat-
ment provided by wastewater facilities. It carries out a program of
surveillance and, when necessary, can resort to the courts to compel
enforcement. The Commission endeavors to convince municipalities and
industries of the need for voluntary and cooperative abatement measures
before it considers enforcement action.
The Commission exhibits its regional leadership in numerous ways.
It has made substantial progress toward the enactment of legislation
which will enable the Commission to place in force, through appropriate
steps, improved classification of waters and effluent standards. Presently,
the Commission performs the valuable role of facilitating the development
of uniform standards and regulations. Surveillance of water quality is
carried out throughout the Commission's jurisdiction by means of sampling
and analysis on routine boat runs as well as more intensive studies in
selected areas. The Commission also conducts an extensive waste sampling
program and develops programs for the training of treatment plant operators.
New England River Basins Commission
The New England River Basins Commission is a federal-state commission
composed of representatives of the six New England States and New York,
eight Federal agencies and six interstate agencies. Established in September
1967 under the Water Resources Planning Act, the Commission is charged with:
a) serving as the principal agency for coordination of all plans for water
and related land resources; b) preparing and updating a comprehensive, co-
ordinated joint plan for water and related land resources; and c) recommending
schedules of priorities for water resources programs. Special studies and
projects related to these purposes have been conducted. A recent Presi-
dential Executive Order (Order No. 11528, dated April 24, 1970) extended
the jurisdiction of the Commission to include Long Island Sound except the
portion lying west of a line extended from the Connecticut - New York boundary
at the northern shore of the Sound to the New York City - Nassau County
boundary on the southern shore of the Sound.
The Commission provides leadership in a cooperative Federal, State
and local comprehensive plan for the waters and related land resources of
Long Island Sound, initiated in 1971 under the Water Resources Planning
Act.
Mew England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission
Comprising the six New England States and the State of New York, the
New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission was established by
interstate compact in 1947. The Commission provides a vehicle for interstate
cooperation in water pollution control through the classification of inter-
state streams, research on regional water pollution control problems and
public information. Recently, it has directed its attention to programs
providing training for waste treatment plant operators.
- 33 -
-------
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- 37 -
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Standards.
- 38 -
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APPENDIX A
CONVENTIONAL STEAM AND NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS ON
LONG ISLAND SOUND
-------
TABLE A-l
CONVENTIONAL STEAM ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
ON LONG ISLAND
2/
Installed Capacity Planned Capacity-
Map (Megawatts) (Megawatts)
No. Name of Plant and Location _ 1967 _ 1970 _ 1990
1 Long Island Lighting Company
Port Jefferson
Port Jefferson, Long Island 467 483 483
2 Long Island Lighting Company
Northport
Northport, Long Island 387 403 403
3 Long Island Lighting Company
Glenwood Landing, Hempstead Harbor
Glenwood Landing, Long Island 307 1567 1567
4 New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad
Cos Cob
Cos Cob, Connecticut 27
5 Hartford Electric Light Company
Stamford
Stamford, Connecticut 52
6 Connecticut Light & Power Company
Norwalk Harbor
Norwalk, Connecticut 326
7 General Electric Company
Bridgeport
Bridgeport, Connecticut 15
8 United Illuminating Company
Steep Point
Bridgeport, Connecticut 156
9 United Illuminating Company
Bridgeport Harbor
Bridgeport, Connecticut 261 655 1155
10 Connecticut Light & Power Company
Devon, Housa tonic River
Devon, Connecticut 479 470 445
JV See Figure A-l for location of power plants.
2J Recent controversies regarding thermal pollution have delayed
construction of many planned stations.
-------
TABLE A-l (Cont'd)
CONVENTIONAL STEAM ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
ON LONG ISLAND SOUND
Map
No. Name of Plant and Location
11 United Illuminating Company
Derby, Housatonic River
Derby, Connecticut
12 United Illuminating Company
English, Mill River
New Haven, Connecticut
13 Yale University
Sterling
New Haven, Connecticut
14 Yale University
Central
New Haven, Connecticut
15 United States Navy
New London Sub Base
New London, Connecticut
16 Connecticut Light & Power Company
Montville, Thames River
New London, Connecticut
17 Charles Pfizer & Company
Groton, Thames River
Groton, Connecticut
Installed Capacity Planned Capacity
(Megawatts) (Megawatts)
1967 1970 1990
20
146
1.7
3.4
176
11
176
554
-------
TABLE A-2
NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
ON LONG ISLAND
Map
No.
*5
Name of Plant and Location
Long Island Lighting Company
Shorehara
Shoreham, Long Island, New York
Long Island Lighting Company
Lloyd Neck
Lloyd Harbor, New York
Consolidated Edison Company
Welfare Island
New York City (East River)
Consolidated Edison Company
Davids Island (Ft. Slocum)
New Rochelie, New York
Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Company
Connecticut Yankee
Haddam Neck, Connecticut
Northeast Utilities
Millstone Point - Unit //I
Millstone Point - Unit #2
New London, Connecticut
Proposed Capacity
(Megawatts)
849
1000
3000
4000
567
Scheduled
Completion
Date
1975
Mid 1980's
Proposed
1978
In Operation
828
1975
17 See Figure A-l for location of Nuclear Power Plants.
*Not included in Summary, Section II. Plant is located on the Connecticut River
20 Miles from Long Island Sound.
-------
POWER GENERATING STATIONS
LONG ISLAND SOUND
m
NEWYOIKCI1Y / NAS5AUCOUN,Y ,
little Neck Bay r
PROPOSED NUCLEAfi POWtR PLANTS
EXISTING FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS
(XISTING NUCIEAR POWER PLANTS
| 4 I
S 10
-------
APPENDIX B
WASTE SOURCE LISTING AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
SCHEDULE
-------
TABLE B-I
MUNICIPAL, PRIVATE AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND
Ident.
No.
1
2
3
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
11
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Name
Greenport
Port Jefferson
Kings Park Hospital
Northport
Hunt ington
Quant . Biological Lab
Oyster Bay
Glen Cove-Morgan Estates
Glen Cove
Roslyn
Port Washington
Great Neck SD tfl
Great Neck Village
Belgrave SD
Orchard Beach, NYC
City-Hart Island, NYC
New Roche lie
Mamaroneck
Shenrock Shore Club, Rye
Blind Brook
Port Chester
Receiving Waters
'Long Island Sound
Port Jefferson Harbor
Smithtown Bay
Northport Harbor
Hunt ington Harbor
Cold Spring Harbor
Oyster Bay Harbor
Long Island Sound
Hempstead Harbor
Hempstead Harbor
Manhasset Bay
Manhasset Bay
Manhasset Bay
Little Neck Bay
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound
Long Is land Sound
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound
Byram River-Port
Chester Harbor
Population
Served
3,000
9,000
9,500
3,000
16,000
10
7,125
250
25,000
3,500
36,115
10,000
9,080
15,000
Seasonal
6,000
71,390
167,000
Seasonal
59,100
23,800
Average
With Combined Flow
Sewers (M3D)
NEW YORK
0.15
0.80
1.00
0.15
1.10
0.01
1.11
-
1.20
0.13
2.52
2.12
1. 06
1. 12
-
X 1.00
10.60
11.10
X 2.50
X 1.20
„
Submit ^ Submit 5
Degree of Preliminary ^ Final 5 Start
primary 11/69 1
primary
Secondary
primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary 7/71
Secondary i|/73
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary - - 7/71
Septic Tank
Primary
Primary 10/69 1 3/70 2/72
Primary _
Septic Tank
Primary tf/69 1 3/70 3/72
Primary 10/69 1 V70 3/72
n m
B 3
3 Complete 5
i OT Construction w
V72
V72
V72
V72
V72
V72
V75
12/68 1
6/71
7/72
V72
V72
12/7U
V72
V72
U/72
8/73
9/73
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
-------
TABLE B-l
MUNICIPAL, PRIVATE AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND (Coat'd.)
FEDERALLY APPROVED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
a/, b/
Map
Ident .
No.
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Name
Greenwich
Byram River Interceptor
Belle Haven Interceptor
Stamford
Interceptors
Stamford-Indian Ridge
Darien
Norwalk
Sewers
Norwalk (6th Tax Dist.)
Westport
Fairf ield
Bridgeport-West Side
Bridgeport-East Side
Stratford
Shelton-Main
Shelton-Route 8
Derby
Milford (Devon)
Milford (Town Meadows)
Milford (Harbor Plant)
Milford (Gulf Pond Plant)
West Haven
New Haven-Boulevard Plant
Receiving Waters
Greenwich Harbor
Stamford River
Stamford River
Long Island Sound
Norwalk River
Norwalk River
Saugatuck River
Long Island Sound
Cedar Creek
Bridgeport Harbor
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Milford Harbor
Milford Harbor
Gulf Pond
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
Estimated
Population
Served
42,200
92,700
500
6,300
55,000
48,000
30,000
90,000
40,000
40,000
10,000
-
8,500
-
10,000
4,000
6,000
40,000
76,600
Average
Municipalities Daily
With Combined Flow
Sewers (MSD)
CONNECTICUT
4.60
9.20
X 0.05
0.70
X 9.00
X
0.50
3.75
X 24.00
X 11.00
6.00
X 1.00
1.00
X 0.85
-
1.15
0.60
1.40
5.00
X 11.30
Treatment
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Pr'imary
Septic Tank
Sand Filter
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Individual
Secondary
Secondary
Sec ondary
Primary
Primary
Subm it
Plans
7/67
7/67
12/67
7/67
6/68
12/67
2/68
9/67
9/67
9/67
11/67
8/67
12/67
6/67
12/67
7/68
CO
g Submit
M Plans
11/69
1 4/68
1 4/68
1 1/68
1 5/68
1 4/69
1 7/68
1 4/68
1 1/69
1 1/69
1 6/68
1 7/68
1 4/67
1 9/68
1 7/67
1 12/68
1 12/69
CO CO
JS Start JS
M Construction m
i 1/70 1
1 2/69 1
1 2/69 1
9/68
1 2/69
12/69
1. 3/69
1 12/68
1 6/69 1
1 6/69 1
1 2/69
1 4/69
1 4/67 1
6/69
1 1/68 1
1 8/69
.,:;.•',-.-;.. 11/70
g
Complete <
Construction co
3/71
1/71
7/70
7/70
7/69
2/70
4/71
9/71
3/70
10/69
6/71
1/71
12/69
2/70
11/67 1
4/70
5/69
6/70
11/72
-------
TABLE B-l
MUNICIPAL, PRIVATE AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND CCont'd.)
FEDERALLY APPROVED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE -* -
Map
Ident .
No.
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Est imated
Population
Name Receiving Waters Served
New Haven-East St. Plant
New Haven-East Shore Plant
North Haven
East Lyme-Rocky Neck State
Park
East Lyme-Niantic St. Farm
East Lyme-Camp Dempsey
Waterford-Seaside St. San.
New London-Trumbull St. Plant
New London-Riverside Plant
Waterford
Montville
Norwich
Yantic Interceptor
Shetucket Interceptor
La. Hill & Thames Inter.
Ledyard-Lifet ime Homes
Groton City-Fort St. Plant
Groton City-Branf ord Court
Groton Town-Fort Hill Homes
Interceptor
Stonington-Myst ic
St onington-Boro
New Haven Harbor 67,500
New Haven Harbor 34,900
Quinnipiac River 16,000
Long Island Sound
Bride Brook
Niantic River
Long Island Sound
Thames River 32,700
Thames River 2,600
Thames River
Thames River
Shetucket & Thames R. 24,000
4,500
Williams Brook
Thames River 10,000
Bakers Cove 800
Muraford Cove 4,800
-
Mystic River
Stonington Harbor
Average
Municipalities Daily
With Combined Flow
Seuers (M3D)
X 11.20
X 6.00
X 5.00
0.02
0.03
0.32
0.03
3.20
0.20
-
-
X 1.50
0.08
1.30
0.03
0.30
-
0.05
0.12
Degree of
Treatment
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
P rimary
Primary
Individual
I ndividual
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Individual
Individual
Submit =
Preliminary ^
Plans <°
7/68 1
7/68 1
3/68 1
10/67 1
9/67 1
10/67 1
10/67 1
5/68 1
10/67 ' 1
12/67 1
12/67 1
12/67 I
12/67 1
5/68 1
10/67 1
1
8/67 1
8/67 1
Submit §
Final <
Plans w
12/69
12/69
7/68 1
5/68 1
6/68
3/68 1
4/68 1
9/68
6/68
6/69
7/68
12/68 1
6/68 1
6/68
11/68 1
2/69 1
10/68 1
7/68 1
7/68 1
3/68 1
9/68
B
Start g
Construction to
11/70
11/70
3/69 1
12/68 1
2/69
11/68 1
12/68 1
7/69
4/69
6/70
6/69
10/69
6/69 1
6/69
6/69
4/69 1
9/69 1
6/69
6/69
1/69 1
5/69
Complete
Construction
11/72
11/72'
2/70
6/69
10/69
6/69
8/69
7/70
10/69
6/71
8/70
10/70
3/70
3/70
3/70
5/69
9/70
10/70
10/70
4/70
8/70
VI
3
H
H
OT
1
1
1
1
a/ Under the "Status" column, a "1" indicates the step has been tatus of Compliance as of March 15, 1971 for Connecticut Sources and October 30, 1970 for New York Sources.
b/ An asterisk "*" at the right margin of the Implementation Schedule established.
-------
MUNICIPAL AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND
-------
TABLE B-2
FEDERAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND
FEDERALLY APPROVED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
Map
Ident.
No.
la
1
2
3
l>
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
lit
15
16
Installat ion
Animal Disease Lab
Animal Disease Lab
U.S. Ail force plant »43
New London Sub Base
U. S. S. Fulton
Navy Barges
Little Gull Is. Lighthouse
Plum Island Lighthouse
Stratford Shoal Lighthouse
Execution Rocks Lighthouse
Greens Ledge Lighthouse
Penfield Reef Lighthouse
Stratford Point Lighthouse
Falkner Island Lighthouse
New London Depot Lighthouse
New London Ledge Lighthouse
Race Rock Lighthouse
Location
Plum Island, N.Y.
Plum Island, N.Y.
Stratford, Conn.
Groton, Conn.
Groton, Conn.
Groton, Conn.
Little Gull Is. N.Y.
Plum Island, N.Y.
Port Jefferson, N.Y.
New Rochelle, N.Y.
Northport, N.Y.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Stratford, Conn.
Guilford, Conn.
New London, Conn.
New London, Conn.
Fishers Island, N.Y.
Receiving Waters
Block Island Sound
Long Island Sound
Housatonic River
Thames River
Thames River
Thames River
Long Is land Sound
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound
Thames River
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound
Average
Daily
Flow
(GPD)
1*6,000
55,000
576,000
1,300,000
40,000
40,000
300
300
200
HOO
300
300
300
MO
150
300
300
Submit
Type of Preliminary
Treatment Elans
Chlorinat ion
Septic Tank
/"Grinding
/ Neutralization
^Sterilization
Secondary 7/71
Primary
None
Pump to Groton
Town System
None
Septic Tank
None
None
None
None
Septic Tank
Septic Tank
None
None
None
S3 a
H Submit t< H
£ Final S Start H Complete
m Plans Construction m Construction
1972
1972
12/71 2/72 10/72
9/71
9/71
12/70
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
CO
:=>
H
CO
1
-------
FEDERAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND
-------
TABLE B-3
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND
Map
Ident .
No.
1
2
3
u
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1U
15
16
17
18
19
20
Long Island Lighting Co.
Shell Oil Co.
Metropolitan Oil Co.
Russell, Byrdsall b Ward
Krystincl Corp.
GAF Corporation
Globe Slicing Machine
Co. , Inc .
Machlett Laboratories , Inc.
Laminated Shim Co., Inc .
Hoffman Fuel Co., Inc.
Cexro Copper & Brass Co.
National Dairy Products
Corp. (Sealtest)
Devine Brothers
King Organic Chemical Co.
Norwalk Asphalt
Ca Id or , Inc .
Fairfield Investors, Inc.
Ro way ton Market
Rovayton Pharmacy
Soybel Realty Co .
Number of
Port Jefferson
Mount Vernon
Mount Vernon
Port Chester 800
Port Chester 70
Greenwich 8 1U
Stamford 150
Stamford 1,600
Stamford 250
Stamford
Stamford 300
Stamford
Norwalk
Nor walk 10
Norwalk
Norwalk
Norwa Ik
Norwalfc
Norwalk
Norwalk
Type of Product
Power
Oil
Oil
Nuts & Bolts
Ferrites
Felt-Wool and
Synthetic Filters
(Sanitary)
Food Slicers and
Choppers
X-Ray Tubes
Laminated Stampings
-
Copper & Brass
Products
(Sanitary)
Dairy Products
-
Rubber -PI asticizers
-
(Sanitary)
(Sanitary)
(Sanitary)
(Sanitary)
(Sanitary)
Submit
Preliminary
NEW YORK
Port Jefferson Harbor
Hutch ins on River
Hutchinson River
Byram River 6/69
By ram River
CONNECTICUT
Byram River 6/68
Stamford Harbor 9/68
Noroton River 3/66
Stamford Harbor
Stamford Harbor • 1/70 *
Stamford Harbor 7/68
Stamford Harbor
Norwalk River 9/68
Norwalk River
Norwalk River 9/68
Norwalk Harbor
Norwalk Harbor
Norwalk Harbor
Norwalk Harbor
Norwalk Harbor
3 Submit " § a
« Final a Start « Complete a
H/72
I 3/70 8/70 S/71
11/69 1 1/70 1 7/70 1
I 3/69 i 6/69 5/70
6/68 5/70
1 1/69 1 V69 11/69
1 2/68 1 V68 1 12/68 1
7/68 1
I 6/70 9/70 3/71
1 12/68 1 3/69 1 12/69 1
12/69 1 .
12/70
1 1/69 1 3/69 8/69
.
j 1/69 i 3/69 1 8/69 i
U/71
U/71
9/71
9/71
9/71
*
*
*
*
sS
£/
*
-------
TABLE B-3
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND (Ccmfd.)
FEDERALLY APPROVED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE £/• "°/
Map
Ident .
No.
21
22
23
2k
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
HO
Name
Stephanak Brothers, Inc.
Wash-A-Way Car Washers
Ferment Div. Dynamics Corp.
Carpenter Steel
Bui lard Company
Clark Metel Products, Inc.
Wakeman Memorial , Inc.
C . O. JelliCf Mfg. Co.
Foremost -McKesson Lab
Handy k Harmon
Parker's Dairy Co.
Hull Dye & Print Works, Inc.
The United I Hurainat ing Co.
W. E. Bassett Co .
Apex Tool & Cutter Co., Inc.
B. F. Goodrich Sponge
Product s
Chromitam Process Co.
Driscoll Wire Co .
Empire State Novelty Corp.
Location
Horwalk
West port
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Fairf ield
Fairfield
Fairf ield
Fairfield
Fairfield
Fairfield
Trumbull
Derby
Derby -
Derby
She It on
She It on
She It on
Shelton
She It on
Number o£
Employees Tvpe of Product
(Sanitary)
Auto Washing
250 Generator Sets-(San.)
1,000 Alloy & Stainless
Steel
2,000 Machinery
(Sanitary)
125 Small Metal Products
(Sanitary)
20O Woven Wire Mesh
108 Automotive Storage
Batteries
500 Pharmaceut ica Is
15 Dairy Products
300 Textile Dying &
Finishing
(Sanitary)
Electricity -(Sanitary)
180 Manicure Implements
(Sanitary)
100 Tools, Holders &
Mil ling Cutters
(Sanitary)
2,000 Industrial Cellular
Rubber
(Sanitary )
225 Electroplates
(Sanitary)
75 Low Carbon Steel Wire
(Sanitary)
(sanitary)
Submit = Submit £ »
Pre 1 im i nary * Final oj Start ™
Norwalk Harbor
3
Complete £
Construction M
9/71
Saugatuck River
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Housatonic
Housatonic
Housatonic
Housatonic
Housatonic
Housatonic
Housatonic
Housatonic
Harbor
Harbor 12/68 1 ii/69 1 7/69 1
Harbor 3/68 1 12/68 1 3/69 1
Harbor 3/68 1 12/68 1 3/69
Harbor
Harbor 3/6S 1 12/68 3/69
Harbor 6/68 1 2/69 1 4/69 l
Harbor
Harbor 3/69 1 6/69 1
Harbor 9/68 2/69 5/69
River I 1/67 1 7/68 1 9/68 1
River
River 1/68 1 3/68 1 5/68
River 9/68 1 4/69 1 6/69 1
River 1/69 1 5/69 1 7/69
River 12/67 1 3/68 1
River 9/6S 1 4/69 1 6/69
River 9/6S 1 U/69 L 6/69 j
6/70 *
4/70
12/69 1
6/68 1
12/69
10/69
12/69
4/70 1
3/70 1
12/69 c/
4/69
10/67
4/70 l
12/68
10/67 1
12/69 1
4/68 1
4/70
9/68 1
12/68
11/67 1
12/69
4/69 1
12/69 1
4/68 1
-------
TABLE B-3
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND (Cont'd.)
FEDERALLY APPROVED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 2/> S/
Map
(dent .
.No.
121
122
123
24
125
126
127
128
29
130
131
32
33
34
!35
136
137
Name
Continental Can Co'.
Federal Paper Board Co.
Robertson Paper Box Co.
Thomas G. Facia Corp.
Finley Screw Machine Prod.
Conn. Light & Power Co.
American Velvet Co.
(A. Wimptheimer & Brothers,
Inc.)
Monsanto Company
Douglas Randall, Inc.
(Subsid. of Walter Kidde &
Co . , Inc . )
Carole Realty
Micro Leather
Aaron Levine
Russell A. Linihan
Cooper Laboratories
(The Packer Co. Div.)
Puritan Laundry
Sirtex Printing Co.
General Dynamics Corp.
Location
Montville
Montville
Montvil le
Montvil le
Montville
Montville
Stonington
Stoningtor.
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Number of
Employees
174
100
HOC
130
5
350
100
250
20
15
20
18,000
Type of Product
Metal Cans
(San itary )
Folding Boxboards
Folding Boxboards
Automotive & Marine
Instruments
Screw Machine Prod.
Power
Velvet & Plushes
(Sanitary)
Plastic Bottles
(Sanitary)
Electronic Equipment
-
Leat he r Product s
-
-
Soaps & Shampoos
(Sanitary)
Laundry
Textile Printing
(Sanitary)
Ship Construction
Submit S
Preliminary to
Receiving Waters Plans w
Thames River 2/69
4/68
Otcobojco Brook 2/69
Oxoboxo Brook 2/69 1
Thames River
Thames River
Thames River
Stonington Harbor
Stonington Harbor
Stonington Harbor
Fishers Island Sound
Fishers Island Sound
Fishers Island Sound
Fishers Island Sound
Mystic River
Mystic River
Mystic River 3/68
Mystic River
to w tn
Submit D 3 p
Final CD Start a Complete cu
Plans w Construction w Construction OT
10/69 4/70 4/71
6/68 9/68 12/68
10/69 H/70 4/71 .
10/69 4/70 4/71
12/71
12/71
12/70
12/70
12/70
12/70
12/70 *
12/70
12/70
12/70
12/70
12/70
12/70
12/70
8/68 11/68 9/69
3/68 6/68 9/68
12/70
a/ Under the "Status" column, a "1" indicates the step has been completed, a blank indicates it has not been completed. Status of Compliance as of March, 1971,
b/ An asterisk "*" at the right margin of the Implementation Schedule indicates it is a State schedule with no Federal schedule established.
c_/ No longer discharging wastewater.
-------
TABLE B-3
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND (Cont'd.)
F EDERAU.Y APPROVED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE i' -
Map
Ident .
No.
t4\
H2
43
M
45
47
48
49
50
5L
52
53
54
55
. 56
57
58
59
60
61
Name
Star Pin Co .
Wire Novelty Mfg. Co.
Scotch Wash
East Village land Co.
Chemical Plating Co.
Ross & Roberts
Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.
Tilo Co. , Inc .
Bridgeport Rolling Mills
Sikorsky Aircraft
Branch Motor Express Co.
National Screw Products
Co. , Inc .
Adley Express Corp.
Synd icated Real ty
Huyck Corp.
Milford Rivet & Machine Co.
Robertshaw Control Co.
U. S. Electric Motors, Div.
Emerson Electric Mfg. Co.
Waterbury Lock & Specialty
Locat ion
Shelton
Shelton
Shelton
Shelton
Stratford
Stratford
Stratford
Strat ford
Stratford
Stratford
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange
Milford
Milford
Milford
Milford
Milford
Number of
Employees
160
190
55
130
250
1,250
1,500
130
9,832
50
50
H75
K93
1,025
300
Type of Product
Hairpins
Wire & Metal
Spec ialities
(Sanitary)
-
-
Electroplat ing
Vinyl & Polyethylene
Film & Sheet ing
Asbestos & Metallic
Brake Linings
Asphalt & Asbestos
Aluminum, . Brass &
Bronze
Helicopters-CSanitary )
-
-
-
Paper Making
Machinery
Tubular Rivets
Metallic Bellows &
Bellows Assemblies
Electric Motors
Locks, Cigarette
Receiving Waters
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Housatonic River
Milford Harbor
Milford Harbor
MilCord Harbor
Milford Harbor
Milford Harbor
Milford Harbor
Hilford Harbor
Milford Harbor
Milford Harbor
Submit
Preliminary
Plans
9/68
8/69
8/69
8/68
8/68
12/68
1/69
7/68
8/68
6/68
6/70
6/68
1/68
11/67
3/68
10/68
It/68
3 Submit
« Final
in Plans
9/68
1 tt/69
1 11/69
1 11/69
1 1/69
1 1/69
1 5/69
1 5/69
1 12/68
1/69
1 12/68
6/70
1 1/69
1 It/68
1 2/68
1 10/68
1 3/69
7/68
o> o)
y 3
a Start a
« Construction w
1 1/69
1 6/69 1
1 3/70 1
1 3/70 1
ft/69
1 ft/69 1
1 8/69 1
1 8/69 1
1 ft/69 1
ft/69
1 3/69 1
9/70
1 3/69 1
1 7/68 1
1 ft/68 1
1 1/69 1
1 6/69
9/68
at
3
Complete ta
Construction m
12/69
12/69
t/68 1
6/70 1 *
6/70 1 *
1/70
1/70
6/70 1
12/69 1
1/70 1
1/70
12/69
9/69 1
6/68 1
3/71 *
12/69 1
12/68 1
10/68 1
12/69 1
6/70
3/69
Company
Lighters
-------
TABLE B-3
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND (Confd.)
Map
Ident.
No.
62
63
61
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
1U
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
Name
Second i Brothers Service
Station
The Rex Company
Eldorado Trans . Co .
Volvo City
America^ Powdered Metals
Burndy Corp.
City Print ing Co .
Humphrey Chemicals
Platt & Labonia Co.
Axton-Cross Co.
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft
(United Aircraft)
Union Carbide, Linde Air
Products Co. , Inc.
O. F. Mossberg & Sons
Upjohn Co., Carwin Organic
Chemical s
Upjohn Co., Carwin Organic
Chemicals
Vincent Buonocore & Sons
Drabkin Family Spray Trust
Circuit -Wise, Inc .
C. W. Blakeslee & Sons
Federal Paper Board Co •
Location
Milford
Milford
Milford
Milford
North Haven
North Haven
North Haven
North Haven
North Haven
North Haven
North Haven
North Haven
North Raven
North Haven
North Haven
North Haven
North Haven
North Haven
' New Haven
New Haven
Number of
Employees Type of Product
-
Auto Dealer
200 Powdered Metal Parts
200 Electrical Connectors
75 Printing & Lithography
25 Organic Chemicals
60 Sheet Metal Fabri-
cators
60 Industrial Chemicals
2,500 Aircraft S: Marine
Engines
15 Compressed Gases
300 Firearms
200 Synthetic Organic
Chemicals
200 Synthetic Organic
Chemica Is
15 Uines
26 Printed Circuit
Boards
General Contracting
750 Folding Boxboard
Receiving Waters
Milford Harbor
Milford Harbor
Milford Harbor
Milford Harbor
Ouinnipiac River
Ouinnipiac River
New Haven Harbor
Ouinnipiac River
Ouinnipiac River
Ouinnipiac River
Ouinnipiac River
Ouinnfpiac River
New Haven Harbor
Ouinnipiac River
Ouinnipiac River
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
Mill River
Submit
Preliminary
Plans
1/70
5/70
5/70
10/68
1/68
11/68
8/68
6/69
8/69
2/68
9/69
1/71
1/71
3/68
7/68
2 Submit 2 3
S Final S Start S
™ Plans ra Construction ™
1 2/70 1
7/70
7/70
1 2/69 1
1/69 1
12/67 1
1 7/68
1/69
1 11/69 1
1 12/68 1
1 11/69
1 2/70 1
1 5/68 1
1 3/70
6/71
6/71
1 6/68 1
1 12/68
5/70 1
9/70
9/70
5/69 1
fc/69 1
3/68 1
10/68
tt/69
3/70
3/69 i
1/70
5/70
7/68 j
5/70
8/71
8/71
8/68 1
3/69
3
Complete w
Construction
12/70 *
12/70 *
12/70 *
12/69 1
12/69 1
6/68 1
5/69
12/69
6/71
9/69 i
6/70 *
11/70
2/69 j
12/70 *
3/72 *
3/72 *
12/68 1
3/70
-------
TABLE B-3
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND (Conf'd.)
Map
Ident .
No.
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
Name
Humble Oil
Mite Corp.
New Haven Board & Carton
Seamless Rubber Co., Div.
Rexall Drug & Chemical Co.
U. S. Steel, American Steel
& Wire Div .
New Haven Malleable Iron Co.
Textron Electronics
Penn Central Co., Union St.
Penn Central Co., Cedar Hall
Himrnel Brothers
Giering Metal Finishing, Inc.
South Conn. Gas Co.
The United Illuminating Co.
Corenco Corp.
Car washers, Inc .
American Buckle Co.
Armstrong Rubber Co.
Arcola Wire Co.
Locat ion
New Haven
New Haven
New Haven
New Haven
New Haven
New Haven
New Haven
New Haven
New Haven
Hamden
Hamden
New Haven
New Haven
West Haven
West Haven
West Haven
West Haven
Branford
Number of
Employees Type of Product
-
300 Electrical Equipment
500 Folding Boxboard
900 Rubber Sundries
300 Hot Rolled & Cold
Finished Bars
(Sanitary)
-
-
-
70 Metal Moldings
50 Metal Finishings
(Sanitary)
Electricity -(Sanitary)
625 Tallow & Grease Hides
Auto Washing
20 Clothing Buckles
1,471 Tires & Tubes
11, Round Aluminum- Wire
and Rod
Receiving Waters
New Haven Harbor
West River
Mill River
New Haven Harbor
Quinnipiac River
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
Quinnipiac River
Whitney Lake
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
Mill River
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
New Haven Harbor
Branford Harbor ,
Submit
Preliminary
Plans
11/68
11/68
7/68
11/68
8/68
5/69
3/70
6/68
7/68
~
9/69
2/70
12/69
1/71
8/68
J Submit = 3
« Final * Start 2
m Plans "> Construction m
1 3/69 1
1 3/69
1 12/68 !
1 3/69
1 3/69 1
1 10/69
5/70
5/70
1 1/69 1
1 2/69 1
1 3/70
2/70
1 2/70 j
6/71
1 12/68 1
6/69 1
6/69
3/69
6/69
6/69
2/70
10/70
10/70
3/69 i
4/69
5/70
5/70
6/70 j
9/71
4/69
m
3
Complete 5
Construction
12/69 1
12/69
3/70
12/69
3/70
6/68
12/70 *
10/71 *
, 10/71 *
2/70 1
3/70
7/72
7/72
12/70 *
10/70 *
12/70 1 *
4/72 *
12/69
D. J. King
Branford Harbor
8/68
1/69
3/69
9/69
-------
TABLE B-3
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND (Cont'd.)
Map
Ident .
No .
1.01
102
103
lOfc
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
Name
Carroll Johnson
Mr . & Mrs . George Hugret
Brandon Company
Echlin MEg. Co.
Atlantic Wire Co.
Sumnit House Restaurant
Malleable Iron Fittings Co.
Olin Corporat ion
Maple Shade Farm, Inc .
Waverly Chemical Co., Inc.
Madison Laundennat
Chesebrough. -Ponds , Inc.
Universal Wire of Bostitch
Division of Textron, Inc.
Verplex Company
Chas. Pfizer &Co., Inc.
General Dynamics Corp.
Electric Boat Div.
Compass, Inc.
Fusconi Cleaners & Tailors
Lifetime Homes, Inc.
Canpenelli Corp.
Location
Branford
Branford
Branf ord
Branford
Branford
Branford
Branford
Branford
Guilford
Guilford
Madison
Clinton
Clinton
Essex
Groton
Groton
Groton
Groton
Ledyard
Ledyard
Number of
Employees
550
250
622
100
5
1,450
100
200
2,000
18,000
5
Type of Product
(Sanitary)
(Sanitary)
(Sanitary)
Automobile Parts
Iron & Steel Wire
(Sanitary)
Metal Fabricating
(Sanitary)
Dairy Products
Magnes ium
-
Pharmaceuticals
Wire Drawings
Lampshades
Pharmac euticals
Ships- (Sanitary)
News pa per-C Sanitary)
-
(Sanitary)
-
Receiving Waters
Branford Harbor
Branford Harbor
Branford Harbor
Branford Harbor
Branford Harbor
Branford Harbor.
Branford Harbor
Branford Harbor
Guilford Harbor
Guilford Harbor
Guilford Harbor
Clinton Harbor
Clinton Harbor
Thames River
Thames River
Thames River
Thames River
Thames River
Thames River
Submit = Submit = =
Preliminary g Final ° Start ®
Plans OT Plans m Construction m
ft/68
ft/68
6/69 1 11/69 1
11/68 1 7/69 1
12/69 1 3/70
9/67
12/68 1 12/68 1
2/68 1
5/68 1 11/68
5/69 1 2/70 1
6/68 1 9/68 1
12/67 1 5/68 1
6/69 1
5/68 1 9/68
8/68 1
6/68
6/68
V70 1
9/69 1
6/70
10/67
V70
1/68 1
2/70
7/70
11/68 1
8/68
8/69 1
1/69
10/68 1
7
*J
Complete 2
Construction ^
8/68
8/68
12/68 1
9/70 1
It/70
12/68 1
10/70
1/70 1
It/68
6/70
7/68 1
10/70
ft/71
3/69 1
8/69
11/69 1
11/70
9/71
ft/69
ft/69 i
*
*
•*
*
*
•ft
*
*
*
*
*
c/
*
-------
TABLE B-3
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND (Cont'd.)
FEDERALLY APPROVED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE gA ji
Map
fdent .
No.
121
i22
123
124
.'25
t26
127
28
\
29
130
131
i32
•33
34
35
136
137
Name
Continental Can Co.
Federal Paper Board Co.
Robertson Paper Box Co.
Thomas G. Faria Corp.
Finley Screw Machine Prod.
Conn. Light & Power Co.
American Velvet Co.
(A. Wimpfheimer & Brothers,
Inc.)
Monsanto Company
Douglas Randall, Inc.
(Subsid. of Walter Kidde &
Co . , Inc . )
Carole Realty
Micro Leather
Aaron Levine
Russell A. Linihan
Cooper Laboratories
(The Packer Co. Div.)
Puritan Laundry
Sirtex Printing Co.
Genera 1 Dynamic s Corp .
Location
Montville
Montv i 1 1 e
Montville
Montv i 1 1 e
Montville
Montville
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
Stonington
St on ingt on
Stonington
Number of
Employees
174
100
400
130
5
350
100
250
20
15
20
18,000
Type of Product
Metal Cans
(Sanitary)
Fo 1 d ing Boxboards
Folding Boxboards
Automotive & Marine
Instruments
Screw Machine Prod.
Power
Velvet Si Plushes
(Sanitary)
Plastic Bottles
(Sanitary)
Electronic Equipment
-
Leather Products
-
-
Soaps & Shampoos
(Sanitary)
Laundry
Textile Printing
(Sanitary)
Ship Construction
0}
Submit 3
Preliminary «)
Receiving Waters Plans w
Thames River 2/69
4/68
Oficoboxo Brook 2/69
Oxoboxo Brook 2/69 1
Thames River
Thames River
Thames River
Stonington Harbor
Stonington Harbor
Stonington Harbor
Fishers Island Sound
Fishers Island Sound
Fishers Island Sound
Fishers Island Sound
Mystic River
Mystic River
Mystic River 3/68
Mystic River
Submit D
Final « Start
Plans co Construction
10/69 4/70
6/68 9/68
10/69 4/70
10/69 4/70
8/68 11/68
3/68 6/68
-------
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
LONG ISLAND SOUND
-------
TABLE B-4
COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS
LONG ISLAND SOUND
Estimated Population
Municipal System Served
New York
City-Hart Island 6,000
Port Chester 23,800
Blind Brook 59,100
Mamaroneck 167,000
255,900
Connecticut
Stamford-Indian Ridge 500
Bridgeport-East Side 40,000
Bridgeport-West Side 90,000
Shelton-Main 10,000
Derby 8,500
New Haven-Boulevard Plant 76,600
New Haven-East Street Plant 67,500
New Haven-East Shore Plant 34,900
North Haven 16,000
Norwich 24,000
Norwalk 55,000
Norwalk-6th Tax District -
423,000
678,900
-------
APPENDIX C
LETTER FROM LONG ISLAND OYSTER FARMS INC., NEW
HAVEN, CONNECTICUT AND STATE OF CONNECTICUT
SHELL FISH COMMISSION, MILFORD, CONNECTICUT
REGARDING ECONOMIC LOSS TO SHELLFISH INDUSTRY
AS RESULT OF WATER POLLUTION.
-------
COPY
LONG ISLAND OYSTER FARMS, INC.
610 Quinnipiac Avenue
New Haven, Connecticut 06513
203-U67-638U
February 10, 1971
Mr. Edward Wong
Federal Water Quality Administration
2l;0 Highland Avenue
Needham, Massachusetts
Dear Ed,
In reference to your telephone inquiry of yesterday regarding
the decline in the Connecticut, New York oyster industry over the
past fifty years, I offer the following:
In 1920 there were more than sixty planters all of them de-
pendent on Connecticut/ seed. These varied in size from the companies
producing a quarter million bushels yearly of market stock down to
the individual producing one or two thousand bushels per year.
The average yearly production of market oysters at that time
was about 1,500,000 bushels down from double that production at the
beginning of the century.
Today there are only four planters left that are doing any
substantial amount of business. An estimate of their total sales
in 1970 is "lUO,000 bushels, which at an average price of $lii.OO per
bushel would amount to a little under two million dollars.
If 1920 production of one and a half million bushels had been
maintained, the 1970 yield would have been over nineteen million
dollars - a difference of seventeen million dollars in 1970 alone.
A rough estimate of the total accumulated loss over the past
fifty years expressed in 1970 dollars would be in excess of five
hundred million dollars.
This loss can be charged almost exclusively to pollution of
our estuaries, the natural breeding area for oysters.
Very truly yours,
LONG ISLAND OYSTER FARMS, INC,
/S/ Mr. J. Richard Nelson
COPY
-------
COPY
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Shell Fish Commission
Rogers Avenue Milford, Conn. 06U60
P.O. Box 97 87U-0696
February 11, 1971
Mr. Edward F. M. Wong
Shellfish Consultant
Environmental Protection Agency
Water Quality Office
2UO Highland Avenue
Needham Heights, Mass. 0219H
Dear Ed:
With reference to our telephone conversation concerning the
cost of water pollution as related to our shellfishery, I am
enclosing a copy of the report made to the Clean Water Task Force
in 1966 which may be helpful. You will note that I estimated the
total loss at over a billion dollars just in the shellfishery alone.
I am also enclosing a copy of the article in the New Haven
Journal Courier, Monday, February 8, 1971, also a copy of work
done by the University .of Southern California concerning the Santa
Barbara blowout which should be of interest.
Have you seen the latest work by George C. Matthiessen
entitled, "A Review of Oyster Culture..and the Oyster Industry
in North America?" If not, I have an extra copy and will send
it to you.
Sincerely,
CONN. STATE SHELL FISH COMM.
Ernest J. Bontya
Engineer
EJBrmem
Encl.
COPY
-------
COPY
Of all the problems that face the Connecticut shellfisheries,
the pollution of our rivers and costal waters has become the most
serious. To appreciate this condition and its consequences, a
brief review of the shellfisheries would be appropriate. The
estuaries and wetlands form a complex ecological system contributing
to a wide variety of fish and wildlife. The shellfisheries, as a;-part
of such a complex, are in even more delicate balance in the require-
ments of a productive environment. Type of bottom, temperature,
salinity, water quality and food are all key factors in the shellfish
cycle and the variation of one is critical to growth and reproduction.
Connecticut was gifted in this unique combination of conditions and
became one of the most prolific shellfisheries in the world. At
the turn of the century, production was over 3^000,000 bushels of..
mature and seed oysters annually. At today's prices, this would be
about $140,000,000 per year. The decline of this industry as a
result of the environmental change along our shorelines has been at
the cost of over a billion dollars in shellfish during the past 65
years. Add to this the loss of the commercial finfishery that also
prospered in Connecticut during this period as well as the future
cost of pollution abatement and we have already had a costly lesson
in the value of our water resources.
Today, the shellfisheries consist of approximately 6U,000 acres;
1+6,000 acres under State control and 18,000 acres as Town ground.
COPY
-------
COPY
Of the total, lj.2,000 acres would be considered oyster grounds,
20,000 acres of clam ground and 2,000 acres of escallop ground.
The industry is generally located from Greenwich to Branford and
has been the area of the greatest lost of productive ground. The
area from Branford easterly to Stonington is predominately a sports
shellfishery with a small commercial shellfishery in a number.of
towns. The total product value for both the commercial and sports
shellfishery for 196U is estimated at two and a half million dollars.
Production for 1965 will be lower due to the continuing decline in water
quality from pollution and the lack of fresh water run-off.
WATER POLLUTION
The shellfisheries require a high standard of water quality for
propagation and more importantly, the protection of the consumer.
Approximately .35$ of all shellfish grounds are closed by the State
Health Department for poor water quality. This closure prohibits
direct marketing of oysters or clams from specific areas, however,
transplanting to clean water is permitted under strict control. There
are two general kinds of water pollution creating problems for our
industry. Untreated or partially treated domestic sewage deposits
sludge on shellfish grounds and removes dissolved oxygen from the water
making the grounds useless for production. Domestic sewage also
carries various types of human diseases which can be transmitted to
humans. Industrial pollution is the disposal of wastes from manufacturing
COPY
-------
C_ 0 P Y
plants but it is convenient to broaden the definition to include other
chemical pollutants such as detergents, oil, pesticides, chemical
fertilizers and weed killers that wash into our streams. The effects
of industrial waste are varied and often not as clear cut as domestic
sewage. It is also economically impossible to remove the last trace
of waste materials from processed water and harmful pollution can
originate even in the presence of acceptable standards which might
be met by a manufacturer in waste treatment. Considering the nature
and extent of our polluted waters, it can be assumed that our major
estuaries such as the Thames River, Connecticut River, New Haven
Harbor and the Housatonic River can never be totally reclaimed for
direct market shellfish. The remaining clean waters of Connecticut
are therefore a valued asset and one objective of any program should
be to prevent their loss to pollution as well as to support pollution
abatement to bring other areas to more acceptable standards.
SHELLFISH FUTURE
The future of the shellfisheries is at best a challenge. There
is a correlation in the loss of the former productive natural environ-
ment in our estuaries and the decline in shellfish production. Pollution,
filling of the marshlands, dredging for gravel or fill, navigation projects,
erosion and hurricane protection have all taken their toll. The environ-
ment that created our 3,000,000 bushel years is gone and although there
are still thousands of acres of good shellfish bottom available, their
COPY
-------
COPY
ability to produce is keyed to a declining water quality. Recent
developments in oyster and clam culture offer a number of areas of
promise to the shellfish industry. Chemical control of some predators
is now practical. The process known as depuration is available for the
cleansing of shellfish from moderately polluted areas and would open
thousands of acres of clam grounds. The artificial spawning of oysters
and clams is in operation on Long Island and has excellent commercial
possibilities, however, natural spawning will still be needed for
volume production and our future shellfisheries will be dependent on
a clean and productive water quality.
THE PROBLEM
The shellfisheries of Connecticut are an example of the con-
sequences in the misuse or destruction of our irreplaceable natural
resources. The hub of the commerical shellfisheries was the area
between New Haven and Bridgeport. The Bridgeport beds were supported
by the Housatonic River and the history of this river and it's pollution
is well known. The New Haven Harbor is the terminal for three rivers: '
the West River, the Mill River and the Quinnipiac River. All of these
streams are polluted in varying degrees and the Mill River is the
classic example of our stream pollution problem. Its putrid grey
green waters can only be appreciated by sight and smell. Pulp plants
are the major contributors to this pollution and action by many local
groups to correct the flagrant violation of pollution laws and common
COPY
-------
COPY
sense is defeated by political expediency and a negative attitude
on the part of enforcement officials. The law is being compromised for
jobs and our public waters have become their private sewer. The Mill
River demonstrates how little protection the public interest and our
water resources have had wherever the problem is basically the law
and its administration. The emphasis being placed on pollution abate-
ment is essentially a technical matter, however, without the strong
support of our laws to prevent the increase of sources of pollution,
much of any program would be wasted and therefore, our recommendations
are limited to what' we consider the first phase of clean water program.
1. Revise existing statutes, to clarify and define the State role and
responsibility in water pollution control with emphasis on a policy
that will recognize, preserve and protect the public interest in
fish, wildlife,and water resources.
2. The prevention and control of pollution is primarily a public
health problem and should be under the jurisdiction of the State
Health Department as a direct line responsibility. The professional
stature of the State Health Department would minimize the pressures
of special interests. Today, the dual role of the Health Department
and the Water Resources Commission apparently provides a grey area
of jurisdiction which is both a refuge and a source of inaction in
resolving our pollution problems in the best interests of the public.
3. The existence of the Clean Water Task Force is an indication of what
has not been done and on the basis of past experience, we have no
COPY
-------
COPY
assurance of what will be done to implement and support pollution
prevention and abatement in the waters of Connecticut. A citizen's
group to oversee a clean water program for a period of five to ten
years might be appropriate and would at least provide support and
strength to the actions of any State agency that will in time be in
charge of millions of dollars in pollution abatement programs.
Water pollution along the shores of Greenwich, Stamford and Darien
have contributed to closing of several oyster firms in the area. Out of
11 oyster dealers operating in the Norwalk-Darien area, five have gone
out of business with very little chance of returning. The Norwalk
Estuary^ including parts of Darien, produces approximately one million
dollars worth of shellfish annually.
Even though pollution has closed an ever-increasing number of shell-
fish beds, interest seems to continue in commercial and recreational
shellfishing. But even here the trend is downhill if we can use recent
events in Norwalk as a representative example. From 1959-1965 there was
a gradual increase to over 1,300 clamming permits issued annually in
Norwalk. After 1965 the number declined, reaching about 900 in 1969.
COPY
-------
APPENDIX D
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
-------
COPY
ANTIDEGRADATION STATEMENT
NEW YORK STATE
It is recognized that certain waters of New York State possess
an existing quality which is better than the classification standards
assigned thereto. The quality of these waters will be maintained unless
and until it has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Commissioner
of Environmental Conservation that other uses and different standards
are justifiable as a result o£ necessary economic or social development.
To accomplish this objective all proposed new or increased sources of
pollution will be required to provide the best practical degree of waste
treatment to maintain these waters at this higher quality.
In addition, there will be furnished to the Federal Water Quality
Administration, U. S. Department of the Interior, such information as
is needed to enable the Secretary of the Interior to fulfill his
responsibilities under the Federal law.
Water which does not meet the assigned classification will be
improved to meet the standards.
Adopted by Water Resources Commission
May 7, 1970
COPY
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4. Classes and Standards For Tidal Salt Waters
CLASS SA
Best usage qfwaters: Shellfishing for market purposes and any other usages.
Quality Standards for Class SA Waters
Specifications
1. Floating solids; settleable solids; oil; None attributable to sewage, industrial
sludge deposits. wastes or other wastes.
2. Garbage, cinders,, ashes, oils, sludge or None in any waters of the Marine District
as defined by State Conservation Law.
None which are not effectively disinfected.
other refuse.
3. Sewage or waste effluents.
4. Dissolved oxygen.
5. Toxic wastes, deleterious substances,
colored or other wastes or heated liquids.
6. Organisms of Coliform group.
Not less than 5.0 parts per million. .
None alone or in combination with other sub-
stances or wastes in sufficient amounts or
at such temperatures as to be injurious to
edible fish or shellfish or the culture or
propagation thereof, or which in any manner
shall adversely affect the flavor, color, odor
or sanitary condition thereof or impair the
waters for any other best usage as determined
for the specific waters which are assigned
to this class.
The median MPN value in any series of
samples representative of waters in the
shellfish growing area shall not be in excess
of 70 per 100 milliliters.
CLASS SB
Best usage of waters: Bathing and any other usages except Shellfishing for market
purposes.
Quality Standards for Class SC Waters
Items Specifications
1. Floating solids; settleable solids; oil; None attributable to sewage, industrial
sludge deposits. wastes or other wastes.
2. Garbage, cinders, ashes, oils, sludge None in any waters of the Marine District
or other refuse. as defined by State Conservation Law.
3. Sewage or waste effluents. None which are not effectively disinfected.
4. Dissolved oxygen. Not less than 5.0 parts per million.
5. Toxic wastes, deleterious substances, None alone or in combination with other
Colored Or Other Wastes Or heated liquids. substances or wastes in sufficient amounts
or at such temperatures as to be injurious
to edible fish or shellfish or the culture or
propagation thereof, or which in any manner
shall adversely affect the flavor, color,
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odor or sanitary condition thereof; and other-
wise none in sufficient amounts to make the
waters unsafe or unsuitable for bathing
or impair the waters for any other best usage
as determined for the specific waters which
are assigned to this class.
CLASS SC
Best usage of waters: Fishing and any other usages except bathing or shell fishing for
market purposes.
Quality Standards for class SC Waters
Specifications
None which are readily visible and attributa-
ble to sewage, industrial wastes or other
wastes or which deleteriously increase the
amounts of these constituents in receiving
waters after opportunity for reasonable dilu-
tion and mixture with the wastes discharged
thereto.
/terns
1, Floating solids; settleable solids;
sludge deposits.
2. Garbage, cinders, ashes, oils, sludge
or other refuse.
3. Dissolved oxygen.
4. Toxic wastes, oil, deleterious substances,
colored or other wastes or heated liquids.
None in any waters of the Marine District
as defined by State Conservation Law.
Not less than 5.0 parts per million.
None alone or in combination with other
substances or wastes in sufficient amounts
or at such temperatures as to be injurious to
edible fish or shellfish or the culture or
propagation thereof, or which in any manner
shall adversely affect the flavor, color, odor
or sanitary condition thereof or impair the
waters for any other best usage as determin-
ed for the specific waters which are assign-
ed to this class.
CLASS SD
Best usage of waters: Any usages except fishing, bathing, or shellfishing for market
purposes.
Quail & Standards tor Class SD waters
I lefts
1. Floating solids; settleable solids;
sludge deposits.
Specifications
. None which are readily visible and attributa-
ble to sewage, industrial wastes or other
wastes or which deleteriously increase the
amounts of these constituents in receiving
waters after opportunity for reasonable dilu-
tion and mixture with the wastes discharged
thereto.
2. Garbage, cinders, ashes, oils, sludge None in any waters of the Marine District
or other refuse. as defined by State Conservation Law.
3. Dissolved oxygen. Not less than 3.0 parts per million.
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PUBLIC HEALTH LAW § 1205
"(li) 'Hoard' means tlic New York I. Waters Of thfl State
water pollution control board created The "wntcrs of the stntc" include
by tliis article." nil fresh water in streams, public or
Library references privnto, nnd board Imd power to claa-
Hcalth 28. R'fy creek even though it was a non-
Waters and Water Courses ©=37, navigable stream, the title of which
38, 04-70, 72. was in private riparian owners. Ap-
C J S Health § 21 plication of City of Johnstown. 10C1,
CJ.S. Waters §§ 3, 5, 43 et seq., 12 A.D.2,1 218, 200 N.Y.S.2d 082.
53.
TITLE II—CLASSIFICATION OF WATERS AND ADOPTION
OF STANDAUDS
Sec.
1205. Classification of waters and adoption of standards by Water
Resources Commission.
Title added by I/.1901, c. 400, § 0, Law Review Commentaries
cff. .Tan. 1, 1002. A former Title II. Water pollution control in New
which related to the water pollution York. 31 Albany L.llcv. 00 (10G7).
control board, was omitted by the
same act, ell .Ian. 1, 10G2.
§ 1205. Classification of waters and adoption of standards, by water
resources commission
1. It is recognized that, due to variable factors, no single standard
of quality and purity of the waters is applicable to all waters of the
state or to different segments of the same waters.
2. In order to attain the objectives of this article, the water re-
sources commission after proper study, and after conducting public
hearing upon due notice, shall group the designated waters of the state
into classes. Such classification shall be made in accordance with con-
siderations of best usage in the interest of the public and with regard
to the considerations mentioned in subdivision three hereof.
3. In adopting the classification of waters and the standards of purity
and quality above mentioned, the water resources commission shall give
consideration to:
(a) the size, depth, surface area covered, volume, direction and rate
of flow, stream gradient and temperature of the water;
(b) the character of the district bordering said waters and its peculiar
suitability for the particular uses, and with a view to conserving the
value of the same and encouraging the most appropriate use of lands
bordering said waters, for residential, agricultural, industrial or recrea-
tional purposes;
(c) the uses which have been made, are being made or may be made,
of said waters for transportation, domestic and industrial consumption,
bathing, fishing and fish culture, fire prevention, the disposal of sewage,
industrial waste and other wastes, or other uses within this state, and,
at the discretion of the water resources commission, any such uses in
another state on interstate waters flowing through or originating in this
state;
(d) the extent of present defilement or fouling of said waters which
has already occurred or resulted from past discharges therein.
4. Tho water resources commission, after proper study, find after
conducting public hearings upon due notice, shall _adopt and assign
standards oi' quality and purity for each such classification necessary
for the public use or benefit contemplated by such classification. Such
standards shall prescribe what qualities and properties of water shall
indicate a polluted condition of the waters of the state which is actually
or potentially deleterious, harmful, detrimental or injurious to the
public health, safety or welfare, to terrestrial or aquatic life or the
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§ 1205 PUBLIC HEALTH LAW
growth and propagation thereof, or to the use of such waters for do-
mestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational or other rea-
sonable purposes, with respect to the various classes established pursuant
to subdivision two hereof.
5. In establishing such standards, consideration shall be given to
the following factors:
(a) the extent, if any, to which floating solids may be permitted in
the water;
(b) the extent to which suspended solids, colloids or a combination
of solids with other substances suspended in water, may be permitted;
(c) Organisms of the coliform group or any other organisms from
wastes of animal or human origin shall not exceed the following pre-
scribed standards for usage of the classified waters of the state:
(i) Sources of water supply for drinking, culinary or food processing
purposes which, if subjected to approved disinfection treatment, with
additional treatment if necessary to remove naturally present impurities,
moot or will meet New York state health department drinking water
„ standards and any other usages: For such sources the monthly median
coliform value for one hundred ml of sample shall not exceed fifty
from a minimum of five examinations and provided that not more than
twenty percent of the samples shall exceed a coliform value of two
hundred forty for one hundred ml of sample.
(ii) Sources of water supply for drinking, culinary or food processing
purposes which, if subjected to approved treatment equal to coagulation,
sedimentation, filtration and disinfection, with additional treatment if
necessary to reduce naturally present impurities, will meet New York
state department of health drinking water standards; bathing, fishing,
boating, and any other usages: For such sources the monthly median
coliform value for one hundred ml of sample shall hot exceed five
thousand from a minimum of five examinations and provided that not
more than twenty percent of the samples shall exceed a coliform value
of twenty thousand for one hundred ml of sample.
(iii) Sources of water for bathing, fishing, boating, and any other
usages except shcllfishing for market purposes in tidal salt waters:
For such sources the monthly median coliform value for one hundred
ml of sample shall not exceed two thousand four hundred from a
minimum of five examinations and provided that not more than twenty
percent of the samples shall exceed a coliform value of five thousand
for one hundred ml of sample and provided further that surface waters
receiving treated sewage discharges which pass through residential com-
munities where there is a potential exposure of population to the surface
waters shall l)c protected by the requirement that all effluents from
sewage treatment plants shall be adequately disinfected prior to dis-
charge into the surface waters in order that the monthly median coliform
value for one hundred ml of sample shall not exceed two thousand four
hundred from a minimum o£ five examinations and provided that not
more than twenty percent of the samples shall exceed a coliform value
of five thousand for one hundred ml of sample.
(iv) Sources of water for shcllfishing for market purposes and any
other usages of tidal suit waters: Median MPN not to exceed seventy
colii'onu organisms |>er one hundred imllilitcr sample in a soncs of four
or. more samples collected during liny thirty-day pi-riod in the waters of
a shollfishing aroa, und not ox(u>
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CHAPTER X DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES § 704.1
PAST 7C4
GZtmXUA GOVERNING MTOHKAX, DISCHARGES (HEA3W5D LIQUIDS)
* ,- (•
(Stc.tutr.ity authority: Conservation Law, § 420)
See. See.
701.1 Criteria governing tb.c-.-mal 704.3 Kulos and reflations
discharges (heated liquids) 704.4 Extent of applicability of criteria to
704.2 Additional limitations or existing discharges
modifications
Historical Note-
Part (S§ 701.1-7M.4) added, fdcd Aug. 12,
1069 off. Aug. 12, 1CC9..
Section 704.1 Criteria governing thermal discharges (lieateJ liquids). The
standards for thermal discharges (heated liquids) to the waters yf tiic State are
"None alone or in combination with otlw substances or wastes in sufficient amounts
or at such temperatures as to be injurious to fish life ... or impair the waters for
any other best usage . . ." (6 NYCRR 701.3 et seq.). and shall be applied, under Water
Pollution Control Act, Public Health Law, article 12, as follows:
(a) Defiiittinns. (1) A therm-al iKtshargc is one which is at a temperature
greater than 70"F. A discharge at a lower temperature will also be a thermal
discharge if it results in a temperature rise of ths receiving water above the
permissible temperature rises listed below.
(2) The term nddition of heat of artificial origin as used throughout tho
criteria shall include all heat from other than natural sources. Ir» the event
of multiple discharges, consideration shall be given to the cumulative effects of
such discharges.
(3) Coastal waters are those marine waters within the territorial limits of,
the State other than estuaries.*
(4) Estuaries are the tir!el portions of all rivers and streams, the bays of. the
south shore of Long Island and Pcco:ilc Jin y.*
(b) Fresh waters.
(1) Streams, (i) Non-trout waters. The water temperature at the surface of
a stream shall not be raised to more than 90'F at any point.- 'Further, at least
50-percent of the cross sectional area and/or volume of the How of the stream
including a minimum of one third of the surface as measured from shore to
shore shall not be raised to more than 5°E< over the temperature that existed
before the addition of heat of artificial origin or to a maximum of 85°F wh'iCh-
ever is lcB«,t except during periods of the year when stream temperatures are
below S9°F. A greater than 5°F increase may be authorized under "Additional
limitatlona or modifications", section 704.2, infra. For the protection of tho
aquatic" biota from severe temperature changes, routine shut f cfituuriCR.' The criteria tc bo ft.ppl'wl to uny pstr-
Ucuiar project "vviix depend upon tlie site lociition am! a'li ether relevant fants. Th<* appli-'
cable criteria will ije determined as provided in subdivisions (a) and (h) o£ section 70J.S,
infra.
t It i9 J'CCOSnizcd tlin.t beeauco cf widely varying conditions in stteama and CfitiiarJeS,
the eomttvleaioncr will establish, where neccs.tary to must the etandurds for thermal dis-
chttrges, a lower maximum uurta.cn water tenipcr.ituro and a greater zone Of passapo
uuaer tho procedures set forth in "A3€ittoaai limitations or moGlflcaUoiis", section 704.2.
Infra.
62d C5X 8-31-S9
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§ 7{>q.2 TITLE 6 CONSERVATION
addition of heat of artificial origin. From October through May, no discharges
at atw temperature will be permitted that will raise the temperature of the
stream more tlinn G'F over that which existed before Hie addition of heat of
artificial origin or to a maximum of 50 °F whichever is loss.
(2) Lakes. The water temperature at the surface of a lake shall not be
raised more than 3°F over the temperature that existed before the addition of
heat of art.'Uci.-.l origin, except that within a radius of 300 feet or equivalent area'
from the point of discharge, this temperature may be exceeded. In lakes subject
to stratification, the thermal discharges shall be confined to the cpllimnetic area.
(3) .Coastal witters. The water temperature at the surface of coastal waters
sl\%01 not be raised more tbp.n 4°F over the monthly means of maximum daily
temperatures from October through June noi more than 1.5°F £rom July Wirci'sl*
September except that within a radius of 300 feet or equivalent area* from the
point of discharge this temperature may be exceeded.
(4) Estuaries or portions of cstwirios. The water temperature at the surface
of an estuary shall not be raised to more than 90°F at any point provided further,
at least SO percent of the cross sectional area and/or volume of the flow of the
estuary including a minimum of one third of the surface as measured from water
edge to water edge at any stage of tide,- shall not be raised to more than 4°F over
the temperature that existed before the addition of heat of artificial origin or a
maximum of 83°F, whichever is less.J However, during: July through September
If the water temperature at the surface of an estuary before the addition of heat
of artificial origin is more than 83°F, an increase in temperature not to exceed
1.6°S', at any point of the cstuarine passageway us delineated above, may ha
permitted.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed Aug. 12, 1969 off. Aug.
12. 1CG3.
7£J£.2 Additional limitations or mortifications, (a) The Commissioner of
Health may impose limitations and/or conditions in addition to the stated criteria-
Where he determines, in the exercise of Ms discretion, that such additional limitations
and/or conditions are necessary to maintain the quality of the receiving waters for
the best usage classifications and standards assigned by the Water Resources Com-
mission pursuant to Public Health Law, article 12, section 1205.
(b) The commissioner may authorize a conditional modification of the stated
criteria upon application. Upon receipt of such application the commission shall
confer witn the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and shull transmit
to tluvt agency information to enable the Secretary of the Interior to fulfill his
responsibilities under Federal law. The applicant shall have the burden of estab-
lishing to the satisfaction of the Commissioner of Health that one or more of the cri-
teria are unnecessarily restrictive as to a particular project in that a modification of
such criterion, or criteria, as the case may be, would not impair the quality of the
receiving waters so as to adversely affect them for the best usage classifications and
standards assigned by the Water Resources Commission. The commissioner may,
when ho determines it to be in the public interest, hold a public hearing upon tho
application.
(c) Any such modification shall be conditioned upon post-openiliona) experience.
Plans for additional treatment of, or change in, the thermal discharge shall be
• It is recognised that a radius of SCO .feet or equivalent area may be too liberal or too
restrictive and that a lessor or fi-reator avaa may to required or permitted under tho pro-
cedures no.t forth in "Additional limitations or modifications", section 701.2, infra.
} It Is recognized that because o£ widely varyins? conditions in streams and estuaries,
tho commissioner will establish, where necessary to meet tho standards for thermal dis-
charpcs, a lov/er maximum surface water temperature and a greater zone of passage
under tho procedures set forth in "Additional limitations or modifications", section 704.2,
infra.
530 CN 8-31-69
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CHAPTER X DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES § 704.4
developed and submitted as part of the application to the commissioner which shall
bo implemented upon order of the commissioner in the event that post-operational
experience shows a trend toward impairment by the discharge of the quality of the
receiving waters for the assigned best usage classifications and standards.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed Aug. 12, 1869 off. Aug.
12, 1903,
704,3 Rules and regul.itious. The^commissioner may adopt~Tules and regula-
tions with the approval of the Water Resources Commission governing the procedures
prescribed or authorized herein. Such rules and regulations may include the methods
and procedures for the making of tests and analytical, determinations hercunder and
the notice and hearing procedure to be followed in administering section 704.2, supra.
Historical Note
Sec. added, Sled Aug. 12, 1969 elf. Aug.
12, 1869.
70*5.4 Extent of applicability of criteria to existing discharges, (a) In deter-
mining whether a discharge existing prior to the adoption of the above criteria
complies with the applicable standard for thermal discharges ("None alone or in
combination with other substances or wastes in sufficient amounts or at such tem-
perature as to be injurious to fish life ... or impair the waters for any other best
usage . . ." [6 NYCRR 701.3 et soy.]), these criteria are intended only to be a frame
of reference.
(b) Moreover, the procedures described in Public Health Law, section J?23, shall
apply in any application of the criteria to discharges cxiuttng prior to the iuloyllou
of these criteria without regard to whether such discharges began prior to or subse-
quent to the enactment of this State's Water Pollution Control Act (now Public
Health Law, article 12).
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed Aug. 12, 1369 eff. Aug.
12, 1869.
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STATE OF CONNECTICUT
WATJSJ? RESOURCES COMMISSION
STATE OFFICE BUILDING • HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT 06115
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
GENERAL POLICY
1. Water quality standards adopted on the basis of these criteria
in accord with all the requirements of Section 25-51e of the 1Q57
Supplement to the General Statute's.
2. In the discharge of waste treatment plant effluent and cooling waters
to the receiving waters, cognizance shall be given both in time and
distance to allow for mixing of effluent and stream. Such distances
required for complete mixing shall not affect the water usage Class
adopted but shall be defined and controlled by the Commission.
3. Recommendations on other waste parameters will constitute a portion
of the continuing effort of the Commission in further defining
interstate and intrastate water quality standards. The Commission
reserves the right to amend or extend the following criteria as
improved standard methods are developed or revisions consistent
with the enhancement of water quality are justified.
U. Coastal and marine waters are those generally subject to the rise
and fall of the tide.
5. Interstate waters whose existing quality is better than the
established standards as of the date which such standards become
effective will be maintained at their existing high quality. These
and other interstate waters of the State will not be lowered in
quality unless and until it has been affirmatively demonstrated
to the Commission and the Department of the Interior* that such
change is justifiable as a result of necessary economic or social
development and will not interfere with or become injurious to any
assigned uses made of, or presently possible in, such waters. This
will require that any industrial, public or private project or
development which would constitute a new source of pollution or
an increased source of pollution to high quality waters will be
required, if provided a permit, as part of the initial project
design, to provide the highest and best degree of waste treatment
available under existing technology, and, since for interstate
waters these are also Federal standards, these waete treatment
requirements wal.1 be developed cooperatively.
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NQTES
L. These criteria do not apply to conditions brought about by natural
causes.
2. Class D waters will be assigned only where a higher water use Class
cannot be attained after all appropriate waste treatment methods are
utilized.
3. All sewage treatment plant effluents shall receive disinfection before
discharge to the watercourse. The degree of treatment and disinfection
shall be as required by the State.
U. Waters shall be free from chemical constituents in concentrations or
combinations which would be harmful to human, animal, or aquatic life
for the appropriate, most sensitive and governing water class use.
In areas where fisheries are the governing considerations and approved
limits have not been established, bioassays shall be performed as
required by the appropriate agencies. For public drinking water supplies
the raw water sources must be of such a quality that United States
Public Health Service limits, or State limits if more stringent, for
finished water can be met after conventional water treatment.
5. Radioactivity limits to be approved by the appropriate State agency
with consideration of possible adverse effects in downstream waters from
discharge of radioactive wastes; limits in a particular watershed to be
resolved when necessary after consultation between appropriate State
and Federal agencies. In no case shall the Alpha emitters exceed a
concentration of 3 picocuries per liter or the Gross Beta emitters
exceed a concentration of 1000 picocuries per liter.
6. Sludge deposits, floating solids, oils, grease and scum shall not be
allowed except for such small amounts that may result from the dis-
charge of appropriately treated sewage or industrial waste effluents.
7. The minimum average daily flow for seven consecutive days that can be
expected to occur once in ten years shall be the minimum flow to which
the standards apply.
8. Class B and C waters shall be substantially free of pollutants that:
a) unduly affect the composition of bottom fauna; b) unduly affect
the physical or chemical nature of the bottom; c) interfere with the
propagation of fish.
9. Class A waters reeerved~for water supply may be subject to restricted
use by State and Local regulation.
10. All interstate Class A waters and all interstate Class B waters, except
Shetucket River from confluence of Willimantic and Natchaug Rivers to
Greenville Dam, Norwich, are considered to be suitable for cold water
fish spawning and growth.
11. The criteria for dissolved oxygen and allowable temperature increase
for interstate Class B and Co waters are applicable to waters used
only for fish passage. When such class waters are suitable for cold
water fish spawning and growth, these criteria shall be the same as
those specified for Class A waters.
12. In the case of interstate Class B and Cc waters where parts of such
waters are not suitable for spawning and growth, the requirements for
fish passage shall be considered with other sensitive uses in defining
allowable temperature increases.
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COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS
CLASS SA
Suitable for all sea water uses including shellfish harvesting for direct
human consumption (approved shellfish areas), bathing, and other water contact
sports.
1. Dissolved oxygen
2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse -
floating solids, oils, and grease -
scum
3. Color and turbidity
H. Coliform bacteria per 100 ml
5. Odor
6. pH
7. Allowable" temperature increase
Not less than 6.0 mg/1 at any time
None allowable
None in such concentrations that will
impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class
Not to exceed a median MPN of 70 and
not more than 10% of the samples
shall ordinarily exceed an MPN of
230 for a S-tube decimal dilution or
330 for a 3 -tube decimal dilution
(See Note S.5)
None allowable
6.8 - 8.5
None except where the increase will
not exceed the recommended limit on
the most sensitive receiving water
use and in no case exceed 85° F or in
any case raise the normal temperature
of the receiving water more than
8. Chemieal constituents
9. Radioactivity
None in concentrations or combina-
tions which would be harmful to
human, animal, or aquatic life or
which would make the waters unsafe
or unsuitable for fish or shellfish
or their propagation, impair the
palatability of same, or impair the
waters for any other uses.
(See Note S.6)
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CLASS SB
Suitable for bathing, other recreational purposes, industrial cooling and
shellfish harvesting for human consumption after depuration; excellent fish
and wildlife habitat; good aesthetic value.
1. Dissolved oxygen
2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse -
floating solids, oils and grease
scum
3. Color and turbidity
4. Coliform bacteria per 100 ml
5. Taste and odor
6. pH
7. Allowable temperature increase
8. Chemical constituents
Not less than 5.0 mg/1 at any time
None except that amount that may
result from the discharge from a
waste treatment facility providing
appropriate treatment
None in such concentrations that
would impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class
Not to exceed a median value of 700
and not more than 2300 in more than
10% of the samples (See Note S.5)
None in such concentrations that
would impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class and none that
would cause taste and odor in edible
fish or shellfish
6.8 - 8.5
None except where the increase will
not exceed the recommended limit on
the most sensitive receiving water
use and in no case exceed 85° F W
in any case raise the normal
temperature of the receiving water
more than M° F.
None in concentrations or combina-
tions which would be harmful to
human, animal,or aquatic life or
whic,h would make the waters unsafe
or unsuitable for fish or shellfish
or their propagation,or impair the
water for any other usage assigned to
this Class
9. Radioactivity
(See Note S.6)
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CLASS SC
Suitable fish, shellfish and wildlife habitat; suitable for recreational
boating and industrial cooling, good aesthetic value.
Dissolved oxygen
Sludge deposits - solid refuse
floating solids, oils and
grease - scum
3. Color and turbidity
M. Coliform bacteria per 100 ml
S. Taste and odor
6. pH
7. Allowable temperature increase
8. Chemical constituents
Not less than 5 mg '1 for more than 6
hours during any 24-hour period and
at no time less than M mg/1. For cold
water fishery, SCc, not less than 5 mg'1
at any time
None except that amount that may result
from the discharge from a waste treat-
ment facility providing appropriate
treatment
None in such concentrations that would
impair any usages specifically assigned
to this Class
Not to exceed an average in any 30-
day period of 5000 nor exceed this
value in more than 20% of the samples
collected during the period.
None in such concentrations that would
impair any usages specifically assigned
to this Class and none that would cause
taste and odor in edible fish or
shellfish
6.5 - 8.5
None except where the increase will not
exceed the recommended limit on the most
sensitive receiving water use and in no
case exceed 8S° F or in any case raise
the normal temperature of the receiving
water more than H0 F
None in concentrations or combinations
which would be harmful to human, animal,
or aquatic life or which would make the
waters unsafe or unsuitable for fish or
shellfish or their propagation, or
impair the water for any other usage
assigned to this Class
9. Radioactivity
(See Note S.6)
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NOTES
S.I All sewage treatment plant effluents shall receive disinfection before
discharge to coastal and marine waters. The degree of treatment and
disinfection shall be as required by the State.
S.2 These criteria do not apply to conditions brought about by natural
causes.
S.3 The waters shall be substantially free of pollutants that will: a) un-
duly affect the composition of bottom fauna, b) unduly affect the
physical or chemical nature of the bottom; o) interfere with the
propagation of fish.
S.4 These criteria shall apply at all times in coastal and marine waters.
S.5 Surveys to determine coliform concentrations shall include those areas
most probably exposed to fecal contamination during the most unfavor-
able hydrographic and pollution conditions.
S.6 The discharge of radioactive materials in concentrations or combinations
which would be harmful to human, animal or aquatic life shall not be
allowed. In no case shall the Alpha emitters exceed a concentration
of 3 picocuries per liter or the Gross Beta emitters exceed a con-
centration of 1000 picocuries per liter.
S.7 All interstate Class SA waters and all interstate Class SB waters,
except Housatonic River from Derby Dam to mouth, Connecticut River
from Hurd State Park in East Hampton to mouth, and Shetucket and
Thames Rivers from Greenville Dam, Norwich, to mouth, are considered
to be suitable for cold water fish spawning and growth.
S.8 The criteria for dissolved oxygen and allowable temperature increase
for interstate 'Class SB and SCc waters are applicable to waters
used only for fish passage. When such waters are suitable for cold
water fish spawning and growth, these criteria shall be the .eame as
those specified for Class SA waters.
S.9 In the case of interstate Class SB and. SCc waters where parts of such
waters are not suitable for spawning and growth, the requirements for
fish passage shall be considered with other sensitive uses in
defining allowable temperature increases.
-------
APPENDIX E
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION SURVEY OF
LONG ISLAND SOUND
SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 1969
-------
STATION DESCRIPTION
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LONG ISLAND SOUND SURVEY
SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 1969
Station Description Station
1 Whitestone Bridge 36
2 Throggs Neck Bridge 37
3 Near Stepping Stones 38
4 Near City Island 39
5 Near Execution Rocks ^0
6 Outside Mamaroneck Harbor 41
7 Off Fox Point 42
8 Near Great Captain Island ^3
9 Off Lloyd Point 44
10 Outside Cove Harbor 45
11 Off Batons Neck 46
12 Off Norwalk Islands 47
13 Outside Smithtown Bay 48
14 Outside Bridgeport Harbor 49
15 Outside Mt. Sinai Harbor 50
16 Off Pond Point 51
17 Off Herod Point 52
18 Outside Branford Harbor 53
19 Off Jacobs Point 54
20 Off Orient Point 55
21 Off Hatchett Point 56
22 Near The Race 57
23 Outside New London Harbor 58
24 Little Neck Bay 59
25 Manhasset Bay 60
26 Hempstead Harbor 61
27 Matinecock Point 62
28 Oyster Bay 63
29 Huntington Bay 64
30 Nissequoque River 65
31 Stony Brook 66
32 Port Jefferson Harbor 67
33 Inlet Point 68
34 Fishers Island 69
35 Eastchester Bay
Description
Near Orchard Beach
New Rochelle Outfall
Larchmont Harbor
Mouth of Larchmont Harbor
Mamaroneck Harbor
Mamaroneck Outfall
Off Peningo Neck
Blind Brook Outfall
Port Chester Harbor
Near Bluefish Shoal
Captain Harbor
Greenwich Harbor
Stamford Harbor
Mouth Stamford Harbor
Darien River
Norwalk Harbor Entrance Channel
Saugatuck River
Southport Harbor
Black Rock Harbor
Off Bridgeport
Bridgeport Harbor
Housatonic River
Mouth Housatonic River
Mouth Milford Harbor
New Haven Harbor
Mouth New Haven Harbor
Branford Harbor
The Thimbles
Guilford Harbor
Clinton Harbor
Connecticut River
Mouth Connecticut River
New London Harbor
Mouth New London Harbor
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, SEPT. 29-OCT. 3, 1969
Station
1-S
I-D
2-S
2-1
3-S
3-D
li-S
il-D
5-S
5-D
6-S
6-D
7-S
7-D
8-S
8-D
9-S
'9-D
10-S
10-D
11-S
11-D
12-S
12-D
13-S
13-D
3JJ-S
lll-D
Depth
Feet
10.0
Si.O
10.0
57.0
10.0
58.0
5.0
70.0
5.0
60.0
5.o
la.o
5.o
l)5.o
S.o
lll.O
5.0
32.0
5.o
72.0
S.o
Ii9.0
5.0
63.0
5.0
100.0
5.0
56.0
Hater
Temp . °C
19.8
19.9
19.8
19.8
19.7
19.8
19.6
19.9
19.9
19.9
19.9
19.9
19.9
19.9
20.1
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.1
20.1
L9.6
19.9
19.8
19.7
19.9
20.0
20.0
20.0
Conductiirity
umhos
3d. 300
3U.800
3d, 800
35,000
• 35,200
35,200
35,100
35,300
36,100
36,200
36,500
36,700
36,600
36,800
37,200
36,900
37,000
36, 900
37, 200
37, liOO
37, 100
37,100
37,500
37, LOO
37,200
38,000
37,500
37,600
Salinity
g/1
21). 3
214.7
2k. 7
21). 7
21). 9
25.1
25.0
25.3
25.7
25.7
26.0
26.1
26.0 '
26.2
26.5
26.3
26.3
26.3
26.5
26.5
26.6
26.5
26.8
26.9
26.6
27.0
26.9
26.8
Chloride
mg/1
111, 600
lli.oOO
111, 100
iU,5oo
15,000
1U.600
111, 600
111, POO
1U, 800
11), 700
111, 800
il), Soo
11), 300
11), 600
- 11), 600
11), 900
15,000
15,000
15,000
15,100
15,300
15, 200
15,000
15,200
I5,5oo
15,700
15,000
15,200
DO
mg/1
It. 6
U.8
1).8
5.1
5.7
5.5
6.1
5.6
7.3
6.8
7.1)
6.1)
7.8
7.0
7.1)
7.1
7.5
6.9
7.5
6.3
7.1
6.5
7.0
6.5
6.9
6.1
6.5
6.5
Percent
Sat.
58.9
61.7
61.1
65.2
6U.9
70.li
77.8
72.0
102.0
76.9
77.7
81). 7
99.7
89.8
95-3
91.6
96.9
89.1
97.1
81.6
91.1)
81). 0
90.1
83.7
89-5
79.5
81t. 0
81). 2
BOD TOG
mg/1 mg/1
3.0 6
2.6 3
3
2.0 3
3.0 1)
1.5 5
li
3
3-1 6
3
5
2
1.5 3
3
3
k
3
1)
1.1) 3
2
9
3
1.2 9
1)
1.1 9
2
2
3
Turbidity
ppm
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
NOj-N
mg/1
0.25
0.23
0.2U
0.22
0.21
0.22
0.20
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.17
0.16
0*.17
0.16
0.15
0.18
0.17
0.11)
0.15
0.11)
O.U
0.13
0.13
O.lli
0.15
0.15
0.19
PO|j-P Chlorophyll a
mg/1 mg/m3
.36 U.I)
.36
.33 7.2
.36
.29 7.7S
.29
'.29 8.3
.29
.26 11). 5
.23
.16
.20
.23 9.0
.20
.20
.20
.20
.16
.16 8.8
.13
.13
.13
.13 6.1)
.13
.13 3.6
.10
.13
.13
Total
Coliform/100 ml
27,000
15,000
18,000
111, 000
3,000
2,800
600
150
28L
290
06L
08L
02L
02L
02
02
02
02
02L
02L
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02L
Fecal
Colifonn/100 ml
5,600
3,500
6,600H
3,300
61iO
Ii80
lliO
50
02L
ItO
02
02L
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02L
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, SEPT. 29-OCT. 3. 1969 (Cont'd.)
Station
15- S
15-E
16-S
16-E
17-S
17-D
18-S
18-D
19-S
19-D
20-S
20-D
21-S .
21-D
22-S
22 -D '
23-S
23-D
2J.-S
25-S
26-S
26-D
27-S
28-S
28-D
29-B
29-D
30-S
Depth
Feet
5.0
100.0
5.0
5o.o
S.o
90.0
5.0
ItB.O
S.o
76.0
S.o
100.0
5.o
Ii5.o
5.0
100.0
5.o
60.0
8.5
5.0
5-0
27.0
S.o
5-0
20.0
5.0
25.0
5.0
Water
Temp . °C
20.2
20.0
19.8
19.7
19.9
19.5
19.5
19.3
19-7
19.7 •
18.8
18.li
18.2
18.0
18.1
17.8
18.3
18.2
19.6
19.8
19.8
19.5
19.7
19.8
19.6
18.6
18.8
19.7
Conductivity
umhos
37,600
37,900
37,700
37,600
38,300
38,100
37,300
32,200
37,900
37,90O
38,300
38,900
39,000
39,200
38,800
39,200
39,1.00
39,300
3k, 700
35,300
35,700
35,500
36,OOO
36,1.00
36,500
35,500
35,600
36, 800
Salinity
R/l
26.8
27.2
26.8
26.7
27.1)
27.6
27.0
27.0
27.1
27.1
28.0
28.8
28.9
29.2
28.8
29.lt
29.1
29.2
21.. 7
25.0
25.3
25.5
25.6
26.2
25.8
25.8 -
25.9
26.5
Chloride
mg/1
15,700
16,000
15,600
15,700
15,1.00
111 ,600
111, 600
- Ill, 900
15,700
15,1.00
16,300
16,1.00
16,700
16,900
16,800
16,800
17,100
17,600
lli,!iOO
111, 200
15,700
111, 600
111, 700
15,100
lit, 900
lit, Soo
111, 600
15,300
DO
mg/1
7.3
6. It
6.8
6.5
7. It
6.7
7.6
6.9
7.6
7.1
7.5
7.1
7.5
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.7
7. It
5.1
6.2.
8.7
8.2
7.7
7.9
7.1
7.8
7.5
8.9
Percent
Sat.
95.5
83.7
88.2
81.. 2
95-9
85.3
96.8
87.8
98.5
91.6
96.2
90.3
95.6
92.9
95.5
92.li
98.8
91.. 6
61.. 9
79.0
112.9
10li.li
98.5
101.8
90.9
97.1.
9U.2
93.7
BOD TOC
mg/1 mg/1
2
16
.8 3
2
.9 5
' 3
3
3
2
3
2
3
1.0 2
3
.6 2
2
2
2
U
2.0 5
3-7 It
It
2.3 It
2.0 It
7
1.2 3
3
12
Turbidity
ppm
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
NOj-N
mg/1
0.12
0.12
0.15
O.lli
0.13
0.12
0.13
O.lli
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.138
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.07
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.18
0.20
O.lli
O.llt
0.22 '
0.12
0.10
POjj-P Chlorophyll a
mg/1 mg/m3
.13
.10
.13 2.6
.10
.10 2.8
.10
.13
.13
.10
.10
.10
.03
.03 3.1t
.03
.03 3.3
.03
.03
.03
.36 U.6S
.29 ' 7.6
.20 18.6
.23
.20 10.7
.20 7.6
.20
.16 7.6
.16
.16 19.7
Total
Coliform/100 ml
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
12,000
180
01.1
01.1
Oil
O2L
O2
O2L
02L
02
Fecal
Coliform/100 ml
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
It, 200
12L
02L
02
Olt
02
02
02
02
02
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISIAND SOUND, SEPT. 29-OCT. 3, 1969 (Cont'd.)
Station
31-S
32-S
32-D
33-S
33-D
3l)-S
3li-D
35-S
36-S
37-S
37 -D
38-S
39-S
39-D
llO-S
la-s
1)1 -D
1)2-S
1»2-D
U3-S
!)3-D
14*-S
k5-S
U5-D
U6-S
U7-S
U8-S
U8-D
Depth
Feet
5.0
5-0
33.0
5.0
19.0
5.0
21). 0
5.5
5.0
S.o
21.0
5.0
5.0
26.0
5.0
5.0
39.0
5.0
39.0
5.o
37.0
5.0
5.0
31). 0
5.0
S.o
5.0
17.0
Water
Temp. °C
19.6
19.9
20.2
18.9
18.9
18.0
18.0 •
18. U
20.0"
19.7
19.5
20.1
19.7
. 19.'7
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.5
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.5
19.7
19.6
19. l»
19.2 .
19.6
19.5
Conductivity
umhos
36,700
37,100
37,100
38,100
38,200
39,200
. 39,200
3!j,ooo
35,500
35, too
35,700
•35,300
35,500
36,000
31), 800
35,1)00
36,800
36,000
• 36,600
36, 100
36,700
35,700
36, 200
36,500
36,500
35,800
36,700
36,700
Salinity
• g/1
26.2
26. 1)
26. 1
27.7
28.0
29.3
29. U
21). 7
25.0
25.3
25.3
25.0
25.3
25.7
21i. 7
25-3
26.3
25-8
26.3
25.8
26.1
25.7
25.9
26.3
26.3
25.7
26.3
26.3
Chloride
mg/1
15,500
15,600
16,200
IS, 900
15, 800
16,800 .
17,000
11), 300
111, 500
Hi, 600
111, 700
11), 600
11), 1)00
,1U, 800
lU.Soo
11), 200
111, 200
111, 800
15, 200
15,100
15,100
111, 800
11), 900
•11), 800
U, 700
ll),l)00
111, 900
15,100
DO
mg/1
8.6
9.2
9.1)
7.7
V.5
• 7.6
7.5
8.0
6.6
7.7
6.1
7.7
8.0
6.0
-'5.6
7.9
- 5.5
7.3
_ 5-6
7.5
5.1)
6.3-
7.5
6.8
7.U
6.1)
6.8
7.2
Percent
Sat.
110.9
119.5
123.7
98.5
95.8
96.8
95.5
99.3
81i. 7
98. li
77.7
99.2
•102.0
76.9
72.2
1O0.3
69.9
93-2
69. U
96.3
69. U
80.li
96.2
86.9
91). 1
80.8
87.1
92.2
BOD
mg/1
2.3
1.2
k. 2
1.9
3.3
3.9
3.1)
2.5
3-1)
2.li
2.2
2.0
2.5
1.6
3.5
2.1)
TOO
mg/1
«t
3
12
' U
2
2
2
'li '
5
2
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
1)
5
2
3
2
Turbidity NOj-N
ppm tng/1
1.0 0.11)
1.0 0.08
1.0 0.09
1.0 0.11
1.0 0.07
1.0 0.08
1.0 0.08
1.0 0.21
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.11)
0.18
0.17
0.11)
0.17
O.lli
0.16
0.11)
0.11)
0.13
0.13
0.11)
0.13
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.12
POjj-P Chlorophyll a
mg/1 mg/m
.13
.13 18.6
.13
.07 7.1
.07
.03
.03
.26 19.6S
.29
.23 22.1
.23
.20 52.1
.26
.26
.23 15.0
.26 29.0
.20
.23
.16
.23 21). 3
.20
.23 18.6
.20
.16
.20 15.2
.33 I?. 6
.20 11). 9
.16
Total
Coliform/100 ml
Ol)L
50
18L
22L
16L
02
02L
210
390
100
2,800
320
1)20
1,200
1)20
1),000
120L
2,500
130
220
08L
11), 000
100
28L
92
18.OOO
15.OOO
7,600
Fecal
Coliforjn/100 ml
02
Ol»L
06L
08L
02L
02
02
32L
80
38L
230
UOL
230
380
180
6tiO -
12L
1)10
1)6
56
02L
2,10O
28L
02
36L
9,800
B,900H
3,600
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, SEPT. 29-OCT. 3, 1969 (Cont'd. }
Station
U9-S
1»9-D
50-5
5i-s
52-S
53-S
51i-s
51l-D
55-s
5S-D
56-S
56-D
57 -S
57 -D
58-S
58-D
S9-S
60-S
60-D
61-S
61-D s
62-S
63-S
61i-S
65-S
66-S
67 -S
68-S
68-D
69-S
69-D
Depth
Feet
5.0
20.0
S.o
S.o
S.o
5.0
5.0
15.0
5-0'
17.0
5.0
32.0
5.Q
22.0
S.o
15.0
5.o
5.0
3U.O
5.0
33.0
5.0
5-0
5.0
S.o
5.0
5-0
5.0
31i.o
S.o
31.0
Water
Temp . °C
19. It
19. It
19. It
18.9
18.9
19.3
19.5
19.3
19.9
19.6
21.6
19.9
20.3
19.7
19.1
19.3
19.3
18.5
18.5
18.2
18.3
19.0
18.8
18.8
18.6
18.2
18.0
18.3
17.8
18.0
17.9
Conductivity
umhos
36,700
36,700
36, 800
36, 300
36,30O
36,900
36,600
36,800
37 ,100
37,000
37,ltOO
37,000
26,000
33, 300
35, 300
36,600
35, 800
35,000
36,000
35,600
35,900
36,600
37 ,000
37,300
37,700
37,900
37,200
37,6OO
39,000
39,250
39,200
Salinity
K/l
26.lt
26.3
26.5
26.6
26.3
26.2
26.3
26.5
26.5
26.6
25.8
26.2
17.7
23-5
25.5
26.6
25.9
25.6
26.5
26.2
26.5
26.6
26.9
27 .O
27.5
28.2
27 .U
27.8
29. It
29.lt
29.lt
Chloride
rag/1
15,200
15,200
15,600
i5,Uoo
15,300
13,300
15,100
15,700
i5,5oo
15,300
111, 800
15,000
10,500/10,300
13,900
Ih.hQO
15,500
lit, 000
llt,UOO
15,200
15,100
15,800
i5,3oo
15,800
15, 900
16, 700
111, 700
I6,lt00
16,100
16,700
19,OOO
15,800
DO
mR/1
7.7
7.6
7.7
7.2
8.9
9.6
5.3
5.5
7.1.
7. It
5.9
6.3
5.5
5.7
6.2
6.8
5.1
tt.O
6.0
6.1
6.3
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.6
7.3
7. It
5.1
6.8
7.6
7.6
Percent
Sat.
98.6
97.3
99.0
91.5
113.0
119.8
67.9
70.7
96.0
95.2
78. h
81.2
55.li
72.2
78.1
87.2
61t.2
It9.8
75.lt
76.1
79.5
83.9
87.9
89.3
97.6
90.7
92.5
61t.6
85.9
93.2
96.lt
BOD
mg/1
1.8
1.5
1.0
2.5
2.3
2.3
1.5
1.9
2.3
l.lt
1.0
2.7
.9
1.3
1.1
.9
1.1
.8
.8
>5.1
.7
TOC
mg/1
It
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
It
2
2
2
Turbidity
ppm
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
2.0
ll.O
3-0
3-0
5.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
N03-N
mg/1
O.10
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.09
O.Ut
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.11
0.32 '
0.19
0.18
O.llt
0.22
0.19
O.llt
0.13
0.17
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.12
0.07
0.09
O.O7
rag/1
.16
.16
.16
.16
.13
.13
.20
-.16
.16
.13
.23
.16
.23
.16
.13
.13
.36
.29
.16
.16
.16
.13
.13
.13
.07
.07
.10
.07
.03
.03
.03
Chlorophyll a
lit. 9
-
13.6
8.0
12.2
11.6
11.6
-
1O.2
-
8.0
-
9.2
-
-
6.1t
-5.1
It.o
-
2. It
-
5.U
5.1
U.U
U.9
5-3
5.1i
5.6
-
3.3
-
Total
Colifom/100 ml
960
1,100
Olt
36L
02L
OltL
2,ltOO
130
2,90O
a,Uoo
>30,000
litO
2,200
760
ilPO
26L
160
100.000H
660
2,60O
1,800
12L
08L
Okl
02 L
llO
Olt.1
It, 000
600
U8L
60L
Fecal
Coliform/100 ml
260
230
02
2UL
02
02
230
22L
210
120
2,300
18L
100
30L
32L
lllL
ItO
36.000H
100
310
210
12L
02
02
02
06L
02
1,200
260
02L
06L
-------
APPENDIX F
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION SURVEY OF
NORTH SHORE OF LONG ISLAND SOUND
JULY 1970
-------
STATION DESCRIPTION
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LONG ISLAND SOUND SURVEY
JULY 1970
Station
NS1
2
2A
3
4
5
6
7
'8
9
9A
10
10A
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Location
Throggs Neck Bridge
Off Stepping Stones
Off Hewlett Ft.
Eastchester Bay
11 ii
Hutchinson River
Off Orchard Beach
Off Glen Island
Echo Bay
Larchmont Harbor
Larchmont Harbor
Mamaroneck Harbor
Milton Harbor
Mamaroneck Harbor
Off Peningo Neck
Off Rye Beach
Byram River
Portchester Harbor
Captain Harbor
Greenwich Harbor
Captain Harbor
Cos Cob Harbor
n ii ii
Greenwich Cove
Off Greenwich Pt.
Stamford Harbor
Stamford Harbor
Stamford Harbor
Westcott Cove
Cove Harbor
Off Smith Reef
Sheffield Harbor
Five Mile River
Sheffield Harbor
n M
Norwalk River
Cockenoe Harbor
Saugatuck River
(W.
(E.
Branch)
Branch)
Sampling Depth,
A (MLW)
5
5
5
4
3
3
5
5
5
5
1
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
-------
List and Location of Sampling Stations
Sampling Depth,
Station Location A (MLW)
38 Off Frost Pt. 5
39 Southport Harbor 5
40 Off Pine Creek Pt. 5
41 Black Rock Harbor 5
42 Ash Creek 3
43 Cedar Creek 5
44 Bridgeport Harbor 5
45 Yellow Mill Cannel 5
46 Bridgeport Harbor 5
47 " " 5
48 " " 5
49 Off Lordship Beach 5
50 Housatonic River (mouth) 5
51 Housatonic River 5
52 " " 5
53 " " 5
54 " " 5
55 Off Charles Island 5
56 The Gulf 5
57 Milford Harbor 5
58 Off Pond Pt. 5
59 Off Oyster R. Pt. 5
60 Off New Haven Harbor 5
61 Off West Haven 5
62 West River 5
63 Quinnipaic River 2
64 " " 5
65 New Haven Harbor 5
66 " " " 5
67 " " " 5
68 Off Lighthouse Pt. 5
69 New Haven Harbor Ent. Ch. 5
70 Branford Harbor » 5
71 Branford River 5
72 W.W. of the Thimbles 5
73 Off Sachem Head 5
74 Guildford Island 4
75 Madison Reef 5
76 Clinton Harbor 5
77 .... 4
78 Duck Island Roads 5
79 Patchogue River 5
80 Westbrook Harbor 5
81 Off Cornfield Pt. 5
82 Connecticut River (mouth) 5
-------
List and Location of Sampling Stations
Sampling Depth,
Station Location A (MLW)
83 Connecticut River (mouth) 5
84 Connecticut River 5
85 " " 5
86 Off Sound View 5
87 Off Giants Neck 5
88 Off Black Pt. 5
89 Niantic Bay 5
90 Niantic River 5
91 Jordan Cove 5
92 Off Goshen Pt. 5
93 New London Harbor 5
94 " •• " 5
95 - - » 5
97 M it ti 5
98 Thames River 5
99 " " 5
100 .,.,. 5
101 " " 5
102 " " 5
103 " " 5
104 " " 5
105 Pine Island Channel 5
106 Mumford Cove 5
107 Fishers Island Sound 5
108 Bebee Cove 5
109 Mystic River 5
110 Mystic River 5
111 Fishers Island Sound 5
112 " " " 5
113 Stonington Harbor 5
114 " " 3
115 Off Stonington Pt. 4
116 Little Narragansett Bay 5
117 Pawtucket River 5
118 " " 5
-------
DATA, ENVIEONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 1970
STAT
NS1
NS2
NS2A
NS3
NS4
NS5
NS6
NS7
NS8
NS9
NS9A
NS10
NS10A
NS11
NS12
NS13
NS14
NS15
NS16
NS17
NS18
NS19
NS20
NS21
NS22
NS23
NS24
NS25
NS26
NS27
NS28
NS29
NS30
NS31
NS32
NS33
NS34
NS35
NS36
NS37
NS38
NS39
NS40
NS41
NS42
NS43
NS44
NS45
NS45A
DATE
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-rl9-70
07V19-70
07-1-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-1B-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07r17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
TIME
0840
0850
0915
0945
1135
1120
0920
1000
0940
1030
1045
1115
1-130
1255
0900
0915
0940
0930
1030
1015
1000
0840
0820
0910
0940
1005
1010
1100
1030
1410
1340
1355
1250
1315
0950
1045
1030
1215
1200
1140
0740
0725
0755
0825
0845
0900
1100
1040
1020
DEPTH
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
00008
2277
2278
2279
2281
2283
2282
2280
2286
2285
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2270
2271
2273
2272
2276
2275
2274
2261
2260
.2262
2263
2264
2265
2267
2266
2328
2326
2327
2324
2325
2318
2320
2319
2321
2323
2322
2331
2330
2332
2333
2334
2335
2255
2340
2339
AIR
TEMP
CENT
00020
28.
28.
29.
30.
26.
32.
38.
27.
23.
33.
34.
28.
39.
34.
25-
22.
21.
21.
22.'
N
N
N
N
00
00
N
00
N
50
90
00
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
70
70
30
00
50
50
50
20
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
70
50
00
50
50
24.50
30.
00
22.50
26.
50
WATER
TEMP
CENT
00010
18.
17.
18.
18.
19.
70
90
40
10
80
22.00
17.
18.
18.
17.
18.
17.
19.
19.
18.
17.
18.
18.
- If'
18.
15.
18.
19.
18.
18.
18.
18.
20.
20.
18.
18.
19.
19.
18.
18.
21.
21.
18.
17.
21.
17.
17.
16.
20.
19.
19.
21.
21.
20.
60
30
30
60
10
30
40
80
30
40
50
00
90
60
80
90
60
10
70
20
90
30
50
20
30
50
00
00
50
00
40
90
60
30
30
50
50
30
10
20
80
20
80
DO
MG/L
00300
2.70
3.60
4.90
4.30
5.40
0.6O.
6.50
5.30
6.10
6.20
9.80
5.80
. N
9.30
6.50
5.80
'7.20
5.80
5.*0
6.90
4.60
7.00
6. 10
6. 10
7.90
7.10
7.00
6.40
N
7.20
7.00
10.30
8.10
7.50
8.20
6. 10
3.80
6.50
5.40
5.50
6*00
6.00
5.50
6.60
5.20
5.10
5.40
6.10
5.50
BOD '
5 DAY
MG/L
00310
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
2.20
N
3.20
N
2.00
3. 50
N
N
3.00
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
3. 10
3. 30
8.80J
N
N
N
N
N
3.00
3.00
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
1.60J
1.90J
N
PH
SU
00400
7,40
7.70
8.00
8.00
7.60
8.00
8.10
7.70
7.70
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.10
7.80
7.90
8.00
7.90
8.10
8.00
7.70
7.70
7.80
7.70
. 7.90
7.90
8.00
7.70
7.90
8.50
8.30
8.70
7.90
8.30
8.10
8.10
7.10
8.10
8*00
8.00
7.40
7.40
7.70
7.90
7.80
7.70
8.00
7.90
7.80
TURB
JKSN
JU
00070
3
2
2
3
5
10
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
4
5
2
3
3
2
3
4
6
5
4
5
5
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
COND
A-25C
UMHOS
00095
37700
38400
38600
38600
38400
36300
39300
.38300
38200
38700
38500
38600
38400
38300
39800
40000
40100
39800
40500
40000
42000
38700
38500
38800
38900
39400
38700
37900
38400
40200
40600
40100
40000
40200
40500
39100
39100
40000
40200
38100
39100
38800
39400
38700
38800
38600
38100
38000
38400
SALIN
G/L
70305
24
24
25
25
24
23
25
24
24
25
24
25
24
24
25
25
25
25
26
25
27
25
24
25
25
25
24
24
25
26
26
26
25
25
26
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
24
24
24
24
CL
MG/L
00940
14700
15300
14700
15000
14700
13300
15300
15100
15000
14700
15000
15300
15100
14700
14300
14300
14400
14300
14900
14700
15200
15400
15100
15800
16000
14700
15600
14300
14700
13000
14500
14500
14-500
14500
15600
14500
14300
15300
14300
14100
14500
14300
13000
14500
14300
14300
14500
14500
15100
R'EMARKS-
N=NO DATA AVAILABLEt
J=ESTIMATED VALUE, K=LESS THAN. L=GREATER THAN. -=MINUS TEMP
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISIAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 1970
STAT
NS1
NS2
NS2A
NS3
NS4
NS5
NS6
NS7
NS8
NS9
NS9A
NS10
NS10A
NS11
NS12
NS13
NS14
NS15
NS16
NS17
NS18
NS19
NS20
NS21
NS22
NS23
NS24
NS25
NS26
NS27
NS28
NS29
NS30
NS31
NS32
NS33
NS34
NS35
NS36
NS37
NS38
NS39
NS40
NS41
NS42
NS43
NS44
NS45
NS45A
DATE TIME
07-19-70 0840
07-19-70 0850
07-19-70 0915
07-19-70 0945
07-19-70 1135
OZ-19-70 1120
07419-70 0920
07-i-19-70 1000
07-19-70 0940
07-19-70 1030
07-19-70 1045
07-19-70 1115
07-19-70 1130
07-19-70 1255
07-18-70 0900
07-18-70 0915
07-18-70 0940
07-18-70 0930
07-18-70 1030
07-18-70 1015
07-18-70 1000
.07-18-70 0840
07-18-70 0820
07-18-70 0910
07-18-70 d940
07-18-70 1005
07-18-70 1010
07-18-70 1100
07-18-70 1030
07-17-70 1410
07-17-70 1340
07-17-70 1355
07-17-70 1250
07-17-70 1315
07-17-70 0950
07-17-70 1045
07-17-70 1030
07-17-70 1215
07-17-70 1200
07-17-70 1140
07-17-70 0740
07-17-70 0725
07-17-70 0755
07-17-70 0825
07-17-70 0845
07-17-70 0900
07-17-70 1100
07-17-70 1040
07-17-70 1020
DEPTH
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
O05
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
OOOOB
2277
2278
2279
2281
2283
2282
2280
2286
2285
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2270
2271
2273
2272
2276
2275
2274
2261
2260
2262
2263
2264
2265
2267
2266
2328
2326
2327
2324
2325
2318
2320
2319
2321
2323
2322
2331
2330
2332
2333
2334
2335
2255
2340
2339
CHLR-
PHL A
MG/M3
32230
3.00
5.80
7.80
N
13.80
10.60
7.40
11.80
7.30
6.30
19. 10
5.30
8.80
24.10
8.80
5.60
8.10
8.10
8.60
7.50
5.10
16.00
11.80
•6. 10
4.50
7.00
7.40
33.30
13.00
10.90
9.20
14.80
8.00
9.20
16.00
10.20
10.50
8.50
7.30
8.40
8.80
13.90
N
12.00
6.70
51.20
10.90
12.00
14. 30
N03-N
MG/L
00620
0.18
0.14
0.14
0.09
0.12
0.18
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.09
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.04
0.08
0.11
0.06
N
0.11
0.03
0.08
0.05
0.07
0.08
T KJL
N
MG/L
00625
1.03
1.04
0.48
1.00
0.68
1.15
0.88
0.69
0.61
1.43
0.59
1.31
0.73
0.96
0.64
0.71
0.74
0.83
1*28
0.66
0.56
0.39
0.74
0.89
0.65
0.22
0.49
N
0.34
N
0.76
0.86
0.76
0.76
0.18
0.08
0.06
0.10
0.84
0.06
0.94
0.94
0.58
3.66
1.02
0.80
0.84
N
0.46
PHS-T
P-WET
MG/L
00665
0.28
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.28
0.52
0. 18
0. 17
0. 16
0.13
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.11
0. 11
0.11
0. 14
0. 12
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.13
0.21
0.22
0.08
0.0 /
0.07 -
0.07
0.08
0.10
o.ie
0.20
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.08
0.07
0. 10
0.13
0.31
0. 12
0. 13
0.15
T ORG
C
MG/L
00680
•4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3«00
2.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
2.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
5-00
5.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
7.00
4.00
6.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
7.00
5.00
CU
UG/L
01040
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
160
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
100K
200
100K
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
160
170
120
100K
N
CR
UG/L
01030
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
100K
N
N
N
N
N
N
IN
N
N
N
100K
TOOK
100K
N
N
N
N
N
IN .
IN
N
N
N
M
N
N
N
100K
100K
100K
100K
M
ZINC
UG/L
01090
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
IM
N
50K
N
N .
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
500K
50
500K
N
N
N
M
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
500K
500K
500K
500K.
N
LEAD
UG/L
01049
N
N
M
N
N
N
N
N'
N
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
300K.
N
N
N
N
N-
N
N
N
N
N
300K
300K.
300K.
IM
N
N
N
N
N
N
M
N
N
N
N
N
N
300K
300K
300K
300K
M
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 1970
STAT
NS1
NS2
NS2A
NS3
NS4
NS^
NS6
NS7
NS8
NS9
NS9A
NS10
NS10A
NS11
NS12
NS13
NS14
NS15
NS16
NS17
NS18
NS19-
NS20
NS21
NS22
NS23
NS24
NS25
NS26
NS27
NS28
NS29
NS30
NS31
NS32
NS33
NS34
NS35
NS36
NS37
NS38
NS39
NS40
NS41
NS42
NS43
NS44
NS^5
NS45A
DATE
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-19-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-18-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07^17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
TIME
0840
0850
0915
0945
1135
1120
0920
1000
0940
1030
1045
1115
1130
1255
0900
0915
0940
0930
1030
1015
1000
0840
0820
0910
0940
1005
1010
1100
1030
1410
1340
1355
1250
1315
0950
1045
1030
1215
1200
1140
0740
0725
0755
0825
0845
0900
1100
1040
1020
DEPTH
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
00008
2277
2278
2279
2281
2283
2282
2280
2286
2285
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2270
2271
2273
2272
2276
2275
2274
2261
2260
2262
2263
2264
2265
2267
2266
2328
2326
2327
2324
2325
2318
2320
2319
2321
2323
2322
2331
2330
2332
2333
2334
2335
2255
2340
2339
HG
UG/L
71900
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
2.00K
2.00K
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
2.00K
2.00K
N
N
N
TCOLI
MPN
100ML
31505
35000
11000
3500
2400
330
2400L
79
79
70
33
330
49
46
170
330
1700
2400
46
11
49
70
230
79
17
13
79
230
2300
4900
33
2
8
50
130
23
240
490
49
17
140
2
110
49
79
49
220
4900
790
N
FCOLI
MPN
100ML
31615
11000
1700
280
1300
130
1600
33
23
70
33
230
14
13
49
230
220
180
13
2
7
2
33
49
4
5
22
130
790
490
8
2
8
2K
90
13
13
130
70
14
33
2K
2IC
2K
14
8
23
540
170
N
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 1970 (Cont'd.)
STAT
NS46
NS47
NS48
NS49
NS50
NS51
NS52
NS53
NS54
NS55
NS56
NS57
NS58
NS59
NS60
NS61
NS62
NS63
NS64
NS65
NS66
NS67
NS68
NS69
NS70
NS71
NS72
NS73
NS74
NS75
NS76
NS77
NS78
NS79
NS80
NS81
NS82
NS83
NS84
NS85
NS86
NS87
NS88
NS89
NS90
NS91
NS92
NS93
NS94
DATE
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-^6-70
07-16-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
TIME
1010
0950
0940
0805
0825
0845
0910
0930
0945
0745
0725
0710
0735
0905
0920
0840
1305
1150
1230
.1210
1255
1130
1020
0950
07,45
0730
0810
0840
0900
1015
1240
1225
1155
1140
1115
0930
1045
1000
1025
1045
0955
0805
0845
0700
0720
0645
0805
0845
0915
DEPTH
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
00008
2338
2337
2336
2317
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2316
2314
2313
2315
2228
2229
2227
2306
0515
2305
2304
2303
2302
2301
2230
2245
2244
2246
2247
2248
2249
2254
2253
2252
2251
2250
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2221
2220
2219
2217
2218
2216
2203
2204
2205
AIR
TEMP
CENT
00020
28.00
26.80
24.50
N
17.00
20.00
20.00
21.00
21.00
N
N
N
N
24.00
24.20
21.00
30.50
N
26.00
26.50
24.20
25.00
N
N
19.00
19.00
19«00
20.00
20.00
21.00
26.00
28.00
26.50
24.50
23.00
26.00
23.50
27.50
30.00
29.50
22.50
21.70
21.00
23.20
N
20.20
26.00
26.20
28.00
WATER
TEMP
CENT
00010
20.50
19.00
17.20
16.40
17.70
17.80
17.10
20.80
22.70
16.80
18.30
17.80
18.40
19.20
N
19.20
21.40
23.00
21.50
26.50
21.30
20.20
19.70
19.40
19.10
20.00
19-50
19.20
19.30
19.00
18.40
20.50
17.80
19.30
18.00
18.10
17.70
18.60
19.20
22.30
17.50
17.70
17.10
17.00
17.80
16.50
16.40
17.00
17.80
DO
MG/L
BOD
C
DAY
PH
SU
MG/L
00300
5
6
5
5
5
5
4
3
4
4
5
4
5
6
5
3
2
2
1
2
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
5
7
8
8
7
7
7
7
8
6
.50
.20
.00
.00
.00
.00
.10
.90
.00
.00
.10
.00
.50
.10
N.
.90
.50
.50
.00
.4*0
.60
.20
.50
.70
.60
.70
.80
.30
.60
.10
.50
.00
.20
.30
.10
.00
.50
.50
.10
.50
.80
.50
.00
.70
.90
.50
.60
.30
.40
00310
3
2
1
1
1
4
3
6
2
1
2
3
2
7
.60
N
N
N
.30
.30J
.30J
.70J
.00
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
.10
.80J
.10
• 90J
.10
.10
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
.60
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
.90L
00400
- 7.80
7.50
7.90
7.70
8.00
8.00
7.70
7.60
7.50
7.90
8.00
7.60
7.90
8.00
7.70
d.10
7.60
7.30
7.50
7.50
7.60
8.00
7.80
7.60
7.90
7.80
8.00
8.00
8. 10
8.10
8.10
8.20
8.20
8.00
7.90
7.50
7.50
7.90
7.50
7.40
7.90
8.30
8.10
8.10
8.10
8.00
8.00
7.80
7.60
TURB
JKSN
JU
00070
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
5
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
5
4
6
7
6
5
2
2
17
2
1
2
3
2
2
5
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
COND
A-25C
UMHOS
00095
38400
38700
39000
41400
42200
41900
40900
24800
9700
42000
41200
41500
41800
54800
N
40200
36500
N
33400
38400
36100
38700
39700
40100
42300
41700
41900
42300
42500
42500
43600
41400
43600
41800
41900
40500
41900
38700
35300
20400
44100
42600
43300
44600
44700
43800
45200
43300
42500
SALIN
G/L
70305
24
25
25
26
27
27
26
15
5
26
26
26
26
26
N
26
23
N
21
24
23
25
26
25
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
27
28
27
27
26
27
25
22
12
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
27
CL
MG/L
00940
14500
14500
14300
15100
15300
14700
14000
N
3000
15300
15300
14500
15300
15300
15300
15300
13500
13300
12300
14100
13700
14500
15200
16000
15400
15600
15600
15600
16000
16400
16100
15100
16100
14700
16200
15600
16000
15200
10700
7300
16400
16800
16800
16600
16800
16900
17000
17400
16200
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 1970 (Cont'd.)
STAT
NS46
NS47
NS48
NS49
NS50
NS51
NS52
NS53
NS54
NS55
NS56
NS57
NS58
NS59
NS60
NS61
NS62
NS63
NS64
NS65
NS66
NS67
NS68
NS69
NS70
NS71
NS72
NS73
NS74
NS75
NS76
NS77
NS78
NS79
NS80
NS81
NS82
NS83
NS84
NS85
NS36
NS87
NS88
NS89
NS90
NS91
NS92
NS93
NS94
DATE TIME
07-17-70 1010
07-17-70 0950
07-17-70 0940
07-17-70 0805
07-16-70 0825
07-16-70 0845
07-16-70 0910
07-16-70 0930
07-16-70 0945
07-17-70 0745
07-17-70 0725
07-17-70 0710
07-17-70 0735
07-16-70 0905
07-16-70 0920
07-16-70 0840
07-16-70 1305
07-16-70 1150
07-16-70 1230
07-16-70 1210
07-16-70 1255
07-16-70 1130
07-16-70 1020
07-16-70 0950
07-15-70 0745
07-15-70 0730
07-15-70 0-810
07-15-70 0840
07-15-70 0900
07-15-70 1015
07-15-70 1240
07-15-70 1225
07-15-70 1155
07-15-70 1140
07-15-70 1115
07-15-70 0930
07-15-70 1045
07-15-70 1000
07-15*-70 1025
07-15-70 1045
07-15-70 0955
07-15-70 0805
07-15-70 0845
07-15-70 0700
07-15-70 0720
07-15-70 0645
07-14-70 0805
07-14-70 0845
07-14-70 0915
DEPTH
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
00008
2338
2337
2336
2317
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2316
2314
2313
2315
2228
2229
2227
2306
0515
2305 .
2304
2303
2302
2301
2230
2245
2244
2246
2247
2248
2249
2254
2253
2252
2251
2250
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2221
2220
2219
2217
2218
2216
2203
2204
2205
CHLR-
PHL A
MG/M3
32230
11.70
8.10
6.70
4.30
3.70
4.90
5.90
N
23.70
2.20
5.00
5.30
8.40
6.50
3.60
3.90
14.40
14.10
15.20
6. 10
17.10
8.80
4. 10
-3.50
2.00
5.90
2.80
3.70
7.10
3.30
5.20
6. 30
5.80
5.50
4.60
5.70
6.10
4.20
5.30
9.10
2.00
4.30
1.00
2.20
1. 10
2.80
N
3.10
6.30
N03-N
MG/L
OG&20
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.10
0.10
0.10
N
0.47
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.09
0.12
0.09
0.18
0.32
0.28
0.10
0.16
0. 14
0.10
0.10
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.12
0.19
0.08
0.08
0 .06
0.05K
0.06
0.05
0.05K
0.05K
0.10
T KJL
N
MG/L
00625
0.72
1.52
0.68
C.39
0.70
0.72
0.82
1 .38
2.30
1.61
0.86
0.52
1. 16
0.88
1.50
0.60
1.28
1.60
1*90
1 .34
1 .82
1 .36
0.94
0.42
0.70
0.65
0.56
0.60
0.96
0.70
1.14
N
0.72
1.20
0.92
1.06
0.70
0.58
0.86
1.48
0.40
0.46
0.18
0.58
0.64
0.94
0.52
0.64
1.20
PHS-T
P-WET
MG/L
00665
0.11
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.21
0.33
N
0.08
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.11
0.05
0.03
0.07
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0. 04
0.04
O.C5
0.01K
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.32
0. 12
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.07
T ORG
C
MG/L
00680
5.00
3.00
4.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
N
6.00
4.00
4.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
3.00
4.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
6.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
4.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
5.00
CU
UG/L
01040
120
N
M
N
150
170
100K
210
230
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
100K
100K
260
210
100K
100K
N
N
N
100K
N
N
N
N
N
100K
N
N
N'
N
N
N
N
100K.
N
100K
N
N
100K
N
N
N
100K
CR
UG/L
01030
100K.
N
N
N
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K.
N
N
N
• N
N
N
N
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K.
N
N
N
100
N
N
N
N
N
100K
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
100K
N
100K
N
N
- 100K
N
N
N
100K
ZINC
UG/L
01090
500K
N
N
N
90
80
50K
130
120
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
60
60
60
120
60
50K
N
N
N
120
N
N
N
N
N
60
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
50
M
50K
N
N
50K.
N
N
N
100
LEAD
UG/L
01049
300K
N
N
N
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
N
N
N
N
- N
N
N
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K.
N
N
N
300K
N
H
N
N
N
300K
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
300K
N
300K
N
N
300K
N
N
N
300K
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OP LONG ISLAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 1970 (Cont'd.)
STAT
NS46
NS47
NS48
NS49
NS50
NS51
NS52
NS53
NS54
NS55
NS56
NS57
NS58
NS59
NS60
NS61
NS62
NS63
NS64
NS65
NS66
NS67
NS68
NS69
NS70
NS71
NS72
NS73
NS74
NS75
NS76
NS77
NS78
NS79
NSBO
NS81
NS82
NSS3
NSS4
NS85
NS86
NS87
NS88
NS89
NS90
NS91
NS92
NS93
NS94
DATE
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
•07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-17-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
0 7-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-16-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
0 7-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15^70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-15-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
TINE
1010
0950
0940
0505
0825
0845
0910
0930
0945
0745
0725
0710
0735
0905
0920
0840
1305
1150
1230
1210
1255
1130
1020
0950
0745
0730
0810
0840
0900
1015
1240
1225
1155
1140
1115
0930
1045
1000
1025
1045
0955
0805
0845
0700
0720
0645
0805
0845
0915
DEPTH
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005-
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
00008
2336
2337
2336
2317
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2316
2314
2313
2315
2228
2229
2227
2306
0515
2305
2304
2303
2302
2301
2230
2245
2244
2246
2247
2248
2249
2254
2253
2252
2251
2250
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2221
2220
2219
2217
2218
2216
2203
2204
2205
HG
UG/L
71900
N
N
N
N
N
2.00K
2.00K
2.00K
2.00K
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
4.00
2.00K
2.00K
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N'
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
TCOLI
MPN
100ML
31505
1700
12
49
22
2
220
3500
24000L
24000L
11
170
79
23
80
23
220
24000L
9200
13000
5400
16000
3300
170
280
13
33
11
2K
11
2K
5
110
7
79
21
33
13
130
70
79
2
2
13
17
33
33
79
33
5400
FCOLI
NPN
100ML
31615
170
2
2
20
2K
.17
2400
5400
1700
70
33
11
50
50
8
17
5400
350
•3300
3500
3500
3300
17
49
8
13
5
2K
2K
2K
2K
70
2
33
7
5
5
17
22
33
2K
2K
5
7
11
33
49
33
1100
-------
DATA., ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 19?0 (Cont'd.)
STAT
NS95
NS97
NS98
NS99
NS100
NS101
NS102
NS103
NS104
NS105
NS106
NS107
NS108
NS109
NS110
NS111
NS112
NS113
NS114
NS115
NS116
NS117
NS118
DATE
07-/14-70
07-44-70
07^14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
TIME
0920
0940
0955
1020
1035
1100
1115
1135
1150
0735
1240
1215
1155
1140
1125
1005
0945
0925
0905
0845
0830
0815
0800
DEPTH
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
00008
22C6
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2202
2243
2242
2241
2240
2239
2238
2237
2236
2235
2234
2233
2232
2231
AIR
TEMP
CENT
00020
25.60
26.60
26.50
25.90
26.70
30.10
28.60
27.20
27.50
26.10
26.00
26.00
26.00
26."00
24.50
25.00
24.00
23.00
22.00
22-00
21.00
20.50
20.00
WATER
TEMP
CENT
00010
17.90
17.60
19.70
20.30
23.60
20.20
20.60
21.70
23.10
16.90
17.20
17.70
21.90
22.60
23.50
17.40
17.90
18.10
20.70
20.30
19.50
19.70
20.70
DO
MG/L
00300
7.00
7.20
6.60
5.10
4.20
7.00
8.60
7.00
5.40
7.80
8.20
8.10
8.70
8.30
7.60
8.00
8.30
8.40
7.90*
8.10
8.20
7.70
6«10
BOD
5 DAY
MG/L
00310
2.70
2.90
2.50
4. 10
4.30
3.30
7.30
3. 70
3.20
N
N
N
N
N
N
N-
N
0.80J
2.20
1-20J
N
1.40J
1.80J
PH
SU
00400
7.90
8.00
8.00
7.40
7.30
7.50
7.40
7.20
7.10
7.80
8.20
8.10
d.30
8.10
8.00
8.00
7.90
7.90
8-10
7.90
8.10
7.70
7.30
TURB
JKSN
JU
00070
3
2
3
5
5
4
4
5
4
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
COND
A-25C
UMHOS
00095
40600
40800
33100
35100
35500
32400
30500
25700
N
43900
56200
54200
51900
49900
47800
53200
§5000
48000
47800
44400
56100
56200
54400
SALIN
G/L
70305
26
26
24
22
23
19
19
16
1
28
37
37
34
32
31
35
36
31
31
20
37
37
36
CL
MG/L
00940
14700
14700
14100
12300
12700
10100
8300
13700
3000
16800
16800
16800
16dOO
16200
15800
17600
17200
17600
17600
15600
17000
16800
15600
-------
DATA., ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 1970 (Cont'd.)
STAT
NS95
NS97
NS98
NS99
NS100
NS101
NS102
NS103
NS104
NS105
NS106
NS107
NS108
NS109
NS110
NS111
NS112
NS113
NS114
NS115
NS116
NS117
NS118
DATE
07-14-70
07-/14-70
07^4-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
TIME
0920
0940
0955
1020
1035
1100
1115
1135
1150
0735
1240
1215
1155
1140
1125
1005
0945
0925
0905
0845
0830
0815
0800
DEPTH
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
00008
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2202
2243
2242
2241
2240
2239
2238
2237
2236
2235
2234
2233
2232
2231
CHLR-
PHL A
MG/M3
32230
6.20
11.60
12.10
21.60
34.30
15.80
88.80
20.00
N
2.40
3.90
3.10
3.80
7.60
8.70
3.80
3.60
2.70
13.60
2.20
1.60
4.30
N
N03-N
MG/L
00620
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.12
0.44
0.05
0.05K
0.05K
0.06
0.09
0.08
0.05K
0.05K
0.05K
0.06
0.06
0.05K
0.06
0.15
T KJL
N
MG/L
00625
0.90
0.88
0.94
1.54
1.10
1.28
1.20
0.86
1.90
0.70
0.44
0.50
0.96
0.70
0.92
0.74
0.40
0.34
0.34,
0.16
0.30
0.36
0.60
PHS-T
P-WET
MG/L
00665
0.09
0.08
8.00
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.17
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
T ORG
C
MG/L
00680
3.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
5.00
N
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
CU
UG/L
01040
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
N
100K
N
N
100K
100K.
N
N
100K
110L
210L
N
100K
220L
CR
UG/L
01030
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
N
100K.
N
N
100K
100K
N
N
100K
100K
100K
N
100K
100K
ZINC
UG/L
01090
SOU
50
50K
50K
50K
50K
50K
50K
50L
N
50K.
N
N
50K
50K
N
N
5 OK
50K
130
N
50K
180L
LEAD
UG/L
01049
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
N
300K
N
N
300K
300K
N
N
300K
300K
300K
N
300K
300K
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 19?0 (Cont'd.)
STAT
NS95
NS97
NS98
NS99
MS 100
N5101
NS102
NS103
NS104
NS105
NS106
NS107
NS108
NS109
NS110
NS111
NS112
NS113
NS114
NS115
NS11S
NS11V
NSH8
DATE
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-A4-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-r70
07-14-70
TIME
0920
0940
0955
1020
1035
1100
1115
1135
1150
0735
1240
1215
1155
1140
1125
1005
0945
0925
0905
0845
0830
0815
0800
DEPTH
005
OU5
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
00008
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2202
2243
2242
2241
2240
2239
2238
2237
2236
2235
2234
2233
2232
2231
HG
UG/L
71900
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
2.50
N
2.00
N
5.00
5.50
TCOLI
V!PN
100ML
31505
1600
1300
790
24000L
9200
3500
24000k.
24000L
24000L
33
8
17
79
540
350
2
2K
33
110
540
70
540
9200
FCOLI
MPN
100ML
31615
920
170
240
24000L
2400
940
1400
5400
9200
33
2
4
11
350
130
2K
2K
13
17.
79
23
79
2400
REMARKS-
N=NO DATA AVAILABLE,
J=ESTIMATED VALUE, K=LESS THAN. L=GREATER THAN, -=MINUS TEMP
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 19?0 (Cont'd.)
STAT
NS95
NS97
NS98
NS99
NS100
NS101
NS102
NS103
NS104
NS105
NS106
NS107
NS108
NS109
NS110
NS111
NS112
NS113
NSU4
NS115
NS116
NS117
NS118
DATE
07-/14-70
07-VL4-70
07^4-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
TIME
0920
0940
0955
1020
1035
1100
1115
1135
1150
0735
1240
1215
1155
1140
1125
1005
0945
0925
0905
0845
0830
0815
0800
DEPTH
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
OC5
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
00008
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2202
2243
2242
2241
2240
2239
2238
2237
2236
2235
2234
2233
2232 "
2231
AIR
TEMP
CENT
00020
25-60
26.60
26.50
25.90
26.70
30.10
28.60
27.20
27.50
26.10
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
24.50
25.00
24.00
23.00
22.00
22-00
21.00
20.50
20.00
WATER
TEMP
CENT
00010
17.90
17.60
19.70
20.30
23.60
20.20
20.60
21.70
23.10
16.90
17.20
17.70
21.90
22.60
23.50
17.40
17.90
18.10
20.70
20.30
19.50
19.70
20.70
DO
MG/L
BOD
5
DAY
PH
SU
MG/L
00300
7.00
7.20
6.60
5.10
4.20
7.00
8.60
7.00
5.40
7.80
8.20
8.10
8.70
8.30
7.60
8.00
8.30
8.40
7.90*
8«10
8.20
7.70
6.10
00310
2
2
2
4
4
3
7
3
3
0
2
1
1
1
.70
.90
.50
.10
.30
.30
.30
.70
.20
N
N
N
N
N
N
N-
N
.80J
.20
• 20J
N
.40J
• 80J
00400
7
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
d
8
8
8
7
7
8
7
8
7
7
.90
.00
.00
.40
.30
.50
.40
.20
.10
.80
.20
.10
.30
.10
.00
.00
.90
.90
.10
.90
.10
.70
.30
TURB
JKSN
JU
00070
3
2
3
5
5
4
4
5
4
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
COND
A-25C
UMHOS
00095
40600
40800
33100
35100
35500
32400
30500
25700
N
43900
56200
54200
51900
49900
47800
53200
§5000
48000
47800
44400
56100
56200
54400
SALIN
G/L
70305
26
26
24
22
23
19
19
16
1
28
37
37
34
32
31
35
36
31
31
20
37
37
36
CL
MG/L
00940
14700
14700
14100
12300
12700
10100
8300
13700
3000
16800
16800
16800
16e)00
16200
15800
17600
17200
17600
17600
15600
17000
16800
15600
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 1970 (Cont'd.)
STAT
NS95
NS97
NS98
NS99
NS100
NS101
NS102
NS103
NSlO't
NS105
NS106
NS107
NS108
NS109
NS110
NS111
NS112
NS113
NS114
NS115
NS116
NS117
NS118
DATE
07-14-70
07-/14-70
07-^14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
TIME
0920
0940
0955
1020
1035
1100
1115
1135
1150
0735
1240
1215
1155
1140
1125
1005
0945
0925
0905
0845
0830
0815
0800
DEPTH
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
00008
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2202
2243
2242
2241
2240
2239
2238
2237
2236
2235
2234
2233
2232
2231
CHLR-
PHL A
MG/M3
32230
6.20
11.60
12.10
21.60
34.30
15.80
88.80
20.00
N
2.40
3.90
3.10
3.80
7.60
8.70
3.80
3.60
2.70
13.60
2.20
1.60
4.30
N
N03-N
MG/L
00620
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.12
0.44
0.05
0.05K
0.05K
0.06
0.09
0.08
0.05K
0.05K
0.05K
0.06
0.06
0.05K
0.06
0.15
T KJL
N
MG/L
00625
0.90
0.88
0.94
1.54
1.10
1.28
1.20
0.86
1.90
0.70
0.44
0.50
0.96
0.70
0.92
0.74
0.40
0.34
0.34,
0.16
0.30
0.36
0.60
PHS-T
P-WET
MG/L
00665
0.09
0.08
8.00
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.17
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.09
0. 10
0.11
0.12
T ORG
C
MG/L
00680
3.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
5.00
N
1.00
2«00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
CU
UG/L
01040
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
N
100K
N
N
100K
100K
N
N
100K
110L
210L
N
100K
220L
CR
UG/L
01030
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K
100K.
100K
N
100K
N
N
100K
100K
N
N
100K.
100K
100K.
N
100K
100K
ZINC
UG/L
01090
50K
50
50K
50K
50K
50K
50K
50K
50L
N
50K
N
N
50K
50K
N
N
50K
50K
130
N
50K
180L
LEAD
UG/L
01049
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
300K
30 OK
300K
N
300K
N
N
300K
300K
N
N
300K
300K
300K
N
300K
300K
-------
DATA, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, NORTH SHORE, JULY 1970 (Cont'd.)
STAT
NS95
NS97
NS98
NS99
NS100
NSI01
NS102
NS103
NS104
N5105
NS106
MS 107
NS108
NS109
NS110
NS111
NS112
NS113
NS114
NS115
NS11S
NS117
NS118
DATE
07-14-70
07-^-4-70
07.-V14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-70
07-14-r70
07-14-70
TIME
0920
0940
0955
1020
1035
1100
1115
1135
1150
0735
1240
1215
1155
1140
1125
1005
0945
0925
0905
0845
0830
0815
0800
DEPTH
005
OU5
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
LAB
NO.
00008
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2202
2243
2242
2241
2240
2239
2238
2237
2236
2235
2234
2233
2232
2231
HG
UG/L
71900
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
2.50
N
2.00
N
5.00
5.50
TCOLI
MPN
100ML
31505
1600
1300
790
24000L
9200
3500
24000k.
240001
24000L
33
8
17
79
540
350
2
2K
33
110
540
70
540
9200
FCOLI
MPN
lOOM'L
31615
920
170
240
24000L
2400
940
1400
5400
9200
33
2
4
11
350
130
2K
2K
13
IT.
79
23
79
2400
REMARKS-
N=NO DATA AVAILABLEi
J=ESTIMATED VALUE, K=LESS THAN, L=GREATER THAN, -=MINUS TEMP
------- |