UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
PATE: July 9, 1980
SUBJECT: Errata for the April, 1980, First External Review Draft of the EPA
Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides (PM/SO ) Criteria Document
/\
FROM: ECAOj EPA/RTP/N.C.
T0: Recipients of the first external review draft (April 1980) of the
Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides criteria document
The attached materials include corrigenda comments regarding contem-
plated major text revisions, other lesser corrections (deletions/insertions),
and reference clarifications and additions for various chapters of the
April, 1980, external review draft of the PM/SO criteria document.
X
The corrigenda comments on chapters 1, 3, and 14 signal major
revisions comtemplated for a second external review draft based on
comments and other new information obtained since finalization and
release of the April external review draft. The lists of errata mainly
concern: (1) errors in reference citations and (2) editorial changes
intended to clarify textual meaning or errors in technical content.
Complete reference lists for chapters 2, 3, 6, 9, and 13, including
corrected citations, are provided. There are no comments or errata
sheets for chapters 4 or 8.
These errata and descriptions of contemplated changes are being
circulated at this time in order to facilitate informed and focused
public discussion of EPA's criteria revision efforts. Certainly,
additional changes and, possibly, modifications to these contemplated
changes may need to be made in response to public comments on the First
External Review Draft received by July 31, 1980, and advice received
from the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) of EPA's Science
Advisory Board. Full and adequate opportunity for public comment on any
of these contemplated changes or other modifications incorporated in a
second external review draft to be made available to the public and
CASAC.
Atch
EPA Form 1320-6 (Rev. 3-76)
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7/9/80
Chapter 1 Introduction, Summary, and Conclusions SO /PM
Corrigenda
Before listing specific errata (deletions/insertions) for Chapter 1 (Volume
I) of the April, 1980, External Review Draft of the EPA criteria document for
sulfur oxides and particulate matter, certain general comments should be noted
reguarding anticipated revisions in Chapter 1.
First, major revisions planned to be made in later current chapters (2-14) of
the document, as indicated in ensuing corrigenda materials, will also be appropriately
reflected in revisions to be made in Chapter 1. For example, certain major revisions
in the text of Chapter 3 noted in corrigenda comments for that chapter will be
appropriately reflected in revision of text in Section 1.3.2 (pg. 1-19 to 1-43).
This especially includes introductory materials (4 main points) to be inserted on
pg. 3-84 at the start of the discussion of comparison of particulate matter measurement
techniques, as noted later in corrigenda comments for Chapter 3. Similarly, revisions
noted in those corregenda comments to be made in Chapter 3 regarding the discussions
of specific studies comparing COH versus TSP and BS versus TSP measurement results
will be appropriately reflected in Chapter 1 revisions.
Other major revisions in Chapter 14, noted in the later corrigenda comments
for that chapter, will also be reflected in revisions of Section 1.5.5 (Community
Health Observation Studies) of Chapter 1. Of particular importance are major
changes to be made in Tables 1-19 to 1-21 (on pg. 1-140 to 1-42) and accompanying
text regarding summarization of various expert reviewers' evaluations of key quanti-
tative community health studies. Specific changes in those tables will include the
fol1owi ng:
13
(1) In Table 1-19, deletion of all entries except those for studies by Lawther ,
11 fi
Glasser and Greenburg , Martin and Bradley , and Martin .
-1-
-------
(2) In Table 1-20, deletion of entries for all studies except those by Greenburg196,
Lawther52'53, Martin16, Waller7, and Van der Lende74.
(3) In Table 1-21, deletion of entries for all studies except those by Douglas and
Waller90, Lambert and Reid28, Lunn et al96'97, Ferris43, Sawicki181, Mostardi,117'258
Shy215, and Rudnick182.
Discussion of tables 1-19 to 1-21, in the text on pg. 1-143 to 1-152 is to be
revised such that comments on quantitive air quality levels associated with observed
health effects will generally be in terms of the original (COH, BS, TSP) particulate
matter measurement units employed in specific studies summarized in the table,
except for comments on interpretative evaluations by particular expert reviewers
that involved "translation" of COH or BS units into TSP units. Further evaluative
comments are to be added on whether reasonable interconversions between COH, BS,
and TSP measurement units can be made and, if so, in what manner and under what
circumstances. The impact of such interconversion or lack of sound bases to do so
on interpretation of the epidemiology data base for SO /PM will then be taken into
A
account in text revisions more specifically delineating key conclusions based on
the epidemiology literature.
The implications of those conclusions, and others based on information discussed
in Chapters 11, 12, and 13, for development of health criteria for sulfur oxide and
particulate matter are to be delineated in an integrative health summary and conclusions
chapter still in the process of being prepared for addition to the document.
Relevant text summarizing the most salient features of that chapter, once completed.
is to be added as the final portion of Chapter 1 (Volume 1).
-2-
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7/9/80
Chapter 1 - PM/SO
Errata
Page Par/Line
Delete
Insert
1-18
1-19
1-23
1-27
1-39
1-63
1-64
1-88
3/7
2/3
1/7
--
1/4
Table 1-6
n
3/2,3
cyslone
-
Parting
Note: Table 1-2 is actual
text, and Table 1-3
10 or, at most, 30 percent
Ref. 118 (3 instances)
Ref. 118 (1 instance)
Polyester, acrylic...
cyclone
< before: 2. 5 pm
Party
ly Table 1-3 cited in the
is actually Table 1-2
10 to 30 percent
Replace with Reference 272
Replace with Reference 272
1-93 1/5,6
1-95 1/3
1-95 1/8,9
1-95 2/3
1-100 1/1
1-100 1/2
1-100 1/3
1-100 1/10
1-101 1/1
acid hydrolysis
One study...50 percent
One investigator (Lippmann,
1977) calculated that about
10 percent
are
or other agents...conditions.
may be
Period after:
of ammonia.
...absence
(at concentrations <1 mg/m
or 5 ppm, respectively)
after: alone
summarized in Tables 1-8 and 1-9, of certain studies discussed
in Chapter 12,
at relatively high exposure
levels (>1 mg/m ). after:
health effects
, with relatively few having
been observed^at concentra-
tions <1 mg/m . after:
ZnS04 and
pathophysiological
dependent
ZnS04(NH4)2S04
physiological
-------
Page Par/Line
Chapter 1 - PM/SOx Errata (continued)
Delete Insert
1-101 1/3
1-104 Table 1-11
1-107 2/1
and increased flow resistance and
compliance,
to 1310 mg/m (500 ppm)
Table title - line 2:
13.1 mg/m
< before:
1-110 Table 1-13 Hazucha and Bates, 1975 from
"Reference" column, line 8
1-110 Table 1-13 Significant decrease in FVC,
FEV, 0, MMFR, MEFR from "Effects"
column, lines 6,7
1-110 Table 1-13
in a 180 liter chamber into
which 1310 mg/m (500 ppm)
SOp was injected at a rate
of 20 ml/min
Significant decrease in MEFR;
FVC, FEV., 0, MMFR also de-
creased '
; at 1 ppm, one subject ex-
perienced 7% increase in
flow resistance; another, a
23% decrease after: nasal
breathing, "Effects" column,
line 17.
1-144 1/6
1-145 2/1
1-152 —
states sites
study studies
Delete last sentence of footnote
"a" for Table 1-24
-------
Chapter 2 - PM/SO
Errata >
Page Par/Line
Delete
Insert
2-10
2-26
2-27
2-27
2-30
2-34
2-34
2-34
2-35
2-50
2-52
2-59
2-60
2-61
2-63
2-63
2-66
2-68
2-78
3/5
3/9
2/3
4/3
1/7
3/2
3/3
3/5
Ref.
Ref.
1/8
2/3
2/5
2/3
2/5
3/7
3/7
1/2
1/9
-
-
Instrumentation for Environmental
Monitoring, Air, 1972
ditto
-
-
EQS0775001
EQS0775002
-
-
Methods of Air Sampling and
Analysis, 1972
Brosset and Perm (1978)
(1974)
1974,
1973
1975
1977
ed. , after: Dennis
, undated after: Corp.
Lawrence Berkley Laboratory,
1972
ditto
, undated after: Instruments
a after: 1975
EQS-0-775-001
EQS-0-775-002
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (1979c)
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (1979c)
New sentence after: 2-4.
"Although only every tenth
point is plotted, the statistica
analysis pertains to the
entire data set."
Intersociety, 1972
Stevens et al. (1978)
(1969)
1977 before: 1977a
1974
1976
1978
-------
Page Par/Line
Chapter 2 - PM/SO Errata (continued)
J\
Delete Insert
2-87 2/12
Current
2-87 2/14
2-90
2-100 2/10
2-111 3/4
2-120 1/8
2-120 4/2
2-139 3/2
Sampler (ES and T Outlook, 1978)
have a values
Bernard
1979
new
Gooid
An article in Environmental
Science and Technology
(-, 1978) describes the
results for current -
Sampler. The a values
varied ^
New page 2-90a, attached.
(Table 2-11)
Threshold Limits Committee
before: 1968
Barnard
1980
possible
Goold
Note: Completed reference list attached.
-------
TABLE 2-11. FRACTIONAL AEROSOL PENETRATION FOR SELECTED SUBSTRATES
AS A FUNCTION OF FACE VELOCITY AND PARTICLE SIZE
FILTER: Gelman Type A, glass fiber
AP, cm Hg
V, cm/sec
1
11.2
1.5
16.9
3
32.7
10
108
Dp, Mm
0.035
0.10
0.30
1.0
FILTER: Ghia S2
AP, cm Hg
V, cm/sec
PENETRATION
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
37PJ 02,
1
23.4
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
teflon membrane,
3
64.1
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
2.0 Mm pore
10
187
0.0008
0.00054
<0. 00007
<0. 00002
Dp, Mm
0.035
0.10
0.30
1.0
FILTER: Whatman
AP, cm Hg
V, cm/sec
PENETRATION
<0.0002
<0. 00006
<0. 00007
<0. 00007
No.l, eel
1
6.1
0.0011
0.00008
<0. 00007
<0. 00009
lulose fiber
3
17.4
0.0005
<0. 00024
<0. 00022
<0. 00008
10
47.6
30
102
Dp, Mm
0.035
0.10
0.30
1.0
PENETRATION
0:56
0.46
0.16
0.019
0.52
0.43
0.044
0.034
0.34
0.13
0.0049
0.0044
0.058
0.0071
0.00051
0.00042
Source: Liu et al., 1978
2-90a
-------
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7/9/80
Chapter 3 Critical Appraisal of Air Quality Measurement Applications Corrigenda
Before listing specific minor errata (insertions/deletions) for text contained
in Chapter 3 of the April, 1980, External Review Draft, several major changes to
be made in the chapter should be noted. The proposed changes are based in part
on additional literature review and comments received since finalization and
release of the April, 1980, external review draft of the chapter.
On pg. 3-84, after the first paragraph, new text is to be inserted discussing
the fact that difficulties in comparing results from various bodies of epidemiologic
literature (e.g., British versus American) on particulate matter health effects
arise from differences in specific physical and chemical properties of particulate
matter pollution indexed by different measurement techniques employed in such
studies. In particular, the following points are to be noted:
(1) The British smoke (BS) sampling technique (widely used in Britain and
Europe) mainly collects fine mode particles (<3-5 urn) and, using reflected
light, specifically measures degree of reduction of reflectance by the collected
particles. BS computed by the degree of reduction in reflectance, although
sometimes highly correlated with TSP (r=0.8-0.9) and lead (r=0.8-0.9) as reported
by Ball and Hume (1977) and affected by certain other materials (Pedace and
Sansone, 1972), is most highly correlated with the amount of graphitic carbon*
present (r=.96; Baily and Clayton, 1980). Levels of carbon or other materials
affecting reflectance readings can, however, vary independently of the total
mass of the collected (mainly fine mode) particles. Thus, estimation of collected
particle mass indexed by BS readings is dependent upon calibration of BS readings
against standard mass readings (weighing) of collected particle samples typifying
* The term "graphitic carbon" is not meant to imply the three-dimensional
structure of graphite, but only to indicate a structure similar to that of
carbon black contained in soot.
-------
a given location, a 1.1 owing for calculation of corresponding mass concentration
levels (in yg/m ) by taking into account sampling periods and air flow rates.
Relationships between BS reflectance readings and mass concentrations (ug/m )
for a given location are most accurately determined empirically by reflectance
to mass calibrations derived on a site-by-site and, time-specific basis, given
the fact that relative mixes of va ious pollutants sampled could vary on an hour
to hour, day to day, or longer-term basis. However, if the relative mix of
particulate matter sampled and the percentage of the total collected mass attribu-
table to graphitic carbon and other materials affecting light reflectance remains,
similar from time to time or site to site, as empirically demonstrated by repre-
sentative calibration determinations, then a common standard calibration curve
relating mass concentration (ug/m ) of particulates collected to reflectance
readings may be generally applicable for BS data obtained from thusly calibrated
sites shown to fit the standard curve well (Wallin, 1965).
(2) Particulate matter measurements by certain American sampling techniques
(e.g., the AISI tape sampler method) which uses light transmittance as the
physical property measured (Katz and Sanderson, 1958), are also most strongly
affected by graphitic carbon levels present among particulate matter mass collected
(mainly fine mode, <5um size-range). Thus, similar considerations and limitations
as described above for the BS method apply to the AISI tape sampler light trans-
mittance method in regard to converting transmittance readings (coefficient of
haze units or COHS for the AISI method) to estimates of particulate mass collected.
That is, very precise estimates of particulate mass collected or air concentration
(in ug/m ) require that the transmittance readings (in COHS) be calibrated
against representative corresponding sample weights on a site-and time-specific
basis.
-2-
-------
However, practical application of the AISI light transmittance method, as in the
case of BS measurements, usually precludes other than occasional representative
calibrations for a given sampling site due to personnel and other resource
limitations. Rather, to the extent that similar relationships of mass to trans-
mittance readings are consistently obtained at a given site through repeated
calibrations over time, then use of a standard calibration curve for converting
transmittance readings (COHS units) to corresponding particle mass estimates for
that site appears to be reasonably well justified.
Analogously, to the extent that a relatively similar mix of pollutants
(e.g. graphitic carbon) most strongly affecting light transmittance is represented
among the total mass of particulate matter collected at various other sites, it
appears reasonable to employ a common standard calibration curve for conversion
of transmittance values to estimates of particulate mass collected at those
sites by the AISI method, especially if representative calibration data are fit
well by the standard curve. Conversely, substantial variations in the pollutant
mix, e.g. in the percentage of graphitic carbon represented in the overall
particulate mass collected either for the same site at different times or between
different sites, should be reflected by notable deviations from the more usually
applicable calibration curve and would require generation of another one on a
site-and time-specific basis. The likely general liability of any particular
calibration curve for estimation of collected particulate mass concentrations
based on light transmittance readings appears, then, to be amenable to empirical
testing in terms of: (a) assessment of goodness of fit of data for specific
sites to the particular model defining the given calibration curve, and (b)
assessment of similarities of chemical composition (including percentage of
graphitic carbon and other substances affecting light transmittance) of atmospheric
particulate matter sampled at different times at the same site or between different
sites.
-3-
-------
(3) Since both light reflectance (BS) and transmittance (AISI tape
sampler) measurement methods are both most strongly affected by levels of
graphitic carbon among the particulate matter mass collected, 1t might
be assumed that results obtained by each method should be readily translatable
into equivalent measurement units employed by the other method (I.e., reflectance
or darkness index BS readings versus COHS units for the AISI tape sampler), using
emperically-derived calibration curves. Similarly, it might be assumed that, if
particles of the same size-range are collected and valid curves exist for estimation
of particulate matter mass levels based on either light absorption or transmittance
readings for a given site, equivalent particulate matter mass or air concentration
estimates should be derivable from reflectance or transmittance readings for a
given set of BS or COHS data points on a site-and time-specific basis. Those mass
concentration estimates, furthermore, would then presumably provide a reasonable basis fot
comparisons of particulate matter levels in the same size-range from one site or
time to another, where atmospheric aerosols of similar chemical composition
are sampled. This might be the case, for example, in terms of samples of
certain urban aerosols containing similar pollutant mixes derived from relatively
similar emission sources, but not obtained from collection sites markedly dominated
by different single emission sources. The interconversion (comparability), or
lack thereof, of particulate matter mass estimates derived from light reflectance
versus light transmittance measurement techniques, therefore, should be empirically
testable in terms of goodness of fit of data from a given site or time in relation
to curves or equations modeling relationships between results from the two
techniques.
-4-
-------
The participate matter measurements (in terms of mass concentrations
in yg/m ) based on standard light reflectance (BS) or transmittance
(AISI tape sampler) methods most often used in community health epidemiology
studies might also be expected to approximate fine mode particulate
matter mass estimates determined by gravimetric methods, in view of
procedures for the former two methods being reported to result mainly in
collection of fine mode fraction particles (<3 um). However, factors
influencing estimation of mass from BS reflectance or COH units could be
such to result in quantitative mass estimates different from those
obtained for fine particulate mass as determined by gravimetric methods.
(4) Conversion of particulate matter measurement results from
either light reflectance (e.g., BS) or transmittance (e.g., AISI tape
sampler) methods versus high-volume sampler results (expressed in ug/m
TSP) involve additional considerations beyond those outlined above.
First, the high volume sampler has an inlet which is 50% efficient in
collecting 25-30 urn sized particles and therefore collects coarse mode
particles not sampled by the other two methods as standardly employed.
Also, graphitic carbon levels and other materials most strongly affecting
light reflectance and transmittance readings and fine mode particulate
mass levels (indirectly indexed by the same methods) can vary independently
of coarse mode particle levels. They may, therefore, increase or decrease
in directions opposite to changes in total suspended particulate (TSP)
matter mass. It is thusly not surprising that quite different relationships
between particulate matter mass estimates based on BS or COHS readings
and TSP levels can exist from site to site or from sampling
time to sampling time at the same site.
-5-
-------
Reliable determination or estimation of likely TSP levels present at particular
sampling points (times/places) based on corresponding BS or COHS data, then, may
only be possible or justifiable within very circumscribed limits and highly
dependent upon development of applicable empirically-derived intercomparison
models in a fashion analogous to obtaining calibration or interconversion curves
for BS and COHS readings discussed above.
On pg. 3-102, immediately before the last paragraph and heading for Section
3.5.5, new text is to be added which notes that three recently reviewed papers
(by Ledbetter and Cerepaka, 1980; Swinford and Kolaz, 1980; and Heindryckx,
1975) report on relationships between COH and TSP as determined by comparisons
of results obtained from collocated high volume and AISI tape samplers. In each
case, for data obtained from sampling site locations as diverse as areas in
Texas, Illinois, and Belgium, considerable scatter was found for individual
paired observations, suggesting great uncertainty in predicting 24 hour TSP
levels from short-term (1 hour) COH readings. It may be possible to improve on
the relationships by using seasonal calibrations at each site and nonlinear
models calibrated in a manner similar to the ASTM method or the British Standard
1747 Part 2 procedure for smokeshade in order to convert COH readings to units
of mass for comparison with TSP data. However, these studies, and other literature
cited above in this chapter, all appear to indicate that COH measurements are
generally not directly relatable to TSP levels.
On pg. 3-103, immediately before the last paragraph, new text is to be
inserted which notes that a typical finding among the various BS/TSP comparison
studies cited in the preceeding paragraph is that considerable scatter or variability
-6-
-------
exists for individual paired observations for 24 hour BS and corresponding TSP
measurements analyzed in the various studies. However, greater consistency
appeared to exist for BS-TSP relationships expressed as long-term (monthly or
longer) averages of the paired 24 hour observations; and efforts were made in
the different studies to derive equations or models (mainly linear regression)
that best fit the observed data obtained from different individual sites, cities
and time periods (e.g., winter heating seasons versus summer nonheating seasons).
On pg. 3-116, immediately before the last paragraph, new text is to be
inserted noting that neither the Mage (1980)* bounded nonlinear model derived
primarily from the annual average (mean) BS-TSP comparison data of Commins and
Waller (1967) as summarized by Holland et al. (1979) nor any other presently
available model provides a generally reliable basis for interconversion of
corresponding individual 24 hour BS-TSP data points, except perhaps at high
levels of BS (>. 500 pg/m ). The Mage (1980) and other models such as those
discussed in Lee et al. (1972) or Pashel and Egner (1980), however, may provide
better ore more reliable fits for BS-TSP monthly or annual average data.
On pg. 3-121, there is to be deleted the last three paragraphs discussing
the impact of the use of a sampling flow rate of 0.72 liters per minute by
Pashel and Egner (1980). Also to be deleted are Figure 3-13 on pg. 3-122, all
text but the last paragraph on pg. 3-123, and Appendix C of Chapter 3. These
deletions are based on a personal communication from Pashel and Egner indicating
that a 0.72 liter per minute flow rate was erroneously reported in their draft
1980 Atmospheric Environment article; rather, according to their personal communi-
cation, a 1.5 1/min. flow rate more typically employed in generating BS data
used by British epidemiologists was also used by them in producing the data
reported in their 1980 paper.
* Manuscript now in preparation.
-7-
-------
Detailed discussion of possible methodological errors in the Pashel and
Egner study, starting on pg. 3-118, are to be moved to appendices and only brief
summary statements regarding such included in the main text of Chapter 3. Also,
on pg. 3-128, the paragraph immediately before the heading for Section 3.5.5.3.
is to be entirely deleted and replaced with the following new text: Another
possible explanation for the particular pattern of results obtained by Pashel
and Egner is suggested by the fact that all of their annual mean data for rural,
residential, and commercial sites studied fall on or very near the BNLM (Mage,
1980) model curve in Figure 3-15 on pg. 3-127, whereas data for seven of eleven
industrial sites fall rather far to the right of the BNLM curve. The possibilty
exists that high levels of either noncarbonaceous fine-mode particles, coarse
mode particles, or both in fugitive dust or stack emissions from nearby industrial
sources in the absence of much carbonaceous material from fossil fuel combustion,
o
result in the relatively higher TSP readings (mostly >100 pg/m ) obtained at
those sites. If such were the case, the data would illustrate a likely general
limiting factor in making meaningful comparisons or interconversions between BS
and TSP data, even on a long term annual mean basis. That is, whereas the BNLM
or other analogous models might fit well BS-TSP comparison readings obtained
from sites sampling aerosols dominated by graphitic carbon and other particles
from fossil fuel combustion sources, such models would not likely apply in
markedly different circumstances, eg. in dry rural areas of the American Southwest
or sites strongely affected by fugitive dust from industrial facilities. Especially
highly variable BS-TSP relationships can be expected in such situations where
large amounts of coarse mode crustal particulate matter or mechanically produced
coarse mode particles from anthropogenic activities exists in the air in the
-8-
-------
presence of little fine-mode carbon or other materials from fossil fuel combustion
sources.
On pg. 3-141, additional sentences are to be added to the last paragraph,
as follows: On the other hand, another possible explanation for the marked
divergence of the data set from other published results for BS-TSP comparisons
(mainly sampling urban aerosol mixes dominsted by fossil fuel combustion emission
products) is that significant amounts of particles from fugitive dust or other
emissions from nearby industrial facilities may have contributed to relatively
high TSP readings (ca. 100 - 200 yg/m ) in the presence of low BS readings (<_ 25
yg/m ). Such results would be illustrative of one type of circumstance severely
limiting determination of reliable or meaningful relationships between corresponding
BS-TSP data points.
-9-
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Chapter 3 - PM/SO
Errata >
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Insert
3-1 2/12
3-1 2/13
3-25
3-29
3-42
3-44
3-52
3-59
3-62
3-62
3-63
3-67
3-77
2/2
1/11
2/6
3/2
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3/4
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3-89
3-89 -/last
3-91 2/7
3-93 1/3
Higgins and Ferris, 1978
Speizer and Ferris, 1978
dates
Adams et al., 1971
are
air (column 4, line 17)
reflectance
MckEllison (1964)
Page 3-52
"period" after: December 15
(column 4, line 8) Moulds,
1961
(Column 5, line 14) 10 cm
Mck
(Entire table heading)
length /mass
can
National Academy of Sciences,
1978a
National Academy of Sciences,
1978b
was after: which
as
error
National Survey after: for
darkness
Ellison (1968) after: by
Ellison (1968)
Page 3-57
, since
Moulds, 1962
10 mm
uncorrected after: usage of
Relationship of coefficient
of Haze to Particle Counts
(Np), 0.3 - 2.0um, Measured
in New York City
Source: Ingram (1969)
-2
length -mass
could
-------
Chapter 3 - PM/SOx Errata (continued)
Page Par/Line Delete Insert
3-94
3-97
3-110
3-113
3-116
3-121
3-121
3-128
3-135
3-138
2/1
2/1
1/10
1/18
2/4
1/3
3/2
1/1
3/4
2/4
1968
-
Table 3-8
Dalager (1975)
one
R > 50%
-
2
sum of x »
1978
et al. after: Muylle
Table 3-9
Dalager (1974)
two
R < 50%
the effect of after:
chi -square statistic
showing
sampler after: hi-volume
(1972)
(1977)
Note: List of additional recommended references attached.
Note: Completed reference list attached.
-------
Additional References Recommended for Consideration in Chapter 3, PM/SO
f\
Bailey, D. L. R. , and P. Clayton. The measurement of suspended particulate
and carbon concentration in the atmosphere using standard smoke shade
methods. Report LR 325 (AP), Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, 1980.
Heindryckx, R. Significance of total suspended particulate matter, as determined
by optical density measurements. BECEWA, 1974. (as cited by Kretzschmar,
1975).
Ledbetter, J. 0., and B. P. Cerepeka. Obscuration versus aerosol concentration.
J. Environ. Sci. Health A15(2):173-181, 1980.
Rosen, H., A. D. A. Hansen, R. L. Dod, T. Novakov. Soot in urban atmospheres:
Determination by an optical absorption technique. Science 208:741-744, 1980.
Swinford, R. L., and D. J. Kolaz. Field correlation of TSP data from a continuous
particulate monitor and high volume air samples. Paper 80-38.3, 73rd
APCA, Montreal, Canada, 1980.
Wallin, S. C. Calibration of the D.S.I.R. Standard Smoke Filter for Diesel
Smoke. Int. J. Air Wat. Poll. 9:351-356, 1965; and discussions by
Lindsey, A. J., M. Corn, S. R. Craxfor, L. R. Reed, and S. C. Wallin,
IBID, 10:73-76, 1966.
-------
3.7 REFERENCES
Apling, A. J. , A. W. C. Keddie, M-L. P. M. Weatherley, and M. L. Williams,
The High Pollution Episode in London, December, 1975. LR263(AP), Warren
Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, England, 1977.
Bailey, D. L. R., and H. L. Nicholson. Smoke Filter Calibration Curve: 1-cm
Filter Holder. LR89(AP), Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, England,
October 1968.
Ball, D. J., and R. Hume. The relative importance of vehicular and domestic
emissions of dark smoke in Greater London in the mid-1970's, the
significance of smoke shade measurements, and an explanation of the
relationship of smoke shade to gravimetric measurements of particulate.
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Bourbon, P. A Propos de la Mesure des Poussieres et de 1'Anhydride Sulfureux,
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British Standards Institution. Methods for the Measurement of Air Pollution.
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Cohen, A. L. Dependence of Hi-Vol measurements on airflow rate. Environ.
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Clayton, P. The Filtration Efficiency of a Range of Filter Media for Sub-
Micrometre Aerosols. LR280(AP), Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage,
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Commins, B. T., and R. E. Waller. Observations from a ten year study of
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Dalager, S. Correlations between methods for measuring suspended particulates
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Douglas, J. W. B., and R. E. Waller. Air pollution and respiratory infection in
children. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 20:1-8, 1966.
Eickelpasch, D., and R. Hotz. Comparison of various outer air measurements.
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the fog of December, 1930. Bull. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 683-741, 1931.
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in Hydrogen Peroxide Solution—The Effect of Evaporation of the Solution
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Western Region, England, April 1970.
Hagen, L. J., and N. P. Woodruff. Air pollution from duststorms in the Great
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concentration in the near-ground air layer (LIB Method). Staub
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3-143
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Ingram, W. T. Smoke Curve Calibration. APTD-0928, U.S. Department of Health,
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Laskus, L. Untersuchung der Korngrossenverteilung des atmospharischen
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Laskus, L., and D. Bake. Erfahrungen bei der Korngrb'ssenanalyse von
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Lawther, P. J., A. G. F. Brooks, P. W. Lord, and R. E. Waller. Day-to-day
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III. Frequent measurement of peak flow. Environ. Res. 8:119-130, 1974.
Lawther, P. J., P. W. Lord, A. G. F. Brooks, and R. E. Waller. Air pollution and
pulmonary airway resistance: a six year study with three individuals.
Environ. Res. 13:478-492, 1977.
Lee, R. E. Jr., J. S. Caldwell, and G. B. Morgan. The evaluation of methods
for measuring suspended particulates in air. Atmos. Environ. 6:593-622,
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Lee, R. E., Jr. Measuring particulate matter in air. In: Instrumentation
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3-144
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Lippman, M. Review of cascade impactors for particle size analysis and a new
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20:406, 1959.
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3-147
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Chapter 4 PM/SO
/\
(No errata or revisions at this time.)
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Chapter 5 - PM/SO
Errata
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5-3
5-20
5-20
3/5
ft-nt
ft-nt
23
mg/m
20
ug/m
after cumulative:
"3-58" -
"3-60" -
5-99 legend
Entire page (stray from Ch. 3)
(does not apply to all copies)
Entire page (stray from Ch. 3)
(does not apply to all copies)
percentage
Pg 5-58 (attached)
Pg 5-60 (attached)
after densities: for nitrogen
dioxide
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SOX2B/A 6-9-80 receded
county having the highest annual average value. It is not possible to determine
whether concentrations are more or less uniform across the county or whether
they are localized. However, several general impressions are obtained about
national TSP conditions. High concentrations can be found in almost every
State. Many populated counties have high concentrations (for example, New
Jersey-New York City, Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, Chicago, and Los Angeles).
Several sparsely populated counties also have high concentrations. Arid regions
as well as industrialized counties have high levels.
The AQCR attainment status for the daily NAAQS is shown in Figure 5-19,
which is based on the same 1977 NADB TSP data. The same comment made above
applies to the 24-hr measurements. A violation of NAAQS for TSP at one loca-
tion does not necessarily imply a higher health risk for the entire population of
that area. The health implications even for those living near a site in vio-
lation are not clear. Populations living in attainment areas but exposed to TSP
high in trace metals, for example, might have a high health risk.
A closer look at the site descriptions for stations that recorded violations
suggests that the reasons for violation are quite variable. As discussed earlier,
it seems clear that industrial sources contribute significantly to TSP levels at
many sites. This is not so obvious at other sites, however. Some extremely
high concentrations experienced at monitors in Arizona, New Mexico, and elsewhere
are most likely associated with surface dust suspended by the wind. Without a
careful site inventory or perhaps detailed analysis of TSP chemical and elemental
composition, the specific reasons for TSP violations are unknown.
5.2.1.6 Severity of Peak TSP Concentrations—The geographic displays of attain-
ment status are only one way of conveying the extent of the TSP pollution problem.
To indicate the severity of TSP ambient exposures, the 90th percentile concen-
5-58
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SOX2B/A 6-9-80 receded
tration of the 24-hr measurements was examined for all 4008 sites in the 1977
NADB. The concentrations of TSP and other air pollutants have been widely re-
ported to be log normally distributed (Larsen, 1971). This statistical relation-
ship, however, appears inappropriate at the high and low ends of the distribution
(Mage and Ott, 1978). Because the extreme values at the high end are subject
to wide scatter, the 95th or 99th percentile was found to be less representative
of the severity of high TSP levels. The 90th percentile was therefore chosen
as being a more stable indicator. It represents the TSP level that is exceeded
on approximately 36 days of the year.
Table 5-16 shows, for each AQCR, the number of TSP monitoring sites whose
90th percentile concentrations were <100, 100-200, 200-260, and >260 ug/m . In
Figure 5-20 the AQCR's having at least one monitoring station whose 90th per-
centile exceeds 260 ug/m are displayed. AQCR's in Montana, Arizona, and New
Mexico have a large number of monitoring sites for a relatively sparse popu-
lation (approximately twice EPA's minimum requirement). A number of these sites
are near smelters. Hence, the high levels do not necessarily imply high popu-
lation exposure to TSP. In addition, windblown soil contributes to the higher
levels in these States. In the Northeast and East, the elevated TSP concen-
trations reflect the higher density of industrial and urban emissions. In these
cases, the high levels (in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut,
and Massachusetts) indicate a larger population exposed to peak TSP concentra-
tions. The high 90th percentile levels in North Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, and
Colorado perhaps reflect an influence of fugitive emissions from agriculture.
Figure 5-21 shows the number of AQCR's whose monitors have their 90th percen-
tile TSP concentration within the various categories. Of the country's 254 AQCR's,
only 20 had air quality to the extent that none of their 90th percentiles exceeded
100 ug/m . One hundred and fifty-four AQCR's had 90th percentile values in at
5-60
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Note: Completed reference list attached.
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X ~~~
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6-124
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Chapter 7 - PM/SO
Errata
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Insert
7-40 Column 8
7-41 Column 8
7-187 Ref.
473
Ref. 118 (3 instances)
Ref. 118 (1 instance)
Entire reference
Replace with reference 272
Replace with reference 272
473. Wilhour, R. G.,
G. E. Neely, D. E. Weber,
and L. C. Grothaus.
Response of Selected Small
Grains, Range Grasses and
Alfalfa to Sulfur Dioxide.
CERL-50, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Corvallis
Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallis, OR,
February, 1979.
-------
Chapter 8 PM/SOĄ
^
(No errata or revisions at this time.)
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Chapter 9 - PM/SO
Errata
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9-17
9-22
9-25
9-29
9-33
9-48
9-65
9-65
1/4
3/10
ft-nt
2/6
1/3
-/7
3/4
3/4
Rosen and Novakov, 1979
Macias et al., 1975
Waggoner and Weiss (1979)
-
7:1
-
7:1
] after: relative humidity
Rosen, et al. , 1980
Macias and Husar, 1976
Waggoner and Weiss (1980)
et al. after: Waggoner
7 ± 1
Husar, et al., 1979
after: United States.
7 ± 1
] after: (ug/m )
Note: Completed reference list attached.
-------
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9-74
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Errata '
Page Par/Line
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Insert
10-9 2/7
10-47 3/5-6
10-93 Ref 6
10-94 Ref 6
10-94 Ref 6
10-94 Ref 9
10-95 Ref 1
10-97 Ref 9
10-97 Ref 16
Haagen Reed and Ottaz
sulfate particles
... .by acid hydrolysis
1960 after: 1969.
Evgang
Haagenrud—etc
Rosenfeld (1973)
Haagenrud and Ottar
Ergang
After M. B. Rockel.: Corrosion
resistance of stainless steels in
the atmosphere - evaluation of the
results of weathering tests of up to
10 years duration.
After Fleetwood, M. J.:
coatings
Zinc
Haagenrud, S., and B. Ottar.
In: Proc. of the Seventh
Scandanavian Corrosion Congress,
Trondheim, Norway, 1975, as
cited in Kucera, V. Effects
of sulfur dioxide and acid
precipitation on metals and
anti-rust painted steel.
Ambio 5:243-248, 1976.
Rosenfeld 1973, as cited in
Nriagu, J. 0. ed., Sulfur
in the Environment. Part II:
Ecological Impacts. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
York, 1978. pp. 17-18.
After H. Ternes.: Rate of
corrosion of plain carbon
and low-alloy structural
steels.
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7/9/80
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11-9 4/3
11-9 4/4
11-11 1/3
11-34 Fig.
Legend
11-35 -/I
11-46 4/4
11-47 1/1
11-51 2/8
11-60 3/3
11-60 3/3
11-61 4/7
11-62 2/11
11-62 2/12
ll-82a,
b.c.d,
Hew
11-105
et al. (after Adams)-
Hansen, et al., 1974-
George and Breslin, 1976
1969
1970
1951
Proctor et al.
Proctor and Wagner, 1967;
Camner et al
b, after: Raabe et al. 1976
and Davenport, after: Adams
Hasen and Ampaya, 1974 after:
Nagashi, 1972
(expressed as fraction of
particles entering trachia)
after: tracheobronchial (TB)
deposition
George and Breslin, 1967
1970
1971
1957
Proctor and Wagner
et al., 1971. after: Dadaian
Camner and Philipson
and Davia, after: Thomson
Attached 2% pages of text
and one figure on Respirable
Aerosol Sampling at end of
chapter.
New page, 11-105 (attached),
with 7 additional references.
Note: List of additional recommended references attached.
-------
Missing reference page 11-105 from first printing
Chapter 11 - PM/SOv
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1975. ~~
Yeh, H. C. Use of a heat transfer analogy for a mathematical model of
respiratory tract deposition. Bull. Math. Biol. 36:105, 1974.
Yeh, H. C., A. J. Hulbert, R. F. Phalen, D. J. Velasquez, and T. D. Harris. A
steroradiographic technique and its application to the evaluation of lung
casts. Invest. Radiol. 10:351, 1975.
Yeh, H. C., R. F. Phalen, and 0. G. Raabe. Factors influencing the deposition of
inhaled particles. Environ. Health Persp. 15:147, 1976.
Yu, C. P. An equation of gas transport in the lung. Resp. Physiol. 23:257,
1975.
Yu, C. P. Precipitation of unipolarly charged particles in cylindrical and
spherical vessels. J. Aerosol Sci. 8:237, 1977.
Page Par/Line
11-86 After
8th Ref.
11-93 After
llth Ref.
11-96 After
5th Ref.
Chapter 11 - PM/S02
Errata
REFERENCE LIST CORRECTIONS
Delete
Insert
Clements, J. A., J. Nellenbogen,
and H. J. Trahan. Pulmonary
surfactant and evolution of
the lungs. Science 169:
603-604, 1970.
Kawecki, J. M. Emmission of
Sulfur-Bearing Compounds
from Motor Vehicle and Air-
craft Engines, A Report to
Congress. EPA-600/9-78-028,
U. S. Env. Prot. Agency.
Aug. 1978.
Menzel, D. B. The role of
free radicals in the toxicity
of air pollutants (nitrogen
oxides and ozone). In:
Free Radicals in Biology,
Vol. II, Academic Press,
New York, 1976. pp. 181-202.
-------
Additional References Recommended for Consideration in Chapter 11
Bar-Ziv, J., and G. M. Goldberg. Simple Siliceous pneumoconiosis in Negev
Bedouins. Arch. Environ. Health 29:121-126, 1974.
Brambilla, C., J. Abraham, E. Brambilla, K. Benirschke, and C. Bloor. Comparative
pathology of silicate pneumoconiosis. Am. J. Pathol. 96:149-170, 1979.
Camner, P. and K. Philipson. Human alveolar deposition of 4 urn Teflon particles.
Arch. Environ. Health 33(4):181-185, 1978.
Chan, L. T. and M. Lippman. Experimental measurements and empirical modeling
of the regional deposition of inhaled particles in humans. Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J., 1980. (in press)
Dejours, P. Oxygen Demand and Gas Exchange in Evolution of Respiratory Processes:
A Comparative Approach. Stephen C. Wood and Claude Lenfant, eds., Volume
13 of Lung Biology in Health and Disease (executive editor: Claude
Lenfant). Marcelu Dekker, Inc. New York, 1980. pp. 1-49.
Heyder, J., J. Gebhart, and W. Stahlhofen. Inhalation of Aerosols: Particle
Deposition and Retention. In: Generation of Aerosols and Facilities for
Exposure Experiments. K. Willeke, ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers,
Inc., 1980.
Hyde, D. M., N. E. Robinson, J. F. Gillespie, and W. S. Tyler. Morphomety of
the distal air spaces in lungs of aging dogs. J. Appl. Physio!. 43(1):86-91,
1977.
Lippman, M., D. B. Yeates, and R. E. Albert. Deposition, Retention and Clearance
of Inhaled Particles. Br. J. Ind. Med., 1980. (in press)
Richards, D. W. Pulmonary Changes Due to Aging. In: Handbook of Physiology
Respiration (Volume II). W. 0. Fenn and H. Rahn, eds., American Physiological
Society, Washington, DC, 1965. pp. 1525-1529.
Sherwin, R. P., M. L. Barman, and J. L. Abraham. Silicate Pneumoconiosis of
Farm Workers. Laboratory Investigations 40(5):576-582, 1979.
Stauffer, D. Scaling Theory for Aerosol Deposition in the Lungs of Different
Mammals. J. Aerosol Sci. 6:223-225, 1975.
Weibel, E. R. Morphometrics of the lung. In: Handbook of Physiology Respiration
(Volume I). W. 0. Fenn and H. Rahn, eds. American Physiological Society,
Washington, DC, 1964. pp. 285-307.
Weibel, E. R. Oxygen Demand and Size of Respiratory Structures in Mammals.
In: Evolution of Respiratory Processes: A Comparative Approach. Steven
C. Wood and Claude Lenfant, eds. , Volume 13 of Lung Biology In Health and
Disease (executive editor Claude Lenfant). Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1980.
-------
11. RESPIRABLE AEROSOL SAMPLING
A fundamental principle in inhalation toxicology is that it is the deposi-
tion of inhaled participate materials in sensitive regions of the respiratory
tract or subsequent transformations and translocations to sensitive organs or
cells that leads to potentially deleterious biological responses. Particles
(or gases) that deposit neither in sensitive regions of the airways nor in
regions conducive to translocation to sensitive organs are cleared with rela-
tively low probability of causing injury or disease (Morrow, 1964). For
example, large insoluble particles that deposit almost exclusively in the nose
are prevented from reaching the lung during nose breathing and are less likely
to lead to injury than smaller particles having appreciable lung deposition.
This principle was early observed in coal mining in Europe; it was found
that the air concentration of dust in mines didn't necessarily correlate to
the incidence of respiratory disease. However, a meaningful comparison was
possible when samples were aerodynamically fractionated to provide a separate
measure of the respirable dust levels. This led to the use of "respirable"
dust samples in the coal mining industry (Walton, 1954). Further, the
repeated practice of collecting respirable dust samples is necessary, since
there is variability in the aerodynamic size distribution of dust depending on
age and source.
On this basis the principle of "respirable" dust sampling was developed
(Lippmann, 1970b). In this context the word "respirable" means broadly "fit
to be breathed." The objective is to collect samples that have been purposely
biased in favor of the smaller, more respirable sizes. Only the smaller size
fraction is measured to yield the "respirable" aerosol concentration. No
specific "cut-size" was defined, since it is clear that there is no size for
ll-82a
-------
which all particles smaller are respirable and all larger are not. Instead,
weighting functions were defined that simulated the size classification
normally afforded by the human naso-pharyngeal deposition during nose
breathing. Another factor involved in describing a respirable fraction was
the availability of a simple instrument that would provide a practical means
for collection of these size-classified samples.
Two weighting functions have been generally used as criteria for respir-
(H9
able dust sampling (Fig.y|2&). The first originated in 1952 when the British
Medical Research Council adopted the horizontal elutriator (Walton, 1954) as
the respirable dust sampler. Particles that pass the elutriator are collected
on a filter or by some other means. The second criteria originated with
researchers working for the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission who needed to
establish a basis for size classification of radioactive insoluble aerosols;
these recommendations came from a meeting held at Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory (LASL). New Mexico, and are commonly referred to as the LASL
(\-
-------
§
c
0)
ft.
BMRC curve
LASL curve
S 20-
0 24 6 8 10
Diam unit density sphere — nJ»\
FIGURE
Respirable aerosol sampling criteria for penetration of
repirable aerosols through a size-classifier to provide for
collection of particles that have the greatest potential for
pulmonary deposition if inhaled (from Raabe,1979).
ll-82c
-------
efficiently deposited in the pulmonary region during mouth breathing (Fig.
fl-3
than during nose breathing (Fig.^) are weighted more than would be justified
by the ICRP Task Group nose breathing models.
It is important to note that the "respirable" dust sample is thus not
intended to be a measure of the lung deposition but only a measure of aerosol
concentration for particles that are the primary candidates for lung deposi-
tion. Clearly, the respirable dust sample is only biologically relevant for
aerosols whose upper respiratory deposition is not expected to be of major
health impact. Soluble aerosols of toxic substances can enter the blood
directly from the nasal mucosa or the gastrointestinal tract during clearance
from the nose, and the deposition of particles as large as 100 ym or even
larger in the nose may be the .primary hazard for such aerosols.
ll-82d
-------
Chapter 12 - PM/SO
Errata
Page Par/Line
Delete
Insert
12-7
12-8 -/I
12-16 4/2-3
Kikigawa and Sizuka
Sentence: Mice.... lifetimes.
12-17 Col. 1 & 2 1310 500
300 days
12-17 Col. 3
line 6
12-20 Col.l
12-21
12-51
12-52
12-72 2/10
12-80 4/5
12-91 2/21
12-93 3/6
3/7
12-98 1/14
12-100 3/8-9
12-102 Col. 1
12-105 Col. 4
-/15
1310 mg/m (500 ppm) S02
First-column, 8th line:
Ong/nr
Original page
Original page
100
head only
alterations, thus
regimes
ozone exposed
(see Table 12-15)
beating
Revised Table 12-1
Kikigawa and lizuka
Mice were exposed over their
lifetimes in a 180 liter
chamber into which 500 ppm
S02 was injected at a rate
of 20 ml/mingfor 5 minutes,
5 days/week.
(See Text)
lifetime
(See Text)
o
0 mg/m
New page, with revisions for
the 7th compound: fe®'
New page, with revisions for
first entry: Open hearth dust.
0.1 mg/m
head-only
alterations. Thus
comma after: diameter)
comma after: time
regimens
ozone-exposed
(see Table 12-14)
beat
-------
Chapter 12 - PM/SO
Errata (cent.)
Page Par/Line
Delete
12-105 Col 5
12-115 2/1, 2
12-117 2/6
12-124 2/2
12-124 2/3
12-124 2/4
12-125 2/12,13
12-129 2/8
12-130 1/10
12-151 Ref. 233
Gardner et al.
154
Peacock and Spence. . . .
.... for two years.
Ref. 392
absorption and
is
In a different study
. . . .(500 ppm) S02
initiating
L. Whittenberger
Insert
Gardner et al.
145
,327
Peacock and Spence (1967)'
exposed LX strain mice, over their
lifetimes, in a 180 liter chamber
into which SO. at a concentration
of 500 ppm (1310 pg/m ) was
injected at a rate of 20 ml/min for 5
minutes, 5 days/week.
Ref. 292
is retained somewhere In the
respiratory system, after:
amount
In a different study, mice were
exposed over their lifetimes in
a 180 liter chamber into which
S0« at a concentration of 500
f ^ *5 ^ /\ __ /—-"^ \ • .» » — — —*- -
(1310 pg/m ) was injected at
a rate of 20 ml/min for 5 minutes,
5 days/week.
irritating
comma after: volume
J. L. Whittenberger
Note: List of additional recommended references attached.
-------
TABLE 12-1. POTENTIAL NUTAGENIC EFFECTS OF S02/BISULFITE
Concentration SOj
4
1310 mg/n3
(500 ppm)
Bisulfite
0.9 H HSOl
pH 5.0 J
3 N HSO~
pH 5-6 •*
1 N HSO"
pH 5.2 3
5 x 10"3 N HSOl
pH 3.6 J
0.04 or 0.08 M
Organls*
Phage T4-R11 System
Phage T4-R11
Systeii
E. coll K12 &
K15
S. cerewlslae
D. •elanogaster
Hela cells
(Hunan)
End Point
GC+AT or
deaml nation of
cysoclne
deanl nation of
cytoclne
GC-»AT or
deani nation of cytoclne
Point Nutation
Point Mutation
Cytotoxlclty
Response CoMents
•»•
t Poor dose
response
+
+
Nay not be
bloavallable
•f
Reference
SS*""
Hayatsu and.Miura201
Ilda et al.zoz
Nukal et al.203
Ooranoa.and
Oupuy1104
Valencia et al.205
Thompson and Pace
13.1-105 ng/nj
(5 - 40 .ppm x 3 tin)
House flbroblasts &
Peritoneal ucrophages
Nulsen et al.
208
-------
TABLE 12-8 (continued).
rv>
Concentration
Compound mg/m3
Na2S04
ZnS04
ZnS04-
(NH4)2S04
CuS04
NaV04
FeS04
Fe203 (2hr)
MnCl2
Mn02
MnS04
0.90
0.91
0.25
0.50
1.10
1.80
1.50
2.48
1.40
1.10
3.60
0.43
2.05
2.41
0.70
1.00
11.70
21.00
1.00
9.70
4.00
Particle
size, urn, HMD**
0.11
1.4
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.51
0.51
0.74
1.4
1.4
0.11
0.13
0.33
0.076 (GMD)
0.076 (GMD)
Resistance
cm H20/ml/sec
% difference
from control
+2
+41*
+22*
+40*
+81*
+129*
+43*
+68*
+29*
+6
+32*
+9
+25*
+14*
+7a
+2a
_ga
Oa
+4a
-6a
-la
Compliance
ml /cm H20
% difference
from control Reference
-7 130
123,170
123,173
123
123,170
64,123
123,173
123
64,123,173
123,173
123
-11* 130
-15* 130
-11* 130
96
96
96,124
96,124
96
96
170
-------
Compound
TABLE 12-8 (continued)
Concentration
mg/m3
Particle
size, pm, HMD
Resistance
cm H20/ml/sec
% difference
from control
Compliance
ml/cm H20
% difference
from control
Reference
Open hearth
dust
Activated
carbon
Spectographic
carbon
0.16
7.00
8.70
2.00
8.00
0.037 (GMD) +lla
0.037 (GMD) +6a
-3a
*7a
+17a
0 96,124
-16 96,124
96
96
96
ro
i
in
ro
*p < 0.05
aStatisties not done
**Diameters are provided as mass median diameter (HMD) unless specified as geometric
median diameter by count (GMD).
-------
Additional References Recommended for Consideration in Chapter 12
Costo, D. L. and M. 0. Amdur. Effect of oil mists on the irritancy of sulfur
dioxides. II. Motor Oil. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 40:809-815, 1979.
Costa, D. L., and M. 0. Amdur. Effect of oil mists on the irritancy of sulfur
dioxide. I. Mineral Oils and Light Lubricating Oil. Am. Indust. Hyg.
Assoc. J. 40(8):680-685, 1979.
Costa, D. L. , and M. 0. Amdur. Respiratory responses of guinea pigs to oil
mists. Am. Indust. Hyg. Assoc. J. 40(8):673-679, 1979.
Schneider and Calkins. Sulfur dioxide induced lymphocyte defects in peripheral
blood cultures. Environ. Res. 3:473-482, 1970.
-------
Chapter 13 - PM/SO
Errata
Page
13-5
13-5
13-5
13-9
13-11
Par/Line
Col. 4
8th Ref
Col. 4
6th Ref
Col. 4
llth Ref
2/1
-716
Delete
Odor Threshold, 1968
Holmes, 1954
Bushtueva et al., 1960
Bushtueva et al . (1960)
Insert
Arthur D. Little, Inc. 1968
Holmes, 1915 (see Greenwald,
1954)
Bushtueva, 1962
Bushtueva (1962)
In "Effects" column entry
13-12 -/10
13-12 -/ll
13-13 Col. 7
2nd Ref
13-13 -/2
13-16 2/11
13-22 3/1
13-23 2/1
13-26 3/4
13-26 4/2
for Frank et al., 1962,
after ... nasal breathing:;
at 1 ppm, one subject ex-
perienced 7% increase in
flow resistance, another a
23% decrease
In "Reference" column:
Hazucha and Bates, 1975
In "Effects" column: Significant Significant decrease in
decrease in FVC, FEV, n, MMFR, MEFR; FVC, FEV, n, MMFR
UtTTl .L • U
MEFR
Wolff et al., 1975b
Lawther and Bond 1955
1975b
1975b
also decreased "
Wolff et al., 1977
In "Effects" column entry
for Jaeger et al., after ..
30 minutes:; 3 subjects in-
curred delayed effects and
required medication.
Lawther 1955
1977
1977
; EPA before estimate
; EPA before estimate
-------
Page Par/Line
Chapter 13 - PM/SOx Errata (cont.)
Delete
Insert
13-27
13-28
13-28
Col. 6
7th Ref
8th Ref
2/3
2/12
13-31 2/7
13-38
13-38
2/4
2/5
Koenig, 1979
Koenig, 1979
13-40 1/16
estimated
estimated
1968
Koenig et al., 1979
Koenig et al., 1979
; EPA before estimate
EPA before estimate
1973 after: Hazucha
EPA estimate of
EPA estimate of
1978
Note: Completed reference list attached.
Note: List of additional recommended references attached.
-------
Additional References Recommended for Consideration in Chapter 13
Anderson, L., G. R. Lundgvist, D. F. Proctor, and K. L. Swift. Human response
to controlled levels of inert dust. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 119:619-627,
1979.
Camner, P. and K. Philipson. Human alveolar deposition of 4 urn Teflon particles.
Arch. Environ. Health 33(4):181-185, 1978.
Chaney, S. , W. Blomquist, K. Muller, and G. Goldstein. Biochemical Changes in
humans Upon Exposure to Sulfuric Acid Aerosol and Exercise.
EPA-600/1-79-032, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979.
Chaney, S., W. Blomquist, K. Muller, and P. Dewitt. Biochemical Effects of
Inhalation of Sulfuric Acid Mist by Human Subjects While at Rest.
EPA-600/1-79-042, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979.
Coates, J. E. Lung Function: Assessment and Application in Medicine. Fourth
edition. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 1979. pp. 329-387.
Utell, J. J., A. T. Aquilina, W. J. Hall, D. M. Speers, R. G. Douglas, F. R.
Gibb, P. E. Morrow, and R. W. Hyde. Development of Airway Reactivity to
Nitrates in Subjects with Influenza. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 121:233-241,
1980.
-------
13.7 REFERENCES
Abe. M. Effects of mixed N02, SOp on human pulmonary functions. Effects of
air pollution on the human body. Bull. Tokyo Med. Dent. Univ. 14:415,
1967.
Amdur, M. Animal studies on sulfur acids and particulates. Proceedings of
Conference, Health Effects of Air Pollutants. U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC, 1973. pp. 175-205.
Amdur, M. 0. The long road from Donora. 1974 Cummings Memorial Lecture.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 35:589-597, 1974.
Amdur, M. 0. Toxicological appraisal of particulate matter, oxides of sulfur
and sulfuric acid. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 19:638-646, 1969.
Amdur, M. 0., W. W. Melvin, Jr., and P. Drinker. Effects of inhalation of
sulfur dioxide by man. Lancet 2:758-759, 1953.
Amdur, M. 0., L. Silverman, and P. Drinker. Inhalation of sulfuric acid mist
by human subjects. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 6:305-313, 1952.
Andersen, I., P. L. Jensen, S. E. Reed, J. W. Craig, D. F. Proctor, and G. K.
Adams. Induced rhinovirus infection under controlled exposure to sulfur
dioxide. Arch. Environ. Health 32:120-126, 1977.
Andersen, I., G. R. Lundqvist, P. L. Jensen, and D. F. Proctor. Human response
to controlled levels of sulfur dioxide. Arch. Environ. Health 28:31-39,
1974.
Arthur D. Little Incorporated. Determination of Odor Thresholds for 53
Commercially Important Organic Compounds. The Manufacturing Chemists'
Association, Washington, DC, January 11, 1968.
Avol, E. L., M. P. Jones, R. M. Bailey, N. N. Chang, M. T. Kleinman, W. S.
Linn, K. A. Bell, and J. D. Hackney. Controlled exposures of human
volunteers to sulfate aerosols. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 120:319-326, 1979.
Bates, D. V., and M. Hazucha. The short-term effects of ozone on the lung.
Ijn: Proceedings of the Conference on Health Effects of Air Pollutants.
Serial No. 93-15, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1973.
pp. 507-540.
Bedi, J. F., L. J. Folinsbee, S. M. Horvath, and R. S. Ebenstein. Human
exposure to sulfur dioxide and ozone: absence of a synergistic effect.
Arch. Environ. Health 34:233-239, 1979.
Bell, K. A., and J. D. Hackney. Effects of sulfate aerosols upon human pulmonary
function. Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (APRAC Project CAPM - 27-75),
1977.
13-47
-------
Bell, K. A., W. S. Linn, M. Hazucha, J. D. Hackney, and D. V. Bates.
Respiratory effects of exposure to ozone plus sulfur dioxide in Southern
Californians and Eastern Canadians. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 38:696-706,
1977. ~~
Burton, G. G., M. Corn, J. B. L. Gee, D. Vassallo, and A. Thomas. Absence
of "synergistic response" to inhaled low concentration gas-aerosol mixtures
in healthy adult males. Presented at 9th Annual Air Pollution Medical
Research Conference, Denver, Colorado, July 1968.
Burton, G. G., M. Corn, B. L. Gee, C. Vasallo, and A. P. Thomas. Response of
healthy men to inhaled low concentrations of gas-aerosol mixtures. Arch.
Environ. Health 18:681-692, 1969.
Bushtueva, D. A. New studies of the effect of sulfur dioxide and of sulfuric
acid aerosol on reflex activity of man. In: Limits of Allowable Concen-
trations of Atmospheric Pollutants. Book 5, B. S. Levine, translator,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, DC,
March 1962. pp. 86-92.
Bushtueva, K. A. The determination of the limit of allowable concentration of
sulfuric acid in atmospheric air. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations
of Atmospheric Pollutants. Book 3, B. S. Levine, translator, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, DC, 1957. pp. 20-36.
Bushtueva, K. A. Threshold reflex effect of S02 and sulfuric acid aerosol
simultaneously present in the air. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations
of Atmospheric Pollutants. Book 4, B. S. Levine, translator, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, DC, January 1961.
pp. 72-79.
Cralley, L. V. The Effect of irritant gases upon the rate of ciliary activity.
J. Ind. Hyg. and Toxicol. 24:193-198, 1942.
Dubrovskaya, F. I. Hygienic evaluation of pollution of atmospheric air of a
large city with sulfur dioxide gas. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations
of Atmospheric Pollutants. Book 3, B. S. Levine, translator, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, DC., 1957. pp. 37-51.
Frank, N. R. Studies on the effects of acute exposure to sulfur dioxide in
human subjects. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 57:1029-1033, 1964.
frank, N. R., M. 0. Amdur, and J. L. Whittenberger. A comparison of the acute
effects of S0? administered alone or in combination with Nad particles
on the respiratory mechanics of healthy adults. Int. J. Air Water Pollut.
8:125-133, 1964.
Frank, N. R., M. 0. Amdur, J. Worcester, and J. L. Whittenberger.
Effects of acute controlled exposure to S0~ on respiratory mechanics
in healthy male adults. J. Appl. Physiol.^17:252-258, 1962.
13-48
-------
Frank, R., C. E. McJilton, and R. J. Charlson. Sulfur oxides and particles;
effects on pulmonary physiology in man and animals. In: Proceedings of
Conference on Health Effects of Air Pollution. National Research
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Office, Washington, DC.
Gb'kenmeijer, J. D. M. , K. DeVries, and N. G. M. Orie. Response of the bronchial
tree to chemical stimuli. Rev. Inst. Hyg. Mines (Hasselt) 28:195-197,
1973.
Greenwald, I. Effects of inhalation of low concentrations of sulfur
dioxide upon man and other mammals. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med.
10:455-475, 1954.
Gunnison, A. F., and E. D. Palmes. S-Sulfonates in human plasma following
inhalation of sulfur dioxide. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 35:288-291, 1974.
Hazucha, M., and 0. V. Bates. Combined effect of ozone and sulphur dioxide 0,1
human pulmonary function. Nature (London) 257:50-51, 1975.
Holmes, J. A., E. C. Franklin, and R. A. Gould. Report of the Selby Smelter
Commission. Bulletin 98, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
Washington, DC, 1915.
Horvath, S. M. (personal communication).
Horvath, S. M., and L. J. Folinsbee. Interactions of Two Air Pollutants,
Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone, on Lung Functions. Grant ARB-4-1266, California
Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, March 1977.
Jaeger, M. J., D. Tribble, and H. J. Wittig. Effect of 0.5 ppm sulfur
dioxide on the respiratory function of normal and asthmatic
subjects. Lung 156:119-127, 1979.
Kisskalt, K. Uber den Einfluss der inhalation schwelfiger Saure auf die
Entevickelung der Lungentuberculose: Ein Bietrag zum Studien der Gewer-
bekrankheiten. Z. Hyg. 48:269-279, 1904.
Kleinman, M. T., and J. D. Hackney. Effects of sulfate aerosols
upon human pulmonary function. APRAE Project CAPM-27-75, Coordinating
Research Council, Inc., New York, NY, 1978.
Koenig, J. Q., W. E. Pierson, and R. Frank. Acute effects of inhaled S02 plus
NaCl droplet aerosol on pulmonary function in asthmatic adolescents. Environ.
Res. (in press), 1980.
Koenig, J. Q., W. E. Pierson, and R. Frank. Acute effects of
inhaled SOp and exercise on pulmonary function in asthmatic
adolescents.. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 64:154, 1979.
Kreisman, H., C. A. Mitchell, H. R. Hosein, and A. Bouhuys. Effect of low
concentrations of sulfur dioxide on respiratory function in man. Lung
154:25-34, 1976.
13-49
-------
Lawther, P. J. Effects of inhalation of sulfur dioxide on respiration and
pulse-rate in normal subjects. Lancet 2:745-748, 1955.
Lawther, P. J., A. J. MacFarlane, R. E. Waller, and A. G. F. Brooks. Pulmonary
function and sulphur dioxide, some preliminary findings. Environ. Res.
10:355-367, 1975.
Lehmann, K. B. Experimentelle Studien uber den Einfluss technisch und hygienisch
wichtiger Case und Da'mpfe auf den Organismus. VI. Schwefliger Saure.
Arch. Hyg. 18:180-191, 1893.
Lippman, M., R. E. Albert, D. B. Yeats, K. Wales, and G. Leikauf. "Effect of
sulfuric acid mist on mucociliary bronchial clearance in healthy non-smoking
humans." J. Aerosol Sci. In Press, 1979-1980.
Mcllroy, M. B., R. Marshall, and R. V. Christie. Work of breathing in normal
subjects. Clin. Sci. 13:127-136, 1954.
McJilton, C. E., R. Frank, and R. J. Charlson. Influence of relative
humidity on functional effects of an inhaled SO^-aerosol mixture.
Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 113:163-169, 1976. *
Melville, G. N. Changes in specific airway conductance in healthy volunteers
following nasal and oral inhalation of S09. West Indian Med. J. 19:231-235,
1970. *
Nadel, J., H. Salem, B. Tamplin, and Y. Tokiwa. Mechanism of bronchoconstriction
during inhalation of sulfur dioxide. J. Appl. Physiol. 20:164-167, 1965.
Nadel, J. A., H. Salem, B. Tamplin, and Y. Tokiwa. Mechanism of bronchoconstriction.
Arch. Environ. Meth. 10:175-178, 1965.
Nakamura, K. Response of pulmonary airway resistance by interaction of aerosols
and gases in different physical and chemical nature. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi
19:38-49, 1964.
Newhouse, M. T., M. Dolovich, G. Obminski, and R. K. Wolff. Effect of TLV
levels of S0? and HUSO, on bronchial clearance in exercising man. Arch.
Environ. Health 33:24-32, 1978.
Ogata, M. Uber die Giftigkeit der schweffigen Saure. Arch. Hyg. 2:223-245,
1884.
Reichel, G. Die Wirkung von Schwefeldiovyd auf den Atemivegsvilderstand
des Menschen. Verh. Dtsch. Arbeitsmed. 12:135-141, 1972.
Ryazanov, V. A. Sensory Physiology as Basis for Air Quality Standards. Arch.
Environ. Health 5:479-494, 1962.
Sackner, M. A., D. Ford, R. Fernandez, J. Cipley, D. Perez, M. Kwocka, M. Reinhart,
E. D. Michaelson, R. Schreck, and Adam Wanner. Effects of sulfuric acid
aerosol on cardiopulmonary function of dogs, sheep, and humans. Am. Rev.
Respir. Dis. 118:497-510, 1978.
13-50
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Schlcsinger, R. B., M. Lippmann, and R. E. Albert. Effects of Short-term
Exposures to Sulfuric Acid and Ammonium Sulfate. J. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.
39:275-286, 1978.
Schlesinger, R. B., M. Halpern, R. E. Albert, and M. Lippmann. Effect of
Chronic Inhalation of Sulfuric Acid Mist Upon Mucociliary Clearance from
the Lungs of Donkeys. J. Environ. Pathol. & Toxicol. 2:1351-1367, 1979.
Shalamberidze, 0. P. Reflex effects of mixtures of sulfur and nitrogen dioxides.
Hyg. Sanit. 32:10-15, 1967.
Sim, Van M., and R. E. Pattle. Effect of possible smog irritants on human
subjects. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 165:1908-1913, 1957.
Snell, R. E., and P. C. Luchsinger. Effects of sulfur dioxide on expiratory
flow rates and total respiratory resistance in normal human subjects.
Arch. Environ. Health 18:693-698, 1969.
Speizer, F. E. , and N. R. Frank. A comparison of changes in pulmonary flow
resistance in health volunteers acutely exposed to S09 by mouth and by
nose. Br. J. Ind. Med. 23:75-79, 1966a. •
Speizer, F., and Frank, N. R. The Uptake and Release of SO, by the Human
Nose. Arch. Environ. Health 12:725-728, 1966b. *
Tomono, Y. Effects of S09 on human pulmonary functions. Sangyo Igaku
3:77-85, 1961. *
Toyama, T. A medical study of aerosols. I. Sangyo Igaku 4:86-92, 1962.
Toyama, T. , and K. Nakamura. Synergistic response to hydrogen peroxide aerosols
and sulfur dioxide to pulmonary airway resistance. Ind. Health 2:34-45,
1964.
Ulmer, W. T. Inhalative noxen: schwefeldioxyd. Pneumonologie 150:83-96,
1974.
von Nieding, G., H. M. Wagner, H. Krekeler, H. Lb'llgen, W. Fries, and
A. Beuthan. Controlled studies of human exposure to single and
combined action of N09, 0, and S09. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ.
Health 43:195-210, 1979. J *
Weir, F. W., and P. A. Bromberg. Further investigation of the effects of
sulfur dioxide on human subjects. Annual Report Project No. CAWC S-15,
American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1972.
Weir, F. W., and "P. A. Bromberg. Effects of sulfur dioxide on human
subjects exhibiting peripheral airway impairment. Project No. CAWC S-15,
American Petroleum Institute, September 1973. pp. 1-18.
Wolff, R. K., M. Dolovich, C. M. Rossman, and M. T. Newhouse. Sulphur dioxide
and tracheobronchial clearance in man. Arch. Environ. Health 30:521-527,
1975a.
13-51
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Wolff, R. K., M. Dolovich, G. Obminski, and M. T. Newhouse. Effect of
sulphur dioxide on tracheobronchial clearance at rest and during exercise.
^n: Inhaled Part. Proc. Int. Symp. 4th, Edinburgh, Scotland, September
22-26, 1975. Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 1977. pp. 321-332.
Yamada, J. Untersuchunger iiber die quantitative Absorption der Da'mpfe einiger
Sauren durch Tier und Mensch. Dissertation, Wurzburg, 1905. (See Lehmann,
K. B., Arch. Hyg. 67:57-98, 1908.)
13-52
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Chapter 14. Epidemiology Studies Corrigenda
Before listing specific minor errata (insertions/deletions) for text contained
in Chapter 14 of the April 1980, External Review Draft, several general comments
should be noted regarding planned reorganization and certain other major changes
to be made in the chapter. The chapter reorganization and other changes are
based in part on comments received both from within and outside EPA
and further technical information obtained since finalization and release of the
April, 1980, external review version of the chapter.
In regard to reorganization of the chapter, the present introduction (Section
14.1) discussing general epidemiology methodology considerations and the discussion
of air quality measurement considerations (Section 14.2) are to be retained,
with certain specific revisions noted later. Similarly, much of the later discussion
of caveats and limits contained in Section 14.6 is to be retained, again with certain
revisions as noted later. The materials between the above sections (dealing with
evaluation of specific studies), however, is to be reorganized using the following
format:
14.3 - Acute Exposure Effects
14.3.1 - Mortality
14.3.2 - Morbidity
Adults
Children
14.4 - Chronic Exposure Effects
14.4.1 - Mortality
14.4.2 - Morbidity
Adults
Children
Resequencing of the discussion of specific studies in the above manner both:
(1) better matches the presentation format followed for summary text and tables later
in Chapter 14 and in Volume I; and (2) better organizes discussion
of technical data related to development of health criteria for short-term (24-hour)
or long term (annual average) ambient air quality standards, respectively. Text on
-------
the bottom of pg. 14-14 is, therefore, to be revised to reflect the reorganization
of subsequent materials in Section 14.3 and 14.4, and to indicate that a new
Section 14.5 will contain integrative summary and interpretation discussion
materials of the type dealt with under the present Section 14.6.
Also, at the end of Section 14.1, following the above revisons of text at
the bottom of Pg. 14-14, new text to be inserted is to note that certain criteria
are to be followed, generally, in the selection of specific studies to be
discussed in detail under new Section 14.3 and 14.4. The criteria to be employed
in narrowing down the detailed discussion to potentially key studies are as
follows:
1. The studies have been peer-reviewed and published or are
"in press" to be published, such that final versions of the published reports
are (or can be made) publically available. Also, the results or analyses contained
in the published reports represent completed analyses of data, rather than "preliminary"
analyses subject to change before publication in "final" form.
2. The published information is sufficient to allow for reasonably clear
evaluation of the methodology employed in collection and analysis of
data leading to the results reported (or such information is satisfactorily
alternatively obtained or clarified).
3. Evidence exists for major confounding factors having been appropriately
controlled for or taken into account in the published analyses, e.g. especially
temperature in studies of acute effects and smoking, race, and socioeconomic
status in chronic exposure studies.
4. The published results, together with any alternatively obtained
information, appear to provide a reasonably clear potential basis by which to
define quantitative dose-effect or dose-response relationships for health
effects associated with sulfur oxides and particulate matter. Emphasis
is to be placed on studies yielding information on effects associated
with exposures below 1000 yg/m (24 hour average) that are most germane for
present criteria development purposes.
In addition to detailed discussion of studies meeting all of the above
criteria, certain other studies failing to meet one or more of the criteria may
also be considered or reviewed, based on their findings likely providing
important information bearing on the overall assessment of epidemiologic evidence
of significance for present purposes.
-2-
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Following the above modifications of introductory materials in Section 14.1,
the next section (14.2) on air quality measurement considerations is to be expanded
to include summary statements derived from Chapter 3 discussions of intercomparisons
between estimates of particulate matter levels obtained by various measurement
techniques. Thus, immediately before the start of Section 14.3 at the bottom of
Pg. 14-34, there is to be inserted a relatively brief summary discussion concerning
the main conclusions derived from Chapter 3 regarding intercomparisons of particulate
matter measurement data obtained by means of high-volume (TSP) sampling, British
smoke (BS), and other (e.g., the AISI) particulate measurement techniques. Note
will be made of the difficulties and limitations inherent in making such intercomparisons
and, based on this, the particulate matter measurement results employed in
particular studies discussed in Sections 14.3 and 14.4 are to be expressed there
only in terms of units appropriate for the specific measurement methodology
employed (e.g., in CoH units or yg/m of either BS or TSP). Only following
summarization of study results in terms of such original measurement units are
discussions of any potential interconversions between measurement units to be
included as part of later summary and conclusions materials in Section 14.5 and
elsewhere (e.g., Volume I).
No attempt will be made here to list myriad changes in sequencing of text
materials now under Sections 14.3 to 14.5 of the April, 1980, External Review
Draft necessary to accomplish the reorganization of materials into the new Sections
14.3 and 14.4 listed under the revised format outlined above. Rather, only
certain planned substantive content revisions (mainly large text deletions) of
existing materials .in Sections 14.3 to 14.5 of the April draft are summarized
below before presentation of more detailed lesser errata corrections for the
Chapter.
-3-
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On pg. 14-47, Table 14-7 is to be deleted along with revisions and reduction
in text at the bottom of pg. 14-46 and top of pg. 14-48, discussing the Osaka and
Rotterdam studies. The revisions are to note that the Biersteker and Watanabe
studies report data or information on quantitative dose-effect relationships, but
insufficient information was reported to allow for evaluation of the adequacy of
study design (especially in regard to adjustments made for temperature effects).
On pg. 14-51 to 14-52, the discussion of multiple regression studies by
Hodgson,158 Buechley,159'160 Lebowitz,170 and Lebowitz et a!.171 is to be shortened
considerably. Note is to be made that these studies provide mainly qualitative
data on associations between sulfur oxides (SO ) or particulate matter (PM) and
J\
observed mortality effects but generally do not provide clear data on quantitative
levels of SO or PM likely associated with such effects, with the exception of
rt
the Beuchley studies ' finding significant increases in mortality when 24
hour mean S02 levels exceeded approximately 500pg/m .
On pg. 14-56, 14-58, 14-59, the extensive quotation of material from Holland
et al. concerning the Martin studies ' is to be deleted. Also the rest of
the text on pg. 14-59 is to be deleted, along with the text concerning the detailed
additional analysis of mortality effects observed in the Martin studies ' that
runs from pg. 14-60 to 14-65. Similarly, the rest of the text on 14-65 and 14-66
(top) on further analysis of the 1975 London and 1975 Pittsburgh episodes is to
be deleted. The available reports or discussions of the 1975 London episodes do
not allow for more detailed analyses of the type indicated on pg. 14-65; and the
available report by Riggan et al. (1977) on the Pittsburgh episode contains
information only on preliminary analyses that remain to be more definitively
completed, peer-reviewed and published.
-4-
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On pg. 14-70 to 14-71, table 14-16 on qualitative mortality studies is to be
moved to the appendices and referred to in Chapter 14 text only briefly, in
199
summary terms. Also, certain studies, such as those by Buck and Brown
19 20
Wicken and Buck, Burn and Pemberton, are to be added to qualitative studies
21-23
listed in Table 14-16. Comments on the Winkelstein studies and analyses
presented on pg. 14-73 to 14-81 would be especially valuable in order to resolve
whether to retain such detailed discussion of these results as important quantitative
findings or whether to simply list the Winkelstein results in a table of qualitative
findings.
On pg. 14-90, the summary table (14-21) is to be revised to show the 24 hour
particulate levels at which mortality effects were observed only in terms of the
original units (yg/m BS; CoH units) in which such data were reported (and not
possible comparable TSP units). On pg. 14-91, Table 14.22 is to be deleted.
On pg. 14-93 to 14-95, the Table (14.23) on qualitative studies of air
pollution and acute respiratory disease is to be moved to the Appendices and only
brief summary statements regarding the table kept in the main text of Chapter 14.
177 1?? 1?^
Comments on studies by Finklea et al. ' ' '" are to be deleted from the
table.
On pg. 14-96 and 14-97, text revisions are to be made that note the exclusion
from discussion in the April draft of studies carried out as part of the EPA
"CHESS" program. Also, in that connection, explanatory text will be inserted
stating that: (1) The manner in which CHESS program study results were reported
and interpreted in summary form in early 1970 publications and in more detail in
the 1974 "Sulfur Oxides Monograph" raised questions regarding possible inconsistencies
in data collection and analyses, as well as interpretation of the reported results;
-5-
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(2) Of particular concern were questions regarding the adequacy of air quality
data measurements (for TSP and SC^, as well as other pollutants) upon which key
quantitative conclusions were based regarding possible air pollution-health
effects relationships; (3) Many of the outstanding questions regarding the CHESS
studies remain to be clearly resolved and, until such time that they are, the
potential usefulness of such studies is extremely limited in terms of yielding
well-defined information on air pollution-health effects relationships as they
might pertain to development of health effects criteria; (4) Based on the above
considerations, CHESS program data sets and analyses will not be further discussed
in criteria document drafts, unless questions regarding accuracy of specific data
sets and their analyses have been satisfactorily resolved and reports on them
adequately peer reviewed.
On pg. 14-102, the last sentence on the page is to be amended to note that,
since measurements of air pollution and pulmonary function reported in the Stebbings
op pi c
et al. study and the Stebbings and Fogelman study were not initiated until
after the peak of the 1975 Pittsburgh episode, it is impossible to clearly relate
any health effects observed in those studies to specific S0~ or PM levels. Consequently,
op pi f.
the rest of the detailed discussion of the Stebbings ' studies on pg. 14-103
and top, pg. 14-104, is to be deleted.
Also, on pg. 14-105 and 14-106, all text dealing with the Stebbings and
ion
Hayes report on a 1971-1972 New York "CHESS" Program panel study is to be
deleted, as per statements made earlier concerning exclusion from discussion of
CHESS Program studies due to unresolved questions regarding their reported results
and interpretations. Similarly, the detailed text discussing the French et
al.306 New York ARD "CHESS" Program study is to be deleted from top, pg. 14-109
to top, pg. 14-133, including Tables 14-24 to 14-26 on pg. 14-110 to 14-112.
-6-
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On pg. 14-107 to 14-109, the discussion of the studies71' 205'210 by McCarroll
and associates is to be shortened (and reference to quantitative estimates of
pollutant levels associated with observed health effects deleted). Consideration
will be given to including brief summaries of those studies in an appropriate
table of qualitative studies.
On pg. 14-113, the detailed discussion of the Kalpalzanov et al. study is
to be deleted and its results only briefly summarized in an appropriate table of
qualitative studies.
On pg. 14-115 to 14-116, the discussions of the Kevany15 and Heinman54
72 73
and Sterling ' studies are to be deleted; the results of each are to be summarized
in an appropriate table of qualitative studies.
The discussion of the Fletcher et al. and Angel et al. studies on pg.
14-117, is to be moved to the new Section 14.4 on chronic exposure effects,
rather than remaining under the text on acute effects as presently situated. Note
will be made of difficulties in estimating quantitative levels of SO or PM
^
associated with observed health effects, and other problems, which argue for
these studies to be included as part of an appropriate table of qualitative
studies.
The text on the Verma et al. study (bottom, pg. 14-120; top, 14-121) is to
be deleted and that study only mentioned briefly in an appropriate table of
qualitative studies. Also, on pg. 14-121, the discussion of the "Ministry of
CO
Pensions" study is to be moved to the new Section 14.4 on chronic effects; note
will be made of problems with air monitoring data used in that study and other
methodological problems which mitigate against useful quantitative information
being extracted for present criteria development purposes.
-7-
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327 328
On pg. 14-123, the Shephard et al. * discussion is to be deleted and
Iftfl
the Lebowitz et al. study results (including top pg. 14-124) briefly summarized
in a table of qualitative studies.
Table 14-29, on pg. 14-125 is to be revised as follows: (1) particulate
matter measurement data will be expressed only in terms of BS or TSP as originally
reported, with a column being added for BS in the table headings along side the
TSP (ug/m3) heading; (2) "qualitative" studies will be deleted from the table,
including those by McCarroll et al.,205'206 Cassell et al.,208' 209 Greenburg et
al.,196 Stebbings et al.,216 Stebbings and Hayes,190 Heimann,54 and British
fi?
Ministry of Pensions.
On pg. 14-131 to 14-134, certain of the studies included in Table 14-30 as
yielding qualitative information on air pollution-health effects might be appropriately
deleted, except for ones providing data specifically elucidating associations
between health effects and SO or PM. Comments on which studies should be retained
X
as meeting such criteria, and which should be deleted as useless for present
purposes, would be helpful.
The extensive discussion of the Irwig et al.98 and Melia et al.{new ref' #342)
reports on the British school children study, on pg. 14-139 to 14-149 (top), is
to be deleted. Essentially no reference in the main body of Chapter 14 is to be
made to either the Irwig et al. or Melia et al. reports in view of the preliminary
nature of the analyses alluded to in the referenced papers and the lack of any
peer-reviewed published reports on "final" or completed analyses of the British
school children study.
•JO
On pg. 14-151 (top), the discussion of the study by Tsunetoshi et al. is
to be deleted and the results briefly summarized in a qualitative studies table.
-8-
-------
Similarly, the Suzuki et al.183 study discussion on pg. 14-151 (bottom) is to be
deleted and that study summarized in a qualitative studies table, as is also the
010 017 01Q 010
case for the Toyama et al., *f<3l/ Tarn"313 and Yoshii01* studies on pg. 14-152.
On pg. 14-152 to 14-158, all text is to be deleted regarding discussion of
pi o
the EPA "CHESS" studies reported by Chapman et al. * for Utah "CRD" and Chicago
"CRD" prevalence rate data sets. Also, on pg. 14-158 (bottom) and 14-159 (top)
discussion of the Yoshida et al. is to be deleted and results of that study
briefly summarized in a qualitative studies table.
Comments focusing on the discussion and interpretation of the studies by
182 90
Rudnick and Douglas and Waller on pg. 14-159 to 14-163 would be highly
useful, as would comments on the Lunn et al. ' studies discussed on pg. 14-
163 to 14-165. Rudnick182, Douglas and Waller90, and Lunn et al.96'97 appear to
to provide at least some reasonably well-defined air quality data by which quantitative
health effects - SO /PM air pollution relationships might be delineated (they
/\
have been interpreted by leading experts in such a manner). This, together with
otherwise apparently sound methodological features, argue for these studies being
strongly considered as potential key studies in arriving at final conclusions
regarding the epidemiology data base for SO and PM.
A
On pg. 14-165 to 14-177, all text is to be deleted regarding discussion of
CHESS studies reported by Hammer et al.214 and French et al.306 (on New York
"LRD" data), French et al.306 (on Utah "LRD" data), and Hammer113'257 (on Southeast
or Birmingham vs. Charlotte "LRD" data). This is in keeping with statements
presented earlier regarding exclusion of CHESS studies from consideration in view
of questions that remain to be resolved concerning data collection, analyses and
interpretation of results for CHESS Program studies. Of all the various CHESS
-9-
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studies to be deleted at this time, the Hammer113' 257 "Southeast LRD" study
appears to provide the most extensive and thorough data analyses potentially
leading to reliable quantitative estimates of air pollution (SO /PM)-health
^
effects relationships. Also, there appears to be a reasonable possiblity of
resolving questions concerning the Hammer study *57 within the time frame of
finalization of the present document. Comments on that study would, therefore,
be helpful in determining its possible future consideration for inclusion in the
criteria document as a potentially key quantitative study.
Comments focused on the Van der Lende et al. studies discussed on pg.
14-178 would also be quite useful, in view of its having been interpreted by a
number of experts as yielding important information on quantitative health effects
air pollution (SO /PM) relationships. Similarly, comments would be useful on the
^\
OO DC
Becklake and Manfreda et al. studies as potentially finding lack of evidence
3
of health effects at SOp and TSP levels around 100 yg/m or less, as discussed on
pg. 14-178 and 14-179.
On pg. 14-179 (bottom) and pg. 14-180 (top), the discussion of the Kagawa et
pic ?f)A
al. ' studies is to be deleted and, at most, briefly summarized within a
87
qualitative studies table. The same applies for the Zapletal et. al study
discussed at the top of pg. 14-180.
Comments would be especially valuable regarding the discussions on pg. 14-
180 to 14-186 regarding the studies by: Holland et al;101'102 Bennett et al.103;
rolley and Reid112; Ferris115; Mostardi and Leonard177; Mostardi and Martell258;
215
and Shy et al. (Cincinnati school children pulmonary function study). At
least some of these studies appear to provide potentially useful information by
which quantitative health effects - air pollution .(SO /PM) relationships might
-10-
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be defined, whereas others may be sufficiently flawed methodologically
(e.g. in failure to control for smoking, etc.) so as to be rendered
essentially useless for present criteria development purposes.
On pg. 14-186 to 14-188, all of the text is to be deleted regarding
the "CHESS" studies reported on by Shy et al.215 (New York pulmonary
213
function data) and Chapman et al. (Birmingham and Charlotte pulmonary
function data).
34 35
Comments would be useful regarding the Neri et al. studies,
discussed on pg. 14-189, as well as the other studies discussed on pg.
98
14-190 to 14-195. However, the discussion of Irwig et al. results, on
pg. 14-193 (bottom), is to be entirely deleted in view of the "preliminary"
nature of the results thus far reported.
On pg. 14-196 to 14-197, Table 14-40 is to be revised, including:
3 3
(1) addition of a column heading for BS (ug/m ) along side TSP (yg/m )
and listing of particulate matter measurement data under only one of the
columns according to the original form or units reported for a given
109
study; and (2) deletion of CHESS Program studies (Goldberg et al.,
House et al.,108 Nelson et al.,114 Hammer,113'257 Shy et al.,215 Chapman
213 99
et al. ) and qualitative studies (Kerrebijn et al., Yoshida et
al., ) consistent with deletions in text noted above. The present
Summary and Conclusions section (14.6) of Chapter 14, starting on pg.
14-199, is to be designated as Section 14.5 under the proposed chapter
reorganization format outlined on the first two pages of the present -
materials. Reflecting the planned format change, the first paragraph on
pg. 14-199 is to be appropriately revised to note under points (3) and
-11-
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(4) that acute and chronic exposure effects discussions appear under
Sections 14.3 and 14.4, respectively* of the newly reorganized chapter.
Point (5) at the end of the first paragraph is to be deleted.
On pg. 14-200, the last part of the last sentence of the first
paragraph (text starting with "--not for the purpose...") is to be
deleted as unnecessary. The next paragraph on pg. 14-200 is to be revised
to make reference to Table 14-41 as summarizing the results of key
studies discussed earlier in the chapter as providing valid information
on quantitative relationships between acute exposures to sulfur oxides
or particulate matter and mortality and morbility health effects.
Reference is also to be made to Table 14-42 as containing similar summarization
of key quantitative studies concerning chronic exposure effects.
Table 14-41, on pg. 14-201 and 14-202, is to be revised as follows:
(1) additional column headings for COH and BS measurement results in
o O
wg/m are to be provided along side the TSP (ug/m ) heading; (2) results
for particulate matter measurements will be entered under one of the
three (BS; COH; TSP) columns only, as per the original units or form
reported for a given study; and (3) numerous deletions of entries from
the revised table are to be made. Such deletions are to include: (a)
the first four sets of entries designated as being for British, Dutch,
Japanese, and USA studies under episodic mortality; and (b) the morbidity
study entries for Stebbings and Hayes, McCarroll et al., Cassell
et al.,208*209 and Stebbings and Fogleman.216
-12-
-------
On pg. 14-203, changes analogous to the first two types listed above
for Table 14-41 are to also be made in Table 14-42. Entries are to be deleted
1 ftft 1 fi l ft
from Table 14-42 for studies by Winkelstein, Zeidberg and colleagues,
Hammer et al..214 Goldberg et al.,109 House et al.,108 Nelson et al.,114
Hammer,113*257, Shy et al.,215 and Chapman et al.213
From pg. 14-205 to pg. 14-208 (top, before heading for Section 14.6.2),
all text for present Section 14.6.1.1 is to be deleted. The text under
Section 14.6.2 (pg. 14-208 to 14-214), however, is to remain, as is the text
under Section 14.6.3 (pg. 14-215 to pg. 14-251).
On pg. 14-245, Figure 14-8 is to be deleted and the differences between
evaluations of key studies between Holland et al. , WHO and other reviewers
briefly discussed only in new text inserted on pg. 12-244. Study results for the
Osaka (1962), Rotterdam (1960's), France (1973), Tokyo (1970), and Southeast
USA (1969-71) entries in the figure will not be discussed. The mistaken data
entry for "Chicago-(1972)" in the figure actually refers to Mostardi's177'258 studies
in Ohio (1972), and the entry in the key to the right for Apling et al., Waller
(1977-78) London is for Apling et al.; Weatherly and Waller (1977-78) London.
Discussion of differences in the reviewers' evaluations of study results will note
where the particular review "translated" original estimates of health effects-associated
particulate matter levels associated with health effects from original COH or
BS units to approximate corresponding TSP levels.
Lastly, at the end of Chapter 14, copies of summary tables now appearing
only in Volume I of the document (as Tables 1-19 to 1-22) are to be inserted to
summarize the evaluations of different reviews for key quantitative studies.
-13-
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The tables will be the same as present Tables 1-19, 1-20, and 1-21, except
for those modifications discussed for those tables earlier, under present
corrigenda materials for Chapter 1. Appropriate text will also be inserted
to discuss the reviewers' evaluations summarized in the tables and definite
statements made regarding which studies appear to be generally viewed as
being valid and conclusions that can appropriately be drawn based on those
study results.
-14-
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7/9/80
Chapter 14 - PM/SO
Errata
Page Par/Line Delete Insert
14-4 2/1 Note: The "Lowrance (1976)" reference cited is listed as
reference #343 on attached completed reference list.
14-16 2/4 Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference
#344 on attached completed reference list.
14-16 6/1 Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference
#344 on attached completed reference list.
14-16 7/3 Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference
#344 on attached completed reference list.
14-17 Fig 14-1 Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference
#344 on attached completed reference list.
14-18 2/9 Note: The WSL Instruction Manual (1966) is listed as reference
#345 on attached completed reference list.
14-21 3/10 Holland et al. (1979) Holland et al. (1979)
14-26 2/11 52 after: of Pensions"
Qfi
14-26 2/11 after: Douglas and Waller
14-28 2/8 107 after: (IR)
4/5 107 after: (IR)
4/11 107 after: (IR)
14-29 ft.nt C 107 after: IR
14-30 1/3 107 after: IR
14-31 1/3 107 after: IR
14-31 2/5 average before: flow rate
14-31 2/5 measured value calculated concentration
14-34 3/4 10 or, at most, 30 percent. 10 to 30 percent.
14-50 3/1 References 185, 186
-------
Page Par/Line
Chapter 14 - PM/SO Errata (continued)
/\
Delete Insert
14-51 1/3
1/6
1/7
14-127 1/12
1/12
14-214 2/11
2/13
2/14
14-226 2/2
14-227 2/9
14-237 -
Reference 185
associations in
decreasing span.
Thoraic Society
Ferris2143
and particulalte
last sentence of footnote "a1
for Table 14-52
Reference 184
changes in associations between
decreasing
recorded mortality rates over
the 1963-1972 time span.
after: Goldsmith
after: Speizer
Thoracic Society
containing an epidemiology
evaluation chaptecnby Higgins
and Ferris (1978) JU/
containing an epidemiology
evaluation chaptecnby Speizer
and Ferris (1978)5UO
Ferris3143
any parti cul ate
Note: See attached changes for Chapter 14 reference list.
-------
Changes to References for Chapter 14 - PM/SO
Certain Chapter 14 reference numbers represent studies deleted from earlier
drafts of Chapter 14 or designate studies now to be deleted in keeping with
changes in text noted earlier in Chapter 14 corrigenda comments. Thus, the
following Chapter 14 reference numbers should be disregarded: 98; 108-111;
113-117; 120-124; 190; 212-214; 314; 342.
References for studies cited in Chapter 14 but not listed in the original
reference list, as noted in earlier corrigenda comments or text errata listings,
are as follows:
342. Melia, R. J. W., C. duV. Florey, and A. V. Swan. The effect of atmo-
spheric smoke and sulfur dioxide on respiratory illness among British
schoolchildren: A preliminary report. Paper given at the Vllth Inter-
national Scientific Meeting of the International Epidemiological Association,
Puerto Rico, 1977.
343. Lawrence, W. W. Of acceptable risk, science and determination of safety.
Los Altos, William Kaufman, 1976.
344. Warren Spring Laboratory. The Investigation of Atmospheric Pollution
1958-1966. Thirty-second report. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London,
1967.
345. Warren Spring Laboratory. National Survey of Smoke and Sulfur Dioxide,
Instruction Manual. Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, England, 1966.
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DATE: July 9, 1980
SUBJECT: Errata for the April, 1980, First External Review Draft of the EPA
Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides (PM/SO ) Criteria Document
X
FROM: ECAO, EPA/RTP/N.C.
T0: Recipients of the first external review draft (April 1980) of the
Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides criteria document
The attached materials include corrigenda comments regarding contem-
plated major text revisions, other lesser corrections (deletions/insertions),
and reference clarifications and additions for various chapters of the
April, 1980, external review draft of the PM/SO criteria document.
A
The corrigenda comments on chapters 1, 3, and 14 signal major
revisions comtemplated for a second external review draft based on
comments and other new information obtained since finalization and
release of the April external review draft. The lists of errata mainly
concern: (1) errors in reference citations and (2) editorial changes
intended to clarify textual meaning or errors in technical content.
Complete reference lists for chapters 2, 3, 6, 9, and 13, including
corrected citations, are provided. There are no comments or errata
sheets for chapters 4 or 8.
These errata and descriptions of contemplated changes are being
circulated at this time in order to facilitate informed and focused
public discussion of EPA's criteria revision efforts. Certainly,
additional changes and, possibly, modifications to these contemplated
changes may need to be made in response to public comments on the First
External Review Draft received by July 31, 1980, and advice received
from the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) of EPA's Science
Advisory Board. Full and adequate opportunity for public comment on any
of these contemplated changes or other modifications incorporated in a
second external review draft to be made available to the public and
CASAC.
Atch
EPA Form 1320-6 (Rev. 3-76)
-------
7/9/80
Chapter 1 - PM/SO
Errata
Page Par/Line
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Insert
A-1B
A- 19
X-23
A.-21
4-3B
^-63
/L-64
/1-88
A-93
A-95
A-95
A-95
3/7
2/3
1/7
--
1/4
Table 1-6
"
3/2,3
1/5,6
1/3
1/8,9
2/3
cyslone
-
Parting
Note: Table 1-2 is actually
text, and Table 1-3 is
10 or, at most, 30 percent
Ref. 118 (3 instances)
Ref. 118 (1 instance)
Polyester, acrylic...
acid hydrolysis
One study... 50 percent
are
or other agents. . .conditions.
_
cyclone
< before: 2.5 urn
Party
Table 1-3 cited in the
actually Table 1-2
10 to 30 percent
Replace with Reference 272
Replace with Reference 272
One investigator (Lippmann,
1977) calculated that about
10 percent
may be
Period after: ...absence
of ammonia.
(at concentrations <1 mg/m
-100 1/1
•/I-100 1/2
A-
100 1/3
or 5 ppm, respectively)
after: alone
summarized in Tables 1-8 and 1-9, of certain studies discussed
in Chapter 12,
at relatively high exposure
levels (>1 mg/m ). after:
health effects
, with relatively few having
been observed.,at concentra-
tions <1 mg/m . after:
L-100 1/10
A-
101 1/1
ZnS04 and
pathophysiological
dependent
ZnS04(NH4)2S04
physiological
-------
Chapter 1 - PM/SOx Errata (continued)
Page Par/Line Delete Insert
>/l-101 1/3 and increased flow resistance and
compliance,
/1-104 Table 1-11 Table title - line 2: < before:
13.1 mg/m
vl-107 2/1 to 1310 mg/m3 (500 ppm) S0? in a 180 liter chamber into
* which 1310 mg/m13 (500 ppm)
SOp was injected at a rate
, of 20 ml/min
^1-110 Table 1-13 Hazucha and Bates, 1975 from
"Reference" column, line 8
v1-110 Table 1-13 Significant decrease in FVC, Significant decrease in MEFR;
FEV, 0, MMFR, MEFR from "Effects" FVC, FEV, Q, MMFR also de-
column, lines 6,7 creased
1-110 Table 1-13 ; at 1 ppm, one subject ex-
perienced 7% increase in
flow resistance; another, a
23% decrease after: nasal
breathing, "Effects" column,
line 17.
^1-144 1/6 states sites
^1-145 2/1 study studies
vl-152 — Delete last sentence of footnote
"a" for Table 1-24
-------
Chapter 2 - PM/SO
Errata
Page
/2-10
•/2-26
A/2-27
^-27
i/2-30
^2-34
/2-34
'2-34
'2-35
u^-50
/
^2-52
^2-59
'2-60
•^-ei
^2-63
"4-63
«4_66
^4-68
/2-78
Par/Line
3/5
3/9
2/3
4/3
1/7
3/2
3/3
3/5
Ref.
Ref.
1/8
2/3
2/5
2/3
2/5
3/7
3/7
1/2
1/9
Delete
-
-
Instrumentation for Environmental
Monitoring, Air, 1972
ditto
_
-
EQS0775001
EQS0775002
_
-
-
Methods of Air Sampling and
Analysis, 1972
Brosset and Perm (1978)
(1974)
1974,
1973
1975
1977
Insert
ed. , after: Dennis
, undated after: Corp.
Lawrence Berkley Laboratory,
1972
ditto
, undated after: Instruments
a after: 1975
EQS-0-775-001
EQS-0-775-002
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (1979c)
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (1979c)
New sentence after: 2-4.
"Although only every tenth
point is plotted, the statistical
analysis pertains to the
entire data set."
Intersociety, 1972
Stevens et al. (1978)
(1969)
1977 before: 1977a
1974
1976
1978
-------
Page Par/Line
Chapter 2 - PM/SO Errata (continued)
XX
Delete Insert
/2-87
J 2-87
/2-90
x/2-100
•4-111
^2-120
'2-120
^2-139
2/12
2/14
-
2/10
3/4
1/8
4/2
3/2
Current
Sampler (ES and T Outlook, 1978)
have o values
g
Bernard
1979
new
Goo id
An article in Environmental
Science and Technology
(-, 1978) describes the
results for current -
Sampler. The o values
varied ^
New page 2-90a, attached.
(Table 2-11)
Threshold Limits Committee
before: 1968
Barnard
1980
possible
Goold
Note: Completed reference list attached.
-------
Chapter 3 - PM/SO Errata (continued)
^
Page Par/Line Delete Insert
k/3-94 2/1 1968 1978
,/3-B7 2/1 - et al. after: Muylle
^110 1/10 Table 3-8 Table 3-9
^3-113 1/18 Dalager (1975) Dalager (1974)
t/3-116 2/4 one two
1/3 R > 50% R < 50%
3/2 - the effect of after: showing
/ 2
^3-128 1/1 sum of \ , chi-square statistic
3-135 3/4 - sampler after: hi-volume
2/4 (1972) (1977)
Note: List of additional recommended references attached.
Note: Completed reference list attached.
-------
Additional References Recommended for Consideration in Chapter 3, PM/SO
A
Bailey, D. L. R., and P. Clayton. The measurement of suspended particulate
and carbon concentration in the atmosphere using standard smoke shade
methods. Report LR 325 (AP), Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, 1980.
Heindryckx, R. Significance of total suspended particulate matter, as determined
by optical density measurements. BECEWA, 1974. (as cited by Kretzschmar,
1975).
Ledbetter, J. 0., and B. P. Cerepeka. Obscuration versus aerosol concentration.
J. Environ. Sci. Health A15(2):173-181, 1980.
Rosen, H., A. D. A. Hansen, R. L. Dod, T. Novakov. Soot in urban atmospheres:
Determination by an optical absorption technique. Science 208:741-744, 1980.
Swinford, R. L., and D. J. Kolaz. Field correlation of TSP data from a continuous
particulate monitor and high volume air samples. Paper 80-38.3, 73rd
APCA, Montreal, Canada, 1980.
Wall in, S. C. Calibration of the D.S.I.R. Standard Smoke Filter for Diesel
Smoke. Int. J. Air Wat. Poll. 9:351-356, 1965; and discussions by
Lindsey, A. J., M. Corn, S. R. Craxfor, L. R. Reed, and S. C. Wallin,
IBID, 10:73-76, 1966.
-------
Chapter 4 PM/SO
/\
(No errata or revisions at this time.)
-------
Chapter 5 - PM/SO
Errata
Page Par/Line
Delete
Insert
"5-3 3/5
'/5-20 ft-nt
^-20 ft-nt
23
mg/m
20
3
after cumulative:
^3-58" -
./3-60" -
A-
5-99 legend
Entire page (stray from Ch. 3)
(does not apply to all copies)
Entire page (stray from Ch. 3)
(does not apply to all copies)
percentage
Pg 5-58 (attached)
Pg 5-60 (attached)
after densities: for nitrogen
dioxide
-------
SOX2B/A 6-9-80 receded
county having the highest annual average value. It is not possible to determine
whether concentrations are more or less uniform across the county or whether
they are localized. However, several general impressions are obtained about
national TSP conditions. High concentrations can be found in almost every
State. Many populated counties have high concentrations (for example, New
Jersey-New York City, Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, Chicago, and Los Angeles).
Several sparsely populated counties also have high concentrations. Arid regions
as well as industrialized counties have high levels.
The AQCR attainment status for the daily NAAQS is shown in Figure 5-19,
which is based on the same 1977 NADB TSP data. The same comment made above
applies to the 24-hr measurements. A violation of NAAQS for TSP at one loca-
tion does not necessarily imply a higher health risk for the entire population of
that area. The health implications even for those living near a site in vio-
lation are not clear. Populations living in attainment areas but exposed to TSP
high in trace metals, for example, might have a high health risk.
A closer look at the site descriptions for stations that recorded violations
suggests that the reasons for violation are quite variable. As discussed earlier,
it seems clear that industrial sources contribute significantly to TSP levels at
many sites. This is not so obvious at other sites, however. Some extremely
high concentrations experienced at monitors in Arizona, New Mexico, and elsewhere
are most likely associated with surface dust suspended by the wind. Without a
careful site inventory or perhaps detailed analysis of TSP chemical and elemental
composition, the specific reasons for TSP violations are unknown.
5.2.1.6 Severity of Peak TSP Concentrations—The geographic displays of attain-
ment status are only one way of conveying the extent of the TSP pollution problem.
To indicate the severity of TSP ambient exposures, the 90th percentile concen-
5-58
-------
Chapter 6 - PM/SO
Errata
Page Par/Line
Delete
Insert
./6-
6-37
1/14
1/5
2/9
^6-42
^-42
•/6-42
^6-46
>/6-47
v/6-48
^-52
/6-S2
•/6-53
^-72
v/6-72
^6- 73
^-w
y6-87
v/C_Q7
2/2
2/4
2/14
5/5
2/10
3/2
2/4
2/12
-/9
2/5
2/6
-/6
2/4
1979
1979
1977
Low, 1971
1979
1979
Durham et al. 1979
1979
1979
1974
1979
1979
SI inn et al. (1979)
1975
1975
White and Roberts (1975)
Lewis and Macias (1979)
Schurmeier
1976
1978a
1978
1978
Low,1969
1978
1978
Durham et al. 1978
1980
1977
1976
1978
1978
SI inn et al. (1978)
1980
1980
White and Roberts (1980)
Lewis and Macias (1980)
Schiermeier
1976a
Note: Completed reference list attached.
-------
6.7 REFERENCES.
Altshuller, A. P. Model Predictions of the Rates of Homogeneous Oxidation of
Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfate in the Troposphere. Atmos. Environ. 13:1653-1662,
1980.
Altshuller, A. P. Regional transport and transformation of sulfur dioxide to
sulfates in the United States. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 26:318-324,
1976.
Angell, J. K., W. H. Hoecker, C. R. Dickinson, and S. H. Pack. Urban influence
on a strong daytime air flow as determined from tetroon flights. J.
Appl. Meteoral. 12:924-936, 1973.
Appel B. R., S. M. Wall, Y. Tokiwa, and M. Haik. Interference effects in
sampling particulate nitrate in ambient air. Atmos. Environ. 13:319-325,
1979.
Appel, B. R., E. L. Kothny, S. Wall, M. Haik, and R. L. Knights. Diurnal and
spatial variations of organic aerosol constituents in the Los Angeles basin.
In: Proceedings of the Conference on Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmo-
sphere, Lawrence Berkley Laboratory, Berkley, CA, March 20-22, 1978.
Bachman, J., ed. protecting Visibility: An EPA Report to Congress. EPA-450/5-
79-008, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
1979.
Backstrom, H. L. J. The chain mechanism in the auto-oxidation of sodium
sulfite solutions. Z. Phys. Chem. 625:122-128, 1934.
Bigelow, J. Z., 1898.
Boulaud, D., J. Bricard, and G. Madelaine. Aerosol growth kinetics during S02
oxidation. Atmos. Environ. 12:171-177, 1978.
Brosset, C., K. Andreasson, and M. Perm. The nature and possible origin of
acid particles observed at the Swedish west coast. Atmos. Environ.
9:631-642, 1975.
Bull. Alabama Air Pollut. Control Comm., 1975.
Calvert, J. G., F. Su, J. W. Bottenheim, and 0. P. Strausz. Mechanism of the
homogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the troposphere. Atmos.
Environ. 12:197-226, 1978.
Chamberlain, A. C. Movement of particles in plant communities. In: Vegetation
in the Atmosphere. J. L. Monteith, ed., Academic Press Inc., New York.
1975. pp.' 155-201.
Chang, S. G., R. Brodzinsky, R. Toossi, S. Markowitz, and T. Novakov. Catalytic
oxidation of S02 on carbon in aqueous solutions. In: Proceedings of
Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
Berkeley, Calif., 1978.
6-112
-------
Chapter 7 - PM/SO
Errata
Page Par/Line
*/7-40
Delete
Insert
-41
Column 8
Column 8
7-187 Ref.
473
Ref. 118 (3 instances)
Ref. 118 (1 instance)
Entire reference
Replace with reference 272
Replace with reference 272
473. Wilhour, R. G.,
G. E. Neely, D. E. Weber,
and L. C. Grothaus.
Response of Selected Small
Grains, Range Grasses and
Alfalfa to Sulfur Dioxide.
CERL-50, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Corvallis
Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallis, OR,
February, 1979.
-------
Chapter 8 PM/SOV
X
(No errata or revisions at this time.)
-------
Chapter 9 - PM/SC)
Errata
Page Par/Li ne
Delete
Insert
J 9-17
j 9-22
/9-25
Jg-29
A- 33
v/9-48
.
A-65
v/9-65
1/4
3/10
ft-nt
2/6
1/3
-n
3/4
3/4
Rosen and Novakov, 1979
Mac i as et al., 1975
Waggoner and Weiss (1979)
7:1
_
7:1
] after: relative humidity
Rosen, et al. , 1980
Macias and Husar, 1976
Waggoner and Weiss (1980)
et al. after: Waggoner
7 ± 1
Husar, et al., 1979
after: United States.
7 ± 1
] after: (ug/m3)
Note: Completed reference list attached.
-------
9.6 REFERENCES
Allen, J., R. B. Husar, and E. S. Macias. In: Aerosol Measurement. D. A.
Lundgren, ed., University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 1978.
Altshuller, A. P. Atmospheric sulfur dioxide and sulfate, distribution of
concentration at urban and nonurban sites in the United States. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 7:709-713, 1973.
Angel 1, J. K., and J. Korshover. Variation in sunshine duration over the
contiguous United States between 1950 and 1972. J. Appl. Meteorol. 14:
1174-1181, 1975.
Barnes, R. A., and D. 0. Lee. Visibility in London and atmospheric sulfur.
Atmos. Environ. 12:791-794, 1978.
Bergstrom, R. W. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 46:223, 1973.
Bolin, B., and R. J. Charlson. On the role of the tropospheric sulfur cycle
in the shortwave radiative climate of the earth. Ambio 5:47-54, 1976.
Cass, G. R. On the relationship between sulfate air quality and visibility
with examples in Los Angeles. Atmos. Environ. 13:1069-1084, 1979.
Chandrasekhar, S. Radiative Transfer. Dover Publishers, New York, 1960.
Changnon, S. A., Jr. The La Porte weather anomaly—fact or fiction? Bull.
Am. Meteorol. Soc. 49:4-11, 1968.
Charlson, R. J., D. S. Covert, T. V. Larson, and A. P. Waggoner. Chemical
properties of tropospheric sulfur aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 12:39-53,
1978.
Charlson, R. J. , A. H. Vanderpp.1, D. S. Covert, A. P. Waggoner, and N. C.
Ahlquist. H?SOA/(NHd)?SO. Background aerosol: optical detection in
St. Louis region". AtmSs. Environ. 8:1257-1268, 1974.
Eggleton, A. E. J. The chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols on
Tees-side and its relation to visibility. Atmos. Environ. 3:355-372,
1969.
Eiden, R. Determination of the complex index of refraction of spherical
aerosol particles. Appl. Opt. 10:749-754, 1971.
9-70
-------
^10-
VI n-
Ao-97
t/lO-
Chapter 10 - PM/SO
Errata
Page Par/Line
Delete
2/7
47 3/5-6
v/10-93 Ref 6
/LO-94 Ref 6
7lO-
•94 Ref 6
10-94 Ref 9
10-95 Ref 1
Ref 9
97 Ref 16
Haagen Reed and Ottaz
sulfate particles
... .by acid hydrolysis
1960 after: 1969.
Evgang
Haagenrud—etc
Rosenfeld (1973)
Insert
Haagenrud and Ottar
Ergang
After M. B. Rockel.: Corrosion
resistance of stainless steels in
the atmosphere - evaluation of the
results of weathering tests of up to
10 years duration.
After Fleetwood, M. J.:
coatings
Zinc
Haagenrud, S., and B. Ottar.
In: Proc. of the Seventh
Scandanavian Corrosion Congress,
Trondheim, Norway, 1975, as
cited in Kucera, V. Effects
of sulfur dioxide and acid
precipitation on metals and
anti-rust painted steel.
Ambio 5:243-248, 1976.
Rosenfeld 1973, as cited in
Nriagu, J. 0. ed., Sulfur
in the Environment. Part II:
Ecological Impacts. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
York, 1978. pp. 17-18.
After H. Ternes.: Rate of
corrosion of plain carbon
and low-alloy structural
steels.
-------
7/9/80
Chapter 11 - PM/SO
Errata
Page Par/Line
Delete
Insert
-9 4/3
Jll-B 4/4
Al-11 1/3
11-34 Fig.
Legend
Sll-35 -/I
/LI- 46 4/4
Al-47 1/1
Al-51 2/8
Al-60 3/3
/11-60 3/3
^ 11-61 4/7
11-62 2/11
/LI- 62 2/12
.ll-82a,
x/b.c.d,
et al. (after Adams)-
Hansen, et al., 1974-
George and Breslin, 1976
1969
1970
1951
Proctor et al.
Proctor and Wagner, 1967;
Camner et al
/New
J 11-
105
b, after: Raabe et al. 1976
and Davenport, after: Adams
Hasen and Ampaya, 1974 after:
Nagashi, 1972
(expressed as fraction of
particles entering trachia)
after: tracheobronchial (TB)
deposition
George and Breslin, 1967
1970
1971
1957
Proctor and Wagner
et al., 1971. after: Dadaian
Camner and Philipson
and Davia, after: Thomson
Attached 2h pages of text
and one figure on Respirable
Aerosol Sampling at end of
chapter.
New page, 11-105 (attached),
with 7 additional references.
Note: List of additional recommended references attached.
-------
Missing reference page 11-105 from first printing
Chapter 11 - PM/SOx
Wilson, T. A., and K. Lin. Convection and diffusion in the airways and the
design of the bronchial tree. In: Airway Dynamics Physiology and
Pharmacology. A. Bouhuys, editor. Springfield, 111. Thomas 1970.
pp. 5-19.
Wolff, R. K., M. Dolovich, C. M. Rossman, and M. T. Newhouse. Sulfur dioxide
and tracheobronchial clearance in man. Arch. Environ. Health 30:521-527,
1975.
Yeh, H. C. Use of a heat transfer analogy for a mathematical model of
respiratory tract deposition. Bull. Math. Biol. 36:105, 1974.
Yeh, H. C., A. J. Hulbert, R. F. Phalen, D. J. Velasquez, and T. D. Harris. A
steroradiographic technique and its application to the evaluation of lung
casts. Invest. Radiol. 10:351, 1975.
Yeh, H. C., R. F. Phalen, and 0. G. Raabe. Factors influencing the deposition of
inhaled particles. Environ. Health Persp. 15:147, 1976.
Yu, C. P. An equation of gas transport in the lung. Resp. Physiol. 23:257,
1975.
Yu, C. P. Precipitation of unipolarly charged particles in cylindrical and
spherical vessels. J. Aerosol Sci. 8:237, 1977.
Page Par/Line
11-86 After
8th Ref.
11-93 After
llth Ref.
11-96 After
5th Ref.
Chapter 11 - PM/S09
Errata
REFERENCE LIST CORRECTIONS
Delete
Insert
Clements, J. A., J. Nellenbogen,
and H. J. Trahan. Pulmonary
surfactant and evolution of
the lungs. Science 169:
603-604, 1970.
Kawecki, J. M. Emmission of
Sulfur-Bearing Compounds
from Motor Vehicle and Air-
craft Engines, A Report to
Congress. EPA-600/9-78-028,
U. S. Env. Prot. Agency.
Aug. 1978.
Menzel, D. B. The role of
free radicals in the toxicity
of air pollutants (nitrogen
oxides and ozone). In:
Free Radicals in Biology,
Vol. II, Academic Press,
New York, 1976. pp. 181-202.
-------
Chapter 12 - PM/SO,
Errata ;
Page Par/Line
Delete
Insert
N/12-8 -/I
/ 12-16 4/2-3
Kikigawa and Sizuka
Sentence: Mice lifetimes.
^2-17
A2-17
712-20 Col.l
v!2-21
Col. 1 & 2 1310 500
300 days
Col. 3
line 6
2-98 1/14
, 12-100 3/8-9
-------
Chapter 12 - PM/SO
Errata (cent.)
Page
/
Par/Line
Delete
^12-105 Col 5
A2-115 2/1, 2
-^ 12-117 2/6
Aa-124 2/2
^2-124 2/3
Jl2-124 2/4
12-125 2/12,13
-129 2/8
2-130 1/10
-151 Ref. 233
Gardner et al.
154
Peacock and Spence. . . .
.... for two years.
Ref. 392
absorption and
is
In a different study
. . . .(500 ppm) S02
initiating
L. Whittenberger
Insert
Gardner et al.
145
V327
Peacock and Spence (1967)'
exposed LX strain mice, over their
lifetimes, in a 180 liter chamber
into which S0_ at a concentration
of 500 ppm (1310 ug/m ) was
injected at a rate of 20 ml/min for 5
minutes, 5 days/week.
Ref. 292
is retained somewhere in the
respiratory system, after:
amount
In a different study, mice were
exposed over their lifetimes in
a 180 liter chamber into which
SO- at a concentration of 500
ppm, (1310 ug/m ) was injected at
a rate of 20 ml/min for 5 minutes,
5 days/week.
irritating
comma after: volume
J. L. Whittenberger
Note: List of additional recommended references attached.
-------
Chapter 13 - PM/SO
Errata
Page
^13-5
,7/3-5
/L3-5
7 13-9
7l3-ll
Par/Line
Col. 4
8th Ref
Col. 4
6th Ref
Col. 4
llth Ref
2/1
-/16
Delete
Odor Threshold, 1968
Holmes, 1954
Bushtueva et al. , 1960
Bushtueva et al. (1960)
Insert
Arthur D. Little, Inc. 1968
Holmes, 1915 (see Greenwald,
1954)
Bushtueva, 1962
Bushtueva (1962)
In "Effects" column entry
•J13-12 -710
^13-12 -711
As-13
Col. 7
2nd Ref
-72
>/13-16 2/11
^13-22 3/1
As-23 2/1
for Frank et al., 1962,
after ... nasal breathing:;
at 1 ppm, one subject ex-
perienced 7% increase in
flow resistance, another a
23% decrease
In "Reference" column:
Hazucha and Bates, 1975
In "Effects" column: Significant Significant decrease in
decrease in FVC, FEV, Q, MMFR, MEFR; FVC, FEV, Q, MMFR
MEFR ' also decreased '
Wolff et al., 1975b
Lawther and Bond 1955
1975b
1975b
Wolff et al., 1977
In "Effects" column entry
for Jaeger et al., after ..
30 minutes:; 3 subjects in-
curred delayed effects and
required medication.
Lawther 1955
1977
1977
113-?.6 3/4
'13-26 4/2
EPA before estimate
EPA before estimate
-------
Page Par/Line
Chapter 13 - PM/SOx Errata (cont.)
Delete
Insert
/13-27 Col. 6
7th Ref
8th Ref
73-28 2/3
A3-28
/.
5-^0
2/12
2/7
3-38 2/4
3-:
/13-'
A3-:
N/13-38 2/5
Koenig, 1979
Koenig, 1979
-40 1/16
estimated
estimated
1968
Koenig et al. , 1979
Koenig et al. , 1979
; EPA before estimate
EPA before estimate
1973 after: Hazucha
EPA estimate of
EPA estimate of
1978
Note: Completed reference list attached.
Note: List of additional recommended references attached.
-------
7/9/80
Chapter 14 - PM/SO
Errata
Page Par/Line Delete Insert
^4-4 2/1 Note: The "Lowrance (1976)" reference cited is listed as
reference #343 on attached completed reference list.
IS 2/4 Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference
#344 on attached completed reference list.
•14-16 6/1 Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference
#344 on attached completed reference list.
^14-16 7/3 Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference
#344 on attached completed reference list.
17 Fig 14-1 Note: The "WSL (1967)" reference cited is listed as reference
#344 on attached completed reference list.
"6.4-18 2/9 Note: The WSL Instruction Manual (1966) is listed as reference
#345 on attached completed reference list.
14-21 3/10 Holland et al. (1979) Holland et al. (1979)301
/ 6?
y!4-26 2/11 after: of Pensions"
-14-26 2/11 90 after: Douglas and Waller
2B 2/8 107 after: (IR)
4/5 107 after: (IR)
4/11 107 after: (IR)
14-29 ft.nt C 107 after: IR
•* 14-30 1/3 107 after: IR
14-31 1/3 107 after: IR
'/14-31 2/5 average before: flow rate
^14-31 2/5 measured value calculated concentration
-^14-34 3/4 10 or, at most, 30 percent. 10 to 30 percent.
/ 14-50 3/1 References 185, 186
-------
Page Par/Line
Chapter 14 - PM/SOx Errata (continued)
Delete Insert
-51 1/3
J, 1/6
y
1/7
v/14-127 1/12
S 1/12
•3^214 2/11
S 2/13
14-226 2/2
2/9
Reference 185
associations in
decreasing span.
Thoraic Society
Ferris2143
and particulalte
last sentence of footnote "a1
for Table 14-52
Reference 184
changes in associations between
decreasing
recorded mortality rates over
the 1963-1972 time span.
P47
after: Goldsmith
246
after: Speizer
Thoracic Society
containing an epidemiology
evaluation chaptecnby Higgins
and Ferris (1978)<3U7
containing an epidemiology
evaluation chapte?nby Speizer
and Ferris (1978)
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
July 31, 1980
Dear Interested Citizen:
Our records indicate that you have requested and received a copy of
the first external review draft of Air Quality Criteria for Particulate
Matter and Sulfur Oxides. Enclosed is copy of a Federal Register notice
calling a meeting of the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee on
August 22, 21, 22, in Arlington, Virginia. Also enclosed is a package
of materials that was provided to the members of the Committee.
The enclosed outlines of staff papers for particulate matter and
sulfur oxides v/ere developed as means of identifying the critical elements
to be considered during the review of National Ambient Air Quality
Standards for particulate matter and sulfur oxides. It is anticipated
that these outlines will be used to develop the staff papers which will
be reviewed by the CASAC at a subsequent meeting.
EPA has also developed a list of questions that relate to the staff
paper outlines. These questions amplify some of the scientific issues
reflected in the outlines themselves. In addition to the staff paper
outlines and associated questions, also enclosed are three issue statements
which address particle size/health effects, sulfur dioxide/short-term
health effects, and particulate matter/soiling materials damage.
Sincerely yours,
PROJECT OFFICER FOR PARTICULATE
MATTER AND SULFUR OXIDES
-------
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD
CLEAN AIR SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE
OPEN MEETING — AUGUST 20-22, 1980
Under Public Law 92-463, notice is hereby given of a meeting of the Clean
Air Scientific Advisory Committee of the Science Advisory Board. The meeting
will be held August 20-22, 1980, starting at 9:00 am on August 20 and 8:30 am on
August 21-22 at the Twin Bridges Marriott Hotel, 333 Jefferson Davis Highway,
Arlington, Virginia.
The purpose of the meeting is to allow the Committee to review and provide
its advice to EPA on the April 1980 first external review draft of EPA's revised
air quality criteria document for sulfur oxides and particulate matter. For
this review, the Committee has been divided into two subcommittees, one of which
will review health effects related information and the other to review welfare
effects related information. The two subcommittees will jointly consider air
quality measurements and related issues before breaking to consider health and
welfare effects in separate concurrent sessions.
Copies of the April 1980 draft air quality criteria document may be obtained
by writing Ms. Diane Chappell, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office,
MD-52, EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711, or by calling Ms. Chappell at
(919) 541-2525.
Additional items on the Agenda for the Committee's review will be outlines
of EPA staff papers for sulfur oxides and particulate matter; a list of questions
concerning topics in each of the outlines; and several short issues statements
to be discussed at the meeting. Copies of these documents may be obtained by
writing Mr. John H. Haines, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, MD-12,
EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711, or by calling Mr. Haines at (919)
541-5355.
The meeting is open to the public. Any member of the public wishing to
obtain information or participate should contact Terry F. Yosie (202) 755-0263,
by close of business August 15, 1980. Members of the public wishing to make
formal statements at the meeting should provide a written summary to Mr. Yosie
by close of business August 15, 1980.
The following individuals have agreed to serve on the Committee to review
the April 1980 first external review draft of EPA's revised air quality criteria
document for sulfur oxides and particulate matter.
-------
Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee
Subcommittee on Health Effects of SO /PM
A
Dr. Mary Amdur
Department of Nutrition & Food Science
Room 16339, MIT
Cambridge, MA 02139
Dr. Judy A. Bean
College of Medicine
Dept. Preventative Medicine
& Environmental Health
University of Iowa
Iowa City, IA 52242
Dr. Edward Crandall
Division of Pulmonary Disease
Department of Medicine, UCLA
Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Bernard Goldstein
Rutgers University Medical School
Department of Environmental
& Community Medicine
Piscataway, NJ 08854
Dr. Herschel Griffin
Dean, School of Public Health
Room A625, Crabtree Hall
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, PA 15261
Dr. Timothy Larsen
Department of Civil Engineering
Mail Stop FC-05
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
Dr. Morton Lippman
Institute of Environmental Medicine
New York University
New York, New York 10016
Dr. Roger 0. McClellan
Director of Inhalation Toxicology
Research Institute
Lovelace Foundation
P.O. Box 5890
Albuquerque, NM 87115
Dr. Vaun Newill
Exxon Corp.
Research & Environmental
Health Division
P.O. Box 235
East Millstone, NJ 08873
Dr. Warren Winkelstein
Dean, School of Public Health
140 Earl Warren Hall
University of California at Berkeley
Berkeley, CA 94720
Subcommittee on Welfare Effects of SO /PM
x
Dr. Robert Dorfman
Department of Economics
Harvard University
325 Littauer
Cambridge, MA 02138
Dr. Sheldon Friedlander
School of Engineering
& Applied Science
UCLA
Los Angeles, CA 90024
Dr. W. Lawrence Gates
Director, Institute for Atmospheric Science
Oregan State University
Corvallis, Or 97331
Dr. Ronald Hall
Rocky Mount Biological Station
Crested Butte, CO 81224
Mr. Harry Hovey
New York Department of Environmental
Conservation
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
Dr. Andrew McFarland
Dept. Civil Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843
Dr. Peter McMurray
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Minnesota
111 Church Street, SE
Minneapolis, MN 55455
Dr. Donald Pack
1825 Opalocka Drive
McLean, VA 22101
Dr. Michael Treshow
Dept. of Biology
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT 84112
-------
The Purpose of a Staff Paper
Once the criteria document has been reviewed by the public and the
CASAC and the document is nearing its final form, the Agency staff prepares
a paper which evaluates the key studies in the criteria document and
identifies critical elements to be considered in the review of the standard.
For the primary standard, the staff paper identifies those studies that the
staff believes should be used in making the best scientific judgment on the
level at which adverse effects signal a danger to public health in the
sensitive population. In addition, the paper provides a discussion of the
uncertainties in the medical evidence and of other factors that the staff
believes should be considered in selecting an adequate margin of safety and
a final standard level. It also evaluates studies that the staff believes
should be used in making the necessary scientific judgments on the level
at which adverse effects signal a danger to public welfare. The paper
does not present a judgment on what concentration level should be established
for the standard. The paper does help bridge the gap between the science
contained in the criteria documents and the judgment required of the
Administrator in setting ambient standards.
The staff paper is reviewed externally by the public and the CASAC. A
public meeting is held with the CASAC to receive their comments and the
comments of the public. Once the paper has been reviewed by the CASAC, the
scientific judgments made in the paper form the basis for the staff's
recommendation to the Administrator.
The attached draft outlines and related materials reflect the staff's
i
initial steps in developing staff papers for particulate matter and sulfur
oxides.
-------
Enclosures
1. Outline of the Staff Paper for Particulate Natter including draft text
of Sections I-III
2. Outline of the Staff Paper for Sulfur Oxides including draft text of
Sections I-III
3. List of Questions Relating to the Staff Paper Outlines
4. Issue Statement on Particle Size/Health Effects
5. Issue Statement on Sulfur Dioxide/Short-Term Health Effects
6. Issue Statement on Particulate Matter/Soiling and Materials Damage.
-------
JUl 3 1 1930
Staff Paper Outline for Particulate Matter
I Purpose
This section will state that the purpose of the paper will be to
evaluate key. studies in EPA document "Air Quality Criteria for Particulate
Matter and Sulfur Oxides" and to identify the critical elements to be considered
in the possible revision of the primary and secondary particulate matter
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
II Background
The background section will summarize the statutory authority and
legislative guidance provided by the Clean Air Act for setting and revising
NAAQS. In addition, it will set forth the current primary and secondary
particulate matter standards.
Ill Approach
This section will set forth the approach to be employed and identify
the critical elements to be addressed with regard to the primary and
secondary standards.
IV Critical Elements in the Review of the Primary Standard
A. Mechanisms of Toxicity
The section will discuss the relevant chemical and physical nature
of ambient particulate matter in the U.S., outline the mechanisms by which
these kinds of particles may initiate pathological and physiological
responses and discuss the form that such responses may take following
deposition in the alveolar, tracheobronchial, and nasopharyngeal regions
of the respiratory system. The discussion will focus on the following:
-------
1. Relevant physical and chemical characteristics of contemporary
U.S. participate matter
a) Biomodal distribution
b) Coarse mode particle characteristics
c) Fine mode particle characteristics
d) Exceptions; e.g. near strong sources
2. Mechanisms by which particles may cause adverse effects
a) Irritation of tissue at site of deposition; e.g. acids,
"inert" particles with sorbed gases or vapors
b) Systemic toxicity; e.g. toxic elements, carcinogens
c) Alteration of host defense systems such as clearance mechanisms,
immunological processes; e.g. acids, carbonaceous particles
d) Direct or indirect damage leading to altered tissue growth,
loss of function; e.g. silica
3. Particle deposition and clearance
a) Effect of varied inhalation on regional deposition patterns;
e.g. nose breathing, mouth breathing, exercise
b) Effect of particle physical and chemical composition on
regional deposition
c) Effect of particle physical and chemical composition on
regional clearance mechanisms
4. Possible responses to particle deposition by region
a) Alveolar
1) Physiological responses; e.g. pulmonary dysfunction
2) Pathological responses; e.g. morphological changes
aggravation of existing diseases, increased susceptibility
to infection
-------
3
b) Tracheo-bronchial region and conducting airways
1) Physiological responses; e.g. increased airway resistance,
bronchoconstriction, altered mucocilary clearance
2) Pathological responses; e.g. aggravation of existing
diseases, increased susceptibility to infection, cancer
c) Nasopharyngeal region
1) Physiological responses; e.g. nasal resistance to airflow,
increased mucous production, odor perception, sneezing
2) Pathological responses; e.g. damage to nasal mucosa,
throat irritation
B. Description of Adverse Effects and Evaluation of Critical Effects
of Concern
This section of the staff paper will serve to identify and describe
the adverse effects associated with exposure to particles. It will have
as its basis evidence drawn principally from epidemiology and to a lesser
extent from animal toxicology, and controlled human exposures. The
effects to be discussed will include:
1. Increased susceptibility to infection
2. Damage to lung tissue leading to morphological changes,
accelerated aging, promotion of chronic disease, reduced function
3. Aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease;
e.g. asthma, bronchitis, emphysema
4. Carcinogenesis/mutagenesis
5. Mortality
6. Personal discomfort, symptoms
-------
4
C. Identification of Most Sensitive Population Groups
This section will serve to identify those groups within the general
population that are particularly sensitive to exposure to particles.
In doing so, it will draw upon the evidence resulting from epidemiology,
and clinical and toxicological studies. Our initial assessment has
identified the following groups:
1. Children
2. Those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illness;
e.g. asthmatics, bronchi tics, and emphysematics
3. The elderly
4. Other
D. Biological Indicators of Adverse Health Effects
This section will identify and discuss the most important physiological,
biochemical, morphological, and other biological responses that may
reasonably be considered as indicators of adverse health effects.
Potentially important indicators include:
1. Alteration of pulmonary function
2. Changes in clearance mechanisms
3. Observable tissue damage
4. Immunological effects
5. Biochemical effects
6. Accumulation of exogenous particulate matter in the lungs
E. Community Studies Relating Level(s) and Duration(s) of Exposure
to Indicators of Adverse Health Effects
This section of the paper will primarily focus on epidemiological
Studies with particular emphasis placed on identifying those studies that
provide a reasonable basis for associating adverse health effects with
-------
5
reported pollution levels for specified averaging times. In doing so,
the following factors will have to be considered:
1. Atmospheric composition (particles and gases)
2. The measurement method(s) employed
3. Soundness of the methodology employed in the particular study
examined
V Factors to be Considered in Selecting a Particulate Pollutant Indicator,
Margin of Safety, and Level and Form of Standards
The focus of this discussion will be to identify those factors that
should be considered when deciding on what physical (and/or chemical) fraction
should be used to indicate particulate matter pollution, establishing an
adequate margin of safety, and deciding on a level and form of the standard.
A. Pollutant Indicator(s)
1. Indices used in epidemiology (TSP, BSS, COH)
2. Other indices (size specific, chemical classes)
B. Form of Standard
1. Selection of averaging time(s)
2. Arithmetic vs. geometric mean—long-term standard
3. Expected value (statistical) form(s) of standard vs. deterministic
(current) form(s)
-------
6
VI Cri.tical Elements in the Review of the Secondary Standard
The staff paper will outline important categories of effects on public
welfare associated with participate matter, detailing mechanisms and
available dose/response information. The discussion will focus on soiling
and materials damage, vegetation damage, and effects on visibility and climate.
A. Soiling and Materials Damage
1. Description of the adverse effects and evaluation of critical
effects of concern for standard setting
This section of the staff paper will serve to identify and
describe the adverse effects of particulate matter on man-made
materials. The effects to be addressed include:
a) Increased soiling of household materials
b) Decreased property values
c) Corrosion or erosion of structural materials
2. Mechanisms
This section will discuss the mechanisms by which particles
adversely affect man-made materials. The discussion will focus on
the following:
a) Direct deposition
b) Suspension in the air
c) Physical erosion
d) Corrosion by means of electrolytic, hygroscopic, and/or
acid properties of the particles and their ability to
absorb corrosive gases
3. Studies relating level (s) and duration(s) of exposure to durations
of effects
This section will focus on those studies that provide a basis for
relating observed effects to associated pollution levels and
averaging times. The following types of studies will be considered:
-------
7
a) Household cleaning
b) Property value/social awareness
c) Material damage
Vegetation Damage
1. Description of adverse effects and judgment of critical effects
of concern for standard setting
This section of the staff paper will serve to identify and
describe the adverse effects of particulate matter on vegetation.
Effects of acid deposition are covered under sulfur oxides. The
effects to be addressed include:
a) Reduced growth and yield
b) Foliar injury
2. Mechanisms
This section will discuss the mechanisms by which particulate matter
adversely affects vegetation. The discussion will address the following:
a) Deposition on leaf surfaces resulting in
1) reduced gas exchange
2) increased leaf surface temperature
3) reduced photosynthesis
4} accumulation of toxic elements in plant tissue
b) Deposition of toxic elements on the soil and subsequent uptake
by the plant
3. Studies relating level(s) and duration(s) of exposure to indicators
of effects
This section will focus on those studies that provide a basis for
relating observed effects to associated pollution levels and
averaging times. These will include studies that have examined:
-------
8
a) Growth and yield
b) Photosynthetic rates
C. Visibility Impairment and Climate
1. Description of the adverse effects and judgment of the critical
effects of concern for standard setting
This section serves to identify and describe the adverse affects
of particles on visibility. The effects to be addressed include:
a) Reduced visual range and contrast
• 1) Aesthetics
2) Safety
b) Climatic effects
2. Mechanisms
This section will discuss the mechanism by which particles
adversely affect visibility. The discussion will focus on the following:
a) Light scattering properties of particles
b) Light absorption properties of particles
c) Human perception
3. Studies relating level(s) and duration(s) of exposure to indicators
of effects
This section will focus on those studies that provide a basis for
relating observed effects to associated pollution levels and
averaging periods.
These will include the following types of studies:
a) Theoretical predictions
b) Direct measurements
c) Perception studies
d) Willingness to pay studies
-------
JWL 3 1 1980
Draft Text for Sections I-I II of the Staff Paper for
Participate Matter
I. PURPOSE
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the key studies in the EPA
document "Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides"
and identify the critical elements to be considered in the possible revision
of the primary and secondary particulate matter National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS). The paper also identifies critical factors that must
be considered in selecting an adequate margin of safety for the primary
standard.
II. BACKGROUND
The Clean Air Act, as Amended in 1977, provides authority and guidance
for setting and revising NAAQS, where appropriate. Primary standards must
be based on health effects criteria and provide an adequate margin of safety
to ensure protection of public health. Economic or related impacts cannot
be considered in the selection of the standard level. Further guidance
2
provided in the legislative history of the Clean Air Act indicates that
margins of safety should be defined such that standards are set at "the
maximum permissible ambient air level ...which will protect the health of
any [sensitive] group of the population." Also, margins of safety are to
be defined such that the standards will provide "a reasonable degree of
2
protection ... against hazards which research has not yet identified." In
the final analysis, the primary standard is set by the EPA Administrator
based on his judgment of the implications of all the health effects evidence,
and the need for an adequate margin of safety.
Secondary ambient air quality standards must be adequate to protect
the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects. Public
welfare is defined as including, but not limited to, effects on soils,
-------
2
water, crops, vegetation, man-made materials, animals, wildlife, weather,
visibility and climate, damage to and deterioration of property, and
hazards to transportation, as well as effects on economic values and
on personal comfort and well being. In specifying a level or levels for
secondary standards, the Administrator must base his judgment on the welfare
effects criteria.
The current Primary Standard for particulate matter (to protect public
health) is 75 micrograms per cubic meter (yg/m ) annual geometric mean and
3
260 yg/m , maximum 24 hour concentration, not to be exceeded more than once
per year. The current Secondary Standard for particulate matter (to protect
o
public welfare) is 150 yg/m , maximum 24 hour concentration, not to be exceeded
more than once per year. In addition, the secondary standard specifies
a 60 ug/m , annual geometric mean, guide for the achievement of the 24-hour
standard.
Ill APPROACH
The approach used in this paper is to identify the critical elements
to be considered in the review of the primary and secondary standards.
Particular attention is drawn to those judgments that must be based on the
careful interpretation of incomplete or uncertain evidence. In such instances,
the paper states our understanding of the evidence as it relates to a specific
judgment, sets forth appropriate alternatives that should be considered, and
recommends a course of action.
The essential elements that are addressed with regard to the Primary
Standards include the following:
(A) Mechanisms of toxicity;
(B) Description of adverse effects and judgment of critical effects of
concern for standard setting;
-------
3
(C) Identification of most sensitive population groups;
(D) Biological indicators of adverse health effects;
(E) Community studies relating level(s) and duration(s) of exposure
to indicators of adverse health effects;
(F) Factors to be considered in selecting a particulate pollutant
indicator, margin of safety, and level and form of standards.
With respect to the secondary standard, the paper examines the effects
of particulate matter on man-made materials, vegetation, and visibility.
The elements addressed include:
(A) Description of the adverse effects and judgment of the critical
effects of concern for standard setting;
(B) Identification of causal mechanisms; and
(C) Studies relating level(s) and duration(s) of exposure to indicators
of adverse effects.
-------
REFERENCES
1. U.S. EPA. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides,
External Review Draft Number 1, April 1980. (Hereinafter referred to as
Criteria Document.) Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office,
Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park,
N.C.
2. A Legislative History of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970,
p. 410.
-------
3 1 193Q
Staff Paper Outline for Sulfur Oxides
I Purpose
This section will state that the purpose of the paper will be to
evaluate key studies in EPA document "Air Quality Criteria for Particulate
Matter and Sulfur Oxides" and to identify the critical elements to be considered
in the possible revision of the primary and secondary sulfur oxides National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
II Background
The background section will summarize the statutory authority and
legislative guidance provided by the Clean Air Act for setting and revising
NAAQS. In addition, it will set forth the current primary and secondary
sulfur oxides standards.
Ill Approach
This section will set forth the approach to be employed and identify
the critical elements to be addressed with regard to the primary and
secondary standards.
IV Critical Elements in the Review of the Primary Standard
A. Mechanisms of Toxicity
The section will discuss the relevant chemical and physical nature
of sulfur oxides, outline the mechanisms by which they initiate patho-
logical and physiological responses and the form that such responses
may take. Parallel treatments will, where appropriate, be given to S02
and sulfuric acid and other sulfates. The discussion will focus on the
following:
1. Important characteristics of sulfur oxides
a) Gaseous S02 is acidic, very soluble in water, can act
as a biological oxidant, is transformed into bisulfite,
sulfuric acid, and sulfates
-------
'2
b) Sulfuric acid and other sulfates exist as hygroscopic
fine particles, usually acidic
2 Mechanisms by which sulfur oxides may cause adverse effects
a) S02
1) Irritation of tissue at site of deposition
2) Co-carcinogenesis/mutagenesis
3) Alteration of host defense systems such as clearance
mechanisms, immunological processes
b) Sulfuric acid and other sulfates
1) Irritation of tissue
2) Alteration of Mucocillary clearance
3) Damage to tissue leading to loss cf function
3, Absorption and deposition
a) S02
1) Effect of inhalation patterns on regional deposition;
e.g. nose breathing, mouth breathing, exercise
2) Potential for adsorption onto particles resulting in
modified SO- penetration, chemical transformations
3) Clearance and fate
b) Sulfuric acid and other sulfates—see particle outline
4. Possible responses to sulfur oxides
a) S02 (alone or in combination with particulate matter)
1) Physiological responses; e.g. pulmonary dysfunction,
bronchoconstriction, modified biochemistry, decreased
mucocillary clearance
2) Pathological responses; e.g. increases susceptibility
to infection, aggravation of exisitng cardio-pulmonary
disease, cancer
-------
3
b) Sulfuric acid and other sulfates
1) Physiological responses; e.g. bronchoconstriction,
decreased mucocilary clearance
2) Pathological responses; e.g. increased susceptibility
to infection, aggravation of bronchitis, other
respiratory disease
B. Description of Adverse Effects and Evaluation of Critical Effects
This section of the staff paper will serve to identify and describe
the adverse effects associated with exposure to sulfur oxides. It will
have as its basis evidence drawn from animal toxicology, controlled human
and epidemiological studies. The effects to be discussed will include:
1. Increased susceptibility to infection '
2. Damage to lung tissue leading to morphological changes,
accelerated aging, promotion of chronic disease, reduced
function
3. Aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease;
e.g. asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis
4. Carcinogenesis/mutagenesis
5. Mortality
6. Personal discomfort, symptoms
C. Identification of Most Sensitive Population Groups
This section will serve to identify those groups within the general
population which are particularly sensitive to exposure to sulfur oxides.
In doing so, it will draw upon the evidence resulting from epidemiology,
and clinical and toxicological studies. Our initial assessment has
identified the following groups:
1. Children
2. Those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illness;
e.g. asthmatics, bronchi tics, and emphysematics
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3. The elderly
4. Other
D. Biological Indicators of Adverse Health Effects
This section will identify and discuss the physiologic, biochemical,
morphological, and other biological responses that may reasonably be
considered as indicators of adverse health effects. Potentially important
indicators include:
1. Alteration of pulmonary function
2. Changes in clearance mechanisms
3. Observable tissue damage
4. Immunological effects
5. Biochemical effects
E. Studies Relating Concentration(s) and Duration(s) of Exposure to
Indicators of Adverse Health Effects
This section will primarily focus on observations of human responses
with particular emphasis placed on identifying those studies that provide
a reasonable basis for associating adverse health effects with reported
pollution levels for specified averaging times. Short-term controlled
human exposure experiments and epidemiological studies examining both
acute and chronic exposures will be evaluated.
V Factors to be Considered in Selecting a Sulfur Oxides Pollutant Indicator,
Margin of Safety, and Level and Form of Standards
The focus of this discussion will be to identify those factors that
should be considered when deciding on the most appropriate indicator(s) of
sulfur oxides pollution, establishing an adequate margin of safety, and
deciding on a level and form of the standard.
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5
A. Pollutant Indicator(s)
1. S02
2. Sulfuric acid and/or sulfates
3. S®2 ar>d particulate matter
B. Form of Standard
1. Selection of averaging time(s)
2. Expected value form of standard vs. deterministic (current)
form(s)
C. Level, margin of safety
VI Critical Elements in the Review of the Secondary Standard
The staff paper will outline important effects on public welfare associated
with sulfur oxides, detailing mechanisms and available dose response information.
The discussion will focus on the effects of SOp on vegetation, materials, and
comfort, well being and the effects of sulfuric acid and other sulfates as
mediated through acid deposition. Effects of sulfates on visibility and
climate will be included in the particulate staff paper.
A. Effects of S02 on Vegetation
1. Description of adverse effects and evaluation of critical
effects of concern for standard setting.
This section will identify and describe the adverse
effects of ambient S0? on vegetation. The effects to be
addressed include:
a) Reduced or altered growth, yield, and quality
b) Foliar injury
c) Ecosystem impacts
2. Mechanisms
This section will discuss the mechanisms by which SCL adversely
affects vegetation. The discussion will address the following:
a) Deposition on leaf surfaces resulting in
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6
1) modified gas exchange
2) damage to the integrity of plant membranes
3) reduced photosynthesis and other effects on normal
plant biochemistry
4) accumulation in plant tissue
b) Reduction or elimination of key species, stimulation of
others
3. Studies relating level(s) and duration(s) of exposure to
indicators of effects
This section will focus on those studies that provide a basis
for relating observed effects to associated pollution levels and
averaging times. These will include studies that have examined:
a) Growth and yield
b) Photosynthetic rates
c) Modification of the "normal" ecosystem balance
Effects of S02 on Materials
1. Description of the adverse effects and evaluation of critical
effects of concern for standard setting
This section of the staff paper will identify and describe
the adverse effects of S02 on man-made materials. The principal effect
to be addressed is corrosion of structural materials.
2. Mechanisms
This section will discuss the mechanisms by which sulfur oxides
adversely affect man-made materials. The discussion will focus
on the following:
a) Direct deposition
b) Corrosion enhanced by means of the interaction with
particles, and condensed water
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3. Studies relating level(s) and duration(s) of exposure to
indicators of effects
This section will focus on those studies that provide a
basis for relating observed effects to associated pollution
levels and averaging times. These will include studies that have
examined:
a) Corrosion of metals, building materials
b) Damage to household materials; e.g. paint, fabrics
C. Effects of S02 on Comfort and Well-Being
1. Description of the adverse effects and judgment of the
critical effects of concern for standard setting
This section serves to identify and describe the adverse
effects of S02 on comfort and well-being. The effects to be
addressed include:
a) Odor perception
b) Eye irritation or other noticeable symptoms judged not
to be indicators of adverse health effects
• 2. Mechanisms
This section will discuss the mechanism by which SOp adversely
affect personal comfort and well-being. The discussion will focus
on the following:
a) Interaction with olfactory receptors
b) Irritation of eyes, throat, other tissue
3. Studies relating level(s) and duration(s) of exposure to
indicators of effects
This section will focus on those studies that provide a basis for
relating observed effects to associated pollution -levels and
averaging periods. These will include studies of:
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8
a) Odor perception
b) Dark adaptation of eye
c) Interruption of brain rhythms
d) Symptoms observed in controlled exposures
D. Effects of Sulfuric Acid and Other Sulfates Related Acid Deposition
1. Description of adverse effects and evaluation of critical
effects of concern for standard setting
This section will identify and describe adverse effects of
acid deposition (dry and wet). The effects to be addressed are:
a) Disruption of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
b) Damage of vegetation
c) Indirect health effects
d) Materials damage
2. Mechanisms
This section will discuss the mechanisms by which acid
deposition adversely affects the environment. The discussion will
address the following:
a) Deposition on aquatic systems resulting in
1) cumulative or short-term surges in acidity impacts on
fish, benthic organisms, flora
2) Leaching of toxic materials from surrounding water shed
b) Deposition on terrestrial systems resulting in
1) Cuticular erosion, other direct vegetation effects
2) Leaching of nutrients from soils, build up of toxic
elements
3) Leaching of toxic materials to water supply, build up in
edible species
4) Corrosion of man-made materials
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3. Studies relating level(s) and duration(s) of exposure to
indicators of effects
This section will focus on those studies that provide a
basis for relating observed effects to associated pollution
levels and averaging times. Particular attention will be paid to
any reasonable quantitative relationships between acid .deposition
and relevant air quality indices such as ambient sulfate concentration,
sulfuric acid levels or other index. Studies that permit relation
of effects to episodic deposition, seasonal effects, and long-term
cumulative impacts will also be highlighted.
Effect of Sulfates on Visibility and Climate
- See particulate staff paper outline
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3 1 1930
Draft Text for Sections I-III of the Staff Paper for
Sulfur Oxides
I. PURPOSE
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the key studies in the EPA
document "Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Hatter and Sulfur Oxides"
and identify the critical elements to be considered in the possible revision
of the primary and secondary sulfur oxides National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS). The paper also identifies critical factors that must
be considered in selecting an adequate margin of safety for the primary
standard.
II. BACKGROUND
The Clean Air Act, as Amended in 1977, provides authority and guidance
for setting and revising NAAQS, where appropriate. Primary standards must
be based on health effects criteria and provide an adequate margin of safety
to ensure protection of public health. Economic or related impacts cannot
be considered in the selection of the standard level. Further guidance
2
provided in the legislative history of the Clean Air Act indicates that
margins of safety should be defined such that standards are set at "the
maximum permissible ambient air level ...which will protect the health of
any [sensitive] group of the population." Also, margins of safety are to
be defined such that the standards will provide "a reasonable degree of
2
protection ... against hazards which research has not yet identified." In
the final analysis, the primary standard is set by the EPA Administrator
based on his judgment of the implications of all the health effects evidence,
and the need for an adequate margin of safety.
Secondary ambient air quality standards must be adequate to protect
the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects. Public
welfare is defined as including, but not limited to, effects on soils,
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2
water, crops, vegetation, man-made materials, animals, wildlife, weather,
visibility and climate, damage to and deterioration of property, and
hazards to transportation, as well as effects on economic values and
on personal comfort and well being. In specifying a level or levels
for secondary standards, the Administrator must base his judgment on
the welfare effects criteria.
The current Primary Standard for sulfur oxides (to protect public
health) is 30 micrograms per cubic meter (yg/m ) annual arithmetic mean and
365 ug/m , maximum 24 hour concentration, not to be exceeded more than once
per year. The current Secondary Standard for sulfur oxides (to protect
public welfare) is 1300 ug/m , maximum 3 hour concentration, not to be exceeded
more than once per year.
Ill APPROACH
The approach used in this paper is to identify the critical elements
to be considered in the review of the primary and secondary standards.
Particular attention is drawn to those judgments that must be based on the
careful interpretation of incomplete or uncertain evidence. In such instances,
the paper states our understanding of the evidence as it relates to a specific
judgment, sets forth appropriate alternatives that should be considered, and
recommends a course of action.
The essential elements that are addressed with regard to the Primary
Standards include the following:
(A) Mechanisms of toxicity;
(B) Description of adverse effects and evaluation of critical effects;
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3
(C) Identification of most sensitive population groups;
(D) Biological indicators of adverse health effects;
(E) Studies relating concentration(s) and duration(s) of exposure
to indicators of adverse health effects;
(F) Factors to be considered in selecting a sulfur oxide pollutant
indicator, margin of safety, and level and form of standards.
With respect to the secondary standard, the paper examines the effects
of sulfur oxides on man-made materials, vegetation, and visibility.
The elements addressed include:
(A) Effects of S02 on vegetation;
(B) Effect of S02 on materials;
(C) Effects of 502 on com^orm anc* well-being;
(D) Effects of sulfuric acid and other sulfates related to acid
deposition; and
(E) Effects of sulfates on visibility and climate.
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REFERENCES
1. U.S. EPA. Air Quality Criteria for Participate Matter and Sulfur Oxides
External Review Draft Number 1, April 1980. (Hereinafter referred to as
Criteria Document.) Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office,
Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park,
N.C.
2. A Legislative History of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970,
p. 410.
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JUL 3 1 1380
Questions Relating to the Staff Paper Outlines
These questions are intended only to amplify some of the issues
identified in the staff paper outlines. To avoid redundancy, we have
developed common questions for both particles and sulfur oxides where
appropriate; and we have not restated the questions that are presented in
conjunction with the three issue statements.
Questions:
1. Is it reasonable to anticipate that adverse health effects are
associated with the following: a) undifferentiated particulate matter;
b) specific size fractions of particulate matter; c) chemical classes
of particulate matter; d) specific particulate compounds; e) SO-; f) sulfuric
acid; and g) sulfates?
2. Can the effects of particulate matter be separated from those of sulfur
oxides?
3. What other areas, potentially critical to standard setting, should be
added to the staff paper outlines?
4. Is an arithmetic mean of long-term pollutant levels a better indicator
of exposure and potential effects than a geometric mean?
5. What specific population subgroups (e.g. children < 2 yrs. old) are •
expected to be most sensitive to the effects of particulate matter and
sulfur oxides?
6. What particle size/composition(s) are most likely responsible for the
following welfare effects: a) soiling; b) materials damage; c) vegetation
damage; and d) effects on visibility and climate?
7. Can available understanding of ecosystem dynamics be used to provide
reasonable extrapolations of the ultimate implications for the eco-
system of SOp damage to several sensitive species?
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2
8. Are the effects of acid deposition quantitatively related to air quality
levels of any sulfur oxide indicator (SCL, sulfate, sulfuric acid)
measured at a point or averaged over a region?
9. Are the beneficial effects reported for sulfur oxides on certain
vegetation grown in sulfur deficient soils likely to persist or does
a significant possibility of long-term disbenefits exists?
10. What studies provide reasonable estimates of the detrimental effects of
particulate related visibility impairment and climatic changes?
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Particle Size/Health Effects
Issue: How should current information on particle size and health effects
be used in developing a primary NAAQS for particulate matter?
The scientific community has criticized the concept of total particulate
standards as not recognizing the effects of varying particle size and
composition on the health risks associated with particulate matter. The need
for additional information permitting size and/or composition specific standards
1 2
has often been articulated. ' It is incumbent upon the Agency to examine •
all available information on the relationship between particle size and
potential health effects in this review of criteria and standards.
In the EPA staff's view, the most relevant information must come from
Human Deposition and Clearance Studies (Chapter 11), Atmospheric Composition
(Chapters 2 through 6), Epidemiology (Chapter 14), Animal Toxicology (Chapter
12) and occupational epidemiology, including pathology or .autopsy studies of
exposed individuals. A synthesis of available information in these areas is
needed to provide a better basis for decision-making with respect to particle
size. Important additional considerations include the availability of size-
specific air quality data and existing or readily fabricated size-specific
particle monitors.
An approach to and preliminary evaluation of human deposition and
clearance studies was articulated by EPA staff in 1978. Briefly, the distinc-
tion between mouth and nose breathing is important, and in the context of air
quality standards, data representing mouth breathing should be given more
1. NAQCAC (1976)
2. NAS (1977)
3. Miller et al. (1979)
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Page 2
weight. Size ranges for regional deposition can then be estimated.
Based on material in the current draft of Chapter 11 we see no reason to
alter the preliminary assessment that particles <15 ym reasonably represent
tracheo-bronchial plus alveolar or total thoracic deposition. Due to
intersubject variability and other factors, it is more difficult to
specify either a median or an "envelope" size range for alveolar deposition.
Based on the draft document, a size cut somewhere between 5 and 10 ym.
appears most appropriate for selection of insoluable particles that may
be deposited in the non-ciliated alveoli.
Atmospheric composition studies suggest a "natural" particle size cut at
the minimum of the bimodel aerosol mass/volume distribution, or about 2.5 ym.
Fine mode aerosols are more acidic and contain most of the secondary formed
mass, as well as primary carbonaceous material and more toxic trace elements.
Coarse mode particles are dominated by crustal type material and are more
basic. The relative composition and levels can, however, vary widely with
time and space.
Although few epidemiological studies have used well defined size-specific
monitors, important clues as to the relative importance to health of certain
size ranges can come from at least two kinds of analyses. (1) Available
historical monitoring data can be examined to determine the likely physical
and chemical characteristics of the aerosol present during epidemiological
studies. For example, the British smoke shade instrument appears most sen-
sitive to small particles and some limited optical and electron microscopy
was done on samples collected in the 1950's and 60's in London. Comparison
between B.S. and HiVol measurements and information on monitor location can
provide some insights into the relative amounts of fine and coarse mode
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Page 3
particles under varying conditions during the epidemiological studies. (2) The
symptoms and other health indicators observed in various epidemiological studies
may aid in identifying the kinds of particles which are most likely responsible
for the effects. For example, it seems unlikely that aggravation of bronchitis
observed in Great Britain could have been caused by particles larger than 15 ym
that do not generally penetrate beyond the nasal-pharyngeal region.
Animal toxicology, when combined with information on the composition of
ambient aerosol and appropriate differences between man and animals are con-
sidered, can provide direction for evaluating the importance of various parti.cle
size fractions on health. Studies of individual components or mixtures (e.g. sul-
fates, POM, silica) can suggest mechanisms of'toxicity for various size fractions.
Unfortunately, the scientific literature as represented by the draft criteria
document contains little toxicological information on coarse mode or other non-
sulfate related aerosols.
In addition, information on current levels of relevant size fractions of
particulate matter is important. The available data base on total suspended
particulate (TSP) is large. It is important to realize that the hi-vol is
itself size selective with a wind, shelter, and location sensitive 50% size
"cut" of about 26-30 ym. The inhalable particulate (IP) network, providing
hi-vol, IP (< 15 ym), and fine particle (< 2.5 ym) data currently consists
of about 100 sites, most of which have been operating since October, 1979.
If necessary, it might be possible to provide rough estimates of the concentration
of intermediate particle size fractions (e.g. 10 ym) using this information.
Finally, the occupational literature contains a number of .observational
studies of groups exposed to specific forms of particulate matter. It may
be possible to derive implications for public health in some cases. For
example, autopsies of groups exposed to high levels of inert particles
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Page 4
(e.g. farmers and desert dwellers ) may suggest effects (e.g. pnemoconeosis)
of cumulative exposures to such materials as well as information on regional
deposition.
We feel that a thorough evaluation and synthesis of the literature in
the above areas is needed to support a decision on the nature of any size
selective standard (including TSP). Several key issues are highlighted in
the attached questions. We ask that you consider these issues and data
needs in your review and recommendations for the staff paper and provide
any preliminary reactions and suggestions.
4. Sherwin et al (1979)
5. Bar Ziv et al (1974)
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Key Questions
1. Is the focus on mouth breathing as the most sensitive route of exposure
for particle inhalation reasonable?
2. Are the suggested size fractions of interest for regional particle
deposition appropriate:
a) Total thoracic deposition <15 ym
b) Alveolar deposition <5-10 ym
c) Fine particles <2.5 ym
3. Recognizing the similarities and variance in the distribution of particulate
mass by size and composition (coarse and fine mode) among United States
urban areas, what health effects might be expected as a result of deposition
of typical ambient particles in the following regions of the respiratory
tract?
a) head
b) tracheo-bronchial region
c) alveoli
4. How can -the available epidemiological data base be used to derive
estimates of the adverse health effects of total (<26 ym), inhalable
(<15 ym), fine (<2.5 ym) or other fractions of particulate matter?
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SOp/Short Term (1 to 3 hours) Health Effects JUL 3 1 J93Q
«
Issue: Does the available evidence support the" need for a short-term
(1 to 3 hour) primary S02 standard?
Epidemiologists have suggested that the effects observed in many of the
community air pollution studies may be due to short-term exposures to peak
concentrations of SOp • Support for this point of view can be found in the
literature on animal toxicology, and controlled human exposures.
While caution must be applied when extrapolating quantitative dose-effect
relationships defined in animal studies to humans, they do provide insight as
to mechanisms and the range of health effects that may occur at a given exposure
level and duration. As stated in the criteria document, such studies suggest
that exposure concentration is more important than duration in producing
adverse effects. Changes in pulmonary function and mucous flow have been
reported when dogs were exposed to 1 ppm of SOp alone for 1 - 1.5 hour
• 2 3
duration. '
Animal studies also indicate that over 99% of SOp is removed by the
nose during quiescent breathing at rest, but that obligatory mouth breathing
at increased ventilation substantially increases penetration in the respiratory
system (66% penetration). At rest, human studies suggest that nasal removal
of SOp is similar to that found in the animal studies. Although no objective
measurements have been made of SOp removal in humans during "mouth breathing,
forced mouth breathing and increased ventilation through exercise or other
means substantially increases measurable pulmonary effects, implying deeper
1. Lawther (1978)
2. Islam et al., (1972)
3. Hersch et al., (1975)
4. Frank et al., (1969)
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penetration. ihese results suggest that negative findings in animal and human
studies at high S02 concentrations probably only reflect the efficiency of nasal
removal, and may not be relevant when assessing health risks associated with
mouth breathing, exercise and otherwise increased ventilation.
Controlled human exposure studies provide an important means of
ascertaining dose-effect relations for short-term exposures. They are,
however, limited to the detection of the onset of relatively transient
changes in pulmonary or cardiac function, physiological and biochemical
parameters and related subjective symptoms. Such studies do provide insight
as to mechanisms of toxicity. As stated above, the effects of SO,, on
pulmonary function are more pronounced during periods of exercise and during
mouth breathing when ventilation rates increase. In addition to pulmonary
function, changes in biochemistry, immunology, and symptomatic effects have
also been observed in humans exposed to SO- alone.
With respect to levels and duration, changes in pulmonary function have
been reported when humans have been exposed to 0.5 - 2 ppm S0? for a 1 - 3 hours
fi 7 8
duration. ' ' Of particular interest are those studies which examine subjects
under exercise and during mouth breathing. The latter is significant since
approximately one-third of the population is composed of mouth breathers.
Finally, to put these findings into perspective, it should be recognized
that peak hourly values of up to 2 ppm have been observed at over 60 ambient
monitoring sites within the United States that were in compliance with the
5. Lawther et al., (1975)
6. Bates and Hazucha (1973)
7. Speizer and Frank (1966)
8. Jaeger et al., (1979)
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3
current 24 hour standard of 365 pg/m . The 24-hour values at these sites
range from 101-300 yg/m while the peak one-hour average ranged from 1000-
5240 yg/m3.9
Questions:
1. Should the changes in pulmonary function and symptoms reported when
humans are exposed to peak S02 levels (0.5 to 2 ppm) be viewed as
adverse health effects?
2. How should the apparent increased penetration from exercise and
mouth breathing be considered when establishing the level and
duration of the standard?
•
3. Do available studies suggest a need to investigate effects occuring
for exposures of less than 1 to 3 hours?
4. Do the reported effects from short-term studies in healthy adults
suggest more significant effects in sensitive groups such asthmatics,
bronchitics, and emphysematics?
9. Environmental Protection Agency (1979)
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JUL 3 i 1988
Participate Matter/Soiling and Materials Damage
Issue: Should the secondary standard be expressed in terms of total
suspended particulate matter (as measured by hi-volume samplers) to protect
against materials damage and soiling or should a size cut be specified?
The literature cited in the draft criteria document clearly indicates
that the deposition of airborne particles adversely affects aesthetics and
man-made objects through soiling and contributes either directly or in
conjunction with other pollutants to structural damage by means of corrosion
or erosion. While the adverse effects are well documented, little or no
information is available on the size and chemical composition of the particles
that contribute to such effects. '
In the absence of precise data on particle size and composition, one
must surmise that the reported effects emanate from a broad spectrum of particles
from both the fine and coarse modes. For example, soiling can result from
fine mode particles such as organics as well as coarse mode dust, the latter
being particularly important to the household sector. Fine particles exhibit
corrosive effects due to their electrolytic, hygroscopic, and/or acidic properties,
and their ability to sorb corrosive gases. Larger, coarse mode particles will
erode materials under high wind conditions.
In view of the spectrum of particles contributing to materials damage
and soiling, a standard expressed in terms of total suspended particulates
appears appropriate. The alternative of basing a soiling related secondary
standard on a smaller size fraction tied to health effects might not provide
for the control of larger coarse mode particles, thus subjecting the public
welfare to their deleterious effects.
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2
With respect to establishing the level of the secondary standard, the
situation is less clear. While the data indicates that reductions in total
suspended parti dilates will nave a beneficial effect in reducing economic
costs of particulate pollution, the dose-response relationships are not defined.
As a result, we seek your views as tc whether the scientific literature
provides an adequate basis for the establishment of a secondary standard
for total susoended particulates and ycur reccrrjr.endaticns as to wnat
information and analysis appear most useful for specifying levels known or
anticipated tc cause adverse effects.
Key Questions
1. What is the most appropriate pollutant indicator for soiling/materials
carriage caused by suspended particulate .ratter?
2. Does any strong basis exist for separating
effects of coarse and fine -ode particles?
2. Is sol 1ingAmateria!s damage generally ~cre closely related to Icnc-ter^
(yearly) or short-tern (24. hour) exposures?
4. To what extent can the following kinds of studies be used to assess the
known or anticipated adverse effects associated with parti:ulate related
soiling/materials damage:
a) Surveys of household soiling costs;
b) Property value studies;
0' Willingness to pay studies;
c) Studies of "Social Awareness" of air pollution.; and
e} Laboratory and field rriaterials damage studies?
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