EDINGS
                         VOLUME 3
                            &
Conference
 In the matter of Pollution of
 the navigable waters of the
 Detroit River and Lake Erie
 and their Tributaries in the
 State of Michigan
SECOND SESSION
JUNE 15-18, 1965
      U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

-------
                 VOLUME 3
Conference
In the matter of Pollution of
the navigable waters of the
Detroit River and Lake Erie
and their Tributaries in the
State of Michigan
SECOND SESSION J U N E 15 -18, 1965
        US. DEPARTMENT OF
   HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
        Public Health Service

-------
                  CONTENTS.

                                                    PAGE:

OPENING STATEMENT
        By Mr. Stein                                   3

STATEMENT OF:

REPRESENTATIVE JOHN D. DINGELL                        16

REPRESENTATIVE WILLIAM D. FORD                        30

RICHARD D. VAUGHAN                                    44

GEORGE L. HARLOW                                     703

ERNEST PREMETZ                                       852

GOVERNOR GEORGE ROMNEY                               858

GOVERNOR JAMES RHODES                                871

REPRESENTATIVE WESTON E. VIVIAN                      880

COLONEL EDWARD C. BRUCE                              912

LIEUTENANT MAURICE S0 POWER                          927

KENNETH MACKENTHUN                                  1013

GERALD EDDY                                         1015

RALPH PURDY                                         1028
                                                    1092

JOHN E. VOGT                                        1035

C. C. CRUMLEY                                       1062

AL BARBOUR                                          1075

MERLIN DAMON                                        1110

TODD A. GAYER                                       1112

JOHN CHASCSA                                        1118

GERALD REMUS                                        1231

-------
                                                       1-A
                CONTENTS
 STATEMENT OF;

 GERARD H. COLEMAN

 GEORGE E. HUBBELL

 GEORGE J. HAZEY

 GENE LITTLE

 JAMES D. OGDEN

 OLGA M. MADAR

 FRED E. TUCKER

 HAYSE H. BLACK

 ROBERT c. MCLAUGHLIN

 FRANK KALLIN

 A. J. VON FRANK

 ROBERT P. LOGAN

 JACK T. GARRETT

WILLIAM R. DAY

 J. W. TRACHT

C. D. BARRETT, SR., M.D,

STANLEY DIROFF

WILLIS H. HALL

CLOSING STATEMENT
      Mr. Stein
PAGE:



1435

1440

1465

1478

1490

1493

1505-A

1564

1570

1582

1607

1622

1651

1655

1662

1716

1749

1771


1782

-------
                                                     608
                    Richard  D. Vaughan

 North (5 per cent  occurrence)

             Water  movement  in the Michigan waters of

  Lake Erie  is predominantly southerly to  south-southwesterly

 for a north wind.  Thus, Detroit River water would be

 transported south  to  Stony  Point and across the Raisin

 River Channel if this wind  condition prevailed for a

sufficient length of time.    Little data was obtained

 in Brest Bay on north winds, but from what is available,

a generally  southerly  current pattern, paralleling the

 shoreline,  may be  assumed.   It does not appear likely

 that Detroit River water moves west in the Bay as far

 as the beaches, however.  East of the Project study area,

 movement is to the  south in  the vicinity of the Detroit

 River Light,  becoming southeasterly as distance from the

 River mouth increases.




 Northeast (9 per cent occurrence)


             The predominant current direction for a north-

 east  wind is  southwesterly.    As was the case with a

north wind,  Detroit River water could enter Brest Bay

 if a  strong northeasterly wind persisted for a day or two.

Field observations made during April and May of 1964

show that water movement near the beach at Sterling State

Park is variable but generally has a southerly component

-------
                                                      609
              Richard D.  Vaughan

 for this wind condition. This  variability  is  probably

due to unsteady water levels  caused  by  seiche  action  or

wind set-up while field  measurements were  being  performed,



 East (7 per cent occurrence)

             The current  pattern for an  east wind is  some-

 what more complicated than for the  two  wind conditions

 just mentioned.   Water  movement in the West  Outer and

 East Outer Channels  is southwesterly near  the Detroit

 River Light,  becoming westerly near the ends  of  the

 channels as wind becomes the dominant force over the

 River current, which dissipates with distance from the

 mouth.

             In the area  from P6int  aux  Peaux  north to

 Pointe Mouillee, the water mass appears to rotate in a

 clockwise direction  when east  winds are strong.   Thus

 currents along the beach in this area are  northerly  for

 this situation.  This was substantiated by results ob-

 tained by Dr. Ayers,  of  the University  of  Michigan,  in a

 current pattern study at the Enrico Fermi  Atomic Reactor.

             In Brest Bay, at Stony  Point,  and in the area

 immediately to the east  of the Bay, water  movement is  to

the west.   Studies made by the  Project at Sterling State

 Park in 1964  show that currents along the  beach  are  quite

 variable  for  an east wind, and appear to depend  on water

-------
                                                      610
                       Richard D.  Vaughan

 level fluctuations in the area at the  time  of observation.

 For an east wind,  water passing the  beach at  Sterling

 State Park could be moving north from  the Raisin River,

 west from Brest Bay, or South from the Stony  or Sandy

 Creek areas.

             In that part of the Detroit River debouchment

 lying to the east of the Detroit  River Light  and the

channels, an east wind appears to  cause a large-scale,

counter-clockwise rotation of surface waters.




 Southeast (15 per cent occurrence)

             Current patterns in the case of  a  southeast

 wind are quite similar to patterns for an east wind,

 except that the clockwise circulation  pattern in the  Swan

 Creek area occurs  more frequently as the wind intensity

 required to cause  rotation is lower  when the  wind has a

 southerly component.

             In Brest Bay and nearby  areas,  water movement

 is  predominantly northwest.

             Along  the beach at Sterling State Park currents

are  most  frequently northerly but  may also be  to the south.

 This again is most likely due to  localized  differences

 and changes in water level.

-------
                                                      611
                   Richard  D. Vaughan
 South (11  per cent  occurrence)

             Overall water movement  in  the northern part

 of the study area is to  the  south and  southeast under  the

influence of a south wind.  To  the south, where the effect

 of the Detroit River current is  little felt, water movement

is north-northeast.     Upon meeting,  in the area south

 cf the East Outer and West Outer  Channels, the two water

 masses appear to resolve into  one,  moving along an easterly

 course.

             Currents alongshore  in  the Swan Creek area

 are northerly, creating  an eddy  In  the area from shore to

 the West Outer Channel.

             In Brest Bay, and  along the beaches in the bay,

 water movement is to the north.



 Southwest  (24 per cent occurrence)

             For a southwest  wind, currents are predominant-

 ly southeast in the northern sector and northeast In

 Brest Bay  and the area east  of the  Bay.

             Water movement alongshore  in the Swan Creek

 a rea is northerly,  turning to  the southeast in the

 vicinity of Pointe  Mouillee.

             Flow along the beach at Sterling State Park

-------
                                                     612
                      Richard D. Vaughan

 is  northerly  for a  southwest wind.   Thus, water quality

 on  the beach  will likely be influenced by the Raisin

 River.



 West  (10 per  cent occurrence)

            Water movement is easterly for a west wind

of moderate  to high  intensity. At Sterling State Park,

 currents alongshore are northeasterly most of the time

 for this wind condition.

            For a light west wind, waters in Brest Bay

 were  found, on one  occasion, to be circulating in a

 clockwise direction.  At that time currents in the area

 to  the east of the  Bay were southerly.



 Northwest  (13 per cent occurrence)

            Current patterns are south to southwesterly

 for a northwest wind.  Currents alongshore in the Swan

 Creek area are southerly.  Thus, Detroit River water can

 move  south to Stony Point, and possibly into Brest Bay.



 Summary of Findings

            1.  In  open water sections of the Lake Erie

 study area, away from the mouth of the Detroit River,

 currents generally  move with the prevailing wind.

-------
                                                     613
                Richard D. Vaughan

            2. At the mouth and in the debouchment, the

Detroit River current is most important in determining

patterns of water movement. The usual south-to-southeast-

to-east path traced by water moving from the River mouth

into the debouchment, and finally out into the Lake, is

modified somewhat by east, southeast, and south winds.

Under the influence of these winds, a counter-clockwise

circulation pattern is set up in the area east of the

East Outer Channel.

            3. Along the beaches from Point aux Peaux north

past Swan Creek, two types of current patterns occur.

When winds are from the west, north, and east, which is

approximately 50 per cent of the time, water movement is

southerly, directly from the Detroit River.   For all

southerly winds, flow alongshore is northerly.   For a

southeast wind, and possibly for a south wind, also, the

northerly current movement along the beaches is part of a

clockwise circulation pattern extending from shore to

the West Outer Channel.  Thus Detroit River water can

affect water quality along the beaches in the vicinity of

Swan Creek 75 to 85 per cent of the time.

            4.  At Sterling State Park, northerly water

movement may be expected to occur regularly for south-

through-west winds. Thus, at least 40 to ^5 per cent of

-------
                                                      614
              Richard  D.  Vaughan

 the time,  Raisin  River water can  reach the  beach areas

 t o the north.

             5.  Direct water transport  from  the  mouth of

 the Detroit  River into Brest Bay  is  possible  but

 probably occurs only  rarely.  Winds  from the  northeast

 aid east, which occur  approximately 20  per cent  of the time,

could accomplish this  if  they blew steadily  for  two days

or more.



           STERLING STATE PARK BEACH  SURVEY

             Sterling  State  Park is a large  recreational

 area located on Lake  Erie just north of the mouth of

the Raisin River.   Among  its facilities is a large expanse

 of bathing beach  on Lake Erie. Approximately 1,200,000

 people used  the Park  in  1959.

             Following investigation  and evaluation by

 personnel of the  Michigan Water Resources Commission arid

 the Michigan Department  of  Health, and on their advice,

the Sterling  State Park was  posted as unsafe for swimming

 by the Michigan Department  of Conservation  in August, 1961.

 The State  agencies, in a special  report to  the  Michigan

 Water Resources Commission,  listed several  possible

s ources of waste  capable of degrading  the sanitary water

 quality of Sterling State Park, including (a) municipal

-------
                                                      615
                    Richard D.  Vaughan


 effluent from Detroit,  Wyandotte,  Trenton,  and Monroe;
       i

 (b)  overflow from combined sewers  in the southeast Michigan


 area;  (c) wastes from shorefront homes;  and (d) industrial


 wastes from paper mills in the Monroe area.


             The problem of water quality at the Sterling


 State  Park and the waste sources and conditions which


degrade this quality is  complex and defies a simple solu-


tion.  Average or geometric mean coliform values at this


 beach during the Project's duration indicated  satisfactory


 water quality.   However,  grab samples collected after


 certain conditions of wind and rainfall  showed exception-


 ally high coliform densities.


             To explain  these puzzling results  a special


 investigation of the Park was  undertaken by Project


 personnel with an engineering  consultant called in for this


 purpose.





 Description of Area


             Sterling State Park is located  on  Brest Bay


 north  of the Raisin River extending north to the mouth of


 Sandy  Creek. The Pa;rk has  approximately  7,^00  feet of beach


 shoreline on Lake Erie,  and Inland waters directly adjacent


 to Sterling State Park  have an area of approximately


 245  acres.   The water in the inland ponds adjacent to

-------
                                                     616
               Richard D. Vaughan

and within Sterling State Park is generally used for

boating, fishing, and water skiing.  Water taken for

industries in the Monroe area passes through these ponds,

the sources being Sandy Creek and Lake Erie water.

            Water level changes in Lake Erie affect

water movement into and out of the inland ponds, result-

Ing in appreciable flows during these p&riods of rapid

water level changes.   It Is not uncommon for the water

level in Lake Erie to change 1 foot within a 6-hour

period, which would result in an average water movement

for this period of approximately 500 cfs.  Since the water

consumption of the industries using this water is

approximately 200 cfs. the quality of water in the inland

areas is partly dependent on the quality of water drawn

in from the west end of Lake Erie.

            Figure 19-VI shows the area covered by this

investigation and the sampling pbints referred to in this

report.

            Table 26-VI describes the sampling points; and

Table 27-VI lists the results of the bacteriological

investigation of the Sterling State Park area, accompanied

bjr pertinent weather data and remarks.



(Figure 19-VI; Table 26-VI, and Table 27-VI follow.)

-------
 PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY

-------
                                                                          6'17-A
            TABLE 26-VI.  DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING POINTS
                            STERLING STATE PARK SURVEY
T80     Raisin River at the mouth
T8l     Raisin River 0.5 miles upstream from the raoutu
T82     Raisin River 1.13 miles upstream from the mouth

T70     Stony Creek at River Road
T71     Mouth of small boat harbor about 1,500 feet south of the
        mouth of Stony Creek
T7U     Mouth of Sandy Creek
T75     Sandy Creek at River Road
T76     Culvert pipe under the road crossing the lagoon west of
        Sterling State Park's bathing beach
T77     Mouth of the stream on the extreme southern end of Sterling
        State Park's bathing beach

B17     Detroit Beach north of Sandy Creek
B18     Sterling State Park (northern end)
B21     Sterling State Park (southern end)
B32     Midway between the Raisin River and Sterling State Park
B33     2,500 feet south of the Raisin River

PI      Woodland Beach Pumping Station
P2      Grand Beach Pumping Station
P3 )    Detroit Beach twin pumping station
Pli )
P5      Detroit Beach Pimping Station along Sandy Creek

Wl      Mason Run
W2      Monroe Sewage Treatment Plant outfall
W3      Consolidated Paper Company - south outfall
WU      Consolidated Paper Company - north outfall
W5      Monroe Paper Products outfall

-------
TABLE 27-VI.
RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF STERLING STATE
          PARK BATHING BEACHES APRIL - MAY, 196U
Date
U/6/6U






U/7/6U










U/8/6U










Sta.
T75
B17
T7U
B18
B21
T77
B32
T75
B17
T7U
B18
B21
T77
B32
T80
T8l
T82
B33
T75
B17
T7U
B18
B21
T77
B32
T80
T8l
T82
B33
Gen.
Wind
Dir.


Lt.
S




Lt to
mod.
W










Mod.
W






Current
Direction
off
Park



NNE

























Remarks
and
Weather
Observations


Partly cloudy
with wind up
to 10 knots
Light rain


Cloudy with no
significant
rain









Cloudy with
light rain and
winds up to
20 knots
Flow is out-
ward at T7U
and T77


Total
Coliform
Density
Organisras/lOCtnl
35,000
1,600
U,000
1,700
2,100
1,000
1,100
1,200
800
300
2,500
8,UOO
6,600
2,UOO
51,000
58,000
71,000
2U,000
10,000
14,100
8,300
5,900
6,600
6,300
1,000
53,000
35,000
31,000
liO.OOO
Fecal Coliforms
Percent
5
12

10
10

10
20


25
U5
35
5
25
Uo
U5
25
30
15
10
25
35
50
8
50
20
U5
in
Per 100ml
1,750
190

170
210

110
2UO


620
3,800
2,300
120
12,500
23,000
32,000
6,000
3,000
615
830
i,5oo
2,300
3,150
80
26,500
7,000
111,000
1. nnn
Fecal
Strep
Org/lOOral
18 0
70
100
UO
Ratio
F. Col.
F. Strep
10:1
3:1

U:l
70 3:1
20
10
180

60
110
360
300
70
U60
630
550
U90
290
Uo
120
20
Uo
Uo
10
8UO
900
750
01. «

11:1
1:1


6:1
11:1
8:1
2:1
27:1
36:1
58:1
12:1
10:1
15:1
7:1
75:1
57:1
79:1
8:1
32:1
8:1
22:1
i- -i
                                                                                          C»

-------
TABLE 27-VI.
RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF STERLING STATE
PARK BATHING BEACHES APRIL - MAY,  196U (CONTINUED)
Date
V13M










U/lbM


U/15M

h/l6/6h

h/20/6k








Sta.
T75
B17
T7h
B18
B21
T77
B32
T80
T8l
T82
B21
B21


B21

B21

T75
B17
T7U
B18
B21
T77
T82
T8l

Gen.
Wind
Dir.


Strong
S







Strong
S

Mod
W
Mod
SSE

Mod
E






Current
Direction
off
Park



N
















NE
to
SE




Remarks
and
Weather
Observations
Cloudy with
wind gusts up
to 30 knots.
No significant
rain for prev-
ious 3 days.





No sign rain
for last h
days
No rain

No rain

Cloudy with
light rain.
Currents on
north edge
of Park
tended to go
NE while on
the southern
edge they
Total
Coliform
Density
Organisms/lOOml
11,000
83,000
95,000
106,000
190,000
95,000
110,000
132,000
92,000
U5,ooo
380,000
88,000


220,000

I,0h0,000

33,000
10,000
65,000
52,000
16,000
Uo,ooo
66,000
Ii9,000

Fecal Coliforms
Percent
5
5
5
15
25
20
25
5
10
30
5
5


10

10

10
10
5
5
5
5
5
10

Per 100ml
550
U,i5o
U,750
16,000
U7,5oo
19,000
27,500
6,500
9,200
13,500
19,000
h.hOO


22,000

ioU,ooo

3,300
1,000
3,250
2,600
800
2,000
3,300
U,900

Fecal
Strep
Org/lOOml
50
2UO
170
290
310
210
370
160
780
81^0
250
100


10

270

3hO
70
100
liO
30
60
270
350
J s \J
Ratio
F. Col.
F. Strep.
11:1
17:1
28:1
55:1
153:1
90:1
75:1

12:1
16:1
76:1
UU:1


2200:1

385:1

9:1
lli:!
32:1
65:1
27:1
33:1
12:1

'
                                                                                           ON

-------
TABLE 27-VI.
RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF STERLING STATE

PARK BATHING BEACHES APRIL - MAY, 196U (CONTINUED)
Date
U/20/6U
(cont.)


U/21/6U











U/22/6U










Sta.
T82
B33


T75
B17
T7U
B18
B21
T77
T80
T81
T82



T75
B17
T7U
B18
B21
T77
B32
T80
T81
T82
B33
Gen.
Wind
Dir.





E
to
SE










Mod.
WSW







Current
Direction
off
Park





SE
to
NE











NE







Remarks
and
Weather
Observations
tended to go
SE. Winds
ranged up to
18 knots
Moderate rain
in morning.
Winds 5 to 10
knots shifting
from E to SE.
No significant
rain in prev-
ious two days.
Currents south-
erly except for
north edge of
park.


1$%. Sky
cover. Winds
blowing from
10 to 20 knots.
No rain. Flow
is outward at
T77 and T7h on
this date which
is unusual.
Total
Coliform
Density
Organisms/lOOml
Qh,000
71,000


2h,000
Hi, 000
7,000
18,000
11,000
12,000
180,000
122,000
160,000



10,800
7,300
18,000
22,000
32,000
83,000
16,000
88,000
120,000
117,000
2,000
Fecal Coliforms
5ercent
10
10


5
10
5
10
10
5
15
5
15



25
7
5
15
10
10
25
35
25
35
10
Per 100ml
Q,hOO
7,100


1,200
1,UOO
350
1,800
1,100
600
27,000
6,100
2U,000



2,U5o
500
900
3,300
3,200
8,300
U,ooo
31,000
30,000
la, ooo
200
Fecal
Strep
Org/lOOml
260
180


U80
50
ho
ho
20
10
6UO
9hO
1,180



200
60
UO
hO
ho
HiO
100
U80
500
1,260
ho
Ratio
F. Col.
F. Strep.
32:1
1*0:1


3:1
28:1
9:1
U5:l
55:1
60:1
U2:l
7:1
20:1



12:1
8:1
22:1
82:1
80:1
59:1
U0:l
65:1
60:1
33:1
5:1
                                                                                          o\
                                                                                          ro
                                                                                          o

-------
TABLE 27-VI.
RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF STERLING STATE

PARK BATHING BEACHES APRIL - MAY, 1961* (CONTINUED)
Date
U/23/6U










U/27/6U


U/28/6U

U/29/6U






U/30/6U

Sta.
T75
B17
T7U
B18
B21
T77
B32
T80
T81
T82
B33
B21
T80

B21

T75
B17
B18
B21
T80
T81
T82
B21

Gen.
Wind
Dir.




Lt.
SE





Lt.
ESE

Lt.
S

Lt.
S




Lt.
ENE
Current
Direction
off
Park





NNE






N

N



N




S

Remarks
and
Weather
Observations

25% Sky
cover. Winds
blowing at
5-10 knots.


No rain



Cloudy with
rain, wind
7-10 knots
Partly cloudy
Wind 2-1* knots

Cloudy with
Wind 8 knots




Rain; wind
6-8 knots
Total
Coliform
Density
Drganisms/lCOnl
3,800
1*,800
l*,8oo
7,800
5,100
3,100
5,5oo
1*2,000
58,000
58,000
1*9,000
5,000
62,000

39,000

21*, 000
li*,000
10,000
35,000
89,000
116,000
109,000
72,000

Fecal Coliforms
Percent
25
20
15
5
10
30
10
15
20
l*o
15
20
9

10



20

5
5
5
5

Per 100ml
950
960
720
390
510
930
550
6,1*00
10,600
23,000
7,1*00
1,000
5,600

3,900



2,000

l*,l*oo
5,800
5,Uoo
3,600

Org/lOOml
180
20
10
10
10
10
10
720
1*1*0
1,31*0
60
10
620

60


520
20
10
320
1,11*0
1,280
260

Ratio
F. Col.
F. Strep
5:1
1*8:1
72:1
39:1
51:1
93:1
55:1
9:1
2l*:l
17:1
123:1
100:1
9:1

65:1



100:1

ll*:l
5:1
1*:1
ll*:l

                                                                                              o\
                                                                                              ro

-------
TABUS 27-VI.
RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF STERLING STATE
PARK BATHING BEACHES APRIL - MAY,  l$6h (CONTINUED)
Date
5A/6U
5/5/6U







5/6/6U



5/7/6U










Sta.
B21
T75 ;
B17
T7U
B18
B21
T77
B32

B21



T75
B17
T7U
B18
B21
T77
B32
T80
T8l
T82
B33
Gen.
Wind
Dir.


Lt.
SE





Lt.
SE



Mod
SSW








Current !
Direction
off
Park



SE





NE





N








Remarks
and
Weather
Observations


Mostly fair
with wind
5-10 m.p.h.
Flow at ex-
treme north
end of Park
was northerly
Mostly fair
with about
10 m.p.h.
winds


Fair skies
with no rain
for several
days





Total i
Coliform
Density
Organisms/lOCtnl
11,000
5,900
1,000
5,000
600
2,100
900
U,Uoo

1,300



3,800
31,000
7,100
26,000
31,000
39,000
5U,ooo
86,000
250,000
360,000
63,000
Fecal Coliforms
Percent
10
5
10
-
-
10
10
5 i

6



10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
Per 100ml
1,100
290
100
-
-
210
90
220

80



380
3,100
710
2,600
3,100
3,900
5,UOO
8,600
25,000
36,000
3,100
. Fecal
Strep
Org/lOOml
100
80
10
20
10
10
10
10

100



160
10
10
10
10
10
10
70
300
3UO
ho
Ratio
F. Col.
F. Strep.
11:1
lul
10:1


21:1
9:1
22:1

0.8:1



2:1
310:1
71:1
260:1
310:1
390:1
3UO:1
122:1
83:1
106:1
77:1

-------
TABLE 27-VI.
RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION  OF STERLING  STATE
PARK BATHING BEACHES APRIL - MAY,  196U (CONTINUED)
Date
5/8/6U










Sta.
T75
B17
T7U
B18
B21
T77
B32
T80
T8l
T82
B33
Gen.
Wind
Dir.
Lt
to
mod
S







Current
Direction
off
Park


N








Remarks
and
Weather
Observations
Thunderstorm
passed through
the area about
six hours be-
fore sampling.
Winds during
sampling were
about 10-12
m.p.h.


Total
Coliform
Density
)rganisms/100m"
77,000
U7.000
8U,000
66,000
120,000
75,000
U5,ooo
320,000
Uoo,ooo
1*70,000
1,300
Fecal poliforms
Percent
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
Per 100ml
3,800
2,300
U,200
3,300
6,000
3,800
2,300
16,000
20,000
23,000
130
Fecal
Strep
Org/lOOml
5,500
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Ratio
F. Col.
F. Strep.
0.7:1
23:1
U2:l
33:1
60:1
38:1
23:1
160:1
200:1
230:1
1:1

-------
                                                     624
                 Richard D. Vaughan
Present Water. Quality Conditions

            The bacteriological quality of water is

expressed in terms of total coliform, fecal coliform, and

fecal streptococcus density; the standard frequently

accepted for swimming purposes, in terms of total con-

forms, is 1,000 per 100 ml of water.  Conforms are

associated with the enteric tract of warmblooded animals

and are quite common in soil as a natural habitat.  In

waters free from pollution except from natural surface

sources the density of fecal coliform will always be

considerably lower than the total coliform density,

usually about 5 per cent of the total.   Consequently,

high ratios of fecal coliform to total coliform indicate

the presence of pollution from human wastes.

            During April, May, and the first two weeks

in June of 1963, the water quality on the beaches adjacent

to Sterling State Park did not meet the standard for

swimming.   In July and August, however, coliform results

were consistently low enough to permit safe swimming.

When sampling was resumed late in October, the water

quality was borderline, and during the latter part of

November the bacteriological counts were again very high.

            The quality of the water was poor throughout

-------
                                                     625
              Richard D. Vaughan

the survey conducted during April and the first week of

May, 1964.  The highest coliform count was observed on

April 16, when the coliform density at its southern end

was 1,040,000 per 100 ml. Coliform counts in both the

Raisin River on the southern end of the Park and in Sandy

Creek at River Road on the northern end of the Park were,

with only one or two exceptions, always in the five- and

six-figure range.

            Winds throughout the survey periods were

observed from all quadrants, and the currents off the

park traveled in both southerly and northerly directions.

Currents at the mouth of Sandy Creek were flowing upstream

and subsequently into the paper mills'  intakes on all

but two occasions during the sampling periods.  On these

two days, winds were moderate from the west, the Lake level

was falling, and current in the Raisin River was flowing

in and out about an equal number of times.

            Overall values for the total coliforms at

Sterling State Park ranged from less than 20 to 1,040,000

per 100 ml.  At times, the percentage of fecal conforms

in the total coliform count approached 90, indicating

the severity of the potential health hazard.   Although

fecal coliforms were generally less than 20 per cent of

total coliforms, the fecal coliform counts were over 1,000

-------
                                                     626
                  Richard D. Vaughan

per 100 ml on the majority of occasions.   In addition,

the ratio of fecal conforms to fecal streptococci at

the Park and Detroit Beach was usually high,  over 1,000:

1 on one occasion.  Recent research studies have shown

that when the ratio of fecal conforms to fecal strep-

tococci exceeds 2:1, the fecal bacteria have a human

origin. Thus it is apparent that despite the  fact that

the majority of the conforms in the waters at Sterling

State Park were non-fecal during the 1964 survey, the

remaining fecal bacteria are from a human origin and in

high enough populations to cause a definite health hazard.

            Fecal streptococcus counts during the 1964

survey were low, ranging from 10 per 100 ml to 840 per

100 ml.  Counts in the Raisin River, although higher, were

still relatively low. The highest count in the River during

the survey was 1,3^0 per 100 ml.  Fecal streptococcus

counts in Sandy Creek reached a high of 5,500 per 100

ml on May 8, when the Creek was carrying the  runoff of

an early morning thunderstorm.

            Although high bacteriological densities at

the Sterling State Park beaches are of chief  concern and

were the cause of declaring the beach unsafe  for swimming,

other water quality problems exist.  One particularly

distressing condition during the summer months is the

-------
                                                     627
             Richard D. Vaughan

washing up on shore of floating, decaying organic

material.  This obnoxious material is the result of the

deposition of settleable solids near the mauth of the

Raisin River in waters devoid of dissolved oxygen because

of the discharge of large quantities of oxygen-demanding

wastes into this river.  The settled material or sludge

decays and, under anaerobic conditions, raises to the

surface in a putrefied condition and floats out into

Lake Erie and onto the bathing beach.




Sources of Pollution

            In the Brest Bay area there are a number of

sources of pollution which can affect water quality in

Sterling State Park.

            North of Sterling State Park a number of

unsewered communities rely on septic tanks for waste

disposal, the liquid products of which may find their

way to drainage ditches and thereafter be discharged into

Lake Erie by gravity or by stormwater pumping station.

Although the flow volume from these communities is small,

because of the limited degree of treatment provided the

concentration of pollutants can be excessively high.  In

some instances shorefront homes discharge septic tank

effluent directly into the Lake.  Homes not on shorefront

-------
                                                     628
                  Richard D. Vaughan

property often discharge septic effluent to absorption

tiles. The effectiveness of this method of disposal is

limited by the absorptiveness of the soil and the ground -

water level. Some absorption tile fields are directly

connected to drainage ditches or storm sewers to be

discharged into Lake Erie.  A stormwater collection

system carries the water to pumps from where it is

discharged intermittently to Lake Erie at stormwater

pumping stations.

            Several storm pumps located in the Detroit

Beach area directly north of Sterling State Park were

sampled to determine the quality of water discharged.

Most of the pumps discharge only during rainy periods;

consequently, only a limited number of samples were

obtained.  The results are tabulated in Table 28-VI

and show that the bacteriological quality of their discharge

was poor on most occasions.      The pump located

on the southern edge of Detroit Beach (see Figure 19-VI)

operated in both wet and dry weather.  Coliform results

ranged from 7^0,000 during a rain to 6,000 during dry

weather.

            Other pumping stations showed coliform counts

ranging from 790,000 to 116,000.  Fecal coliform for all

stations averaged below 15 per cent and fecal streptococci

-------
                                                     629
                    Richard D. Vaughan

ranged from a low of 210 to a high of 49,000.

            Other sources of pollution are the wastes of

seven major industries and the domestic waste from the

City of Monroe, all of which discharge into the Raisin

River.  The Raisin River discharges into Lake Erie

approximately 1 mile south of the Sterling State Park

area.

            The City of Monroe provides primary treatment

and chlorinates the effluent from the middle of May to

t he middle of September.  Surveys show that chlorination

can reduce the coliforms in the effluent to less than

10 per 100 ml. Without chlorination, effluent coliform

values were as high as 110,000,000 per 100 ml.  Flow

through the plant usually ranges from 2 to 6 MGD.  The

collection system is capable of carrying 16 MGD to the

sewage treatment plant, however, and during periods of

excessive rainfall large quantities of untreated waste

are discharged to the River.    In terms of BOD loading,

the wastes discharged from the paper industries have a

population equivalent of approximately 225,000.  Sampling

surveys were made to determine the bacteriological quality

of the influent and effluent waters from the following

paper mills:

            Consolidated Paper Company - North Side

-------
                                                     630
               Richard D. Vaughan

Division.

            Consolidated Paper Company - South Side

Division.

            Monroe Paper Products Company.

            Union Bag-Camp Company - River Raisin

Division.

            The results of these surveys are tabulated

separately in Table 29-VI.




(Tables 28-VI and 29-VI follow.)

-------
                                                                            631
         TABLE 28-VI.  RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
                       OF OVERFLOW FROM STORM PUMPING STATIONS
                              NEAR STERLING STATE PARK


                    Total Coliform      Fecal Colifonn       Fecal Strep
Date
196U
3/25
U/6
U/7
U/13
h/21
U/23
U/29
5/7
5/8
Sta.*

PI
P3
P5
P5
P5
P5
P5
P5
Pi
P2
P5
P3
P3
Organisms/1 00ml

780,000
160,000
7liO,000
107,000
5U,ooo
6,000
86,000
116,000
Uio,ooo
170,000
63,000
U90,000
Uoo,ooo
Organisms/lOOtnl

39,000
2U,000
37,000
5,300
5,Uoo
-
U,300
17,UOO
20,500
17,000
3,150
U9,000
Uo,ooo
Organisras/lOOml

18,000
29,000
U8,ooo
220
1,000
210
11,8UO
5,960
U8,000
Ul,200
9,UOO
1,730
1^,800
See Figure 19-VT

-------
TABLE 29-VI.
SUMMARY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES. NEAR STERLING
     STATE PARK.   APRIL - MAY, 196U
                                                            632
Industry
Effluent
Consolidated Paper Co.
South Plant
North Plant
Monroe Paper Products
Mason Run
(Consolidated North
& Union Bag)
Weighted Mean Effluent
Samples '
Influent
Consolidated Paper Co.
Monroe Paper Products
Geometric Mean Densities
Estimated
Discharge
(MOD)
7.0
1.0
2.2
11.0
21.2 (total)
-
Total
Coliforms
Org/lOOml
219,000
215,000
3,370,000
98,000
Ii8U,000
1U,600
1,570
Fecal
Coliforms
Org/lOOml
17,600
1*2,300
730,000
18,000
92,800
1,800
100
Fecal Strep
Org/lOOml
630
5,520
5,630
i,oUo
1,570
56
80

-------
                                                     633
                Richard D. Vaughan
HYDROLOQIC FACTORS INFLUENCING WATER QUALITY




a. Currents.

            Current observations were made at three points

along Sterling State Park beach in April and May, 1964.

Dye was placed in the water at a depth of about 2 feet

and its direction and velocity of movement observed on

14 different days under a variety of wind conditions.

            The direction of water movement is influenced

primarily by wind friction, but is modified in direction

and velocity at the inshore areas along the beach.  Sterling

State Park has a typical sandy beach with constantly

changing bar patterns running in random fashion both

parallel and perpendicular to the shoreline.  At each

end of the beach a pier extends into the lake about 200

feet, deflecting current movements somewhat.   Seiche

action on Lake Erie is practically continuous, and when

the surface level is changing the water near the shore

shows considerable movement shoreward or lakeward.

            Nevertheless, except in the case of easterly

winds, the general pattern of flow was evident from the

inshore stations studied.   (Winds from easterly quadrants

cause onshore water movement, resulting in variable flow,

-------
                                                      634
                     Richard  D.  Vaughan

 and no distinct patterns of  northward or southward  along-

 shore currents.)

             In order to expand  the  survey data  to give

 an indication of the per cent of  time that various  cur-

 rents could be expected, a comparison was made  with long-

 term wind data. The nearest  available station record is

 from Grosse He, as shown in U. S.  Weather Bureau

 Technical Paper 35, "Climatology  and Weather Services,

 Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway."     The general trend

 of current movements and related  winds  observed during

 the survey in April and May  1964  was compared to the

 winds recorded on a monthly  and annual  basis in the U.S.

 Weather Bureau publication.

             For the 10-month ice-free period (March

 through December) the water  could be expected to move

 along the beach in a northerly  direction about  45 per

oent of the time; in a southerly direction about 20  per

 cent of the time; and be variable and unpredictable about

 35 per cent of the time.

             In June,  July, and August,  when beach use

is  maximum,  northerly currents can be expected about 40

 per cent  of the time;  southerly currents about  15 per cent

 of the time;  and variable and unpredictable currents

 about  45  per cent of the time,  including about  15 per

-------
                                                      635
                 Richard D.  Vaughan

cent of the time when calm conditions prevail.

        Water movements, in a northerly direction create

a potential problem from Raisin River water, and in a

southerly direction a potential problem from storm pumps,

tributaries, and other sources to the north of the Park.

Variable movements involve hazards from either direction.

Whether or not the problem condition materializes depends

on other factors such as rainfall, runoff, and seiche

action which introduce the pollutant into the moving mass

of Lake water.



b.  Rainfall has an effect on three potential sources of

pollution  in the Sterling State Park area.  These are:

           (l)  The stormwater pumps from the Detroit-

     Woodland Beach areas;

           (2)  Sandy Creek;

           (3)  The Raj sin River.

        These sources are discussed individually and jointly

and sampling results during periods of rainfall given.

        Bacteriological results from random samples taken

at stormwater pumping stations during the 1964 survey show

that they are definitely potential sources of coliforms.

Coliform counts as high as 780,000 per 100 ml

-------
                                                      636
                  Richard  D. Vaughan


 were found at  the Woodland Beach pumping  station  during


 the storm of March  25  when 1.55  inches  fell at  the  Toledo


 Airport.   With the  possible exception of  the  stormwater


 pumping station located on the southern edge  of Detroit


 Beach,  pump sites were usually dormant except during


 periods of rain.

             Sandy Creek contains  relatively high  coliform


 counts  during  periods  of  high runoff. The highest flow


 recorded  in the Creek  during the  survey was about 60  cfs


 on  April  29, after  thundershowers had passed through  the


 area, compared to a monthly dry weather flow of


 approximately  5 cfs.   The coliform count in the Creek


 on  April  29 was 24,000 per 100 ml.  Another period  of


 relatively high runoff occurred on May 8, when the  flow


 reached about  20  cfs and  the coliform count was 77,000
            •i
 per 100 ml.


            The Raisin River is grossly polluted at all


 times, but  its  highest coliform counts occurred after the


 rain of May 8,   reaching 470,000 per 100 ml. The Raisin


 River also  receives a  significant load of pollution


 from stormwater overflows, discussed specifically in


 the section on  the Raisin River.


            During the 1964 survey, the first rainfall


occurred on April 21.  Samples were collected the day of

-------
                                                     637




                   Richard D. Vaughan




the rain as well as on the preceding and following days.




The coliform counts at Detroit Beach, most affected by




stormwater pumping, increased from a high count of 10,000




per 100 ml on the day before the rain to 14,000 per 100




ml on the day of the rain0




            The next two days' counts showed a drop of




about 50 percent each day.  The Sterling State Park




sampling station closest to Detroit Beach showed a




decrease in coliform count during the day of the rain




with a slight increase on the following day, and then a




further decrease on the next day.  Currents at the mouth




of Sandy Creek were upstream, and because of this, the




potential effects on the Park of bacterial pollution from




the Detroit-Woodland Beach area were probably lessened,




some of the polluted Lake water being drawn into the creek.




            Rain fell again on April 27, 28, 29, and 30.




            On April 29 there were coliform counts of




1^,000 per 100 ml at Detroit Beach just north of the mouth




of Sandy Creek; and 10,000 per 100 ml at Sterling State




Park Just south of Sandy Creek.




            The flow in Sandy Creek was 60 cfs on April 29.




The direction of flow at the mouth of the creek was not




determined at this time, but it was probably lakeward, with a




runoff so large.  Currents off the Park were

-------
                                                      638
                   Richard D. Vaughan

 northerly and would tend to move effluent from Sandy

 Creek northward toward Detroit Beach.

             A thunderstorm passed through the area early

 on May 8.  Samples taken on this day show high coliform

 counts on all beach stations, decreasing in magnitude at

 stations farther from the mouth of the Raisin River.

 The coliform count at Detroit Beach on this date was

 47,000 per 100 ml, only exceeded on one other occasion

 during the survey.  Since the Lake currents were northerly

 and because the direction of flow from Sandy Creek was not

 noted, it is impossible to know if the high count was due

 to pollution from Sandy Creek or the Raisin River.

             In general, Sandy Creek and the Detroit-

 Woodland Beach pump houses are sources of pollution

 following rain, while the Raisin River is a more constant

 polluter of the beaches.    If the Lake currents opposite

 the beaches are northerly, as during the rains on April 29

 and May 8,  pollution from the first sources is probably

 swept northward having little effect on the Park.  In

 this event,  the Raisin River almost certainly contributes

 waste to the Park waters.  If the current is southerly

and Sandy Creek flows lakewards,  the pollution from the

 Detroit-Woodland Beach area and  the Creek would be

 sufficient  to cause serious contamination of the waters

-------
                                                    639
                 Richard D. Vaughan

off Sterling State Park, even without the effect of the

Raisin River.


Summary of Findings

          1.  The water quality at the beaches in the

Brest Bay area is primarily affected by local sources of

pollution rather than by the Detroit River.

          2.  The Raisin River is the primary cause of

pollution at Sterling State Park beach.

          3.  Wind-driven water currents can be expected

to move along the Park beach in a northerly direction 45

percent of the time, in a southerly direction 20 percent

of the time, and variably and unpredictably about 35 percent

of the time.  When water currents move along the beach in a

northerly direction the effect of the Raisin River is

predominant at the Park.  When the currents move in a

southerly direction, overflow from stormwater pumping

stations, polluted tributaries, and shorefront houses north

of Sterling State Park have the predominant effect on water

quality at the beach.

          4.  The Raisin River is bacteriologically polluted

throughout the year, the primary sources of this contamination

being the four paper mills in Monroe and the Monroe

Sewage Treatment Plant.    Industrial sources

-------
                                                     64©
            Richard D. Vaughan

contribute most of the bacteria during summer months,

when the municipal effluent is chlorinated (June through

September), and the municipal plant is the leading contri-

butor during the remainder of the year.

            5.  Septic tank effluents enter Lake Erie

to a limited extent directly from waterfront houses north

of the Park, and to a much greater extent indirectly

from drainage ditches and stormwater collection systems.

Discharges occur primarily during periods of heavy rain-

fall and runoff.

            6.  Stormwater runoff itself often contains

high densities of coliform, and discharge of stormwater

to the Lake or its tributaries creates a health hazard

when currents carry this contaminated water to beach

areas.

            7.  Discharge from Sandy Creek threatens

water quality at the north end of the Park.  Because of

the reverse flow in the Creek at its mouth due to water

withdrawal by several major industries, tine effect of

these discharges on the Park is felt only during periods of

high runoff or during rapid fall of the Lake water level.

            8.   Wafcte discharges from Stony Creek and

above,  including a small nearby boat inlet, carry high

coliform densities, but the volume of flow is small.

-------
                                                     641
                 Richard D. Vaughan

Because of the prevailing currents, these sources probably

affect water quality on local beaches rather than at

Sterling State Park.

            9.  Water quality at the Lake sampling stations

opposite Brest Bay was generally satisfactory for swimming,

while beach water at Sterling State Park is erratlcalfcr

affected by coliform counts too high to permit safe

swimming.



               MAPLE-MILLEVILLE BEACH SURVEYS

            A  special  study  was made September 3  - 5»

 1963*  to  determine  the  influence of the Trenton Channel

upon  water quality  at  the  Maple and Milleville bathing

beaches,  located near  the  mouth of the Detroit River and

designated as  regular  stations Bl and B2  (see Figures

2-1 and 3-1.

            These are  the  findings:

            1.  Water  adjacent to Maple and Milleville

beaches is unsafe for  swimming, with coliform values

during the three-day survey  ranging from 600 to 2,600

organisms per  100 ml and fecal coliform values ranging

from  20 to 800 organisms per 100 ml.  The geometric

mean  coliform  density at these beaches during the Project

was 2,000 organisms per 100  ml.

-------
                                                     642
                  Richard D. Vaughan

             2. Water quality adjacent to the two beaches

i s  of much higher bacterial quality than water farther

 offshore. The same phenomenon is demonstrated by compari-

 son of Estral, Dewey, and Stony Point Beaches and adjacent

 Lake Erie bacteriological results (geometric means for

the  duration  of the Project).

             In this case the beach samples are approxi-

mately 25 per cent of the magnitude of the adjacent lake

 stations.    The beach and Lake stations are shown in

 Figure 2-1 as numbers B3> B4, L3, L5, L6, and L7.

 (In the Lake Erie bathing beaches from Stony Point south

 to  the Michigan-Ohio state line coliform densities

 adjacent to  the beaches were higher than at corresponding

 Lake stations.)

             3.  The Detroit River is the main influence

 on  bacterial water quality at bathing beaches from the

mouth of the River to Stony Point.  Below this point

 direct pollution and other tributaries have the greater

influence on bacteriological water quality.



                  ROOTED AQUATIC VEGETATION STUDY

            Rooted aquatic vegetation was abundant during

the summer of 1964 along the shoreline of Grosse lie in

the Detroit  River and Lake Erie.  Growths were prolific

-------
                                                     643
               Richard D. Vaughan

this year primarily due to low water levels; the waters

near the shore are shallower, allowing greater light

penetration to stimulate growth.  Warmer summer temperatures

and a ready supply of essential plant nutrients (soluble

phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen) from waste discharges

in the adjacent waters or bottom muds also contribute

t o this problem.

            Two genera of rooted aquatic vegetation

were observed  - Potamogeton and Vallisneria—

and intertwined among these rooted aquatics were

growths of the attached green algae, Cladophora and

Hydrodictyon.   These growths are not only undesirable

from an aesthetic standpoint, but also interfere with

boating by fouling propellers.   Later in the season the

vegetation dies and decomposes, accompanied by strong

odors.

            The phenomenon was surveyed only in the last

months of Project operation and not incorporated into

the section on biology.  Solutions to the problem include

abatement of pollution from sources containing signifi-

cant amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds.



               INTERFERENCES WITH WATER USES

                  Municipal Water Supply

            Monroe is currently the only city taking

-------
                                                     644
               Richard D. Vaughan

municipal water from the Michigan waters of Lake Erie.

            Algal growths in Lake Erie have caused serious

taste and odor problems in the public water supply of

the City of Monroe, and in 1950 forced the Monroe water-

works to move its intake point in an attempt to obtain

purer drinking water.   Algal blooms are now observable

at the new water intake, and portend a renewal of

taste and odor problems in the near future.  Algal

growth is conditioned by the high levels of inorganic

nitrogen compounds and soluble phosphates discharged

to the Lake from the Detroit and Raisin Rivers.

            High ammonia concentrations at the Monroe

water intake interfere with disinfection, and require

the addition of excessive amounts of chlorine so that

bacteria do not survive in drinking water.

            Chloride concentrations at the Monroe water

intake have Increased from an average of 30 mg/1 to

40 mg/1 in the past four years.  These chlorides

originate primarily in the calcium chloride and lime

wastes discharged from soda ash plants on the Detroit

River. These wastes have increased hardness in the Monroe

water supply by 25 per cent,  necessitating Increased use

of detergents for household cleaning.

-------
                                                      645
                    Richard D. Vaughan
                  INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY

             Pollution of the Raisin River has become so

 complete that its lower few miles are offensive to sight

 and smell, and undesirable as a source of industrial

 water supply.  Rising chloride levels indicate potential

 problems with corrosion of industrial equipment.




                        RECREATE N

             Damages to recreational opportunities in

 Lake Erie and its Michigan tributaries may be the worst

 effects of pollution, inestimable in dollar figures. At

 beaches near the mouth of the Detroit River, any kind of

 water contact sports—even water skiing or boating—

 is hazardous.     The beaches at Sterling Sate Park, in

heavy demand by a metropolitan population of nearly four

 million (projected to reach 5|- million by 1980) have

 had to be closed due to bacteriological contamination.

 The land area near the beaches is often offensive due to

 the washing ashore arid depositing of sewage and industrial

 debris, often in an advanced state of decomposition.

 Even far away from shore spills of oil from boats,

 floating slicks of pollution, and turbidity due to heavy

 concentrations of microscopic life have destroyed the

-------
                                                      646
                   Richard D. Vaughan

beauty of the Lake.

              FISH AND WILDLIFE PROPAGATION

          Deposits of sewage and industrial sludge on the

bottom of Lake Erie and its tributaries in Michigan threaten

to destroy the food and habitat that make life possible for

any but tough, inedible species of fish.  Large areas of the

bottom of Michigan Lake Erie are already inhabited only by

pollution tolerant organisms such as leeches and sludgeworms.

Acute fish kills have been caused by discharges of oil and

other toxic industrial wastes.  In 1960 a heavy discharge of

untreated waste slaughtered 10,000-12,000 ducks, or 50 percent

of the wild fowl population of the area.

          Heavy algal blooms and the spread of slime bacteria

over large areas of the Lake in Michigan represents still

another danger to aquatic life.  These growths and the

nutrients which feed them consume large quantities of the

dissolved oxygen, without which fish can neither propagate

nor live.  They also add to the turbidity of the water, de-

priving fish of needed light.


                     NAVIGATION


          Sludge deposits at the mouth of the Raisin,

Detroit,  and other rivers tributary to the Lake require

-------
                                                     647
                   Richard D. Vaughan

expensive annual dredging by the U. S. Amy Corps of

Engineers in order to preserve routine navigability.



                  EUTROPHICATION OP THE LAKE

            The natural aging of a stagnant body of

water (such as Lake Erie), its gradual enrichment with

many varieties of plant and animal life and their

deposits, is being accelerated by the discharges of

nutrients and organic wastes into Lake Erie.  If these

discharges are not halted turbidity ir the Lake may

increase until it becomes unusable for most purposes.

-------
                                                     648
                  Richard D. Vaughan
                      SECTION VII

                     BIBLIOGRAPHY

            DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT



            "A Report on the Water Supply for the Six-

County Metropolitan Area, Southeastern Michigan." 1957.

Six-County Study Commission.

            "A Study of Organic Contaminants in Boundary

Waters using Carbon Filter Techniques, Lake Huron - Lake

Erie.1'  Prepared for the International Joint Commission,

United States and Canada, 1953-1955.

            "Algae and Metropolitan Wastes."  Transactions

of Seminar, Robert A. Taft, Sanitary Engineering Center,

United States Department of Health, Education & Welfare,

Public Health Service, I960.

            Allport, N. L, and Keyser, J. W., "Colorimetric

Analysis Volume I.  Determination of Clinical and Bio-

chemical Significance."  Chapman and Hall, Ltd., Publishers,

2nd Edition, 1957.

            "An Evaluation of the Urban Renewal Program

in Detroit, Renewal Revenue."  A demonstration grant study

by the Detroit City Planning Commission, cooperating with

the Housing & Home Finance Agency.

-------
                                                     649
                Richard D. Vaughan

            "An Industrial Waste Guide to the Meat Industry."

United States Department of Health, Education, & Welfare,

Public Health Service; 1954.

            Annual Operating Report of the Department of

Water Supply, City of Detroit.

            Annual Reports, City of Wyandotte Department

of Municipal Service.

            Anon, ORSANCO'S 10th Annual Report.  Membrane

Filger Adopted.  Water & Sewage Works; 103:3:l40-l4l, Mar.

1959.

            ''Aquatic Biology in Water Pollution."   Course

Manual, Water Supply and Pollution Control Training, Robert

A. Taft, Sanitary Engineering Center, U. S. Department of

Health, Education & Welfare, Public Health Service, 1957.

            "Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria."

1st Progress Report, Ohio River Valley Water Sanitary

Commission, Sewage and Industrial Wastes, March, 1955.

            "Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria, 2nd

Progress Report, Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation

Commission, Sewage and Industrial Wastes; May, 1956.

            Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria, 3rd

Progress Report, Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation

Commission, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,

January, 1960.

-------
                                                     650
                     Richard D. Vaughan

            Arden, Bruce W. "An Introduction to Digital

Computing."  Addison -Wesley Publishing Company, Incorpor-

ated.

            Babbitt, Harold E., and Baumann, E. Robert,

"Sewerage and Sewage Treatment."  John Wiley and Sons,

Incorporated, New York, 8th Edition, 1952.

            Baltz, David F. "Colorimetric Determination of

Non-Metals. "  Interscience Publishers, Incorporated,
            Baltz, David, "Colorimetric Determination of

Non -Metals."  Interscience Publishers Incorporated,

New York, 1958.

            Bartsch, Alfred P. and Ingram, William M.

"Stream Life and the Pollution Environment."     Public

Works .

            Benedict, I. J.   "Membrane Filter Technique."

Water & Sewage Works, 108, Feb. 1961.

            "Sergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology."

Williams and Wilkins, Publishers, 7th Edition, 1957.

            Berjes, H. H. "Storm Water Overflows from

Combined Sewers."   Journal Water Pollution Control

Federation, December, 1961.

            "Bioassy and Pollution Ecology."  Course Manual,

Water Supply and Pollution Control Training, Robert A.

-------
                                                        651

                   Richard D. Vaughan

Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, U. S. Department of

Health, Education & Welfare, Public Health Service, 1958.

            Black and Veatch, "A Report on Waste Disposal

and Water Use in the Downstream Portions of the Huron

River."  I960.

            Boog, Allen, and Hamilton, Incorporated,

"Riverfront Study, phase I, Summary, Economic Survey, and

Master Plant of Port, Development, Port of Detroit."

May, 1963.

            Breed, Charles B., and Hasmer, George L.,

"The Principles and Practice of Surveying, Volume II, Higher

Surveying."  John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, New York,

5th Edition, 19^0.

            Brunsman, J, J. et al., "Improved Oil Separa-

tion in Gravity Separators,,"  Journal Water Pollution

Control Federation, 1962.

            Buttiaux, R., Surveillance et Controle Des

Eaux D'Alimentation III.  La Standardisation des Methodes

d'Analyse Bacteriologique de 1'Eau.  Revue d'Hygiene et

de Medicine Sociale, Tome 6, No. 2, 170-192; 1958.

            Camp, Thomas R., "Overflows of Sanitary Sewage
                                                          •
from Combined Sewerage Systems."  Sewage and Industrial Wastes,

April, 1959.

            Center of Population, Detroit Metropolitan

-------
                                                     652
              Richard D. Vaughan

Area and City of Detroit 1930-1960."  April, 1961,

Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Wayne State

University, Detroit Metropolitan Area Regional Planning

Commission.

            Chanin, G., et al, "Use of Glass Fiver Filter

Medium in the Suspended Solids Determination."  Sewage

and Industrial Wastes, August 1958.

            "Chemical Analysis for Water Quality," Course

Manual, Water Supply and Pollution Control Training,

Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, U. S.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public

Health Service, 1959.

            Clarke, Norman A., et al, "Removal of Enteric

Viruses from Sewage by Activated Sludge Treatment."

American Journal of Public Health, August, 1961.

            Clarke, Norman A. and Kabler, Paul W,, "Human

Enteric Viruses in Sewage."   Health Laboratory Science,

1:44, January, 1964.

            "Coliforra Standards for Recreational Waters."

Progress Report, Public Health Activities Committee,

Sanitary Engineering Division, American Society of

Civil Engineers, August, 1963, and Discussion by John

H. Ruskin,  April,  1964.

-------
                                                      653
                   Richard D. Vaughan

             "Comprehensive Strfcdy on Protection of Water

 Resources of Lake Tahoe Basin through Controlled

 Waste Disposal.1'     June, 1963, Engineering-Science,

 Inc.

             Cornwell, George, et al.     "Superparasit-

 ism as a Suspected Factor in Winter Waterfowl Mortality

 on the Lower Detroit River."     Presented at the Mid-

 west Pish and Wildlife Conference, December 5-7, 1960,

 at Toronto, Ontario.

             Daniels, Parrlngton, et al, "Experimental

 Physical Chemistry."  McGraw-Hill Book Company,  Incor-

porated, New York, 3rd Edition, 1941.

             Davis, Charles C., "Evidence for the

 Eutrophication of Lake Erie from Phytoplankton Records."

 Limnology and Oceanography, 9:275* July, 1964.

             "Detroit River, Trenton Channel Michigan

 Navigation Project."     U. S. Army Engineers District,

 Detroit, Corps of Engineers, Detroit,  Michigan,

 December, 1961.

             Detroit's Water Development Program  for the

 Metropolitan Area, 1959.

             "Digest of Water Pollution Control Legisla-

 tion,  Michigan."     U. S. Department  of Health, Education

 & Welfare, Public Health Service, September, 1958.

-------
                   Richard D.  Vaughan
          Direct Testimony of  Gordon M.  Fair, Illinois
River-Lake Michigan Diversion  Hearings,  Chicago, Illinois,
1963.
          Dobbs, R. A., and Williams, R. T., "Elimination
of Chloride Interference in the Chemical Oxygen Demand Test."
Analytical Chemistry, July, 1963.
          "Drought Flows of Michigan Streams."  Department
of Environmental Health School of  Public Health, University
of Michigan, in Cooperation with Michigan Water Resources
Commission, 1960.
          "Ecology of Water Pollution."   Course Manual,
Water Supply and Pollution Control Training, Robert A. Taft
Sanitary Engineering Center, U. S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare, Public  Health Service, 1958.
         "Economy of the Detroit Area."   Detroit Metropolitan
Area Regional Planning Commission, January, I960.
          Ernest, G  E.  "The  Bacteriological Examination of
Water with the Membrane Filter Versus Standard Method."
J. Amer. Med. Tech., pp. 225-227,  June,  1963.
          "Exploration of Collateral Data Potentially
Applicable to Great Lakes Hydrography and Fisheries,

-------
                                                     655
                 Richard D. Vaughan

Phase II."  Great Lakes Research Institute, University

of Michigan, 1959.

            Pair, Gordon M., and Geyer, John C., "Water

Supply and Waste Water Disposal."  John Wiley and Sons,

Incorporated, New York.

            Frey, David G., "Limnology in North America."

University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, 1963.

            Geldreich, E. E., et al, "Type Distribution

of Coliform Bacteria in the Peces of Warm-blooded Animals."

Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 3^:295* March,

1962.

            Giles, R. N., et al, "Performance of a

Gravity-Type Oil-Water Separator on Petroleum Refinery

Wastes."   Sewage and Industrial Wastes, March, 1951.

            Glass, Andrew C. and Jenkins, Kenneth H.,

"Statistical Summary of 1962 Inventory Municipal Waste

Facilities," U. S. Department of Health, Education &

Welfare, Public Health Service.

            "Great Lakes Pilot."   U. S. Lake Survey,

Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, 1963.

            Gurnham, C. Fred, "Principles of Industrial

Waste Treatment."  John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated,

New York, 1955.

-------
                                                      656
                Richard D.  Vaughan

             Gustafson,  H.,  and  Behrman,  A.  S.,  "Determina-

 tion of Total Dissolved Solids  in Water by  Electrical

 Conductivity."    Industrial Engineering Chemistry,

 Analytical  Ed.  Vol.  11,  1939.

             Hamilton,  Leicester P., and Simpson,  Stephen

 G.,  "Calculations of Analytical Chemistry."  McGraw-

 Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 5th  Edition, 1954.

             Hawk,  P. B., et al, "Practical  Physiological

 Chemistry."   Blakiston  Company, Incorporated, Publishers,

 13th Edition,  1954.

             "Hazen,  Richard, and Sawyer, A. ¥., "Report

to Board of  County Road  Commissioners, Wayne County,

 Michigan, on Additional Water Supply for Wayne  County."

 1955.

             Hazey, G.    "An Operator's  Viewpoint  on

 the  Membrane Filter  Technique."  The Emer.  City,

 73:11:116-118,  Nov., 1958.

             Henderson,  W.  L. "Studies on the Use  of

 Membrane Filter Technique,for Use of Estimation of

 Coliform Densities in  Sea Water."  Sewage & Ind.

 Wastes,  31:1:78-91,  Jan.,  1959.

             Heukeleklan, H., and Day, Robert V.,

 "Disinfection  of  Sewage with Chlorine,  III.  Factors

 affecting Coliforms  Remaining and Correlation of  Ortho-

-------
                                                     657
              Richard D. Vaughan

Tolidine and Amperometric Chlorine Residuals."  Sewage

and Industrial Wastes, February, 1951.

            Heukelekian, H., and Faust, S. D.

"Compatibility of Wastewater Disinfection by Chlorina-

tion."   Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,

33:932, September, 1961.

            Hoffman, D. A., et al, "A Comparison of

Membrane Filter Counts and Most Brobable Numbers of

Collform in San Diego's Sewage and Receiving Waters."

Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 36:109-117*

January, 1964.

            Hohn, M. H., "Determining the Pattern of

Diatom Flora."  Journal Water Pollution Control

Federation, January, 1961.

            "Home Survey of Regional Recreation Activities,

Part III, Recreation in the Detroit Region."  Detroit

Metropolitan Area Regional Planning Commission, January,

I960.

            Hunt, George S., and Ewing, Howard E., "In-

dustrial Pollution and Michigan Waterfowl."  Transac-

tions of the 18th North American Wildlife Conference,

March 9> 1953.

            Hunt, George S.and Cowan, Archibald B.,

"Causes of Deaths of Waterfowl on the Lower Detroit

-------
                                                     658
                 Richard D. Vaughan

River, Winter, 1960."   North American Wildlife Conference,

March 9, 1953.

            Huron River Watershed Intergovernmental

Committee; annual report, 1960, 1961.

            Hyman, Libbe, "The Invertebrates: Protozoa

through Ctenophora."   McGraw-Hill Book Company,

New York, 1940.

            Hynes, H. B. N., "Interpretation of Biolo-

gical Data with Reference to Water Quality."  Symposium

on Environmental Measurements, Cincinnati, Ohio,

September, 1963.

            Ingram, William M. and Towne, W. W., "Stream

Life Below Industrial Outfalls."  Proceedings of the

14th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference,  1959.

            Ingram, William M. , and Towne,W. W.,

"Effects of Industrial Wastes on Stream Life."  Purdue

University Engineering Bulletin, Volume XLIV, Number 5,

September, I960.

            Ingram, William M., and Bartsch, A. F*,

"Graphical Expression of Biological Data in Water

Pollution Reports."  Journal Water Pollution Control

Federation, March, 1960.

            "Inorganic Industrial Wastes Characteriza-

tion."  Course Manual, Water Supply and Pollution Control

-------
                                                     659
                  Richard D. Vaughan

Training, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,

U. S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare, Public

Health Service, 1960.


            International Joint Commission, Detroit

Field Unit, Six-Month Progress Reports.

            Jeffers, Karl B., "Hydrographic Manual."

Publication Number 20-2, U. S. Department of Commerce,

Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1960.

            Johnson C. Frank, "Equipment,Methods, and

Results from Washington, D. C.  Combined Sewer Overflow

Studies." Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,

July, 1961.

            Johnson, E. E., "Millipore Filter Procedures:

New, Approved Method of Water Analysis."    Johnson

Drillers Journal; 35:1:1-3, Jan. - Feb., 1963.

            Johnson, W. K., "Nutrient Removals by Con-

vertlonal Treatment Processes."  Proceedings of the 13th

Purdue Industrial W^ste Conference, 43:151, September,


1959.

            Johnson, Walter K., and Schroepfer, George J.,

"Nitrogen Removal by Nitrification and Denitrification."

Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 36:1015,


August, 1959.

-------
                                                      660
                   Richard  D.  Vaughan

             Kabler,  Paul ¥.,  "Removal  of  Pathogenic

 Microorganisms  by  Sewage Treatment  Processes."

 Sewage and  Industrial Wastes, December, 1959.

             Kelly, Sally,  and Sanderson,  Wallace W.,

 "Density of Enteroviruses  in  Sewage."     Journal Water

 Pollution Control  Federation, 32:1269, December, 1960.

             Kelly, Sally,  and Sanderson,  Wallace W.,

 "The  Effect of  Sewage Treatment on Viruses."  Sewage

and  Industrial Wastes, 31:683, June, 1959.

             Kelly, Sally,  et  al, "Removal of Enteroviruses

 from  Sewage by  Activated Sludge."   Journal Water Pollu-

 tion  Control Federation, 33:1056, October, 1961.

             King,  Horace, W., "Handbook of Hydraulics,"

 McGraw-Hill Book Company,  Incorporated, New York,

 4th Edition, 195^.

             Kittrell, F. W., and Furfari, Santo A.,

 "Observations of Coliform Bacteria in Streams."

 Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, November,

 1963.

             Klein, Louis,  "River Pollution I. Chemical

 Analysis."   Academic Press Incorporated,  Publishers,

 New York, 1957.

             Klein, Louis,  "River Pollution II.  Causes and

 Effects."    Butterworth and Company, Limited, Publishers,

-------
                                                     66l
                  Richard D. Vaughan

London, 1962.

            Kruse, J., and Mellon, M. G., "Colorimetric

Determination of Free Ammonia with a Pyridine-Pyrazolone

Reagent."   Sewage and Industrial Wastes, September, 1952.

            Lagler, Karl F., "Freshwater Fishery Biology."

William C. Brown Company, Publishers, 1961.

            Laitinen, H. A., "Chemical Analysis."

McGraw-Hill Company, Inc., New York, 1960.

            "Lake Erie Drainage Basin."  A cooperative

State-Federal Report on Water Pollution, Federal Security

Agency, Public Health Service, 1951.

            "Lake Erie Pollution Survey," State of Ohio,

Department of Natural Resources Division, April, 1953*

            "Langlois, Thomas H.  The Western End of Lake Erie

and its Ecology."   J. W. Edwards Publisher, 1954.

            Large, Norbert A. "Handbook of Chemistry."

Handbook Publishers, Incorporated, 19^6.

            Laubusch, E. J. "MPN Coliform Index."

Water and Sewage Works, 105:8:33^ - 338, Aug., 1958.

            Lewis, Harry F., "Laboratory Planning for

Chemistry and Chemical Engineering."   Reinhold

Publishing Corporation, New York, 1962.

            "Limnological Survey of Eastern and Central

Lake Erie, 1928-1929."  Special Scientific Report

Fisheries No. 33^ U. S. Department of the Interior,

-------
                                                     662
                 Richard D. Vaughan

Pish and Wildlife Service, June, I960.

            "Limnological Survey of Western Lake Erie,"

Special Scientific Report - Fisheries Number 139*

U. S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.

            Lindgren, B. W., and McElrath, G. W.,

"Introduction to Probability and Statistics."  Macmillan

Company.

            "List of Lights and Other marine Aids."

Voume IV Great Lakes, United States and Canada, 1963.

            Ludzack, F. J., and Ettinger, M. B.,

"Controlling Operation to Minimize Activated Sludge

Effluent Nitrogen."  Journal Water Pollution Control

Federation, 3^:920, September, 1962.

            Mackenthun, Kenneth M., "A Review of Algae,

Lake Weeds, and Nutrients."  Journal Water Pollution

Control Federation, 3^:1133, November, 1962.

            Mack, W. N. et al, "Isolation of Enteric

Viruses and Salmonellae from Sewage.   1.  Comparison

of Coliform and Enterococci Incidence to the Isolation of

Viruses."  Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 30:957, August,

1958.

            McNabb, C. D., Presented at the Sixth Annual

Meeting of the Midwest Benthological Society, Madison,

Wisconsin, April 17, 1958.

-------
                                                     663
             Pilchard D. Vaughan

            "Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes."

Volume I, American Petroleum Institute, New York,

1959.

            "Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial

Waste Water."  Prepared by American Society of Testing

Materials Committee D-19 on Industrial Water, 2nd

Edition, 1959.

            Marks, William D., "Michigan and the Great

Lakes."  Michigan Water Resources Commission, 1961.

            Marks, William D., "Summary Review of

Lake Erie Commercial Pish Catch Since Beginning of

Record."   Michigan Water Resources Commission, August 29*

1962.

            McCarthy, J. A. et al, "Measuring Conforms

in Water."  Water & Sewage Works, 108:238, 1961.

            McKee, J. E., McLaughlin, R. T., "Application

of Molecular Filter Techniques to the Bacterial Assay,

of Sewage.   II.   Experimental Results for Settled

Sewage." Sewage & Ind. Wastes, 30:2:129-137, Feb.,

1958.

            "Michigan Algorithmic Decoder."  A Manual,

University of Michigan, January, 1963.

            Miller,James F., "Park Users Survey.  A

Survey of Persons Using Eight Selected Regional Parks in

-------
                                                     664
                   Richard D. Vaughan

the Detroit Region."     Detroit Metropolitan Area

Regional Planning Commission.

            Miller, Herbert J\, and Whitlock. S. C.,

"Detroit River Waterfowl Mortality.  Winter, 1948."

Game Division, Michigan Department of Conservation,

April, 1948.

            Miltdn, R. F. and Waters, W. A., "Methods of

Quantitative Micro Analysis," Edward Arnold, Limited,

Publishers, London, 1955.

            Moorehead, George J., "Overflows from Combined

Swewers in Washington, D. C."  Journal Water Pollution

Control Federation, July, 1961.

            Muenscher, Waiter C., "Aquatic Plants of the

United States."  Comstock Publishing Company, 1944.

            Mullmann, W. L. and F. R. Peabody,  "Multiple

Tube Dilution and Membrane Filter Methods."  Water &

Sewage Works, 108:384-389: 1961.

            National Water Quality Network, Annual Com-

pilation of Data.   United States Department of Health,

Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service.

            Nemerow, Nelson L., "Theories and Practices

of Industrial Waste Treatment."  Addison-Wesley Publishing

Company, Inc., 1963.

-------
                                                     665
                    Richard D. Vaughan

             "1962 Residential Construction in the Detroit

Region."  Detroit Metropolitan Area Regional Planning

Commission,  January, 1963.

             "1962 Shopping Centers in the Detroit Region."

Detroit Metropolitan Area Regional Planning Commission.

             "1970 and 1980 Population Projections, Detroit

Region."  Population and Housing Committee. Detroit

Metropolitan Area Regional Planning Commission, February,

1963.

             "Off-Rail Industrial Lands Plan for the Detroit

Region."  Detroit Metropolitan Area Regional Planning

Commission,  October, 196l.

             "Ohio River Pollution Control."  Report of the

United States Public Health Service in two Parts,

August 27, 19^3.

             "Organic Industrial Wastes Characterization."

Course Manual, Water Supply and Pollution Control Training.

Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, U. S.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health

Service, 1960.

             "Outdoor Recreation for America."  A report to

the President and to the Congress by the Outdoor Recreation

Resources Review Commission.

-------
                                                     666
                   Richard D. Vaughan

            Palmer, Clyde L.   "The Pollutional Effects

of Storm Water Overllows from Combined Sewers."

Sewage and Industrial Wastes, February, 1950.

            Palmer, Clyde L., "Feasibility of Combined Sewer

Systems."   Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,

February, 1963.

            Palmer, C. M., "Algae in Water Supplies."

Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, United States

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public

Health Service, 1959.

            Pennak, Robert W., "Fresh-Water Invertebrates

to the United States."  Ronald Press Company, 1953.

            PetrilM, F. L. and G4 Agnese.  "On the

Accuracy of the Methods Employed for Detecting £fae

Coliform Bacteria in Water and for Calculating the

Mlcrobial Density in General."  Boll, 1st, Sieroterap.

Milan.  39 (1/2) 7^-86: 1960.

            Phelps, Earle B., "Stream Sanitation."  John

Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, New York.

            "Plankton Identification and Control."

Course Manual, Water Supply and Pollution Control

Training Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,

U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public

Health Service, 1958.

-------
                                                     667
                  Richard D. Vaughan

            Prescott, G. W., "Algae of the Western

Great Lakes Area."  William C. Brown Company, Publishers,

Revised Edition, 1962.

            Prescott, Samuel C., et al, "Water Bacteriolo-

gy."  John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, 6th Edition, 1946.

            "Proceedings of the Conference on Great

Lakes Research," Great Lakes Research Division, Institute

of Science and Technology, University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor.

            Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards,

United States Department of Health, Education, ^Welfare,

Plablic Health Service, 1962.

            "Recent Developments in Water Bacteriology."

Course Manual, Water Supply and Pollution Control Training,

Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, U. S.

Department of Health, Education, & Welfare, Public

Health Service, 1959-

            Reference Manual, International Business Mach-

ines 1401 Data Processing System, 1962.

            Reid, George W., et al, "Phenolic Wastes

from Aircraft Maintenance."   Journal Water Pollution

Control Federation, 32:383, April, 1960.

            "Report of the International Jofflt Commis-

sion, United States and Canada on the Pollution of

-------
                                                     668
                 Richard D. Vaughan

Boundary Waters."   Washington-Ottawa, 1951.

            "Report, Surveys, and Investigations of

Agricultural Irrigation Potential in Huron River Basin."

Huron River Watershed Intergovernmental Committee and

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conserva-

tion Service, January, 1960.

            Rider, B. P., and Mellon, M. G., "Colorimetric

Determination of Nitrites."  Analytical Chemistry,

Volume 18, 19^6, page 96.

            Riegel, Emil R., "Industrial Chemistry.;l

Reinhold Publishing Company, 4th Edition, 19^2.

            Romer, Harold, and Klashman, Lester M.,

''How Combined Sewers Affect Water Pollution."  Public

Works, March and April, 1963.

            Rudolfs, Willem, "Industrial Wastes -

Their Disposal and Treatment."  Library of Engineering

Classics, 1953.

            "Safeguarding Boundary Water Quality."  A

Cooperative Effort between United States and Canada

under International Treaty, 1961.

            Sandell, E. B., "Colorimetric Methods of
«*•
Analysis."  Interscience Publishers Incorporated, 1958.

            Sawyer, C. N., "Chemistry for Sanitary

Engineers."  McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., I960.

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                                                     669
                Richard D. Vaughan

            Sawyer, C. N., "Fertilization of Lakes by

Agricultural and Urban Drainage.'1  Journ. New England

Water Works Assn., vol. 6l, No. 2, pp. 109-127; 1947.

            Sawyer, C. N., "Factors Involved in Disposal

of Sewage Effluents to Lakes."  Sewage and Industrial

Wastes, vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 317-325; 1954.

            Sawyer, C. N., J. B. Lackey and R. T.Lens,

"An Investigation of the Odor Nuisance Occurring in the

Madison Lakes, Particularly Monona, Waubesa, and

Kegonsa from July, 1942 - July, 1944."   Report of

Governor's Committee, Madison, Winsconsin, 2 vols.;

1945.

            Sawyer, Glair N., "Some New Aspects of

Phosphates in Relation to Lake Fertilization."   Sewage

and Industrial Wastes, 24:768.  June, 1952.

            Sawyer, Clair N., "Causes, Effects, and

Control of Aquatic Growths."  Journal Water Pollution

Control Federation, 34:279; March, 1962.

            Selleck, Robert E. and Pearson, Erman A.,

"Tracer Studies and Pollutional Analyses of Estuaries."

Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory College of

Engineering and School of Public Health, University of

California, Berkeley, July 29, I960.

            Sewage Treatment Plant Monthly Reports,

-------
                                                     670
                   Richard D. Vaughan

Board of Water Commissioners, Department of Water

Supply, Detroit, Michigan.

            Sheets, Waldron D., et al, "Microbiological

Studies on the Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Phenolic

Wastes."  Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 26:862; July,
            Slanetz, Lawrence W., and  Bartley, Clara H.,

"Detection and Sanitary Significance of Pecal Strepto-

cocci in Water."  American Journal of Public Health,

54:609; April, 1964.

            "Smith's College Chemistry."  Appleton

Century Book Company, 3rd Edition.

            Smith, Gilbert M., "The Fresh Water Algae

of the United States."  McGraw-Hill Book Company,

Inc., New York, 2nd Edition, 1950.

            Snedecor, George, "Statistical Methods."

Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 5th Edition.

            Southeastern Michigan Rain and Streamgage

Committee, Annual Report, 1961.

            Specht, R. C., "Disposal of Wastes from the

Phosphate Industry."   Journal Water Pollution Control

Federation, 32:964; September, I960.

            Special Studies Dredging Operations Rouge

River-Detroit River United States Corps of Engineers

-------
                                                     671
                 Richard D. Vaughan

Hopper Dredge Savannah, United States Public Health Ser-

vice, Environmental Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.

            "Special Surveys."  Department of the Army

Technical Manual TM5-235, October, 1953.

            "Standard Methods for the Examination of

Water and Wastewater."   llth Edition, I960.

            State of Michigan 1957 Report on Water Re-

source Conditions and Uses in the Huron River Basin,

Michigan Water Resources Commission.

            Stevenson, Albert H., "Studies of Bathing

Water Quality and Health."  American Journal of Public

Health, 43:529; May, 1953.

            Stones, T., "Iron and Phosphate Changes

During Sewage Treatment."  Sewage and Industrial Wastes,

31:981; August, 1959.

            Streeter, H. W., Robertson, D. A., Jr.,

"Evaluation of Membrane Filter Technique for Appraising

Ohio River Water Quality."  Jour. AWWA, 52:2:229-246;

February, I960.

            "Surface Water Records of Michigan."  United

States Geological Survey.

            Supervisors Inter-County Committee. Fifth

Annual Meeting Report; June, 1962.

            Taguchi, Katsuhisa, "Experimental Studies

-------
                                                       672
               Richard  D.  Vaughan

on the Examination of Coliform Organisms in Water.

II. "Application of the Membrane Filter Method."  Bulletin

of the Institute of Public Health (Japanese) 9, No. 4,

214-222; December, I960.

          Tarzwell, Clarence M., "Development of Water

Quality Criteria for Aquatic Life."  Journal Water Pollution

Control Federation, November, 1962.

          "The Changing Pattern of Manufacturing Plants

and Employment 1950-1960 in the Detroit Region."  Detroit

Metropolitan Area Regional Planning Commission.

          "The Ports of Detroit and Ports on the Saginaw

River, Michigan."  Port Series Number 45 Revised 1961,

Part 2, Corps of Engineers, United States Army.

          "Transcript of Conference in the Matter of

Pollution of the Navigable Waters of the Detroit River and

Lake Erie and their Tributaries within the State of Michigan."

First Session, March 27-28; 1962; Detroit, Michigan.

          United States Lakes Survey Charts Number 4l, 412,

415, 416, 400, 3, 37, 29,  364, 374, 376.  Corps of Engineers,

United States Army.

          Velz, Clarence J., and Gannon, John J.,

"Biological Extraction  and Accumulation in Stream

-------
                                                     673
                  Richard D. Vaughan

Self-Purification."  Journal Water Pollution Control

Federation, March, 1962.

            Walton, Graham, Effectiveness of Water Treatment

Processes as Measured by Collform Reduction:  Part I -

Water Treatment Plant Data; Part II - Special Cooperative

MF-MPN Study.   U. S. Department of Health, Education,

& Welfare, R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,

Cincinnati, Ohio, Public Health Service; Pub. #898.

            Ward, H. B., and Whipple, Q. C., "Fresh-

Water Biology."  John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated,

2nd Edition, 1959.

            "Waterborne Commerce of the United States,

196l; Part 3, Waterways and Harbors, Great Lakes."

Corps of Engineers, United States Army.

            "Water Quality Criteria." State Water Pollu-

tion Control Board, Sacramento, California, Publica-

tion No. 3; 1957.

            "Water Quality Studies." Course Manual, Water

Supply and Pollution Control Training, Robert A. Taft

Sanitary Engineering Center, United States Department of

Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service,

1962.

            "Water Service Priorities for the Detroit

Region."  Detroit Metropolitan Area Regional Planning

-------
                                                     674
              Richard D. Vaughan

Commission, January, I960.

            Watts, H. L., "Colorimetric Determination of

Large Amounts of Iron."   Analytical Chemistry,

February, 1964.

            Weibel, S. R., et al, ''Urban Land Runoff as

a Factor in Stream Pollution."  Robert A. Taft Sanitary

Engineering Center, October, 1962.

            Welsh, Paul S. "Limnology."    McGraw-

Hill Book Company, New York, 1952.

            Welsh, Paul 3., "Limnological Methods."

McGraw-Hill Brook Company, Incorporated, New York, 1952.

            "Western Great Lakes Drainage Basin."

A Cooperative State-Federal Report on Water Pollution,

Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service, 1951.

            Wilcox, L. V, "Electrical Conductivity."

Journal American Water Works Association, Volume 42,

Page 775, 1950.

            Wiley, John S., et al, "Enterovirus in

Sewage during a poliomyelitus Epidemic."   Journal

Water Pollution Control Federation; 34:168, February,

1962.

            Willard, H. H., et al, "Instrumental Methods

of Analysis."   Van Nostrand Company, Incorporated,

New Jersey, 1958.

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                                                     675
             Richard D. Vaughan

            Willard, Hobart H., and Furman, N. Howell,

"Elementary Quantitative Analysis, Theory and Practice."

D. Van Nostrand Company, 3rd Edition, 19^0.

            Williams, Louis G., "Plankton Population

Studies."   Public Health Service Publication No. 663.

            Wisler, C. 0., "Water Resources of the

Detroit Area, Michigan."   Geological Survey Circular

No. 183; 1952.

            Woodward, Sherman A., and Posey, Chesley J.,

"Hydraulics of Steady Plow In Open Channels."

John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, New York, 1941.

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                                                     676




                   Richard D. Vaughan



              MR. STEIN:  All right.



              MR. VAUGHAN:  Continuing:




             Interferences with Water Uses



              Municipal Water Supply. Two municipal water




 intakes in the Detroit River, the Southwest City of De-



 troit intake and the Wyandotte intake, receive water



 with bacterial counts that pose a health hazard especially



 in the event that water treatment facilities should mal-



 function.  Furthermore, ammonia levels at the Wyandotte



 intake are high enough to lessen the effectiveness of



 normal disinfection procedures, and phenols cause taste



 and odor problems.



              Industrial Water Supply.  The water supply



 of several industries is interfered with by high chloride



 concentrations in the Detroit River, but the Project



 staff was unable to obtain statements to this effect from



 the industries concerned.




              Recreation.  Pollution has necessitated that



 all beach areas on the Detroit River below Belle Isle be



 posted as unsafe for swimming and other water-contact




 sports.   Thus 26 out of the 31 miles of the Detroit River



 have had their recreational usefulness greatly diminished.



 At the same time, many people ignore the warnings of State




and local health authorities, and swim and water-ski in

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                                                      677



                   Richard D. Vaughan



 the  restricted  area.  For these people, pollution in  the




 River  presents  an  immediate health hazard.  Boaters and



 owners of marinas  along  the lower River are constantly



 harassed by  oil slicks and sludge deposits, which deface




 boats  and boat  equipment, fill in and foul docking fa-



 cilities, and create  an  aesthetic nuisance.



             Fish  and Wildlife Propagation«  Creel census



 records indicate a change in the predominant types of



 fish in the  Detroit River from a variety of desirable



 game fish to a  predominance of carp and yellow perch.



 The  destruction of 10,000-12,000 wildfowl in 1960 has



 been attributed to oil pollution.



             Navigation.  Sludge deposits at the junction




 of the Rouge and Detroit Rivers and at the mouth of the



 Detroit River require extensive annual dredging by the




 U. S.  Army Corps of Engineers to maintain routine naviga-




 tion.



             This  completes the summary of findings on the




 Detroit River.   We will  now proceed to the summary of find-




 ings on Lake Erie.



             This  study  was  limited to the Michigan waters




 of Lake Erie, which constitute approximately 1 percent of




 the  surface  area of this international body of water.




Lake Erie is the shallowest of all the Great Lakes,  and

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                                                    678




                  Richard D. Vaughan




 the  greatest recorded depth in its Michigan waters is



 only 29  feet.  Most of the water flowing into Lake Erie




 is from  the Detroit River.



             Description of Water Quality



             The Michigan waters of Lake Erie have two




 major zones of pollution — one in the vicinity of the



 mouth of the Detroit River, one near the mouth of the



 Raisin River.  These waters are polluted bacteriologic-



 ally, chemically, physically, and biologically; they



 contain  excessive coliform densities, suspended solids,



 nitrates,  ammonia, organic nitrogen and phosphates, and



 sludge deposits.



             Bacterial Density.  Sewage commonly contains



 many pathogenic organisms that can cause gastrointestinal



 diseases,  eye, ear, nose and throat disorders, skin infec-



 tions, and hepatitis when ingested.  These organisms may



 include  both bacteria and viruses.  They are usually



 measured by counting the number of coliforms (and these



 are  bacteria particularly associated with human or animal



 excreta).




             The maximum density of coliform bacteria



 recommended in this report - 1,000 organisms per 100 ml. •



 is exceeded for 2 to 3 miles south of the mouth of the




Detroit River and for approximately 1 mile out  from  the

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                                                    679



                  Richard D. Vaughan



mouth of the Raisin River.  Maximum coliform values showed



a similar pattern of dispersion, with individual values



exceeding 100,000 organisms per 100 ml. found near the



mouths of the Raisin and Detroit Rivers.  Fecal coliform



densities ranged from 5 to 30 percent of the total, and



geometric mean fecal streptococci were less than 80 per



100 ml. at all locations.



             All bathing beaches along the Michigan shore



of Lake Erie had geometric mean coliform densities of



less than 1,000 organisms per 100 ml., except Maple Beach,



located in the influence of the Detroit River.  Geometric



mean coliform densities at Sterling State Park beaches



approached 1,000 organisms per 100 ml., but here relative-



ly low means mask exceptionally high individual values



which appeared under certain conditions of wind and



weather, some exceeding 100,000 organisms per 100 ml.



These maximums represent a hazard to health of water users.



Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus densities along



the Lake Erie beaches were noticeably higher than in



adjacent Lake waters.



             Bacteriological densities in Lake Erie from



the mouth of the Detroit River to a point 2 to 3 miles



to the south are such that the water cannot safely be




used for recreational purposes.  Following heavy  rainfall

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                                                    680





                  Richard D. Vaughan



 in  the Detroit area, the zone of polluted water extends



 southward  to Stony Point and outward from the Raisin




 River.



             Dissolved Oxygen.  Most of the Michigan waters



 of  Lake Erie display high levels of dissolved oxygen.




 Two areas  of low values were found near the mouths of



 the Detroit and Raisin River, with the more widespread



 effect radiating southward from the mouth of the Detroit



 River.  In the immediate vicinity of the mouth of the



 Raisin River, complete depletion of oxygen was found,



 but within one-half mile into the Lake the levels re-



 covered.   Values as low as 4.8 mg/1 and 58% saturation



 were found in the area south of the mouth of the Detroit



 River.  Here the area of depressed values extends south-



 west 4-6 miles.



             While present oxygen levels in the Lake do



 not yet cause major interferences with water use, the



 drop to 4.8 mg/1 represents a threat to water uses in the



 Lake.  Unless appropriate remedial action is taken now,



 the situation will almost certainly worsen.




             Chlorides.  Average chloride concentrations



 in  the Michigan waters of Lake Erie ranged from 18 to 44



 mg/1, with the higher values along shore and near the



mouth of the Detroit River.  Chlorides can interfere with

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                                                      681




                   Richard  D. Vaughan



 domestic  and  industrial  water  use by  causing  objection-




 able  tastes in  drinking  water  and corrosion in  industrial




 equipment*  While  present  levels do not  interfere with



 water use, the  year-by-year increase  at  the Monroe water



 intake is noted as a warning of future problems.




              Suspended and Settleable Solids.   Suspended




 solids concentrations  near Lake Erie  bathing  beaches



 ranged from 80  - 165 mg/1; Lake Erie  itself had concen-




 trations  of 11  to  25 mg/1. Suspended solids  in Lake



 Erie  were highest  near the mouths of  the Raisin and De-




 troit Rivers, and  have reached levels which interfere




 with  water uses by settling out on the Lake bottom.



 These bottom  deposits  interfere with  navigation, kill




 fish  eggs and fish-food  organisms, destroy spawning beds,




 and clog  the  gills and respiratory passages of  fish.



              CyanideSo   Cyanides were found at  the mouth



 of  the Raisin River and  once at Sterling State  Park nearby




 in  concentrations  exceeding PHS drinking water  standards



 and recommended maximums for protection of fish.  Their




 presence  in the water, even in minute quantities, poses




 a threat  to fish and wildlife.



              Iron.  Average iron concentrations exceeding




 0.30  mg/1 were  found near  the  mouth of the Detroit and




Raisin Rivers.   Iron is  toxic  to certain species of fish

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                                                     682




                  Richard D. Vaughan




 even  in  low concentrations; excessive quantities of iron



 can also cause tastes in municipal water supplies and



 stains in laundry, vegetables and plumbing fixtures.



             Nitrogen.  A pattern of high concentrations



 of nitrogen compounds radiates outward from the Detroit



 River.   High levels of nitrates ranging from 0.35 to 0.50



 mg/1  were found in Brest Bay, and ammonia concentrations



 exceeding 0.30 mg/1 extended down into the Lake approxi-



 mately 10 miles from the mouth of the Detroit River.



 Inorganic nitrogen exceeds 0.30 mg/1 in over 85 percent



 of the Michigan waters of Lake Erie.



             Nitrogen in Lake Erie acts as a nutrient for



 algae and undesirable slimes which, in turn, can result



 in obnoxious odors; ammonia in particular interferes with



 domestic water treatment.




             Phosphates.  Phosphates also nourish objection-



 able  algae and slimes, which add to general turbidity.



 Areas of high total phosphate concentration (0.20 - 0.50




 mg/1) extended from the Detroit River south to Stony Point.



 Three areas of soluble phosphate exceed 0.10 mg/1 as phos-



 phate or 0.03 as phosphorus.  One extends 6-8 miles



 south from the mouth of the Detroit River, one radiates



 out 1-2 miles from the Raisin River, and the third ex-




tends upward 3-4 miles from the Ohio State Line.

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                                                     683




                  Richard D. Vaughan




             Over 85 percent of the Michigan waters of



Lake Erie contain inorganic nitrogen and soluble phos-




phates in excessive concentrations.  The result has been



undesirable algal blooms and serious interferences with




water use.  The City of Monroe has Already been forced



to move  its water supply intake in order to avoid objec-




tionable tastes and odors from algae.




             Biology^  Massive colonies of the filamentous




slime bacteria Sphaerotilus. or "sewage fungus," and the




filamentous green alga Cladophora were found at most sta-




tions in Lake Erie and along the bathing beaches near



Holies Harbor and in Brest Bay.  These slimes, indicative



of pollution, have fouled the nets of fishermen, inter-



fered with boating, and washed up on beaches decaying




and smelling.



             Lake Erie also supports dense populations




of plant and animal plankters, sometimes as dense as



22,400/ml.  These microscopic organisms, in large numbers,




can create nuisances:  they clog filters in water plants,



produce  unpleasant tastes and odors in drinking water,




and make the Lake water highly turbid.




             Study of the bottom animal associations




revealed polluted areas adjacent to the Raisin River and




Sterling State Park, and at the mouth of the Detroit

-------
                                                      684




                  Richard D. Vaughan




River extending in Che shape of a fan out into the Lake.




Samples from the River below sources of pollution and



from the Lake did not contain a single burrowing mayfly.



The elimination of pollution-sensitive organisms such as



these rob fish of much food, and may threaten certain




species of fish with elimination.



           Sources and Characteristics of Wastes



             Over 95 percent of the waste constituents



discharged from Michigan sources to Lake Erie originates



from the Detroit River.  The daily discharge from the



United States portion of the River into Lake Erie con-



tains the following loadings:



             1.  Over 10,000,000 pounds of chlorides.



             2.  Over 2,000 pounds of phenols.



             3.  Over 7,000,000 pounds of settleable



solids.




             4.  Over 250,000 pounds of iron.




             5.  Over 200,000 pounds of phosphates.



             6.  Over 130,000 pounds of ammonia.




             7.  Over 300,000 pounds of total nitrogen.



             After the Detroit River, the major polluter



of Michigan Lake Erie is the Raisin River.  The chief



municipal waste discharge to the Raisin is from Monroe.




The Monroe Sewage Treatment Plant provides primary

-------
                                                      685



                  Richard D. Vaughan



 treatment and,  during  the simmer months,  chlorination,




 and  its operation is excellent.  Efficiency  in removal




 of suspended  solids  (62%) and BOD  (597.) is high  for a



 primary treatment plant, and bacterial control during



 chlorination  is also good.




              Although  Monroe has separated its sewer  sys-



 tem, a portion of the sanitary sewers  still receives run-




 off  from roofs. This  results in hydraulic overloading at




 the  plant, with a subsequent drop  in  efficiency, especially



 in maintenance  of a chlorine residual in  the effluent




 which will adequately  reduce colifona organisms.



              During the summer most bacterial loadings



 discharged to the Raisin River and subsequently  to Lake



 Erie from the Monroe plant are significantly less than



 those from industrial  sources.  During non-chlorination




 months, however, the municipal plant  is a significant



 source of coliform organisms to the Raisin River.  Nitro-




 gen  and phosphorus compounds in the River originate in



 almost equal  proportions from industrial  and municipal




 sources.



              Monroe industries discharge, daily, to the




 Raisin River:



              1.  Wastes equivalent in oxygen consuming




capacity to raw sewage from a population  of  225,000.

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                                                      686




                  Richard D. Vaughan




             2.  Over 23,000 pounds of suspended solids,




including 7,800 pounds of settieable solids.



             3.  Over 1,000 gallons of oil.



             4.  Over 1,000 pounds of cyanides.



             5.  Over 1,000 pounds of phosphates.



             6.  16,000 pounds of chlorides.




             7.  Bacteria:



                 a.  Total coliform as high as 3 million




             per 100 ml.



                 b.  Fecal coliforms as high as 100,000



             per 100 ml.



                 c.  Fecal streptococci as high as 51,000



             per 100 ml.



             The lower Raisin River is frequently complete-



ly devoid of dissolved oxygen, resulting in a continuous



state of putrefaction during the summer months.  All uses



of the lower Raisin River except waste disposal and navi-



gation have been eliminated by pollution and deposits of



settleable solids.  Navigation is also hampered, and ex-



tensive annual dredging at the mouth is required to remove




deposited wastes and keep the channels open for routine



ship movement.  Bacterial counts in the lower River make



any recreational use of the water hazardous.  The detri-




mental effect of the Raisin River upon the Lake  is evident

-------
                                                      687




                  Richard D. Vaughan



in the enrichment of the waters of the western basin and



the high coliform levels at bathing beaches nearby (in-



cluding Sterling State Park),,



             In addition to the Raisin River, several



other tributaries to Lake Erie contribute wastes:  They



are the Huron River, Swan Creek, Stony Creek, Sandy



Creek, Plum Creek and LaPlaisance Creek, with the Huron



the most important.  The Huron River carries significant



quantities of coliform organisms, nitrates, and phos-



phates.  It discharges into a large marsh at Pointe



Mouillee with no clear pattern of dispersion into the



Lake.  The marsh is subject to backwater from the polluted



waters of the Detroit River discharging into the Lake,



and the specific effect of the Huron on the Lake is



masked by this phenomenon.  Long retention in the Pointe



Mouillee marsh further complicates an evaluation of the



Huron's share in polluting the Lake.  After sources of



pollution in the Detroit River have been substantially



reduced, the actual waste contribution of the Huron River



may be determined.



             Sandy Creek discharges into Lake Erie at the



northern edge of Sterling State Park, and is usually of



poor bacteriological quality.  Much of the time its flow



is reversed, since the intake of the Ford Motor  Co. plant

-------
                                                     688
             Richard D. Vaughan
and several paper mills that use its water exceed its
normal flow.  At periods of high runoff, however, its
flow is higher (up to 60 cfs), and on such occasions it
had an adverse effect on Lake Erie water.
             Stony Creek and a small boat harbor near
its mouth also have high coliform densities, and in
times of heavy rain contributed wastes to the Lake.
             Another important source of waste discharge
into Lake Erie is storm-caused overflow.  All along Lake
Erie are shorefront pumping stations designed to receive
surface drainage and automatically discharge it, un-
treated, into the Lake during or following rainfall.
Discharge from improperly functioning septic tanks
reaches the pumping stations along with surface runoff.
A portion of Monroe's sanitary sewers still receives
roof runoff, and this burdens the sewage treatment plant
which must bypass directly to the River, without treat-
ment except chlorination, all wastes over 10 MGD.  In
addition, a flood relief pumping station along the Raisin
River interceptor bypasses the plant when unusually heavy
rainfall or flood stage of the River inundates the sewer.
The effect of storm-caused overflow on the River is most
evident above known sources of pollution.  In August 1963
a heavy rain caused the flood pumping station to operate

-------
                                                     689



                  Richard D. Vaughan



for one hour, and coliform densities jumped to 10 times



normal levels.



             Unsewered shorefront houses also discharge



sewage directly, or from improperly functioning septic



tanks, to Lake Erie.  Several tributaries, including



Plum creek and Sandy Creek, also receive such wastes.



             Commercial and pleasure boats make heavy



use of the Michigan waters of Lake Erie, and all such



craft represent potential sources of pollution from oil



and human wastes.   Several reports of oil spills in the



middle of the Lake waters under study indicate actual



pollution from these sources.



             There is also a table that should be in-



cluded in the report, Table 12-VI.



             (Table 12-VI is as follows.)

-------
          TABLE 12-VI.  SUMMARY OF A^JtRAGE DAILY LOADING OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY EACH
                                   INDUSTRY TO RAISIN RIVER AT MONROE
BOD
Industry Ibs.
Consolidated Paper 17,
North Plant
Consolidated Paper 7,
South Plant
Ford Motor Company
Monroe Auto Equipment
Monroe Paper 1 ,
Products
Union Bag- Camp 1 1 ,
Paper Co.
Total Raisin 37,
River(l)
Z04
000
48
BOD
P. E.
101,
42,

000
000
287
Susp. Sett.
Sol. Sol. Chlorides Oil
Ibs. Ibs. Iba. gal.
7,
10,

823
600
8
780 0
5. 300 0
3 16,000
123
» 36
870
Phenols Cyanides
Ibs. Ibs.
11.
0.
3.
0
5
8
0
0
1,075
Chro- Phos-
Copper mium phates
Ibs. Ibs. Ibs.
0 0
00 9
700 136 1,046
NO WASTE CONSTITUENTS OF SIGNIFICANCE
900
770
900
H,
70,
225,
400
000
000
I,
3,
23,
47S
5 a
500
1,400 120
320 0
7, 800 16,000
4
92
1, 130
0.
5.
21.
6
9
8
0
0
1,075
30 0
00 0
703 136 1,060
(1) Rounded to three significant figures.

-------
                                                    691




                  Richard D. Vaughan



                   Special Studies



             In connection with the overall study of Lake



Erie, several special studies were carried out on speci-



fic pollution problems not clearly defined by the routine



investigations.  The special studies included:  three



intensive surveys of the Raisin River, a pollution study



of the Maple-Milleville Beach area, collection and analy-



sis of bottom deposits in the Lake, hydrologic and current



studies, and an investigation of bacterial contamination



at Sterling State Park.  (Results from the first three



studies have been reported in the main body of this sum-



mary.)



             Hydrologic Studies.  The hydrologic studies



showed, in general, that wind is the primary factor in-



fluencing water movement in the Michigan waters of Lake



Erie except in the Detroit River debouchment where flow



from the Detroit River is the predominant factor.  Spe-



cific findings of special interest include the following:



             1.  The combination of wind patterns and



Detroit River flow is such that polluted Detroit River



water can affect water quality at beaches as far south



as Swan Creek 75 to 85% of the time.



             2.  Predominant winds are southerly, pro-



ducing northerly currents 40 to 45% of the time.  Northerly

-------
                                                     692
                   Richard  D.  Vaughan
 currents  in  turn  bring  polluted  Raisin  River  water up to
 Sterling  State  Park beaches,  accounting in part for the
 erratically  high  bacterial counts  observed there.
              3.   Winds  from the  northeast  and east, which
 occur  approximately 20% of the time,  could bring polluted
 Detroit River water into Brest Bay if they blew steadily
 for two days or more.
              Sterling State Park.   Study of bacterial
 contamination at  Sterling  State  Park beach revealed sev-
 eral sources of the pollution.   The Raisin River,  as
 mentioned above,  is probably  the chief  contributor of
 high coliform counts, since northerly currents are pre-
 dominant.  When southerly  currents prevail, waste  dis-
 charges from tributaries to the  north of the  Park,  and
 from malfunctioning septic tanks affect the beach  water.
 Control of these  sources of pollution should  restore
 water  quality at  the Park  to  levels safe for  swimming.

              Interferences with  Water Uses

              Municipal  Water  Supply.  Algal growths in
 Lake Erie  have in  the past caused  serious  taste and odor
 problems  in  the public  water  supply of  Monroe,  and threat-
en to do so  again.   Ammonia concentrations at the  Monroe

-------
                                                    693



                  Richard D. Vaughan



water intake tend to lessen the effectiveness of chlorina-



tion.



             Industrial Water Supply.  Increasing chloride



levels are a warning of future difficulties, for chlorides



can cause corrosion in industrial equipment.  The Raisin



River is so grossly polluted in its lower reaches that it



is offensive to sight and smell, and undesirable as a



source of industrial water supply*



             Recreation.  Restriction of recreational



opportunities in Lake Erie and its Michigan tributaries



may be the worst damage from pollution, inestimable in



dollar figures.  At beaches near the mouth of the Detroit



River, any kind of water contact sports -- even water



skiing or boating — is hazardous.  The beaches at



Sterling State Park, in heavy demand by a metropolitan



population of nearly four million (projected to reach



5% million by 1980), have had to be posted as unsafe



for swimming.  The beaches themselves are often offensive



due to the washing ashore of rotting plant life and de-



composing matter of sewage and industrial origin.



             Fish and Wildlife Propagation.  Sludge de-



posits on the bottom of Lake Erie threaten to destroy



the food and habitat tlutmake life possible for game




fish.  Large  areas of Michigan Lake Erie's bottom  are

-------
                  Richard D. Vaughan



inhabitated only by pollution-tolerant organisms such as



leeches and sludgeworms.  Fish kills have been caused by



discharges of oil and in 1960 a heavy discharge of un-



treated waste killed 10,000 to 12,000 ducks near the



mouth of the Detroit River.  Heavy algae blooms and dense



populations of plankton add to the turbidity of the Lake



water.



             Navigation.  Sludge deposits at the mouth



of the Raisin and Detroit Rivers require expensive annual



dredging to preserve routine navigability.



             Eutrophication of Lake Erie.  The natural



aging of the Michigan section of Lake Erie is being



accelerated by the discharges of nutrients and organic



wastes.  The deleterious effects of nitrate and soluble



phosphate loadings are observable in the abnormally high



pulses of plankton, the widespread blooms of taste and



odor producing algae, and the nuisance growths of fila-



mentous sewage fungus and blanket weed.  Another symptom



of advancing eutrophication is low summer oxygen levels.



Disappearance of the once-abundant mayfly larvae and the*



smothering of spawning beds with settleable solids may



be a contributing factor to the recent decline of Lake



Erie walleye and whitefish.  Unless the discharge of



nutrients and organic wastes is not halted, eutrophication

-------
                                                     695




                  Richard D. Vaughan



of the Lake may rapidly increase until it becomes unsuit-



able for most purposes*



             This concludes the discussion of findings on



Lake Erie.  I would now like to read the conclusions of



the report.








                     CONCLUSIONS








             Every day more than 1.6 billion gallons of



waste water flow into the Detroit River — 1»1 billion



gallons from industry and 540 million gallons from



municipal sewage.  Huge quantities of waste products



contained in this discharge change the Detroit River



from a basically clean body of water at its head to a



polluted one in its lower reaches.  These waters are



polluted bacteriologically, chemically, physically,



and biologically, and contain excessive coliform



densities as well as excessive quantities of phenols,



iron, oil, ammonia, suspended solids, settleable solids,



chlorides, nitrogen compounds, and phosphates.  Pollu-



tion of the Detroit River will become progressively



worse unless effective action is taken immediately.



             The City of Detroit's main sewage treatment




plant, serving more than 90 percent of the people in the

-------
                                                     696




                  Richard D. Vaughan



Project area, contributes 95 percent of the municipal



waste to the Detroit River and is also the major source



of suspended solids, phenols, oil, inorganic nitrogen,



phosphates, and biochemical oxygen demand in the river.



Overflow from combined sewers in Detroit and its suburbs,



carrying both stormwater and raw sewage, contributes



greatly to the degradation of the river.



             In the upper Detroit River, the Great Lakes



Steel Co. and the Allied Chemical Corp. are the major



sources of industrial wastes.  The Ford Motor Co. istthe



principal contributor of inorganic wastes to the Rouge



River, and the Scott Paper Co. is the principal contri-



butor of organic wastes.  Downriver industries contribut-



ing significant quantities of wastes are the Great Lakes



Steel Corp., the McLouth Steel Corporation, Pennsalt



Chemical Corporation, and Wyandotte Chemical Corporation.



On the Raisin River the leading polluters are the two



Consolidated Paper Company mill»>  Monroe Paper Products



Company, and the Union Bag-Camp Paper Company.



             Other significant sources of pollution in



the study area are overflows from combined sewers, muni-



cipal and industrial waste spills, and wastes from shore-



front homes.



             Pollution of the Detroit River causes inter-

-------
                                                      697
                  Richard D. Vaughan
ference with municipal water supply, recreation,  fish and
wildlife propagation, and navigation.  Two municipal water
intakes, particularly that of Wyandotte, are endangered
by the high bacterial counts of the river, and the rising
chloride levels indicate potential future problems for
industrial water usage*  In addition, high concentrations
of phenols and ammonia at the Wyandotte water intake have
interfered with municipal water treatment by causing taste
and odor problems and reducing the effectiveness  of
chlorination.  Excessive quantities of chlorine are needed
to reduce bacteria to a safe level.
             All forms of water contact sports in the
lower-Detroit River are hazardous.  Declining levels of
dissolved oxygen in the lower Detroit River as it enters
Lake Erie are approaching the danger point, indicating
trouble in the future unless appropriate remedial action
is taken.  Together with bottom sludge deposits,  oils,
and toxic materials, they threaten fish, migratory birds,
and other wildlife.  In order to maintain navigation,
extensive annual dredging is required at the junction
of the Detroit and Rouge Rivers and at the mouths of
the Detroit and Raisin Rivers to remove deposits  of sus-
pended solids in large part originating in municipal and
industrial waste discharges.

-------
                                                      698
                  Richard D. Vaughan
             About 6 million pounds of waste products
are discharged every day from U. S. industries and muni-
cipalities to the Detroit River.  20 million pounds of
measured waste constituents are discharged every day
from U. S. waters of the Detroit River to Michigan waters
of Lake Erie.  The Raisin River, grossly polluted at its
mouth, also pollutes the Michigan waters of Lake Erie.
             The Michigan waters of Lake Erie have two
major zones of pollution — one in the vicinity of the
mouth of the Detroit River, and one near the mouth of
the Raisin River.
             Bacteriological densities in the Lake from
the mouth of the Detroit River to a point 2 or 3 miles
south make the water unfit for recreational use; follow-
ing heavy rainfall in the Detroit area, this zone is
extended southward to Stony Point.  The periodic contami-
nation of Sterling State Park beaches, which are posted
as unsafe for swimming, is caused by wastes from the
Raisin River and septic tank discharge.
             Concentrations of chlorides, metabtoxic
to fish life in minute concentrations, and suspended
solids in the Lake portend future problems in various
water uses.  Composition of bottom organisms in the
Detroit River changes from a pollution-sensitive popula-

-------
                                                      699
                  Richard D. Vaughan
tion typically found in clean waters to a predominantly
pollution-tolerant population in the lower River.
             Pollution-stimulated algae growths have
forced Monroe to move its water intake point to avoid
unpleasant tastes and odors in the water, and algae
blooms near the new intake again threaten to degrade
Monroe's drinking water.  Discharges of nutrients and
organic wastes into the Michigan part of Lake Erie have
speeded the enrichment of that portion of the Lake.
             Water at Sterling State Park is erratically
polluted, and this area occasionally had coliform counts
exceeding 100,000 organisms per 100 ml.  A standard
frequently accepted as safe for recreation is 1,000 per
100 ml, and the recommendations in this report are based
on that standard.  The Raisin River was discovered to
be the primary cause of this pollution; when Lake cur-
rents are northerly (40 to 457. of the time), polluted
Raisin River water is carried directly to the beaches.
When currents are southerly, polluted drainage from
septic tanks reaches the Park.  To improve water quality
at Sterling State Park, these sources of pollution must
be controlled.
             Adverse effects of stormwater overflow on
water quality were seen in the waters  studied by  the

-------
                                                    700




                  Richard D. Vaughan



Project.  During and after heavy rainfall, sewage plants



must bypass untreated wastes directly to the rivers, and



this can occur on 33 to 45 days a year.  The overflows



averaged 8.2 hours and have lasted as long as 24 hours,



and the detrimental effects from a single storm have



lasted as long as 5 days.  Bacteria in storm overflows



often approached the densities found in raw sewage, with



counts as high as 100 million per 100 ml.  Storm-caused



overflows alone are responsible for the discharge of 5



billion gallons of raw sewage to the Detroit River yearly.



             While there is some evidence that water



quality is improving, because of increased water uses



damages are increasing, and unless remedial action is



taken immediately the usefulness of the water resources



of the Detroit area may be destroyed completely by pol-



lution.



             Thank you.



             MR.  STEIN:  Just one moment, Mr, Vaughan.



             MR.  VAUGHAN:  I'm sorry.



             MR.  STEIN:  Do you have any films to show



now?




             MR.  VAUGHAN:  I think there are some slides



right now.





             MR.  POSTON:  Will you put on some of the

-------
                                                     701




                  Richard D. Vaughan



slides to show some of the conditions along the river at



this time?



             MR. VAUGHAN:  Yes.



             MR. POSTON:  Mr. Vaughan will narrate these,



and Mr. Harlow will point them out.



             MR. VAUGHAN:  Mr. Harlow is going to narrate



the slides.



             MR. POSTON:  I think, Mr. Chairman, that some



of the consultants, and perhaps Mr. Oeming, could see a



little better if they were out front.



             MR. STEIN:  I would suggest that what we will



do, and I hope Mr. Vaughan is still within earshot, is,



after the slides are presented we will recess for lunch.



             How long will the slides take?



             MR. POSTON:  Ten minutes.



             MR. STEIN:  I want to again emphasize that



this afternoon we may have Governors Romney, Rhodes and



Rockefeller coming here to make statements.  If they do,



it is going to cause a rather tight schedule.  We will



interrupt the Government presentations and ask the



Governors to make their statements at that time.



             Mr. Vaughan, I want to commend you on making



a very detailed report indicating precisely what you




found and the reasoning behind your conclusions.

-------
                                                     702
                  Richard D. Vaughan
             I would suggest that if there are any people
who would differ with that or who have questions wait
until we have completed the entire report.
             The issue is pretty firmly joined, and I
think we are in a position to clarify the situation.
             That is one of the best reports that I have
encountered in all the years that we have been doing
this.
             Would you proceed, Mr.  Harl&w?

-------
                                                   703




                  George L. Harlow








             STATEMENT OF GEORGE L. HARLOW,



             SANITARY ENGINEER AND DIRECTOR,



             DETROIT RIVER - LAKE ERIE PROJECT,



             U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCA-



             TION, AND WELFARE, PUBLIC HEALTH



                      SERVICE








             MR. HARLOW:  Mr. Chairman, Conferees, Mem-



bers of the Michigan Water Resources Commission, Ladies



and Gentlemen:



             For the record, I am George Harlow, Senior



Sanitary Engineer of the U0 S. Public Health Service,



and present Director of the Detroit River - Lake Erie



Project.



             I shall be showing some slides that the



Project took during the three years that we studied the



area here.  I don't think these need to be made a part



of the record, nor the comments that I make on each



one.  Just the fact that the slides are being shown



I think is all that is necessary.



             What do you think about that?



             MR. STEIN:  I think we had better have as




part of the record at least your comments.

-------
                                                       704
                  George L. Harlow
             MR. HARLOW:  All right.
             MR. STEIN:  I won't agree to print the slides
in the record in color, because of the expense, but I
think we will take your comments.  The slides will be
made an exhibit and be available in Washington, Chicago,
and Detroit, as long as we maintain an office here.
             MR. HARLOW:  These slides are pictures that
we took of water uses, waste discharges, and pollution
conditions.
             May we have the houselights out, please?
             The first slide (indicating) shows a picture
of Maple Beach, one of the beaches that is along the
western shoreline of Lake Erie.
             The next slide (indicating) shows fishing,
a recreational spost in the area, in the lower Detroit
River.
             This slide (indicating) is a picture taken
from the air of Sterling State Park Beach on western
Lake Erie.  Here we can see the sign posted at Sterling
State Park saying "Unfit for Swimming/1 and the sun-
bathers on the beach.  That (indicating) looks like a
pile of debris, but is actually a sunbather.
             This (indicating) is another picture taken
of Sterling State Park, and you can see the general

-------
                                                       705
                George L. Harlow

condition of the beach.

          Again we have a picture taken at Sterling State

Park (indicating).  We have some bathers definitely bathing

in the water, and this dead fish beside them.

          Here (Indicating) we have some bathers at Dewey

Beach, another one of the beaches along the western Lake

Erie shoreline.

        This (indicating) is the discharge and accompanying

Discoloration of the Detroit River from the outfall of the

Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant.

          This is the Detroit River here (indicating).  This

tributary coming in here (indicating) is the Rouge River,

and this land mass is Zug Island.

          This (indicating) is another picture showing the

Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant outfall from a different

section, as the wastes boil up from the bottom of the Detroit

River and proceed downstream.

          This is the Rouge River coming in from this

direction (indicating), and Zug Island here.

          This (indicating) is our Project boat right there

discharging dye used as tracers into the effluent of the

Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant in order to trace it downstream,

          These (indicating) are two clarifiers, two

-------
                                                     706




                  George L. Barlow



waste treatment devices used by the Ford Motor Company



Rouge plant.  The discharge from these two clarifiers



is at this point here (indicating), and you are able to



see the change in the color of the river, with this



demarcation line (indicating) caused by the material



discharged from these two clarifiers of the Ford Motor



Company,  The direction of the flow of the Rouge River



is this way (indicating).



             This (indicating) is another waste treat-



ment device of the Ford Motor Company, an oil separation



device that they have installed on the Ford plant.  The



Rouge River is out in this direction (indicating).  You



can see the oil that has been accumulated and trapped



inside the waste treatment device of the Ford Motor



Company Rouge plant.



             This (indicating) is the discharge and



accompanying discoloration of the Rouge River from the



Scott Paper Company,  This is the Zug Island cut, and



the direction of flow is in this direction (indicating).



             This (indicating) is an outfall discharging



material from the Great Lakes Steel Corporation on Zug



Island.  This is a Blast Furnace Division, and you can



see the discoloration of the river from this outfall.




             This (indicating) is another outfall  from

-------
                                                       70?





                   George L.  Harlow



the Great Lakes  Steel  Corporation  on  Zug Island,  and  you



can see  how  it discolors the river.



             This  (indicating)  is  one of those  same two



outfalls taken from the  air  showing the  discharge, and



how it discolors the Detroit River.   The direction of



flow, of course, is in this  direction (indicating).



             This  (indicating)  is  the outfall of  the  Great



Lakes Steel  Corporation  80-Inch Hot Strip  ML11.  There



are actually two outfalls there discharging approximately



80 million gallons a day.



             This  outfall on this  side (indicating) con-



tains primarily  cooling  water,  and this  outfall on this



side (indicating)  contains the  process waste material,



and you  can  see  how it discolors the  river.  You  can  see



the size of  these  out falls by looking at these railroad



cars (indicating).



             This  (indicating)  is  one of the outfalls



from the oil separating  devices, another treatment device



used by  the  Great  Lakes  Steel Corporation at Ecorse.



The oil  rises to the surface in these flexion devices



and is trapped,  and is taken away  to  prevent pollution



entering the Detroit River from oil wastes.



             This  (indicating)  is  the outfall from the




Wyandotte Chemical Corporation  North Plant.

-------
                                                     708
                  George L. Harlow
             This (Indicating) is an outfall and  accom-
panying discoloration of the Detroit River from the
McLouth Steel Corporation.  This device here (indicating)
is one of their treatment devices, as well as are these
two circular devices here (indicating).  You can  see how
the pollution collected along the shore had a heavier
concentration.
             This (indicating) is the Gibraltar area
in the lower Detroit River taken from the air.  This
tributary coming in here is the Frankenford Drain.  The
discoloration or the red color of the Frankenford Drain
as it enters the Gibraltar area is attributable to dis-
charge from the Gibraltar plant of the McLouth Steel
Corporation.  The Detroit River is in this direction
(indicating).
             This (indicating) is the waste outfall
from the Union Bag-Camp Paper Company in the Raisin
River, and the North Plant of the Consolidated Paper
Company.  The waste material is entering the Raising
River, and at the time this picture was taken, the
wastes were going upstream.
             This (indicating) is the turning basin on
the Raisin River, and the wastes are going upstream
and meeting this black waste coming downstream.

-------
                                                      709



                   George L.  Harlow



             Here  (Indicating)  is  that  black waste  I men-



tioned  in  the  slide  before entering the Raisin River from



the Consolidated Paper  Company  South Plant.   The Raisin



River to Lake  Erie is in this direction (indicating).



             This  (indicating)  is  a picture  taken in



1962 of a  malfunctioning stormwater overflow outlet.



This outlet discharged  raw sewage  during dry weather



because a  regulator  malfunctioned.   This discoloration



of the  dark blue or  purplish color (indicating) is  raw



sewage  entering the  Detroit  River.



             This  picture (indicating)  was taken just



recently,  and  shows  the outfall from Connors Creek, the



system  that carries  the combined storm  and sanitary



sewage  of  the  City of Detroit in this area of the city,



and during a storm it is discharged into the Detroit



River.  This is the  Detroit  River  out here (indicating).



The direction  of flow is this way  (indicating), and you



can see the discoloration of the wastes entering the



river from Connors Creek.



             This  (indicating)  is  another picture taken



at the  same time.  This is Connors Creek and the com-



bined sewage entering the river.



             This  slip  here  (indicating) is  where the




intake  of  the  Connors Creek  Detroit Edison Power Plant

-------
                                                     710
                   George L.  Harlow
 is located.   They take their water in this area.
              This (indicating)  is another picture showing
 Connors Creek here,  taken at the same time.  This is where
 Detroit Edison takes their water in,  and this is where
 they discharge it, and you can  see how the discharge from
 the Detroit  Edison plant is  pushing the waste material
 out farther  into the river.
              Proceeding downstream at the same time, we
 can see, at  the Lee  and Jefferson stormwater overflow
 outlet, that during  this same storm,  this outfall was
 discharging  a considerable amount of  waste material,
 and you see  how it discolors the river.   These are two
 large boats  parked there (indicating).
              This (indicating)  is another picture of the
same thing, showing it at a different  angle.
              This (indicating)  is a picture taken recently
 from the air of the  Rouge River.   The direction of flow
 is in this direction (indicating). This red colored waste
 is caused by the discharge from the Ford Motor Company
 Rouge plant.
              This (indicating)  is the Zug Island cut
 entering the Rouge River, and you can see the difference
 in the color between the Zug Island cut, which, in reaches
 of it, had relatively  clean water to the  polluted-

-------
                                                        711



                  George L. Harlow



appearing condition of the Rouge River.  The Detroit



River is out in this direction  (indicating).  This  is



Zug Island  (indicating).



             This (indicating)  is a picture taken on the



same day of the Rouge River as  it enters the Detroit



River.  Again you see the orange or red colored type



material.   This black line (indicating) and these other



black lines are oil slicks.



             This (indicating)  is Zug Island, and the



direction of flow of the Detroit River is in this di-



rection (indicating).



             This (indicating)  is a picture — you  can't



see it too  well — of the Detroit Edison plant at the



mouth of the Rouge River.



             I think this picture shows it better (indi-



cating), and this is where the  Detroit Edison plant



takes their water in, and you can see that, as it ap-



pears, they did not have good quality water on this day.



             Downstream a short ways, just off of the



Town of Rouge, we can see the wastes from the Rouge River



as it discolors the Detroit River.  The direction of flow



is in this  direction (indicating).



             This (indicating)  is a park called Ba1linger




Park where  a boat marina is.  This happens to be the

-------
                                                      712




                  George L. Harlow



shadow of the helicopter (indicating).



             This (indicating) is the way the outlet of



the Detroit Edison Rouge plant comes out*



             This (indicating) is a picture of the Corps



of Engineers Dredge Haynes as it proceeds to the Grassy



Island Dumping Ground to dispose of the dredge material



that it has just removed from the Rouge River.  You can



see, as he chugs downstream, he was losing some of the



material that he had picked up in the Rouge River.



             This (indicating) is a picture of the Raisin



River coming out in this direction, taken from the air,



as it enters Lake Erie, and you can see the effects of



the wastes from the Raisin River as it entered Lake Erie.



             Sterling State Park is up in this direction



(indicating).  Bolle Harbor would be down in this direc-



tion (indicating).



             This (indicating) is a picture of MeLough



Steel Corporation on a day when they had a waste spill.



This is their clarifier (indicating), and apparently it



was malfunctioning that day, discharging this heavy black



material containing iron, suspended solids, and oil,



and how it affected the downstream part of the Trenton



Channel.




             This (indicating)  is  the Trenton Choinel,

-------
                                                      713




                  George L. Harlow



and this is Grosse lie (indicating).



             Again, as this slate material proceeded down-



stream, this is the Riverview Osteopathic Hospital located



in Trenton (indicating).



             Those are all the slides.  Thank you.



             MR. STEIN:  Thank you very much.



             We will stand recessed until a quarter to



two.








             (Luncheon recess taken at 12:15 p.m.)

-------
                  George L.  Harlow








                 AFTERNOON  SESSION



                     1:45 P.M.







             MR. STEIN:  May we reconvene?



             Mr. Poston.



             MR. POSTON:  Mr. Harlow will continue with



the presentation and the study.  Mr. Harlow is in charge



of our activities at our Project.



             MR. HARLOW:  I shall now be presenting these



recommendations of the Detroit River - Lake Erie Project



of the Public Health Service.



             Recommendations for abating water pollution



interfering with water use in the Detroit River, the



Michigan waters of Lake Erie, and their tributaries will



be made in two groups:  general recommendations, cover-



ing the broad objectives of pollution abatement in the



Project area, followed by specific recommendations for



the solution of particular problems.  All recommendations



concerning municipal and industrial wastes refer only



to Michigan facilities whose discharges reach the De-



troit River or Lake Erie either directly or through a



tributary.




             The specific recommendations  are offered

-------
                                                       715
                  George L. Harlot*
in addition to, and not in place of, the general recom-
mendations.
             The recommendations which limit the effluent
concentration of a particular waste constituent are made
with the goal of reduction of overall loadings from a
facility.  If changes in concentration are brought about
by increased dilution, combination of outfalls, or other
methods without reducing waste loading, a corresponding
decrease in recommended waste concentrations will be re-
quired.
             While artificial fertilization of the Michi-
gan waters of Lake Erie is a severe problem, no recommenda-
tions are made at this time concerning the installation
of  specialized treatment facilities designed to reduce
phosphorus and nitrogen compounds in the effluent of
municipal waste treatment works.  Proper operation of
secondary treatment facilities of the activated sludge
type will result in significantly greater removal of
these constituents than that produced by primary treat-
ment alone.

                  GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

             The  following are the general recommendations

-------
                                                     716
                  George L. Earlow
of the Detroit River - Lake Erie Project staff.
             It is recommended that:
             1.  All municipalities provide a minimum of
secondary treatment plus adequate disinfection of the
effluent.
             2.  Sewerage systems with collection sewers
terminating in adequate treatment facilities be provided
in those areas along the Mib&igan shore of Lake Erie and
the Detroit River where sewers do not row exist and homes
discharge either raw wastes or septic tank effluent to
the watercourse.
             3.  All industries in the area discharging
waste material to the public waters maintain an inventory
of all waste treatment equipment and supplies on the
plant premises so that a minimum delay in effective waste
treatment will result when replacement or repair is
necessary.
             4.  A program be developed to reduce the
likelihood of accidental spills of waste material to
the river.  In-plant surveys with the purpose of an-
ticipating possible accidents are recommended.
             5.  All new sewerage facilities be designed
to prevent the necessity of bypassing untreated wastes
during maintenance and renovation operations.

-------
                                                       717
                  George L. Harlow
             6.  Municipal waste treatment plants regularly
analyze all waste constituents contributing to pollution
found in significant quantities in their wastes, as speci-
fied by the Michigan Water Resources Commission,
             7.  Industries discharging wastes to the
public streams furnish operating records to the Michigan
Water Resources Commission containing information on waste
discharges and concentrations as specified by the Commis-
sion.
             8.  Regular monitoring of the Detroit River,
Lake Erie, and their tributaries be conducted cooperatively
by the Michigan Water Resources Commission and the Public
Health Service.  Such monitoring should include regular
sampling of waste effluents and overflows from combined
sewers.  Use of aerial techniques for reconnaissance and
pollution surveillance as practiced by the Michigan Water
Resources Commission is encouraged and expansion of this
activity recommended.  Monitoring should include sur-
veillance of oil discharge from vessels.
             9.  A PHS Water Pollution Control Surveil-
lance Station (formerly National Water Quality Network
Station) be established in the lower section of the De-
troit River.  This would be in addition to the network
station now in operation at the head of the Detroit

-------
                                                        718
                     George L. Harlow

River.  Two stations would illustrate the waste burden put

into the Detroit River and the change in its condition as

it flows toward the Lake as well as indicate changes in

water quality after improvements have been made.

            10.  The U. S. Department of Health, Educa-

tion, and Welfare, through the auspices of the International

Joint Commission, bring to the attention of Canadian

water pollution control authorities the significant waste

contributions from Canadian sources on the Upper St. Clair

River adversely affecting water quality in the United

States section of the Detroit River.  They should be

encouraged to bring about more effective pollution abate-

ment to protect downstream water use.

            The following are the specific recommendations

for Municipal Waste Treatment on the Detroit River:


        Detroit (Belle Isle Sewage Treatment Plant)

            This plant discharges an effluent of low

waste concentrations, and treatment efficiency is within

accepted limits for this type of facility.  Total coli-

form and fecal streptococcus densities in the effluent

were high (7,890,000 and 297*000) but should be expected

in this type of plant without chlorination.

            The City of Detroit plans to abandon this

plant and pump sewage from Belle Isle across to the

-------
                                                       719



                  George L0 Harlow



mainland and into the Detroit system.  Such a plan is



recommended as the most practical under the circumstances.



Until this plan can be carried out, it is recommended



that full-time chlorination of the plant effluent be



instituted, capable of producing an effluent with monthly



geometric mean coliform densities not exceeding 5,000/100



ml.  This recommendation is made to prevent interference



with municipal water supplies and recreational use of



water.







              Detroit (Main Treatment Plant)







             Sewage influent at the Detroit plant is of



average strength from the standpoint of BOD and suspended



solids concentrations but contains high levels of waste



constituents normally not associated with municipal



wastes, including oil and grease, phenols, copper, iron,



chromium, nickel, zinc, and lead*



             Average phenol and oil concentrations in



the effluent exceed 20 micrograms per liter and 15 mg/1



respectively.  Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations and load-



ings in the effluent are excessive, as is the phosphate



effluent concentration (36 mg/1 and 145,000 Ibs/day).



Efficiency in removal of settleable solids (52%),

-------
                                                      720




                  George L, Barlow



suspended solids (39%), and BOD (17%) is poor, indicating



an overloaded and in some respects inadequate primary fa-



cility (e.g., the holding time in the settling basins is



less than one hour).



             Bacteria removal during the survey was ex-



cellent and density in the effluent very low.  This



presumably was accomplished by raising the level of



chlorination; and while averages during the survey do



not correspond with mean monthly averages during the



study period, they show that effective bacterial control



can be accomplished.



             MR. STEIN:  Excuse me.  You will notice there



is a change.



             MR. HARLOW:  That is right.  In the fourth



paragraph down, it should be 20 mlcrograms, and then it



should also be 15 micrograms per liter, respectively.



             MR. STEIN:  Yes, I noticed that.



             MR. HARLOW:  Waste loadings from the main



plant of the City of Detroit are not only responsible



for a large part of the degradation of the waters of



the lower Detroit River but also constitute a major



source of nitrogen compounds and the major source of



phosphates going into and contributing to the fertiliza-



tion of Lake Erie.  The major contribution of waste

-------
                                                     721
                   George L.  Karlow
 constituents  from municipal  sources  being discharged  into
 the Detroit River and subsequently into Lake  Erie  originates
 from  this  plant.
              It  is recommended  that:
              1.   A minimum of secondary treatment  facili-
 ties  be  provided  capable of  producing an effluent  not to
 exceed:
                   a.   Suspended solids concentration  of
              35 mg/1
                   b.   Settleable solids concentration of
              5 mg/1
                   c.   Ammonia concentration of  2 mg/1
                   d.   Phenol concentration of 20 micrograms
              per  liter
                   e.   Oil concentration of 15 mg/1
                   f.   Biochemical oxygen demand of 20 mg/1
              2.   Bacterial reduction facilities be operated
 at levels  capable of  providing  an effluent with a  monthly
 geometric  mean coliform density of less than  5,000 organ-
 isms  per 100  ml*
              3.   A technical committee appointed by the
 conferees  will evaluate actual  phosphate removal of the
 secondary  treatment plant after it is in operation.  On
the basis  of  this evaluation, if further facilities for

-------
                                                       722
                     George L. Harlow

the removal of phosphates are necessary, the conferees

will consider making such a recommendation.  A similar

program will be put into effect concerning the removal of

nitrogen compounds.



    Wayne County Sewage Treatment Plant (Wyandotte)



            The plant was greatly overloaded when the

Project began, and it was necessary to bypass untreated

wastes for a portion of most days to the Detroit River.

Enlargement of primary facilities was designed to alleviate

this condition.  The surveys performed at this plant by the

Project staff were made on the original facilities, and do

not reflect the recent enlargement.

            Two surveys at this plant revealed an influent

sewage of average strength in terms of BOD and suspended

solids, but with other waste constituents at levels

normally not associated with domestic sewage (phenols,

oil and grease, iron, chromium, copper, cadmium, nickel,

zinc, and lead).

            Average concentrations of suspended solids

and settleable solids and discharges to the River were

high during the two surveys.  Average BOD in the effluent

during the first survey was 120 mg/1, with a population

-------
                                                      723
                  George L. Harlow
equivalent of 132,000 discharged.  Levels of nitrogen com-
pounds were significant, and phosphate concentrations were
at 40 mg/1 (unusually high) with a loading of 7,200 pounds
per day.
             Bacteriological control was excellent during
the first survey when chlorination of the effluent was
practiced.  Geometric mean densities for total coliforms,
fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci during the first
survey were less than 100 organisms per 100 ml.  Study
of plant operation records reveals that these results were
not typical, but it is encouraging to note once again
that results in this magnitude can be obtained.  During
the second survey effluent chlorination was not practiced,
and geometric means for total coliforms, fecal coliforms,
and fecal streptococci exceeded one million organisms
per 100 ml.
             Discharges of suspended solids, nitrogen
compounds, phosphates, and organic matter from the Wyan-
dotte plant contribute significantly to the degradation
of the Detroit River and the fertilization of Lake Erie.
             It is recommended that:
             10  A minimum of secondary treatment facili-
ties be provided capable of producing an effluent contain-
ing not more than:

-------
                                                      724
                  George L. Harlow
                  a.  Suspended solids concentration of
             35 mg/1
                  b.  Settleable solids concentration of
             5 mg/1
                  c.  Oil concentration of 15 mg/1
                  d.  Biochemical oxygen demand of 20 mg/1
             2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be operated
at levels capable of providing an effluent with a monthly
geometric mean coliform density of less than 5,000 organ-
isms per 100 ml during the months of April through Novem-
ber,
             3.  A technical committee appointed by the
conferees will evaluate actual phosphate removal of the
secondary treatment plant after it is in operation.  On
the basis of this evaluation, if further facilities for
the removal of phosphates are necessary, the conferees
will consider making such a recommendation.  A similar
program will be put into effect concerning removal of
nitrogen compounds.
             The above recommendations are made to protect
recreational use of water, navigation, and fish and wild-
life propagation.
         Wayne County Sewage Treatment Plant (Trenton)
             It is recommended that:

-------
                                                       725
                  George L. Harlot*
             1.  A minimum of secondary treatment facili-
ties be provided capable of producing an effluent not to
exceed:
                  a.  Suspended solids concentration of
             35 mg/1
                  b,  Settleable solids concentration of
             5 mg/1
             2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be operated
at levels capable of producing an effluent with a monthly
geometric mean coliform density of less than 5,000 organ-
isms per 100 ml during the months of April through Novem-
ber.
             The above recommendations are made to prevent
interference with recreational use of water and fish and
wildlife propagation.
        Wayne County Sewage Treatment Plant (Gross He)
             It is recommended that:
             1.  A minimum of secondary treatment facili-
ties be provided capable of producing an effluent not to
exceed:
                  a.  Suspended solids concentration of
             35 mg/1
                  b.  Settleable solids concentration of
             5 mg/1

-------
                                                      726
                  George L, Harlow
             2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be operated
at levels capable of producing an effluent with a monthly
geometric mean colifor* density of less than 5,000 organ-
isms per 100 ml during the months of April through Novem-
ber.
             The above recommendations are made to prevent
interference with recreational use of water and fish and
wildlife propagation*
             I will now be giving the recommendations for
Industrial Waste Treatment.
             Pollution control is considered satisfactory
at this time for the following industries and no specific
recommendations for improvement are made.  These industries
are:
             Parke-Davis Company
             United States Rubber Company
             American Agricultural Chemical Company
             Chrysler Corporation, Amplex Division
             Chrysler Corporation, CycleweId Division
             Enrico Fermi Atomic Reactor
             Monroe Auto Equipment Company
             Waste discharges from the following industries
were not found to interfere with existing water uses in
the Detroit River or Michigan Lake Erie.  These industries

-------
                                                      727
                  George L. Barlow
are:
             Koppers Company
             Anaconda-American Brass Company
             Allied Chemical Corporation
                  General and Plastics Division, and for
                  Semet-Solvay Division with the exception
                  of oil wastes as reported by the Michigan
                  Water Resources Commission
             Chrysler Corporation - Engine Division
             Dana Corporation
             Propylene Oxide Plant of tfyandotte Chemical
                  Corporation
             the recommendations for industrial waste
treatment, as well as the municipal waste just given, are
made to prevent interference with navigation, fish and
wildlife propagation, recreational use of water, and to
protect municipal and industrial water supply.
             Recommendations are made for those industrial
discharging excessive suspended and settleable solids that
facilities be provided capable of producing an effluent
not to exceed:
                  a.  A suspended solids concentration of
             35 mg/1; and
                  b.  A settleable solids concentration

-------
                                                      728



                  George L. Harlot?



             of 5 mg/1.



             These industries are:



             Allied Chemical Corporation (Solvay Process



                  Division)



             Great Lakes Steel Corporation



                  Blast Furnace Division



                  80" Hot Strip Mill



                  Ecorse Plant



             Revere Copper and Brass, Inc.



             American Cement Corporation (Peerless Division)



             Ford Motor Company Rouge Plant



             Scott Paper Company



             McLouth Steel Corporation Trenton and Gibral-



                  tar Plants



             Mobil Oil Company



             Pennsalt Chemical Corporation - East and West



                  Plants



             North and South Plants of Wyandotte Chemical



                  Corporation,



             Paper Plants of Consolidated, Union Bag-Camp



                  and Monroe Paper Products on the Raisin



                  River.



             The following specific recommendations for



each industrial waste source are given now, in addition

-------
                                                     729



                  George L. Harlow



to those already presented.



             In regard to the Allied Chemical Corporation



(Solvay Process Division) outfall that discharges from



Zug Island directly to the Detroit River, wastes from



this plant have high concentrations of suspended and



settleable solids, phenols, and chlorides.  Chloride load-



ings from this source represent approximately 20 percent



of the entire industrial loading to the Detroit River.



Suspended and settleable solids loadings and effluent



concentrations indicate a lack of waste control.



             It is recommended that:



             1.  Facilities be provided capable of produc-



ing an effluent not to exceed:



                  a.  Suspended solids concentration of



             35 mg/1



                  b.  Settleable solids concentration of



             5 mg/1



             2.  The industry begin investigation of



satisfactory methods of disposing of chlorides and alter-



nate methods of disposal of concentrated brines, such as



subsurface disposal.



             The above recommendations are made to prevent



interference with navigation and fish and wildlife propa-



gation and to protect municipal and industrial water supply,

-------
                                                       730




                  George L. Harlow



             In regard to Great Lakes Steel Corporation  -



Blast Furnace Divisions, waste treatment facilities pro-



vided for the removal of phenols and suspended  solids



are ineffective*  Nearly 100 percent of the suspended



solids in the plant effluent were found to be readily



settleable.



             It is recommended that:



             1.  Facilities be provided capable of pro-



ducing an effluent not to exceed:



                  a.  Phenol concentration of 20 micro-



             grams per liter



                  b.  Ammonia concentration of 2 mg/1



             In regard to the Revere Copper and Brass,



Inc., the concentrations of oil and settleable soJLids in



the effluent from this installation are excessive.  All



of the suspended solids released by this industry are



readily settleable.



             It is recommended that:



                  Facilities be provided capable of pro-



ducing an effluent containing not more than:



                  An oil concentration of 5 mg/1



             In regard to the Allied Chemical Corporation



(Solvay Process Plant) that discharges its waste to the



Zug Island cut of the Rouge River, wastes from this plant

-------
                                                       731



                  George L. Harlew-



have excessively high concentrations of phenols and



chlorides.  Chloride loadings represent approximately



10 percent of the entire industrial load to the Detroit



River.  Suspended solids loadings averaged 10,000 pounds



per day.



             It is recommended that:



                  The industry should begin investigations



of satisfactory methods of disposing of chlorides and



alternate methods of disposal of -concentrated brine, such



as subsurface disposal.



             In regard to Darling and Company, survey re-



ports  indicate inadequate facilities for control of BOD



and coliform organisms.  This plant discharges to the



Rouge, and subsequently to the Detroit River, wastes



equivalent in oxygen-consuming capacity to the untreated



wastes of over 40,000 persons.



             It is recommended that:



             Facilities be provided capable of producing



an effluent not to exceed:



                  a.  Monthly geometric mean coliform



             density of 5,000/100 ml



                  b.  Biochemical oxygen demand of 20 mg/1



             In regard to the Ford Motor Company Rouge




Plant, wastes from this plant represent, in volume,

-------
                                                       732




                  George L. Harlow




approximately 83 percent of the industrial wastes being



discharged into the Rouge and subsequently into the De-



troit River.  Phenolic wastes exceed the limit of 600



pounds per day set by the Michigan Water Resources Com-



mission.  Concentrations of iron, phenols, and oil exceed



17 mg/1, 20 micrograms per liter, and 15 mg/1, respective-



ly.  Suspended and especially settleable solids are ex-




cessive at times, while excellent control was achieved on



other occasions.  Acid discharged in the form of spent



pickling liquor is excessive and imparts an unnatural color



to the Rouge and Detroit Rivers.



             Phenols, iron, and oil and grease from this



industry constitute over 90 percent of the loading from



industrial sources to the Rouge River.  Improvement must



be accomplished at this source if significant reduction



in waste loadings to the Rouge River and subsequently to



the Detroit River is to be effected.



             It is recommended that:




             1.  Facilities be provided or existing facili-



ties operated to produce an effluent not to exceed:




                  a.  Phenol concentration of 20 micro-



             grams per liter




                  b.  Ammonia concentration of 2 mg/1




                  c0  Iron concentration of 17 mg/1

-------
                                                       733




                  George L. Harlow



             2.  Oil removal facilities be operated to




limit the oil concentration in the effluent to 15 mg/1.




In addition, the industry should investigate methods of



further reduction in oil discharged in the plant efflu-



ent by in-plant control.




             In regard to the Scott Paper Company, the



effluent contains excessive quantities of suspended




solids.  Over 31,000 pounds of suspended solids per day



are discharged to the Rouge and subsequently to the De-



troit River.  This industry discharges to the receiving




stream wastes equivalent in oxygen-consuming capacity



to the untreated sewage from a population of over 800,000




persons.



             It is recommended that facilities be provided



capable of producing an effluent not to exceed:




             Biochemical oxygen demand of 85 mg/1



             In regard to the E. I. du Pont de Nemours




and Company, this company was found not to be in compliance




with the restriction on pH set for it by the Michigan Water




Resources Commission.



             In regard to the Firestone Tire and Rubber




Company, excessive concentrations of iron were found in




the plant effluent.  Over 5,000 pounds per day of this




substance were discharged to the Detroit River.

-------
                  George L. Harlow




             It is recommended that iron concentration




in the effluent be reduced to levels not exceeding 17




mg/1.



             In regard to the Fuel Oil Corporation, ex-




cessive concentrations of oil were found in the effluent




from this installation when ships were being washed.  At




these times the concentrations are over 300 mg/1.




             No specific recommendations for improvement




are made, since the Michigan Water Resources Commission




has reported that this industry has recently suspended




ship-washing operations.  It is recommended not to permit




resumption of such operations until controls are insti-




tuted to limit oil in the effluent to 15 mg/1.




             In regard to the Great Lakes Steel Corpora-




tion 80" Hot Strip Mill, the Michigan Water Resources




Commission reports excessive oil discharges, and controls




should be instituted to limit effluent to conform with




the Commission's order.




             In regard to the Great Lakes Steel Corpora-




tion Plant at Ecorse, excessive concentrations and sig-




nificant quantities of oil, iron, suspended solids,




settleable solids, and acid are discharged.  Over 50 per-




cent of the iron and acid loadings to the Detroit River




originate here.  Effluents containing acid wastes are

-------
                                                       735




                  George L. Harlow



far below pH 5.5, and these wastes are mainly responsible




for lowering the Detroit River below pH 4.0 in the vi-



cinity of the plant.




             It is recommended that:




             1.  Acid wastes be controlled so that dis-



charges  fall within the range pH 5.5-10.6.



             2.  Facilities be provided or existing



facilities operated to produce an effluent not to exceed:



             a.  Oil concentration of 15 mg/1; and



             b.  Iron concentration of 17 mg/1.



             In regard to the McLough Steel Corporation



at Gibraltar, control of oil, iron, and suspended solids



discharges at this plant is marginal, with improvement



noted during the last months of study.




             It is recommended that:



             All waste treatment practices be reviewed




and steps taken to improve the effluent to conform con-




sistently to the Order of Determination issued by the




Michigan Water Resources Commission.



             In regard to the McLouth Steel Corporation




Plant at Trenton, the waste treatment facilities of this



installation have been very erratically operated from




the standpoint of control of suspended solids, settleable




solids, iron, phenols, oil, and pH.  At times excellent

-------
                                                       736




                  George L. Harlow




 treatment was achieved; at other times complete lack of



 treatment effectiveness was observed, with concentrations



 of  solids, oil, phenols, and iron exceeding the Order of



 Determination of the Michigan Water Resources Commission.



             Since it has been demonstrated that this



 industry can achieve effective pollution control by opera-



 tion of its existing facilities, it is recommended that



 steps be taken to assure an effluent not to exceed:



                  a.  An iron concentration of 17 mg/1; and



                  b.  An oil contration of 15 mg/1



             In regard to the Mobil Oil Company, during



 the survey the concentration of oil in the plant effluent



 was excessive, and additional grab samples before and



 after the survey indicated erratic operation.  Effective



 operation of the industry's oil separation facilities



 should also improve suspended solids removal.



             It is recommended that:



             Existing facilities be operated effectively



 or additional facilities provided to assure an oil con-



 centration in the effluent not to exceed 15 mg/1 at all



 times.




             In regard to the Monsanto Chemical Corpora-



 tion, waste treatment at this installation is satisfactory




with the exception of phosphate concentrations and  loadings

-------
                                                        737




                   George  L.  Harlow



 in  the  plant  effluent.  Over 10,000  pounds  per  day  of




 phosphates  are  discharged into  the Detroit  River.




              It is recommended  that  treatment be provided




 to  reduce concentrations  and loadings  of  phosphates by



 approximately 807*.




              In regard  to the Pennsalt Chemical Corpora-



 tion East Plant,  the  concentrations  of chlorides, suspended




 solids, and settleable  solids in  the plant  effluent were



 excessive.  Approximately 1/2 million  pounds of chlorides



 per day were  discharged to the  Detroit River, representing



 about 20 percent of the total chloride discharge to the



 River.



              It is recommended  that:




              The  industry begin investigation of satis-



 factory methods for disposing of  chlorides  and  alternate




 methods of  disposal of  concentrated  brines, such as sub-




 surface disposal.



              In regard  to the Pennsalt Chemical Corpora-




 tion West Plant, wastes from this plant had excessive




 concentrations  of  phenols,  suspended solids, and settle-



 able solids.  Phenol  concentrations  were  found  over 1,000



 micrograms  per  liter  but  no  interference  with existing




 water uses  in the  Detroit River or Michigan Lake Erie




was  apparent  at this  time.

-------
                                                        738




                  George L. Harlow



              It  is  recommended  that:



              The entire waste disposal program  of  this




 plant  be  carefully  investigated by company personnel,



 since  discharge  of  phenols, oxidizing agents, and  settle-



 able solids  is far  in excess of that expected by company




 officials.



              In  regard to  the Shawinigan Resins Corpora-



 tion and  the Monsanto Chemical  Corporation (Saflex Divi-



 sion) ,  the wastes from these two plants are discharged  to



 the Detroit  River from a common lagoon.  During the  survey



 the only  waste constituents considered excessive were BOD



 and suspended solids  (originating primarily from Shawini-



 gan Resins).  The planned  installation of a new lagoon



 after  the survey should reduce  these levels considerably;



 therefore no recommendations for improvement are made at



 this time.




              In  regard to  the Wyandotte Chemicals  Corpora-



 tion -  North Plant, concentrations of chlorides, suspended



 solids, and  settleable solids in the plant effluent  were



 excessive.   The  contribution of chlorides in the amount



 of 1,300,000 pounds per day represents almost half the



 entire  industrial loading  to the Detroit River. The sus-




 pended  and settleable solids loadings from this industry




represent 35 percent of the total loadings to the  Detroit

-------
                                                        739
                  George L. Harlow
River from industrial sources.
             The composition of the suspended solids
(most of which are readily settleable) is mainly calcium
carbonate.  This chemical is only slightly soluble in
water and will readily settle out in clarifiers.  Sludge
from this operation when discharged to the River will
settle on the River and Lake bottom and interfere with
aquatic life.
             It is recommended that:
             The industry continue investigation of
satisfactory methods of disposing of chlorides, and
alternate methods of disposal of concentrated brines,
such as subsurface disposal.
             In regard to the Wyandotte Chemicals Corpora-
tion - South Plant, heavily concentrated wastes are pumped
from this plant to the waste beds of Fighting Island.  The
remainder of the plant effluent is discharged to the De-
troit River and contains excessive concentrations of
chlorides and suspended solids.
             It is recommended that:
             The industry continue investigation of satis-
factory methods of disposing of chlorides and alternate
methods of disposal of concentrated brines, such as sub-
surface disposal.

-------
                                                        740




                  George L. Earlow



             I will now be discussing the recommendations




for industries and municipalities in the Raisin River area.



             The maintenance of adequate levels of dis-



solved oxygen in the lower Raisin River is the mutual



responsibility of all discharging oxygen-demanding wastes



into the River.  Each recommendation made in this regard



is to be understood as part of this mutual responsibility,



and no industry or municipality is singly responsible for



achieving the recommended DO level.








              Municipal Waste Treatment



             In regard to the Monroe Sewage Treatment



Plant, two surveys revealed an influent fairly typical



of a weak domestic waste.  Exceptions to this general



observation include high concentrations of soluble and



total phosphates and certain toxic metals, including



copper, zinc, and lead.  These constituents were present



in approximately the same concentrations in the plant



effluent.




             Plant efficiency, as measured by percent



removal of suspended solids and BOD, was very good for



a primary sewage treatment plant.  Bacterial control




was effective during the first survey when the effluent




was chlorinated but poor during the second survey when

-------
                                                       741
                   George L.  Harlow
 it was not.   Study of operating records  revealed  that
 similar degrees of plant efficiency were maintained on
 a long-term  basis.  The  operation of  this  plant is con-
 sidered outstanding for  an installation  of this type,
 and the operating personnel  are commended.
              It is recommended  that:
              1.  Treatment be provided capable of assuring
              a minimum dissolved oxygen  concentration in
              the Raisin  River below this source of 3 mg/1.
              Any plan for achieving this goal should in-
              clude secondary treatment as  a minimum.
              2.  Bacterial reduction  facilities be operated
              at levels capable of providing an effluent with
              a monthly geometric mean coliform density of
              less than 5,000 organisms per  100 ml. during
              the months  of April through November.
              3.  The  current plan of  separating roof run-
              off from sanitary  wastes to prevent overloading
              plant facilities be accelerated.
              MR.  STEIN:   Mr. Harlow,  before you go on, I
wonder if you could clarify  this.
              In the Monroe Sewage Treatment Plant, you say
the  "removal of suspended solids and  BOD was very good for
a primary sewage treatment plant."
              Then you say "Bacterial  control was  effective

-------
                                                       742



                  George L. Harlow



during the first survey when the effluent was chlorinated




but poor during the second survey when it was not."



             The next sentence is:  "Study of operating




records revealed that similar degrees of plant efficiency




were maintained on a long-term basis."



             Do you mean to say that the bacterial control




was good or bad on a long-term basis?



             MR. HARLOW:  The degrees of plant efficiency



ware maintained on a long-term basis is on the basis of



suspended solids and BOD.



             MR. STEIN:   Nothing to do with bacteria?



             MR. HARLOW:  Nothing to do with bacteria.



The reason that the bacteria control, of course, was poor



during some months of the year is because it is not



chlorinated, as are none of the municipal effluents, ex-



cept for the City of Detroit.




             MR. STEIN:   I understand you now.  I got



fooled by the preceding antecedent.



             All right.




             MR. HARLOW:  In regard to the Consolidated



Paper Company - North Plant, significant quantities of



suspended solids, settleable solids, and BOD are dis-




charged into the Raisin River and subsequently into Lake




Erie.  The wastes from this industry are equivalent  in

-------
                                                         743





                  George L. Harlow




oxygen-consuming  capacity  Co  the untreated wastes  from



a population  of over  100,000  persons, or  approximately




45 percent of the total load  to the Raisin River.  Den-




sities  of coliform and fecal  streptococcus organisms



were  also excessive.




              In regard to  the Consolidated Paper Company -




South Plant,  significant quantities and high concentrations



of suspended  solids,  settleable solids, and BOD are dis-




charged into  the  Raisin River and subsequently into Lake



Erie.   The wastes from this industry are  equivalent in



oxygeawconsuming  capacity  to  the untreated wastes  of over




40,000  persons.   Densities of coliform and fecal strep-




tococcus organisms are unusually excessive, averaging



over  1,000,000 total  coliform organisms per 100 ml during




the special survey.



              In regard to  the Monroe Paper Products Com-



pany, significant quantities  and high concentrations of




suspended solids, settleable  solids, and  BOD are discharged




from  this source  into the  Raisin River and subsequently



into  Lake Erie.   The  major portion of the suspended solids




is readily settleable.  Densities of coliform organisms




were  found to be  excessive during the first survey at




32,400  organisms  per  100 ml;  however, during a separate




Public Health Service survey  several months later, the

-------
                                                      744




                  George L. Harlow




average coliform concentration exceeded 2,000,000 organ-




isms per 100 ml.



             In regard to the Union Bag-Camp Pap«r Company,




River Raisin Division, significant quantities and high



concentrations of suspended solids, settleable solids,



and BOD are discharged from this installation to the Raisin



River and subsequently into Lake Erie.   The wastes from



this industry are equivalent in oxygen-consuming capacity



to the untreated wastes of 70,000 persons.    A large part



of the suspended solids was readily settleable.



             In regard to these four paper  plants just



mentioned, it is recommended that:



             1.  Treatment be provided  capable of assur-



             ing a minimum dissolved oxygen concentration



             in the Raisin River below  this source of 3



             mg/1.  Any plan for achieving  this goal should



             include secondary treatment as a minimum.




             2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be pro-



             vided and operated at levels capable of



             producing an effluent with a monthly geometric



             mean coliform density of less  than 5,000




             organisms per 100 ml during the months of



             April through November.




             In regard to the Ford Motor Company Plant on

-------
                  George L. Harlow




the Raisin River, the discharge from this plant represents




80 percent of the total waste volume from industrial




sources discharged to the Raisin River and subsequently



into Lake Erie.  Cyanide concentrations and loadings in



the plant effluent are excessive.  The effluent from the




company-owned sewage treatment plant is not chlorinated.



The quantity of oil released to the Raisin River through




a dilution canal outlet is excessive even though the



concentration remains below 15 mg/1.




             It is recommended that:



             1.  Bacterial reduction facilities be pro-




             vided and operated at levels capable of



             producing an effluent with a monthly geometric




             mean coliform density of less than 5,000




             organisms per 100 ml during the months of



             April through November.



             2.  Treatment facilities be operated to




             limit the cyanide concentration in the plant




             effluent to 0.025 mg/1.



             In regard to the problem of overflows from




combined sewers, although the severe effect of overflows




from combined sewers upon water quality in the Detroit



River and limited areas of Michigan Lake Erie was demon-




strated, a specific method of approach to the  solution  of

-------
                                                      746




                  George L. Harlow




this problem is not now evident.



             It is recommended to the Michigan Water Re-



sources Commission that it require a detailed engineering



study be made to determine costs and select an effective



method of control.  It is also recommended that a report



of these investigations, containing the method to be used



to solve this problem and a time schedule for accomplish-



ment, be submitted within two years to the Secretary of



Health, Education, and Welfare.



             It is further recommended that agencies



responsible for the current operation of combined sewer



systems in the Detroit area immediately take steps to



lessen the pollutional effects of malfunctioning over-



flow regulators by finding and correcting the cause of



failure of these diversion devices and checking the



operation of all overflows every day to determine if



unnecessary overflows are occurring.




             In regard to Federal Installations at the



U. S. Naval Air Station, Grosse He, Michigan, it is



recommended that:




             1. A separator capable of producing an




             effluent containing less than 15 mg/1 oil




             be installed on the line receiving aircraft




             washing wastes.

-------
                                         747




     George L. Harlow




2.  Operation of existing sewage treatment




facilities be improved by performing such



procedures as breaking up scum in gas vents,




reversal of flow at periodic intervals, more




frequent withdrawal of sludge, and daily




scraping of the sides of the sedimentation



chamber.




3.  Better operation records be maintained.



4.  Continuous and effective chlorination




of plant effluent be practiced to assure that



the geometric mean coliform density does not



exceed 2,400 organisms per 100 ml.



5.  The outmoded septic tank installation at



the boat dock be replaced with an aerobic



digestion treatment unit providing primary




and secondary treatment followed by chlorina-




tion of the effluent.



6.  If the U. S. Naval Air Station does not




close on or before September 1, 1967, as




scheduled, one of two alternatives be fol-




lowed:



     a.  Connection to the municipal sewage




     collection and treatment system proposed




      for construction at Grosse lie; or

-------
                                                          748
                  George L. Earlow

              b.  Enlargement of the present naval facilities

              to include secondary treatment as proposed in

              the original plans.

          At this writing the Navy has agreed to all of the

foregoing recommendations and has already taken steps to

accomplish all but the last recommendation.

          In regard to the U. S. Coast Guard Station at

Detroit River Light, it is recommended that a macerator-

chlorination type treatment unit similar to those placed

aboard motor launches be installed to the sanitary waste

line now discharging raw sewage into Lake Erie.

          In regard to the U. S. Corps of Engineers Dredging

Operations, it is recommended that:

          1.  The hopper dredges discontinue disposing of

the ships trash and garbage at the Raisin River dumping

grounds.

          2.  Suitable treatment units be installed aboard

ship to adequately dispose of all sanitary wastes including

trash, garbage, and human excreta.

          3.  Closer control be exercised to minimize the

loss of dredge material from the hoppers while proceeding

to the dumping grounds.

          4.  A vigorous attempt be made by the Corps of

Engineers to reduce the amount of dredging with action

-------
                  George L. Harlow



 leading  to reduction of discharge of settleable material




 by  increasing  the charges  to polluters for removing  the




 material commensurate with the damages to water uses




 incurred.   (It is believed that  it was not the intent




 of  Congress  that such dredging operations should provide




 a method of  disposal of solid material deposited by  indi-



 viduals  or corporations in navigable streams.)  It is



 desirable not  only that dredged  channels be maintained



 but that every means possible be taken to keep the cost



 of  such  maintenance to a minimum.




             The District  Engineer has agreed to take



 steps to see that the recommendations are put into ef-




 fect.  He reiterated that  the Corps of Engineers does



 charge the polluters for removing the material commen-



 surate with  the damages to water uses incurred and that



 the Corps of Engineers does not have any statutory au-




 thority  to prevent the original  discharge of the material



 to  the navigable waterway.  He also stressed the respon-




 sibility of  the Corps of Engineers in enforcing Federal




 legislation relative to discharge of waste materials



 from vessels into navigable waters.



             To emphasize  what is necessary to abate




water pollution at Sterling State Park, the recommenda-




tions already  given for waste sources of  the Consolidated

-------
                                                     750




                  George L. Harlow



Paper Company, the Monroe Paper Products Company, the Union




Bag-Camp Paper Company, the Ford Motor Company, and the



Monroe Sewage Treatment Plant on the Raisin River must be



adhered to, but in addition, in the area north of Sterling



State Park between Sandy Creek and Stony Creek, it is



recommended that measures be taken to eliminate direct



and indirect discharge of sanitary sewage to Lake Erie.



It is also recommended that discharge of sanitary wastes



to the storm pumping stations be eliminated.



             Septic tanks tend to function poorly due to



the nature of the soil and the high water table.  It is



recommended that shorefront communities having septic



tanks and direct discharge installations be sewered and



the wastes transported to a sewage treatment plant pro-



viding adequate treatment and chlorination.



             Finally, it is recommended that the practice



of allowing discharge of raw and septic tank effluent



from the suburban area outside Monroe to surface drains



be discontinued.  This material is discharged into the



Raisin River during heavy rainfall.  It is further recom-



mended that the area be sewered with sanitary wastes



transported to a sewage treatment plant providing ade-




quate treatment and chlorination.




             This completes  the presentation of  the

-------
                                                      751




                  George L. Harlow




Detroit River - Lake Erie Project of the Public Health



Service.




             MR. POSTON:  On Page 3, would you care to



elaborate on that?




             MR. STEIN:  When the report was given, pos-




sibly  the greatest degree of controversy, in view of the



repercussions, at least in my view, occurred in the next



to  the last paragraph on Page 3.




             Do you want to read that?



             MR. HARLOW:  I will read this.




             MR. STEIN:  I would suggest that you read it,



so  that we know what the issue is.



             MR. HARLOW:  I will be reading on Page 3.



             MR. STEIN:  This is part of the general con-




clusions dealing with the whole area; is that correct?



             MR. HARLOW:  Yes.



             MR. STEIN:  All right, go ahead.




             MR. HARLOW:  The general conclusions did




contain recommendations, and I will read it.



             All municipal sewage treatment plants in the




area currently practice primary treatment followed by




chlorination.  In order to protect water uses, municipal



treatment facilities are to be provided capable of pro-




ducing an effluent not  to exceed:

-------
                                                        752




                  George L. Harlow




             1.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1



             2.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1




             3.  Ammonia concentration of 2 mg/1



             4.  Phenol concentration of 20 micrograms per



             liter.



             5.  Oil concentration of 15 mg/1



             6.  Biochemical oxygen demand of 20 mg/1



             7.  Bacterial densities, monthly geometric




             mean, of 5000/100 ml.  It is recommended that



             all municipalities provide a minimum of second*



             ary treatment plus adequate chlorination to



             maintain these standards.



             Recommendations for abating pollution inter-



 fering with water use — I don't need to repeat that state-



 ment.  It was said before.



             MR. STEIN:  As I understand it, you have



 made specific recommendations as to the municipalities and



 for each industry?




             MR. HARLOW:  Yes.




             MR. STEIN:  What you have just read relates



 to all municipalities?




             MR. HARLOW:  That's right.




             MR. STEIN:  What do you mean when you say




"Plus adequate chlorination"?  Do you mean chlorination

-------
                                                        753
                  George L. Harlow
all year round by that, or not?
             MR. HARLOW:  For the Detroit Sewage Treatment
Plant, I am recommending chlorination all year round.
             For the other municipal waste treatment plants,
the recommendation is for disinfection of the effluent,
and I include the months of April through November.
             MR. STEIN:  As far as I am concerned, this
clarifies what you said.
             Do you have any questions, or do you want to
hold them for a while?
             MR. OEMING:  Mr. Chairman, I have a series of
questions that I would like to ask either Mr. Vaughan or
Mr. Harlow to clarify many points in the report that are
not clear to me, and for the guidance of the State here
in the future.
             I would ask that we be permitted to defer
these questions until perhaps the morning session.
             I have, however, one comment to make here.
I noticed, in following the verbal presentations by Mr.
Vaughan and Mr. Harlow, that there have been some depart-
ures from the text of the report.  Some of them are minor.
Some of them are apparently additions to the report that
they wished to include.
              I would ask you to  rule as  to whether  the

-------
                  George L. Harlow




written report controls, or, putting it another way, if



there are changes in this report, that they be made clear




as t© where those changes are?



             MR. STEIN:  I think the verbal presentation




controls.  We take the man's last report and what he




thinks is relevant, and accept it.



             I have no objection to including in the re-



cord those paragraphs that they have omitted where there



is no change, but where they have made a change, I think



the verbal presentation should control.



             As part of the development of the data in



the case, the Conferees should point these out and go



over them very, very carefully, so that there would be



no ambiguity on any points as to what these may mean.



             MR. OEMING:  One more point.  Where there



are additions made to the report, does this also apply



that the additions will be made?




             MR. STEIN:  Yes.  The additions do control



as far as their report is concerned.  Anything that they



have added controls.




             For myself, and this is why I raised the ques-



tions that I did, I think I understood what they said.




However, I do think that if there is any ambiguity in




anyone's mind among the Conferees of what Mr. Vaughan and

-------
                                                       755
                  George L. Harlow




Mr. Harlow said, these points should be clarified with




questions.




             MR. OEMING:  As to the clarifying questions,




Mr. Chairman, do I understand that this meets with your



approval, that we take those up the first thing in the
morning?
             MR0 STEIN:  I will be delighted to do that.
             (The Report on Pollution of the Detroit



River, Michigan Waters of Lake Erie, and their Tribu-




taries, Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations, as




originally submitted, is as follows.)

-------
                                                      756
                  George L. Harlow

             Report on Pollution of the Detroit
             River, Michigan Waters of Lake Erie,
             and their Tributaries

          SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

                      CONCLUSIONS

             Every day more than 1.6 billion gallons
of waste water flow into the Detroit River — 1.1
billion gallons from industry and 540 million gallons
from municipal sewage.  Hugh quantities of waste products
contained in this discharge change the Detroit River
from a basically clean body of water at its head to
a polluted one in its lower reaches.  These waters are
polluted bacteriologically, chemically, physically,
and biologically, and contain excessive coliform densi-
ties as well as excessive quantities of phenols, iron,
oil, ammonia, suspended solids, settleable solids,
chlorides, nitrogen compounds, and phosphates.  Pollu-
tion of the Detroit River will become progressively
worse unless effective action is taken immediately.
             The City of Detroit's main sewage treatment

-------
                                                       757
                  George L. Harlow
plant, serving more than 90 percent of the people in the
Project area, contributes 95 percent of the municipal
waste to the Detroit River and is also the major source
of suspended solids, phenols, oil, inorganic nitrogen,
phosphates, and biochemical oxygen demand in the river.
Overflow from combined sewers in Detroit and its suburbs,
carrying both stormwater and raw sewage, contributes
greatly to the degradation of the river.
             In the upper Detroit River, the Great Lakes
Steel Co. and the Allied Chemical Corp. are the major
sources of industrial wastes.  The Ford Motor Co. is the
principal contributor of inorganic wastes to the Rouge
River, and the Scott Paper Co. is the principal contri-
butor of organic wastes.  Downriver industries contribut-
ing significant quantities of wastes are the Great Lakes
Steel Corp., the McLouth Steel Corporation, Pennsalt
Chemical Corporation, and Wyandotte Chemical Corporation.
On the Raisin River the leading polluters are the two
Consolidated Paper Company mills, Monroe Paper Products
Company, and the Union Bag-Camp Paper Company.
             Other significant sources of pollution in
the study area are overflows from combined sewers, muni-
cipal and industrial waste spills, and wastes from shore-
front homes.

-------
                                                     758



                  George L. Harlow



             Pollution of the Detroit River causes inter-




ference with municipal water supply, recreation, fish and



wildlife propagation, and navigation.  Two municipal water



intakes, particularly that of Wyandotte, are endangered



by the high bacterial counts of the river, and the rising



chloride levels indicate potential future problems for



industrial water usage.  In addition, high concentrations



of phenols and ammonia at the Wyandotte water intake have



interfered with municipal water treatment by causing taste



and odor problems and reducing the effectiveness of



chlorination.  Excessive quantities of chlorine are needed



to reduce bacteria to a safe level.



             All forms of water contact sports in the lower



Detroit River are hazardous.  Declining levels of dissolved



oxygen in the lower Detroit River as it enters Lake Erie



are approaching the danger point, indicating trouble in



the future unless appropriate remedial action is taken.



Together with bottom sludge deposits, oils, and toxic



materials, they threaten fish, migratory birds, and  other



wildlife.  In order to maintain navigation, extensive



annual dredging is required at the  Junction of the Detroit



and Rouge Rivers and at the mouths  of the Detroit and Raisin



Rivers to remove deposits  of suspended solids in  large part




originating  in municipal and industrial waste discharges.

-------
                                                       759



                  George L. Harlow




             About 6 million pounds of waste products are




discharged every day from U.S. industries and municipalities




to the Detroit River.  20 million pounds of measured waste




constituents are discharged every day from U.S. water of




the Detroit River to Michigan waters of Lake Erie.  The




Raisin River, grossly polluted at its mouth, also pollutes




the Michigan waters of Lake Erie.




             The Michigan waters of Lake Erie have two major




zones of pollution -- one in the vicinity of the mouth of




the Detroit River, and one near the mouth of the Raisin




River.




             Bacteriological densities in the Lake from the




mouth of the Detroit River to a point 2 or 3 miles south




make the water unfit for recreational use; following heavy




rainfall in the Detroit area, this zone is extended south-




ward to Stony Point.  The periodic contamination of Sterling




State Park beaches, which are posted as unsafe  for swimming,




is caused by wastes from the Raisin River and septic tank




discharge.




             Concentrations of chlorides, metals toxic to




fish life in minute concentrations, and suspended solids  in




the lake portend  future problems in various water uses.




Composition of bottom organisms in the Detroit  River changes




from a pollution-sensitive population  typically found  in



clean waters to a predominantly pollution-tolarant  popula-

-------
                                                       760




                  George L.  Harlow




tion in the lower River.



             Pollution-stimulated algal growths have




forced Monroe to move its water intake point to avoid




unpleasant tastes and odors  in the water, and algal




blooms near the new intake again threaten to degrade




Monroe's drinking water.  Discharges of nutrients and




organic wastes into the Michigan part of Lake Erie have




speeded the enrichment of that portion of the Lake.




             Water at Sterling State Park is erratically




polluted, and this area occasionally had coliform counts




exceeding 100,000 organisms  per 100 ml, and the recommen-




dations in this report are based on that standard.  The




Raisin River was discovered  to be the primary cause of




this pollution; when Lake currents are northerly (40 to



45% of the time), polluted Raisin River water is carried




directly to the beaches.  When currents are southerly,




polluted drainage from septic tanks reaches the Park.  To




improve water quality at Sterling State Park, these sources




of pollution must be controlled.




             Adverse effects of stormwater overflow on




water quality were seen in all the waters studied by the




Project.  During and after heavy rainfall, sewage plants




must bypass untreated wastes directly to the rivers, and




this can occur on 33 to 45 days a year.  The overflows

-------
                                                     761




                  George L. Harlow




averaged 8.2 hours and have lasted as long as 24 hours,



and the detrimental effects from a single storm have



lasted as long as 5 days.  Bacteria in storm overflows



ofen approached the densities found in raw sewage, with



counts as high as high as  100 million per 100 ml.  Ptorm-



caused overlows alone are  responsible for the discharge



of 5 billion gallons of raw sewage to the Detroit River



yearly.




             While there is some evidence that water



quality is improving, because of increased water uses



damages are increasing, and unless remedial action is



taken immediately the usefulness of the water resources



of the Detroit area may be destroyed completely by pol-



lution.



             All municipal sewage treatment plants in the




area currently practice primary treatment followed by



chlorination.  In order to protect water uses, municipal



treatment facilities are to be provided capable of pro-



ducing an effluent not to  exceed:



     1.  Suspended solids  concentration of 35 mg/1



     2.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1



     3.  Ammonia concentration of 2 mg/1




     4.  Phenol concentration of 20 micrograms per liter




     5.  Oil concentration of 15 mg/1

-------
                                                     762




                  George L.  Barlow




     6.   Biochemical oxygen  demand of 20 mg/1



     7.   Bacterial densities,  monthly geometric mean, of



5000/100 ml.   It is recommended that all municipalities



provide  a minimum of secondary treatment plus adequate



chlorination to maintain the'se standards.



             Recommendations for abating pollution inter-



fering with water use in the Detroit River and Michigan



Lake Erie are made in two categories:  general recommenda-



tions relating to the Project area, and specific improve-



ments required at each waste source contributing to the



polluted condition of the waters.  In addition to these



recommendations designed to abate existing pollution, the



report points out many areas where additional improvement



in water quality will aid in the prevention of future



problems.






                      INTRODUCTION








             A water pollution investigation of the Detroit



River and the Michigan waters of Lake Erie has been made



by the personnel of the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project




of the Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health,



Education, and Welfare, under the authority of Section 8



of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended

-------
                                                       763
                  George L.  Harlow
(33 U.S.C. 466 et seq) and at the request of the con-
ferees of the Federal-State conference on water pollu-
tion held in Detroit, Michigan, on March 27 and 28, 1962.
             The investigation was conducted to fill the
gaps in existing technical information on water quality,
sources and quantities of wastes, and the extent of pol-
lution in the United States waters of the Detroit River
and the Michigan waters of Lake Erie.  The investigation
was conducted in cooperation with the State regulatory
agencies.  The valuable assistance and special participa-
tion of personnel of the Michigan Department of Health is
recognized.  Assistance was also rendered by the Corps of
Engineers, U.S. Geological Survey, and the International
Joint Commission.
             Intensive surveys were made of 6 municipal
and 42 industrial waste sources to ascertain their indi-
vidual contributions to the waste loadings in the waters
under study.  These  surveys were Joint efforts of the
Project and  the appropriate State regulatory agency.  In
the area  of  industrial waste surveys, Michigan Water
Resources Commission personnel collected the samples and,
after analysis by the Project, the Commission evaluated
the findings and made recommendations where appropriate.   In
some cases the Project personnel made additional recommenda-
tions.

-------
                                                      764





                  George L. Harlow



             A cooperative study was undertaken with the



Michigan Department of Health and the Michigan Water



Resources Commission to determine and compare the character-



istics of overflows from combined sewers with those from




separate storm sewers.



             Generally, laboratory procedures were per-




formed in accordance with "Standard Methods for the



Examination of Water and Wastewater, Eleventh Edition."



Any deviations were based on proven research described in



the literature.



             The main body of this report contains a



narrative description of all major activities of the



Project, accompanied by appropriate maps, graphs, and



tables.  All tables and figures are contained in the seven



sections which constitute the main body of the report.








             SUMMARY OF FINDINGS - DETROIT RIVER



                          Water Uses



             The Detroit River is actually a strait con-



necting the waters of Lake St. Glair to those of Lake




Erie.  Its average discharge, based on United States Lake



Survey records through April 1964, is 182,000 cubic feet




per second.  During the study period the discharge averaged




170,000 cubic feet per second.

-------
                                                        765




                  George L. Harlow



             The water uses of the Detroit River are as




follows:



             1.  Shipping and navigation.  Tonnage shipped



through the Detroit during the recent eight-month season



exceeded the entire combined tonnage shipped through the




Suez and Panama Canals during an entire year.  To maintain



navigation, dredging operations are carried on in the



Detroit River and Lake Erie by the U.S. Corps of Engineers.



             2.  Major staging area for migrations of




waterfowl.  Estimated winter populations since 1950 ranged



from a minimum of 5,000 in 1961-1962 to 100,000 in 1963-64.




             3.  Recreation.  There are at least 18




recreational areas and 63 marine facilities in the study



area.



             4.  Water supply.  Heavy use is made of the



Detroit River for municipal and industrial water supply.



The major municipal user is the City of Detroit, serving



the water supply needs of over three million people both




in Detroit and adjacent communities.  Three municipal



water supply intakes serving the Detroit area are located




in the U.S. section of the Detroit River.



             5.  Sport Fishing.  The fish of the Detroit




River and adjacent waters of Michigan Lake Erie are a




valuable natural resource providing recreation for many



anglers in the metropolitan area.  Sales of bait, tackle,

-------
                                                       766
                  George L. Harlow
and fishing gear as well as sales and rentals of boats and
motors to sportsmen constitute a business activity of
considerable economic importance to the area.

             Description of Water Quality and Interference
with Water Uses

             Several prior investigations concerning water
quality in the Detroit River have been made by government
agencies and private consulting engineering firms during
the last 50 years.  Reports of these investigations show
the progressive deterioration of the Detroit River water
quality from headwaters to mouth due to municipal and
industrial waste discharges.  Comparison of waste loadings
discharged to the Detroit River during the 1948 IJC
survey and the 1963 Public Health Service survey reveals
over  50 percent reduction in phenols, cyanide, oil, and
suspended solids from industrial sources during the 15-
year  period.
             The water quality of the Detroit River from
its head to its junction with the old channel of the
Rouge River (approximately 10 miles downstream) is satis-
factory during dry weather conditions.  During overflows
from  combined sewers, the only part of the Detroit River
free  from pollution is  the stretch above Conners

-------
                                                      76?




                  George L. Harlow



Creek and midstream down to the Rouge River.




             From their points of discharge all types of



wastes had a tendency to hug the United States or Canadian




shores and then slowly extend outward into the main body




of the river.  Thus the pollution is not as great in the



middle of the River.




             Bacterial Density.  High total coliform



densities, especially when accompanied by high fecal coli-



form densities, Indicate the presence of animal (including



human) wastes which may contain pathogenic organisms



capable  of causing enteric diseases  in humans.  The pre-



sence of these organisms above acceptable levels is a



threat to the health and welfare of  those who use this



water for domestic water supply and  recreational purposes.



A widely used standard  for swimming  is 1,000 organisms




per  100  ml.




             Bacterial  densities differed greatly between



dry  and  wet weather conditions.  During dry conditions



the  geometric mean coliform  density  In the upper Detroit




River was under 500 organisms  per  100 ml., with average




values at the headwaters under 100 organisms per  100 ml.



Below Zug Island  and the Rouge  River the  geometric  mean




coliform densities increased to values exceeding  5,000




organisms per  100 ml.   During wet  conditions  no change

-------
                                                       768
                  George L. Harlow
was noted at the head of the Detroit River, but below
Conners Creek geometric means rose to approximately
7,000 per 100 ml. in the upper River and to over 80,000
in the lower Detroit River.  During wet and dry weather
almost all of the lower Detroit River has geometric mean
values in excess of 2,400 organisms per 100 ml., and most
of the lower Detroit River exceeds 5,000 organisms per
100 ml. during wet conditions.
             Fecal coliform ration to or percentage of
total coliforms provides additional information on water
quality.  The range noted during the study was 30 to
90 percent of the total coliform densities, with higher
values observed in the lower Detroit River during wet
conditions.  Fecal streptococci were generally less than
either total or fecal coliforms.
             Geometric mean densities depict only average
conditions and tend to mask extremely high values.  These
high values can indicate significant effects on many water
uses, especially those affecting human health and welfare.
Maximum values during the  survey ranged from 4,900 organisms
per 100 ml. at the headwaters  to 770,000 organisms per 100
ml. in the lower River.
             At the head of the Detroit River average  total
coliform densities were approximately the  same during  wet
and dry conditions throughout  the  range.   At all  locations

-------
                                                       769



                  George L. Harlow



from Just below Belle Isle to the mouth of the Detroit



River average coliform densities near the United States



shore during wet conditions were 5 to 10 times higher than



corresponding values during dry weather.  Study of the



results of sampling in the Detroit River by personnel



of the City of Detroit during the past four years indi-



cates a pronounced downward trend (as evidenced by median



values) in coliform densities in American waters near the
                       »


shore, especially during the years 1962 and 1963.



             Effluents from the main Detroit Sewage Treat-



ment Plant, Wyandotte Sewage Treatment Plant, and overflows



from combined sewers are significant sources of coliforms,



fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci to the Detroit



River.



             Four years of operating records of several



area water and sewage treatment plants were evaluated.



These records indicate a substantial reduction in monthly



geometric mean coliform densities during 1962 and 1963



compared with the preceding two years, especially in the



Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant effluent.  A corresponding



reduction in coliform density at the Wyandotte Water



Treatment Plant was observed in these two years.  Little



change was noted in suspended solids in sewage effluent



or influent in area plants during the period.

-------
                                                      770




                  George L. Harlow



             Monthly geometric mean values in several




Detroit River sewage treatment plant effluents indicate



substantial reduction during the past few years.  During



certain months with geometric mean values under 20,000



organisms per 100 ml., densities of daily samples varied



widely, with daily averages frequently over 100,000 per



100 ml.  Such erratic control of coliform organisms is



not considered unusual when chlorinat;Lon is practiced



following primary sewage treatment.



             Pollution from partially treated municipal



wastes and overflows from combined sewers endangers the



users of the domestic water supplies from the Wyandotte



intake and, at times, users of the domestic water supplies



from the Southwest intake of the City of Detroit in the



event of a breakdown in the water treatment facilities.



Pollution from these sources also interferes with recrea-



tional uses at all times in the lower Detroit River.



Pollution originating from the Detroit and Wyandotte



Sewage Treatment plants and combined sewers along the entire



shoreline of the River must be abated to improve water



quality and increase the uses of the Detroit River.



             BOD and DO.  Insufficient dissolved oxygen



in water can kill fish and other aquatic life or prevent




their propagation.  Low levels of dissolved oxygen  can

-------
                                                      771



                  George L. Harlow



cause objectionable odors and thus interfere with recrea-



tion and aesthetic enjoyment.




             Dissolved oxygen in the upper River is stable




at 93 - 106 percent of saturation, but gradually diminishes




to an average saturation of 67 percent at the mouth in




that section of the River most affected by the Trenton



Channel.  The minimum observed value during the survey was



5.1 mg/1 at the mouth.



             The major sources of biochemical oxygen demand



(BOD) are the effluents of the main Detroit Sewage Treat-



ment Plant and the Scott Paper Company on the Rouge River.




             While the present oxygen level in the lower



Detroit River does not cause major interference with water



uses, the drop from 100 percent saturation in the upper



River to 67 percent in the lower is a warning of dire




consequences in the future unless appropriate action is



taken and represents a threat to water uses in the Detroit




River and Michigan Lake Erie.




             Suspended and Settleable Solids.    Excessive




amounts of suspended solids in water can cause interference




with domestic and industrial water treatment processes,




harmful effects to fish and other aquatic life by clogging




the gills and respiratory passages ol aquatic fauna, tur-




bidity which interferes with light transmission, and can

-------
                                                      772
                  George L. Harlow
interfere with boating and aesthetic enjoyment of the
water.  When a part of the suspended solids settles out
on stream and lake bottoms as sludge or bottom deposits,
damage to aquatic life can occur since these deposits
blanket the bottom, killing eggs and essential fishfood
organisms and destroying spawning beds.  When the sus-
pended solids carry with them toxic material, aquatic
life can be killed when the toxic materials leech out
into the water above.
             A substantial increase in suspended solids
occurred in the Detroit River from its head to mouth with
a range of 5 - 20 mg/1 in the upper and 14 -65 mg/1 in
the lower river.  Setteable solids showed a similar increase
from a range of 5 - 10 mg/1 to 10 - 24 mg/1.
             The largest contributor of suspended and
settleable solids is the Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant.
The Wyandotte Chemical Company is also a significant con-
tributor of suspended and settleable solids.
             Sludge banks are present and are particularly
extensive near the mouth of the River as it empties into
Lake Erie.  These deposits of sludge are primarily due to
suspended and settleable solids in municipal and industrial
wastes discharging into the Rouge and Detroit Rivers.  The
bottom deposits caused by pollution create unfavorable

-------
                                                       773




                  George L. Harlow




environmental conditions for the propagation of game fish.



Sludge deposits along the shoreline and in marinas inter-




fere with recreational use and the aesthetic enjoyment of




water.  Pollution in the form of these deposits interferes



with navigation, requiring annual dredging operation to



maintain channels, marinas, and harbor facilities.



             Oil and Grease.   Oil and grease were repeatedly



observed in the Detroit River.




             The major sources of oil are the main Detroit



Sewage Treatment Plant effluent and several industrial




sources.



             Although good oil pollution control has been



effected by the State regulatory agencies during wildfowl




over-wintering periods, the continued presence of excessive



quantities of this pollutant in waste effluent poses a



constant threat to fish and wildlife, as well as inter-



fering with recreational use of the water.  Oil spills



were observed during the study period by the Project.




             Phenols.  High levels of phenols in waters



cause disagreeable taste and odors in drinking water,



tainting of flesh in game fish, and may even result in



fish kills when concentrations are excessive.  Phenols




are present in Detroit raw water supplies in sufficient




concentration to cause disagreeable tastes and odors, and

-------
                                                        774




             George L. Harlow



expensive water treatment procedures are required to



eliminate the problem.  Average phenol concentrations



should not exceed 10 micrograms per liter in the lower



River, and 6-9 micrograms per liter at the mouth.



Average phenol concentrations at all ranges in the Detroit



River exceeded recommended levels during the survey.



Records of the International Joint Commission indicate



high concentrations in the St. Clair River below known



sources of phenolic wastes in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada.



             The major sources of phenols are the main



Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant effluent, which treats the



wastes of numerous industries, and other industrial sources.



             Excessive phenol concentrations in the waters



and bottom muds of the Detroit River pose a threat to



fish and other aquatic life and have interfered with



domestic water treatment at the Wyandotte plant.




             Chlorides.    Chloride concentrations above



certain levels can interfere with domestic and industrial



water supplies by causing objectionable tastes in drinking



water and corrosion in industrial processes.




             Chlorides in the Detroit River increased from



uniform concentrations of 7 - 10 mg/1 at the head to



average values ranging from 9-69 mg/1 at the mouth.   High




values were observed in the Trenton Channel and at the

-------
                                                       775



                  George L. Harlow



mouth near the United States shore.




             The principal contributors of chlorides to



the Detroit River are the Allied Chemical Corporation,




Pennsalt Chemical Company, and the Wyandotte Chemical



Company.




             Increases in chloride concentrations indicate



a change in the mineral content of the Detroit River from



head to mouth.  Although these concentrations are not yet



significant enough to cause major interference with water



use, the doubling of chloride loadings in a 30-mile stretch



of the river is of concern.  Future action may be neces-



sary to prevent an undesirable situation.



             Iron.  Excessive concentrations of iron in



water may cause interference with domestic and industrial



water supplies.  Iron is toxic to certain species of fish



and other aquatic life in relatively low concentrations.




Iron concentrations should not exceed 0.3 mg/1 (ppm) in




the receiving stream to prevent interference with municipal




and industrial water supply and to protect fish and wildlife



             Average iron concentrations in the Upper




Detroit River meet recommended levels, but downstream the




concentrations increase to average values of 0.52 mg/1.



The iron concentration at the mouth ranges from 0.47 - 0.63




mg/1.

-------
                                                       776
                  George L. Harlow
             Although the Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant
is a significant contributor of iron to the Detroit River,
the largest sources of iron are the Great Lakes Steel
Company and the Ford Motor Company.
             Iron concentrations in the waters and bottom
muds of the Detroit River pose threats to fish and other
aquatic life and represent a potential interference with
industrial water supply.
             Nitrogen.   Nitrogen compounds coupled with
phosphorus can act as essential nutrients causing the
growth of algae in bodies of water where other environmental
factors are satisfactory.   In small quantities these algae
are desirable as a major source of food for fish.  When
algal growth exceeds certain limits, nuisances result from
the blooms.  They are unsightly, can result in obnoxious
odors, and some species can be toxic to fish.  The level
of inorganic nitrogen compounds (nitrates, nitrites, and
ammonia) above which undesirable blooms can be expected
to occur is 0.30 mg/1.
             Nitrogen compounds show a significant increase
from the head to the mouth of the River.  Inorganic nitrogen
(nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia) increased from approxi-
mately 0.2 mg/1 at the head to over 0.4 mg/1 at the mouth
of the River.  Ammonia increased dramatically below the

-------
                                                       777




                  George L. Harlow



Rouge River and Zug Island from a range of 0.08 - 0.14




mg/1 to 0.16 - 0.41 mg/1.  High ammonia levels at the



Wyandotte water treatment plant, causing a variable



chlorine demand, have necessitated greated chlorine



dosages to assure a safe supply at all times.  The presence



of this material not only results in additional expense



but also represents an interference with the effectiveness




of chlorine in disinfecting water supplies, and thus is a




potential hazard to the health and welfare of the users.



High ammonia levels can be expected to cause similar prob-



lems at the new southwest intake operated by the City of




Detroit.



             The main source of nitrogen to the Detroit



River is the effluent of the main Detroit Sewage Treatment



Plant.



             Essential nutrients for plant growth, including



inorganic nitrogen compounds and phosphates, increase sig-



nificantly from the headwaters to the mouth of the Detroit



River.  Excessive concentrations of these constituents



cause interference with almost all  legitimate water uses.




             Phosphates.   Soluble phosphates in relatively




small concentrations are readily available as an essential



plant nutrient.  The insoluble portion of the total phos-




phate concentration can be converted to the soluble form

-------
                                                       778




                  George L. Harlow




and thus become available for such plant utilization.




Soluble phosphates present in greater concentrations than




0.015 mg/1, reported as phosphorus, in combination with




inorganic nitrogen compounds in excess of 0.30 mg/1 with




the highest value located near the United States shore




just downstream from the combined sewer outfall at Conners




Creek.  These values increased to a range of 0.176 to




0.204 mg/1 at the mouth.



             The main source of phosphates to the Detroit




River is the main Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant effluent.




             Biology,.  The waters of the Detroit River



from head to mouth were found to contain low numbers of




planktonic algae, with counts averaging 500 per ml.  Low




densities of animal plankton were also found.  Plankton




entering the river with water masses from Lake St. Clair




were carried as a "standing crop" downriver to Lake Erie




with little change in density or species composition either




vertically or horizontally across the river.  The rate of




travel is too rapid for the domestic and industrial wastes




to appreciably alter the number of plankton.




             The bacterial slim Sphaerotilus was found,




attached to bridge abutments, pilings, piers, buoys, etc.,




in abundant quantities in the Detroit River below the




Rouge River and Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant outfall.

-------
                                                       779



                  George L. Harlow




             Composition of bottom organisms in the Detroit




River changed from a pollution-sensitive population




typically found in clean waters to a predominantly pol-




lution-tolerant population in the lower areas of the




River below Zug Island and the Rouge River.  This change




was especially pronounced along the United States shore.




In the reach of the Detroit River from Zug Island to




the mouth, habitats suitable for the support of a variety




of bottom organisms have been destroyed by the deposition




of organic solids and oils, especially in areas nearest




the Michigan shore.




             Clinging and burrowing mayfly nymphs, both




pollution-sensitive organisms associated with clean bottom




conditions, in themselves valuable as fish food, were




found in the upper ranges of the Detroit River but were




completely absent from the River below the Rouge River and




Detroit Sewage Treatment Plant and in the entire Michigan




waters of Lake Erie.  Habitats in the lower Detroit River




formerly suitable for the support of this once-abundant




organism have been totally destroyed by pollution.








             Sources and Characteristics of Wastes




             A total municipal waste volume of 540 million




gallons is discharged daily into the Detroit River, con-

-------
                                                      780
                  George L.  Harlow
tatning the following loadings of constituents:
             1.   Wastes equivalent in oxygen-consuming
capacity to raw sewage from a population of over 3,000,000.
             2.   Innumerable coliform bacteria.
             3.   Over 25,000 pounoc, of iron.
             4.   Over 600,000 pounds of suspended solids
and almost 300,000 pounds of settleable solids.
             5.   Over 16,000 gallons of oil.
             6.   Over 1,200 pounds of phenolic substances.
             7.   Over 34,000 pounds of ammonia.
             8.   Over 150,000 pounds of total phosphates,
including 70,000 pounds of soluble phosphates.
             9.   Over 500,000 pounds of chlorides.
             A total industrial waste volume of  1.1 billion
gallons is discharged daily into the Detroit River, con-
taining the following loadings of constituents:
             1.   Wastes having an oxygen-consuming capacity
equal to raw sewage from a population of over 1,000,000.
             2.   Over 3,000 gallons of oil.
             3.   Over 800,000 pounds of suspended solids,
of which almost 700,000 are settleable.
             4.   Over 1,400 pounds of phenols.
             5.   Over 8,000 pounds of ammonia.
             6.   Over 80,000 pounds in iron.
             7.   Over 2 million pounds of chlorides.

-------
                                                       78i
                  George L. Harlow
             8.  Over 200,000 pounds of acid.

             Stormwater Overflow Studies
             Studies were performed Jointly with the
Michigan Department of Health and the Michigan Water
Resources Commission to compare the characteristics of
discharges from the combined sewers serving the City of
Detroit  (Conners Creek system) and the separate storm and
sanitary sewers serving Ann Arbor, Michigan.
             The following is a summary of waste constitu-
ents found in the stormwater overflows from combined sewers :
             1.  Total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal
streptococcus densities many times approached values found
in raw sewage.  Coliform counts of over 100,000,000 organ-
isms per 100 ml were found during summer months.  Lower
results were found in the winter.
             2.  Total coliform densities in the separate
stormwater system at Ann Arbor regularly exceeded 1,000,000
organisms per 100 ml.  Average total coliform densities
from the Detroit combined system were approximately 10
times higher than those in the Ann Arbor separate system.
Fecal coliform densities were found to be approximately
30 times greater than similar values in the separate system,
while comparable fecal streptococcus levels were at least

-------
                                                      782




                  George L.  Harlow




twice as high.



             3.  Phenol, BOD, phosphate, ammonia, and



organic nitrogen concentrations were two to five times



higher in the combined overflow than in the separate storm




discharge.



             4.  In the Detroit area, rainfall sufficient




to cause overflows from all combined sewers (0.3 inch) can



be expected to occur approximately 33 days each year.



Rainfall sufficient to cause overflows from certain parts



of the system  (0.2 inch) can be expected to occur about 45




days each year.



             5.  Calendar years 1963 was the driest on



record for the City of Detroit according to rainfall records



of the U.S. Weather Bureau.  Even during this year, the



Conners Creek pumping station was observed to overflow 12



times during a 6-month period in 1963.  During the first



12 months of operation of the automatic sampler, the



Conners Creek installation overflowed and collected samples



23 separate times.  Both figures exclude the period of raw



sewage bypass from this station by the City of Detroit.



             6.  The volume of overflow at the Detroit



installation during the survey varied from 40 million



gallons to 509 million gallons.  The greatest volume was




observed during the overflow of longest duration.  This

-------
                                                      783




                  George L. Harlow




volume, which originated from only 25 percent of the City




of Detroit, is approximately the same as the daily dis-




charge of partially treated sewage from all sewage treat-



ment plants into the Detroit River.




             7.  Volume figures indicate a discharge into



the Detroit River of 4% billion gallons from the combined




sewers serving the Conners system during the first year of



operation of the sampling station.



             8.  It is estimated that 2 percent of the total



raw sewage contributed to the Detroit area sewers reaches



the Detroit River each year.  This is over 5 billion gallons



of raw sewage contributed to the Detroit River from this



source each year.  This figure should be considered conser-




vative since the Conners system is designed for more storage



capacity than many other combined sewers in the Detroit and




downriver collection systems.



             Total bacterial densities were found to increase



from the head waters to the mouth during a typical overflow.



The following is a summary of data on bacterial densities:



             1.  Coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal



streptococcus densities increased in the Detroit River,



following an overflow from combined sewers, 10 to 50



times over the values found during dry weather conditions.




             2.  Coliform  densities in  the Detroit  River

-------
                                                       784




                  George L. Harlow




following an overflow often exceeded 300,000 organisms




per 100 ml and at times exceeded 700,000 organisms per




100 ml.



             3.  All high bacteriological values in the




Detroit River during or following an overflow were found




below Conners Creek.  Bacteriological densities above this




point stayed fairly constant during wet and dry conditions.




Conners Creek represents the farthest upstream location on




the Detroit River of many combined sewer outfalls.



             4.  City of Detroit sampling records show




individual values exceeding 800,000 organisms per 100 ml




in the Detroit River on the day following significant




rainfall.




             5.  High bacteriological densities following



overflows were found at both the City of Wyandotte water




intake and the new intake of the City of Detroit near




Fighting Island.  The Wyandotte values exceeded 100,000




organisms per 100 ml and the Fighting Island values 10,000




organisms per 100 ml.




             6.  Rainfall,overflow, and stream quality




records show that during a 9-month period in 1963 (March-




November) overflows from combined sewers affected water




quality in the Detroit River during part or all of 88 days.




This represents 32 per cent of the days in the 9-month

-------
                                                        785




                  George L. Harlow



period.  This phenomenon occurred during the year of lowest




accumulated rainfall and implies an even greater effect on




Detroit River water quality during a year of normal rain-



fall.




             During heavy rains causing overflow, visual



observations were made of the Detroit River by Project



field personnel, who noted condoms, debris, and garbage




as well as excrement floating down the River.








                Special Studies








             Several special studies were conducted by the




Project to provide additional information on complex prob-



lems.  The following were investigated:



             1.  The effect of pollution originating from



unsewered homes or from inadequately functioning installa-




tions on Gross lie.



             2.  Growth and die-off of bacteria in the




Detroit River.



             3.  Bypass of 75 MGD of raw sewage for 10



consecutive days by the City of Detroit during November




1963.




             4.  Detroit's bypassing of treated effluent




through an alternate outfall to the Rouge River and its

-------
                                                         786
                  George L.  Harlow
adverse effect on water quality in the lower Detroit River.
             6.  Distribution of flow in the Detroit River
by dye tracer studies.
             7.  Tributaries of the Detroit River thought
to be of significance in the contribution of industrial or
domestic wastes and subsequent deterioration of the main
river.
             Detailed information on the results of these
studies can be found in Section V in the main body of the
report.

             Interferences with Water Uses


             Municipal ,Water Supply.  Two municipal water
intakes in the Detroit River, the Southwest City of
Do^oit intake and the Wyandotte intake, receive water with
bacterial counts frequently high enough to pose a health
hazard in the event that water treatment facilities should
malfunction.  Furthermore, ammonia levels at the Wyandotte
intake are high enough to lessen the effectiveness of normal
disinfection procedures, and phenols cause taste and odor
problems.
             Industrial Water Supply.  The water supply  of
several industries is interfered with by high  chloride  con-
centrations  in the Detroit  River, but the  Project

-------
                                                       787




                  George L. Harlow






staff was unable to obtain statements to this effect from



the industries concerned.




             Recreation.   Pollution has necessitated




that all beach areas on the Detroit River below Belle Isle



be posted as unsafe for swimming and other water-contact




sports.  Thus 26 out of the 31 miles of the Detroit River



have had their recreational usefulness greatly diminished.



At the same time, many people ignore the warnings of State



and local health authorities, and swim and water-ski in the



restricted area.  For these people, pollution in the River



presents an immediate health hazard.  Boaters and owners



of marinas along the lower River are constantly harassed by



oil slicks and sludge deposits, which deface boats and



boat equipment, fill in and foul docking facilities, and



create an aesthetic nuisance.



             Fish and Wildlife Propagation.  Creel census




records indicate a change in the predominant types of fish




in the Detroit River from a variety of desirable game fish




to a predominance of carp and yellow perch.  The destruc-




tion of 10.000-12,000 wildfowl four years ago has been



attributed to oil pollution.




             Navigation.  Sludge deposits at the Junction



of the Rouge and Detroit Rivers and at the mouth of the



Detroit River require extensive annual dredging by the

-------
                                                       788




                  George L. Harlow




U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to maintain routine navigation,








             SUMMARY OF FINDINGS - LAKE ERIE








             This study was limited to the Michigan waters




of Lake Erie, which constitute approximately 1 percent of




the surface area of this international body of water. Lake




Erie is the shallowest of all the Great Lakes, and the




greatest recorded depth in its Michigan waters is only 29




feet.  Most of the water flowing into Lake Erie is from the




Detroit River.








             Description of Water Quality








             The Michigan waters of Lake Erie have two




major zones of pollution -- one in the vicinity of the




mouth of the Detroit River, one near the mouth of the




Raisin River.  These waters are polluted bacteriologically,




chemically, physically, and biologically; they contain




excessive coliform densities, suspended solids, nitrates,




ammonia, organic nitrogen and phosphates, and sludge




deposits.




             Bacteria 1 Densi_ty.  Sewage commonly contains




many pathogenic organisms that can cause gastrointestinal

-------
                                                        789



                     George L. Harlow




diseases, eye, ear, nose and throact disorders, skin infec-




tions, and hepatitis when ingested.  These organisms may




include both bacteria and viruses.  They are usually




measured by counting the number of coliforms (bacteria




particularly associated with human or animal excreta).




             The maximum density of coliform bacteria




recommended in this report - 1,000 organisms per 100 ml.




- is exceeded for 2 to 3 miles south of the mouth of the




Detroit Paver and for approximately 1 mile out from the




mouth of the Raisin River.  Maximum coliform values showed




a similar pattern of dispersion, with individual values




exceeding 100,000 organisms per 100 ml. found near the




mouths of the Raisin and Detroit Rivers.  Fecal coliform




densities ranged from 5 to 30 percent of the total, and




geometric mean fecal streptococci were less than 80 per




100 ml. at all locations.




             Al~L bathing beaches along the Michigan shore




of Lake Erie had geometric mean coliform densities of less




than 1,000 organisms per 100 ml., except Maple Beach,




located in the influence of the Detroit River.  Geometric




mean coliform densities at Sterling State Park beaches




approached 1,000 organisms per 100 ml., but here relatively




low means mask exceptionally high individual values which




appeared under certain conditions of wind and weather,  sore




exceeding 100,000 organisms per 100 ml.  These maximums

-------
                                                      790
                  George L. Harlow

represent a hazard to health of water users.  Fecal coli-

form and fecal streptococcus densities along the Lake

Erie beaches were noticeably higher than in adjacent Lake

waters.
             Bacteriological densities in Lake Erie from

the mouth of the Detroit River to a point 2 to 3 miles to
the south are such that the water cannot safely be used
for recreational purposes.  Following heavy rainfall in
the Detroit area, the zone of polluted water extends south-
ward to Stony Point and outward from the Raisin River.
             Dissolved Oxygen.  Most of the Michigan waters
of Lake Erie display high levels of dissolved oxygen.  Two
areas of low values were found near the mouths of the
Detroit and Raisin River, with the more widespread effect
radiating southward from the mouth of the Detroit River.
In the immediate vicinity of the mouth of the Raisin River,

complete depletion of oxygen was found, but within one-half

mile into the Lake the levels recovered.  Values as low as
4.8 mg/1 and 58% saturation were found in the area south of

the mouth of the Detroit River.  Here the area of depressed
values extends southwest 4 -6 miles.

             While present oxygen levels in the Lake do
not yet cause major interferences with water use, the
drop to 4.8 mg/1 represents a threat to water uses in the
Lake.  Unless appropriate remedial action is taken now, the

-------
                                                      791



                  George L. Harlow



situation will almost certainly worsen.




             Phenols.  Average phenol concentration ranged



from 1 to 16 micrograms per liter with 5 out of 23 Lake



stations exceeding 2 microgram per liter.  Nine out of




17 beach stations had phenols averaging over 2 micrograms




per liter, but all were under 5 micrograms per liter, but




only 2 exceeded 4 micrograms per liter.




             Phenols can cause disagreeable tastes and



odors in drinking water, taint the flesh of fish, and, in



high concentrations, kill  fish and other aquatic life. There



is no evidence of damage to Lake Erie water use by phenols



at this time.



             Chlorides.    Average chloride concentrations



in the Michigan waters of  Lake Erie ranged from 18 to 44



mg/1, with the higher values along shore and near the mouth



of the Detroit River.  Chlorides can interfere with domes-



tic and industrial water use by causing objectionable tastes



and odors in drinking water and corrosion in industrial



equipment.  While present  levels do not interfere with water




use, the year-by-year increase at the Monroe water intake  is




noted as a warning of future problems.



             Suspended and Settleable  Solids.  Suspended




solids concentrations near Lake Erie bathing beaches  ranged




from 30 - 165 mg/1; Lake Erie itself had concentrations  of

-------
                                                       792



                  George L. Harlow




11 to 25 mg/1.  Suspended solids in Lake Erie were highest




near the souths of the Raisin and Detroit Rivers, and




have reached levels which interfere with water uses by




settling out on the Lake bottom.  These bottom deposits




interfere with navigation, kill fish eggs and fish-food




organisms, destroy spawning beds, and clog the gills and




respiratory passages of fish.



             Cyanides.  Cyanides were found at the mouth




of the Raisin River and once at Sterling State Park nearby




in concentrations exceeding PH3 drinking water standards




and recommended tnaximums for protection of fish.  Their




presence in the water, even in minute quantities, poses a




threat to fish and wildlife.




             Iron.   Average iron concentrations exceeding




0.30 mg/1 were found near the mouth of the Detroit and




Raisin Rivers.  Iron is toxic to certain species of fish




even in low concentrations; excessive quantities of iron




can also cause tastes in municipal water supplies and stains




in laundry, vegetables and plumbing fixtures.




             Nitrogen.  A pattern of high concentrations



of nitrogen compounds radiates outward from the Detroit




River.  High levels of nitrates ranging from 0.35 to 0.50




mg/1 were found in Brest Bay, and ammonic concentrations




exceeding 0.30 mg/1 extended down into the Lake approxi-

-------
                                                        793




             George L. Harlow




mately 10 miles from the mouth of the Detroit River.




Inorganic nitrogen exceeds 0.30 mg/1 in over 85 percent of




the Michigan waters of Lake Erie.




             Nitrogen in Lake Erie acts as a nutrient for




algae and undesirable slimes which, in turn, can result




in obnoxious odors; ammonia in particular interferes with




domestic water treatment.




             Phosphates.  Phosphates also nourish objec-




tionable algae and slimes, which add to general turbidity.




Areas of high total phosphate concentration (0.20 - 0.50




mg/1) extended from the Detroit River south to Stony Point.




Three areas of soluble phosphate exceed 0.10 mg/1 as




phosphate or 0.03 as phosphorus.  One extends 6-8 miles




south from the mouth of the Detroit River, one radiates




out 1-2 miles from the Raisin River, and the third extends




upward 3-4 miles from the Ohio State Line.




             Over 85 percent of the Michigan waters of




Lake Erie contain inorganic nitrogen and soluble phosphates




in excessive concentrations.  The result has been unde-




sirable algal blooms and serious interferences with water




use.  The City of Monroe has already been forced to move its




water supply intake in order to avoid objectionable tastes




and odors from algae.




             Biology.  Massive colonies of the filamentous

-------
                  George fc.  Harlow




slime bacteria Sphaerotilus, or "sewage fungus," and the




filamentous green alga Cladophora were found at most




stations in Lake Erie and along the bathing beaches near




Bolles Harbor and in Brest Bay.  These slimes, indicative




of pollution, have fouled the nets of fishermen, inter-




fered with boating, and washed up on beaches decaying and




smelling.



             Lake Erie also supports dense populations




of plant and animal plankters, sometimes as dense as




22,425/ml.  These microscopic, free-floating animals, in




large numbers, can create nuisances:  they clog filters




in water plants, produce unpleasant tastes and odors in




drinking water, and make the Lake water highly turbid.




             Study of the bottom animal associations




revealed polluted areas adjacent to the Raisin River and




Sterling State Park, and at the mouth of the Detroit River




extending in the shape of a fan out into the Lake.  Samples




from the River below sources of pollution and from the Lake




did not contain a single burrowing mayfly.  This elimination




of pollution-sensitive organisms such as these rob fish of




much food, and may threaten certain species of fish with



extinction.

-------
                                                      795



                  George L. Harlow








       Sources and Characteristics of Wastes








             Over 95 percent of the waste constituents



discharged from Michigan sources to Lake Erie originates




from the Detroit River.  The daily discharge from the




United States portion of the River into Lake Erie con-




tains the following loadings:



             1.  Over 10,000,000 pounds of chlorides,



             2.  Over 2,000 pounds of phenols.



             3.  Over 7,000,000 pounds of settleable solids.



             4.  Over 250,000 pounds of iron.



             5.  Over 200,000 pounds of phosphates.



             6.  Over 130,000 pounds of ammonia.



             7.  Over 300,000 pounds of total nitrogen.



             After the Detroit River, the major polluter of



Michigan Lake Erie is the Raisin River.  The chief munici-



pal waste discharge to the Raisin is from Monroe.  The



Monroe Sewage Treatment Plant provides primary treatment




and, during the summer, chlorination, and its operation




is excellent.  Efficiency in removal of suspended solids




(62%) and BOD (59%) is high for a primary treatment plant,




and bacterial control during chlorination is also good.




             Although Monroe has  separated  its  sewer system,

-------
                                                        796




                  George L. Harlow




a portion of the sanitary sewers still receives runoff




frorr roofs during and after rainfall.  This results in




hydraulic overloading at the plant, with a subsequent drop




in efficiency, especially in maintenance of a chlorine




residual in the effluent which will adequately reduce




coliform organisms.



             During the summer most bacterial loadings




discharged to the Raisin River and subsequently to Lake




Erie from the Monroe plant are significantly less than




those from industrial soures.  During non-chlorination




months, however, the municipal plant is a significant source




of coliform organisms to the Raisin River.  Nitrogen and




phosphorus compounds in the River originate in almost




equal proportions from industrial and municipal sources.




             Monroe  industries discharge, daily, to the



Raisin River:




             1.  Wastes equivalent in oxygen consuming




capacity to raw sewage from a population of 225,000.




             2.  Over 23,000 pounds of suspended solids,



including 7,800 pounds of settleable solids.




             3.  Over 1,000 gallons of oil.




             4.  Over 1,000 pounds of cyanides.




             5.  Over 1,000 pounds of phosphates.




             6.  16,000 pounds of chlorides.

-------
                                                      797




                  George Harlow




             7,  Coliform bacteria with maximum densities



more than 3 million per 100 ml.




             8.  Fecal coliforms with maximum densities



more than 100,000 per ml.




             9.  Fecal streptococci with maximum densities



more than 51,000 per 100 ml.




             The lower Raisin River is frequently com-



pletely devoid of dissolved oxygen, resulting in a con-



tinuous state of putrefaction during the summer months.



All uses of the lower Raisin River except waste disposal



and navigation have been eliminated by pollution and



deposits of settleable solids.  Navigation is also hampered,



and extensive annual dredging at the mouth is required to




remove deposited wastes and keep the channels open for




routine ship movement.  Bacterial counts in the lower




River make any recreational use of the water hazardous.



The detrimental effect of the Raisin River upon the Lake




is evident in the enrichment of the waters of the western




basin and the high coliform levels at bathing beaches




nearby (including Sterling State Park).



             In addition to the Raisin River, several other



tributaries to Lake Erie contribute wastes:  They are



the Huron River, Swan Creek, Stony Creek, Sandy Creek,




Plum Creek and LaPlaisance Creek, with the Huron the most

-------
                                                        798




                  George Harlow



important.  The Huron River carries significant quantities




of coliform organisms, nitrates, and phosphates.  It dis-



charges into a large marsh at Pointe Mouillee with no



clear pattern of dispersion into the Lake.  The marsh is sub-



ject to backwater from the polluted waters of the Detroit



River discharging into the Lake, and the specific effect



of the Huron on tie Lake is masked by this phenomenon.



Long retention in the Point Mouillee marsh further compli-



cates an evaluation of the Huron's share in polluting the



Lake.  After  sources of pollution in the Detroit River



have been substantially reduced, the actual waste contribu-



tion of the Huron River may be determined.



             Sandy Creek discharges into Lake Erie at the



northern edge of Sterling State Park, and is usually of



poor bacteriological quality.  Much of the time its flow



is reversed, since the intake of the Ford Motor Co. plant



and several paper mills that use its water exceed its



normal flow.  At periods of high runoff, however, its flow



is higher (up to 60cfs), and on such occasions it had an



adverse effect on Lake Erie water.




             Stony Creek and a small boat harbor near its



mouth also have high coliform densities, and in times of



heavy rain contributed wastes to the Lake.




             Another important source of waste discharge

-------
                                                      799




                  George Harlow




into Lake Erie is storm-caused overflow.  All along Lake




Erie are shorefront pumping stations designed to receive



surface drainage and automatically discharge it, untreated,



into the Lake during or following rainfall.  Discharge



from improperly functioning septic tanks reaches the pumping




stations along with surface storm runoff.  A portion of



Monroe's sanitary sewers still receives roof runoff, and



this burdens the sewage treatment plant which must bypass



directly to the River, without treatment except chlorina-



tion, all wastes over 10 MGD.  In addition, a flood relief



pumping station along the Raisin River interceptor bypasses




the plant when unusually heavy rainfall or flood stage of



the River inundates the sewer.  The effect of storm-caused




overflow on the River is most evident above known sources



of pollution.  In August 1963 a heavy rain caused the



flood pumping station to operate for one hour, and coliform




densities Jumped to 10 times normal levels.



             Unsewered shorefront houses also discharge



sewage directly, or from improperly functioning septic




tanks, to Lake Erie.  Several tributaries, including Plum



Creek and Sandy Creek, also receive such wastes.



             Commercial and pleasure boats make heavy use




of the Michigan waters of (Lake Erie, and all such craft




represent potential sources of pollution from  oil and

-------
                                                        800





                  George Harlow




human wastes.   Several reports of oil spills in the



middle of the Lake waters under study indicate actual




pollution from these sources.








                   Special Studies








             In connection with the overall study of Lake



Erie, several special studies were carried out on speci-



fic pollution problems not clearly defined by the routine



investigations.  The special studies included:  Three



intensive surveys of the Raisin River, a pollution study



of the Maple-Milleville Beach area, collection and analysis



of bottom deposits in the Lake, hydrologic and current



studies, and an investigation of bacterial contamination at



Sterling State Park.  (Results from the first three studies



have been reported in the main body of this summary.)



             Hydrologic Studies.   The hydrologic studies



showed, in general, that wind is the primary factor



influencing water movement in the Michigan waters of Lake



Erie except in the Detroit River debouchment where flow from



the Detroit River is the predominant factor.  Specific



findings of special interest include the following:



             1.  The combination of wind patterns and




Detroit River flow is such that polluted Detroit River

-------
                                                        801





                  George Harlow




water can affect water quality at beaches as far south




as Swan Creek 75 to 35% of the time.




             2.  Predominant winds are southerly, producing




northerly currents 40 to 45% of the time.  Northerly cur-




rents in turn bring polluted Raisin River water up to




Sterling State Park beaches, accounting in part for the




erratically high bacterial counts observed there.




             3.  Winds from the northeast and east, which




occur approximately 20% of the time, could bring polluted




Detroit River water into Brest Bay if they blew steadily two




days or more.




             Sterling State Park.   Study of bacterial




contamination at Sterling State Park beach revealed




several sources of the pollution.  The Raisin River, as




mentioned above, is probably the chief contributor of high




coliform counts, since northerly currents are predominant.




When southerly currents prevail, waste discharges from




tributaries to the north of the Park, and from malfunction-




ing septic tanks affect the beach water.  Control of these




sources of pollution should restore water quality at the




Park to levels safe for swimming.

-------
                                                      802




                  George L. Harlow








            Interferences with Water Uses








             Municipal Water Supply.  Algal growths




in Lake Erie have in the past caused serious taste and




odor problems in the public water supply of Monroe,




and threaten to do so again.  Ammonia concentrations at




the Monroe water intake tend to lessen the effectiveness




of chlorination.




             Industrial Water Supply.  Increasing chloride




levels are a warning of future difficulties, for chlorides




can cause corrosion in industrial equipment.  The Raisin




River is so grossly polluted in its lower reaches that




it is offensive to sight and smell, and undesirable as a




source of industrial water supply.




             Recreation.   Restriction of recreational




opportunities in Lake Erie and its Michigan tributaries may




be the worst damage from pollution, inestimable in dollar




figures.  At beaches near the mouth of the Detroit River,




any kind of water contact sports—even water skiing or




boating--is hazardous.  The beaches at Sterling State Park,




in heavy demand by a metropolitan population of nearly




four million (projected to reach 5% million by 1980), have




had to be posted as unsafe for swimming.  The beaches them-

-------
                                                        803




                  George Harlow



selves are often offensive due to the washing ashore of




rotting plant life and decomposing matter of sewage and



industrial origin.




             Fish and Wildlife Propagation.  Sludge deposits




on the bottom of Lake Erie threaten to destroy the food and




habitat that make life possible for game fish.  Large areas




of Michigan Lake Erie's bottom are inhabited only by



pollution-tolerant organisms such as leeches and sludge-



worms.  Fish kills have been caused by discharges of oil



and in 1960 a heavy  discharge of untreated waste killed



10,000 to 12,000 ducks near the mouth of the Detroit River.



Heavy algae blooms and dense populations of plankton add



to the turbidity of the Lake water.



             Navigation.   Sludge deposits at the mouth



of the Raisin and Detroit Rivers require expensive annual




dredging to preserve routine navigability.



             Eutrophication of the Lake.  The natural




aging of the Michigan waters of Lake Erie is being accel-




erated by the discharges of nutrients and organic wastes.



If these discharges are not halted, fertilization in the




Lake may increase until it becomes unusable for most




purposes.

-------
                                                       804




                  George Harlow








                 I. INTRODUCTION








             Recommendations for abating water pollu-




tion interfering with water use in the Detroit River,



the Michigan waters of Lake Erie, and their tributaries




will be made in two groups:  general recommendations,



covering the broad objectives of pollution abatement in



the Project area, followed by specific recommendations for



the solution of particular problems.  All recommendations



concerning municipal and industrial wastes refer only to



Michigan facilities whose discharges reach the Detroit



River or Lake Erie either directly or through a tributary.



             The specific recommendations are offered in



addition to, and not in place of, the general recommenda-



tions.



             The recommendations which limit the effluent



concentration of a particular waste constituent are made



with the goal of reduction of overall loadings from a



facility.  If changes in concentration are brought about



by increased dilution, combination of outfalls, or other



methods without reducing waste loading, a corresponding



decrease in recommended waste concentrations will be




required.

-------
                                                        805




                  George Harlow



             While artificial fertilization of the



Michigan waters of Lake Erie is a severe problem, no



recommendations are made at this time concerning the



installation of specialized treatment facilities designed



to reduce phosphorus and nitrogen compounds in the effluent



of municipal waste treatment works.  Proper operation of



secondary treatment facilities of the activated sludge



type will result in significantly greater removal of these



constituents than that produced by primary treatment alone.








           II.   GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS








             The following are the general recommendations




of the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project staff.



             It is recommended that:



             1.  All municipalities provide a minimum of



s econdary treatment plus adequate disinfection of the




effluent.



             2.  Sewerage systems with collection sewers



terminating in adequate treatment facilities be provided



in those areas along the Michigan shore of Lake Erie and



the Detroit river where sewers do not now exist and homes



discharge either raw wastes or septic tank effluent to




t he wa te rc our se.

-------
                                                      806




                  George Harlow




             3.  All industries in the area discharging




waste material to the public waters maintain an inventory



of all waste treatment equipment and supplies on the plant



premises so that a minimum delay in effective waste treat-



ment will result when replacement or repair is necessary.



             4.  A program be developed to reduce the



likelihood of accidental spills of waste material to the



river.  In-plant surveys with the purpose of anticipating



possible accidents are recommended.



             5.  All new sewerage facilities be designed



to prevent the necessity of bypassing untreated wastes



during maintenance and renovation operations.



             6.  Municipal waste treatment plants regu-



larly analyze all waste constituents contributing to



pollution found in significant quantities in their wastes,



as specified by the Michigan Water Resources Commission.




             7.  Industries discharging wastes to the public



streams furnish operating records to the Michigan Water



Resources Commission containing information on waste dis-



charges and concentrations as specified by the Commission.



             8.  Regular monitoring of the Detroit River,



Lake Erie, and their tributaries be conducted cooperatively



by the Michigan Water Resources Commission and the Public




Health Service.  Such monitoring should include regular

-------
                                                      80?





                  George Harlow



sampling of waste effluents and overflows from combined



sewers.  Use of aerial techniques for reconnaissance



and pollution surveillance as practiced by the Michigan



Water Resources Commission is encouraged and expansion of



this activity recommended.  Monitoring should include



surveillance of oil discharge from vessels.




             9.  A PHS Water Pollution Control Surveillance



Station (formerly National Water Quality Network Station)




be established in the lower section of the Detroit River.



This would be in addition to the network station now in



operation at the head of the Detroit River.  Two stations




would illustrate the waste burden put into the Detroit



River and the change in its condition as it flows toward



the Lake as well as indicate changes in water quality



after improvements have been made.



             10.  The U.S. Department of Health, Education,



and Welfare, through the auspices of the International



Joint Commission, bring to the attention of Canadian water



pollution control authorities the significant waste con-




tributions from Canadian sources on the Upper St. Clair



River adversely affecting water quality in the United




States section of the Detroit River.  They should be




encouraged to bring about more effective pollution abate-




ment to protect downstream water use.

-------
                                                       808





                  George li. Harlow








            III.  SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS








                  A.  Detroit River








            1.  Municipal Waste Treatment








     Detroit  (Belle Isle Sewage Treatment Plant)








             This plant discharges an effluent of low waste




concentrations, and treatment efficiency is within accepted



limits for this type of facility.  Total coliform and



fecal streptococcus densities in the effluent were high



(7,890,000 and 297,000) but should be expected in this type



of plant without chlorination.



             The City of Detroit plans to abandon this



plant and pump sewage from Belle Isle across to the main-



land and into the Detroit system.  Such a plan is recom-



mended as the most practical under the circumstances.



Until this plan can be carried out, it is recommended that



full-time chlorination of the plant effluent be instituted,



capable of producing an effluent with monthly geometric




mean coliform densities not exceeding 5,000/lOOml.  This



recommendation is made to prevent interference with

-------
                                                       809




                  George li. Harlow




municipal water supplies and recreational use of water.








             Detroit (Main Treatment Plant)








             Sewage influent at the Detroit plant is of



average strength from the standpoint of BOD and suspended



solids concentrations but contains high levels of waste



constituents normally not associated with municipal wastes,



including oil and grease, phenols, copper, iron, chromium,



nickel, zinc, and lead.




             Average phenol and oil concentrations in the



effluent exceed 20 mg/1 and 15 mg/1 respectively. Ammonia-



nitrogen concentrations and loadings in the effluent are



excessive, as is the phosphate effluent concentration




(36 mg/1 and 145,000 Ibs/day).  Efficiency in removal of




settleable solids (52%), suspended solids (39%), and BOD




(17%) is poor, indicating an overloaded and in some




respects inadequate primary facility (e.g., the holding




time in the settling basins is less than one hour).




             Bacteria  removal during the survey was



excellent and density in the effluent very low.  This pre-



sumably was accomplished by raising the level of chlorina-



tionj and while averages during the survey do not corres-




pond with mean monthly averages during the study period,

-------
                                                        810




                  George L. Harlow



they show that effective bacterial control can be accom-



plished.



             Waste loadings from the main plant of the



City of Detroit are not only responsible for a large part



of the degredation of the waters of the lower Detroit



River but also constitute a major source of nitrogen



compounds and the major source of phosphates going into



and contributing to the fertilization of Lake Erie.  The



major contribution of waste constituents from municipal



sources being discharged into the Detroit River and sub-



sequently into Lake Erie originates from this plant.



             It is recommended that:



     1.  A minimum of secondary treatment facilities be



provided capable of producing an effluent not to exceed:



     '        a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1



             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1



             c.  Ammonia concentration of 2 mg/1



             d.  Phenol concentration of 20 micrograms



                 per liter



             e.  Oil concentration of 15 mg/1



             f.  Biochemical oxygen demand of 20 mg/1



     2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be operated at



levels capable of providing an effluent with a monthly




geometric mean coliform density of less than 5,000

-------
                                                         811



                   George L. Harlow



organisms per 100 ml.




     3.  A technical committee appointed by the conferees



will evaluate actual phosphate removal of the secondary



treatment plant after it is in operation.  On the basis




of this evaluation, if further facilities for the removal




of phosphates are necessary, the conferees will consider




making such a recommendation.  A similar program will be




put into effect concerning removal of nitrogen compounds.



            The above recommendations have been made to




prevent interference with domestic water supplies,




recreational use of water, navigation, and fish and wildlife



propagation.








     Wayne County Sewage Treatment Plant (Wyandotte)








            The plant was greatly overloaded when the




Project began, and it was necessary to bypass untreated



wastes for a portion of most days to the Detroit River.




Enlargement of primary facilities was designed to alleviate




this condition.  The surveys performed at this plant by




the Project staff were made on the original facilities,




and do not reflect the recent enlargement program.




            Two surveys at this plant revealed an influent




sewage of average strength in terms of BOD and suspended

-------
                                                        812




                  George L. Harlow




solids, but with other waste constituents at levels




normally not associated with domestic sewage (phenols,




oil and grease, iron, chromium, cooper, cadmium, nickel,




zinc and lead).



             Average concentrations of suspended solids and




settleable solids and discharges to the River were high




during the two surveys.  Average BOD in the effluent during




the first survey was 120 rog/1, with a population equivalent




of 132,000 discharges.  Levels of nitrogen compounds were




significant, and phosphate concentrations were at 40 mg/1




(unusually high) with a loading of 7,200 pounds per day.




             Bacteriological control was excellent during




the first survey when chlorination of the effluent was




practiced.  Geometric mean densities for total colifortns,




fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci during the first




survey were less than 100 organisms per 100 ml.  Study of




plant operation records reveals that these results were




not typical, but it is encouraging to note once again that




results in this magnitude can be obtained.  During the




second survey effluent chlorination was not practiced,




and geometric means for total coliforms, fecal coliforms,



and fecal streptococci exceeded one million per 100 ml.




             Discharges of suspended solids, nitrogen




compounds, phosphates, and organic matter from the Wyandotte



plant contribute significantly to the degradation of

-------
                                                       813




                  George L. Harlow




the Detroit River and the fertilization of Lake Erie.




             It is recommended that:




     1.  A minimum of secondary treatment facilities be




provided capable of producing an effluent containing not




more than:




             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1




             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1




             c.  Oil concentration of 15 mg/1




             d.  Biochemical oxygen demand of 20 mg/1




     2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be operated at




levels capable of providing an effluent with a monthly




geometric mean coliform density of less than 5,000 organisms




per 100 ml during the months of April through November.




     3.  A technical committee appointed by the conferees




will evaluate actual phosphate removal of the secondary




treatment plant after it is in operation.  On the basis of




this evaluation, if further facilities for the removal of




phosphates are necessary, the conferees will consider making




such a recommendation.  A similar program will be put into




effect concerning removal of nitrogen compounds.




             The above recommendations are made to protect




recreational use of water, navigation, and fish and wild-




life propagation.

-------
                                                      8l4





                  George L.  Harlow








    Wayne County Sewage Treatment Plant (Trenton)








             It is recommended that:




     1.  A minimum of secondary treatment facilities be




provided capable of producing an effluent not to exceed:




             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1




             b.  Settleable  solids concentration of 5 mg/1




     2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be operated at




levels capable of producing an effluent with a monthly




geometric mean coliform density of less than 5,000 organ-




isms per 100 ml during the months of April through November.




             The above recommendations are made to prevent




interference with recreational use of water and fish and



wildlife propagation.








    Wayne County Sewage Treatment Plant (Grosse lie)








             It is recommended that:




     1.  A minimum of secondary treatment facilities be




provided capable of producing an effluent  not to exceed :




             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1




             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 ng/1




     2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be operated at

-------
                                                        815




                   George L. Harlow




levels capable of producing an effluent with a monthly




geometric mean collform density of less than 5,000




organisms per 100 ml during the months of April through




November.




            The above recommendations are made to prevent




interference with recreational use of water and fish and




wildlife propagation.








             2.  Industrial Waste Treatment








                   Upper Detroit River








         Allied Chemical Corporation (Solvay Process)








            Wastes from this plant have high concentrations




of suspended and settleable solids, phenols, and chlorides.




Chloride loadings from this source represent approximately




20 percent of the entire industrial loading to the Detroit




River.  Suspended and settleable solids loadings and effluent



concentrations indicate a lack of waste control.




            It is recommended that:




       1.  Facilities be provided capable of producing an




effluent not to exceed:




            a.   Suspended  solids  concentration of 35 mg/1

-------
                                                       816




                  George L. Harlow




             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1




     2.  The industry begin investigation of satisfactory




methods of disposing of chlorides and alternate methods




of disposal of concentrated brines, such as subsurface




disposal.



             The above recommendations are made to prevent




interference with navigation and fish and wildlife propa-




gation and to protect municipal and industrial water supply.








             Anaconda-American Brass Company








             Wastes discharged from this source were not




found to interfere with existing water uses in the Detroit




River or Lake Erie.








   Great Lakes Steel Corporation - Blast Furnace Divisions








             Waste treatment facilities provided for the




removal of phenols and suspended solids are ineffective.




Nearly 100 percent of the suspended solids in the plant




effluent were found to be readily settleable.




             It is recommended that:




     1.  Facilities be provided capable of producing an




effluent not to exceed:

-------
                                                      817




                  George L.  Harlow




             a.   Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1




             b.   Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1




             c.   Phenol concentration of 20 micrograms per




                 liter.




             d.   Ammonia concentration of 2 mg/1




             The above recommendation is made to prevent




interference with municipal water supplies, navigation,




and fish and wildlife propagation.








                 Parke-Davis Company








             Waste treatment at this installation is con-




sidered satisfactory at this time, and no specific recom-




mendations for improvement are made.








            Revere Copper and Brass, Inc.








             The concentrations of oil and settleable




solids in the effluent from this installation are excessive,




All of the suspended solids released by this industry are




readily settleable.




             It is recommended that:




             Facilities be provided capable of producing




an effluent containing not more than:

-------
                                                      8l8




                     George L.  Harlow




             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1




             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1




             c.  Oil concentration of 15 rag/1




             This recommendation is made to prevent inter-




ference with navigation and fish and wildlife propatation.








                 United States  Rubber Company








             Waste treatment at this installation is con-




sidered satisfactory at this time, and no specific recom-




mendations are made.








                  Rouge River Industries








      Allied Chemical Corporation (General Division)




             Wastes discharged  from this source were not




found to interfere with existing water uses in the Detroit




River or Michigan Lake Erie.








       Allied Chemical Corporation (Plastics Division)








             Wastes discharged  from this source were not




found to interfere with existing water uses in the Detroit




River or Michigan Lake Erie.

-------
                                                      819




                  George L. Hatlow








     Allied Chemical Corporation (Semet-Solvay)








             Wastes discharged from this source, with the



exception of oil discharges as reported by the Michigan




Water Resources Commission, were not found to interfere



with existing water uses in the Detroit River or Michigan



Lake Erie.








     Allied Chemical Corporation (Solvay Process)








             Wastes from this plant have excessively high



concentrations of phenols and chlorides.  Chloride load-



ings represent approximately 10 per cent of the entire



industrial load to the Detroit River.  Suspended solids



loadings averaged 10,000 pounds per day.



             It is recommended that:



     1.  Facilities be provided capable of producing an




effluent not to exceed:



             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1




             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1




     2.  The industry should begin investigations of satis-




factory methods of disposing of chlorides and alternate




methods of disposal of concentrated brine, such as subsur-

-------
                                                       820





             George L. Harlow




face disposal.



             The above recommendations are made to prevent




Interference with navigation and fish and wildlife propa-




gation and to protect municipal and industrial water supply.








          American Agricultural Chemical Company








             Waste treatment at this installation is con-




sidered satisfactory at this time, and no specific recom-




mendations are made.








      American Cement Corporation (Peerless Division)








             Suspended solids, almost all of which are




readily settleable, are present in excessive concentrations




in the plant effluent.  It is recommended that the effluent




concentrations of suspended solids and settleable solids




be limited to 35 mg/1 and 5 mg/1, respectively.




             The foregoing recommendation is made to prevent



interference with navigation and fish and wildlife propa-



gation.

-------
                                                      821





                  George L. Harlow








                 Darling and Company








             Survey reports indicate inadequate facilities




for control of BOD and coliform. organisms.  This plant dis-




charges to the Rouge, and subsequently to the Detroit




River, wastes equivalent in oxygen-consuming capacity to




the untreated wastes of over 40,000 persons.




             It is recommended that:




             Facilities be provided capable of producing an




effluent not to exceed:




             a.  Monthly geometric mean coliform density




of 5,000/100 ml




             b.  Biochemical oxygen demand of 20 mg/1




             The above recommendations are made to protect




municipal water supply and prevent interference with fish




and wildlife propagation.








                  Ford Motor Company








             Wastes from this plant represent^ in volume,




approximately S3 percent of the industrial wastes being




discharged into the Rouge and subsequently into the




Detroit River.  Phenolic wastes exceed the limit of 600



pounds per day set by the Michigan Water Resources

-------
                                                         822




                   George L.  Harlow



Commission.  Concentrations of iron,  phenols, and oil




exceed 17 mg/1, 20 micrograms per liter,  and 15 mg/1,




respectively.  Suspended and  especially settleable solids



are excessive at times,  while excellent control was achieved




on other occasions.  Acid discharged  in the form of spent




pickling liquor is excessive  and imparts  an unnatural




color to the Rouge and Detroit Rivers.




            Phenols, iron, and oil and  grease from this



industry constitute over 90 percent of  the loading from




Industrial sources to the Rouge River.   Improvement must




be accomplished at this  source if significant reduction




in waste loadings to the Rouge River  and  subsequently to




the Detroit River is to  be effected.




            It is recommended that:




     1.  Facilities be provided or existing facilities




operated to produce an effluent not to  exceed:




            a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1




            b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1




            c.  Phenol concentration of 20 micrograms per




                liter.




            d.  Ammonia  concentration of 2 mg/1




            e.  Iron concentration of 17 mg/1




     2.  Oil removal facilities be operated to limit the




oil concentration in the effluent to 15 mg/1.  In addition,

-------
                                                       823




                  George L. Harlow



the industry should investigate methods of further reduc-



tion in oil discharged in the plant effluent by in-plant



control.




             The above recommendations are made to prevent



interference with municipal water supplies, recreational



use of water, navigation, and fish and wildlife propagation.








                  Scott Paper Company








             The effluent contains excessive quantities of



suspended solids.  Over 31,000 pounds of suspended solids




per day are discharged to the Rouge and subsequently to



the Detroit River.  This industry discharges to the



receiving stream wastes equivalent in oxygen-consuming



capacity to the untreated sewage from a population of over




800,000 persons.



             It is recommended that facilities be provided



capable of producing an effluent not to exceed:



             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1



             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1



             c.  Biochemical oxygen demand of 85 mg/1



             This recommendation is made to prevent inter-




ference with navigation and fish and wildlife propagation.

-------
                                                     824




                   George L. Harlow








         Chrysler Corporation (Amplex Division)








            Pollution control is considered satisfactory




at this time, and no specific recommendations for Improve-




ment are made.








       Chrysler Corporation (Cycleweld Division)








            Pollution control is considered satisfactory




at this time, and no specific recommendations for improvement




are made.








        Chrysler Corporation (Engine Division)








            Wastes discharged from this source were not




found to interfere with existing water uses in the Detroit



River or Michigan Lake Erie.








                    Dana Corporation








            Wastes discharged from this source were not




found to interfere with existing water uses in the Detroit




River or Michigan Lake Erie.

-------
                                                        825




                  George L. Harlow








       E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company



       (Industrial and Biochemical Division)








             This company was found not to be in compliance




with the restriction on pH set for it by the Michigan Water



Resources Commission.








         Firestone Tire and Rubber Company








             Excessive concentrations of iron were found



in the plant effluent.  Over 5,000 pounds per day of this



substance were discharged to the Detroit River.



             It is recommended that iron concentration



in the effluent be reduced to levels not exceeding 17




mg/1.



             The above recommendation is made to prevent



interference with fish and wildlife propagation.








               Fuel Oil Corporation








             Excessive concentrations of oil were found




in the effluent from this installation when ships were




being washed.  At these times the concentrations are over

-------
                                                       826





                  George L.  Harlow




300 mg/1.



             No specific recommendations for improvement




are made, since the Michigan Water Resources Commission



has reported that this industry has recently suspended



ship-washing operations.  It is recommended not to permit



resumption of such operations until controls are instituted



to limit oil in the effluent to 15 mg/1.








     Great Lakes Steel Corporation - Strip Mill








             Excessive quantities of suspended solids and



settleable solids are discharged to the Detroit River.



Since the major portion of these suspended solids is



readily settleable, it is recommended that the concen-



tration of settleable solids be limited to 5 mg/1 and the



concentration of suspended solids to 35 mg/1.  The Michigan



Water Resources Commission reports excessive oil discharges,



and controls should be instituted to limit effluent to



conform with the Commission's order.




             This recommendation is made to prevent inter-



ference with navigation and fish and wildlife propagation.

-------
                                                       827




                  George L. Harlow








        Great Lakes Steel Corporation - Ecorse








             Excessive concentrations and significant



quantities of oil, iron, suspended solids, settleable



solids, and acid are discharged.  Over 50 percent of the



iron and acid loadings to the Detroit River originate here.




Effluents containing acid wastes are far below pH 5.5,



and these wastes are mainly responsible for lowering the



Detroit River below pH 4.0 in the vicinity of the plant.



             It is recommended that:



             1.  Acid wastes be controlled so that dis-



charges fall within the range pH 5.5-10.6.



             2.  Facilities be provided or existing facili-



ties operated to produce an effluent not to exceed:



             a.  Oil concentration of 15 mg/1



             b.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1




             c.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1




             d.  Iron concentration of 17 mg/1




             The foregoing recommendations are made to




prevent interference with municipal water supplies,



recreational use of waters, navigation, and fish and wild-




life propagation.

-------
                                                      828




                  George L.  Harlem








                   Hoppers Company








             Waste discharges from this source vere not



found to interfere with existing water uses in the Detroit



River or Michigan Lake Erie.








       McLouth Steel Corporation - Gibraltar








             Control of iron, oil, and suspended solids



discharges at this plant is marginal,  with improvement



noted during the last months of study.



             It is recommended that:



             All waste treatment practices be reviewed and



steps taken to improve the effluent to conform consistently



to the Order of Determination issued by the Michigan Water



Resources Commission.








         McLouth Steel Corporation -  Trenton








             The waste treatment facilities of this instal-



lation have been very erratically operated from the stand-




point of control of suspended solids,  settleable solids,




iron, phenols, oil, and pH.  At times excellent treatment

-------
                                                        829





                  George L. Harlow



was achieved; at other times complete lack of treatment




effectiveness was observed, with concentrations of solids,




oil, phenols, and iron exceeding the Order of Determination




of the Michigan Water Resources Commission.



             Since it has been demonstrated that this



industry can achieve effective pollution control by opera-



tion of its existing facilities, it is recommended that



steps be taken to assure an effluent not to exceed:



             a.  Iron concentration of 17 mg/1



             b.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1



             c.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1



             d.  Oil concentration of 15 mg/1








                  Mobil Oil Company








             During the survey the concentration of oil



in the plant effluent was excessive, and additional grab




samples before and after the survey indicated erratic




operation.  Effective operation of the industry's oil sepa-



ration facilities should also improve suspended solids




removal.



             It is recommended that:



             1.  Existing facilities be operated effectively




or additional facilities provided to assure an oil concen-

-------
                                                      830





                  George L. Harlow



t rat ion in the effluent not to exceed 15 tng/1 at all




times.



             2.  Suspended solids and settleable solids in



the effluent be maintained below 35 tng/1 and 5 mg/1.



             The above recommendations are made to prevent



interference with fish and wildlife propagation.








           Monsanto Chemical Corporation








             Waste treatment at this installation is satis-



factory with the exception of phosphate concentrations and




loadings in the plant effluent.  Over 10,000 pounds per day



of phosphates are discharged into the Detroit River.



             It is recommended that treatment be provided



to reduce concentrations and loadings of phosphates by



approximately 8070.



             The above recommendation is made to prevent



interference with fish and wildlife propagation, recrea-



tion, and municipal water supply.








       Pennsalt Chemical Corporation - West Plant








             Wastes from this plant had excessive concen-




trations of phenols, suspended solids, and settleable

-------
                                                        831




                  George L. Barlow



solids.  Phenol concentrations were found over 1,000



micrograms per liter but no interference with existing



water uses in the Detroit River or Michigan Lake Erie



was apparent at this time.



             It is recommended that:



     1.  The entire waste disposal program of this plant



be carefully investigated by company personnel, since



discharge of phenols, oxidizing agents, and settleable



solids is far in excess of that expected by company offi-



cials.



     2.  Facilities be provided or existing facilities



operated to produce an effluent not exceeding:



             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 tng/1



             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1



             The above recommendations are made to prevent



interference with navigation and fish and wildlife propa-



gation.







          Shawinigan Resins Corporation and



    Monsanto Chemical Corporation  (Saflex Division)








             The wastes from these two plants are discharged



to the Detroit River from a common lagoon.  During the




survey the only waste constituents  considered excessive

-------
                                                        832




                   George L. Harlow




were BOD and suspended solids (originating primarily



from Shawinigan Resins).  The planned installation of a




new lagoon after the survey should reduce these levels




considerably; therefore no recommendations for improvement




are made at this time.








      Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation - North Plant








            Concentrations of chlorides, suspended solids,




and settleable solids in the plant effluent were excessive.




The contribution of chlorides in the amount of 1,300,000




pounds per day represents almost half the entire industrial



loading to the Detroit River.  The suspended and settleable




solids loadings from this industry represent 35 percent




of the total loadings to the Detroit River from industrial




sources.




            The composition of the suspended solids (most




Of which are readily settleable) is mainly calcium car-




bonate.  This chemical is only slightly soluble in water



and will readily settle out in clarifiers.  Sludge from




this operation when discharged to the River will settle




on the River and Lake Bottom and interfere with aquatic




life.




            It is recommended that:

-------
                                                        833



                   George L. Barlow



      1.  Facilities be provided capable of producing an



effluent not to exceed:



              a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1



              b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1



      2.  The industry continue investigation of satis-



 factory methods of disposing of chlorides, and alternate



 methods of disposal of concentrated brines, such as sub-



 surface disposal.



              These recommendations are made to prevent



 interference with navigation and fish and wildlife propa-



 gation and to protect municipal and industrial water supply.








     Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation - South Plant








              Heavily concentrated wastes are pumped from



 this plant to the waste beds of Fighting Island.  The



 remainder of the plant effluent is discharged to the Detroit



 River and contains excessive concentrations of chlorides and



 suspended solids.



              It is recommended that:



      1.  Facilities be provided capable of producing an



 effluent not to exceed:



              a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1



              b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1

-------
                                                       834


                  George L. Harlow


     2.  The Industry continue investigation of satisfactory


methods of disposing of chlorides and alternate methods


of disposal of concentrated brines, such as subsurface dis-


posal.

             These recommendations are made to prevent


interference with navigation and fish and wildlife propa-


gation and to protect municipal and industrial water supply.




Wyandotte Chemical Corporation - South Plant (Propylene Oxide)




             Wastes discharged from this source were not


found to interfere with existing water uses in the Detroit


River or Michigan Lake Erie.


             The maintenance of adequate levels of dissolved


oxygen in the lower Raisin River is the mutual responsibility


of all discharging oxygen-demanding wastes into the River.


Each recommendation made in this regard is to be understood


as part of this mutual responsibility, and no industry or
    i

municipality is singly responsible for achieving the recom-

mended DO level.

-------
                                                        835




                  George L. Harlow








            1.  Municipal Waste Treatment








            Monroe Sewage Treatment Plant








             Two surveys revealed an influent fairly



typical of a weak domestic waste.  Exceptions to this



general observation include high concentrations of soluble



and total phosphates and certain toxic metals, including



copper, zinc, and lead.  These constituents were present



in approximately the same concentrations in the plant



effluent.



             Plant efficiency, as measured by percent



removal of suspended solids and BOD, was very good for a



primary sewage treatment plant.  Bacterial control was



effective during the first survey when the effluent was



chlorinated but poor during the second survey when it was



not.  Study of operating records revealed that similar



degrees of plant efficiency were maintained on a long-




term basis.  The operation of this plant is considered




outstanding for an installation of this type, and the




operating personnel are commended.




             It is recommended that:




             1.  Treatment be provided capable of assuring

-------
                                                       836




                  George L. Harlow



a minimum dissolved oxygen concentration in the Raisin



River below this source of 3 mg/1.  Any plan for achieving



this goal should include secondary treatment as a minimum.



             2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be operated




at levels capable of providing an effluent with a monthly



geometric mean coliform density of less than 5,000 organisms



per 100 ml. during the months of April through November.



             3.  The current plan of separating roof runoff



from sanitary wastes to prevent overloading plant facilities



be accelerated.



             The above recommendations are made to prevent



interference with recreational use of water and fish and



wildlife propagation.








           2.  Industrial Waste Treatment



            Enrico Fermi Atomic Reactor








             Waste treatment was found to be satisfactory,



and no specific recommendations are made at this time.








      Consolidated Paper Company - North Plant








             Significant quantities of suspended solids,




settleable solids, and BOD are discharged into the Raisin

-------
                                                       837



                  George L. Harlow




River and subsequently into Lake Erie.  The wastes from



this industry are equivalent in oxygen-consuming capacity



to the untreated wastes from a population of over 100,000



persons, or approximately 45 percent of the total load



to the Raisin River.  Densities of coliform and fecal




streptococcus organisms were also excessive.



                  It is recommended that:




     1.  Treatment be provided capable of assuring a mini-



mum dissolved oxygen concentration in the Raisin River below




this source of 3 mg/1.  Any plan for achieving this goal



should include secondary treatment as a minimum.



     2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be provided and



operated at levels capable of producing an effluent with



a monthly geometric mean coliform density of less than



5,000 organisms per 100 ml during the months of April



through November.



     3.  Facilities be provided capable of producing an



effluent not to exceed:



             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1



             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1




             The above recommendations are made to prevent




interference with recreational use of water, navigation,




and fish and wildlife propagation.

-------
                                                         838
                  George L. Harlow

      Consolidated Paper Company - South Plant

             Significant quantities and high concentrations
of suspended solids, settleable solids, and BOD are dis-
charged into the Raisin River and subsequently into Lake
Erie.  The  wastes from this industry are equivalent in
oxygen-consuming capacity to the untreated wastes from a
population of over 100,000 persons, or approximately 45
percent of the total load to the Raisin River.  Densities
of coliform and fecal streptococcus organisms were also
excessive.
             It is recommended that:
     1.  Treatment be provided capable of assuring a mini-
mum dissolved oxygen concentration in the Raisin River
below this source of 3 mg/1.  Any plan for achieving
this goal should include secondary treatment as a minimum.
     2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be provided and
operated at levels capable of producing an effluent with
a monthly geometric mean coliform density of less than
5,000 organisms per 100 ml during the months of April
through November.
     3.  Facilities be provided capable of producing an
effluent not to exceed:

-------
                                                       839




                  George L. Harlow




             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 tng/1




             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1




             The above recommendations are made to prevent




interference with recreational use of water, navigation,



and fish and wildlife propagation.








      Consolidated Paper Company - South Plant








             Significant quantities and high concentrations



of suspended solids, settleable solids, and BOD are dis-



charged into the Raisin River and subsequently into Lake



Erie.  The wastes from this industry are equivalent in



oxygen-consuming capacity to the untreated wastes of over



40,000 persons.  Densities of coliform and fecal strepto-




coccus organisms are unusually excessive, averaging over



1,000,000 total coliform organisms per 100 ml during the




special survey.



             It is recommended that:




     1.  Treatment be provided capable of assuring a minimum



dissolved oxygen concentration in the Raisin River below




this source of 3 mg/1.  Any plan for achieving this goal



should include secondary treatment as a minimum.



     2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be provided and




operated at levels capable of producing an effluent with

-------
                                                       840




                  George L.  Harlow



a monthly geometric mean coltform density of less than



5,000 organisms per 100 ml during the months of April




through November.



     3.  Facilities be provided capable of producing an




effluent not to exceed:



             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1



             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1



             The above recommendations are made to prevent



interference with recreational use of water, navigation,



and fish and wildlife propagation.








                  Ford Motor Company








             The discharge from this plant represents 80




percent of the total waste volume from industrial sources



discharged to the Raisin River and subsequently into Lake



Erie.  Cyanide concentrations and loadings in the plant



effluent are excessive.  The effluent from the company-owned



sewage treatment plant is not chlorinated.  The quantity



of oil released to the Raisin River through a dilution canal



outlet is excessive even though the concentration remains



below 15 mg/1.




             It is recommended that:




             1.  Bacterial reduction facilities be provided

-------
                                                        841




                   George L. Harlow



and operated at levels capable of producing an effluent




with 'a monthly geometric mean coliform density of less




than 5*000 organisms per 100 ml during the months of




April through November.




            2.  Treatment facilities be operated to limit




the cyanide concentration in the plant effluent to 0.025 mg/1.




            3.  Oil removal facilities be provided to limit




the concentrations of oil reaching the dilution canal from




in-plant sources to 15 mg/1.




            The foregoing recommendations are made to




prevent interference with recreational use of water and



fish and wildlife propagation.








              Monroe Auto Equipment Company








            Waste treatment at this installation is con-




sidered satisfactory at this time, and no specific recom-




mendations for improvement are made.








              Monroe Paper Products Company








            Significant quantities and high concentrations




of suspended solids, settleable solids, and BOD are dis-

-------
                                                        842




                  George L. Harlow




charged from this source into the Raisin River and



subsequently into Lake Erie.  The major portion of the



suspended solids is readily settleable.  Densities of



coliform organisms were found to be excessive during the



first survey at 32,400 organisms per 100 ml; however,



during a separate Public Health Service survey several



months later, the average coliform concentration exceeded



2,000,000 organisms per 100 ml.



             It is recommended that:



             1.  Treatment be provided capable of assuring



a minimum dissolved oxygen concentration in the Raisin



River below this source of 3 mg/1.  Any plan for achieving



this goal should include secondary treatment as a minimum.



             2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be provided



and operated at levels capable of producing an effluent



with a monthly geometric mean coliform density of less thab



5,000 organisms per 100 ml during the months of April



through November.




             3.  Facilities be provided capable of producing



an effluent not to exceed:




             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1



             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1



             The above recommendations are made to prevent




interference with recreational use of water, navigation,

-------
                                                       843




                  George L. Harlow



and fish and wildlife propagation.








            Union Bag-Camp Paper Company




               River Raisin Division








             Signigicant quantities and high concentrations



of suspended solids, settleable solids, and BOD are dis-



charged from this installation to the Raisin River and



subsequently into Lake Erie.  The wastes from this industry



are equivalent in oxygen-consuming capacity to the untreated



wastes of 70,000 persons.  A large part of the suspended



solids was readily settleable.



             It is recommended that:




     1.  Treatment be provided capable of assuring a minimum



dissolved oxygen concentration in the Raisin River below




this source of 3 mg/1.  Any plan for achieving this goal




should include secondary treatment as a minimum.




     2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be provided and




operated at levels capable of producing an effluent with a




monthly geometric mean coliform density of less than 5,000



organisms per 100 ml during the month of April through



November.




     3.  Facilities be provided capable of producing an




effluent not exceeding:

-------
                  George L. Harlow


             a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1


             b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1


             The above recommendations are made to prevent


interference with recreational use of water, navigation,
                                 r

and fish and wildlife propagation.





                C.  Special Problems





         I.  Overflows and Combined Sewers





             Although the severe effect of overflows from


combined sewers upon water quality in the Detroit River


and limited areas of Michigan Lake Erie was demonstrated,


a specific method of approach to the solution of this


problem is not now evident.


             It is recommended to the Michigan Water


Resources Commission that it require a detailed engineering


study be made to determine costs and select an effective


method of control.  It is also recommended that a report


of these investigations, containing the method to be used


to solve this problem and a time schedule for accomplishment,


be submitted within two years to the Secretary of Health,


Education, and Welfare.


             It is further recommended that agencies

-------
                                                       845




                  George L. Harlow



responsible  for the current operation of combined sewer



systems in the Detroit area immediately take steps to



lessen the pollutional effects of malfunctioning overflow



regulators by finding and correcting the cause of failure




of these diversion devices and checking the operation of all



overflows every day to determine if unnecessary overflows



are occurring.








             2.  Federal Installations




  U.S. Naval Air Station, Grosse lie, Michigan








             It is recommended that:




             1.  A separator capable of producing an




effluent containing less than 15 mg/1 oil be installed on the



line receiving aircraft washing wastes.



             2.  Operation of existing sewage treatment



facilities be improved by performing such procedures as



breaking up scum in gas vents, reversal of flow at periodic



intervals, more frequent withdrawal of sludge, and daily



scraping of the sides of the sedimentation chamber.



             3.  Better operation records be maintained.



             4.  Continuous and effective chlorination




of plant effluent be practiced to assure that the geometric




mean coliform density does not exceed 2,400 organisms per

-------
                                                         846




                   George L. Harlow




 100 ml.



            5.  The outmoded septic tank installation




 at the boat dock be replaced with an aerobic digestion




 treatment unit providing primary and secondary treatment




 followed by chlorination of the effluent.




            6.  If the U. S. Naval Air Station does not




 close on or before September 1, 196?> as scheduled, one




 of two alternatives be followed:




      a.  Connection to the municipal sewage collection



 and treatment system proposed for construction at Grosse




 He.




      b.  Enlargement of the present naval facilities



 to include secondary treatment as proposed in the original



 plans.




            At this writing the Navy has agreed to all



 of the foregoing recommendations and has already taken




 steps to accomplish all but the last recommendation.








       U. S. Corps of Engineers Dredging Operations








            It is recommended that:




            1.  The hopper dredges discontinue disposing




 of the ship's trash and garbage at the Raisin River dumping



grounds.

-------
                                                        847




                  George L. Harlow




             2.  Suitable treatment units be installed




aboard ship to adequately dispose of all sanitary wastes




including trash, garbage, and human excreta.




             3.  Closer control be exercised to minimize




the loss of dredge material from the hoppers while pro-




ceeding to the dumping grounds.




             4.  A vigorous attempt be made by the Corps




of Engineers to reduce the amount of dredging with action




leading to reduction of discharge of settleable material




by increasing the charges to polluters for removing the




material commensurate with the damages to water uses




incurred.  (It is believed that it was not the intent of




Congress that such dredging operations should provide a




method of disposal of solid material deposited by indi-




viduals or corporations in navigable streams.)  It is




desirable not only that dredged channels be maintained but




that every means possible be taken to keep the cost of




such maintenance to a minimum.




             The District Engineer has agreed to take




steps to see that the recommendations are put into effect.




He reiterated that the Corps of Engineers does charge the




polluters for removing the material commensurate with the




damages to water uses incurred and that the Corps of




Engineers does not have any statutory authority to prevent

-------
                                                       848





                  George L. Harlow




the original discharge of the material to the navigable




waterway.  He also stressed the responsibility of the




Corps of Engineers in enforcing Federal legislation rela-




tive to discharge of waste materials from vessels into




navigable waters.








               3.  Sterling State Park








             These recommendations repeat those already




given for specific areas; they are listed here to emphasize




what is necessary to abate water pollution at Sterling




State Park.




     A.  The Consolidated Paper Company, Union Bag-Camp




Paper Company, and t^fonroe Paper Products Company.  It is




recommended that:




             1.  Treatment be provided, capable of assuring




a minimum dissolved oxygen concentration in the Raisin




River below this source of 3 mg/1.  Any plan for achieving




this goal should include secondary treatment as a minimum.




             2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be provided



and operated at levels capable of producing an effluent




with a monthly geometric mean coliform density of less than




5000 organisms per 100 ml during the months of April




through November.

-------
                                                      849




                   George L. Harlow




            3.  Facilities be provided capable of pro-




ducing an effluent not to exceed:




                a.  Suspended solids concentration of 35 mg/1




                b.  Settleable solids concentration of 5 mg/1




      B.  The Ford Motor Company.  It is recommended that:




            1.  Bacterial reduction facilities be provided




and operated at the levels capable of producing an effluent




with a monthly geometric mean coliform density of less than




5000 organisms per 100 ml during the months of April




through November.




            2.  Treatment facilities be operated to limit




the cyanide concentration in the plant effluent to 0.025 mg/1.




            3.  The current plan  of separating roof




runoff from sanitary wastes to prevent overloading plant




facilities be accelerated.




       C.  The City of Monroe.  It is recommended that:




            1.  Treatment be provided capable of assuring




a minimum dissolved oxygen concentration in the Raisin




River below this source of 3 mg/1.  Any plan for achieving




this goal should include secondary treatment as a minimum.



            2.  Bacterial reduction facilities be operated




at levels capable of providing an effluent with a monthly




geometric mean coliform density of less than 5000 organisms

-------
                                                      850




                  George L.  Harlow




per 100 ml during the months of April through November.



             3.   The current plan of separating roof runoff




from sanitary wastes to prevent overloading plant facilities




be accelerated.



     D.  In the  area north of Sterling State Park between



Sandy Creek and  Stony Creek, it is recommended that measures



be taken to eliminate direct and indirect discharge of



sanitary sewage  to Lake Erie.  It is also recommended that



discharge of sanitary wastes to the storm pumping stations



be eliminated.



     E.  Septic  tanks tend to function poorly due to the



nature of the soil and the high water table.  It is recom-



mended that shorefront communities having septic tanks and



direct discharge installations be sewered and the wastes



transported to a sewage treatment plant providing adequate



treatment and chlorination.



     F.   It is  recommended that the practice of allowing



discharge of raw and septic tank effluent from the suburban



area outside Monroe to surface drains be discontinued. This



material is discharged into the Raisin River during heavy



rainfall.  It is further recommended that the area be sewered



with sanitary wastes transported to a sewage treatment



plant providing adequate treatment and chlorination.




             The foregoing  recommendations  are  listed in  the

-------
                                                    850-A



                  George L. Earlow



order of greatest importance to improving water quality



at the Sterling State Park.

-------
                                                       851




                  George L. Harlow




             MR. STEIN:  Thank you very much, Mr. Harlow,



for an excellent report.  I am very happy to have had you



up here.  This is really very, very fine.




             MR. HARLOW:  Thank you, Mr. Chairman.




             MR. STEIN:  You know, Mr. Harlow1s father



used to be the Chief Finance Officer in the Public Health




Service when I was about Mr. Harlow1s age and working




there.  Now I guess I'm getting to be the older man.



These things change.




             Thank you very much.



             Mr. Poston?




             MR. POSTON:  This concludes the Public Health



Service presentation, but in line with procedures at other



conferences, we request other Federal agencies to make




statements if they wish.



             At this time, Mr. Premetz of the Bureau of




Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service, has a




statement.  I have copies of this here, which he has




kindly made available.




             Mr. Premetz.

-------
                                                       852



                  Ernest Premetz








            STATEMENT OF ERNEST PREMETZ,




          BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,




        U. S. DEPARTMENT OF. THE INTERIOR,




      5 RESEARCH DRIVE, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN








             MR. PREMETZ:  Mr. Chairman, Conferees and




Ladies and Gentlemen:




             The safeguarding and perpetuation of the




fishery resources of the Great Lakes is a major responsi-




bility of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and its




two Bureaus.  Any practice or series of events which




threatens fisheries directly or militates against the




well-being of natural stocks even in the most subtle




manner is of primary and overriding concern to us.  We




have repeatedly pointed out during the past 10 years that




changes were occurring in the environment:   changes that




seriously threatened the resource.  Our warnings in the




early years were largely unheeded.  In fact, many of our




people were labeled alarmists.  Our statement presented




at the first conference March 27, 1962, clearly pointed




out that the status of the Detroit River and western




Lake Erie as a useful freshwater resource had become




uncertain and that immediate and stringent effective

-------
                                                       853




                  Ernest Fremetz



control of pollution offered our only avenue of escape.



We wish to reiterate that stand at this time.




             Frequently, water quality may become so de-



graded and competing water uses so detrimental that




fishes and those who use them are in trouble long be-




fore the more obvious issues of human safety and welfare



are threatened.  Before the "public is aroused" valuable




fisheries and the waters that produce them are lost or



so deteriorated that great effort and expense are necessary



for rehabilitation.  We urge, therefore, a broad concept




of pollution; a definition not necessarily restricted to



bacterial counts, excesses of dissolved solids, gross de-




ficiencies in dissolved oxygen or easily detectable changes




in bottom fauna composition.  We urge the establishment



of water quality standards that have prevention of pollu-



tion as a goal; not a set of limits that will define the



degree of deterioration to be tolerated before action is




taken to avert a national disgrace.




             We propose the establishment of acceptable




and adjustable limits on quantities of phosphorous, nitro-



gen and other basic nutrients or trace elements that




trigger cycles of biological productivity frequently as




damaging to natural waters as the original sources of




so-called pollution.  Of course, this proposal calls for

-------
             Ernest Premetz



research and development in chemical engineering and the



techniques of treatment, a challenge any nation like



ours should accept enthusiastically.  Given such facility,



we envision the deliberate environmental adjustments in



the aquatic realm that have made agriculture in this



country the envy of the world.  We must and can learn



to manipulate our "outfalls," effluents or whatever we



may call them to serve our ever-increasing population.



We must abandon the concept of "waste discharge" in favor



of the positive approach of "by-product use" to improve



our capabilities in aquatic as well as terrestrial manage-



ment.



             Our scientists have reviewed the statement



prepared by the Public Health Service relative to pollu-



tion of the Detroit River, Michigan waters of Lake Erie,



and their tributaries.  The Fish and Wildlife Service



strongly supports the recommendations therein.



             We have been pleased to actively support the



Public Health Service in this action.  Our scientists have



made a major contribution to the report before you, both



directly and indirectly.  We were fortunate in having a



large backlog of scientific information obtained over a




long period of years.  This information, plus that still




being obtained, has been and will be made available to

-------
                                                       855



                  Ernest Premetz



the Public Health Service.  We pledge to continue to




apply the full measure of our scientific competence to



this problem and to cooperate with all agencies to "save




our lakes."  A Great Society cannot tolerate the continu-




ation of a situation that is fast becoming a national



disgrace.




             As directed and authorized by Congress, the



Fish and Wildlife Service will continue its examination



of lake and stream environments for water quality and




ecological appraisal within the Great Lakes Basin.




             Experience has taught us that, frequently,



troubles within one portion of this vast drainage have




their origins in other, often remote, portions.  We must




become aware and remain cognizant of the occurrences in



the Great Lakes that may threaten any portion of fish




and wildlife.  We must also strive to develop means of



restoring fishes that already have become victims of




situations created by the carelessness, greed and short-




sighted planning of parts of our society.



             We intend to oppose vigorously any actions




that might aggravate an already deplorable situation in



the Lake Erie drainage.  There is no place for us but



in the forefront of any and all efforts to restore clean




water conditions in this important and very productive

-------
                                                        856
                  Ernest Premetz



Lake.  Our studies of changes in bottom fauna, exhaustion




of oxygen content over much of the central basin,  and



serious reduction in fishes of great value are conclusive



in support of this policy.



             Unless the practices which have induced



these deplorable conditions are stopped and the trends



toward further deterioration are reversed, Lake Erie will



become worthless as a fish producer and a scab on the



landscape of the America we are trying to beautify

-------
                                                      857




                  Ernest D. Premetz




             MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Premetz, for a




very helpful statement.




             As always, the Department of the Interior




has been a real ally in the field of water pollution




control, and I suspect we will continue to work with you




through the years.




             Thank you very much.




             MR. PREMETZ:  We certainly are happy to




cooperate.




             Time does not permit me to go into a descrip-




tion of some of the research that is going on at the




moment, but I think we will come up with some very worth-




while answers that can be applied to this problem.




             MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




             At this point, we would like to call on Mr.




Oeming of Michigan.




             MR. OEMING:




             MR. OEMING:  Mr. Chairman, fellow Conferees,




Members of the Commission, Ladies and Gentlemen:




             I take great pleasure at this time in intro-




ducing to you Governor George Romney of the State of




Michigan.




             Governor Romney.




                   (Rising applause.)

-------
                                                        858




                 Governor George Romney









             STATEMENT OF HONORABLE GEORGE




             ROMNEY,  GOVERNOR OP THE STATE




                      OP MICHIGAN








            GOVERNOR ROMNEY:  Thank you very much.




            We are very fortunate to have with us here




today Governor James  Rhodes of Ohio.  He has taken a




great interest in this problem of water pollution.  He




called a meeting down in Cleveland about six or seven weeks




ago that several of us attended, and took a good look at




the situation in Lake Erie.




            He is a tough competitor for us right now,




because he is after our business up here.  And when I




say "a tough competitor," I have a favorite definition




of a competitor.




            They say a competitor is a fellow who goes




in the revolving door behind you and comes out ahead of




you.




            (Laughter. )




            Well, I have determined that he is not going




to get ahead of us in that revolving door, but we are glad




to have him here on a matter of great and mutual interest,




namely, the water situation in the Great Lakes, and you

-------
                                                         859



                Governor George Romney




are going to hear from him when I get through.




             I have a talk here that I need to make be-




cause it has been given out to the press.




                 (Laughter and applause.)




             Chairman Stein, Mr. Poston, Loring Oeming,




and members of our Water Resources Commission, Chairman




George Mclntyre, John Vogt, George Liddle, Ralph MacMullan,




Lynn Baldwin and Al Balden:




             This is a timely meeting, and one that I am




very hopeful will accomplish its purpose.




             Today has been filled with a number of dif-




ferent things for me.  I started out this morning by




going out to Willow Run to meet the astronauts, and 1




heard about the space walk and the lack of pressure up




in space0




             I have just come from a national convention




on crime, and I have come here to a conference on water




pollution in the Art Gallery.  I don't know why it is




here, but I hope the location will help to purify the




water.




                      (Laughter.)




             I think it is safe to say that there is no




other single element, not even air, which evokes such an




intense  response from our people as does water, and what

-------
                                                        860




                 Governor George Romney



is done and not done to it.  Whether it is fluoridation



or swimming or just plain lawn sprinkling bans, we seem



to get more wrought up about what happens to water than



almost anything else.



             Of course, there is a reason for this, be-



cause water is fundamental to industry, to agriculture,



to recreation, and to life itself.  Water, good water,



is a possession to be richly cherished.



             As a matter of fact, we don't really appre-



ciate, in this modern age in America, how blessed we are



with water.  I can remember attending a hearing of the



National Recovery Administration, at which hearing Mr.



A. V. Davis, who helped establish the Aluminum Company



of America and helped produce the first pound of aluminum



in this country, was testifying, and they were question-



ing him about the bauxite mines down in Arkansas.



             He was asked, "What did the company ever do



for the people down there besides give some of them em«-



ployment?"




             And he said, "We brought them water."



             Those people at that hearing didn't realize



how important that was, because the people down in that



area used to walk 10 and 15 miles to get water, or travel




as far to get water, until they brought water to them.

-------
                                                        861
                 Governor George Romney




             Water is something that we are greatly




blessed with, and here in Michigan we are extremely for-




tunate to have four of the Great Lakes lapped against




our shores, and to have more than 11,000 inland lakes,




and 36,000 miles of streams, so we have plenty of water




and we have a primary State interest and responsibility




for what happens to this water.




             For this reason, the danger of pollution of




water is of utmost importance, to Michigan, because a good




deal of our future is related to how we handle our water.




             Let there be no mistake.  The pollution of




our water is a big problem and a growing problem.  As a




matter of fact, I am of the opinion that we are treating




our water as carelessly as we did our forests earlier,




and that we must intensify our efforts.  But at the same




time, I am aware that we are doing a good deal at the




present time.  We are not doing as much as we should, but




we are working at it.




             I think we also need to recognize that we




can't expect our water to be as pure as it was before we




began to utilize it for municipal purposes, industrial




purposes, agricultural, and recreational purposes.




             Certainly we cannot tolerate the befouling




of our streams and lakes with raw sewage, agricultural

-------
                                                         862
                 Governor George Romney




chemicals, and poisonous industrial wastes, and I can say




with some first-hand knowledge that Michigan is known




throughout the United States as a State with a progressive




and substantial pollution control program.




             Of course, we are hopeful that this confer-




ence will help us to do a better job, and,  for that reason,




let's take a look at some of the goals of this meeting.




There are three, as I understand it.




             First, to consider the Public  Health Service




report on the Michigan waters of the Detroit River and




Lake Erie;




             Second, to evaluate the present status of




our State and local pollution control activities, and




ascertain the nature of delays, if any, that are en-




countered in abating pollution; and




             Third, to agree upon additional measures that




may be necessary to attain and keep the level of quality




in our water which we should reasonably expect.




             Under the leadership of our State Water Re-




sources Commission, Health Department, and  Conservation




Department, and with the active cooperation of industries




and municipalities, Michigan has already progressed more




than is acknowledged in controlling water pollution.




             Our programs were started many years ago,

-------
                                                        863




                 Governor George Romney



and they have been carried on with patience and care.




They have involved the expenditure of many millions of




dollars by both private industry and by Local and State



Government.




             In Michigan, sewage treatment under State



supervision is almost universal in those communities that



have sewage systems.  The few exceptions involve waste




disposal of doubtful significance, or involve communities



which have already embarked upon plant construction pro-



jects.



             Industry is the subject of unremitting State



attention and is generally in compliance with the several




hundred orders which have been issued to its waste dis-




posing plants.  These orders have been largely preventive



as against the actual pollution situations calling for




additional corrective orders.



             Aggressive pollution control programs, pur-




sued diligently in Michigan for many years, have had




general acceptance and support by our citizens.  Our



legislature has been responsive to the needs by providing




the statutory authority that meets the changing habits,



customs and desires of our people.




             But in spite of hundreds of millions of




dollars spent for waste collection and treatment, as  is

-------
                                                        864




                 Governor George Romney




well known to you, many problems not only in water use




but also in water management are emerging and growing




much more complex and difficult.




             To protect the State's primary interest and




responsibility, it is urgent that we define and thoroughly




understand these problems, that we evaluate their effects




on civic public needs, and that we develop a coherent up-




to-date realistic water policy for the sound management




and use of our water resources, because they are there to




be used, not just looked at.




             One of the several steps we are trying to




take to meet this challenge is the development of a com-




plete water policy for the State, encompassing all areas




of water resources, management, use, and rights.




             We have never taken a look at the total




problem in this State.  We have dealt with it piecemeal,




and consequently, a little over a year ago, I appointed




a Commission on Water Rights Use and Pollution to devote




the ir efforts to accomplish a 7-point program involving




a complete and total look at water rights, use and pollu-




tion in the State of Michigan.




             I am not going to read in detail the seven




points, but they are comprehensive in their character,




because insofar as our inland lakes and waters are concerned,

-------
                                                        865




                Governor George Romney



clearly we must be responsible for them.




             As far as the Great Lakes are concerned,



obviously they have interstate and international aspects



that involve the Federal Government and Canadian Govern-



ment, and other states, as well as Michigan.




             In looking ahead to the findings and recom-



mendations of this commission or task force that I have



appointed, we can  gain confidence in the past and the




underlying attitudes of our industries and communities.



             The Michigan statute equates pollution con-



trol with injury prevention requirements, as must any



conceivable statute that is founded upon the common law




and the Constitutional due process requirements.  A per-



son may not be required to refrain from carrying out an



activity which does not unreasonably injure another.



             Nevertheless, without asking for proof of




injury, the Detroit River industries years ago voluntarily



terminated their one time general practice of discharging




raw human sewage in the river.  The files of the Water



Resources Commission record that this item alone cost one




of the companies involved some three million dollars.



             Many of the industrial waste improvements




date from an industrywide conference that was held 19




years ago this spring, at which time the Water Resources

-------
                                                       866




                Governor George Romney




Commission proposed objectives which it believed Detroit




River industries should achieve.




             Since then, the record shows that the fol-




lowing reductions have been made in waste going into the




Detroit River:




             Oil is down 80 percent;




             Phenol is down 78 percent;




             Cyanide is down 71 percent;




             Ammonia is down 47 percent; and




             Suspended solids are down 63 percent.



             So there has been some progress in cutting




down the solids and other products that are going into




the river, and these are just examples of the progress,




much of it voluntary and cooperative, which underlies




our confidence that the response to any new objectives




which may be established will be equally gratifying.




             I am reliably informed that further major




projects are ready to be taken off the drawing boards




waiting only upon making sure that they meet such definite




new objectives.




             I believe, based on what I have seen in this




report and what I know about it, that one of the things




we must be sure of is that if we do certain things, we




can reasonably expect  to achieve certain results.  And

-------
                                                        867



                Governor George Romney




I assume that is one of the major purposes of this Confer-



ence, not only to evaluate the pollution that is going



into the river, but also to evaluate various means of



dealing with that pollution and determining whether or



not they will be effective.




             This contingency ties in with another aspect



of Federal determination to be based upon the subject here



being reported, the determination as to the nature of de-



lays, if any, being encountered in abating the pollution,,



             While certain projects have been able to move



forward without interruption by the study, it has obviously



been necessary for waste disposers to defer major expendi-



tures for new waste control measures pending clarification




of just what might be expected of them.  Hopefully, if we



can establish clear-cut facts with respect to injury, and



facts with respect to how we can overcome that injury, we




can see some early progress.



             The State is prepared to assume its primary




obligation in this matter before us today in seeking, by




all possible means, to achieve and preserve a water qual-



ity that is consistent with the many needs that are in-



volved.  However, it is perfectly apparent from the facts




in the report that this is essentially a local community




problem and private industrial problem  insofar  as  the

-------
                                                        868





                Governor George Romney



Detroit River is concerned, and I assume that in the



course of this conference, the extent to which it has



interstate implications and, therefore, Federal involve-



ment and responsibility, will be considered and developed




as well.



             Any future goals must certainly be framed



in the realities of what can be supported by law, and



must be fair and equitable to all concerned.



             Quite probably, two categories of goals will



be settled upon -- the musts -- those that must be met



in order to prevent or abate injuries as defined by law;



and the desirables -- those that should be continually



worked toward to produce additional improvements in qual-



ity beyond that required by law.



             Both categories will, 1 am sure, have the



full attention of our State pollution control agencies.



             It is obvious, but still tremendously impor-



tant, that we should also approach the job ahead prepared



to deal not just with chemicals and construction projects,



but with the attitudes and beliefs of people who are con-



cerned about their water.  We have to think of those who



are coming along after us, and their need to have these



water resources, so we have to be prudent and, most of




all, those of us who share the public trust  are committed

-------
                                                        869




                Governor George Romney



to see to it that this resource is treated with care, so



that this State will continue to be a water wonderland.




             And so I am hopeful that this conference




will be a useful conference in determining specific things



that need to be established in order to make further prog-



ress, the precise character of pollution, the magnitude




of it and seriousness of it in terms of injury, the spe-



cific steps that can be taken, and how much assurance



there is that those steps will produce a given result,




and then areas of responsibility involving private groups




and governmental groups.



             Personally, I wish I could sit in the full




five day conference, but that doesn't seem to be a possi-



bility under the present legislative circumstances in this



State, and, of course, that is something completely beyond




my control, but I wish those of you who are able to par-



ticipate fully complete success in arriving at answers to




some of these points.



             Thank you very much.



                      (Applause.)




             Now I am very happy to have an opportunity



to introduce again a great Governor from a great State.



This man is a man who has had extensive public experience,




and he is a man that gets results.  He is very practical,

-------
                                                        870




                Governor George Romney




along with idealistic and realistic, and he has a great




record of accomplishment.



             We are very fortunate to have with us here



this afternoon Governor James Rhodes of Ohio.



             Governor Rhodes.



                   (Rising Applause0)

-------
                                                       871



                Governor James Rhodes







             STATEMENT OF HONORABLE JAMES



             RHODES, GOVERNOR OF THE STATE



                       OF OHIO







             GOVERNOR RHODES:  No one need stand up.  No



one from Ohio is going to stand up.



                     (Laughter.



             I know  that George and I sometimes agree



that we are most important, being Governors of great



States such as Michigan and the great State of Ohio.



Recently, I assisted a lady across the street in the



City of Columbus, and while helping her across the



street, battling a traffic light, I placed her on the



curb some ten minutes later.



             I knew  by the questions she asked me that



she must have been 91 or 92 years of age.  She looked



at me and she said,  "Young man, may 1 do anything for



you?"



             I said, "Yes.  One of these days you may



be able to vote for me."



             She looked me straight in the eye, and she



said, "What are you  running for?"



             T oa-t A  "T I™
             i said, i m running  for Governor."

-------
                                                       872



                 Governor James Rhodes



             She said, "I'll be glad to do anything  to



throw those bums out of the State House."



                    (Laughter.)



             I know that I stand here as an Ohio State



man, sometimes in a state of mixed emotions, because we



are supposed to be the football capital in certain years,



and the football fever in Columbus, Ohio and the surround'



ing territory is contagious.  The only cure for it is a



good defeat.



             I want to say that we have recuperated  on



many occasions, but I can reminisce, as a young man  on



the campus on the night before the Michigan game, even



going to Ann Arbor or in the City of Columbus, of the



great relationship between these two great universities,



with the air filled with chants and songs to work up



to a fever-pitch the enthusiasm of all the fans of Ohio



in that great Buckeye battle cry, and the one that they



always finished with, George, was the one they always



sang, students and adults.



             "We don't give a damn for the whole State



of Michigan.  We're from Ohio."



             I stand here with mixed emotions.  I enjoy



that as an Ohio State man, but Michigan happens to be




the largest employer and the  largest taxpayer,  with

-------
                                                         873




                  Governor James Rhodes



the base industry In the State of Michigan,  so  I  do  care



about the State of Michigan.



             You  have a great Governor.   I have been



associated with George since his inception here as your



chief executive.   Not only does he believe in everything



that is good, in  something that builds and constructs a



community, but he is also very progressive.



             I have taken under consideration the pollu-



tion problem of the Great Lakes, and I have  attempted to



look at it from the overall picture.



             In the area of the Great Lakes, we pay  47



percent of all the taxes in these United  States of



America.  We represent 41 percent of the  people.



             Lake Erie and the surrounding lakes here in



this area constitute only part of the problem of the



Great Lakes.  I said this on May 10th in  the City of



Cleveland, when George very graciously and kindly at-



tended that meeting, that this is a problem that is too



large for one State, and we do need assistance.



             If we are to preserve and protect more  or



less the manufacturing breadbasket of America and this



nation, we need the assistance, the aid,  and the help



of the Federal Government.




             I am not talking about  it on the police

-------
                                                          874
                 Governor James Rhodes
 actions, I am not talking about it just being law enforce-
 ment, but I am talking about an overall program to sal-
 vage and to save the Great Lakes.
              1 am particularly concerned about Lake Erie,
 and I know, out of this symposium and this meeting — and
 I might say in passing, with no reflection, that we have
 had more meetings, more forums, more symposiums, more
 conferences on the Great Lakes on pollution, and on Lake
 Erie, than anything that I know of except the Bible, and
 I think the time now is for action*  We should do every-
 thing that we possibly can do as State officials and also
 as local officials to cooperate and to welcome the in-
 creased effort of the State and local agencies and
 industries for accelerated pollution abatement efforts
 now being taken in all States in the Great Lakes area.
              I would like to repeat what has been said
 many times.  We are past the talking stage and the study
stage.  We have arrived at the point where we have to
 consult the consultants, who are consulting the con-
 sulting engineers.
              Ladies and gentlemen, there is much at stake
 in an anti-pollution program, and the stake happens to
 be industry.  In industry there happen to be jobs, and
 without jobs, we all know what unemployment happens to

-------
                                                        875




                 Governor James Rhodes



be.  The  only answer  to unemployment  happens  to be em-



ployment.   I know that in the gross national  product  in



this great  State you  want to  be above the  national



average.  I know deep down George  Roraney is concerned



for more  jobs here in the State of Michigan and the



expansion of industry.



              What we  are talking about is  to  have  and



to hold what we  do have, so that we can work  basically



in the industrial expansion of the great States in the



Great Lakes area.



              We  must  recognize that pollution of Lake



Erie is interstate, intrastate and international,  and



therefore it should be  evident that our Federal Govern-



ment has  a  primary responsibility.



              Our national resources require stewardship



obtainable  only  through funds  and  jurisdiction  beyond



the boundaries of each  of the  States  of the Great  Lakes



district.



              I know that there will be more meetings.



We welcome  you in the Great Lakes, the Federal  Govern-



ment, the Department of Health,  Education, and  Welfare,



and we welcome you with open arms  and  with a  complete



atmosphere  and environment of  a comprehensive coopera-




tive program.

-------
                                                      876



                 Governor James Rhodes




            We can only bring about results If reasonable




people sit around the table with reasonable ideas and




respect for other people's thinking concerning this prob-




lem.  This is the only way the problem can be solved.



This is no time where one State has to shout over the




back fence at another State.




            The problem of the Great Lakes and the State




of Michigan happens to be the problem of the Grea"t Lakes




and the State of Ohio.  I want to assure you that I have




come to George Romney on many occasions, and we stand




together, and I think that we can speak for the rest of



the Governors, that all we are attempting to do is to




clean up the Great Lakes and protect what we have.




            The future of the growth and the space for




the economic expansion of the Great Lakes area depends




upon how diligently and how sincerely we go about our job




of cleaning up the Great Lakes area, and this can only




be accomplished -- and I repeat -- by the complete and




comprehensive cooperation of all concerned.




            I want to thank you for asking me up here,




George.  Again, I want to repeat, you were very kind




to come to the City of Cleveland on May the 10th.  I




want to assure you of our complete cooperation.




            I know there is going to be no controversy

-------
                                                         877
                Governor James Rhodes

between the States.  All we have is a  common goal, and

that is to clean up Lake Erie, especially  from our side.

I notice you have your own problems, but the time has

passed when it becomes a partisan point of view.  This

is no time for petty partisanship.

             It is the duty and responsibility and obliga-

tion of Democrats and Republicans alike to clean up the

Great Lakes area,

             I want to say that cleaning up pollution

and providing the future for these great States, and

especially the great industrial complex that they possess,

is more important than the combined effort of all leaders

of both parties.

             I want to pledge to you and to everyone

here today, the Federal Government  people and the local

officials, that you will have our utmost cooperation in

your effort to do one of the most noble jobs in these

United States of America*

             Thank you.

                      (Applause.)

             MR. STEIN:  Thank you very much, Governors.

             I want to assure you that we, in the Federal

Government, share your views.

             I don't think that there is any problem that

-------
                Governor James Rhodes



we see from the Federal level in the field of water



pollution control that will receive higher priority and



a higher commitment of funds and personnel until we have



the problem of the Great Lakes licked.



             As I pointed out here, the Great Lakes are



the greatest single source of fresh water in this conti-



nent and perhaps the world.  If the Great Lakes go as



many other fresh water lakes have gone, it will be a



devastating blow to this region, and an equally severe



blow to the nation as a whole.



             The eternal mystery that we have had in



this continent is that the Great Lakes have remained



fresh, and we intend to keep them so.



             Thank you very much for coming.



             We will stand recessed for 15 minutes.








             (Whereupon, a short recess was taken.)








             MR. STEIN:  Hay we reconvene?



             At this time, it is indeed a pleasure to



have another Congressman with us, in addition to Congress



man Dingell who was here this morning.



             We have a new Congressman who, in his own



right, is a distinguished scientist, and that is very

-------
                                                       879
rare in the Congress — perhaps very rare anywhere — and



a man who has evidenced a good deal of interest in water



pollution control since he has come to the Congress, and



before.  He has a tremendous grasp of the subject and,



because of his unique background and qualifications,



brings new insight and new ideas to the subject*



             At this time, I would like to present Congress'



man Vivian of Michigan.



             Congressman Vivian.



                    (Applause.)

-------
                                                    880




              Representative W. E. Vivian








             STATEMENT OF UNITED STATES




             REPRESENTATIVE WESTON E.




             VIVIAN, 2d DISTRICT, STATE




                  OF MICHIGAN








             CONGRESSMAN VIVIAN:  Thank you very




raucho



             I am very pleased to be here this after-




noon.  Like Governor Romney, I just had the pleasure




of being host to two astronauts and their wives, and




I must say they are very fine, excellent people.




             I am from the 2nd District of Michigan.




To those of you who know the Congressional Districts,




that is, in part, the Monroe area.




             You have heard John Dingell and Bill




Ford already.  You can characterize John's district




and my own as downriver, and anyone in the pollution




business knows what "downriver" means.  It doesn't




just mean where the boats go down.




             Our people in that district do have se-




vere problems with pollution, and I think the findings




of the Detroit River - Lake Erie Project clearly




indicate — beyond any doubt  — that the Detroit River

-------
                                                    881



              Representative W.  E. Vivian




and Michigan waters  of Lake Erie are  grossly  polluted.



The project found  that the waters contain  excessive




coliform densities,  excessive  quantities of phenols,



excessive quantities of  iron,  oil, ammonia, of sus-



pended solids,  settleable solids, of  chlorides, nitro-



gen compounds,  and phosphates.




             Day after day, for  example, huge amounts



of suspended and settleable solids were found to be




discharged by municipalities and industries into the



Detroit River.  Each day, over 7,000,000 pounds of



these settleable solids  flow into Lake Erie from the



United States portion of the River.   In fact, over 95



percent of the  waste constituents discharged from



Michigan sources into Lake Erie  originate  from the




Detroit River.



             Extensive and troublesome sludge banks




have formed near the mouth of the River and out into



the Lake.  These deposits of sludge,  due to suspended




and settleable  solids, are composed of organic or other




material having an oily  appearance and odor of sewage



and containing  large amounts of  waste-associated ma-




terials such as phenols, nitrogen, phosphates and



iron, with high percentages of volatile materials.




             Second  - oil and grease.

-------
                                                    882




              Representative W. E. Vivian



             Oil and grease have significantly degraded



water quality in the conference area.  At least 20,000



gallons of oil per day are discharged from municipal




and industrial sources in the area.



             Third - coliform densities.



             In the Detroit River below the Rouge



River and below the outfall from the Detroit Sewage



Treatment Plant, the coliform densities are consistent-



ly greater than 1,000 coliform organisms per 100 ml. of



water, the widely used standard for water suitable for



swimming.



             These excessive coliform densities, these



excessive amounts of oil and grease, of suspended and



settleable solids and sludge deposits are but a few of



the indicators of the severe pollution of the Detroit



River and Michigan waters of Lake Erie.



             That was argued.  I don't think it can



be argued any more.



2»  IMPACT. OF POLLUTION ON AREA COMMUNITIES




             The pollution of these waters affects



both the health and welfare of people of this area.



             Bacterial pollution, as indicated by coli-



form densities, from partially treated municipal wastes




and from overflows from combined sewers, interferes

-------
                                                    883
              Representative W. E. Vivian
with domestic water supplies, presenting a health hazard
in some areas if the water treatment facilities should
break down.  Bacterial pollution also interferes with
recreational uses.  All the beach areas on the Detroit
River below Belle Isle have been posted as unsafe for
swimming and other water contact recreation.  Water
contact sports, such as water skiiing or boating in
these areas, are hazardous.  High bacteriological den-
sities at the beaches of Sterling State Park further
down the Lake also have caused this recreational area
to be posted as unsafe for swimming.
             Oil and grease are not only unsightly,
but deface boats, boating equipment, and docking fa-
cilities.
             The destruction in 1960 of from 10,000
to 12,000 ducks near the mouth of the Detroit River
has been attributed to oil pollution.
             The sludge deposits in the River create
unfavorable environmental conditions for the propaga-
tion of game fish.  Sludge deposits along the shore-
line and in the marinas interfere with recreational
use and aesthetic enjoyment of the water.  These de-
posits also interfere with navigation, requiring annual
dredging operations to maintain channels, marinas, and

-------
                                                    884



              Representative W. E. Vivian



harbor facilities.



             Now some people tend to believe that



since remedial measures to abate pollution are very



expensive, we shall have to allow the pollution to



continue unabated.  This is a false notion.  Pollution



of the Detroit River and Lake Erie not only endangers



health, and deprives people of certain water uses,



but it is costing the taxpayers a lot of money as




well.



             I noticed earlier that Governor Rhodes



mentioned the problem of jobs.  That is only one of



many facets.



             The recreational usefulness of most of



the Detroit River and of some beaches on Lake Erie



has been greatly diminished, as you well know.  This



restriction of recreational opportunities in this



area, in my opinion, may be the worst, most expensive,



damage from pollution, inestimable in dollar figures.



             It is clear that the pollution of the



Detroit River and Lake Erie endangers the health and



welfare of our people, people of my own district,



minimizes the potentially great  recreational useful-



ness of the area, and degrades our capacity for




industrial growth and development.

-------
                                                       885



               Representative W. E. Vivian




3.  NEED FOR ACTION NOW




            But more locally, in my own district the




extent of pollution of the Raisin River is sufficient




that it now is undesirable as a source of industrial




water supply.  Even though none of the industries




in the conference area have gone out of business because




of the deteriorated quality of the water, nevertheless,




if water quality deteriorates much further,  it is likely




that some industries will be forced to change their




source of water supply from river water to the more




expensive city water.  And that is a rather  serious




result from a situation which should have never gotten




that bad.




            The pollution of these waters also increases




the cost of water for domestic uses.  At detroit, an




expensive treatment process is required to produce




palatable drinking water, particularly for removal of




the phenols.



            The taxpayer pays sizeable costs for




maintenance dredging to remove sludges, caused by




inadequate treatment of waste by municipalities and




industries.  For example, maintenance dredging opera-




tions in the Rouge River by the Army Corps of Engineers




cost  $206,288 and $258,524 in 1963.  To help defray

-------
                                                       886



            Representative W. E. Vivian



the cost of this dredging, various Industries were



charged an amount commensurate with the cost of removing



that portion of the bottom deposits resulting from



their waste discharges.  That is a complicated sentence,



and the result Is almost as complicated.



            But, because it is difficult to identify



the sources of all material deposited on the bottom of



the river, few Industries are charged for dredging



cost—and these few pay only a small portion of the



actual costs.   Only four industries discharging to



the Rouge River participated in payments of the dredging



costs in 1962.  Out of the total cost of $206,288 in



1962, the payments of the four industries amounted to



$26,857.  In 1963, these industries on the Rouge River



paid $52,250 of the total cost now risen to $258,524.



            For the Raisin River, the costs of



maintenance dredging by the Corps of Engineers were



$58,774 In 1962, and $128,536 in 1963.  Only one industry



is charged to help defray the cost of dredging in the



Raisin River.   Its fixed annual fee is $5,000, out of



a yearly cost of $128,000.



            The taxpayer—that Is you—pays the difference



between actual cost of the dredging operations and the?



amount paid by industry.

-------
                                                     887
         Representative W. E. Vivian
            Although this present pollution of the
Detroit River and Lake Erie presents a serious problem
today, we can expect the situation to become even worse
in the future, if the pollution continues unabated.
            Between I960 and 1980 it is expected that
the population of the four-county project area will
increase 40 per cent, from 3.9 million to 5.5 million.
•Hiis growth should  greatly increase the demand for
municipal water.
            In these same years, naturally the predicted
rate of industrial growth and expected demand for in-
dustrial water is greater than the predicted rate of
population Increase. Consequently, industrial waste
discharges will probably Increase more rapidly than
municipal sewage discharges will Increase.
            The conclusion to be derived from these
data and these predictions is very simple.
            Unless effective pollution control is achieved,
the Increased burden of waste discharges in the Detroit
River and Lake Erie will degrade the water still further—
intolerably further.  At the same time the increased
demand for clean water for all uses will accelerate
the economic costs of pollution.
            It should be apparent to all that we must

-------
                                                     888
              Representative W. E. Vivian

take action to abate the pollution, and now.  I am

glad to hear that Governor Rhodes has made that easy.

But why did the situation get so bad?

4.  WHY DID THE SITUATION GET SO BAD?

            As the Detroit area grew from a frontier

city toward its present status as an industrial

metropolis, few of the local units of government pro-

vided adequate collection and treatment.   The wastes

from each small community did not at first create a

pollution problem.   My wife, for example, lives

north of Detroit in the Flint area, and only very

recently was that area required to put in pollution

control; but fortunately it now has.

            But, eventually, the wastes from the many

growing communities did create a recognized—then a

severe —problem.

            Early in this century a study of the pollution

of the Detroit River ma undertaken to determine the

causes of high incidences of typhoid fever and other

gastroenteric diseases that occurred here year after

year. At that time, there was no sewage treatment at

all for municipal wastes.   Industrial wastes then were

of very little consequence.

            By the mid 1940s, many years ago, the City

-------
              Representative W. E. Vivian           889



of Detroit and some of the other municipalities in



the Detroit area had begun to provide extensive sewage



treatment.  However, by this time, the population of



the area had tripled compared to its population at the



beginning of the century, and the sewage treatment had



not kept pace with the wastes from the expanding



population.  Also, in this short period of time, the



area had become highly Industrialized and the wastes



from the factories further complicated the area's



pollution problems.



            By now, all the municipalities in the Detroit



area provide some sewage treatment.  But we still have



not progressed far enough.  Improved treatment, adequate



disinfection, and an effective means of dealing with the



overflows from the combined sewers are now necessary to



reduce the bacterial contamination of the River.



            Now, I have mentioned Detroit's history,



because in Monroe County it is somewhat more subtle



and perhaps more insidious and troublesome.



            As we have seen, the pollution of the Detroit



River and Lake Erie did not happen overnight.  But in



Monroe County, which is the part of my District



Involved in this conference, the pollution problem



appeared with deceptive slowness. The City of Monroe

-------
               Representative W. E. Vivian          890



began as an area for trading with the rural country-



side, independent of the larger cities nearby, Detroit,



Toledo, and so on.



            Later, the Monroe beaches developed into



a recreational area for the people of Detroit and



Toledo.  Summer cottages were built on or near the



water.  Each community in that summer beach area



made little, if any, provision for sewage treatment.



At first, these cottages were occupied only for short



periods of each summer.   It is as if an area were



suddently built,without resizing, with a more constant



population.  No obvious signs of sewage disposal



problems or pollution problems were evident.  However,



during the past two decades, people gradually have



begun to occupy these homes the year around.



            With a more constant population, schools



and other public facilities were needed and built.



Heavy industry moved into the area. Expansion was rapid.



Bit sewage treatment still was keyed to the summer



cottage era.  Each home had treatment facilities of some



sort, but there was no standard for communities to hold



to.  The immediate concern of each community was to dispose



of its own wastes.  Little thought was given to the



total effect of the wastes from all the small communities

-------
               Repreaentatlve W. E. Vivian          891



and the new industries in the area on the receiving



streams and downstream users.  So that you see  the



pollution problem has jumped into being there rather



than grown through several conferences in Detroit.



            Communities in this area have been devoting



their limited financial resources principally to



desperately needed schools.  You cannot complain when



you discover there are tax and loan bases.  Their



borrowing bases are almost all used up because of



schools.



            Hit the pollution problem, which had been



developing insidiously over a period of years, is now



no longer deferable.  It poses a serious threat to the



area.  It has become a major issue.



            Today, the City of Monroe provides primary



treatment for its wastes, and chlorinates the effluent



during the summer months.  The "Report on Pollution



of the Detroit River, Michigan Waters of Lake  Erie,



and their Tributaries," which you are all familiar with



now, has described the operation of the Monroe Sewage



Treatment Plant as "efficient" and "outstanding" for



a primary sewage treatment plant (p. 50). But, as the



Report Indicates, this is no longer adequate:



Secondary treatment has become a necessity for the

-------
            Representative W. E. Vivian             892



area.   Even the city must move ahead, as well as the



beach areas.



            The growing townships in the Monroe area



provide virtually no treatment.  As with the communities



In the rest of the conference area, the City of Monroe



and its neighbors must now provide more extensive col-



lection lines and a higher level of treatment—Just to



maintain minimum water standards, ignoring the problems



of expansion.



5.  WHAT STEPS WE MUST TAKE.



            Some of these are obvious.  Most of the major



pollution problems of the Detroit River and Lake Erie



area are not technically difficult to solve.  It is



apparent that the pollution of the waters of the River



and the Lake is caused by waste discharges from identi-



fiable municipal and Industrial sources. Sanitary engin-



eers today have the technical knowledge to treat most of



the troublesome waste constituents discharged; and as



years go by we learn how to deal with them more effectively



and less expensively.  Certainly, the answer to the major



pollution problems in this area is a higher level of



waste treatment by municipalities and industries; and



as a person representing the area to the south I can only



say that we must improve ours.  Yes, we must ask and

-------
                Representative W. E. Vivian         893
demand that the area to the north of us, the Detroit area,
does the same.
            Further, provision must be made for the
future needs of the area: Plans must be made to expand
the capacity of the present plants to handle future
growth.
            The solution for providing adequate industrial
waste treatment is similar: Better treatment must be
provided now, and provision made for future growth.
            I personally have been considering the ap-
propriateness of legislation at the Federal level which
would reward industry for proper waste treatment, per-
haps in the form of accelerated or partial tax write-
offs for capital expenditures for waste treatment
facilities. Attention will be given to this in the
future.
            Once an effective remedial program begins
to bring the principal municipal and Industrial sources
of pollution under better control, we can and must then
devote our energies to the more complex problems, and
there certainly are some. For example, overflows from
combined sewers must be brought under control.  And
effective and practical means must be found to remove
certain waste constituents, such as chlorides from the

-------
                Representative W. E. Vivian         894



water. This may take some time, and considerable



expense, but I believe both the time and the money will



be very well spent; and some day we shall have to tackle



the question of whether or not runoffs from the



agricultural land now heavily fertilized is a factor or



not.  At the present moment we cannot recognize that



because we are so deep under the other constituents.



            The only ingredient for success presently



missing is money. The necessary construction, improvement,



and expansion of treatment facilities and collection



lines will cost a lot of money. The estimates run from



hundreds of millions to billions; and I do not know the



exact answer.  But the expense of adequate sewage



treatment is more than balanced by the benefits, both



social and economic, to be derived from clean water.



            The present polluted condition of the water



causes heavy social and economic loss to the community.



It has been estimated that the improvement of sewage



treatment facilities for the City of Detroit will cost



approximately $100,000,000; and that probably is low.



By comparison, the improvement of the treatment



facilities at Monroe,  a much smaller task, is estimated



to cost less than $1,000,000; perhaps $500,000.



But the intprovewmt of this will be considerable, not only

-------
                                                      895
              Representative W. E. Vivian



for the City of Monroe, but for the residents of



the beach areas further downriver, which you are all aware



of, and on which I will be sending the information to



my constituents so that they may be more aware of it.



6.  ROLE OP THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN ASSISTANCE

         AND ENFORCEMENT



            While the residents of the four-county project



area certainly will be obligated to pay a sizeable



fraction of the cost of improved treatment facilities,



there will, fortunately, be available appreciable



Federal assistance.  Some Federal funds are available



through the Construction Grants Program.  As you may be



aware, proposed Federal legislation, which has recently



passed in the House of Representatives, should double



the size of grants and increase the amount of funds



available for distribution. This legislation is Intended



to—and should—stimulate communities to cooperate with



each other in the creation of  Joint waste treatment



facilities, which is the only  practical course for many



of the smaller townships.



            The people of Michigan pay the third highest



amount of Federal taxes in the country.  Of the total



of $112.3 billion Federal tax  dollars collected, the



State of Michigan pays $9.4 billion, a little over 8




           By comparison, our  population is but 4.5  of
per cent.

-------
                                                      896
               Representative W. E. Vivian

the total national population.  In other words, on a

proportionate basis we might have paid approximately

5 billion and we pay 9 billion.  It seems to me that

extra 4^ billion is not too unreasonable to expect

some of it to come back to us for paying for the cost

of water pollution improvement.

            Thus, more than a fair measure of the

available Federal assistance has been paid by Michigan's

tax dollars.  Even those of you who do not like tax dollars,

in the Federal Government, I suggest you re-think the

question.

            I would encourage our local governments

to take full advantage of the Federal funds available

to them for the improvement of waste treatment facilities.

            Now, I hope that this Federal-State

Conference has made apparent to all the scope, the seri-

ousness, and the urgency of this area's pollution

problems.  This conference is a necessary and important

step.  It is a legal step and a required step.  And,

at the conclusion of the conference, just as before, each

municipality and industry in the area will retain, for

a good period of time, its opportunity to solve its

pollution problems itself.  It cannot complain about

-------
                Representative W. E. Vivian        897



Federal or State enforcement for quite some period of



time.  It can only be ashamed of its own inaction.



            I am confident that if all concerned spend



the time, effort, and money required to improve this



area's waters, now certainly befouled by pollution,



much of their former usefulness and beauty can be



restored—and their economic value increased manyfold.



            I would urge that each municipality and



industry voluntarily start work on improvement as



quickly as possible. I intend to search out the proper



means of rewarding industry for initiating necessary



and proper waste treatment procedures.  Each municipality



should certainly immediately seek appropriate State and



Federal assistance.



            We Congressmen down in Washington are down



there for the purpose of being bothered on this type



of mission.  That is what we are there for.  I personally



intend to do whatever I can to help obtain Federal funds



for pollution control measures in this area—and to help



get the Job done.



            But keep in mind that, particularly now that



the government of Ohio has started a legal chain for



the interstate control of water pollution, the Federal



officials can no longer sit back and wait.  They have an

-------
            Representative W, E. Vivian             898
obligation to act in a prescribed and legally determined
manner.   All of those of you who start acting by your
own initiative now will be able to do the Job well the
way you think it should be done.   If you wait, people
at this table will have no alternative but to put on
some pressure, and I shall have no alternative than to
help them, so I suggest that you take the opportunity
which exists and do your best.
            I thank you very much.

-------
                                                       899



                 Representative W.  Vivian



              MR.  STEIN:   Thank you,  Congressman.



              Are there any comments  or questions?



              (There was  no response.)



              MR.  STEIN:   Other than  the Governors,  I



think  you  are the first  one to get applause,  Congressman.



              CONGRESSMAN VIVIAN:   Thank you.



              MR.  STEIN:   And I think that  this demonstrates



that the Congressman is  what is known  in the  trade  to us



in Washington as a working Congressman0  This you can see.



              He  has thoroughly digested the report, and



analyzed it,  and  in a busy Congressman's day, this  is



quite  something.



              I do believe that Congressman Vivian has made



a substantial contribution to the  thinking of the Con-



ferees, and I am sure through the  years he will make a



substantial contribution to the Federal, State, and local



water  pollution  control  program through his position in



the Congress.



              He has,  as  you can see, one of the best



grasps of  the pollution  problem.   It is descriptive of



what has happened in Detroit,  and  what happens in a



situation  where the community of Monroe found itself



transformed from  a resort community  into a community where




people live all year round and found itself without the

-------
                                                       900
                Representative W. Vivian
necessary facilities, which only too well reflects the
problem we find in communities throughout the country
in the problem of water pollution control.  1 don't think
1 have ever heard it stated better than it was by Con-
gressman Vivian.
             We now have two letters which have come in.
One is dated June llth, and is addressed to me here.  It
says:
             "Dear Mr. Stein:
             "The Gibraltar Waterways Association of
Gibraltar, Michigan is, and has been, gravely concerned
with the problem of pollution in the lower Detroit River
and Lake Erie.  We disagree completely and  emphatically
with the public statements made by Mr. Gerald Remus,
General Manager of the City Water Commission of Detroit,
in which he has attempted to refute findings of the
Public Health Service in connection with the gross neg-
ligence of the City of Detroit, other municipalities
along the lower Detroit River and various industries
located in the area.  We are convinced Mr. Remus is
completely ignorant of the fact of water pollution
caused directly or indirectly by the City of Detroit or
he is deliberately minimizing the hazards caused to the
citizens of the lower Detroit River region and to the

-------
                                                        901
                  Murray Stein
fish and wildlife of the area.  We of the Gibraltar
Waterways Association are in complete accord with the
findings of the Federal Health Study in connection with
this problem of pollution and we request this letter be
placed in your record for the General Session which
will review conclusions of the three year Federal study.
             "I, Charles Dodge, Mr. R. B. Busby, and
others of the Executive Committee as well as Mr. John
Chascsa, Chairman of the Lake Erie Clean-Up Committee,
and Mr. Edward Mill.man, Chairman of the Rivers and Har-
bors Committee of the Pte. Moulee Boosters Club have
obtained many samples of the polluted waters in the
lower Detroit and Lake Erie area and have ample proof
of the grave pollution in these waters.  Many of these
samples have been given our Gibraltar Municipal Officials
for submission to the proper water resources commission
with no apparent results of acknowledgements thereto.
Thousands of ducks and fish have been killed by the
pollution in the Detroit River caused by the untreated
or partially treated sewage of the City of Detroit and
other municipalities as well as industrial wastes along
the Detroit River and Lake Erie that have contributed
to this pollution.
             "During the week of December 24, 1960,  and

-------
                                                       902




                   Murray Stein




10 days between November 10 and 30 of 1963* the City of




Detroit dumped millions of gallons of untreated sewage




in the Detroit River, relying on the' protection of a




36-year-old state law, but directly caused by the failure




of the City of Detroit to furnish auxiliary equipment for




the treatment of sewage.




            "In connection with these acts of negligence




on the part of the City of Detroit, the Mayor of the




City of Riverview, Mr. James Jones, stated, 'This is




Just,a license for pollution.  I sympathize with Detroit's




problem, but industry is forced to find other methods for




repairs.  Detroit should be made to do this also.1




            "Some little time ago an expert long distance




swimmer in attempting to swim from Belle Isle was forced




to leave the waters because of extreme pollution en-




countered.  Not many years ago the canals and bays of




the City of Gibraltar and the lower Detroit River were




desirable swimming and fishing locations.  This is no




longer the case and even boats operating  .., these waters




must have their hulls cleaned frequently of the accumulated




filth and pollution.




            "We believe a strong Federal law penalizing




offenders who contribute to the pollution of the Detroit




River, either directly or indirectly, will help in making

-------
                                                        903
                   Murray Stein
these waters,  and  the  lands  that  adjoin  them,  fit  places
for human recreation,  human  habitation,  and  wildlife
refuges, and will  help to preserve  the attractiveness  of
this Water Wonderland.
             "Much of  the damage  that has been done will
take years, following  the clean-up  of these  waters, to
be repaired and possibly these waters will never again
regain a complete  state of desirability."
             Signed  "Sincerely yours, Gibraltar Waterways
Association Executive  Committee,  by Charles  Dodge, Presi-
dent."
             We have another letter here from  the Gibral-
tar Democratic Club, dated June 1,  1965, and it reads:
             "Dear Mr.  Stein:
             "The  Gibraltar Democratic Club  of Gibraltar,
Michigan and located at the lower end of the Detroit
River wishes to take issue with the statements made by
Mr. Gerald Remus,  General  Hnager of the City Water
Commission of  Detroit.   We also request this letter be
accepted as part of  the record of this Second  Session
which will review  conclusions of  the three year Federal
Study.
             "Mr.  John  Chascaa of the Lake Erie Cleanup
Committee; Mr. Charles  Dodge of the Gibraltar  Waterways

-------
                                                          904
                  Murray Stein
Association and Mr. Edward Miliman of the Pointe Moulee
Boosters Club have ample proof with multiple samples  in
jars and also visual aids (slides) to disprove even the
mildest criticism by Mr. Remus.
             "In April of 1960, the Michigan Waters Com-
mission pointed fingers of guilt directly at the City of
Detroit and McLouth Steel Corporation for oil and sludge
pollution in the lower Detroit River (the Gibraltar area)
that caused the deaths of an estimated 10,000 ducks dur-
ing a three week period.
             "Several days duringthe week of December 24,
1960 tragedy seemed imminent for wintering wild ducks on
the Detroit River when a 1,000 horsepower no tor broke
down at the Connor Sanitary Pumping Station, necessitat-
ing diversion of 425 gallons of UNRESTRICTED sewage into
the River each second.  THE CITY OF DETROIT DID NOT HAVE
AUXILLIARY (STAND-BY) EQUIPMENT.

             "For 10 days, between November 10 and 30,
1963 the City of Detroit dumped millions of gallons of
UNTREATED sewage into the Detroit River.  The City of
Detroit obtained this legal permission to do so with
the protection of a 36 year old State law.  Two sluice
gates at the City of Detroit's Fairview Pumping Station
were in need of repair so the City of Detroit wrangled

-------
                                                         905
                   Murray  Stein
permission to by-pass  sewage  treatment  facilities  for
approximately 10 days*  Again the  City  of  Detroit  was
derelict in not having auxiliary equipment.
             "At that time the Mayor  of Riverview, James
Jones, stated 'This is just a license for  pollution.  1
sympathize with Detroit's problem, but  Industry is forced
to find other methods for repairs.  Detroit should be
made to do this also.'
             "Judd Arnett, writing in the  Detroit Free
Press Sunday, May  16, 1965 had these  observations.
'Take a color picture of  the  River below Detroit.  Then
talk with people living down-river in the  Gibraltar area.
Middle-aged people remember swimming  and fishing in many
canals and channels there (Gibraltar).  But, when I was
there a year ago, 1 wondered  if it was  safe to keep a
boat in the area.  THE ONLY GOOD THING  IS THAT THE WATER
IS SO POISONOUS THAT WEEDS WON'T GROW IN IT.'
             "What Mr. Arnett is really summing up is
what our 16th District Democratic Congressman John D.
Dingell has stated quite  emphatically,  that:
             Pollution exists and is  a  serious threat
             to all,
             the offenders are known,
              25% of Lake Erie is dead  due to growth of

-------
                                                        906
                  Murray Stein
             algae,
             years of cheap solutions are now an expensive
             proposition,
             to safeguard our natural resources - long
             deliberately neglected or advantages taken
             of - positive action must now be taken,
             the Federal released report, after 2 1/2
             years of extensive investigation, exposes
             all offenders whereas a private report has
             the tendency of smoothing over the worst
             offenders and 'snow* the public.
             "In conclusion, we feel a strong Federal Bill
would aid tremendously in requiring Cities and Industries
to improve their waste facilities0  A suggested penalty
of $10,000 fine plus $10,000 per day until that particular
offense has been corrected by either City or Industry.
             "Members of your staff are invited to take a
boat ride in the Gibraltar area.  We would welcome the
opportunity to show you, first hand, why Mr. Remus would
not take up Senator John McCaulley from Wyandotte on his
challenge to drink, swim or participate in any way with
the waters of the Detroit River below the City of Detroit."
             Signed, "George Darga, President."
             Now, I might say members of our staff have

-------
                                                         907
                   Murray  Stein
been taking both boat  trips  and  sampling in  the Detroit
area and  in the Gibraltar area for  the  past  couple of
years.  We did have  a  boat trip  yesterday, accompanied
by several people  here, and  the  press.
             I do  have a  handwritten  letter  here from
the Cleveland Chamber  of  Commerce.  It  says:
             "Dear Mr. Stein:
             "I have attended this  conference as a
representative of  the  Cleveland  Chamber of Commerce.
             "Any  efforts of our community to minimize
its contribution to  Lake  Erie pollution would be of no
avail unless progress  is  also made  in the Detroit River,
and other Michigan Rivers flowing into  the Lake.
             "We feel  this conference is setting the
proper course and  trust that its costly aspects can be
imposed with a tolerant consideration of the competitive
nature of industrial enterprise.
             "It occurs to us that  an outcome of the con-
ference should point to closer cooperation with the
Canadian Government  in an effort to reduce waste dis-
charges on the opposite shore."
             This  is signed, "Sincerely yours, Albert G.
Moore."
             I am happy to have read that letter.  I have

-------
                                                       908




                  Murray Stein



to say that this is the first commendation we have ever



gotten in an enforcement action from a chamber of com-



merce, even though it may only go halfway.  We welcome



it indeed.  Maybe this is a turning point in the history



of enforcement of pollution in the country.  I hope so.



             I have another letter from the City of



Gibraltar, dated June 14, 1965, and it reads:



             "Dear Sir:



             "Attached herewith a copy of a resolution



adopted by the City Council of the City of Gibraltar at



its meeting of June 14, 1965 in reference to pollution



of the navigable waters of the Detroit River and Lake



Erie."



             Attached is the following:



             "WHEREAS The City of Gibraltar has received



an official communication from the State of Michigan



Water Resources Commission to the effect that the Secre-



tary of Health, Education, and Welfare, Anthony B. Cele-



brezze, has issued a call for a conference on the pollu-



tion of the navigable waters of the Detroit River and



Lake Erie starting Tuesday, June 15, 1965; and



             "WHEREAS The City of Gibraltar is desirous



of submitting a written statement relative to the afore-



said pollution,

-------
                                                        909
                  Murray Stein
             "BE IT RESOLVED That the City of Gibraltar
officially notify Anthony B. Celebrezze, the Secretary
of Health, Education, and Welfare, that the City of
Gibraltar respectfully requests the following, to wit:
             "I.  That the United States Congress enact
legislation with definitive standards and the imposition
of substantial penalties, with the provision of assess-
ment of additional penalties for continuing violations*
             "2.  That the United States Congress appro-
priate Federal aid to all Municipalities adjacent to the
Detroit River and Lake Erie for the correction of defec-
tive sewage systems.
             "3*  That the United States Congress appro-
priate sufficient funds for the policing and enforcing
of pollution legislation.
             "4.  That legislation be enacted sufficiently
inclusive to govern the acts of all  Municipalities,
Industry and Commerce with a moratorium not to exceed
a period of one (1) year from the effective date of said
legislation, with the further provision that failure to
comply within the moratorium period shall constitute an
injunctive and restraining relief to the Government."
             This contains the seal of the City of Gibral-
tar, and it reflects  "Council  Proceedings:  6-14-65."

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                                                         910



                  Murray  Stein



             Are there  any  further  communications?



             (There was no  response.)



             MR. STEIN:   If not,  we are  going to anticipate



what we have tomorrow for the people here.   I expect that



first off, we will have the clarifying questions from



Michigan.  That is when I suspect things will begin to



get interesting.   We will  have the Federal  experts here



to answer these questions and see how much of an agreement



we can come to.



             Then the State of Michigan  will present its



report, and, after that,  the State  of Michigan will call



on its invitees.



             We are moving  ahead  in this conference right



on schedule.  I am very gratified by the progress we have



made in the presentations.



             We will recess now until 9:30 tomorrow morn-



ing, at the same place.








             (Whereupon,  at 4:45  p.m., an adjournment was



taken until Wednesday, June 16, 1965 at  9:30 a.m.)
                                U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1965 O - 792-121 (Vol. 3)

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