Region V Public Report
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Region V Public Report
January 1972
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HOW TO FIND YOUR WRY...
ORGANIZATION
of REGION V
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
Francis T. Mayo
(312) 353-5250
DEPUTY REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
Valdas V. Adamkus
353-5251
DIRECTOR, ENFORCEMENT
James 0. McDonald
353-5252
DIRECTOR, SURVEILLANCE & ANALYSIS
Carlysle Pemberton
353-5098
DIRECTOR, AIR & WATER PROGRAMS
Robert J. Schneider
353-1050
DIRECTOR, CATEGORICAL PROGRAMS
James M. Conlon
353-5248
DIRECTOR, MANAGEMENT
Donald W. Marshall
353-1666
DIRECTOR, PUBLIC AFFAIRS
Frank M. Corrado
353-5800
DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITY
Roland J. Cornelius
353-1450
REGIONAL COUNSEL
Maurice W. Coburn
353-1452
DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF RESEARCH
AND MONITORING
Clifford J. Risley
353-5756
REGION V district off ices
ILLINOIS DISTRICT OFFICE
1819 West Pershing Road
Chicago, Illinois 60609
Lee E. Townsend, Director
312/353-5638
continued pg. 4
Assistant for Congressional
& Intergovernmental Relations j
Public Affairs
Division
Safety/Sec.
Officer ~
Libraria
Arts
I
ADP
Services
r-
b
Office of
iqual Employment
REGION V
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Regional Administrator
Deputy Regional Administrator
Office of
Research &
Monitoring
1
Management Division
1
Categorical Programs
Division
Program Planning &
Development Branch
.ides Branch
General Support
Services Branch
Solid Wastes Branch
Personnel Branch
Grants Administra-
tion Branch
ition Branch
I i
Illinois
District Office
Indiana
1
, — I Regional Counsel
i L
' 1 Audit &
| Inspections
L J
i
State &
Interstate
Programs
Coordinator Coordinator
for GL for ORB
1
Air & Water Programs
Division
Planning Branch
Program Support
Branch
— Surveillance & Enforcement
Analysis Division Division
1
Branch
Branch Branch
Grants Branch Branrh Standards
— Manpower & Develop-
ment Branch
i i
Michigan Minnesota-Wisconsin Ohio
District Office District Office District Offlre
1
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Scene on
the Mahon-
ing River
in Ohio.
THE YOUTH ADVISORY BOARD-
The Student Council on Pollution
and the Environment (SCOPE) was
dissolved and its program expanded
under the name Environmental Protec-
tion Agency Youth Advisory Board
(EPA YAB).
The Transition occured last fall.
The Youth Advisory Board is orgain-
ized along the new EPA regional
basis with a National Youth Advisory
Board office in the Crystal City
complex in Washington, D.C.
Youth Advisory Board within Region V
hopes to continue many of the SCOPE
programs but intends to broaden
into an action phase that was not
possible under the SCOPE structure.
Currently there are two openings
on the Region V Youth Advisory
Board, one from the Detroit area
and the other from the North-Eastern
section of Ohio. Anyone interested
in these positions contact their
nearest Youth Advisory Board member.
Youth Advisory Board is the official
channel for youth input into federal
ecology decision-making. Region V
YAB wants to establish comprehensive
network of local contact points
so that the Regional Administrator
can be kept informed as to the
currents of thought of young people
on environmental issues that effect
the region or the nation.
YAB MEMBERS INCLUDE:
Mike Wagner
1509 Adams St.
Madison, WI
53711
Jack Lawlor
721 University
Evanston, IL
60201
Neal Bratschun
127 N. Ashland
La Grange, IL
60525
Nancy Sul1ivan
315 E. 8th St.
Apt. #5
Bloomington, IN
47401
Dave Whipple
401 E. Holden Hall
MSU
East Lansing, MI
48823
Steve Thai
Box 157
Watertown, MN
55388
J.E. Dunwoody
U. of Illinois
YMCA.1001 3.
Wright St.
Champaign, IL
61820
Dave Guthrie
1333 Wilmot
Apt. C-5
Ann Arbor, MI
48104
Jeffrey Nedelman
EPA, NATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH CENTER
Region V, EPA
Youth Advisory
Board, Cincin-
nati, OH
45268
or
219 Wool per
Avenue
Cincinnati, OH
45220
Among the issues being worked
on by the youth group are
pollution of the Mahoning River
in the Youngstown area, inner
city environmental problems
and land use planning.
The Region V YAB recently
announced support for EPA's
and the State of Ohio's
position concerning pollu-
tion of the Mahonfng.
Following meetings with
Federal, State and other
student groups, the Region V
YAB agreed that recommendations
by State and Federal officials
for Aquatic Life Standards as
minimum levels of treatment
for the entire length of the
river should be set.
The YAB said that the burden
of responsibility should be
shifted from the State of
Ohio and the Environmental
Protection Agency to the in-
dividual steel companies.
The companies claiming eco-
nomic hardships and wanting
lower water quality standards
should open their financial
records to public examination.
con' t. pg.4
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Region V con't.
OHIO DISTRICT OFFICE
21929 Lorain Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44126
A.R. Winklhofer, Director
216/333-7000
MICHIGAN DISTRICT OFFICE
9311 Groh Road
Grosse He, Michigan 48138
L.B. O'Leary, Director
313/676-6500
MINN-WISC DISTRICT OFFICE
7401 Lyndale Avenue, South
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55423
Louis J. Breimhurst, Director
612/861-4467
INDIANA DISTRICT OFFICE
111 East Diamond Expressway
Evansville, Indiana 47711
Maxwell E. Noecker, Director
812/423-6285
STATE WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL BOARD
ILLINOIS
Director
IL Environmental Protection Agency
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, Illinois 62706
217/525-3397
Chai rman
IL Pollution Control Board
189 W. Madison Street, Suite 900
Chicago, Illinois 60602
312/793-3620
INDIANA
Stream Pollution Control Board
1330 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
317/633-4420
MICHIGAN
Executive Secretary
Water Resources Commission
Stevens T. Mason Building
Lansing, Michigan 48926
517/373-3560
MINNESOTA
Executive Director
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
717 Delaware Street, S.W.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
612/378-1320 ex. 360
OHIO
Chai rman
Water Pollution Control Board
State Department of Health
P.O. Box 118
Columbus, Ohio 43216
614/469-2253
WISCONSIN
Administrator
Division of Environmental Protection
Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 450
Madison, Wisconsin 53701
608/226-2747
EPA Publications
One of the community services a-
vailable through Region V EPA is
the distribution of publication on
the environment.
The collection of reports and pam-
phlets covers air, water and solid
waste pollution and includes gen-
eral as well as technical discus-
sions of environmental problems.
Pollution information kits are a-
vailabile for students, teachers
and_ those who want general infor-
mation on environmental control and
federal pollution programs. Two
pamplets -- Needed:Clean Air and
Needed: Clean Water -- as well as
several environmental coloring
books are especially suitable for
children. Toward a New Environ-
mental Ethic and Environmental Pro-
tection, 1971 may also be obtained
in quantity by schools, groups,
churches and other interested par-
ties.
Copies of the Federal laws and
regulations governing pollution as
well as the above publications may
be obtained by writing the Office
of Public Affairs, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, One North
Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois
60606.
Published reports prepared by re-
cipients of grants and contracts
made by EPA for environmental re-
search and projects are available
through the Project Report System,
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460.
For complete information, A List
of Available Literature on Solid
Waste Management may be obtained
from EPA, 5555 Ridge Avenue, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio 45213. The Current
List of Water Publications is a-
vailable through the Office of
Public Affairs, EPA, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45268.
Sometime before the end of winter
the EPA should have available over
20 industrial waste guides in pub-
lished form. The guides will be
for EPA employees working in the
Refurse Act Permit Program and also
for industries, consulting engineers
and contractors.
OUR NEXT ISSUE:
...INNER CITY ENVIRONMENTS
...RECENT RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION
GRANTS
...IS DECENTRALIZATION WORKING
IN EPA?
...INDUSTRIES THAT ARE DOING
A GOOD JOB
...WHAT'S GOING ON IN MUSKEGON?
Farmer Ernie Rhoades...see next pg.
YAB-con't. from 3
These financial records should
be examined on a plant by
plant basis before any vari-
ances to the implementaiton
schedules are granted.
The Board plans a wide ranging
in depth educational program
across the region to acquaint
all concerned citizens with
the deep complexities of the
situation. Youth Advisory
Board Welcomes help in this
project from any interested
parties.
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POLLUTION AND THE FAMILY FARMER
When the President's Water Pollution Advisory Board
comes to the Midwest on January 24 to see agricultural
pollution first hand, Ernie Rhoades of Pierceton,
Indiana will be waiting to talk to them.
Ernie and about six other family farmers will be at
stop off points during a bus tour of Central Illinois
and Indiana. The two-day tour will open a week long
meeting of the Board which is wrestling with recommen-
dations on control of animal wastes.
Coming up with those recommendations won't be easy.
Ernie Rhoades, who raises hogs, will warn that in-
creasing State and Federal cleanup regulations will
put family farmers out of business. "We're in the
middle,""he says. "There's a fixed price I have to
sell my hogs for. I can't pass on my added costs to
the consumer." What Rhoades says will be echoed by
others on the tour. Joe Swanson, whose 54 thousand
laying hens produce much manure will tell the tour the
same thing when the board stops at Warsaw, Indiana.
So will Ned Rosenbohm who has a 75 cow dairy herd near
Peoria, Illinois.
Each recognizes he has a problem. Each says he is
doing something about it in cooperation with county
agents, soil conservation experts and pollution offi-
cials.
Rhoades, with some financial help from Agricultural
Soil Conservation Service, is building an enclosed pig
pen that has a pit for catching wastes. The pit will
be pumped out regularly and wastes poured on the land.
But the new pen will cost $30 thousand and even with
Federal help, it's expensive. Joe Swanson has a simi-
lar operation for half of his hens. But he's close to
a creek which is tributary to the Wabash River. And a
few years ago his pit broke sending poisonous wastes
down the creek. Ned Rosenbohm built a septic tank for
his dairy herd wastes because State dairy officials
ordered it. But the tank doesn't work and there is
much seepage to an open ditch.
Like many other small farmers, these three are trying
to come to grips with their pollution problems the
best they can, but fear that tough Federal and State
regulations will put them out of business.
But the fact remains that pollution problems are vi-
sible. On one stretch of Illinois county road there
were nearly a half dozen examples of animal wastes
running from farms into ditches, creeks or streams.
It is to the credit of the President's Board that they
purposely sought out the family farmer to get his
story. An earlier meeting by the Board held in Denver
last October included tours of large cattle open feed-
ing operations, many of which appeared not to have
significant pollution problems.
There was more to the story, and Region V animal waste
pollution specialist Bill LaVeille spent the Christmas
holidays searching out the small family farmers for
the Board to visit. Illinois and Indiana pollution
officials helped in the hunt as did county agents.
The two days of touring will include some afternoon
sessions so that the Board can listen to agricultural
specialists. A full day of hearings from experts will
be held Wednesday at Purdue where the Board will spend
the rest of the week attempting to come up with some
concrete recommendations on how EPA can help and on
what kind of legislation is needed.
Clean Air
The date they're shooting for is January 30. Most
will make it. Some won't. It's the final date for
states to submit their Implementation Plan for meeting
Federal Air Quality Standards (sulfur dioxide, parti-
culates, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides).
November and December have been especially busy months
for EPA air pollution control officials, helping state
agencies put their plans together, testifying at pub-
lic hearings, providing speakers for citizen workshops.
One of the best regional plans has been submitted by
the State of Illinois. The plan is based on extensive
computer work by Argonne National Laboratory. The
program is considered a model one for the nation.
Besides working with State pollution officials in put-
ting together plans, Region V has also been busy as-
sisting citizen groups to hold workshops at which the
complex Implementation Plans have been discussed prior
to official public hearings so that citizens don't go
in "cold" on the hearings. The EPA Office of Public
Affairs has managed grants of $2 thousand to 15 groups
within the Region (90 nationally) for holding these
workshops. A second series of grants is planned to
support citizen efforts to keep track of State Com-
pliance Schedules. Those schedules, to be given to
EPA by July 31, must show dates set by the State for
each polluter for cleaning up his air pollution prob-
lem so the ambient air standards will be met.
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"TURN-KEY"
A public session on a proposed
regulation to permit approval of
"Turn-Key" projects for waste
treatment plant construction was
held on January 12 in Chicago. The
proposed "Turn-Key'' regulation per-
mits the award of a contract to a
single contractor who would be re-
sponsible for both the design and
construction of a waste treatment
works based on performance require-
ments specified by the municipali-
ty. The same contractor also would
have to operate the completed plant
for a specified period to assure
that the entire project meets per-
formance standards.
The "Turn-Key" approach is an addi-
tional technique that can be util-
ized to (1) help assure that treat-
ment works will be designed and
built to meet water quality stan-
dards, (2) reduce the time interval
from initial application for a Fed-
eral grant to start-up of the com-
pleted plant, and (3) encourage use
of new technology in the waste
treatment field since the "Turn-Key11
contractor must guarantee perfor-
mance.
Final regulations were due some time
after January 20, the deadline for
submitting written testimony.
BEEF PERMITS
On December 13, Francis T. Mayo,
Midwest Regional Administrator
for the U. S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, announced that
he has recommended that the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers issue
discharge permits to the mini
Beef Packers of Joslin, Illinois
and the Indiana Limestone Company,
Inc., Bedford, Indiana.
The permit recommendations --
four to Indiana Limestone and one
to Illini Beef Packers -- were the
first to be submitted by this
Region.
E PA Progr
• •
MISSION "5000"
The Environmental Protection
Agency has established a pro-
ject, "Mission 5000," to
improve environmental con-
ditions throughout the
Nation by closing 5000
open burning dumps. The
project started July 1, 1970
and will close July 1, 1972.
As of December 1, 1971 a total
of 1,116 such dumps have been
officially closed, Region V
leads the nation with 284
dumps closed. Region II was
second, with 247 and Region
III third, with 175. All
of the States in Region V
are to be congratulated for
their participation in and
support of "Mission 5000".
The Solid Waste Agencies
of Illinois, Indiana, Mich-
igan, Minnesota, Ohio and
Wisconsin should be given,
special recognition since
they had primary responsi-
bility for this achievement.
VIOLATIONS
The Enforcement Division reports
that since EPA was formed in
December of 1971, 44 water
quality standards violation
notices have been issued (180
day notices) here in Region V.
That's out of about 63 issued
by EPA nationally.
Of 23 Refuse Act violations
initiated by Congressman Reuss
of Wisconsin, six have resulted
in criminal prosecutions, five
in civil prosecutions and four
have not been yet acted on.
In addition, there have been
increases in man-power in the
areas of technical staff and
legal staff at the regional
level. The regional enforce-
ment staff has increased to
more than six times its size
last year.
Many cases are in the mill
at present for prosecution
due to spills, and there
have been increased efforts
regarding missed implemen-
tation schedule dates which
will probably result in 180-
day notices or other enforce-
ment actions.
A major cleanup decision was
reached with the city of Detroit
following issuance last winter
of a 180 day notice.There still
is some problem getting Cleveland
and its suburban areas together.
Both groups are under local
court action and face federal
court action if agreement on
cleanup is not forthcoming
shortly.
REGULATIONS
The Environemtnal Protection Agency
announced it has adopted final
regulations under the Freedom of
Information Act.
The rules spell out procedures under
which the public may obtain infor-
mation from the Agency. William
D. Ruckelshaus, EPA Administrator
declared, "It is the policy of EPA
to make the fullest possible dis-
closure of information to any per-
son who requests information, with-
out unjustifiable expense or delay.
These regulations have been drawn
up to conform with that policy and
to observe both the spirit and the
language of the Freedom of Inform-
ation Act."
The final regulations were pub-
blished December 3 in the Federal
Register. They are substantially
the same as those proposed and
published in the Register August
28. However, one section has been
revised so that the agency will be
permitted up to 30 days to search
for requested documents, rather
than 60 days.
Also published December 3 were
proposed procedures dealing with
confidential information submitted
to EPA by industry. These amend-
ments protect bona fide trade
secrets from being released to the
public. Where information is claimed
to be a trade secret but not found
by EPA to be in this category, it
would be released to the public
after 30 days' notice to the person
submitting it.
For information other than trade
secrets, the proposed amendments
would be subject to an agreement
between EPA and an industry to
keep it confidential, but only in
cases where EPA has no legal right
to compel submission of the infor-
mation. The amendments also make
it clear that time spent by the
Agency in ruling on claims of trade
secrecy will be at no cost to the
party requesting the information.
EMISSION STANDARDS
Public hearings on the proposed
emission standards for abestos,
beryllium, and mercury will be
held on February 1, 1972 in
Kansas City, Missouri, beginning
at 10:00 A.M. in Room 214, the
Midtown Building, 1735 Baltimore
Street.
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MEET THE REGION V STAFF-
CLIFFORD RXSLEY
ROLAND CORNELIUS
MIKE CONLON
DON MARSHALL
FRANCIS T. MAYO
VALORS ADAMKUS
ROBERT SCHNEIDER
JAMES MC DONALD
FRANK CORRADO
CARLISLE PEMBERTON
Research and Monitoring
EEO
Categorical Programs
Management
Regional Administrator
Deputy Regional Admin.
Air and Water
Enforcement
Public Affairs
Great Lake Coordinator
local and national
Persons wishing to make a state-
ment are to file a notice of
intent at least 15 days before
the specific hearing date, and
submit five copies of their
statement at least 10 days in
advance. Notices and state-
ments should be addressed to the
Administrator of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency,
Attention, Presiding Officer,
Hazardous Emission Standards
Hearing, Room 17-70, 5600
Fishers Lane, Rockville,
Maryland 20852.
Just before Xmas EPA came up with
final performance standards for
new sources of emissions from
fossil-fueled electric generators,
sulfuric and nitric acid plants,
Portland cement plants, and large
incinerators.
The five new sources for which EPA
has set emission limits are only
the first batch of what's to come.
EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus
said EPA was planning to set similar
new source standards for 18 to 20
more industries this year and eventu-
ally a total of 35 to 40 industries
would be control led.
The standards apply to facilities
in the five categories that were
being built or modified after
August 17, 1971. They apply to new
plants, and to existing plants that
are modified to alter, the emissions.
Covered are emission limits on four
pollutants--particulates, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sul-
furic acid mists. There are also
limits on visible emissions.
For steam generators, the new
regulations apply to units with a
capacity greater than 250 million
Btu per hour heat output, and
fired by fossil fuels that include
natural gas, petroleum, coal or
any of their derivatives. EPA
points out as an example that an
uncontrolled coal-fired operation
would emit particulates in the
range of six to 10 pounds per
million Btu. Most existing plants
limit particulates to one to four
Ibs. Under the new standards,
emissions would be limited to
0.1 Ibs.
The incinerator regulations apply
to new incinerators which use
more than 50 tons per day of solid
waste. The Portland cement rules
apply to all plants; the nitric
acid--30 to 70 percent strength--
and sulfuric acid regulations
apply to facilities producing
sulfuric acid by the "contact
process."
GRANTS
Grants have been approved by EPA to
support water pollution control
programs during Fiscal 1972 in In-
diana, Ohio, Illinois and Michigan.
In his letter to Indiana Governor
Edgar D. Whitcomb, Regional Admin-
istrator Francis T. Mayo announced
a grant of $233,800. He also ac-
knowledged the governor's recent
decision to add six additional po-
sitions to the state's Stream Pol-
lution Control Board, as previous-
ly allocated by the Indiana Legis-
lature, and to remove the ban on
filling vacant positions previous-
ly imposed on the board. However,
Mayo noted that "This resource lev-
el and committment is far below
that which is needed by Indiana."
In addition, Mayo stated that there
is "grave concern" as to whether
EPA would legally be able to approve
fiscal year 1973 program and con-
struction grant funding, unless
these is substantial pollution con-
trol support forthcoming from the
legislature.
Mayo advised the Governor that EPA
is considering hiring an outside
research firm to analyze funding
and manpower needs for the State
Pollution Control program in order
to resolve any doubts by legisla-
tors as to what type of program is
needed.
ECONOMIC POISONS
The EPA regulates economic poi-
sons including pesticides under
the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act and the Fed-
eral Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
Some chemical applications may be
subject to the regulatory author-
ity of both agencies. Under the
Agreement, neither agency would
approve the marketing of a product
under the law administered by it
if the product would not be in
full compliance with the require-
ments of the law administered by
the other.
The agreement also provides that
the EPA will be responsible for
supplying standard samples of
pesticides for which tolerance
have been established. These
samples would be used to assure
accurate chemical analysis by
governrm.nt scientists. By prior
arrangement, the Food and Drug
Administration enforces the pest-
icide residue tolerances esta-
blished by the Environmental
Protection Agency.
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MESSAGE
FROM MAYO
Welcome to the first issue of the
Region V Public Report. This is one
of a continuing number of attempts
by EPA to keep the public informed
on environmental problems and pro-
gress in Midwestern America. This
Region is an important part of the
nation in terms of the environment.
We have one fourth of the popula-
tion and one fourth of the manufac-
turing activity of the United
States centered within our boundar-
ies. In addition, we have four of
the five Great Lakes—including
Lake Superior, one of the cleanest
bodies of water on Earth, and Lake
Erie, the classic symbol of man's
disregard for his environment.
Within Region V we also have a
great amount of farming, recrea-
tional activity, and intense urban
sprawl. This means that all EPA
programs--air, water, noise, solid
waste, pesticides, noise and radia-
tion—must come into play. The
hundreds of EPA specialists at work
in this Region are attempting to
develop a multidisciplinary, prob-
lem-oriented approach for coming to
grips with the many problems here.
But we in the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency know we cannot bring
environmental improvement alone.
By sharing our successes and chal-
lenges with you in this newsletter
we hope that we can open a dialogue
with the people of this Region — in
industry, agriculture, citizen
groups, government, and schools—to
work out solutions that will improve
the quality of life for us and for
those who will follow after us.
Categorical Programs Division
February 8 Meeting. Illinois
Interagency Commit-
tee on Pesticides.
Mercantile Exchange
Building, 300 W.
Washington, Chicago
10:00 a.m.
From the Indiana Office
The Indiana Stream
Pollution Control
Board has set the
following dates
for hearings:
January 25 Columbus at 10:00
a .m.
General
January 24
January 27
President's Water
Pollution Control
Advisory Board
meets at Purdue on
Agricultral Wastes
Closed Circuit
telecast for EPA
employees
January 25
January 27
February 15
Mount Vernon at
1 :30 p.m.
Closed circuit
telecast for Region
v, employees, EPA's
first Anniversary
Regular meeting
of the Indiana
Stream Pollution
Control Board
JOB_Of PORJJJNITJS-IN. EPA_
During the next several months, the
Federal Environmental Protection
Agency will have some job openings
in the Chicago office for Civil
Engineers, Sanitary Engineers and
Chemical Engineers in the Water and
Air pollution programs. There will
also be a few available positions
for Automotive Engineers at the
Motor Vehicle Emissions Laboratory
in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The posi-
tions will offer salaries from
$7,320 to $15,867 depending on the
applicants experience and education.
Interested applicants should have
obtained an eligibility rating for
Federal Employment from the U.S.
Civil Service Commission. Those
having a rating should refer a
resume to the Region V Personnel
Office, One North Wacker Drive,
Chicago, Illinois, 60606.
What kind of publication
is this?
The Region V Public Report is an
attempt to let the public know what
EPA is doing in the Midwest. It
also attempts to let people in one
part of the Region learn what suc-
cesses or difficulties are faced by
people in other parts of the Region
in terms of environmental cleanup.
The magazine is written for all the
people in the Region, whatever
their role in the environmental
movement. We are not going to yell
and scream environmental doom, nor
are we going to gloss over problems.
What we do want to do, though, is
look at problems and find solutions
and let you scrutinize how we are
doing.
The Region V Public Report is going
to be published here in Region V on
a monthly basis by the Regional
Public Affairs Staff. Editor for
the newsletter is Ann Nelson Hooe.
She is assisted by Helen Starr,
Mary Canavan and Public Affairs
Director Frank Corrado. If you
wish to submit items for the news-
letter, send them to the Office of
Public Affairs, EPA, One North
Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois
60606.
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news of the region
Minnesota-
Some 60 jobs will be eliminated by the Northwest
Paper Company's pulp and paper mill in Cloquet when
manufacturing is changed to reduce water pollution,
the company has announced. The firm added that con-
struction will begin by June on a waste treatment
facility for its Cloquet pulp and paper mill to be
operational by 1973.
Ohio-
Ohio Governor Gilligan has asked President Nixon to
include funding for the proposed Maumee River Basin
study in the Fiscal 1973 federal budget. Governor
Whitcomb of Indiana had earlier made a similar re-
quest.
Formal hearings on Ohio's Air Implementation Plan
were scheduled for January 17 and 18 in the Veterans
Memorial Auditorium in Columbus at 9:00 a.m. The
January 17 hearing will be on the question of re-
vising goals and timetables. January 18 will cover
cleanup or implementation plans.
Jones and Laugh!in Steel Corporation signed a con-
sent decree with the Federal Government in mid-
December in which the steel firm agreed to use
available technology to abate water pollution of the
Cuyahoga River from its Cleveland plant by 1975.
Cleveland Mayor Ralph J. Perk has signed an applica-
tion for a $302,000 federal grant for the city's air
pollution control division. If EPA approves the
grant, the city could get another $200 thousand
grant from the state next year.
Wisconsin -
Milwaukee County will have a seven station air pollu-
tion monitoring system in operation by early next
summer. The system, costing about $300 thousand to
install, may later be hooked up to a computerized
analysis system. The State of Wisconsin reportedly
plans to pay for the entire system in its proposed
air implementation plan covering all Wisconsin. The
monitoring system will keep track of particulates,
sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, oxi-
dants and carbon dioxide.
The Wisconsin Natural Resources Board has adopted
thermal standards for Lake Michigan waters that would
put a moritori urn on future power plants and industries
discharging significant amounts of heat into the lake,
but the standards would permit Kewaunee and Point
Beach No. 2 nuclear power plants to be operated.
Michigan-
A new law being considered by the Michigan Legislature
would give state officials the ability to control one
of the last unchecked sources of polluted water --
dirt (much of which is laced with pesticides and run-
off). The proposed legislation would give local and
state officials controls that would restrict the
stripping of land and force traps and other devices
to be used in preventing and slowing down erosion.
The Ohio Air Pollution Control Board's plan for
meeting Federal clean air standards was released in
mid-January. The cleanup program reportedly will
cost the state at least $5 million yearly and require
at least 500 employees to do the job. All firms now
operating a plant or planning to build a new one
will need permits from the board. If a plant does
not meet emission regulations it will need a vari-
ance. The firm then will be put on a compliance
schedule to get the job done. Any firm found vio-
lating any conditions of the permit can be shut
down or fined a maximum of $10 thousand per day.
Private citizens as well as state and federal author-
ities can go to court against alleged polluters.
Ralph Nadar's Ohio Public Interest Action Group made
its first assault just before Christmas, criticizing
the Hanna Coal company and Ohio Water Pollution Con-
trol Board. The Nadar group charged that Hanna's
strip-mining operations in Belmont County created a
"potentially serious acid water pollution situation"
and said the state board has been impeding the group's
investigation with a poor job of record-keeping. The
State Board has launched an investigation.
Open For Business: EPA's new $10 million Motor
Vehicle Emission Laboratory opened for business on
October 27. Surveillance, enforcement and research
activities geared towards reducing auto and truck
pollution are directed from this massive complex at
2565 Plymouth Road in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Over 150
EPA employees are at work there.
-------
REGION V's:
Environmental Impact Statements
The entire Environmental Impact Statement coordination
effort in Region V has been given to the Federal Ac-
tivities Coordination Branch. In addition, approx-
imately 90% of all impact statement reviews are con-
ducted in that office.
The majority of draft Impact Statements received by
EPA for comment are public works projects highways,
airports, locks and dams, reservoirs, land transfers,
and urban renewal. Approximately 200 statements have
been received to date this fiscal year, since July 1
and it is anticipated that a total of 600 impact
statements will be received during FY 1972.
Here in Region V, we have assigned a special team
of staff members to review and comment on these
Atomic Energy Commission Environmental Impact State-
ments, and a special reference library has been com-
piled for each project in question to aid reviewers
in this effort.
On July 23, 1971, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia Circuit rendered the first
major decision regarding the implementation of the
National Environmental Policy Act by a Federal Agency
in the case of The Calvert Cliff's Coordinating Com-
mittee vs. The Atomic Energy Commission. The court
held that the Atomic Energy Commission Regulations
for the implementation of the Act did not comply in
several specified dictates, and required the Com-
mission to change its regulations to be consistent
with the court opinion.
The Atomic Energy Commission is now in the process
of resubmitting Environmental Impact Statements for
55 nuclear power plants, proposed or under construc-
tion, across the country as a result of the Calvert
Cliffs opinion. Fifteen of these plants are within
the boundaries of Region V. All Regions have been
alerted to the top priority of reviewing and pre-
paring comments on these projects.
Our comments for Atomic Energy Commission Environ-
mental Impact Statements, as well as all other Im-
pact Statements received for review, together with
those comments made by other Federal, State, or
local agencies, are incorporated into and made a part
of the final statement, which must be filed with the
Council on Environmental Quality 30 days before any
action on the project can take place.
In reviewing an Environmental Impact Statement EPA
personnel analyze the points listed in the guidelines
on preparing Environmental Impact Statement, pub-
lished in the Federal Register on April 23, 1971.
These include:
1. A description of the proposed action.
2. The probable impact of the proposed
action on the environment.
3. Any probable adverse environmental
effects which cannot be avoided.
4. Alternatives to the proposed action.
5. The relationship between local short-
term uses of man's environment and the
maintenance of long-term productivity.
6. Any irreversible and irretrievable
commitments of resources.
7. Where appropriate, a discussion of
problems and objections raised by
Federal, State and local agencies and by
private organizations and individuals.
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969,
Public Law 91-190, created the requirement for pre-
paration of Environmental Impact Statements. This
Act requires the responsible Federal Official to
consult with and obtain the comments of any Federal
Agency which has the jurisdiction by law, or special
expertise with respect to environmental impact. The
Council on Environmental Quality has designated EPA
to comment on various aspects of environmental impact.
Environmental Impact Statements are detailed analyses
of environmental effects of proposed action which all
Federal Agencies are required to prepare and use in
their agency review processes before they take any
"major actions" (including recommendations and reports
on legislation) which "significantly affect the qual-
ity of the human environment."
The Council on Environmental Quality Guidelines re-
quire that each statement be prepared in two stages:
first, the sponsoring agency prepares a draft state-
ment using its own expertise and information. The
draft is then reviewed and commented on by other
agencies which have special expertise relating to the
project. Finally, the sponsoring agency uses these
comments to modify the project plans (if necessary)
and to prepare a final statement.
The agency preparing the draft statement is respon-
sible for making it available to the public. Any in-
dividual or organization may then comment on the
draft; he may express support or opposition, suggest
alternatives, or point out project effects that may
have escaped the attention of its sponsors. These
comments may be in the form of a letter, a critique,
or even, as done by some citizen's groups, a "coun-
ter environmental impact statement" setting forth
their views and analysis in as great a depth as the
draft itself.
Representatives of public groups who want to comment
on an agency's statements should contact either the
nearest regional office or the agency's environmental
liaison official with the request that their names be
added to the mailing list for receipt of draft state-
ments. \
Ordinarily agencies must allow at least thirty days
for comments (forty-five for EPA comments on projects
with effects in the areas of EPA jurisdiction). Some
have written longer periods into their procedures.
The Guidelines suggest that requests for 15 day exten-
sions should be considered favorably.
Kewanee Nuclear Power
Plant on Lake Michigan
in Wisconsin—
New Impact Statement
underway for this and
other plants.
10
-------
GOOD
NEWS:
"Bridge the Gap" is the slogan of
eco-minded citizens in Elgin, Il-
linois as they begin their plastic
bottle collection drive. The plas-
tic when ground up will be used in
making concrete for a bridge which
will link the Elgin Civic Center
grounds to Walton Island in the Fox
Ri ver.
Environmental concern stemming from
a Public Affairs Colloquim on en-
vironmental activism has resulted
in the formation of the Environmen-
tal Activists Club by some Sangamon
State University students. The
club which hopes to involve members
of the nearby Springfield, Illinois
community in its activities is cur-
rently working on a plan to get a
bicycle path extended to the Univer-
sity.
who make Kirby vaccum
say they practice what
they sel1--cleanliness. The com-
pany told the Cleveland Press
recently that it has completed two
installations to clean up air
and water. Instead of burning some
two tons of waste paper a day, the
firm has installed a huge paper
bailing press which compacts the
paper. It's then sold for re-
cycling. Kirby has also installed
an ultrasonic degreasing system
wnich uses a phosphate-free deter-
gent when discharged to city sewers
and treatment facilities.
The Miami (Ohio) Conservancy dis-
trict has been designated a nation-
al historic civil engineering land-
mark by the American Society of
Civil Engineers. The conservancy
was cited for "the first major re-
gionally coordinated flood control
system in the United States embod-
ying retention reservoirs for con-
trolled release of flood-waters."
A yellow smile button beamed from
the GHR foundry in Dayton,
io recently to mark the fact that
a major North Dayton, Ohio polluter
had met its deadline. GHR now has a
bag house with 18 units of pp glass
bags each to collect smoke and dust
particles that formerly went into the
air. The new pollution control
system cost the company $1.1 mil-
lion and reportedly is 95 percent
efficient.
Keep American Beautiful, Inc. pre-
sented a distinguished service ci-
tation to Little Miami, Inc. in
Cincinnati, Ohio on January 11,
1972. This river preservation
group was recognized principally
for its work in river clean-ups such
as the one they held last May.
The>nwanis Club of Cleveland re-
tjlKntl v presented an award to the
*^leveland Plain Dealer for its ac-
tivity in improving the quality of
life through constructive activity
in the field of clean air. The
reason for this citation was the
Plain Dealer's voluntary installa-
tion of a pollution control device,
called the "Pollution Master" on
its fleet of 140 delivery trucks.
Environmental biology seems to be
gaining a very strong foothold in the
science curriculum at John Carroll
University in Cleveland, Ohio. A
recent color spread in the Plain
Dealer Sunday Magazine cited the ex-
tensive field work carried on by the
Department of Biology, chaired by
Prof. John G. Allen. In addition to
formal classroom studies, these stu-
dent scientists manage a 3 year old,
2'j acre man-made lake, have access to
a 250-acre preserve, which includes a
beaver dam and an 80 acre game im-
poundment area, and work at the ex-
perimental Grant River Farm.
Congratulations to Dr. Theodore J.
Voneida and Mrs. Evelyn Stebbins
for their reception of the Sierra
Club's Northeast Ohio Group's con-
servation service awards. Dr.
Voneida, associate professor of
anatomy at Case Western Reserve U-
niversity, was honored for his op-
position to strip mining and his
efforts to get a strong strip min-
ing law passed in Ohio. Mrs. Steb-
bins, chairman of Citizens for Clean
Air and Water, was honored for her
efforts in water pollution control
and foi her efforts made in an at-
tempt to control the development of
nuclear power.
The Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel
Corporation last month put an
industrial waste water treatment
plant into operation at its fa-
cility in Martins Ferry. This is
part of a four phase effort to
clean up pollution in the Ohio
Valley. The treatment plant, an
ultra-modern, push-button instal-
lation removes acids and chemicals
used in steel production. It also
filters out materials captured in
air pollution devices at the plant.
The Cleveland staff celebrated
EPA's first birthday December 2,
1971.
^^ve would like to join the Cook County
(Illinois) Clean Streams Committee
in saluting Carol Miller for her out-
standing work with the Boy Scouts and
Girl Scouts in organizing clean-up
programs on Cook County streams. Mrs.
Miller was also recently presented
with the "Johnny Horizon Environmental
Award" by Mr. Burton Atwood, U.S. De-
partment of the Interior. This plague
was only the eighth to be awarded
thus far.
11
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Page Intentionally Blank
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Region V Public Report
February 1972
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WPC BOARD MAKES FARM POLLUTION RECOMMENDATIONS
The President's Water Pollution Control
Advisory Board concluded a week of tours
and meetings in Illinois and Indiana on
the relationship between confined animal
feeding and the quality of water with a
presentation of ten recommendations.
The recommendations, which will be passed
on to William D. Ruckelshaus, Administra-
tor of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, are based on information gath-
ered during tours of livestock and poul-
try farms and presentations by experts
in the field of agricultural pollution
and animal wastes in both eastern and
western states. The advisory board had
previously studied similar water prob-
lems in the western states and made a
preliminary report to Ruckelshaus from
Denver last October.
Concluding that "animal wates constitute
both real and potential hazards to pub-
lic health," the Board recommended:
That the Environmental Protection Agency assume a
vigorous leadership role in coordinating major
activities of all federal, state and local agen-
cies involved in agricultural waste management
with those of educational institutions and private
groups and individuals interested in solving ani-
mal waste disposal problems. To aid in this ef-
fort, EPA must be provided with more funds and
expanded staffing to coordinate its own programs
in research, training, administration and manage-
ment.
That the Environmental Protection Agency join with
the appropriate federal and state agencies and
educational institutions in developing and imple-
menting a comprehensive public information program
to explain fully the evolving guidelines and means
of achieving effective pollution control measures
necessitated by animal waste disposal problems.
That the Environmental Protection Agency seek add-
ed appropriations for expanded research and devel-
opment programs, so that these costs can be held
to minimum levels to the farmer. Demonstration
projects are a very effective educational method
that should be increased, which can result in over-
all reduction in costs to both producer and con-
sumer. In addition, USDA should use all existing
programs and technical services to help animal pro-
ducers install systems that comply with regula-
tions .
That the Environmental Protection Agency encourage
the adoption of state legislation and regulations
for animal waste management based on minimal fed-
eral guidelines which will maintain standards with
a view to enhancing water quality.
That the Environmental Protection Agency give high
priority to funding for research and development
projects which may develop practicable and safe
alternate uses for animal wastes.
That the Environmental Protection Agency initiate
cooperative long range research projects in centers
of excellence which will result in the collection
of reliable data upon possible less-evident ill
effects of concentrations of animal wastes.
* That the Environmental Protection Agency, through
program grants or otherwise, encourage state agen-
cies to increase their monitoring programs so that
an adequate profile of state water quality by
stream basins and groundwater would be available
in order to easily identify problem areas.
* That attention be given to the development of
national and/or state site selection guidelines
which will determine the best land areas to be
used for animal production to minimize water pol-
lution.
* That the Federal Government encourage educational
institutions and state and local agencies through
grants and/or other incentives, to expand their
graduate and undergraduate training programs in
the environmental agricultural areas, which will
direct manpower into the pollution control field.
* That the Environmental Protection Agency should
develop animal waste guidelines and work as
closely as possible with the states to ensure
that these basic minimum requirements be adopted
nationwide in the interest of uniformity which
prevents discrimination against any particular
group or individual.
After viewing pollution problems at Illinois and
Indiana farms on January 24 and 25, the Board spent
a full day hearing statements by representatives of
Midwest Universities and the EPA. The speakers
tended to stress the importance of federal financing
for waste control projects, effective waste control
regulations and enforcement, more extensive monitoring
of water quality and the need for demonstration pro-
jects.
While most speakers emphasized the necessity for con-
tinuing research, Will C. LaVeille, Agricultural
Waste Specialist for EPA's Midwest Region, brought
out that "simple, remedial measures are now available
to abate 95 per cent of the usual animal waste situa-
tions," and that farmers could effectively apply tech-
nology that is currently available, such as simple con-
tainment and runoff techniques.
-------
Message
from Mayo
Decentralization in EPA
We in the EPA are working to decentralize our national
cleanup programs. For example, in the Midwest we have
an approach for cleanup that specifically reflects the
peculiar problems and needs of this area.
One of the prime indications that, in fact we are at-
tempting to decentralize, can be found in the delegation
of responsibility by Administrator Ruckelshaus to the
Regional Administrators. These delegations are intend-
ed to maximize decision-making responsibilities at the
field level, where staffers are closer to the problems.
Among the recent delegations to the Midwest Regional
Office have been authority to approve annual program
grants to state water pollution control agencies.
Total federal grants to state agencies during the
current fiscal year amount to over 2 million dollars,
or 20% of the total federal share.
A second delegation of authority has been in the area
of construction grants. Under this delegation, Region
V will have final sign off this fiscal year for up to
$400,000,000 out of the anticipated national total of
$2 billion.
In the area of grants for basin planning up to one
half million dollars will be made available with Re-
gional Office concurrence here in the Midwest.
In Air Pollution Control, final sign off authority for
$10 million in federal funds will be made at the re-
gional level for planning and control program grants
for 35 state and local air pollution control agencies
in this region.
The total package of funds which can be delegated at
Region V will thus total $413,000,000. If there
were any doubts expressed previously that the nation's
environmental programs would be decentralized, I
think these figures should dispel those doubts.
In addition to the new financial muscle at the regional
level other delegations of authority have been made as
well. Authority has been delegated to regional ad-
ministrators to issue water quality standards violation
notices - 180 day notices as they are more commonly
called - authority to recommend that state water pollu-
tion control agencies take remedial action following
an enforcement conference, authority to certify pollu-
tion control facilities for income tax write-offs, and
authority to certify potable water supplies as meeting
drinking water standards.
A recent 180 day notice to a Lafayette, Indiana firm
marked the first time that such a notice has been
issued at the regional level. Previous 180 day notices
had been issued from Washington.
Finally, certain regional administrators have been
designated responsibilities to make recommendations
to the Corps of Engineers on disposal of polluted
dredgings. That provision especially applies to this
region. -Francis T. Mayo, Regional Administrator
CALENDAR
FROM THE MINNESOTA-WISCONSIN OFFICE
February 14 The monthly meeting of the Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency will be held
at 9:00 a.m. in Che State Health Bldg.
February 18 A meeting will be held with Superior
Fiber Products at 10:00 a.m. at the
Superior Fiber Products Company.
This meeting is a follow up to the
180-day notice served the company.
FROM THE GREAT LAKES COORDINATOR
February 15-16 Great Lakes Basin Commission Meeting,
Ann Arbor, Michigan.
February 23 International Joint Commission Pol-
lution Boards for Red and Rainy Rivers
Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
FROM ENFORCEMENT
March 1
OTHER
March 11
An informal ISO day hearing will be
held with the Alton Box Board Com-
pany at 9:00 a.m. at the Holiday Inn
in Lafayette, IN.
The Indiana and Illinois Divisions of
the American Association of University
Women will present a program entitled
"The Ecological and Planning Impli-
cations of an Airport in Lake Michigan"
Saturday, March 11, at William Rainey
Harper College, Algonquin and Roselle
Roads, Palatine, Illinois. The pro-
gram starts at 9:00 a.m. and includes
a luncheon. Sandy Schwartz, 916 Mich-
igan, Evanston, is in charge of
reservations. The price is $4.50.
FROM THE INDIANA OFFICE
February 14 The Indiana District Office has
scheduled follow-up meetings to
180-day notice hearings in Montezuma
Indiana at 7:00 p.m.
February 17 The Illinois Pollution Control Board
has open meetings every othei Thursdav
at 10:00 a.m. Their address is 309
W. Washington, Chicago, Illinois.
The public is welcome.
-------
INNER-CITY AND
THE ENVIRONMENT
Air and water pollution, solid waste problems, noise,
pesticides and congestion are problems which influence
the lives of all urban residents, particularly those
who live in the ghetto or other parts of the inner city.
Long before pollution became a national issue it was
experienced in the inner city and was decried by local
leaders. However, the concerns of these leaders have
not yet been adequately related to the environmental
movement.
Too often "the environment" has come to mean a remote
river, forest, or mountain side while the more immedi-
ate and local problems of biodegeneration were over-
looked. Luther Gerlach, a University of Minnesota
anthropologist studying revolutionary movements, has
suggested that ecology has the greatest potential for
producing a "fundamental change" in society if people
would really take seriously the implications of this
new discipline. Ecology need not be remote from ur-
ban social action.
The need for developing an urban ecology has been
documented geographically by Ian McHarg in his book
Design with Nature which describes a study of the in-
ner-city environment in Philadelphia. McHarg's stu-
dents mapped statistics relating to a number of para-
meters reflecting the quality of life in that city:
physical disease (TB, cirrhosis, gonorrhea), mental
disease, pollution, ethnicity, and economic factors.
By superimposition of these individually mapped over-
lays, McHarg's students found that the "Heart of the
city is the heart of pathology and there is a great
concentration of all types of pathology surrounding
it." This thesis was restated during the House Com-
mittee hearings on the Environmental Quality Educa-
tion Act, most eloquently by Margaret Mead who ar-
gued that "We have got to face the man-made environ-
ment of the inner-city..-at the same time that we
talk about Yellowstone..."
The Environmental Protection Agency recognized this
need for urban programs almost from its inception. To
meet the challenge, two task forces were established:
one on inner city problems, one on environmental edu-
cation .
There are at present three inner-city environmental
programs underway in EPA. All three are being coor-
dinated through the Inner City Community Programs
Office which is part of the EPA's Community Services
Division. Director of the Inner City programs is
Lenny Robonson in Washington, D. C.
The newest program is the Consumer Recycling pilot pro-
gram. Under this program, residents in a Washington,
D.C. model cities program would receive economic
incentives for separating their wastes for recycling.
A $75 thousand Phase I feasibility study was launched
earlier this month.
In the second program, the black-owned Greenpower
Foundation this summer will work with residents in the
Watts section of Los Angeles to come up with ideas
and ways to improve their environment. Last summer,
Greenpower conducted a study to identify just what the
problems of the inner city were. This summer's grant
will be for $100 thousand.
The third program - Summer Program for Action to Renew
the Environment (SPARE) - will be a continuation this
summer of a program carried out for the last two years
seeking to involve the Neighborhood Youth Corps in en-
vironmental activities. This program will be decentral-
ized to the regional level this summer.
In Region V, the Youth Advisory Board, is currently
preparing some ideas on how to impact inner city areas
in conjunction with the Chicago Committee on Urban Op-
portunity/Model Cities Office.
In addition, Roland Cornelius, Region V's Director of
the Office of Equal Opportunity, will be in charge of
EPA's midwest inner city effort. Your ideas on how to
improve inner city environments are solicited.
-------
Franklin, Ohio Sets Recyling Pace
by William A. Wynne, THE CLEVELAND PLAIN DEALER
FRANKLIN, OHIO -- Ecologists throughout the world
are showing interest in a new $2 million municipal
recycling plant here that gobbles down 50 tons of
refuse in an eight-hour shift while reclaiming most
of it.
Bernard F. Eichholz, city manager of this Warren
County city of 10,000, said the plant handles un-
separated garbage - paper, cans, plastics and glass -
and retrieves the reusable materials. Its operation
is capable of reducing by two-thirds the cost of
disposal by conventional methods and virtually
eliminates air and water pollution, Eichholz said.
The plant recycles refuse from surrounding com-
munities, totalling 20,000 population.
Four employees on an eight-hour shift dispose of
the 50 tons brought in daily at a cost of $6 a ton.
Eichholz said the cost could be reduced to $3 a ton
if the plant worked at full capacity.
By selling recycled materials, the overall cost of
disposal could be lowered even further, Eichholz
said.
Landfill disposal here cost $5.88 a ton before the
plant opened last year.
The revolutionary solid waste plant uses equipment
with such strange names as Hydrapulper, HydraSposal-
Fiber Claim, flocculation chambers and fluid bed
reactor.
Sounds in the building indicate what process the ref-
use is undergoing - amid metallic clanks, rattles,
swishing water and plops.
Refuse brought in by trucks is dumped onto a covered
concrete apron called a tipping area. It is then
pushed by tractors onto a conveyor belt.
From there, the refuse goes into a Hydrapulper, a
water-filled pumping vessel from where it moves to
a HydraSposal, which whirls to the sides and drops out
heavy objects. Rotors beat metal containers into
compact balls, pound glass into small pieces called
cullet and reduce paper and cardboard to intregrated
fibers. The latter is used in the making of cardboard
and shingles.
Baxter thought that some machinery used in the paper
pulping process could also be used with some new
equipment to retrieve most materials contained in
scrap. To others familiar with the paper pulping pro-
cess at the Black Clawson Co. plant in nearby Middle-
town, Baxter's idea seemed feasible.
A $1.2 million federal grant to help finance construc-
tion of the plant was obtained from EPA's Solid Waste
Office. The City of Franklin put up $456,000 and
the Black Clawson Company, $123,000.
The Black Clawson Company first set up a pilot unit
in their Middletown Plant.
After tests, Franklin retained A.M. Kinney, Inc.,
consulting engineers of Cincinnati, to design the
plant and oversee its construction.
Pulping equipment chops plastics, foils, ceramics and
crockery into small uniform sizes. Magnetic devices
remove ferrous metals. Nonferous metals, glass cullet,
sand and dirt are presently stored awaiting arrival of
new separating equipment to retrieve and separate alu-
minum metal and various colored glass.
A fluid bed reactor incinerates crank-case oils,
paints and other hard-to-dispose of materials without
polluting the air.
A four-foot bed of sand in a large tank is preheated
to 1,200 degrees by oil burners. The white hot sand
particles are blown upward as paints, oils and chopped
refuse are introduced into the hot bed. Complete in-
cineration takes place as particles of hot sand mix
with burnable refuse. Combustion raises the tempera-
ture to 1,500 degrees without adding oxygen. Particles
and gases are discharged from the reactor into a
scrubber where they are cooled and washed with water
to remove fly ash.
The effluent currently is dumped into a land-fill
gully nearby. It will be processed as regular sewage
when a new sewage treatment plant is completed next
to the recycling plant.
After processing in the treatment plant, the water
will be returned to the recycling plant to water
down the incoming, unseparated refuse.
Sludge from the plant will be channeled to the
recycling plant's fluid bed reactor for incineration.
An occasional cloud of white steam comes from the
plant's stack, but there is virtually no air pollution
said Eichholz.
Joe Baxter Jr., an inventor and engineer for a paper
pulping machinery manufacturer, first became aware of
the diminishing number of possible landfill sites here
while serving as a Franklin city councilman.
On viewing the content of the landfill dump then used
by Franklin, it was clear to Baxter that more than
50% of the refuse consisted of paper, uncrushed cans
and bottles .
Aerial view of Franklin's recycling plant
(on the right) and the construction area of the
new waste treatment system. See page 10.
cover photograph courtesy of Mr. Wynne
-------
E PA PROGRAM NOTES
GRANTS
Regional Administrator, Francis T. Mayo has announced
that a grant to the Youngstown, Ohio City Health Depart-
ment for an air pollution control program has been approv-
ed. The grant of $103,871 is expected to increase the
capacity of the Youngstown agency to carry out its role
in the air implementation plan for the State of Ohio.
Continued support will be contingent upon the adoption
and enforcement of local emission regulations equivalent
to those emission regulations adopted by Ohio.
EMISSION STANDARDS SUSPENSION
Ford Motor Company, American Motors Corporation and
Chrysler Corporation plan to make a formal request
with supporting data for a one-year suspension of the
emission standards for 1975 model autos.
William D. Ruckelshaus, EPA Administrator, said he
received letters from Ford and American Motors stating
their intention to file for a suspension.
The Clean Air Act of 1970 permits a one-year suspension
under certain conditions. The law required the EPA
Administrator to make four determinations before
granting the delay.
1. That suspension is essential to the public interest
or the public health and welfare of the United States.
2. That all good faith efforts have been made to meet
the standards for which the suspension has been re-
quested.
3. That the applicant has established that effective
control technology, processes, operating methods, or
other alternatives are not available or have not been
available for a sufficient period of time to achieve
compliance prior to the effective date of such stan-
dards .
4. That a study and investigation by the National
Academy of Sciences has not indicated that technology,
processes, or other alternatives are available to meet
the standards.
Under the law, the Administrator also must hold a
public hearing and make a final decision within 60
days after a formal application is received from an
auto manufacturer. To date no auto company has sub-
mitted the required amount of detailed supporting in-
formation. General Motors Corporation on January 12
wrote to Ruckelshaus requesting a one-year suspension,
but the Administrator replied that more supporting
data would be required.
The Clean Air Act calls for a 90 percent reduction in
emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the
1975 models from the 1970 model cars.
180-DAY NOTICE
On February 1, Region V of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency announced issuance of a 180 day
notice of water quality standards violation to the
Alton Box Board Company plant in Lafayette, Indiana.
In a letter to Edwin J. Spiegel, Jr., President of
the firm, Mayo said the company has failed to meet
Federally approved cleanup schedules for its discharges
into the Wabash River. Mayo said the company was to
have finished construction of adequate treatment
facilities by the end of 1970, but failed to meet
that date.
While the company has taken some steps to improve
plant operation and water reuse, EPA says the company
has failed to provide adequate treatment for removal
of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) . The company
produces paperboard from waste paper. With full pro-
duction, 90 tons of paperboard is produced per day by
the company's 100 employees.
The 180 day notice to Alton Box Board Company is the
first issued to an Indiana firm by EPA. Seven pre-
vious notices have been issued to municipalities in
Indiana. The Alton notice brings to 47 the number
of violation notices issued within EPA's Region V
since the formation of the Agency.
This 180 day notice also marks the first time that
such a notice has been issued at the Regional level.
Previous 180 day notices were issued from Washington.
Regional issuance of 180 day notices is part of the
EPA policy of decentralization of Federal regulatory
functions in the field of pollution control.
Under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, pollu-
ters that receive such notices have 180 days to come
up with a satisfactory abatement program, or the
matter will be referred to the Justice Department for
court action.
In his letter to the company, Mayo added that James 0.
McDonald, Director of Enforcement, would be contacting
the firm shortly to set a date for an informal hearing
on the standards violation notice.
AIR IMPLEMENTATION DEADLINES
On January 31, EPA announced that the six midwestern
states in the Agency's Region V have substantially
met the January 31st deadline for submission of Air
Implementation Plans.
-------
OCAL AND NATIONAL
ie Air Implementation Plans list the steps which each
:ate is going to take to meet Federal primary and
icondary ambient air quality standards for carbon
jnoxide, particulate matter, hydrocarbons, nitrogen
Loxide, sulfur oxides and photo-chemical oxidents.
'A will review the State plans and is expected to
rant approval late in May. At that time states must
len begin implementing the plans to meet the Federal
tandards.
ie problem areas still requiring revision work,
iclude:
Illinois still needs regulations for control-
ling emissions.
Indiana still needs regulations for control-
ling particulate matter from Industries in
Northwest Indiana.
Wisconsin still missing legal authority to
collect emission data and require self-moni-
toring of sources. (Seeking to get this in the
Legislature.)
\e January 31 deadline was set by the Clean Air Act
f 1970.
ESTICIDES
ublic interest groups will gain the right to use
ederal administrative machinery to challenge the
overnment's pesticide decisions for the first time
n history under new rules being proposed by the En-
ironmental Protection Agency.
he proposed rules revise the conduct of administra-
ive proceedings on pesticides including public
earings. They give the public the right to trigger
urther administrative review of pesticide decisions
y EPA that the public may regard as unfavorable and
.otentially harmful to human health or the environ-
ent.
reviously, the right to initiate review had been
estricted to the pesticide manufacturer whose pro-
uct was threatened with removal from interstate
arketing by suspension or cancellation of federal
egistration.
We regard this as a significant step in the opening
p of our administrative processes to participation
y all groups with a legitimate interest in promoting
nd protecting the public welfare", EPA Administrator
illiam D. Ruckelshaus said. "The continuing contro-
ersy over pesticides use demands that we give those
ho may oppose a particular registration every op-
ortunity to present their evidence and arguments at
ull public hearings when necessary."
The new rules also would give the public more rights
in dealing with scientific advisory committees set up
by EPA to review pesticide actions. The revised
rules would require such committees to solicit
scientific data from public interest groups by giving
formal notice in the federal register of the start of
their deliberations, with 30 days allowed for sub-
mission of written material on the scientific effects
of the registered product to be reviewed.
Another improtant proposed change would give any per-
son the right to submit comments on an advisory com-
mittee report within 45 days after receipt of the
report by the EPA Administrator. The agency announced
last July that it would release to the public all
scientific advisory committee reports on pesticides
as soon as they are received.
Television and radio coverage of federal pesticide
hearings would be permitted for the first time under
another proposed procedural change. Such coverage
has been generally prohibited at federal administra-
tive hearings on the grounds that the presence of TV
cameras, tape recorders, and other electronic eqiup-
ment might disrupt the proceedings. The new pro-
cedure would establish appropriate safeguards to pre-
vent undue disruption.
Responsibility for the regulation of pesticide pro-
ducts moving in interstate commerce under the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicie, and Rodenticide Act of 1947
(FIFRA) was initially delegated to the U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture until such responsibility was
transferred to the Environmental Protection Agency
on December 2, 1970.
The proposed revision in the rules was published in
the Federal Register on January 22, 1972, after which
30 days was allowed for comments. The comments must
be filed with the Hearing Clerk, Environmental Pro-
ection Agency, Room 3125, South Agriculture Building,
Fourteenth and Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington,
D.C. All such comments will be available for public
inspection.
1973 BUDGET
On January 24, Ruckelshaus released a statement on
the 1973 budget: The new 1973 budget represents a
continuing commitment, on the part of the administra-
tion and the Environmental Protection Agency to the
goal of a cleaner America.
At a time of budget stringencies everywhere to cope
with the pressures of inflation, the fact that EPA
is continuing at a high level for the coming year
demonstrates that pledge of faith.
please turn to next page
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PROGRAM NOTES CONTINUED
continued from page 7
The total proposed in new budget authority for EPA in
fiscal 1973 is $2,481,300. This compares with
$2,447,520 in the current fiscal year.
A number of programs are being expanded in the coming
year. We will undertake larger efforts, for example,
in the reserach and development Jn control technology
for air pollution, in regional studies of air pollu-
tion, and in research on health effects of air pollu-
tion. We will be devoting more funds to research on
eutrophication problems in water. And there are other
increases to speed up the development of safer pest
control measures, and to develop effluent guidelines.
The largest part of this new budget is $2 billion in
federal matching grants to local governments for
construction of sewage treatment facilities. This
will enable the nation to help localities meet a
major challenge -- the construction, maintenance, and
operation of adequate waste treatment plants. It is
part of the Administration's three year program of
$6 billion in federal funds to help upgrade the
quality of the nation's waters, to protect public
health, and to improve the aesthetic aspect of our
lakes, rivers and harbors. When combined with con-
tributions by local government, this will ultimately
mean a total for treatment facilities of about $12
billion.
Offsetting the increases mentioned earlier in a num-
ber of programs, there have been changes in the solid
waste management program. We will be moving from the
development and demonstration phase to various forms
of aid to localities. The shift will mean a decrease
of $5.4 million in development of new methods of waste
water treatment and control, as private industry is
now increasing its interest in this activity.
The EPA in fiscal 1972 put to work nearly double the
funds appropriated for environmental programs in 1971.
This new budget for 1973 builds upon both the progress
and experience of the past year. It will enable us to
continue our momentum. We have laid down standards,
launched intensive research, taken scores of enforce-
ment actions, and have responded to million of com-
munications from the public with a broad program of
information and education on the environment.
NOISE
Last summer hearings on various aspects of the noise
problem were held by EPA throughout the country as
part of the backup for a report to Congress required
under the 1970 Clean Air Act.
The Conclusions and Recommendations from that report
are now available from the Region V Public Affairs
Office. Those who participated in last summer's
Chicago noise hearings will automatically receive a
report. Others can obtain a copy by writing. Also
due out soon will be 15 technical documents on various
aspects of the noise problem. Information on EPA
noise programs in Region V can be obtained from Gary A
Williams in the Federal Activities office of EPA
Chicago.
All EPA regional offices will be receiving noise
measuring equipment in the near future and acustical
consultants will be made available to the Region for
Environmental Impact Statements. As was the case last
summer, noise interns will be working in the Regional
Offices this summer.
The EPA noise report, released on January 26, said
that in addition to contributing to the risk of in-
curring hearing impairments, noise conditions in the
general environment also interfere with speech com-
munications, disturb sleep and affect recreation.
EPA Administrator Ruckelshaus said that the "tech-
nology exists today to start to bring about a sig-
nificant reduction in the levels of environmental
noise within the next 5 to 10 years, and enactment
of the Administration's noise control legislation
now pending in Congress would allow the nation to
get on with this important job."
The report says that local and State governments
have the primary responsibilites, in most respects,
for the actions necessary to prive a quieter envi-
ronment. However, it also says there are some func-
tions that should be carried out by the Federal
Government, such as developing noise criteria,
establishing standards for selected products and
establishing labelling requirements. More re-
search is called for in areas such as noise con-
trol, measurements, physiological and psychological
effects and economic impact.
SOLID WASTES
EPA is preparing a status report on accomplishments
in each state in cleaning up solid waste problems.
It is due out in Mid-February.
The EPA "Mission 5000" campaign, to close that many
open dumps in the U.S., will draw to a close and
end this summer with about a 50% success rate. Local
initiative, without Federal funds, was emphasized in
the campaign.
EPA is considering stepping up its solid waste in-
volvement with a summer program for college students,
possible regional seminars, and a national education-
al program.
Region V's solid waste office is headed by William
Kehr in Chicago.
LAKE MICHIGAN CLEAN-UP
Francis T. Mayo, Midwest Regional Administrator for the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, released a status
report on cleanup of Lake Michigan, February 9.
The report, on the status of compliance by cities and
industries with recommendations of the 1968 Lake Mich-
igan Enforcement Conference, shows industrial cleanup
proceeding on a faster schedule than municipal cleanup.
Of the cities that are still behind schedule, said
Mayo, 60 per cent are behind because they have failed
to meet the conference requirement for 80 per cent
phosphorus removal by all municipalities in the basin.
Phosphorus reduction facilities can be constructed
and placed in operation within 6-9 months after fin-
ancing is arranged.
continued on next page
-------
The report notes that of 287 dischargers required to
construct treatment facilities, 157 are presently on
schedule or have completed facilities. Of the 130 be-
hind schedule, 113 of that number have not met interim
dates, but only 17 of that number have missed final
dates.
In terms of positive accomplishments in the last year,
Mayo noted that phosphorus removal facilities have
gone on-line ahead of schedule in Waukegan, Illinois
and Milwaukee, Wisconsin Jones Island Plant. And,
Mayo said, disinfection is presently provided for all
major discharges.
Mayo said that EPA is presently meeting with State Ad-
ministrators in Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan and In-
diana to review the progress of each discharger.
Where a discharger is behind schedule, EPA will look
forward to either the State or Federal Government
initiating the necessary enforcement action to assure
compliance at the earliest possible date. Both State
or Federal agencies have already started several such
actions. On the Federal level, these include 180-day
notices to Hammond and Whiting, Indiana, and civil
action which has been filed in the U.S. District Court
against U.S. Steel, Gary Works. Other possible action
against major dischargers is being considered. In
addition, all industrial discharges are being reviewed
under the Refuse Act Permit Program which was launched
this last year.
James 0. McDonald, regional chief of enforcement,
listed the following dischargers as "prime can-
didates" for 180 day clean-up notices:
City of Gary and Gary Sanitary District.
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Green Bay,
Wise., and two Green Bay industries American
Can and Charmin Paper.
The Wisconsin communities of Manitowoc and Two
Rivers, which discharge directly to the lake.
McDonald says he is troubled about "slippage" on
the part of eight paper mills in the Fox River, which
empties into Green Bay. Me Donald said Wisconsin
officials are holding hearings in Green Bay to deter-
mine why these firms have slipped behind their clean-
up schedules.
McDonald also said the EPA is sharply scruitinizing
discharges from U.S. Steel Corp.'s Waukegan Works,
the North Shore Sanitary District's five lakeside
plants and from the East Chicago mills of Inland
Steel Corp. and Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company.
FINAL DATES MISSED
ILLINOIS
U.S. Steel Corporation, Waukegan
U.S. Steel Corporation,
South Chicago -- Under court order
please turn to next page
non-technical publications
General
Toward a New Environmental Ethic
Environmental Protection-1971 (EPA Anniversary
report)
Man and His Endangered World
The Mess We're In -- Ranger Rick's Nature Magazine
Bibliography Books on the Environment -- To be
published in February
Air Pollution
Citizen Role in Implementation of Clean Air Standards
Air Pollution Episodes A Citizen Handbook
Take Three Steps to Clean Air (PHS)
Auto Report: Annual Report of EPA to Congress
Air Pollution The Facts
Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide, Summary and
Conclusions
Air Quality Criteria for Photochemical Oxidants, Summary
and Conclusions
The Clean Air Act, December 1970
Needed: Clean Air
Your Right to Clean Air
Water Pollution
What You Can Do About Water Pollution
Clean Water: It's Up to You
Clean Water for the 1970's
Federal Guidelines, Design Operation and Maintenance
of Waste Water Treatment Facilities, September 1970
Water Quality Standards: Better Water for America
A Primer on Waste Water Treatment
Our Troubled Waters: The Fight Against Water Pollution
Needed: Clean Water
Heat Can Hurt Better Water for America
Solid Wastes
Mission 5000
Safe and Sanitary Home Refuse Storage
Sanitary Landfill... An Answer to a Community Problem;
a Route to a Community Asset
Sanitary Landfill Facts
The Solid Waste Disposal Act
Noise
Now Hear This (If You Still Can)
February
To be published in
Radiation
Nuclear Power Plants Q.
February
A.
To be published late
Publications in Preparation Stages
U.S. Laws on the Environment
EPA Research Programs
Standard-Setting & Enforcement by EPA
Career Choices in the Environment
Children's Version of Environmental Ethic Booklet
"Environment Planning and Action" (from Design News)
"A Small Oil Spill" (reprint from Environment)
"Who Ownes the Water" (reprint from Environment)
"Never Do Harm" (reprint from Environment)
"Old Weapons Are Best" (reprint from Environment)
Contact Office of Public Affairs
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
312-353-5800
-------
E PA SUPPORTS PROGRESS
WITH DEMONSRATION GRANTS
At the forefront of environmental protection are EPA-
supported demonstration proj ects—projects constructed
and operated to demonstrate new technology for control
of air, water and solid waste pollution. EPA demon-
stration grants provide substantial funding for re-
search, development and demonstration projects applied
for and operated by governmental and private agencies,
industry, and in some cases, individuals.
While demonstration grants must be approved by EPA
headquarters in Washington, each regional office moni-
tors a portion of all projects. Of the 60 projects
currently being monitored by Region V's Research and
Monitoring office, four projects stand out as being of
special interest in the advancement of pollution con-
trol methods. All four projects are in the field of
wastewater treatment, yet each is unique.
In Muskegon County, Michigan, the Department of Public
Works has received the largest EPA demonstration grant
ever awarded—over $2 million—to support their waste-
water management system project. According to the
consulting engineering firm, the Wastewater Management
System that is now being implemented "will move treated
wastewater out of the waterways, where it is a pollu-
tant, to the land, where it is a resource." The ob-
jective of the plan is the elimination of the discharge
of wastes into the water resources of the County
through use of wastewater constituents (water, phos-
phates, nitrates, potassium, organics and trace min-
erals) as agricultural resources and the subsequent
use of the land as an extremely effective waste treat-
ment system. This total management system—based on
several widely used processes, which have not pre-
viously been integrated for the purpose of waste dis-
posal --provides for the piping of wastewater away from
the shoreline to an inland secondary treatment site.
After storage and disinfection, the water, with its
abundance of nutrients, is spray irrigated on a var-
iety of crops. Passage through the "living filter" of
the soil purifies the water before it is collected in
an underdrainage system, monitored, and finally dis-
charged to surface waters to augment low flow.
The design capacity of the system will serve Muskegon
County through 1992. Total cost of the project is
estimated at $36 million, of which the federal govern-
ment will pay 55 per cent.
According to Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus,
EPA is "very hopeful about the Muskegon project,
and we think maybe this could be transferred to many
other areas." It has been stressed, however, that
there are limitations to the plan in areas where land
is at a premium—the project which requires 10,000
acres of land in Muskegon County would need a land
area about the size of Rhode Island if put into ef-
fect in Chicago.
Another waste treatment system project has been es-
tablished by the Miami Conservancy District for Frank-
lin, Ohio with a federal grant of $606,900 representing
about half the project cost. The project plan in-
cludes the construction and operation of a regional
waste treatment facility which will serve all indus-
trial and municipal users within the service area,
resulting in the abandonment of existing inadequate
treatment facilities for the City of Franklin and four
industrial facilities. High reliability and perform-
ance will be stressed, as will flexibility, economy,
continued from page 9
INDIANA
Municipalities Elkhart
Hammond
Kendallville
Ligonier
Portage
South Bend
Whiting
Industries U.S. Steel Corporation, Gary
MICHIGAN
Chikaming Township
New Buffalo
New Buffalo Township
WISCONSIN
Cedarburg
Clintonville
Germantown
Portage
recovery and recycle of pollutants and treated waste-
water. The entire process will be controlled by a
computer that will monitor the content of the plant's
effluent and control the functioning of the system.
Construction on the plant is' nearly complete and a com-
puter is currently being selected, according to the
EPA Research and Monitoring office in Chicago. The
plant, when completed, will complement and be com-
patible with a solid waste recovery plant also built
with EPA funds adjacent to the waste treatment site.
(See article on page 5 )
In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a third demonstration pro-
ject is being conducted which will provide an impor-
tant link in complete functioning of the Franklin
system. The Milwaukee Sewerage Commission project,
which has been granted $144,212 75% of the total
project cost plans to install, demonstrate, and eval-
uate newly developed ultrasonic velocity measurement
equipment for measurement of sewage volume flow. The
ultrasound measurement method could function in con-
nection with a computer-operated waste system (as in
Franklin, Ohio) and could be used independently for a
variety of purposes including, for example, measure-
ment of sewage flow in combined sewer systems in order
to prevent overflow problems during large rain storms
or measurement of individual user's input into the
wastewater system for tax purposes.
A further project of interest is taking place in
LaSalle, Illinois where EPA has contributed $454,776
to a $988,068 project to test the use of an aluminum
storm sewer system. The City of LaSalle will demon-
strate the correction of combined sewer overflow prob-
lems by constructing a separate storm drainage system,
hoping to provide an economical solution for the city.
According to an EPA review of the LaSall project, "The
proposal contends that aluminum pipe can be installed
at a greatley reduced price and the primary thrust of
the demonstration would be establishing performance
and durability of aluminum sewer pipe." Aluminum pipe
is less costly to install than conventional pipe be-
cause of its light weight, requiring less labor. A
ten year evaluation will continue, however, to deter-
mine whether aluminum is in fact an equal material to
those conventional materials, such as concrete. This
project is on schedule with construction to be com-
pleted and the evaluation to begin in March. Detailed
data on demonstration projects is not available as
projects proceed, however, complete reports will be
available at the conclusion of the projects.
10
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good news:
Ten year old Steve Garlock of Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
didn't just drop his idea for improving the environ-
ment into the suggestion box--he took action. Steve,
a fifth grader at Lincoln School, was studying char-
coal in science class when he decided the substance
could be used to filter impurities from the air. He
then decided to share his conclusion in a letter to
President Nixon. Nixon responded a few weeks later,
telling Steve he was "greatly encouraged to learn
from your letter that you share my (Nixon's) great
concern for the quality of life in America." Steve
didn't expect a reply from President Nixon, but was
"really impressed" when he received one.
Badger Mills Inc., of Peshtigo, Wisconsin has joined
the Peshtigo City Council in the city's pollution
abatement program. The paper company said in a letter
to the city council, "it is the irrevocable intent of
the Badger Paper Mills, Inc. to become a party of the
proposed plant to be constructed for the treatment of
municipal and industrial wastes and to pay its pro
rata share of the industrial waste cost recovery
system."
The last of Dayton's big industrial water polluters
has quit. The Dayton Steel Foundry Company - which
was among more than 50 heavy polluters cited by the
state 2 years ago - announced it has completed in-
stallation of a $50,000 "clean water system". Dayton
Steel was the last of the 50 polluters cited by the
state, but not, by far the last of the municipal,
agricultural, street runoff and minor commercial pol-
luters along the length of the Miami River which
continue to dump thousands of gallons of poisons and
dirt into the river daily. The Dayton Steel System
is designed to totally remove the waste (mostly foun-
dry sand and clay) the foundry has been dumping into
the river via a storm sewer.
Twenty-one graduate students and 150 professors have
contributed to the realization of the Institute for
Environmental Sciences in connection with Miami
University. The classes are held in a rennovated
Nike Base about three miles west of Oxford, Ohio.
The students come from such diverse backgrounds as
psychology, political science, zoology, and physics.
They expect to complete the program in one and a half
to two years. Dr. C.E. Barthel, director, describes
the heart of the program as an attempt "to establish
a new educational concept of inter-disciplinary problem
solving". This amounts to combing the expertise of
several fields of environmental study to solve a
particular problem.
The school board of Dayton, Ohio has voted unanimously
to convert 31 boilers in 13 schools from coal to fuel
burners. The conversion will eliminate the boilers
as sources of particulate matter (soot and ashes) in
Dayton. This move will be part of an effort started
three years ago when all but four of Dayton's 70
school buildings were heated with steam, generated in
boilers fired by air polluting coal.
George Dunne,
President of the
Board of Forest
Preserve Commis-
sioners, presents
Mrs. Carol Miller
with the "John-
ny Horizon En-
vironmental A-
ward" for her
outstanding work
with the Boy
Scouts and the
Girl Scouts in
organizing clean-
up programs for
Cook County
streams. This
plaque was on-
ly the eighth to be awarded thu
s far.
The Anheuser-Busch Co. malting plant in Wisconsin has
been cited by the Manitowoc-Two Rivers Chamber of
Commerce for installation of a new air polluton con-
trol system. John A. Brussman, manager, said dust
laden air in the multi-building plant is cleaned by
seven large automatic continuous operating filters
and two intermittent operating filters.1 The system
filters 14.4 million cubic feet of air every hour up
to 99.99% efficiency.
B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. has begun operation of its
recently completed $450,000 industrial waste water
treatment unit serving both of the company's facili-
ties in Avon Lake, Ohio. Waste water from various
manufacturing processes is treated in large tanks
and then discharged into the sewer system. A company
spokesman said effluents will meet the city's indus-
trial waste water pretreatment requirements and reduce
solids discharged into the sewers by 90°,,.
Lebanon, Ohio-Little Miami, Inc. will receive an award
from Keep America Beautiful, Inc. for its conserva-
tion activities. The award will recognize the group's
campaign last spring to clean up the Little Miami
River. An estimated 8000 persons removed about 500
tons of debris from the river.
The Dana Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio began out-
fitting 100 cars with a new pollution-control system
that the firm has developed and is hoping to market.
Some of the devices, called Retronox systems, were
installed on Dana's own cars and some will be installed
for testing purposes on cars in other cities. Dana
said the Retronox package is designed particularly
to reduce exhaust pollutants from older cars that
are not equipped with pollution-control devices now
required on new cars.
LI
-------
LAST MINUTE NEWS BRIEFS
In late January a Detroit area judge fined the Standard Oil Division of American Oil Company $15,000 and placed it on
two years probation for spilling 208 thousand gallons of fuel oil in the Saginaw River last October. The penalty was
the highest ever levied in a Michigan pollution case A Cleveland common pleas judge last January extended a court
imposed building ban to include Cleveland and 30 suburban customers in hopes of speeding an agreement on a new sewage
treatment system The Justice Department is expected to file action against the Reserve Mining Company of Silver
Bay, Minnesota soon. In late January EPA requested court action after attempts to halt the 60 thousand ton a day
taconite discharge failed through the 180 day process EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus is expected to visit
the Chicago area sometime late in February.
FROM:
Office of Public Affairs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
T .. 1. 1,1 1 r^ • ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENC
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
TO:
Edited and Published by the Public Affairs Staff, Region V.
-------
Region V Public Report
-------
MAYO
Policy on Control of
Nutrient Runoff from
Agricultural Lands
The Illinois Pollution Control Board authorized hear-
ings on a proposal to regulate the application of
fertilizers and animal manure on Illinois farms to
reduce the input of nutrients to Illinois waters.
A series of 10 public hearings were set up to give
the public an opportunity to testify under oath as
to the feasibility of these proposed nutrient regula-
tions. Dr. Samuel R. Aldrich, an agronomy professor
on leave from the University of Illinois, was desig-
nated as the board member to hear the testimony.
Timothy Marker of the IPCB staff was the official
hearing officer. Carl Wilson, Region V soil erosion
specialist, attended these hearings to represent the
Federal EPA.
A Federal EPA "Policy on Control of Nutrient Runoff
from Agricultural Lands" was presented to the board
Jan. 15, 1972, and a subsequent document representing
Region V policy was submitted Feb. 1, 1972.
The management of agricultural nutrients will require:
appropriate limitation of erosion and sediment runoff;
the efficient use of applied fertilizers by the plants;
the application of fertilizers under the right clima-
tic and crop growth conditions; and the retention of
animal wastes on the land.
Management programs should be planned and implemented
for complete drainage basins. However, maximum use
should be made now of existing programs that are avail-
able to individual farms or groups of farms.
Success of the educational approach must be adequately
monitored in critical areas to determine the needs
for other approaches to achieving necessary levels
of nutrient control.
Consideration should be given to requiring adherence
to certain fertilizer application guidelines as a
condition of eligibility for selected forms of gov-
ernmental assistance.
Nitrogen
Specificate research was presented to show that com-
mercial fertilizer does not contribute to nitrate
pollution but appears to be a low weighted percent-
age. Present policy favors voluntary use of guide-
lines for the use of fertilizer on farm lands.
Phosphorous
There is mutual agreement on the control of sedi-
ments pollutants which also carry phosphorus, and
erosion control methods have been and are being
implemented. Future appropriations will acceler-
ate this program.
Animal Wastes
They serve as a source of nutrients and a soil build-
er when applied to agricultural lands. Animal wastes
should not be applied to farm lands under adverse
weather conditions, except when planned methods will
insure that they remain on the land.
Watering and feeding points for livestock should be
established away from waterways along with the esta-
blishment of runoff and erosion control measures.
Implementation
EPA will apply this policy to the extent of its
authorities in conducting all program activities,
including regulatory activities, research and devel-
opment, technical assistance, control of pollution
from Federal institutions, and the administration
of the construction grants, State program grants,
and basin planning grants programs.
CALENDAR
OHIO DISTRICT OFFICE
ILLINOIS DISTRICT OFFICE
March 14
The Ohio Water Pollution Con-
trol Board Meeting is scheduled
for Columbus, Ohio.
March 21
Howard Buchanan will present a
slide show and speech to the
Robert Brandt PTA, Oak Lawn, 111.
INDIANA DISTRICT OFFICE
March 29-31 Midwest Benthological Society
Meeting at Iowa State University.
Richard Reising will present a
paper completed by the Aquatic
Biology Unit of EPA, INDO.
MINNESOTA-WISCONSIN DISTRICT OFFICE
March 14
March 31-April 9
The Federal Anti-Pollution Task
Force will meet at the U.S. At-
torney's office at 11:00 A.M.
This office will have an exhibit
at the Northwest. Boat and Travel
Show. Office personnel wil be
available at the exhibit to an-
swer questions.
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TAX WRITE-OFFS FOR BUSINESSMEN
Businessmen who are installing or have recently installed
pollution control facilities may qualify for a five-
year rapid tax amortization under section 169 of the
Tax Reform Act of 1969.
Certification is a prerequisite for rapid amortization
and the EPA is responsible for administration of
federal certification procedures. Certification is
being handled by the Regional Offices.
Application forms and instructions are available from
the Regional Offices. The state must first certify
that the facility conforms with the state program
for abatement of water and air pollution.
The EPA Regional Offices then certify that the
control facility is in compliance with applicable
Federal regulations and policies. This certification
is submitted to the Internal Revenue Service when the
industry files Federal tax returns.
Requests for applications mailed to the Region V
Office in Chicago should be addressed to Eugene Pink-
staff (for water facilities) or to George Hurt (for
air facilities).
Blanks mailed to potential applicants will be
accompanied by information from the Federal Register
giving details of rules and regulations and guidelines
of EPA.
"So far," Pinkstaff said, "Region V has sent out almost
1,500 applications for certification of water pollu-
tion control facilities."
He said that he has received about 120 waste water
treatment facility applicants and that 11 have been
certified. The other applications are either incom-
plete and more information has been requested or
state certification has not been received.
Hurt noted that 535 applications have been sent to
firms for certification of air pollution control
devices.
"To date," he added, "about 120 applications have
been received for air pollution control facilities.
Four facilities have been certified, and the other
applications were ineligible, incomplete and more
information was requested, or state certification
has not been received."
Both men said that Region V has sent out more appli-
cations and received more replies than any other
region in the nation.
The tax certification program comes under the Enforce-
ment Division of EPA. When legal questions arise, they
are turned over to Jane Goldberg, Enforcement Attorney,
for resolution.
It should be noted that since the restoration of in-
vestment tax credit by Congress, the taxpayer might
get a more favorable tax break by using the regular
depreciation methods. Under those methods certifi-
cation is not required for pollution control facili-
ties.
However, investment credit will not be available in
the case of pollution control facilities for which
rapid amortization is elected. It is up to the
businessman to choose which route he wishes to go.
Some Salient Points
The Tax Reform Act of 1969 defines a "certified
pollution control facility" as a "new identifiable
treatment facility" which is used in connection with
a plant in operation before Jan.l, 1969.
The waste treatment facility must have been construc-
ted, reconstructed, erected or first placed in service
by the taxpayer after Dec. 31, 1968, and before Jan. 1,
1925.
It must be used to abate or control pollution by
removing, altering, disposing of, or storing pollutants
contaminants, wastes or heat. If it includes a build-
ing, it must be exclusively devoted to pollution con-
trol.
Air pollution control facilities normally eligible
for certification include the following: inertial
separators, wet collection devices, electrostatic
precipitators, cloth filter collectors, direct fired
afterburners, catalytic afterburners, gas absorption
equipment, vapor condensers, vapor recovery systems.
Water pollution control or treatment facilities norm-
ally eligible for certification include pre-treatment,
treatment, and post-treatment facilities, as well as
ancillary devices such as lagoons, ponds, and struc-
tures for the storage and treatment of wastewaters,
or both, or waste from a plant or other property.
A facility can qualify for favorable tax treatment if
it serves a function in addition to the abatement of
pollution. It is up to the EPA to decide what per-
centage of a given facility's cost is allocable to
the abatement function. The applying taxpayer is
is required to make such an allocation in his appli-
cation and to justify this allocation.
The EPA will rely heavily on state certification and
the information furnished by the applicant in his
application. Whether on-site inspections will be
made is left to the judgement of federal authorities.
Decisions on whether or not to make on-site inspec-
tions, will be based on such things as the volume
and toxity of the discharge sought to be controlled
by the facility, the amount of money at stake, and
evidence of whether or not the state certifying
agency is ignoring obvious violations of appli-
cable water or air quality standards.
Certification of a facility does not mean the certi-
fying official has personally warranted that the
conditions of the statute have been met. EPA certi-
fication is only binding on the government to the
extent that the submitted facts are accurate and
complete.
The statute denies favorable tax treatment to taxpay-
ers if the cost of their facilities will be recovered
from profits made through the recovery of waste. If
an abatement facility recovers marketable wastes and
please turn to page
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Francis T. Mayo, Midwest Regional Administrator, Ruckelshaus, and Carol Thomas, Director of EPA's
Urban Affairs began the day with a meeting with the Region V Division directors.
Ruckelshaus Visits Chicago
EPA Administrator Bill Ruckelshaus came "home" to the
Midwest the last week in February to visit the EPA Re-
gional Office staff and meet with Chicago environmental-
ists and the news media.
Many issues were covered during the day long visit — in-
cluding funding of the Great Lakes restoration program
which has been postponed by the Office of Management
and Budget, state air pollution programs, construction
grant funding for cities in the region, upcoming Con-
gressional action on environmental bills and the en-
vironmental impact of Chicago's Crosstown expressway.
Heavy emphasis was given during the visit to young
people and their concerns for the environment.
above:
Ruckelshaus and Elizabeth Serrell, Assistant Curator
of Education at the Shedd Aquarium, talk with students
who sampled Lake Michigan water outside the aquarium.
Students are from the experimental Metropolitan School
for studies, a high school-without-walls in Chicago
left:
A news conference with Chicago reporters took place at
the Shedd Aquarium following the visit with high school
students.
-------
Following his visit with the Regional staff, Ruckelshaus
walked through the Region V headquarters meeting and
talking with EPA employees.
Northwestern Uni-
versity law stu-
dents questioned
Ruckelshaus, a
lawyer, about the
Refuse Act Permit
Program and Auto
F,mission Stan-
dards among other
issues during a
visit to the down-
town campus in
Chicago.
Just before departing Chicago, Ruckelshaus again faced
the press, this time during a taping of WGN public
affairs show, "Your Right to Say It". To his right
are Casey Bukro of the Chicago Tribune, Harlan Draeger
of the Chicago Daily News, and John llogan of WGN News.
FLOURIDES
"Look mom, no cavities" has become a familiar cry on
U.S. television since the introduction of flouridated
toothpaste. But today Americans find flourides in
more than selected brands of toothpaste- approximately
80 % of the total population of Illinois is served
by water containing dentally significant flourides.
This is what EPA water hygiene specialist Frank
Hertsch found in a study of flouridation practices
in Illinois. And in Wisconsin, Hertsch, along with
EPA's Donald Maddox, found that about 60°o of the
population is provided with flouridated water.
While the benefits and safety of flouridation of public
water supplies have been comprehensively studied,
Hertsch felt the necessity of reviewing the current
state of flouridation practice. Using monthly ana-
lyses of flouridated water provided by the respect-
ive states, he studied these practices in Illinois,
and together with Maddox, in Wisconsin.
Analysis of data showed that about 45% of Illinois'
residents public water systems and 49% of Wisconsin's
provide water containing flourides in concentrations
greater than 0.7 ppm. The number of Illinois water
supplies providing flouridated water increased mark-
edly from January 1, 1970 to August 16, 1971 primari-
ly as a result of the fact that flouridation was made
mandatory by Illinois law in 1968.
Further analysis revealed, however, that flouridation
is not consistent. In Wisconsin only 40% of the water
within the recommended concentration range of 0.8 ppm.
to 1.7 ppm. According to the report "only seven sup-
plies were rated good or excellent, with only 58°o
consistently producing water containing flourides
within the recommended range. Although the percentage
of Illinois flouridating supplies almost doubled in
an 18 month period, the percentage of samples falling
in the 0.7 to 1.3 mg/1 range appeared to have remained
constant.
The report points out that "if the Illinois flouri-
dation law is interpreted strictly, i.e., no samples
should be out of the 0.9 to 1.2 mg/1 range, flouri-
dation in the state is conducted in an illegal manner
approximately 50°o of the time."
On the basis of the findings, Hertsch and Maddox have
made three primary recommendations:
(1) Additional surveillance should be
provided to encourage and motivate
operators to maintain flouride levels
within the limits recommended by the
respective states.
(2) Training for operators in good
flouridation practice should be
provided and encouraged.
(3) A definition of good flouridation
practice should be established*.
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EPA PROGRAM NOTES:
THE APPOINTMENT OF WILLIAM L. WEST
On Wednesday, March 1, 1972, Francis T. Mayo, Mid-
west Regional Administrator of the U.S. Environment-
al Protection Agency, announced the appointment of
William L. West as the new Director of EPA's Ohio
District Office in Cleveland. West, who assumed
his duties on March 6, will take over from the act-
ing Ohio District Office Director, Richard Winkl-
hofer. Winklhofer will return to his duties as
chiefrof field operations with the District Office.
Bill West, 33, comes to Cleveland from Wheeling,
West Virginia, where he had served since June,
1971, as Chief of the Enforcement Section of the
Wheeling Field Office of EPA's Region III. West
joined the Federal Government in 1968 as a chem-
ical engineer and became Acting Chief of the En-
forcement Branch for the former Ohio Basin Region
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion in Cincinnati, Ohio. He has also functioned
as a technical advisor to the Justice Department
and to EPA's Legal Support Division in Washington,
D. C. " ' '
A native of Wheeling, he was educated in the lo-
cal parochial schools. In 1962, he received a B.S.
degree in chemical engineering from West Virginia
University in Morganstown. After graduation from
college, he served in a variety of positions in the
paint and chemical industries.
THE OHIO STATE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PROGRAM
The Ohio State Environmental Program Study is being
conducted by Stanford Research Institute and funded
by EPA. This study is in conjunction with the
two bills that are now pending in Ohio. It was
stated by Mr. Mayo that the Division Directors
are to be very cooperative in their dealings with
the contractor. There is the possibility of such
a study for the State of Indiana with perhaps the
same contractor. Mr. Marth is to distribute to all
the Division Directors a copy of the Ohio study plan,
the draft proposal for Indiana with the Governor's
January 31, 1972 letter.
RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE REPORT ON NOISE
The following recommendations are cited in the Report
on Noise made to the President and Congress:
1. Federal Leadership in Noise Abatement and Control
Federal governmental programs relating directly to
noise research and control are among the activities
of several federal departments and agencies.
There is a need for improved coordination of this
effort. To that end, it is recommended that:
a. The Environmental Protection Agency should
provide the leadership and should promote
coordination of efforts of the various a-
gencies that would be responsible for their
respective activities.
b. The Federal government should provide leader-
ship in controlling noise associated with its
activities.
c. Programs of technical assistance to states
and their political subdivisions for regula-
tions and enforcement should be developed.
2. Standards and Regulations
A regulatory scheme should be established, and ac-
celerated noise abatement efforts should be made
by local, state, and Federal governments as follows:
a. Federal noise emission standards should be
established for the principal sources of en-
vironmental noise including:
(1) Transportation equipment — including
aircraft, for which EPA should have
the authority to approve FAA stan-
dards for regulation of aircraft
noise.
(2) Construction equipment.
(3) Internal combustion powered devices.
b. Product labeling authority requested in legis-
lative proposals presently being considered
is a necessary element in an overall noise
abatement and control program.
c. Uniform noise codes, regulations, and stan-
dards should be developed by EPA and other
Federal agencies, in accordance with the
above mentioned plan, and should be enacted
into law by states and localities. Techni-
cal assistance should be provided by EPA
on enforcement and other related activities.
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LOCAL AND NATIONAL
Research and Analysis Needs
Some investment of effort and funds in noise re-
search has already been made at the Federal level-
and to a lesser degree in the private sector as
brought out in this report. There remain, how-
ever, numerous gaps in knowledge and extensive
areas of technical and scientific disagreement
that require a continuing research effort. To
meet these needs, the following steps are recom-
mended :
a. Present Federal research and development
on specific noise source control should be
continued and expanded, but with a more
direct focus on environmental aspects.
Such a program should directly involve
the considerable expertise already ex-
isting in the professional and academic
community and in industry.
b. Federally planned, directed, and supported
research for improved methodologies of
measurement and evaluation are needed.
In particular, a critical assessment of a
large number of varying measuring systems
and methodologies now in use is required.
Simplification, standardization, and in-
terchangeability of data should be the
goal of this project.
c. Continuing efforts to determine the noise
exposure of the American public should re-
ceive early attention.
d. Research on physiological and psychological
effects of noise should be continued. Such
research provides the basis for the necessary
criteria documents to be used in setting
standards and in formulating state and local
regulations.
e. Analysis of the economic implications and
economic impact of noise control is essen-
tial in the decision-making process and for
the development of realistic standards and
should be undertaken as part of the existing
EPA investigation of the broader issue of
environmental economics.
Education and Public Awareness
Although there is awareness of some aspects of the
noise problem and control techniques, the typical
citizen, while vexed by the intrusion of environ-
mental noise into his life, is generally unaware
that the methods to alleviate the problem are al-
ready at hand. The efforts called for in the a-
bove recommendations will lead to the improved in-
formation needed to move ahead with effective mea-
sures to lessen the impact of noise.
Legislative Recommendation
Legislation proposed by the Administration in Feb-
ruary 1971 would provide the authority that is
needed to meet the problems revealed in the
studies leading to this report.
JAPANESE VISIT
In late February, The Region V EPA office played
host to nine members of the Yamaguchi Small Busi-
ness Management Team. This group, composed of
Japanese business men, engineers, and educators, is
touring the U.S. under the auspices of the State
Department for the purpose of studying industrial
pollution and pollution control. Representatives
from most regional programs were on hand to give
brief presentations of their programs and to an-
swer questions.
above: Japanese
businessmen listen
attentively to open-
ing remarks presented
by Valdas Adamkus.
left: Mary Canavan,
Public Affairs Spe-
cialist, moderated
the program. The
group's interpreter
is pictured in the
foreground.
T.V. SPOT
The EPA Chicago Public Affairs Office recently pro-
duced a public service T.V. spot in conjunction with
Bill Mahin of the University of Illinois Circle Campus
Office of Instructional Research.
The spot, which features various air pollution shots,
is narrated by John Kirkwood of the Chicago Clean Air
Coordinating Committee and Joseph Karaganis, an attorney
with the Illinois Attorney General's Office. T.V. sta-
tions in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
and Michigan received the spot with trailers informing
citizens in each state where to obtain information
from participating citizen groups of their state.
The T.V. spot, which was mailed out in early February,
is unusual in its message and in the amount of coopera-
tion involved between EPA and citizen groups in each
state. Anyone wishing more information should contact
Frank Corrado (312-353-1478) in Chicago.
-------
Sampling in the Mississippi River.
"At four O'clock in the morning, especially on a cold
morning, I know there's been a step up in our enforce-
ment activities." Fifty-one year old Roscoe Woodbury
Libby, ruddy-faced and hard-boiled as an old Glouscester
salt, sat back and smiled.
He was talking about the 24-hour sampling projects
that Region V's field staffs have been conducting
with more and more frequency in recent months.
Libby, a Public Health Engineer by training and a
native of Vanceboro, Maine, typifies EPA's little
known, but front line troops in the war on pollution.
Libby and the 39 other men who go into the boats to
see and smell and touch pollution first hand, are
not your white-shirt-and-tie bureaucrats. Nor are
they the big newsmakers in the agency. But down
in the messy, dirty end of the pollution game they
are the eyes and ears of the cleanup effort.
Their arrival at a company's gate or city's
sewage plant is not always a welcome sight. In
court they have become the backbone of the increasing
number of criminal, civil and administrative actions
brought by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Since Region V stepped up its enforcement program
a year ago, a total of 91 different enforcement actions
have been held throughout the region.
EPA Enforcement
"Our evidence room is rapidly becoming too small to
handle all the data we're taking," says Fred Fuller,
Chief Chemist for the Illinois District Office of EPA.
Fuller heads a laboratory staff of 10 people who back
up the Illinois field crews. "The samples from one
24 hour test are run for at least 32 different para-
meters on the effluents," says Fuller." They include
pH, Alkalinity, Acidity, biochemical oxygen demand,
phosphorus, toxic substances, solids and others."
(see chart)
It can take up to two weeks to run those 32 tests.
Because of that fact, chemical analyzers that can run
dozens of tests at one time are being introduced
into laboratory operations.
"The field efforts can make or break our court cases,"
says Jim McDonald, Director of the Region V enforcement
operation.
Adds McDonald, "We, prefer taking civil action under
the 1899 Act against persistent polluters rather
than criminal actions, because under a civil action
we can get a cleanup schedule worked out, rather
In the field, collecting evidence.
Mrs. Marion Zrnick inspects one of the many samples collected by the INDO.
-------
Field Activities
than just levy a fine for pollution." But he
continues, "These civil court cases depend heavily
on what we find in our sampling and test."
Because of the limited resources of EPA's field
staff, emphasis has been put up until this time in
the major problem areas -- Cleveland, the Chicago-
Calumet Region, and the Green Bay area.
The point source, 24 hour studies is not the only
field work done by the District Offices, but it is
the most crucial since it is aimed at supporting
enforcement efforts. Other work includes routine
surveillance and oil spill response. Says Illinois
District Office Director Leo Townsend, "We have run
20 point source overnighters, since September of
1971, 37 is the goal by the end of June."
"Twenty six hour effluent and intake testing can take
place any time of year," says Indiana District Director
Max Noecker,"but our water quality surveillance work
has to be done mostly in warm months because in win-
ter biological conditions are slowed down and stream
flow is high leading to results that do not truly
indicate the severity of water pollution."
Oldtimers at Region V remember back to an earlier
time when the main job of the district offices was
basin planning. The State pollution agencies in
the regional have assumed that job and its out to
the boats for EPA's men on the go.
Fred Fuller, above, Supervisory Chemist for the Illinois
District Office, views a sample under the microscope.
Below, James Adams, jr. works with cultures in the
INDO lab.
James Pappas of the Illinois District Office prepares
to take some aerial pollution shots from a helicopter.
LIST OF PARAMETERS: pH, Alkalinity, Acidity, Biochemi-
cal Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
Chlorides, Sulfate, Amonia Nitrogen, Nitrites, Nitrates,
Nitrogen, Organic Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, Total
Iron, Phenol, Oil and Grease, Cyanide, Silicate, Alumi-
num, Turbidity, Suspended Solids, Dissolved Solids, Con-
ductivity, Cadmium, Copper, Potassium, Total Chromium,
Manganese, Lead, Nickel, Arsenic, Zinc, Sodium, Mercury,
Vanadium, Flouride, Calcium, Methylene Blue Active Sub-
stances (MBAS) , Magnesium, Boron, Tin, Oil Identifica-
tion, Soluble Phosphorus, Total Organic Carbon, Lindane,
Heptachlor, Aldrin.Heptachlor Epoxide, Methoxychlor,
Dieldrin, Endrin, o -p-DDE, p-p-DDE, o-p-DDE, p-p-DDT,
o-p-DDT, PCBs Arochlor 1242, PCBs Arochlor 1248,
PCBs Arochlor 1254, PCBs Arochlor 12bO, Carbon Filters,
Total Coliform, Fecal Streptococci, Fecal Coliform.
-------
Project Hypo
A report on Project Hypo is expected
to be published on February 29. The
report, a summary of limnological data
gathered by a joint U.S.-Canadian sci-
entific team during the summer of 1970,
concludes that in the central basin of
Lake Erie, the cold water layer near
the bottom (hypolimnion) becomes devoid
completely of oxygen creating septic or
stagnant conditions. The report notes
that phosphorus imput to the lake must
be reduced immediately. If this is
done a quick improvement can be expected
in the conditions of the lake. The re-
port is obtainable through Curtis Ross
of the Environmental Protection Agency's
Ohio Office, 21929 Lorain Road, Fair-
view Park, Ohio 44126.
Diver's hand skims up algae growing on the floor of Lake Erie 80 feet
down during the joint American-Canadian study of pollution. Scientists
found that the lake is becoming"self-polluting" in the summertime.
Solid Waste Grants
Francis T. Mayo, Midwest Regional Administrator for
Region V, EPA, recently approved solid waste management
planning grants for Illinois, Minnesota, and Michigan.
The purpose of the grants is to provide EPA support to
state pollution control agencies in setting up effective
programs to deal with their solid waste problems. Al-
though solid waste management planning grants are a-
warded for a specific year they are often part of multi-
year programs.
The state of Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
was awarded $148,899 as the first payment of a two
year plan. The total cost of the Illinois project
should be about $500,000. Whether Illinois will re-
ceive an estimated $90,000 next year will depend on
its performance this year.
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency will receive
$76,827 in 1972 as its fourth, yearly installment.
Although Minnesota has completed its general state-
wide solid management plan, this year's grant will be
used to supplement the state plan by studying the pos-
sibilities for controlling feed lot wastes and to de-
velop solid waste manpower-development plans. Minnesota
has also completed, with the help of an EPA grant, a
plan to deal with the problem of junk cars. The state
has passed enabling legislation to help them implement
junk car legislation.
A grant of $67,384 has been awarded to the Michigan De-
partment of Public Health for the present year. This
should enable the state to finally complete its four
year plan. It should also provide funds which can be
used in updating and expanding their earlier plan for
the Detroit area.
continued from page 3
the estimated profits from the wastes are not suffi-
cient to recover the entire cost of the facility, the
amortizable basis of the facility will be reduced in
accordance with Treasury Department regulations.
It is the responsibility of the Regional Offices to
notify the Treasury Department when marketable by-
products are recovered by the facility. Notification
will be included in EPA's certification form.
Estimated profits do not include any savings to the
taxpayer by reason of his reuse or recycling of
wastes or other items recovered in connection with
the operation of the plan or other property served
by the treatment facility.
The Region V Public Report is
a monthly publication of the
Environmental Protection Agen-
cy's Region V Public Affairs
Office, edited by Frank Corrado
with assistance from Ann Hooe,
Helen Starr, Bill Omohundro,
and Mary Canavan. This pub-
lication welcomes suggestions
and newsworthy items. The
deadline is the 25th of the
month prior to the month of
publication.
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, One North Wacker Dr.,
Chicago, Illinois 60606
10
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good news:
The city council of River Rouge, Michigan, has
established a $100 reward for information leading
to the conviction of anyone dumping oil in the
city's sewer catch basins. The action came after
an oil slick was spotted in the Rouge River near
the discharge line from the city's pumping station.
Accidents like this cost the city thousands of dollars.
The dumping was done by either a driver of a tanker
truck or was an industrial accident.
Less than a year ago, the effluents discharged by
the Great Lakes Plating Corporation in Muskegon,
Michigan, more than doubled the city pollution
limits. Now, seven goldfish have become a mea-
sure of pollution control at the company. The
fish have made their home in a 25-gallon aquar-
ium set up in the plant and filled with water
now being discharged in the plating procedure.
According to Roger Ferris, the corporation vice
president and plant manager, the fish "are doing
just fine". Through the use of control valves
and a general tightening up through the plant,
water usage has been cut from 150,000 gallons
a day to 40,000 gallons a day. The company also
installed a 38,000-gallon tank to catch chemical
leakage and prevent it from entering any sewer
lines.
Detroit--The Peerless Division of American Cement Com-
pany has made substantial progress in solving pollution
problems. The problems had caused the neighborhood
of Delray to ask for court action. Steps being taken
by the company include:
-Enclosure of all elevated conveyors between plant
buildings to prevent accidental escape of gas.
-Pairing and regular sweeping of open areas to minimize
wind blown dust.
-Washing or hand-brushing of trucks when they leave the
plant.
-Hiring a nationally known firm consultant to help re-
duce the noise from an electrostatic precipitator in
the kiln stack.
-Studying routes which would keep trucks off residen-
tial streets.
The company has already settled many damage claims re-
sulting from its operations.
Gilbert Pugliese, a Cleveland steel worker who refused
to dump wastes into the Auphoga River, was suspended
by Jones and Laughlin last summer. He is now being
honored by an award from Gov. Gilligan. He is among
14 Ohioans chosen for Governor's Awards for outstand-
ing service. Gloria Steinem , formerly of Toledo,
Wo men's rights activist and editor of the new Ms.
Magazine, was also chosen for an award.
Hurley, Wisconsin—The district director of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency has listed a timetable
for pollution abatement of the Montreal River for the
city of Hurley. The city is under a 180 day time limit,
with March 28 as the deadline, to stop polluting the
river with city sewage. Louis J. Breimhurst, head of
EPA's District Office for that area, warned city offici-
als that failure to submit an approved abatement sched-
ule to EPA within the 180 day period could result in
referral of the city to U.S. Department of Justice for
prosecution under the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act.
The Cleveland Trust Bank is waging a war on sign pol-
lution. Their project is to clean up visual pollution
by replacing signs at eighty branch banks with ones
that are smaller and more visually attractive. The
bank has eliminated 189 signs and 134 billboards as
well as several mammoth displays. Many people were
startled to learn that the Cleveland Trust wanted to
put up smaller signs rather than obtain permission
for larger ones. The face lift is costing the bank
$371,000 and is being done to improve the appearance
of branch offices. According to Robert F. Miller,
the bank's marketing vice president, all the bank
really needed was a modest statement of "what bank
we are and how to get in-and-out of the auto teller
and parking lot."
Dayton and Lebanon, Ohio have been selected by the
National Cleanup, Paint-up fix-up Bureau as two of
the nation's 30 most environmental-minded cities in
1971. The awards are made on a basis of what the
cities accomplished last year in terms of voluntarily
improving their environment.
Industry throughout Michigan has started paying for
state investigators to keep a close watch on what's
being dumped into the state's waterways. The pay-
ments are part of a pioneering program that other
states are expected to copy in monitoring discharges
to help pinpoint pollution problems.
Some 1,000 firms will have to pay fees for state
inspections.
11
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Region V Public Report
4PRIL 19'2
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MAYO
PRESIDENT NIXON'S
ENVIRONMENTAL
MESSAGE
In his 1971 environmental message, President ;;ixon
sent to the Congress a comprehensive program de-
signed to clean up the problems of the past and to
deal with emerging problems before they become
critical.
These problems included: regulation of toxic sub-
stances, comprehensive improvement in pesticide
control authority, noise control, preservation of
historic buildings, and power plant siting.
Also regulation of environmental effects of surface
and underground mining, ocean dumping regulation,
more effective control of water pollution through a
greatly expanded waste treatment grant program and
strengthened standard-setting and enforcement au-
thorities, a National Land 1,'se Policy Act, substan-
tial expansion of the wilderness system, and ex-
panded international cooperation.
To date, most of the legislation on this list lias
been the subject of congressional hearings; most of
it has attracted heartening interest and support;
but none of it iias yet received final congressional
action.
In his 1972 environmental message which went to
Congress in early February, the President outlined
a plan for building on the base established in his
1971 message.
In the area of pollution control, he recommended a
Toxic Wastes Disposal Control Act, legislation to
control sediment from construction activities, an
emissions charge to reduce sulfur oxide air pollu-
tion, and clean energy research and energy conser-
vation measures.
In technology control, he called for integrated pest
management, stepped-up research on noise control,
and stepped-up research on air pollution effects and
measurement.
For land use improvement, expansion and strengthening
of the National Land Use Policy Act, and protection
of the wetlands were recommended.
To protect our national heritage, President '!i:;on
asked for a ban on use of poisons for predator
control on public lands, a stronger law to protect
endangered species of wildlife, A Big Cypress Na-
tional Fresh Hater Reserve, national Recreation
Areas around New York i.arbor and the Golden Gate.
Also, conversion of 20 additional Federal properties
to recreational use, 13 new Wilderness Areas, and
regulation of off-road vehicles on Federal lands.
Regarding expansion of international cooperation on
the environment, he recommended establishment of a
Jnitea nations Fund for the Environment and further
measures to control marine pollution.
In addition to recommended legislation for the pro-
tection of children fror. lead-based paint, President
Nixon also called for measures to enlist the young
in environmental action, including the President's
Environmental Merit Awards Program for high schools
in which EPA is involved, and youth opportunities in
the Department of Agriculture Field Scout Program.
CALENDAR
MINNESOTA-WISCONSIN DISTRICT OFFICE
April 25 The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
has scheduled a public hearing at 10:00
AM at the State Board of Health Building
to consider testimony on a permit appli-
cation by Northern States Power Company
for the proposed Sherburne County Generating
Plant.
May 8 The monthly board meeting of the Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency will be held at
9:00 AM at the State Board of Health Build-
ing.
May 10 Mr. James Conlon, Region V, Chicago, will
speak at the Annual Meeting of North Central
States Association of Food and Drug Officials
at 8:00 AM at the St. Paul Hilton Hotel.
OHIO DISTRICT OFFICE
April 18-20 OH110 staff members, Dr. Clyde Marion, Arthur
Gedeon, and Donald Shaulis will participate
in "Environmental Crisis Week" at Olmsted
Falls Middle School.
April 28 Wayne Wilco.x and Gary Amendola, OHDO staff
members, will be guest speakers at the meet-
ing of the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers at Cleveland State University.
MICHIGAN DISTRICT OFFICE
April 20-21 Michigan Water Resources Meeting in Lansing.
May 18-19 Michigan Water Resources Meeting in Kalamazo
please turn to pagelS
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Region V Officials Play Key Role In Chlorine Barge Incident
Some 640 tons of liquid chlorine have been removed
without incident from a barge which accidentally
wedged against the McAlpine Dam four miles north of
Louisville, Ky., on the Ohio River early Sunday,
March 19, when a towboat apparently went aground in
a. predawn fog.
At least 17 Region V officials took part in the
massive cooperative effort by Federal, State and
local officials and representatives of the chemical
industry to remove the deadly chlorine from four
tanks on the barge.
Liquid chlorine turns to gas when exposed to the
atmosphere and since the prevailing winds might have
wafted the suffocating vapors over Louisville, over
4,000 residents of the city were evacuated Easter
weekend when the tricky chlorine removal was begun.
All of the detectors were manned and operated until
April 3 when the chlorine barge was fully secured by
a catamaran owned by Capt. John Beatty of Cincinnati
who has the Corps of Engineers salvage contract for
the operation.
Capt. Beatty stabilized the barge by straddling it
with his twin-hulled catamaran and running 1 1/4-inch
cable straps under one end of the barge, and then
hoisting it and further wedging it against the dam.
Meanwhile, Beatty's catamaran was secured, providing
a steady platform.
"Thereafter," Bowden pointed out, "during the chlorine
offloading operation to tanks on another barge, all
stations were maintained in operable condition but
only those at the site and the stations downwind from
the barge were fully manned."
MAYO VISITS SCENE; APPOINTS
Region V Administrator Francis T. Mayo visited the
scene March 29 and, following an inspection of the
barge site, named EPA Monitoring Section Chief
Robert Bowden to head the agency's on-scene activ-
ities.
"EPA was responsible for the protection of the air
and water in the vicinity," said Bowden. "In view
of the major threat to human life that a discharge
to the atmosphere would have created, the water
quality aspects of the situation were considered to
be secondary until the threat to the atmosphere was
eliminated. "
Bowden said EPA's response consisted of four precau-
tionary measures: an air monitoring program to
detect chlorine and local wind direction, a water
monitoring program to detect chlorine leaks to the
river, a water screen above the barge to provide a
degree of protection to the salvage crew and to
reduce the effect of a major spill, and a meteoro-
logical evaluation team to advise the Coast Guard
and Civil Defense officials of predicted chlorine
cloud strength and direction.
"The air monitoring program," he said, "initially
consisted of four chlorine detectors and three wind
direction and velocity instruments."
ENTIRE FFFORT
BY N'TXON! RFPRFSFNTATTVF
W. C. McMillen, Director of Region IV of the U.S.
Office of Emergency Preparedness based in Atlanta, who
acted as coordinating officer of Federal agencies and
as a representative of President Nixon on the scene,
praised the entire effort.
"I think it was a real fine team effort on the part
of everyone," he said. "It was an across-the-board
job. It was a tremendous effort."
"We got excellent support from the news media," he
added. "They played it in a low key and kept the
public informed of what was happening."
Bob Bowden (right)
was placed in charge
of the Louisville
operation. Also
present from Re-
gion V were: Ber-
nie Beecham, AP;
Richard Sununey s
Russell Die fen-
bach , SA; Robert
Suzuki, AW; Mary
Canavan s Helen
Starr, PA.
A barge carrying chlorine gas
balances precariously on the
A.'c Aloine Dam near Louisville,
Kentucky. Over 4,000 residents
were evacuated when the removal
of the gas beqan over Easter
weekend.
-------
Anatomy Of A Cleanup:
In December of 1971 the GHR Iron Foundry of Dayton,
Ohio turned on its new "bag house" and cleaned up the
air of North Dayton.
The bag house--a highly efficient method of reducing
air pollution by removing particulate matter from
iron foundry emissions—brought relief to residents
of North Dayton after years of discomfort living with
the reddisn-'b'range iron-oxide dust emitted from the
GHR stack.
The GHR foundry has long been a part of Dayton--in
1866 it began production of iron products and today
its employees produce refrigerator and auto products
for firms such as Frigidaire and Ford. The grey iron
is produced by burning scrap iron, limestone, and
coke in a tall cylinder known as a cupola. An unwanted
by-product of the burning is a particulate-filled
smoke. Even 25 years ago GHR had no system for col-
lecting the particulates and instead spewed iron oxide
dust and fly ash into the Dayton air.
Twenty years ago GHR installed a wet cap in an attempt
to control its emissions, but according to Plant
Manager Ed Price, "At best we were not a good neighbor
to our community." Ten years ago GHR looked for a de-
pendable system and went to a mechanical separator
which did an 85% cleanup job and met the air pollution
codes of that era. "But," says Price with a laugh,
"the era didn't last that long."
"We were a real nuisance even with 85% efficiency,"
Price continued. He feels the problem was intensified
by the fact that the foundry is surrounded by resi-
dential neighborhoods"as wellas in close proximity
to~~3owntown uayton. 'In more recent years a major
interstate highway was built adjacent to the GHR
location, increasing the visibility of the emission
to all those who passed by.
Throughout these years citizens periodically attempt-
ed to pressure both GHR and the Health Board to clean-
up the smoke emissions primarily through letter
writing and petition-signing. But GHR continued to
rely on an 85% effective control method — allowing
iron oxide dust to fill the air and settle on resi-
dents' homes and yards. And while the County and
City Health Boards gave formal recognition to air
pollution problems such as GHR's, the attitude of the
times, according to Air Pollution Control Qffj^er '
Bill Auberle, was "Compliance and cleanup through
cooperation."
AIR POLLUTION STUDY AND NEW REGULATIONS
By the late 1960's air pollution was so obvious that
the Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission sug-
gested that a study be undertaken to determine just
what the status of air quality was in the Dayton
area. With financial support from the Federal gov-
ernment, the Commission, the City of Dayton and
Montgomery County cooperated in a joint study con-
ducted by Midwest Research of Kansas City in 1968.
The study came up with a list of polluters ranked
according to the amount of pollutants they were
emitting into Dayton's air. According to Dennis
Shere in the Dayton Daily News, "13 other industries
and commercial operations produced more particulate
tonnage [than GHR] and 10 others produced more hydro-
carbon tonnage over a year. GHR emitted 217 tons of
^articulates and 20 tons of hyTlrocarEons." So while
GHH was not the major polluter,its emissions were
nonetheless highly conspicuous and its problem was
well known from harsh criticism it had received in
the past from residents of North Dayton.
It is at this point — following the 1968 study—that
the essential factors composing the anatomy of a
c_lassic cleanup became apparent--the government,
press, citizens and industry each pursuing its"own ^
role.
The study caused a significant attitude change in
city hall, and air pollution control regulations and
enforcement apparatus were soon on the way for all
air polluters^—Jn the spring of 1970 two changes
occurred: <^First^ regulations and implementation
plans for air pollution by particulate matter became
effective; and ^ecorxLS'a joint city and county air
pollution control commission was established that
would report to the Health Board. A compliance
schedule was set for each polluter and the Air Pol-
lution Control Commission began work by asking each
company what it intended to do to comply with the
new regulations.
All of this came as no surprise to GHR, of course.
Even as early as 1968 the company had begun to inves-
tigate technical cleanup methods other than the me-
chanical separator system. But with mounting pressure
from the news media and the assurance" that regulations
would be forthcoming, GHR knew, according to Ed Price,
that "in time we would have to do something."
While they had a tentative program for pollution a-
batement, GHR management saw two problems in going
ahead with any plan before regulations were announced:
(1) Management wanted to know what the final guidelines
would be and what could be expected for the future; and
(2) GHR wanted to be assured that their competition in
the industry would also be required to spend money for
a similar cleanup, so that they would not be at a fi-
nancial disadvantage, It was inevitable, then, that in
April of 1970 GHR would come into "immediate noncompli-
ance," as Price put it.
After receiving formal notification of its noncompli-
ance from the air pollution commission, Auberle recalls
that GHR advised the commission that it had retained a
consultant and planned to get going —though not as
quickly as was expected. GHR was, however, gjran£ed_a
varianc.e (from the new standards) for one year—until
June, 1971. They hired a well-known foundry consultant
and began plans for a dry bag house. In the spring of
1971 GHR applied for an extended variance to January 31,
1972.
In order to grant an extension the Health Board was
required to hold public hearings if any public com-
plaint was received.
THE CITIZENS' ROLE
Marion Simmons^ President of the_Citj /gr. '?__n^3nAlr
Committee assured~"thaF a public hearing would be held
by working hard to encourage public interest. Citizens
became vocal in their opposition to an extension and '
to continuing~~emissions from the foundry.
please turn to page 6
-------
HOW CITIZENS AND TRESS
CAN WORK WITH GOVERNMENT
TO ACHIEVE CLEAN
INDUSTRIAL AIR
Right:
William Auberle, Stephen Miko-
laj, and William Burkhart of
the Air Pollution Control Sec-
tion of the Montgomery Co.
Health Department discuss GHR
cleanup plans.
Reporter .Jim Bland of the Day
ton Daily Newsreviews clips
of storiescovering the GHR
cleanup process.
1
Above: top- Marion Simmons,
President of the Citizens Clean
Air Committee, testifies at
the hearing on the extension
of the GHR variance, hottom-
"The Earth Avenger", Dayton's
former counterpart to "The
Fox" quietly posted this"tomb-
stone"
Left: Bob Galloway, GHR's Plant Engineer proudly observes the old GHR stack no longer emitting the offensive
iron-oxide dust.In front is the pipeline that takes the cool smokey gases to the bag house. Middle: On
December 15, when the bag house went into operation, GHR employees put a "happy face" on the new equipment and
press and citizens groups came in for an inspection! Right: Part of the new equipment--the auto-damper and
blower leading into the bag house at top left of photo.
-------
ANATOMY continued from page 4
"Much of the effectiveness of our organization came
from support received from the TB Association," Mrs.
Simmons explained. With a membership fee of only $2
the group was able to develop a broad, sound member-
ship base, with other organizations such as the League
of Woman Voters providing essential support.
Mrs. Simmons feels that the Citizen's Clean Air Com-
mittee "had an important part to play" in the cleanup,
but its role was "not just to be the thorn in the
side," but to educate people to understand what GHR
was doing. "GHR was cooperative; they were not trying
to buck the law," she went on.
In the role of educating the public, the citizen's
group first read through the air pollution control
files to learn the full background of the situation
and checked with engineering consultants to obtain
information on grey iron foundries. Then members
went through the North Dayton neighborhoods with
flyers informing residents they had a right to testify
at the hearing. Finally, the Citizen's Clean Air Com-
mittee itself testified and presented exhibits such
as dust buckets to the Health Board hearing.
While earlier attempts to get the community organized
had been unsuccessful, citizens turned out in force
for this June, 1971 hearing.
Despite the protests, the Health Board granted a var-
iance until December 15, 1971, as recommended by the
Air Pollution Control Commission. As Jim Bland of
the Daily News recalls, the Health Board wanted assur-
ance that there would be no further "foot dragging"
and issued an ultimatum with a threat to "padlock
the foundry" if the control equipment was not in use
by December 15.
GHR then moved quickly to complete installation of the
bag house and tested it on December 13, 1971, putting
it into full use by the deadline on December 15.
THE BAG HOUSE
The bag house derives its name from its structure--
soot and dust are removed from the gaseous smoke
through bags, similar to cloth vacuum cleaner bags,
which are hung in a large "house." From the cupola
the dirty smoke and gas flow into an afterburner sys-
tem which maintains a temperature of about 1500°F that
burns off oils and changes carbon monoxide into carbon
dioxide. The gases are then cooled to about 500°F as
they move through a water quencher. Finally a fan
pulls the gases into the bag house where they are
pushed through a total of 1080 glass fabric bags which
collect the particulates. The particulates are shaken
from the bags on a rotating basis and collected in a
hopper from which they are taken at the end of the day
to be used as landfill. GHR is currently studying the
possibility of using the collected particulates--which
form a very fine iron oxide dust--for recycling to
another industry such as the cement industry which
uses iron oxide in its processing. While plans and
installation of this $1.1 million system required a
lengthy time schedule, the result, according to Bill
Auberle, is a "first class system—about the best you
can have."
Throughout the planning and installation process, the
primary problem in the relationship of GHR to the pol-
lution controllers was "timing." Ed Price admits GHR
felt pressed throughout, but had "good weather, a good
consultant and good contractor cooperation on its side."
Bill Auberle concurs that the most difficult problem
was making GHR aware that the county was serious; but
"once they were aware we were serious, they didn't
drag their feet."
Both of the primary parties in the cleanup agree that
once they reached an initial agreement, their relations
were, as Bill Auberle said, "basically very amicable."
Auberle contends there was "cooperation throughout" and
Ed Price admits "we were working with a very good air
pollution control board."
Ed Price and Bob Galloway view GHR's cleanup with
some pride and tell of a supplier who was driving
towards the foundry after the bag house had been
installed. He noticed the absence of smoke emissions
from the stack, decided the foundry was not in opera-
tion that day, and did not stop. The same thing
happened again. The third time, the supplier decided
to stop to find out what had happened — the foundry was,
of course, in operation and the absence of smoke was
due to the new bag house. According to Galloway and
Price, GHR's parent company, Dayton Malleable Iron,
is so satisfied with the results of the bag house
method, that other divisions at other locations (which
at this time continue to be serious polluters) will
probably go ahead now with similar systems.
THE PRESS
While an analysis of the events leading to the cleanup
may make it sound easy, each participant worked hard
to achieve the final result. The Air Pollution Control
Commission and GHR each had to exert significant effort
to fulfill their roles. Throughout the entire process,
at least as early as the 1960's, the press played a
major role in keeping the issue of GHR's pollution
problem visible. They maintained constant coverage of
the status of the cleanup, published editorials on the
problem and finally did a story reflecting why nothing
had been done to achieve a cleanup—a story which Jim
Bland feels pushed the city and county on to the
tougher standards.
It appears that through the efforts of a great number
of people, one conspicuous pollution problem in one
city has been solved. Through public pressure from
citizens and the press, the governmental agency was
compelled to establish a law and an enforcement appa-
ratus which provided GHR the impetus to cleanup a
100-year-old pollution problem. The bag house—one
of the biggest in the world — functions efficiently in
removing particulate matter from the foundry's smoke--
and it should continue to function efficiently well
into the future.
This one story provides a classic example of how
citizens, together with the press, the government, and
industry can exert pressure to achieve a cleaner envi-
ronment .
-------
Standards Must Be Enforced
By Chris Potos
Region V Water Quality
Standards Coordinator
Reprinted from the
January, 1972, issue
of Water 6 Wastes
Engineering, Copy-
right 1972 by Dun-
Donnelley Publishing
Corporation..
The use of stream standards as a pollution control
device necessitates the allocation of a receiving
water's innate treatment capability to the various
polluting industries located on the watershed. How
are these allocations effected? Are allocations
based on pollution capability equitable? Are
allocations based on tax base equitable? Arc allo-
cations based on political contributions equitable?
Just what system of stream allocation for wastewater
treatment is fair?
As areas further develop and new industries locate
on a watershed, the industrial allocations must be
continually re-evaluated in light of the pollution
capability of each industry. As new industries
locate on a watershed, existing single discharges
must be diminished if stream standards are not to be
contravened. Without enforcement using effluent
standards as criteria, especially in highly indus-
trialized areas, the preservation of a specific
water quality would be most difficult, if not
impossible.
Effluent standards will provide the opportunity to
enhance water quality, that is, to reach a maximum
level of quality to protect uses for generations to
come rather than being satisfied with a marginal
quality that would inevitably result from relying
upon questionably enforceable stream standards.
Every instance of a federally issued ISO-day notice,
whether to a municipality or industry, has been
backed by a federal characterization of the pol-
luters effluent. In no case have water quality
standards been solely relied upon since the diffi-
culty of relating effluent cause and stream effect
in any succeeding court case is well recognized by
both the government and polluter alike.
On the basis of stream standards, nothing could have
been done to eliminate the discharge of mercury by
several industries in the U.S. and Canada because
mercury has very little solubility in water. In
fact, without some kind of mercury concentration,
most likely elemental or ionic mercury would never
be analytically detected in water. However, this
low solubility in water does not prevent mercury
from being biologically magnified through the food
chain, not only from the small quantities present in
water, but also from the much larger quantities sed-
imented in the bottom muds. At least one Lake Erie
basin industrial shutdown and one cease and desist
order by state regulatory agencies successfully
followed state and federal characterization of the
pertinent industrial discharges. Again based on
stream standards, the mercury discharge eliminations
could not have been realized.
Until recently, regulatory agencies have been con-
cerned with only the historical pollution parameters,
such as suspended solids, BOD, settleable solids,
and oil and grease, those parameters important prior
to our fantastic industrial growth and the subse-
quent profusion of countless new products and exotic,
refractory chemicals. However, the advent of the
mercury episode in the Lake Erie basin, the emphasis
has been changed to include toxic metals and syn-
thetic organic chemicals. Monitoring small amounts
of these materials in a receiving stream, especially
the synthetic organics, can almost be an impossible
task based on the sensitivity of the workable test
procedures now in existence. In many instances,
test procedures for specific chemicals are unknown,
and bioassay procedures must be resorted to in order
to determine toxic effects on aquatic life. In most
instances, routine wastewater treatment methods do
not remove these types of contaminants.
Since long-range effects are unknown (in some
instances teratogenic effects in humans have been
noted to result from ingestion of certain synthetic
organics) and since short-range effects relative to
toxicity are ever present, specific, severe effluent
standards must be required and enforced.
By setting effluent standards for certain parameters
and setting them stringently enough whereby only
certain treatment methods are capable of meeting
such standards (e.g., chemical precipitation, acti-
vated carbon treatnient, and ion exchange and perme-
able membrane procedures), other contaminants that
may not have received significance because of our
present state of knowledge will also be removed.
STREAM STANDARDS !!ARD TO ENFORCE
Based upon the Lake Huron input and the Lake Erie
western basin discharge to the central basin, the
western basin during the warming period is approx-
imately 2 degrees to 3 degrees above what is con-
sidered natural. Apparently there is now no natural
water temperature background for western Lake Erie
since all of it has been artificially raised to some
extent. The actual effect of a "single heat discharge
is almost immeasurable in the short range, especially
when considered against a precarious, artificially
raised background that changes depending upon air
temperature. It should be mentioned that as long as
the air temperature is warmer than that of the water,
little water heat will be lost to the ataosphere.
During the warming season then, Lake Erie is a trap
for all heat inputs.
If heat inputs are to be limited and the insidious
artificial increases of temperature tiiroughout any
body of water stopped, effluent standards must be
adopted and enforced by all concerned. This require-
ment will be even r.ore critical in the futura as our
population and power needs increase logarithmically,
since control of heat inputs through litigation
based on stream standards is now foreseen as being
highly unenforceable.
please turn to page 14
-------
Making The Great
A major objective in the fight to improve the envi-
ronment is international cooperation in pollution
control. A key step toward achieving this goal was
taken in Ottawa in mid-April when President Nixon
and Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau
signed an executive agreement for pollution control
in the Great Lakes.
The hard, detailed work of developing water quality
objectives for the agreement was done by a work
group made up of members from both countries. Two
Region V officials have played key roles on the work
group. Chairman of the U.S. delegation is Francis T.
Mayo, Region V Administrator. Carlysle Pemberton,
Great Lakes Coordinator for Region V is the second
U.S. representative.
The fact that the two Region V officials were charged
with major U.S. responsibilities in the development
of the executive agreement is testimony to Region Vs
job as environmental guardian of the Great Lakes;?
Pemberton, a 30-year veteran in the field of.water
resources who assumed his present post in ^arly
January after serving as chief of Region Vs Sur-
veillance and Analysis Division, said the big push
for the agreement began about a year aild a half ago
when the Canadian government requested high-level
consultation with the U.S. government to discuss
environmental quality problems in the Great Lakes.
"A joint U. S.-Canadian working committee Was appoin.£&d
to come up with some recommendations," i>embai>tOTl said.
As a result of the committee's recommendations, the
governments decided to negotiate an executive agree-
ment which would say what should":l>e done to control
pollution in the Great Lakes.
The agreement was finalized between the two countries
on March 31 and plans were made for the two chief
executives of the U.S. and Canada to sign it at their
meeting in Ottawa scheduled for April 13-15.
"We've spent a lot of time on this agreement in the
past two months," said Pemberton. "About a half dozen
meetings have been held since Jan. 5."
Pemberton said when the agreement was signed a new
phase began in U.S.-Canadian efforts to protect the
environment of the Great Lakes. "In future years,"
he said, "we're going to be judged by what we're
achieving in regard to the agreement."
The Great Lakes Coordinator said he expects to have
more contact with his counterparts in Canada in the
future. "The Canadians have developed an acute
awareness of the need to improve water quality in
our boundary waters," he said. "We get along well,
and I think we're going to make a lot of progress in
this whole area."
BETTER TOOLS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL
Basically, the agreement will provide the Interna-
tional Joint Commission (IJC) with better tools to
work with in studying and controlling pollution. The
IJC was set up following a 1909 treaty between the
U.S. and Canada regarding boundary waters between the
two countries.
Under the accord, both the United States and Canada
agreed to the adoption of common objectives, the
development and implementation of cooperative programs
and other measures, and the assignment of special
responsibilities and functions to the International
Joint Commission.
A number water quality objectives for the
of*%g Great Lakes S^tem were adopted.
"According to these ob^c,tives the?jpPB||s should be
free from such things as^^udge^^postfs, floating
-debris, oil, scum and othe^sHpSting myerials entering
the waters as a result of huliian activil!
sufficient to be unsightly or harmful.
n amounts
Also, the waters should be free from materia|| produc-
ing color, odor or other conditions in such
as to create a nuisance; substances in concentrations
that are toxic or harmful to human, animal or aquatic
life; nutrients entering the waters in caaeeatratifeBS^
that create nuisance growths of aquatj.^ Ueeds and /t
algae.,, ' ' *•'
Both parties agreed that watejf -quality standa*
-------
Lakes Great Again
The document contains a provision for an IJC Great
Lakes Water Quality Board and an IJC Research Advi-
sory Board to assist the IJC in overseeing cleanup
efforts and to gather technical information on which
to base future recommendations.
Membership on the Water Quality Board will include
representatives of all states bordering on the Great
Lakes, the province of Ontario, and the two Federal
governments. The Board will review and analyze both
water quality data and water pollution control pro-
grains and report to the Federal, State and Provincial
governments on problems that arise. They will keep a
watch on the jtmpj.enentation of the agreement.
Research Advisory $oard size and composition will
"ge determined by the IJCf The agreement recommends
that the membership of this fe«,ard come from Federal,
State and Provincial government '-a'^ncies and from
agencies, organizations and institutions involved in
Great Lakes research activities. -Further, it advises
consideration of individuals fro» the academic,
scientific and industrial commuaities-and the general;
public.
The IJC has no enforcement authority according to the
Boundary Waters Treaty. It only has authority to
investigate and advise. In the course of investi-
gations the Commission holds public hearings. Six
hearings were held in connection with the report on
Lakes Erie and Ontario. Hearings have been held at
Sault Ste. Marie aji Niagara Falls on pollution prob-
lems of the St. Marys River and Niagara River.
GF.NERAL ACTIVITIES OF THE IJC ADVISORY BOARP
The IJC \dvi?ory Board on pollution control in the
boundary svatfes normally reports twice a year to the
Commissi-bn on the status of pollution abatement activ-
ities. The report's; are made at regular IJC meetings
held iii Washington each April and in Ottawa in
October.
Regional Administrator Mayo chairs the U.S. Section of
which Pemberton is also a member. Conrad Kleveno of
the Region V itaff is a staff member responsible for
such things -is progress reports.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
The executive agreement serves to strengthen oi/er 60
years of cooperation between both countries in
•pollution studies and control in the Great Lakes.
;: to the U.S Canadian Boundary Waters
of 190Jjf,' ea'o'h, country pledged that it would not pol-
lute bvbundar^'.waters to the detriment of the health
or property of '"the other country. The new executive
agreement will strengthen that pledge and provide for
an efficient admiffistiation of the original 'agreement.
The first comprehensive leport on pollution of bound-
ary waters was issued by the IJC iji 1918 following"
investigations from 191j3 to 1916,'
Pollution problems have changed., materially ov&f the
period of study from 191-s to tfi'e present. T>|te 1913
investigations were almost solely concerned' with
bacterial pollution from domestic sewage, -ya reflect-
ion of the few muniULp U sewage treatment plants then
in existence. Industrial pollutants w£re not dis-
charged in sufficien|: quantities to seriously affect
water uses.
Mien the IJC has a problem to investigate it appoints
an advisory board. Members of the pollution control
board include EPA representatives as well as repre-
sentatives of state pollution control bodies.
The most recent study made by the board was on Lakes
Erie and Ontario produced in the fall of 1969. The
board now expects to be assigned a similar study
of the Upper Great Lakes.
"The executive agreement is going to give the IJC
considerably expanded responsibilities," Pemberton
pointed out. "The IJC will look at the programs of
both countries, gauging progress, and reporting back
to their respective governments."
"The report prepared for the spring meeting is more
detailed on surveillance activities of the previous
year," said Pemberton. "This is because most sur-
veillance activities are carried on in the spring,
summer and fall."
In addition to surveillance, each agency reports on
status of compliance with objectives of the Commis-
sion. Reports are made on municipalities and indus-
tries that are behind schedule in pollution abate-
ment .
"The report also includes data on oil spills, and
other significant pollution problems. Special re-
ports prepared by the board have covered mercury,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), oil and gas well
drilling, deep well disposal of wastes, dissolved
oxygen depletion in Lake Erie, and vessel waste,"
said Pemberton.
OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE GREAT LAKES
EPA has other responsibilities in the Great Lakes in
addition to those already mentioned. Other important
Region V activities include the administration of
Section 15 of the Water Pollution Control Act as well
as representation on the Great Lakes Basin Commission
and the Great Lakes Navigation Season Extension
Program.
(1) Section 15 of the Water Pollution Control
Act. Section 15 of the Water Pollution Control
Act authorized an expenditure of $20 million to
develop demonstration projects to show new methods
and techniques and to develop preliminary plans
for the elimination and control of pollution on
any part of the Great Lakes.
Region V has the responsibility for administering
the grant program which requires matching funds
of 25 percent. Ralph Christensen in Pemberton' <;
office is the Section 15 coordinator.
please turn to page 14
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JUDGE DECREES CLEVELAND REGIONAL SEWER DISTRICT
SOLUTION APPEARS NEAR IN CLEVELAND SEWER PROBLEM
In a judicial ruling which is apparently without prec-
edent, Ohio's Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Judge
George J. McMonagle has decreed the establishment of
a Cleveland Regional Sewer District (CRSD) for the
"protection of public health and safety."
In his ruling made April 4, Judge McMonagle ordered
the Board of Commissioners of Cuyahoga County, not
later than April 18, to authorize a petition which
the judge drew up for the establishment of CRSD and
to file the petition with the Clerk of the Cuyahoga
County Common Pleas Court.
In addition, he ordered the City of Cleveland to take
all steps to transfer all facilities and land owned
by its sewer system, including working capital, to
the newly formed CRSD in return for $29,869,250 to
be paid with annual interest at 5 1/4 percent for
25 years by the users residing in the Cleveland
suburbs.
The City of Cleveland and the suburbs included in the
ruling are subject to further orders of the Court and
are restrained from allowing any new or additional
pollution from either new, enlarged or converted
construction and operations. No sewer permits can be
issued, nor can any new sewer connections or exten-
sions be made.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PETITION
The petition drawn up by Judge McMonagle which must
be authorized by Cuyahoga County Commissioners and
submitted by them to his Court is binding on all
parties.
According to the petition, the CRSD will be operated
by a Board of Trustees and administered by a general
manager appointed by the Board.
The CRSD will plan, finance, construct, operate and
control all facilities. In order to avoid any delay,
the District will employ Cleveland to continue de-
tailed planning for the first four years if mutually
agreed.
The construction and financing of local collection
systems is the responsibility of the municipality
with the cost borne by the user. However, the CRSD
may participate in the financing of trunk sewers.
During the first four years or longer, if mutually
agreed upon, the District will employ Cleveland to
operate and maintain the system. If at any time the
City fails to operate the facilities in accordance
with standards imposed by State and Federal regulatory
agencies, the District may terminate the operating
agreement. The District will exercise overall control
through rules and regulations.
Cleveland will pay for presently planned interceptor
sewers that serve Cleveland, and the suburbs will pay
for those that serve the suburbs.
Rates will be determined by the Board of Trustees
which will consist of seven persons for five-year
terms, three members appointed by the Mayor of Cleve-
land, two by the Board of County Commissioners of
Cuyahoga County, and two by the Governor of Ohio.
RULING CAME A DAY AFTER EPA-HUD ACTION
On the eve of Judge McMonagle's ruling, the Regional
offices of EPA and the Department of Housing and
Urban Development, in a precedent setting action,
announced a new cooperative effort to alleviate the
serious water pollution problem in the Cleveland
area.
George J. Vavoulis, HUD Regional Administrator and
EPA Regional Administrator Francis Mayo announced
that effective immediately new restrictions were
being imposed on all applications for HUD funds in
the Cleveland metropolitan area.
In a letter of agreement dated March 29 and signed by
Charles F. Lucas, Director of HUD's Cleveland Insur-
ing Office and Fergus A. Theirbert, HUD Area Director,
stated, "We share your concern (EPA's) that residential
construction is contributing to impaction of sewage
treatment operations in Cleveland.
According to HUD, all applications for assistance will
be reviewed for their environmental impact and more
positive representations as to the upholding of envi-
ronmental principles will be required, particularly in
cases involving water and sewer projects.
HUD said it will be prepared to review these restric-
tions "when the community involved has demonstrated
a more positive direction toward meaningful progress
in relieving water pollution in Cleveland and Cuyahoga
County."
EPA Administrator Mayo said "This is the first time in
the nation that this kind of cooperative action has
been taken by Federal agencies to halt pollution. The
EPA-HUD agreement strictly follows the guidelines of
the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 which
requires cooperative efforts between Federal agencies
in halting pollution."
Mayo went on, "The inability of Cleveland and its
suburban sewer customers to come to a timely agreement
on a timely program for ending water pollution has
required this strong Federal action."
An EPA 180 day notice that Cleveland has been under
for pollution abatement expired June 7, 1971. The
Cleveland suburbs have been under a similar notice
which expired February 5, 1972.
"It is our sincere hope," said Mayo, "that the action
will impress upon the Cleveland metropolitan community
and upon the community's leaders the sense of urgency
which the Federal government attaches to a timely re-
solution of the Cleveland areas's pollution problems.
EPA FINANCES STUDY FOR AN OHIO ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM
Region V officials are hopeful about the outcome of
a pioneering, Federal-State organization and manpower
study for air, water and solid waste management pre-
sently underway in Ohio.
The EPA-financed study is being made by the Stanford
Research Institute of Menlo Park, California, at a
cost of $52,200. A project advisory group comprised
of EPA and Ohio officials will review and approve the
final report which is scheduled to be submitted in
mid-June.
next page
10
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continued from page 13
FEDERAL EXECUTIVE BOARD
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SEMINAR
On April 24, 25, 1972 the Chicago Federal Executive Board will hold a seminar on environmental im-
pact statements in the Assembly Room of the Sherman House hotel in Chicago. Purpose of the day long
meeting with governmental officials and citizens is to increase awareness and cooperation in the
preparation and commenting procedures involved in environmental impact statements. Registration is
open to anyone. There is a $2 registration fee. Below is a tentative agenda:
Introduction Francis T. Mayo, Chairman, Envi-
ronmental Comm. Chicago Federal
Executive Board
Welcome on behalf of the Federal Regional Council
Gov. Norman A. Erbe, Chairman
Federal Regional Council
9:00 History £, Significance of the National Environ-
mental Policy Act
Stephen Jellinek, Council on
Environmental Quality
The Impact Statement-Its Purpose and Importance
Sheldon Meyers, EPA
Coffee Break
Recent Court Decisions Concerning NEPA
Larry Cohen, Office of U.S. Attorney
11:00 The Role of the Office of Management 5 Budget in
the Implementation of the National Environmental
Policy Act
Charles Nelson, Office of Manage-
ment 5 Budget
9:35
10:10
10:25
11:30
12:00
1:30
Questions
Luncheon
PANEL DISCUSSION
Federal Agencies Preparing §
Reviewing EIS
Harry M. Major Moderator
(Chairman, Envir. Comm., FEB-
Twin Cities)
Gordon Hanson -COE Rico Conti-AEC
Lester Case -FAA Ed. Levin-HUD
Edwin P Holahan-FHWA
2:45 Coffee Break
3:00 PANEL DISCUSSION State and Local Governments that
are recipients of Federal Grants
for projects requiring EIS, and
interested public
James W. Cook-Moderator (Chairman,
Envir. Comm. FEB-Detroit)
Perry Miller Ind. Water Pollution
Control Board
G. Robert Adams Mich. Dept. of
State Highways
Thomas G. Frangos Wis. Dept of
Nat. Resources
H. Wallace Poston Commissioner,
City of Chicago
Dept. of Envir.
Control
Mrs. Lee Botts Lake Michigan Fed.
4:15 Open Discussion
4:45 Summary
continued from the previous page
Region V' <; Director of State Programs James Marth,
who is serving as project officer, said: "We have
a tremendous opportunity to help Ohio develop a. truly
comprehensive environmental protection program which
could serve as a model for other states lacking such
programs."
Marth said Ohio's present pollution control organi-
zation is fragmented and not as sophisticated as it
should be.
"As a result," he pointed out, "it has been very
difficult for the Ohio people to coordinate water
quality control, planning, and construction grant
activities."
He believes it is significant that both the Governor
and the Legislature in Ohio have acknowledged the
need for a maior reorganization and assessment of
what resources are needed to get the job done to
establish a healthy environment.
Basically, the Stanford firm has been directed to
recommend the most effective and efficient struc-
turing of a proposed state comprehensive environ-
mental protection unit, the manpower staffing
requirements for the environmental control program,
and a plan for implementing the recommendations
considering program priorities.
Diagnosis of the present situation and dialogue
concerning proposed changes is being accomplished
through four work groups led by a consultant and are
made up of both State and Federal representatives,
except for one group working on state objectives
which includes only State representatives.
The other three work groups will concentrate on
intergovernmental processes, manpower, and technical
operations.
The 20-week study will include a period of information
gathering, interviews, and alternatives discussion,
followed by development of a rough draft, review and
revision by State and Federal officials, and ending
with approval and printing of the final report.
After completion, the study will be submitted by EPA
to the State of Ohio for approval by the appropriate
officials. Ohio's staff coordinator for the study
is John May of the state's Department of Natural
Resources.
11
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EPA PROGRAM NOTES
THE YOUTH ADVISORY BOARD
Cincinnati, Ohio — Some form of direct communication
between active young ecologists and the federal gov-
ernment has existed for almost two years. Whether
the name was the Student Council on Pollution and
the Environment (SCOPE) or its present successor
organization the Youth Advisory Board (YAB), the
results have been about the same, small steps for
man, the giant leaps have as yet evaded us.
The Region V Youth Advisory Board is spread over six
large states with diverse environmental problems.
Currently there are seven volunteer members and this
reporter on the Board to handle these immense prob-
lems. And we are three members short, one from
northeast Ohio, one from southeast Indiana, and one
from south-central Illinois. If you live in one of
these areas and would like to become a YAB member
send an environmental resume1 to our chairman.
The entire purpose of the Youth Advisory Board pro-
gram is to make young people's voices heard where
the decisions are made, in Washington. An organi-
zation with seven volunteers and one part-time
employee cannot be expected to do the entire job.
We just scratch the surface, but we try. The success
of our program depends on the people who are reading
this newsletter and countless others who are con-
cerned about the environment but do not know what
they can do to change the situation.
The Region V YAB has been asked to give youth opin-
ion on several major environmental issues that face
our region. Most notable is the two month investi-
gation of voter quality standards around the
Youngstown, Ohio region. The findings of such
investigations are published in our monthly news-
letter that is free to interested citizens.
On other issues the Youth Advisory Board has initi-
ated its own action. YAB called upon the federal
government and the scientific community to fund and
provide more detailed information on the environ-
mental effects of the Navy's Project Sanguine in
Northern Wisconsin. We are currently drawing up
guidelines for urban ecology dealing with environ-
mental problems in the inner city. We want ideas
from young people to help resolve the problems that
local governments have not been able to settle.
The federal and local agencies have asked for YAB's
help. Now, YAB is asking for yours.
If your organization is doing something, let us
know, maybe we can help. If you have any ideas on
land use, nuclear power, environmental education,
the Alaska Pipeline, only to mention a few of the
topics the Board has under consideration, pass them
on to us. We will make sure that the voices and
ideas that you send to us are heard by the people
who make the decisions. That is our job. Your job
is to help us arrive at some suggestions, to supply
us with information, to take an activitist's role.
Speak your mind. Fulfill your environmental respon-
sibility. Write to us on a post card, a letter, or
stop by our offices at 1 North Wacker Drive in the
Public Affairs Office in Chicago or at SB-54 of the
National Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati.
Better yet give one of the Board members a phone
call. Their phone numbers and addresses are given
in the back of the newsletter. Get your name on the
mailing list.
Since we are an official EPA agency we have access
to the people, the resources, and the facilities of
the federal government. Our Board members are
either high school or college environmental acti-
vists. Let your voice or the voice of your organ-
ization have a greater effect outside its immediate
area. Help us gain strength with the top decision-
makers. Help us help the environment!
RESOURCE RECOVERY SYSTEMS PROPOSALS
The Office of Solid Waste Management Programs of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency administers a
demonstration grant program under authority of
Section 208 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965,
as amended by the Resource Recovery Act of 1970
(PL 91-512), for the purpose of demonstrating under
actual operating conditions, complete systems to
recover the resources in municipal solid wastes.
The Office is now interested in reviewing prepropos-
als to demonstrate the following types of systems:
1. Energy Recovery System—A demonstration of
a system which will convert a significant
portion of the energy value of municipal solid
wastes into heat, steam, electricity or some
form of marketable fuel.
2. Materials Recovery System--A demonstration
of a system that will extract from municipal
solid wastes significiant portions of its
various components for reuse.
Grant support will be given to design, construct and
evaluate, during a full year of normal operation,
complete, full-scale systems which can accomplish
the above objectives. Proposed systems must provide
results that will have general application to na-
tional community solid waste management problems.
Grants under this announcement, will only be made to
state, municipal, interstate, or intermunicipal
agencies, having the properly delegated authority
for solid waste disposal for the area to be served
12
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LOCAL AND NATIONAL
by the system. The Federal share may range up to a
maximum of 75 percent of the total cost of approved
projects.
Preproposals must be received no later than May 8,
1972. Applicants submitting preproposals which meet
the objectives, requirements, criteria, and Rules
and Regulations governing this announcement will be
invited to submit formal applications. Invitations
to submit formal applications will be made by
June 15, 1972, with a deadline for submittal of
formal applications of July 15, 1972.
A Preproposal Packet containing specific require-
ments and criteria, and instructions for submitting
may be obtained by written request to the following
address:
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
Attention: Processing and Disposal Div.
208 Preproposal Solicitation
5555 Ridge Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45268
'ihoraas's office is presently in the process of
laying out national programs for urban affairs
within EPA.
"The Chicago office is 3 bustling office," he
pointed out. "The people here appear to be ener-
getically trying to lesolve problems and e .pending
their energy in i_he rig.it direct ions."
Above: While visiting EPA's Chicago office, Carol Thomas
met with (from left) Charles Lewis, Ruth Sasaki, (Thomas),
Eva Howard, and Roland Cornelius.
CAROL THOMAS VISITS CHICAGO
Carol Thomas, Director of EPA's Office of Civil
Rights and Urban Affairs, visited Chicago recently
to get a feeling for what's being done by Region V
in Chicago in his area of responsibility.
"The Chicago Region is the busiest in hPA," Thomas
said, "and the problems here are witiioat a douot
sor.e of the most ticklish.1'
lie saia the problems are representative of any to be
found throughout the country in urban areas. "I am
interested in fi..ciny O-it lio'v the problems are being
solvcu, ' he noted.
Whi'e in Chicago, Thomas met with people in the
Regional Office, and with representatives of the
Urban League and Metropolitan Sanitation, lie said
his discussions were fruitful.
"To resolve urban problems you need points of view
of outside org:mizacions and of local city govern-
ment," he s;'id. "I t;ot a v'cr.v S.OOL' idep of soine of
the problems here and throughout the region as far
as urban afi'airs and civil rights a/e coicerned."
13
CITATION FOR REGION V
The Chicago Federal Executive Board recently present-
ed the EPA Region V Office with a citation for out-
standing participation in the 1972 Combined Federal
Campaign.
Deputy Regional Administrator Valdas Adamkus received
the award on behalf of the 185 employees who contrib-
uted more than $5,000.
On receiving the citation, Adamkus said: "The award
recognizes that more than 75 percent of the Regional
and Illinois District Office employees participated
in the campaign, giving at a rate of more than $20
per employee."
The citation is currently on display in the 10th
floor reception area of the Region V Office.
please turn to pa ye 11
-------
THE GREAT LAKES continued from page 9
Last fiscal year three grants were made to the
cities of Erie, Pa., and Cleveland, Ohio, and the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Erie
received its grant for the development of a
regional waste water management plan in a two-
city area. Michigan received a similar grant
for Southeast Michigan. A demonstration grant
went to Cleveland.
(2) Great Lakes Basin Commission. Mayo represents
EPA on the Great Lakes Basin Commission, with
Pemberton as his alternate. The Commission was
established by executive order in accordance with
the Water Resources Planning Act of 1965 which
authorized river basin commissions, including
the Great Lakes Basin.
The GLBC is made up of Federal agencies interested
in water resources planning and of representatives
from each of the states bordering the Great Lakes.
The Commission is responsible for planning for the
management of water and land resources in the
basin. The commission is working on a "framework
plan" for the Great Lakes Basin. This necessi-
tates a great many work groups and task forces to
handle the planning.
(3) Great Lakes Navigation Season Extension. A
Board of representatives made up of eight Federal
agencies and two commissions has agreed on a
program concept to demonstrate the practicability
of extending the navigation season on the Great
Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. Pemberton
represents EPA on the Board.
A three-year demonstration program was authorized
by the Congress in the River and Harbors Act of
1970.
The extended navigation program concept consists
of seven elements, each to be carried out by a
lead Federal agency.
EPA will be the lead agency for environmental
evaluation. Other elements and lead agency de-
signations are: ice information, National Weath-
er Service; ice navigation, U.S. Coast Guard; ice
engineering, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; ice
control, St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corpora-
tion; ice management in channels, locks and har-
bors, Corps of Engineers, and economic evaluation,
Corps of Engineers.
The budget for the three-year project is $6.5
million. Substantial funds have been set aside
for environmental evaluation. Chairman of the
Environmental Evaluation Work Group is Merle W.
Tellekson, head of Region V's Division of Sur-
veillance and Analysis. Other agencies included
in the Environmental Work Group are: Department
of the Interior, United States Coast Guard,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
U.S. Corps of Engineers, and Maritime Adminis-
tration.
STANDARDS continued from page 7
Until the present tine, the federal government has
been using what are in effect ''effluent" standards
with respect to dredging. Sediments standards based
on the quality of Erie nidlake sediments have been
developed, and these standards are being used in
determining the suitability of a harbor or navigable
channel dredged sediment for open lake dumping. At
present, the upgrading of those standards is in
process since it was determined that sediments 1 to
10 miles from shore were far less polluted than mid-
lake, except in the actual dump areas. The new
standards are being formulated to reflect the quality
of sediments in the cleaner areas of the lake. Based
upon receiving water standards and short-ten:, effects,
no sediments are now excluded from open lake dumping.
However, based upon federal sediment standards and
what are known to be adverse long-range effects,
most sediments are being denied open lake disposal.
i'v'ithout adoption and enforcement of effluent stand-
ards, there will be a continual and unnecessary
inferior quality of raw water for our municipal
water supplies.
The chemical cost of treating water for public con-
sumption has steadily increased for the past 25
years, especially at the smaller water services. As
an example, based upon Federal calculations, the
chemical cost of treating water at Lorain, Ohio, a
better water source than most on Lake Erie since the
intake is located comparatively high off the lake
bottom, has increased fror.; :?2.00 per million gallons
in 1946 to ¥^-00 per million gallons in 1966 a
four-fold increase in 20 years and attributable to
water quality deterioration. The federal calculations
were based on 1946 dollars and consequently exclude
inflation of chemical costs, wages, and fringe bene-
fits. The cost of fluoridation chemicals is also
excluded since fluoridation is a public health measure
not necessary for producing a potable water.
It has long been recognized by air pollution control
agencies throughout the country that emission stand-
ards are an absolute necessity if a specific ambient
air quality is to be maintained or enhanced. Al-
though not as critical in a public health sense with
water resources, since treatment is provided prior to
public consumption, it must be realized that to
arrive at a desired end, comparable measures need to
be taken in all phases of environmental control.
In some instances closer regulation of a water envi-
ronment is more necessary than the same regulation
for air, since whereas routine meteorological dis-
turbances can only improve an air pollution episode,
oftentimes the opposite is true with respect to
water pollution.
14
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continued from page 2
CLEVELAND
May 17
LOUISVILLE
April 20-21
WASHINGTON, D.C.
May 11 and May 12
The Third Annual "Engineering
Your Environment" Conference
of the Cleveland Engineering
Society will be held at
3100 Chester Ave. Detailed
programs for the all day
program may be obtained from
the Society at the above
address.
The Second Annual Environmental
Engineering and Science Confer-
ence sponsored by the Speed
Scientific School of the U. of
L_._ will be held at the Holiday
Inn, Brownsboro NE, 4805 Browns-
boro Rd., Louisville, Ky.
Registration is $40.00 and
covers all sessions and meals.
The International Association
for Pollution Control will
present its second "Pollution
and Marine Industry" Conference
at the Shoreham Hotel. Cost
for the Conference is $65.00
for non-members and $55.00 for
members. Contact Thomas F. P
Sullivan, Pres. IAPC, 4733
Bethesda Ave., Bethesda, Md.
20014, Suite 303. Telephone
(301) 657-2922.
CHICAGO
April 26
SPRINGFIELD
April 17, IS, 19
MICHIGAN
April 26,27
Pollution control experts in
government, industry and edu-
cation will gather in Chicago
for the Control of Industrial
Wastes Seminar II sponsored by
the Midwest Chapter of the
Filtration Society of England.
The Svithiod Singing Club,
624 W. Wrightwood Avenue, is
the site for the day-long
meeting which will include 48
manufacturers' exhibits of the
latest in environmental-control
equipment.
The 37th Annual Sewage Works
Operator's Conference will be
held at the Holiday Inn, East,
Springfield. Theme for this
year will be "Operation Con-
trol—Present and Future."
The Michigan Department of
Commerce Office of Economic
Expansion will present a
"Symposium on Waste Water
Treatment Management and the
Role of the States." All
sessions will be held in the
Ampitheater, University of
Michigan. For further infor-
mation contact: The U. of
Michigan Extension Service,
412 Maynard St., Ann Arbor,
MI, 48104. Telephone: 313-
764-5304.
QUESTIONNAIRE
We sincerely want this public report to cross the gap between "public"
and "government." Help us. Answer these questions and mail them back
to us.
What
's the major environmental problem facing us here in the Midwest1:
Do you believe the Federal government is accomplishing its goal of
pollution cleanup here in the Midwest?
yes
no
comment
What more should it be doing?
How do you see your role in cleanup.
15
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good news:
Detroit Edison says environmental studies will play
a role in its selection of sites for a long-range,
nuclear power plan to provide reliable electric
service for Southeastern Michigan which it announced
in early April.
In making the announcement, Edison Executive Vice-
President for Production Harold C. Reasoner said:
"In planning our expansion program we are determined
that our new projects will not be 'just power plants,'
but rather, parts of total environmental plans which
provide for wildlife refuges, nature trails and envi-
ronmental education."
He said carrying out these plans will show that
modern technology can accomplish in providing elec-
tric generating facilities that enhance the environ-
ment in which they are located.
"In planning our nuclear future," he said, "we are
not, by any means, locked into an unalterable course.
Our program is a very flexible one that will permit
us to make adjustments from time to time should there
be a change in our load forecasts or should we find
ourselves faced with a serious financing, engineering
or licensing problem along the way."
The plan calls for the construction of a 1,150,000-
kilowatt unit on the site of the Enrico Fermi Atomic
Power Plant near Monroe and two 1,150,000-kilowatt
units at the new Greenwood Energy Center in north-
central St. Clair County. The projected cost of the
nuclear units is in excess of a billion dollars.
Detroit Edison President William G. Meese said the
plants will meet U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and
EPA standards. "We realize," he said, "that changing
economic and social factors could cause modifications
or deletions in this program, but feel that such long
range plans should be disclosed to the public at the
earliest possible moment."
FROM: Public Affairs
One North Wacker Drive
Eighth Floor
Chicago, Illinois
60606
TO:
The projects will have on-site, closed-cycle cooling
systems designed to prevent the release of heat to
nearby lakes or rivers. This will be accomplished
through the use of cooling towers, ponds or spray
canals.
According to present plans, cooling water requirements
for two of the nuclear units will be supplied from a
120-foot-wide, 21,000-foot-long canal equipped with
spray-cooling nozzles and recirculation facilities.
Fnvironmental protection and enhancement is an important consideration
in designing and building the new nuclear facilities on the Enrico Fermi
Atomic Power Plant site. Site development plans provide for a wildlife
refuge, nature trails and the construction of j science education building,
the small structure shown in the center of this artist's aerial view.
Drawing also shows the large building that will house the Fermi 2 and 3
units (left foreground) and the three cooling towers.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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Region V Public Report
MAY 1972
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MAYO
bv William Omohundro
Region V was recently honored by the appointment of its
Administrator, Francis T. Mayo, as co-chairman of the
U.S.-Canadian International Joint Commission (IJC)
Great Lakes Water Quality Board being established under
the terms of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
which was signed on April 15 in Ottawa by President
Nixon and Prime Minister Trudeau.
Mayo will serve as co-chairman with Dr. Alan T. Prince,
Director General of the Inland Waters Directorate of the
Canadian Department of the Environment.
The announcement was made earlier this month by the IJC
which, at the same time, announced that the 18-man
Board will be set up at an early date with an equal
number of members from each country, including repre-
sentation from each of the Great Lakes States and Pro-
vinces. The Commission hopes to have its first meeting
with the Board in mid-July.
The IJC, established following a 1909 boundary waters
treaty between the U.S. and Canada, has been given gen-
eral and specific responsibilities under the terms of
the new agreement to serve in a "watch dog" role to mon-
itor progress in pollution control programs agreed to by
both countries in the pact and to serve as a focal point
in coordinating the efforts of the two countries to
clean up and protect the water quality of the Great
Lakes.
The agreement requires establishment of the Great Lakes
Water Quality Board to assist and advise the Commission
"in the exercise of the powers and responsibilities
assigned to it" under the agreement.
Both Mayo and Dr. Prince have been serving as co-chair-
men of four IJC Water Pollution Advisory Boards which
will be discontinued with the establishment of the
Great Lakes Water Quality Board.
As Administrator of EPA's Region V Mayo directs the
Federal program in air and water pollution control,
noise abatement, solid waste disposal, pesticides and
radiation regulation in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio and Wisconsin.
A civil engineering graduate of the University of Utah,
Mayo has worked in water resources and water pollution
control since 1950. He served with the U.S. Geological
Survey, the State of Utah water resource Division, and
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
(FWPCA).
Before coming to Chicago, he served in Washington as
Director of FWPCA's Division Planning and Interagency
Program. Preceding that he was Director of the Region-
al Enforcement Program of the FWPCA in San Francisco.
THE PRESIDENT'S ENVIRONMENTAL MERIT AWARDS
Eleven high school environmental projects in Region V
recently received awards for environmental excellence
as part of the President's Environmental Merit Award:
Program. These projects were among the first fifty
nationwide to receive such recognition.
The President's Environmental Merit Awards Program was
established to recognize the achievements of high
school students who have made constructive environ-
mental contributions during the school year. Accord-
ing to EPA Administrator, William D. Ruckelshaus, "The
President feels that young people make up the vanguard
of the population most concerned with environmental
renewal. He feels that young people can be an extraor-
dinarily capable force for improving the quality of
life in America, and that such service must not go
unrecognized or be dismissed with a mere 'thank you'."
Because the program is designed to provide national
recognition to community related projects, the eval-
uation of the projects and programs took place at the
local level. Projects were judged on the basis of
service in the fields of educational achievement,
environmental awareness, community service and public
affairs. However, the major premise used in judging
the merits of all of the projects was the constructive
contribution they made to improve the local quality of
life.
One of the winners in Region V, Oak Park and River
Forest High School, was selected to represent the
Midwest at the Presidential Merit Awards Ceremony in
Washington, D.C. on April 12. During the program
they received recognition for their project entitled,
"Pollution Control Center", please turn to page!4
Far left: Richard Winkle-
hoffer of the Ohio District
Office presents the Presi-
dential Merit Award to stu-
dents from Cleveland. Left:
The Award.
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Left: Marsan Corp. demonstrates straw spreading technique for oil cleanup. Center: Participants in course
water demonstrations. Right: Raking oil-saturated straw off water. Upper left corner of photo bubbles from
air barrier, as well as the floating barrier are visible.
Oil Spills In The Midwest: A Serious Problem
Over 25,815 barrels of oil from 528 accidental oil
spills have polluted the waters of the six midwestem
states (111, Ind, Wis, Mich, Minn, Ohio) since July,
1971.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released these
figures in connection with an oil pollution control
course designed to encourage prevention of spills as
well as development of effective countermeasures in the
event that spills occur. The course was held in Chicago
during the first week of May.
Francis T. Mayo, EPA's Midwest Regional Administrator,
reported that 250 of the 528 oil spills occurred since
January 1, 1972. About 145 of the spills have taken
place in the Chicago-Northern Indiana industrial complex.
"This number of spills presents a very serious problem,"
said Mayo. "And the actual number is much higher than
indicated by these figures. Oil spills can be included
in our records only when they are reported to EPA or
the Coast Guard. Some remain unnoticed or unreported
and are never cleaned up. Some reported spills involve
unknown quantities and therefore cannot be included in
the totals."
The greatest number of oil spills in the Midwest have
occurred in the Chicago-Northern Indiana metropolitan
area, the area covered by the Illinois District Office
of EPA, explained Chester Marcyn of the Office of Oil
and Hazardous Materials during the first day of the
course. The 145 spills have resulted in at least 5510
barrels of oil entering the waterways, primarily from
oil tanks. The smallest number of spills reported were
from the Minnesota and Northern Wisconsin area where
3100 barrels were reported spilled in 60 incidents.
The greatest volume of spillage occurred in southern
Illinois and Indiana, the area serviced by EPA's
Indiana District Office in Evansville. At least 7591
barrels of oil have been spilled in 97 incidents.
Throughout the Midwest region the greatest number of
spills occurred in pipeline transport of oil.
The Oil Pollution Control Course was designed not only
to encourage prevention of spills but to provide tech-
nical and legal information on how to comply with the
relatively new oil pollution control requirements of
the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970. Federal
law requires that all spills be reported immediately
by the responsible party upon discovery. Under the
1970 Act, a fine of up to $10,000 for each incident
can be imposed on anyone responsible for a spill or
discharge of oil on navigable waters, who knowingly
fails to notify the appropriate Federal Agency as soon
as the spill is discovered.
EPA received the mandate to share with other government
agencies the implementation of oil pollution control
requirements of Section II of the Water Quality Im-
provement Act under Executive Order 11548. EPA is
responsible for cleanup and enforcement for inland
waters; and the Coast Guard, for Great Lakes waters,
coastal waters, and high seas.
According to Bob Bowden, Chief of the Regional Office
of Oil and Hazardous Materials, each EPA District
Office has an Oil Spill Coordinator who responds to
as many oil spills as possible. In the case of large
spills, Regional and National Response Teams are
available to assist in and direct containment and
cleanup activities.
At the present time several types of cleanup methods
are in use.
The Chicago Metropolitan Sanitary District in connec-
tion with Shell Oil demonstrated several available
countermeasures on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship canal
on the final day of the three-day course. Shell Oil
employs an air barrier (nicknamed a "bubbler") in the
event of a spill at its transfer terminal. The air
barrier relies on the formation of bubbles on the water
surface as air is forced upward from the bottom of the
channel through holes in a pipeline. The pipeline is
permanently fixed at a 45° angle across the channel.
The spilled oil is directed to the apex of the angle
formed by the barrier from which it can then be
cleaned off the water. Following demonstration of
the air barrier the Metropolitan Sanitary District
Oil pollution pick up barge moved into position to
cleanup the imaginary oil that had been forced into
the restricted area. To further restrict the movement
and spreading of the oil, MDS experts were released
with a small boat onto the canal where they affixed a
plastic floating barrier between the shore and the air
barrier bubbles to form a complete enclosure for the
"oil." The Marsa Corporation then demonstrated use of
a straw spreader which "spits" straw into the air and
onto the oil in the water. The oil is adsorbed and
then raked to the shore with large metal rakes.
Following cleanup of an actual spill, enforcement
action may be taken. Since December, 1970 the EPA
Regional office has recommended prosecution of 19 oil
spill cases under the River and Harbors Act of 1899.
Such a prosecution could result in fines of up to
$2500 on each count. Other recommendations for court
or administrative action, including those under the
1970 Act, are originated by the Coast Guard.
please turn to page 14
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The Incomparable Lee Bolts
"Having lived in the Oklahoma dustbowl, I just haven't
gotten over the Lake," reflected Lee Botts, in her
bright blue office at the Lake Michigan Federation
Headquarters in Chicago. As Executive Secretary of the
Federation, Mrs. Botts has'been able to put her enthusi-
asm for the Lake to work.
The seeds of this love of the Lake were planted in the
panhandle of Oklahoma where two of her grandfathers had
homesteaded. She spent her summers with one grand-
father in particular.
"He wasn't really a conservationist....but his farm was
different from all the others." He had planted trees
and made a tree belt to protect the soil from strong
winds.
"I've always appreciated those efforts to conserve,"
she says with admiration.
Lee Botts complemented her early interest in conserva-
tion with the ability to speak articulately and force-
fully about it by participating in debate and journal-
ism activities during her years at Oklahoma State
University. After completing her degree there, Lee
Botts and her husband came to Chicago where they planned
to spend a year while he worked towards a graduate
degree at the University of Chicago. They have stayed
now for 25 years.
Always living near the lakefront in Chicago's Hyde Park,
Ms. Botts has worked for 25 years to conserve and
beautify Lake Michigan and its shoreline.
In 1958 she participated in establishing the Annual
Garden Fair in Hyde Park to bring as much of nature
into the city and into urban dwellers' homes as possi-
ble • • • It was an expression of a particular need of
city people."
Also in the 1950's she worked on an annual sale of
crabapple trees that today blossom throughout Hyde
Park. As a member of the executive council of the Save
the Dunes Council she worked on public relations.
Then in the 60s she gained a stump for expression of
her views when she joined the staff of the Hyde Park
Herald writing a weekly garden and conservation column.
This led to her selection as a member of the Chicago
Beautiful Committee. In 1966 she accepted the position
of editor of the issue-oriented Hyde Park Herald where
she served until 1969 when she was offered a position
with Open Lands.
"I was paid a salary to do full time the things I'd
want to do anyway." With Open Lands she developed an
environmental education program striving to imbue young
students with the importance of ecological awareness.
Meanwhile it had become increasingly obvious to Open
Lands staff as well as many other citizens that the
Lake was in need of a permanent citizens advocate to
stress to industry and government the problems facing
the Lake. Senator Vance Hartke of Indiana in fact
suggested that there ought to be something like a
"Save Lake Michigan Council" patterned after the "Save
the Dunes Council" which had been successful in estab-
lishing a national park at the Indiana Dunes on the
southern end of the Lake. As a result, in the spring
of 1969 Open Lands invited conservation organizations
from the four states around the Lake (Wisconsin,
Indiana, Michigan and Illinois) to send representatives
to a conference in Chicago to review the problems facing
Lake Michigan. While a permanent organization embracing
the whole area was not started at that time, Open Lands
kept the participants informed for the next year about
issues pertaining to the lake and when citizens could
take part in decisions on them.
At the Second Lake Michigan Conference on "Power Pro-
duction and "Protection of the Lake" held in April 1970
at Zion, Illinois, Lee Botts asked, on behalf of Open
Lands, for expressions of opinion about whether action
could proceed in setting up a four-state organization
aimed at protection of Lake Michigan. When numerous
statements expressing support for such an organization
were received, Open Lands requested and received finan-
cial backing from two Chicago foundations for establish-
ment of the Lake Michigan Federation.
Initially operating out of the offices of Open Lands,
but becoming independent in the fall of 1971, the Lake
Michigan Federation acts primarily as a communication
link and an information and education center. Botts
explains, "It is called a Federation because it is not
designed to act on behalf of its members, but to provide
information needed by its members to decide when and
where to take action of their own So the basic
structure of the Federation provides for membership to
organizations and individuals who can look to the
Federation as their clearinghouse for information about
Lake Michigan."
The constitution states that the Federation will encour-
age its members to set their own positions on individual
issues and take action without any questions as to agree-
-------
ment with other members of the Federation separately or
collectively. The Federation will inform as many people
as possible about local problems so that they can make
their own decisions; but, as Botts says, "we remain
convinced that we will achieve more for the lake in the
long run by dealing with broad policy issues which these
local situations reflect."
One reason for this policy is that unless decision-makers
hear from many different organizations rather than a
single spokesman, they might be able to persuade them-
selves there is really only a single voice. Says Botts,
"It's far easier to stop listening to a single source of
clamor than many." She continues, "We do not want to be
the single spokesman on Lake Michigan. We are trying to
get more citizens and more organizations to take part in
protection of the Lake."
The Federation has affiliation with over 300 individual
citizen organizations, including the League of Women
Voters Four State Interleague Group with 76 separate
chapters and the Indiana Izaak Walton League with 26
chapters. In addition, membership has expanded beyond
conservation groups to include other citizens groups
as diverse as Region 3 of the United Auto Workers and
the Evanston Junior League.
In the Federation's daily work, Botts says, "we try to
complement and supplement, but not duplicate the work
of others." The Federation investigates the causes and
solutions of pollution; interprets public opinion to
government agencies, industry and other interested
parties; tells its members where, when and how decisions
will be made that affect the lake; and advises what
citizens can do to help save the lake.
It appears to Botts that the existence of the Federation
has facilitated communication from government at many
levels to the public. "We are being asked for inform-
ation by regulatory, legislative and administrative
agencies. We are being depended on by them to inform
the public of their activities." Botts claims too that
the Federation has facilitated press dealings with Lake
Michigan issues. "Almost daily we refer a TV or news-
paper reporter to a source of information."
While it is difficult to point to specific accomplish-
ments with the idea of claiming credit, Botts feels
some specific developments are related to activities
of the Federation. Increased public participation in
the later meetings of the Lake Michigan Enforcement
Conference can be called a result of the Federations'
information activities. The agreement on strong ther-
mal standards has been maintained by continued public
pressure encouraged by the Federation. Legal and
technical assistance to citizens who intervened in
the Palisades nuclear plant development contributed to
an unprecedented agreement by the power company to
install cooling towers and a more sophisticated radia-
tion treatment system, she notes. The Federation, she
added, has done extensive work in attempting to
pressure government officials to ask for a stronger
effluent standard in the Refuse Act Permit Program.
In more general terms, Botts and the Federation can
claim some credit for the increasing citizen effort
to go beyond rallies and bumper stickers to partici-
pate in changing the laws and working through the
political system. Botts has been concerned with the
question of how citizen participation can be made
part of the political decision-making process.
Her activities with the Lake Michigan Federation have
led Ms. Botts into other activities. In 1969 she
and 5 other citizens from across the country were
invited by the Office of Science and Technology to
consult with top government officials who deal with
power, in reference to the Power Siting Bill. She
was recently asked by the Ford Foundation to partici-
pate on a two year study on National Energy Needs and
Resources Advisory Committee. She is currently
assisting the Corps of Engineers in a Chicago-South
End of Lake Michigan Study which will identify areas
on the Lake which must be maintained for recreational
purposes. While she is assisting the Corps, she
emphasizes she is not compromising her goals--"!'ve
been very critical of what they have been doing --and
I'll continue to be critical."
"I attempt to play a constructive as well as critical
role, but reserve the right to be critical," she says
with a firmness in her voice and a twinkle in her eye.
Throughout all these hours of work and involvement,
Lee Botts has managed to maintain an active family
life and raise four children. It hasn't Seen difficult
because, as she says, "my family shares my interest."
The Botts have owned a sailboat for many of their
years in Chicago. They spend a lot of time at the
Indiana Dunes and in Michigan. And last summer, in
an attempt to get their mother away from her constant
involvement with the lake, the Botts' took a trip--they
drove around the eastern shore of Lake Michigan and
then spent two peaceful weeks at--Lake Superior.
For more information, write:
Lake Michigan Federation
53 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Cover photo credit: Karl Botts
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EPA PROGRAM NOTES
Mrs. Huebner (left) of St. Peter Canasius School in
Chicago and student Pat Noonan stop by the new
Midwest Environmental Information Center to pick up
some films from Ann Hooe, a staff member.
The Chicago regional EPA office receives hundreds of
inquiries each week from citizens from throughout the
midwest requesting publications, asking questions,
complaining about specific pollution problems, re-
questing speakers or asking for advise.
The office serves the 40 million residents of Illinois,
Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Minnesota. It
serves as the EPA's focal point for dealing with cit-
izen groups, news media, students and the public in
general.
Television and radio public service announcements and
programs are coordinated here, in addition to publi-
cation of a monthly Regional newsletter to thousands
of midwest residents.
Information Center Director Frank Corrado emphasized
that EPA's public information effort in the Midwest
"will concentrate on putting citizens in touch with
groups working on pollution control projects and also
on providing timely news to citizens and businessmen
throughout the Midwest on how EPA can help communities
work solve pollution problems at the local level."-
Mayo said: "We will measure our successes not in a
grandiose cleanup campaign, but in hundreds of small
victories in hundreds of communities throughout the
region."
Francis T. Mayo, Region V Administrator dedicated a
new "Midwest Environmental Information Center" at EPA
regional headquarters as part of Earth Week.
Mayo said the center, located on the 8th floor, "is
designed to improve communication between the Federal
government's environmental programs and the public in
the Midwest."
"The new center," said Mayo,
concern of the Environmental
Federal government for giving
men, students, newsmen, other
and the general public direct
environmental information and
officials working on problems
waste, noise, pesticides and
"reflects the increasing
Protection Agency and the
citizen groups, business-
governmental officials
access to the latest
to the governmental
of air, water, solid
radiation."
The environmental information center, which includes
a press office, a publication distribution point, and
a speakers bureau and inquiry response section, will
provide citizens who phone or appear in person with
an immediate access to information or people working
on a particular problem, according to the EPA Regional
Administrator.
Dr. 0. Garth Fitzhugh, retiring Chief Toxicology Ad-
visor to the Pesticides Office of EPA, has received
the Agency's first Distinguished Career Award for
"his outstanding contribution to a healthier society
for all people." The award was presented by EPA
Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus in a recent
ceremony held in Washington, D.C.
EPA has cancelled the registrations of some 23 pesti-
cides based on the failure of the companies to furnish
data required for setting a tolerance. A tolerance
fixes the amount of residue of the chemical that may
be left on a raw agricultural project sprayed or
treated with the pesticide.
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LOCAL AND NATIONAL
A preliminary summary of plans submitted by states
to implement the national ambient air quality stand-
ards has been released by EPA. Twenty of the states
have asked for time extensions to achieve the stand-
ards. A total of 54 out of 55 states or jurisdictions
have now submitted plans, the only exception being
Alaska. The plans were required by the Clean Air Act
of 1970.
An extensive review of three additional persistent
pesticides — benzene hexachloride (BHC), lindane, and
endrin--has been begun by EPA to determine if any
uses of these chemicals are endangering the environ-
ment and desirable life forms within it.
Two Green Bay Wisconsin pulp and paper mills, Charmin
Paper Products Co. and American Can Co., as well as
the Wisconsin communities of Green Bay and Sheboygan,
were served with 180-day notices by EPA March 10 for
the alleged violation of Federal-State Water Quality
Standards . The announcement was made by EPA Region V
Administrator Francis T. Mayo who said this is the
first time EPA has issued 180-day notices to any of
the large pulp and paper mills located in Northeastern
Wisconsin. Under the 180-day notice the industries
and municipalities have six months to take corrective
measures to abate pollution or face court action.
A substantial number of proposals have been received
from firms and institutes in response to the invitation
issued by EPA for the performance of a study and de-
velopment of recommendations for the State of Indiana.
The study will examine the State's present environ-
mental statutes and standards, organization, strategies
and assess the resources needed for the State to ac-
complish its environmental goals. A technical eval-
uation of each proposal was made by several EPA
members and three Indiana officials designated by
Governor Whitcomb. All of the proposals were eval-
uated on the basis of established criteria cited in
the "Request for Proposal" Jim Marth, the EPA
Project Officer for the Study, stated that technical
briefings will be held with the technically acceptable
offerers in mid-May at Indianapolis. Shortly there-
after, the Contracts Administration Division in
Washington will negotiate for a contract with the
technically qualified firms. The study is due to be
completed in late Fall, of this year.
EPA has begun an in-depth review of state plans which
have been submitted for implementing the national
ambient air quality standards required under the
Clean Air Act. The reviews are to be completed by
a statutory deadline of May 30, 1972. No announce-
ment of State plan approvals will be made until the
State involved is notified.
EPA Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus acted March 24
to stop the interstate shipment of nearly all remain-
ing pesticide products containing mercury in an effort
to avoid further hazard to human health and contamina-
tion of the environment from this source.
The U.S. Water Resources Council has forwarded its
proposed report on a comprehensive water and related
land resources study of the Big Muddy River in South-
western Illinois and its tributaries to the Governor
of Illinois for review and comment. The Big Muddy
River Basin study was accomplished by a Coordinating
Committee comprised of representatives of: the State
of Illinois; the Federal Departments of Agriculture,
Army, Commerce, Interior, and Health Education and
Welfare; the Federal Power Commission; and EPA.
Aircraft specially equipped and operated by EPA's
Western Environmental Research Laboratory (WERL) in
Las Vegas, Nev., are being used in a project begun in
May to study eutrophication in lakes and impoundments.
The Agency will employ two UH-lh "Huey" helicopters
and two Otter fixed-wing aircraft obtained from the
U.S. Army in a nationwide aerial survey of approximate-
ly 1,200 lakes in order to identify bodies of water in
the United States with potential or actual eutrophi-
cation (accelerated aging) problems brought on by the
discharge of excessive amounts of phosphates into them
from various sources.
-------
The Environmental Committee of the
Chicago Federal Executive Board held
an Environmental Impact Statement
Seminar in Chicago last month. (The
agenda for that seminar was carried
in last month's issue of this public
report). We will attempt here to
summarize some of the major state-
ments made at that seminar.
IUITII
WILLIAM J. DIRCKS (staff member,
President's Council on Environmental
Quality): When Congress was consid-
ering passage of the National
Environmental Policy Act in 1969
there was great concern that the new
law contain some means of assuring
that Federal agencies would give
real heed to the new policy of Fede-
ral environmental concern. The
Congress responded with what is called
the "Section 102" provision of NEPA.
It directs all Federal agencies to
interpret and administer their au-
thorities in accordance with the new
environmental policy, and to give
"appropriate consideration" to envi-
ronmental values in all decisions.
And Section 102(2)(C) required all
agencies to prepare, for any "major
Federal actions significantly af-
fecting the quality of the human
environment," a detailed statement
of what the environmental effects
would be. In preparing the statement,
agencies were directed to consider
alternative actions and consult with
other agencies having environmental
expertise. The Council on Environ-
mental Quality publishes a monthly
list (The 102 Monitor) of environ-
mental impact statements received
and now has in draft and final form
some 2400 statements. About half of
the EIS come from the Department of
Transportation (principally airports
and highways). The next largest
groups are those on water resource
projects (1/4 of the total) and power
(about 100 actions). The Council's
objectives in the review of the 102
statements are three: (1) to check
agency compliance with NEPA and the
Council's Guidelines, (2) to identify
environmental problem areas where-
some general reform via executive
order or legislation would be desir-
able, and (3) to monitor important
and highly controversial actions via
the 102 process and to keep the
White House and OMB advised. The CEQ
wants the NEPA process to be self-
enforcing at the agency level. The
thinking is that if an assessment of
environmental impacts is available
to the decisionmakers in a timely
and intelligible form, if there is
ample public notice and opportunity
thoughts
on
IMEPA
and
the
I
for comment, if the expert Federal,
State and local commenting agencies
do their job, there should be little
need for CEQ intervention in most
cases.
CHARLES E. NELSON (Office of Manage-
ment and Budget): While no explicit
assignment of responsibilities to
OMB is made by the NEPA and the
follow-up Executive Order, there are
implicit responsibilities which grow
out of OMB's role as a central staff
agency supporting the President:
(1) OMB has certain basic responsi-
bilities with respect to the manage-
ment of the executive branch, and
clearly there are management impli-
cations in the implementation of the
NEPA. (2) OMB has specific respon-
sibility for certain matters with
which the NEPA is directly involved--
proposed legislation and budget items.
Guidelines issued by the CEQ, pursuant
to Executive Order 11514, list certain
specific responsibilities for OMB.
The Guidelines indicate that OMB shall
consult with agencies on procedures,
if the agencies desire and OMB shall
issue instructions on the use of
existing mechanisms for handling
legislation, budgetary materials and
water resource projects. Among the
actions taken or being taken by OMB
are: (1) preparation with CEQ of
the draft Executive Order which was
noted above (2) revised OMB circular
A-9S to incorporate instructions
which provide for the use of proced-
ures for the project notification
and review system and the clearing-
house mechanism to obtain evaluation,
by appropriate State and local agen-
cies, of potential environmental im-
pact of proposed projects (2) Estab-
lishment of procedures through an
OMB directive (10/5/71) establishing
a procedure for improving interagency
coordination of proposed agency re-
gulations, standards, guidelines, and
similar materials pertaining to envi-
ronmental quality (3) Imputs provided
to revise CEQ guidelines, with parti-
cular emphasis on matters involving
OMB directly, on State and local
government participation, on matters
affecting appropriate balance in
achieving program and environmental
objectives (4) Discussions with
Federal agencies on procedures for
review and with State local and
public interest group personnel.
OMB is very much concerned about the
potential unnecessary red tape asso-
ciated with environmental impact
statements. OMB now has underway an
examination into the effect environ-
mental impact statements have had on
grant processing times, toward de-
termining the need for action to
eliminate any unnecessary delays.
Finally, OMB has issued Bulletin
No. 72-6 which prescribes procedures
to be followed by the Federal agen-
cies in providing OMB with environ-
mental impact statement information
related to proposed legislation and
comments on bills and to the budget
estimates which the agencies submit
to OMB.
SHELDON MEYERS (Director, Office of
Federal Activities, U.S. EPA) Under
Section 102 of the National Environ-
mental Policy Act, all agencies of
the Federal government shall
"include in every recommendation or
report on proposals for legislation
and other major federal actions
significantly affecting the quality
of the human environment, a detailed
statement by the responsible offi-
cials on: (1) The environmental
impact of the proposed action (2)
any adverse environmental effects
which cannot be avoided should the
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proposal be implemented (3) alter-
natives to the proposed action (4)
the relationship between the short-
term uses of man's environment and
the maintenance and enhancement of
long-term productivity, and (5)
any irreversible and irretrievable
commitments of resources which would
be involved in the proposed action
should it be implemented. Section
102 (2) (C) also requires the respon-
sible Federal official, prior to
making a detailed statement, to
consult with and obtain the comments
of any Federal agency which has
jurisdiction by law or special
expertise with respect to any envi-
ronmental impact involved. This
section, which states that copies of
the comments should be made available
to the public, was published in the
Federal register on April 23, 1971
and Executive Order 11514 describe
the content and mechanics of what we
now call Environmental Impact State-
ments. The effectiveness of EIS's
has been variable. In many instances,
preparation of the EIS for a particular
project has had absolutely no effect
on the project; in some cases pro-
jects have been delayed, in others
alterations were made which were
environmentally beneficial and there
are examples of projects which have
been cancelled. Noteworthy amongest
the last category is the cross-
Florida barge canal which was
cancelled by Order of the President.
There is a problem with projects
that are in various stages of
completion. But solutions can be
developed which will accommodate
the near-term problems. It is the
longer-term use of EIS's that will
ultimately determine the kind of
environment in which we all live.
Once the intitial crunch is overcome,
the EIS can be used in a project's
formulative stages in much the same
manner as is technical and economic
information. Thus, it is in the
planning stages of a project that
the EIS will prove its ultimate
usefulness as a mechanism for pro-
tecting the environment.
G. ROBERT ADAMS (Michigan Department
of Highways) The Environmental Impact
Statement should be one of the tools
that will lead to the evolution of
mechanisms desparately needed to
insure the quality of life. The
very concept of the purpose of an
environmental impact statement is
being warped to the point where the
statement is being forced to serve
many masters, and thus, is losing
its effectiveness as a discussion of
the impacts upon the environment of
any major course of action. The EIS
is not the means to environmental
protection; is merely a report on the
means. Environmental Assessment of
actions that have an impact on the
natural and human environment is the
means whereby, we can ascertain the
trade offs between activities and
their effect on the environment.
The impact statement should be
merely a reporting of the findings
of environmental assessment;
therefore, the stress should be on
the system and not on the document.
This particularly refers to the
state and local involvement. The
EIS should and cannot be a justifi-
cation of a project. It should be a
clear setting down of the environ-
mental impacts, both positive and
negative, anticipated from the pro-
ject and alternatives to avoid or
mitigate the impacts. NEPA did not
anticipate that one Federal agency
could be making decisions concerning
project actions of another Federal
agency. It did anticipate that if
the environmental costs of a pro-
ject are so great that its imple-
mentation is questionable, this
issue should be brought forth so that
the agency proposing the project
would necessarily take a serious
second look.
The production and circulation of
environmental impact statements, as
presently constituted is not accept-
able in terms of making the statements
available for public scrutiny. The
Michigan Department of State High-
ways has taken the responsibility of
providing our environmental assess-
ments free of charge to interested
citizens on all our projects. The
department also makes them available
at public hearings. It is our view
that this is the only way that an
assessment or an impact statement
can be an effective tool for environ-
mental protection. Distribution of
environmental assessments and impact
statements through the National
Technical Information Service is not
an effective method. It is essential
that environmental assessment be
built into the development of the
project from the beginning. The
Impact Statement is then the re-
porting of the determined impacts.
Since environmental assessment should
be a long-term ongoing program, and
since the impact statement should
be directed primarily at the assess-
ment of impacts, I believe the
inclination of some Federal agencies
to take exception to the alternatives
selected on the basis of a review of
the impact statement alone, or on
the basis of the review of the
impact statement and one field
investigation is not consistent
with the orderly discharge of
Governmental activities.
The reviewing agency must accept
some responsibility for recognizing
the state of the art on assessing
environmental impacts. If anything
sheds a lack of credibility on the
operation of government, it is for
a list of seemingly reasonable re-
quests for information that in fact
are beyond the state of the art.
It is not appropriate for individuals
to pursue their interests in changing
the political direction of this
country in the administration of
existing programs. The review of
environmental impact statements must
be on the basis of avoiding environ-
mental degradation rather than
attempting to stop programs author-
ized by congress.
EDWIN PILHOLOHAN [Federal Highway
Administration, Chicago) FHWA does
not have the staff to perform
environmental studies nor to pre-
pare and process environmental
statements. And even if we did,
it would be a break in the successful
tradition of the Federal-State
partnership in the highway program
were we to do so. So even though
the language of NEPA is phrased in
terms of Federal requirements, pre-
paration and circulation of environ-
mental statements for Federal-aid
projects are a fuction performed
by the State Highway Department.
The development of a highway project
can be identified by several stages--
the most common being: network
selection or planning, corridor
selecting or location, and design.
The development may take as long as
1- years for major projects in
urban areas. FHWA guidelines
specified the point in the highway
planning and design process the
requirements for processing an
environmental impact statement are
applicable. This point was desig-
nated as the corridor approval stage
the point (following a public hear-
ing) at which one highway corridor
from among several alternatives, is
selected for further development.
The guidelines required for all pro-
jects, the preparation of an environ-
mental statement or an "negative
declaration" the latter being defi-
nite determination that a statement
is unnecessary. Final statements
must have approvals concurred in by
Office of the Secy, of Transporation.
FHWA division engineer have the
authority to approve negative
declarations and to approve draft
environmental statements for
circulations.
-------
A Tale of Two Lakes
(Editor's Note: In an attempt to avoid confusion the
Public Report uses Delaven Lake and Geneva Lake in
referring to the bodies of water and Lake Geneva and
Delavan in referring to the municipalities.)
Midwesterners have been rushing in ever-increasing
numbers to stake out claims around the areas inland
lakes.
They've done so for a number of reasons. Lakes have
been great places for outdoor recreation such as
fishing, boating, swimming, and water skiing. Also,
lake homes have been attractive to retirees and have
been touted as real estate investments.
Whatever the attraction, the inland lakes are becoming
densely populated and as a result are in danger of
becoming stagnant cesspools of algae and sewage as
our citizens buy and build on their subdivided shores.
What can be done to save the vital natural and recre-
ational water resources of our inland lakes? A look
at what communities located on two Wisconsin lakes
are doing might give us some answers.
Geneva Lake and Delavan Lake are located just a few
miles apart in Southeastern Wisconsin. Experts agree
that Geneva Lake is cleaner and shows fewer signs of
premature aging (eutrophication) than Delavan Lake.
What are the reasons?
Some Facts About the Two Lakes
Here are some salient facts taken from a prelininary
report for the Delavan Lake Sanitary District by a
firm of civil and sanitary engineers, Jensen fj John-
son, Inc., of Elkhorn, Wis., a 1969 Wisconsin Depart-
ment of Natural Resources study of Geneva Lake, as
well as from interviews with local authorities.
Geneva. Lake is almost three times as large as
Delavan Lake and deeper. The average depth of
Geneva Lake is 50 to 70 feet with the maximum
depth around 135 feet. Delavan Lake, on the other
handf has a maximum depth of around 40 to 50 feet.
Geneva Lake is fed by hundreds and maybe thousands
of springs and has a constant flow to its outlet,
the White River, a tributary of the Fox River.
Delavan Lake has very little circulation. About
the only portion which is ever stirred to any extent
is the area near the mouth of Jackson Creek which
flows into the lake carrying effluent (now receiving
secondary treatment) from the sewage treatment plant
operated by the City of Elkhorn and the Walworth
County Hospital and Home.
Geneva Lake with its large estates has had less pop-
ulation pressure whereas the Delavan Lake shore is
crowded in many places with subdivisions.
Moreover, Geneva Lake communities have secondary
sewage treatment facilities preventing most of the
sewage effluent created on the lake from entering
the lake while the houses around Delavan Lake have
disposed of their sewage with septic tanks.
The soil around Delavan Lake is generally of a silt
loam type which allows the effluent from the septic
tanks to seep into a high groundwater table and not
only pollute the groundwater but the lake as well.
The Delavan Lake drainage basin is made up of
24,000 acres compared to a Delavan Lake surface
area of 1,841 acres, or a watershed to lake area
ratio of 13:1. Geneva Lake's watershed is about
18,500 acres and its surface area is 5,262 acres,
or a watershed to lake ration of 3.5:1.
10
-------
These facts should give us a clearer picture of why
Geneva Lake is in better condition than Delavan Lake.
So, far, at least three important steps have been taken
to protect the two lakes. They are: (1) Formation of
a Delavan Lake Sanitary Sewer District and the funding
of a Sanitary Sewer System for the lake. Work on the
system is expected to begin next fall and is expected
to take several years to complete; (2) The passing
and enforcement of strong sanitary and zoning ordi-
nances for Walworth County; and (3) The formation of
a Geneva Lake Environmental Protection Agency by the
communities on Geneva Lake.
The Halworth County Planning and Zoning Office
The Walworth County Planning and Zoning Office has a
staff of five full-time men and two full-time secre-
taries. The office is headed by James Johnson. His
assistant is Ron Neumeister. Both men are former De-
partment of Agriculture conservation specialists.
The jurisdiction of the office is limited to the unin-
corporated areas of the county so it has no iurisdic-
tion within cities and villages. The county presently
has a zoning ordinance, a shoreland zoning ordinance,
a sub-zoning ordinance and a sanitary code.
Neumeister said the county is now in the process of
developing a revised zoning ordinance for the county.
Walworth County has 37 natural lakes. In the winter
the population of the county is 65,000 and in the
summer the population soars to 350,000, according to
Johnson.
lie said half of the county's assessed valuation comes
from property around its lakes, and he recommends care-
ful use of soil and water to keep the natural beauty
which attracted people to the county in the first
place.
Johnson and Neumeister believe that there is an in-
creasing acceptance by the citizens of the county of
the stronger land use regulations. They say builders
are looking closer at their land and the regulations
before they turn the bulldozers loose.
Johnson believes strongly in getting the word to the
public about the ordinances. His office uses slide
talks to make presentations to civic groups, church
groups, business groups, schools, etc. in regard to
new restrictions on the use of septic tanks in the
county on soils that can't "take it," Johnson said,
"If anybody—attorney, homeowner, contractor--comes
in and says he didn't know about this building re-
striction we feel he's not being very honest."
The Delavan Lake Problem
A.C. Peterman, editor of the Delavan Enterprise, said,
"Geneva Lake is the second largest lake in the State
of Wisconsin, next to Lake Winnebago. It could sus-
tain a greater amount of pollution than Delavan Lake
simply because of its size."
Peterraan said almost all of the homes on Delavan Lake
have septic tanks and that for years they have been
seeping. "There has always been a fear that some
sewage was going into the lake."
He said the sewage plants at the Walworth County seat
of Elkhorn and the Walworth County Institutions there
have for years discharged into Jackson Creek which
flows into Delavan Lake.
11
Tom Gunderson, head of the Delavan Lake Sanitary
Sewer District Commission, emerges from Delavan Lake
covered with algae. Photo credit: Delavan Enterprise
"Two years ago," Peterman said, "The Delavan Lake
Improvement Association and six citizen residents
brought an action against Elkhorn before the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources (DNR)."
Elkhorn was ordered by the DNR to install pollution
control facilities and clean up their discharges as
a result of the action.
"There's been a long battle to install a sewage system
on Delavan Lake," Peterman pointed out, "and The
Enterprise has supported the effort strongly." He
said the stand has gained both friends and enemies
for his paper, but the efforts have succeeded.
"The success was confirmed last September when three
candidates strongly in favor of the sewer system
were elected Sanitary District Commissioners," he
added.
Peterman believes the pro-sewer system candidates
were probably aided by the fact that the DNR directed
that a sanitary sewer be installed around the lake.
He said the Sanitary Sewer District was formed as a
result of signatures on petitions in 1969.
"Opposition to the sewer system project didn't begin
to crystallize until it became evident that those in
favor of the project were serious and intended to
proceed," he said. „
please turn to .page 12
-------
continued from page 11
Peterman said most of the opposition came from older
people who had retired to homes on the shores of Dela-
van Lake. "The older retired people felt they couldn't
afford the improvements," he said.
The people who have investments and want to use the
lake, he said, could see their investments deterior-
ating. The real estate men, for instance, were
solidly behind the sewer district. "Just before the
election they took a one-page ad in The Enterprise,"
he added.
Since their election in 1971, the commissioners have
proceeded with floating a $1 million general obliga-
tion bond. A $600 special assessment was made on
every inhabited lakeshore property, and, in addition,
a $200 special assessment was made for every buildable
lot on the lake.
"This caused quite an expense for Lake Lawn Lodge
which merged over a year ago with the Ramada Inn
Corp.," said Peterman. He said their total assess-
ment was about $175,000. "They already had a sewer
system with a disposal plant, but it was an old one."
The special assessment for all the lake property totals
$1.8 million. State and Federal aid could total over
$4.7 million with EPA's share going as high as $2.25
million.
"This has been a really tremendous example of citizens
efforts to lift themselves by their bootstraps and
improve their situation," Peterman said.
Peterman feels that the important story is not so much
the pollution but the citizens' efforts to do something
about the pollution. He is optimistic that the citi-
zens there will succeed in their efforts.
"We have the solid support of the State DNR," he said,
"and the job is being done in a very intelligent and
sophisticated manner."
The Delavan area has a lot of sophisticated people, he
pointed out. "We have presidents of firms as well as
a lot of solid working people who understand the prob-
lem and are willing to spend money to correct the
problem."
"We took a strong editorial stance in favor of the
sewer system because I believe the economy of the
area is tied to the Lake," Peterman said.
Once, he said, the economy was almost totally depend-
ent on the lake, but the City of Delavan has become
more industrialized in recent years. "But none of
us would want to see the lake go down the drain. It's
a major asset aesthetically as well as economically."
Agriculture is strong around Delavan with dairying,
beef cattle raising and crop farming.
With the new sewage system and other efforts, Peterman
feels, the situation should improve. "But," he added,
"we're still going to have runoff and a lack of circu-
lation due to the nature of the lake."
"The deeper I get into the pollution question," ob-
served Pererman, "the more I realize you're going to
find pollution everywhere there is population pressure.'
In the summer, he said, the population is 10,000 and
growing and a new freeway is coming in from Milwaukee.
Algae growth has been a problem at Delavan Lake as
in all lakes suffering from eutrophication. In the
past the Delavan Lake Improvement Association (DLIA)
has sponsored an algae spraying program which they
used to finance totally by themselves.
In 1970, due to financial pressure caused by the
increased cost of spray, etc., the DLIA went to Dela-
van township for assistance. The township contributed
$2,000 in 1970 and renewed their contribution in 1971.
This year, however, when the DLIA asked for $3,000 for
the spraying (with the cost totaling $7,000) the town-
ship turned them down.
"Now," Peterman said, "the burning question is whether
or not the lake will be sprayed at all." Either the
DLIA will have to get more money from wealthier members,
he said, or let people see what the lake looks like
without spraying.
The spraying, which was done at various times during
the summer season, had its opponents. "The fisherman
feel the copper sulfate chemical used to control the
algae also hurts the fish," Peterman pointed out.
Geneva Lake
Despite the fact that Geneva Lake is still in better
condition than Delavan Lake, it has shown enough symp-
toms of eutrophication to alarm residents of the com-
munities around the lake.
They recently formed a Geneva Lake Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, and appointed Phillip Fogle director.
A long-time area resident who says he knows the lake
well, Fogle is still working out of an office in his
home.
"Algae has been increasing in Geneva Lake every year,"
said Fogle. He attributes the increase to the runoff
of excess nitrates and phosphates from lawns around the
lake as well as from agricultural runoff and the few
septic tanks still used on the lake. Sodium arsenite
and copper sulphate have been used to control the algae
every year for some time.
"However," he said, "Geneva Lake is in much, much bet-
ter shape than Delavan because of its greater size and
depth and because its a kind of self-flushing lake fed
by hundreds and maybe thousands of springs."
The Geneva Lake EPA is trying to get a complete profes-
sional survey of the lake in order to determine just
what the problems are so they can be attacked in an
effective manner.
He said his organization is getting help from the U.S.
Soil Conservation Service, the University of Wisconsin,
the University of Wisconsin at Whitewater department
of biology, and the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional
Planning Commission (five counties). A limnologist,
William Burkhard, who lives in Lake Geneva is also
giving professional assistance.
The Geneva Lake EPA is made up of five units, according
to Fogle. These include: Lake Geneva, Williams Bay,
Fontana, the Linn Township Sanitary Commission, and
Walworth Township. .
1 please turn to page!4
-------
t Cornplian
Region V employees Garrett Fitzpatrick and Charles
Lewis do not have time to become familiar faces in the
EPA Regional Office in Chicago, Most of the time
these two Compliance Officers are out in the field
assuring that recipients of EPA grants are in compli-
ance with Federal non-discrimination standards.
While many citizens are aware that EPA makes grants to
municipalities for construction or improvement of sew-
age treatment facilities, it is probably less well
known that such construction must proceed on a non-
discriminatory basis under Title Six of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964. This Act charges EPA with the
responsibility to assure that no person because of
race or sex is excluded from participating or is
subject to discrimination in any program receiving
such financial assistance.
EPA's two regional compliance officers, who function
as part of the Equal Employment Opportunity Office,
assure that the requirements of this law are met.
Fitzpatrick and Lewis are in the field as often as
three days a week, investigating worker's complaints
received during the course of construction and com-
plaints of community organizations regarding EEO
practices of a grant applicant. They must assure
that fair labor practices are maintained as outlined
in the Davis-Bacon Act.
According to Fitzpatrick, "A Compliance Officer stud-
ies industry and trade practices, policies, and pro-
cedures, and consults with other Federal agencies,
government officers and other interested parties."
Contract compliance procedure incorporates a number
of requirements. According to Lewis, all Federal
grant recipients are advised that in order to comply
with Federal grant assurances of nondiscrimination
they are responsible for the following:
(1) To include in the advertisement for bids a
statement that bidders are required to comply
with the President's Executive Order 11246,
Non-Discrimination in Employment.
C2) To include in all contracts and subcontracts
provisions to the Executive Order 11246, Grant
Provisions of the Labor Standards.
(3) To collect and maintain all compliance forms,
information required, and to insure that
contractor and subcontractors notices to
labor unions or other organization of workers
are properly posted.
(4) To hold a Pre-Award Contract Compliance Con-
ference on all contracts of a million dollars
or more to determine the EEO compliance pos-
ture of the prime contractor and any subcon-
tractors of $100,000 or more.
The Contract Compliance Officer participates in the
Pre-Award Conference with representatives of the appli-
cant, the prime contractor and major subcontractors,
and the consulting engineers.
"Our discussions at the meeting include a review of
the hiring practices of the contractor; the upgrading
and training of minority workers who are on his per-
manent staff; and his involvement with the apprentice-
ship and the pre-apprenticeship programs." Fitzpatrick
continues, "We also contact local community organi-
zations to get a feeling of local opinion regarding the
contractor's EEO posture. We discuss with the contrac-
tors and EEO officer the extent to which the company
has gone to assure equal employment opportunity for
all of its personnel."
Contractors are requested to submit the following
information at the meeting:
(1) The Affirmative Action Plan of the company.
(2) The Company Report, which spells out the
composition of the contractors present total
work force by trade and the minority breakout
(Negro, Spanish surnamed American, Oriental
and American Indian).
(3) The Projected Estimated Work Force for the
project, which also includes each trade that
will be involved on the project with a
minority breakout.
(4) The name and address of each union that will
provide work for the project together with an
estimate of the unions total membership,
including the number of its minority member-
ship.
(5) Copies of letters written by the prime con-
tractor and major subcontractors to unions
regarding non-discrimination in employment
and willingness of the contractors to hire
regardless of race.
"Following the meeting, we evaluate the information
submitted by the contractor to determine if he has a
satisfactory compliance posture," says Lewis. "Award
of the contract is subject to approval of the prospec-
tive contractor's EEO posture."
During the life of the contractor's project, On-Site
Reviews are conducted to monitor the contractor's
compliance posture. Says Fitzpatrick, "If during the
course of an On-6ite Review, we determine that a con-
tractor or any of his major subcontractors are not
adhering to the pre-award commitments, a letter out-
lining the deficiencies is forwarded to the applicant
with a request that the contractor comply within 30
days. In the event he does not comply, we have the
option to request that no further grant money be
forwarded to the applicant until deficiencies are
corrected."
According to EEO Director, Roland Cornelius, approxi-
mately half a dozen of these letters have been written
in the last four years. "In each case the contractor
got the message and was saved."
Noting that within the last four years EPA has done
business with dozens of contractors both prime and
major, he concludes, "It can be said, without reser-
vation, that we have seen a breakthrough in the
employment of minorities in the construction field."
-------
continued from page 12
members are: Prof. James Kerrigan, assistant director
of the Water Resources Center of the University of Wis-
consin at Madison; James Johnson, Walworth County Plan-
ning and Zoning Administrator; Herbert Johnson, member
of the civil and sanitary engineering firm of Jensen
and Johnson, Inc., of Elkhorn; Dr. Thomas Wehman, an
analytical chemists with the Morton Salt Co.; and Larry
Whiting, Walworth County deputy, pilot and aerial
photographer.
The chairman of the Geneva Lake EPA is Bruce Armstrong,
of the Armstrong Tool Co. who lives at Williams Bay,
and the vice-chairman is Robert Meyerhofer, member of
the Lake Geneva City Council.
Fogle said all three communities on the lake have sec-
ondary sewage treatment facilities. The effluent from
Fontana and Williams Bay facilities goes into lagoons,
and the treated sewage from Lake Geneva goes into the
A committee has been set up to advise the agency. The
White River, a tributary of the Fox River.
The Agency director had high praise for the Walworth
County Planning and Zoning Office, "Walworth County
has one of the finest planning and zoning offices in
the nation. It's held up as a model statewide and
nationwide."
He is also happy about the response of the citizens
living around the lake. "Response around the lake has
been 95 percent positive," he said. "It's very grati-
fying."
He works through schools and local libraries, as well
as community groups. He said Badger High School in
Lake Geneva has a very active environmental club.
"The young people have shown great interest in the
pollution problem and are working to do something
about it."
continued from page 2
Woodward, Ohio; Watkins-Memorial Jr.-Sr. High School's
"Governmental Protection of Ecology; A Problem in
Survival", Pataskala, Ohio.
Also receiving awards in Region V were: Fields High
School for "Ecology Behind Prison Walls," in Mansfield,
Ohio; Ashley High School for "Pollution in the Maple
River", Ashley, Michigan; Lawton Community High School,
Lawton, Michigan for its "Glass Recycling Center";
Gaylord Community High School for its projects enti-
tled "Petroleum in Otsego County" and "Study of
Gaylord Sewer System", Gaylord, Michigan; Royal Oak
Dondero High School for "SCUM: Students Cleaning Up
Messes", Royal Oak, Michigan; and Cumberland High
School for their projects entitled "Are Cumberland
Lakes Dying?" and "Is Beaver Dam Lake Dying?"
Cumberland, Wisconsin.
Regional EPA personnel participated in two of the
award ceremonies. Mr. Richard Winklhoffer, Chief of
the Surveillance and Analysis Division of the Ohio
District Office presented the Presidential Awards foi
Environmental Excellence to students who participated
in the Cleveland Institute for Environmental Education's
project, on April 24.
Mary Canavan, Office of Public Affairs, presented
awards to those involved in the Lawton Community High
School glass recycling project, which had been spon-
sored by a school club, LIFE: Lawton's Involvement
for Future Environment. These presentations took place
at an awards banquet in Lawton, Michigan on April 27.
The President's Environmental Merit Awards Program has
been expanded to include projects done by students at
the elementary school and junior high school levels,
as well as projects done by young people while attend-
ing accredited summer camps across the country.
Schools or camps interested in receiving more informa-
tion on the President's Environmental Merit Awards
Program should contact Art Peters, Office of Public
Affairs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 4th and
M Streets, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460.
The other schools in this area that received awards
for their projects were: The Institute for Environ-
mental Education for its work with SO high schools
in establishing teacher-student environmental train-
ing programs, Cleveland, Ohio; Swanton High School,
Swanton, Ohio, for their project "Glass Collecting
for Recycling"; Woodward High School for their
student and community programs, "School Clean-Up",
"Ottawa River Clean-Up" and "Plastic Recycling",
continued from page 3
Mayo said : "Any spill left unattended, regardless of
size, can cause damage to the environment." .Bowden
explains: "The large number of small spills is a
special problem in that small spills are rarely
cleaned up and the water is kept in a constant state
of degradation. And large spills can be catastrophic.
A small spill can destroy an animal's habitat for a
whole season, while a large spill can foul beaches and
kill fish and birds."
NEXT ISSUE:
ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES
FOR SUMMER HOME OWNERS.
-------
good news:
Grand Rapids area environmentalists were greeted by
welcome news at the Earth Week III meeting of the
Michigan Air Pollution Control Commission on April 19
in Lansing. It was revealed that Betz Foundry, Inc.,
long a target of action by area environmental groups,
had begun to construct its air pollution abatement
control system.
In November of 1970, Betz Foundry management agreed
to install controls by March, 1972. The company or-
dered its equipment in May, 1971, only to encounter
labor troubles the following month. This problem and
some on-site vandalism forced a delay. It was dis-
closed, however, that as of April 12 the project was
again underway. Betz Foundry estimates that the total
system will be operational in about four months.
The APCC reacted to this news by deciding that six
months should be adequate for both completing the in-
stallation and conducting the testing and adjustments
so often necessary to achieve the design efficiency
of the equipment.
Oscar Mayer and Co. has begun work on the final stage
of a four-part program to reduce smoke emissions from
its power plant in Madison, Wis., according to the
Madison Capital Times. The company is completely
replacing an existing multiple cyclone, centrifugal
dust collector on one of its two remaining coal-fired
boilers. The new dust collector, which should be in
operation soon, will be more effective in removing
particulate matter from power plant emissions, the
company said. The total program for reducing emis-
sions have cost about $1.5 million.
In a related pollution control effort, the firm said
that pilings have been driven for a new $440,000
waste water filtering system announced in January.
When completed the system will eliminate sludge la-
goons at the rfearby Burke waste water treatment plant
and thereby eliminate 50 percent of the odor at Burke.
Rolling Meadows, 111., police cars have switched from
gasoline to propane, thereby reducing pollution and
lowering maintenance costs along with giving better
performance, according to a Chicago Tribune story.
The switch cost about $100 to replace carburetors on
each of the five cars in the experiment, plus a month-
ly equipment rental charge of $10 each. The advantage
of propane is that it burns cleaner which results in
less engine fouling. Oil stays cleaner longer and
engines misfire less, according to Rolling Meadows
Police Chief Lewis R. Case. "The payoff comes when
my men are called into a chase," he said. "The en-
gines are so clean that they get up to 85 (miles per
hour) without even a slight hesitation." He said the
cars deliver 20 percent more horsepower, require
fewer tune-ups, and there is less valve trouble.
The Pielet Brothers plant in Summit, 111., where the
state's largest car shredding machine is located, will
dispose of an estimated 50,000 abandoned Chicago auto-
mobiles yearly under a five-year contract with the
city according to the Chicago Sun-Times. The junked
cars are being recycled and will eventually be return-
ed to the economy as refrigerators, desks, beverage
cans and automobiles.
The Pielet brothers say they have more than $180,000
invested in air pollution abatement equipment. In
eight hours their shredder can process 750 vehicles.
Current estimates are that as many as 20 million
abandoned cars are rusting throughout America, and
another eight million cars will go out of service this
year.
Union Carbide Corp. of Marietta, Ohio, has announced
the completion of a 362 foot high stack at its power
plant according to the Columbus Citizen Journal, The
stack was built as a result of recommendations issued
by an air pollution abatement conference held two
years ago in the area. A spokesman for the company
said the $2.5 million stack will eliminate the so-
called "downwash" of combustible, effluents from the
steam plant.
Sun Oil Co. recently revealed a technological advance
in air pollution control at its Toledo, Ohio, refin-
ery, according to the Toledo Blade. The Blade said
the process was developed in England for the removal
of sulfur from fuel and has been adapted to refinery
operations by Sun Oil engineers. The process will
enable Sun Oil to extract up to 15 tons of sulfur a
day that otherwise would be emitted into the atmos-
phere as sulfur dioxide. The by-product in turn will
be made available to Allied Chemical Corp. for use in
other operations at its own Toledo plant. The $2
million dollar sulfur removal plant inevitably should
contribute to cleaner air in the area, the Blade said.
The Dayton, Ohio, Daily News said a Do-It-Yourself
Environmental Handbook published last July by the Dayton
Museum of Natural History has been published by Little,
Brown and Co. The handbook, which hit the booksellers
on Earth Day, was written by two staff members at the
museum, E. J. Koestner and Joseph H. McHugh, and Museum
board member, Ralf Kircher. Koestner said the original
Dayton version had to be revised and expanded for nation-
al publication. The message, according to the Blade, is
that everyone is a polluter, and that the virtue is in
polluting as little as possible.
15
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FROM: Public Affairs
One North Wacker Drive
Eighth Floor
Chicago, Illinois
60606
TO:
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Region V Public Report
^ V'V"
,
fcN0
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STATE AIR IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
Ruckelshaus And Mayo Approve Plans
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has announced
approval of most parts of State plans to implement na-
tional ambient air quality standards in Illinois, In-
diana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Ohio.
National primary standards to protect health, and sec-
ondary standards to protect public welfare, were pro-
mulgated by EPA for six pollutants on April 30, 1971.
To achieve these clean-air objectives, all states sub-
mitted implementation plans which outline procedures
and regulations for reducing emissions from most major
sources of air pollution throughout the nation. EPA's
approval of these plans makes these regulations en-
forceable by the Federal government as well as by the
States.
Region V Administrator Francis T. Mayo complimented
State pollution control agencies in the midwest, "for
coming up with overall good plans in the brief amount
of time allowed and which hopefully will go a long
way towards improving the health of the 40 million
Americans in Region V.
Mayo said that states in Region V are continuing to
work on regulations to carry out their plans for imple-
menting the national standards and that some of the
deficiencies EPA has identified could well be remedied
by state action before EPA is required to promulgate
its own regulations by July 31, 1972.
Under the Clean Air Act, EPA was required to approve
or disapprove the plans by May 31, 1972. The objective
of the plans is to allow States to achieve by mid-1975
standards to protect the public health, and levels pro-
tective of public welfare (secondary standards) within
a "reasonable time."
If a state fails to revise a plan that EPA has found
unacceptable, the Agency is empowered under the Act to
design and promulgate which ever sections are necessary
to meet the standards. The standards established last
year by EPA are for six pollutants: sulfur oxides,
particulate matter, carbon monoxide, photochemical
oxidants, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.
In a "Preamble" to the Federal Register publication of
the approved and disapproved sections of the state
plans, it was stated that a shortage of low sulful ox-
ide fuels may affect the meeting of secondary standards
in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and Ohio.
The combined effect of the implementation plans will
make a major contribution toward preserving not only
the quality of life in the United States but in pro-
tecting the health of many millions of Americans,"
said EPA Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus in his
statement to the press. "The health of an estimated
177,000,000 persons in this country residing in areas
of high air pollution is threatened. These include
those suffering from emphysema and other respiratory
diseases, those with heart and circulatory problems as
well as individuals whose otherwise healthy state
might be subject to impairment. All of them will
benefit substantially from the controls imposed by
these plans," Ruckelshaus said.
The following major disapprovals were made by EPA for
Region V state plans:
Illinois
* The State plan does not provide adequate episode
stage criteria to prevent the reaching of "Significant
Harm" levels established by EPA. The plan does not
provide for obtaining emission control action programs
for all pertinent sources.
* The plan does not provide an adequate description
of the resources available to the state for the Metro-
politan Chicago Interstate Region and does not provide
for an agreed upon role between the City of Chicago and
the State agency.
* The strategy presented for the attainment of the
particulate and sulfur dioxide ambient air standards
within the Metropolitan Chicago Intrastate Air Quality
Control Region is not adequate due to the unenforce-
ability of the pertinent regulations.
Chronological order of events involving EPA action on state implementation plans:
By June 21st (2 to 3 weeks following
May 31st announcement)
EPA announcement of proposed corrective regulations corresponding
to previously disapproved portions of state plans. Also, concur-
rent EPA announcement of public hearings on Federally proposed re-
gulations, including the dates and locations of such hearings.
By July 21st (within 30 days of
hearing announcement)
EPA holding of public hearings at previously announced times and
locations.
By July 31st
EPA promulgation of corrective regulations unless such action has
been taken by the effected states and that such equivalent correc-
tive regulations passed by the state are in effect at this time.
Any EPA promulgation of regulations will be conducted through Fed-
eral Register notice.
February 15, 1973
EPA to reveive all compliance schedules not previously submitted to
EPA by the respective states, or originally submitted to EPA within
the implementation plan.
-------
Francis r. Mayo addresses the news conference on
the state implementation plans for Region V.
Indiana
* The legal authority for various local agencies
within the State is inadequate to carry out their as-
signed roles.
* The control strategies presented for meeting par-
ticulate matter and photochemical oxidant standards
for the Metropolitan Indianapolis Intrastate Air Qual-
ity Control Region are inadequate.
* The compliance schedules for sources of carbon
monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide and hydrocarbons, extending
over 18 months are unacceptable as they do not provide
for periodic increments of progress. Also, no legally
enforceable compliance schedules for sources of Sulfur
dioxide were set forth in the plan.
* The plan does not have adequate procedures for
determining whether construction or modification will
result in violations of applicable control strategies.
Also, the plan has no legally enforceable procedures
for disapproving construction or modification.
* Emission limitations for particulate matter in
the Metropolitan Chicago Intrastate Region have not
been adopted.
Michigan
* The requirements for meeting Nitrogen dioxide
standards have not been met since the plan does not
provide for the degree Nitrogen oxide emission re-
duction attainable through existing technology in the
Metropolitan Detroit-Pt. Huron and Central Michigan
Intrastate Regions and the Metropolitan Toledo Inter-
state Region.
* Compliance schedules requirements are not met
since the State's sulfur dioxide regulations provided
for individual compliance schedules to be submitted
after the first required semi-annual report on Feb. 15,
1973.
Minnesota
* In the section dealing with new sources and mod-
ifications, the definition of "new" and "existing"
sources are inadequate. Also, the requirements are
not met since there is no procedure which provides
that approval of any construction or modification
should not affect the responsibility of the sources
to comply with pertinent emission regulations.
Ohio
* Compliance schedules for particulate and sulfur
dioxide sources which extend over 18 months, do not
provide for periodic progress check points.
Wisconsin
* State law precludes the release of emission data
in certain situations.
* The control strategy for sulfur oxides in the
Southeastern Minnesota-LaCrosse Interstate Region is
disapproved since a public hearing was not held on
the strategy and associated regulations.
* State emergency levels for carbon monoxide and
for the product of sulfur dioxide and particulate
matter are at levels equal to or greater than those
levels which could cause significant harm to health
of persons.
Excerpts From The Preamble
To The Federal Register
The approval and promulgation of the air implementa-
tion plans was released in detail in the May 31 Fed-
eral Register. Following are portions of the preamble
outlining the background leading to the approvals.
On April 30, 1971 (36 F.R. 8186), pursuant to section
109 of the Clean Air Act, as amended, the Administrator-
promulgated national ambient air quality standards for
sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide,
photochemical oxidants, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen
dioxide. Within 9 months thereafter, each State was
required by section 110 of the Act to adopt and submit
to the Administrator a plan which provides for the im-
plementation, maintenance, and enforcement of national
ambient air quality standards within each air quality
control region in the State. An additional period of
no longer than 18 months may be allowed for adoption
and submittal of that portion of a plan relating to
implementation of secondary ambient air quality stand-
ards . State plans must provide for attainment of na-
tional primary ambient air quality standards within 3
years after the date of the Administrator's approval
of such plans, except that a 2-year extension of this
deadline may be granted by the Administrator. State
plans must provide for attainment of national second-
ary ambient air quality standards within a reasonable
next page please
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time. Within 4 months from the date on which State
plans were required to be submitted, the Administrator
must approve or disapprove such plans or portions
thereof.
On August 14, 1971 (36 F.R. 15486), the Administrator
promulgated regulations (40 CFR Part 51) setting
forth requirements for preparation, adoption, and sub-
mittal of State implementation plans. These regula-
tions were amended October 23, 1971 (36 F.R. 20513),
and December 30, 1971 (36 F.R. 25233), to make certain
additions and corrections. The Administrator's regu-
lations (40 CFR Part 51) provided generally that State
plans must set forth a control strategy for attainment
and maintenance of the national standards; legally en-
forceable regulations and compliance schedules for im-
plementation of the control strategy; a contingency
plan for preventing the occurrence of air pollution
levels which would cause significant harm to the health
of persons; source surveillance procedures; procedures
to assure that construction or modification of station-
ary sources will not interfere with attainment or main-
tenance of the national standards; provisions for air
quality surveillance; a description of the resources
needed to carry out the State plan; and provisions for
intergovernmental cooperation....Each State plan must
also show that the State has the legal authority nec-
essary to carry out the plan, as specified by 40 CFR
51.11. States were required to conduct one or more
public hearings prior to adoption of their implementa-
tion plans.
All 50 States, plus the District of Columbia, Puerto
Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa have
submitted implementation plans....
Where the Administrator disapproves a State plan or
portion thereof, or where a State fails to submit an
implementation plan or portion thereof, the Adminis-
trator is required, under section 110(c) of the Act,
to propose and subsequently promulgate regulations
setting forth a substitute implementation plan or por-
tion thereof. Where regulatory portions of a State
plan, including control strategies and related rules
and regulations, are disapproved or were not submit-
ted, regulations setting forth substitute portions
will be proposed and promulgated. When disapproved
portions are of a nonregulatory nature, e.g., air
quality surveillance, resources, intergovernmental
cooperation, and therefore are not susceptible to
correction through promulgation of regulations by the
Administrator, detailed comments will be included in
the evaluation report; in such cases, the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency will work with the States to
correct the deficiencies....
The Act directs the Administrator to require a State
to revise its implementation plan whenever he finds
that it is substantially inadequate for attainment
and maintenance of a national standard. In accord-
ance with the statutory mandate, the Environmental
Protection Agency will make a continuing evaluation
of the State plans and will, as necessary, call upon
the States to make revisions.
ATTAINMENT OF PRIMARY STANDARDS
The Act requires attainment of primary standards as
expeditiously as practicable, but not later than 3
years from the date of the Administrator's approval of
a State plan except where an extension is granted by
the Administrator; it requires attainment of secondary
standards within a reasonable time. Except where ex-
tensions have been requested, State plans generally
provide for attainment of the primary standards in 3
Mayo (1.) and Frank Corrado, Director of Public
Affairs (r.) meet the press. The conference was
standing room only.
years. Whether more expeditious attainment of the
primary standards is practicable is a question that
will be subject to continuing examination in connection
with the Administrator's review of the compliance sched-
ules and progress reports to be submitted by the States
and as part of the Administrator's continuing surveil-
lance of State activities. It is already clear, how-
ever, that the aggregate emission control requirements
of the 55 State plans will create such a great demand
for clean fuels, emission control equipment, and other
items that attainment of the primary standards in many
urban areas in significantly less time than 3 years
generally will not be feasible.
The preamble continues, detailing requirements for
state plans and discussions of the plans in general
with particular reference to legal authority, main-
tenance of standards, fuel availability, transporta-
tion control measures, compliance schedules, emergen-
cy episodes, enforcement and data availability.
Specific discussion of each state plan forms the body
of the Federal Register.
On May 30, 1972, Judge Pratt, of the District Court
for the District of Columbia, issued an order requiring
the Administrator of EPA to review State implementation
plans to determine what action, if any, must be taken
by States to prevent significant deterioration of air
quality in regions where existing air quality is better
than national secondary ambient standards. The order
gives the Administrator 4 months to complete this re-
view and an additional 2 months to promulgate require-
ments which are needed to prevent significant deterior-
ation of air quality in those regions. The order did
not prohibit the Administrator from approving or dis-
approving State plans for all air quality regions in
accordance with existing EPA regulations, but provides
only for an additional subsequent review of the plans.
According to John R. Quarles, Jr., Assistant Adminis-
trator for Enforcement and General Counsel, EPA in-
tends to appeal the decision of the District Court.
"It is our view that the Court's action does not sign-
ificantly affect the action to be taken by the Admin-
istrator on May 31, 1972. Any regulations approved
on that date become part of the applicable implement-
ation plan and are enforceable by EPA."
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ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
The Environmental Protection Agency is involved in en-
forcing pollution laws in three major areas: water,
air and pesticides. Here is a short synopsis of just
what is involved in making the law apply in these three
areas at the regional level:
Water
Sec. 10 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(33 USC 1151) sets out procedures for two types of en-
forcement :
1. Pollution abatement procedures
2. Water quality standard enforcement procedures
1. Conference abatement procedures: The act provides
that the discharge of matter into interstate or navi-
gable waters which endangers the health or welfare of
any person is subject to abatement. The abatement pro-
ceeding is long and cumbersome. It involves three
steps: conference, hearing and court action. The con-
ference is an informal gathering of state and federal
agency representatives. It must be called if requested
by a state governor or state water pollution control
agency, and if interstate pollution is involved. Con-
ferences of this type have been held for all of the
Great Lakes Basins. Following a conference, a summary
of the discussion is prepared which includes such top-
ics as the occurrence of pollution subject to abatement,
the adequacy of measures taken towards abatement, and
the nature of the delays being encountered in abating
the pollution.
If, at the close of the conference, it appears that the
pollution abatement is not progressing, the Federal gov-
ernment recommends that the appropriate state agency
take remedial action. If such action is not taken with-
in six months, public hearing must be called, to be held
before a board. The board must then recommend remedial
action and an appropriate schedule. If the action is
not taken in the specified reasonable time required to
abate the pollution, the federal government may request
the attorney general to bring an enforcement suit.
2. Water quality standard enforcement proceedings:
Once the states have set their water quality standards,
the discharge of matter into interstate waters which
reduces the quality of such waters below the water qual-
ity standards is subject to abatement by court action.
However, 180 days must elapse between the time when the
discharger is notified of the violation and the time
when an abatement action is authorized. This is the
procedure: A 180-day notice is issued to the discharger
and a hearing is held at which the federal government
presides and at which the state pollution control agen-
cy and the discharger are present. All parties have an
opportunity to make statements. During the ensuing
180 days, the parties meet several times in order to
achieve voluntary compliance with water quality stand-
ards, or a new schedule for achieving such compliance.
Should all else fail, at the end of the 180 days, a
court action may be brought. If there is no proof of
interstate effects, the consent of the Governor must be
obtained before the Federal government may file suit
against the discharger.
3. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, often referred
to as the Refuse Act, forbids the discharge into navi-
gable waters or their tributaries "any refuse matter of
any kind or description whatever other than that flowing
from streets and sewers and passing therefrom in a liq-
uid state." Civil actions for injunctive relief under
the Refuse Act are preferred for continuous, industrial
discharges. A criminal action is used primarily for ac-
cidental or sporadic incidents, such as oil spills.
This act may be used only against industries.
Criminal prosecutions may be recommended in cases of
isolated or instantaneous discharges resulting in seri-
ous damage, such as a fish kill. Such cases may be re-
ferred to the local U.S. Attorney without clearance from
Headquarters. Before recommending any enforcement ac-
tion, the Regional Office must assess that satisfactory
progress in controlling the pollution is unlikely in
the absence of enforcement proceedings. The discharger
should be notified of the problem and the fact that the
region is giving serious consideration to the initiation
of enforcement proceedings. The Regional Office, prior
to the action, should determine with some specificity
the nature of the treatment required to control the
pollution.
Civil actions may not be referred directly to the U.S.
Attorneys. Recommendations for enforcement proceedings,
together with appropriate investigator reports and data
(usually furnished by the District Office, Coast Guard,
or obtainable from the state pollution control agency),
are reviewed by the Regional Office for legal sufficiency
and then transmitted to Headquarters for final approval.
If a recommendation is approved, the Regional Office is
notified and only then refers the case to the U.S. At-
torney for his consideration. He may, of course, ac-
cept the case or decline prosecution.
This is the procedure for all enforcement recommendations
to Headquarters. When they are submitted for review, un-
less the Regional Office is notified by Headquarters in
writing or by telegram not to proceed, the Region is free
to go forward with the enforcement action at the end of
14 days after the recommendation is actually mailed to
Headquarters. However, in all cases where a proposed
enforcement action involves a novel theory of law, an
abnormal factual setting or other circumstances present-
ing significant policy issue, the Region must identify
such factors and indicate that it will await actual ap-
proval by Headquarters before proceeding. Also, some
cases may be of such national or major importance that
they will be handled out of the Washington office, rath-
er than the Regional Office.
Air
Thus far there are three main fields of federal enforce-
ment thrust under the Clean Air Act:
A. Implementation plans
B. New source performance standards
C. Hazardous emission standards.
The tools for federal enforcement essentially fall into
five categories.
1. Orders to comply may be issued for violation of an
implementation plan after 30 days notice, to inspect or
otherwise obtain information about a source for purposes
of establishing a violation or developing standards, or
violation of new source or hazardous pollutant standards.
They generally do not take effect until the polluter has
had opportunity for a conference with the Administrator.
This opportunity is not available when there is a viola-
tion of hazardous standards. Failure to comply with an
administrative order is subject to criminal penalties.
2. Civil actions may be sought in the appropriate dis-
trict courts for violations of state implementation
plans, new source standards or hazardous emission stand-
ards, or to enforce administrative orders.
please turn to page 14
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BACK TO NATURE IN KALAMAZOO
"All we had was an idea--we recognized the need to re-
gain contact with the natural world," recalled Dr. Lewis
Batts, Executive Director of the Kalamazoo Nature Cen-
ter. And today, that idea has become a reality that
brings thousands of people back to nature in Kalamazoo,
Michigan.
The idea of the Kalamazoo Nature Center was conceived
twelve years ago when a beech and maple woods north of
Kalamazoo appeared destined to become a gravel pit,
asphalt plant, or maybe even a sanitary landfill. This
threat precipitated a move on the part of Dr. Batts and
several other Kalamazoo citizens to try to preserve the
woods as a refuge for natural life and as a place for
people to come into contact with nature undisturbed.
The center became a reality as individual Kalamazoo
citizens made donations towards the purchase of 512
acres of land which would eventually constitute the
present Nature Center.
The somewhat vague idea that formed the original basis
for the project has been clarified. Today the nature
center is maintained as a non-profit, environmental ed-
ucation organization, dedicated to the task of develop-
ing in all citizens an understanding of man's true re-
lationship to his natural environment.
With environmental education as a goal, the center's
activities have expanded to incorporate an entire en-
vironmental education program that has recently been
accepted as an official adjunct to the Kalamazoo School
system. The program, designed to instill an environ-
mental awareness, in young children has brought about
development of a complete curriculum as well as plan-
ned tours of the nature center grounds. The recently
built Interpretive Center--a two-story geodesic dome--
incorporates a Sun-Rain Room housing glacial boulders
and tropical plants, exhibits interpreting ecological
principles, a Reference Library, an Orientation Room
and other offices and rooms that constitute an ex-
citing educational facility.
As an extension of its education program for youth, the
Center sponsors Environmental Education Workshops to
involve teachers in learning methods, techniques, and
concepts of environmental education. Education students
from Kalamazoo's Western Michigan University may now do
their student or special teaching project at the Nature
Center. In addition, education activities extend be-
yond the school year to various summer youth programs,
emphasizing understanding and wise management of our
resources. Programs for adults vary from the active,
such as bicycling trips, to the sedentary, such as film
showings.
please turn to page 8.
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Below: An aerial view of the nature center illustrates the interesting struc-
ture of the Interpretive Center which incorporates a Sun-Rain Room, a Reference
Library, an Orientation Room, and other offices and rooms that make up the ed-
ucational facility. Clearly marked trails and unspoiled scenery make hiking
through the 512 acres a pleasure.
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In addition to the education and nature programs, a Hu-
man Environment House has been established. Headed by
Arnold Leeder, its aim is to provide for environmental
action. Activities range from the establishment of the
first recycling center in Kalamazoo to a continuous
program of monitoring of governmental activities on the
environment. By maintaining a constant awareness of
environmental developments, including key bills in Con-
gress, Refuse Act Permit applications, and state agency
actions, the Nature Center can provide an additional ed-
ucational function by alerting people as to what is hap-
pening. For those who have already been alerted, the
Center will research a subject and provide information.
In fact a consulting service has been established and
is allowing the staff of the center to develop relation-
ships with industry, by providing industry with inform-
ation. The research staff Of the environmental action
program has done projects ranging from a bird census
based on field work in the western Michigan area, to a
study of pollution in Gull Lake, one of the most attrac-
tive residential lake areas in Western Michigan. In
each case the staff attempts not only to get the scien-
tific facts into understandable form but to outline
what can be done, what should be done and what will be
done.
The acreage has been divided into three sections. Over
300 acres have physically been retained as a natural area
with relatively undisturbed meadow, marshland, a trout
stream, ponds, thickets, young woodlands and the mature
beech-maple forest. The remaining 200 acres demonstrate
two types of land use management: a 25-acre semi-natural
area is currently being developed as an arboretum and
garden; and the remaining acres demonstrate the highest
degree of man's utilization of the land through farming.
The farm includes a small Barnyard with farm animals.
As a private membership corporation, operation of the
programs and resources of the center is headed by Dr.
Batts, the Executive Director, who is elected by the
to take action on them. The purposes of the Kalamazoo
Nature Center—at the present time conscientious and
intense—will probably, as Dr. Batts hopes, become an
"integral part of our regular life."
Left: Arnold Leeder, head of the Human Environment
House. Right: Dr. Arnold Batts, Executive Director
of the Kalamazoo Nature Center.
board of 15 Trustees. The program is carried out by a
staff of about 16, assisted by members of VEINS, the
Center's volunteer organization. No government subsi-
dies are made to the center and private foundation fi-
nancing that has been received only once, from a local
Kalamazoo foundation for assistance in construction of
the Interpretive Center. The major portion of operating
funds derives from memberships, fees, special donations,
the farm program and the Natural History Shop. A third
of the budget comes from the endowment fund established
in the early days of the Center.
Dr. Batts concludes that to finance such a project "You
need people who have money—but they also must have a
philanthropic attitude about their community. Kalamazoo
is fortunate to have a few such families." But interest
in the purposes of the Kalamazoo Nature Center is not
exclusive to these primary supporters. Over 5000 people
within a 50 mile radius of Kalamazoo are members of the
Center. The idea is obviously attractive. Numerous
other nature centers have been established in various
states; yet Dr. Batts feels that no other center has
the same scope as this one--he has a good-sized full-
time staff; well-planned, attractive physical facili-
ties, and a large site.
As for the future, Dr. Batts hopes to see the day when,
"we can become less of an agitator and more of an in-
former. I hope that there won't be a need to do the
things Arnie Leeder is now doing. We would like to
see environmental education as a recognized, bona fide
part of the school curriculum."
Dr. Batts senses a resentment among people who already
know that we have environmental problems and now want
to know what to do_ about them. He continues, "The
problems have really already been exposed. Our role
will be to design ways to contribute to the solution
of these problems."
While the Kalamazoo Nature Center will remain a natural
and beautiful refuge for an increasingly urbanized and
busy people, it will do more than teach children of
flowers and birds. The center will inform and influ-
ence citizens to understand environmental problems.
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AIR PROBLEMS IN MICHIGAN
Program Director Comments On Implementation Requirements
"The problems are many, and they're difficult and com-
plex, but they're not new. They're problems that we've
been thinking about and working at for a long time."
These comments were made by Lee Jager, Director of the
Michigan Department of Public Health's Division of Air
Pollution Control regarding his State's air pollution
problems.
Michigan's air cleanup implementation plan submitted
to EPA last January and given qualified approval May 31
actually was initiated in 1967, according to Jager.
He noted that a new area in the implementation plan is
control of sulfur dioxide at the state level. "There
are going to be sources of sulfur dioxide in Michigan
that will be required to control their emissions which
in past years we may not have thought necessary."
Another new aspect of the Michigan program is its epi-
sode avoidance plan, according to Jager. Individual
industries will be required to take abatement steps to
prevent the buildup of pollutants rather than react at
some later date to correct a buildup.
"This is a new approach, and its a good approach," he
said. "It will insure that the residents of the State
of Michigan never need experience emergency episodes
of air pollution."
EXPERIENCING GROWING PAINS
The Air Division Director said one of his biggest prob-
lems right now is finding qualified people to carry out
the additional manpower requirements that his Division
has under the implementation plan.
As a result of this problem, Michigan must select people
with good potential and train them.
The agency has grown from a two-man program in the mid-
'60's to a present staff of 31. "If we can find the
right people before the end of the fiscal year this will
be up to 41," Jager said.
"Next year," he added, "if our budget request is ap-
proved by the State Legislature, we'll be up to 58 peo-
ple. This parallels closely the manpower requirements
that we had in the implementation plan."
"Well, the problems here are obvious. You can't find
that many experienced people, and when you bring on
that number of inexperienced people you have to divert
existing staff from their effective duties to training
and we have, quite frankly, during this period of ex-
pansion, noticed a drop-off in productivity." Obvious-
ly, you reach a point where you pick up steam and get
going. We're hopeful that this point is not too far
around the corner."
Jager said the renewal process leads to the problem of
finances. "The State obviously has limited resources
that it is willing to apply, or is able to apply, to
environmental tasks. The Federal government is very
generous in that it pays the major part of the program.
We've applied for a maintenance grant which, if ap-
proved, would fund the State program at 60 percent of
the cost of the program, which is substantial, but none-
theless, leaves 40 percent to be paid for by the State."
He said the State has totally funded its program in the
past, but it has only been a $100,000 program, whereas
now the program will cost somewhere around $1,500,000.
Lack of office and laboratory space is another problem
that Jager faces. The problem has been solved for the
time being, with portable prefabricated classroom struc-
tures. "Not being able to really predict how far we're
going to grow or how fast we didn't want to commit our-
selves to permanent quarters too quickly."
"Obviously," he said, "we're outgrowing our laboratory
space at the same time we're outgrowing our office
space. We used to do a few hundred samples a year,
now we're doing several thousand analytical samples a
year."
Presently, Michigan Department of Public Health Labora-
tories are being utilized.
LEGAL SUPPORT NEEDED
"The greatest deficiency of this agency is the lack of
legal support, pure and simple," Jager said. "We have
had an attorney assigned to the commission by the At-
torney General, and based on his own estimate, he can
only supply somewhere between 10 and 20 percent of his
time."
He said the Division has had to write its regulations
with engineers, enforce them with engineers, prepare
complaints with engineers, and make preparations for
legal proceedings with engineers.
"Now, I'm not downgrading engineers," he said, "I hap-
pen to be one, but they are not trained in the legal
field and, therefore, are not as effective as properly
trained legal advisors."
"I think EPA would echo those sentiments," he added.
EPA'S COMMENTS ON THE MICHIGAN PLAN
The Michigan implementation plan like every other state
plan in Region V did not escape unscathed from the
close scrutiny of EPA's air standards analysis.
EPA disapproved two major aspects of the Michigan plan.
First, it said: "The requirements for meeting nitrogen
dioxide standards have not been met since the plan does
not provide for the degree of nitrogen oxide emission
reduction attainable through existing technology in
the Metropolitan Detroit-Port Huron and Central Michi-
gan Intrastate Regions and the Metropolitan Toledo In-
terstate Region."
And, second, the Agency said: "Compliance schedules
requirements are not met since the State's sulfur di-
oxide regulations provided for individual compliance
schedules to be submitted after the first required
semi-annual report on Feb. 15, 1973."
DIRECTOR EXPRESSES VIEWS
"It's no secret that we're in disagreement with EPA on
a number of significant points," said Jager.
"We view rather skeptically the view of the Federal
government that oxides of nitrogen are a serious air
pollution problem in the State of Michigan," he said.
please turn to page 14
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FPA PROGRAM NOTES:
left: Valdas Adamkus, Deputy Regional Administator
for Region V. right: Charles Ownbey, newly appointed
Ohio River Basin Coordinator.
Valdas V. .vu.-iikus, Deputy Administrator of the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency's Midwest Region, has been
designated to serve as a member of the U.S. Delegation
on the Environment to visit the U.S.S.R. in July.
Adamkus says: "The delegation will help formulate spe-
cific proposals for joint cooperation between the
United States and the Russians under the new agreement
signed by the President on May 23 during his trip to
the Soviet Union."
The agreement commits both nations to long-term cooper-
ation in the study and prevention of pollution and de-
velopment of the basis for controlling the impact of
human activities on nature.
The U.S. delegation is scheduled to arrive in Moscow
for a five-week visit on July 8. The agency will in-
clude visits to Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev, with ad-
ditional excursions expected.
Adamkus, a native Lithuanian, is the only member of the
seven-man delegation who speaks Russian and is familiar
with the region. The delegation will be headed by
Thomas E. Carroll, EPA Assistant Administrator for Man-
agement. Other members include: Gerlad W. Werdig
(Washington, D.C.), Richard Sullivan (New Jersey),
Stanton P. Coerr (Washington, D.C.), Dr. John Buckley
(Washington), and John Convery (Cincinnati).
Adamkus expects that the visit will aid in familiarizing
the U.S. Delegation with the pollution problems of the
U.S.S.R. with particular emphasis on water pollution.
In addition, he says "a closer relationship should de-
velop between the environmental agencies of the U.S.
and the Soviet Ministery for Science and Technology
which handles environmental protection in the U.S.S.R."
Adamkus has been with EPA and its predecessors since
1970 serving as Deputy Director of the Ohio Basin Re-
gional Office prior to assuming his duties as Deputy
Regional Administrator for the states of Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and Wisconsin. He
was formerly a consulting engineer in Chicago.
Charles R. Ownbey has been appointed Ohio River Basin
Coordinator for the U.S. Environmental Protection A-
gency. Francis T. Mayo, Administrator for Region V,
said "The opening of this new office and the appoint-
ment of Mr. Ownbey emphasize EPA's continuing concern
for the pollution problems along the Ohio River. Mayo
expressed the hope that the appointment of Ownbey will
facilitate communication at all levels of government
in the effort to combat pollution of the Ohio River.
Ownbey assumed his new duties June 11. He has been
with EPA and its predecessor agencies in the Federal
water pollution control program since 1959. From 1968
to the present he served as Chief of the Planning
Branch of the Office of Water Programs in Region V and
as principal liaison with the Corps of Engineers in its
water quality management studies in the Region. He was
Director of a 6-year comprehensive study of water qual-
ity problems of the Great Lakes and Illinois River
Drainage Basins. He has also served with the Tennessee
Valley Authority.
In expectation of his new duties, Ownbey emphasizes
that "Because the Ohio is one of the largest rivers in
the nation, the control of the quality and quantity of
the river water is vital to the welfare of citizens of
the area and to the economy of the nation. It is in
recognition of the importance of the river that EPA
has taken this step."
Illinois, Michigan, Indiana and Minnesota have been
awarded a total of $591,400 in additional funds for
their water pollution control programs by Region V,
according to James Marth, Region V Director of State
and Interstate Programs.
The funds, which are in addition to grants already re-
ceived for these programs, were made available under
Section 7 of the Water Pollution Control State Program
Grants for Fiscal Year 1972, Marth said.
"All six states in Region V were eligible for addition-
al funds," Marth said. The increases available by
state were as follows: Illinois, $215,450; Indiana,
$116,900; Michigan, $180,050; Minnesota, $79,000; Ohio,
$223,900; and Wisconsin, $99,750.
10
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LOCAL AND NATIONAL
EPA is sponsoring three two-week environmental educa-
tion workshops for high school teachers to be offered
this summer in Las Vegas, Neveda. The workshops will
be presented by EPA's Western Environmental Research
Laboratory and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas,
under a contract awarded to the University by EPA's
Office of Public Affairs.
The workshops are designed to encourage establishment
of meaningful environmental programs at the high
school level. The intensive two-week sessions will
bring together classroom teachers and experts from
the EPA, from academic, business, and government sec-
tors to discuss ways of defining, attacking and
solving environmental problems at the community level,
and ways of involving youth in these projects.
Some of the water pollution leaders from States in
Region V attended a briefing on legislation pending
in Congress at EPA's midwest headquarters during May.
Among those leaders present were (from back left)
Roy Porteous, Businessmen for the Public Interest,
Chicago; Constance Herman, Illinois Womens Federation;
Becky Muir, LWV of Indiana; Louise Rome, LWV of Ill-
inois; Janet Johnson, LWV of Winnetka, Illinois;
Helen Bieker, of the Indiana Division AAUW (American
Association of University Women); (front left) Paul
Leach, Director, Michigan United Conservation Clubs,
Lansing; Lee Botts, Lake Michigan Federation; Betty
Hirlihy, LWV of Indiana; Marian Kroscher, LWV of
Wisconsin; Beverly Driscoll, League of Women Voters
(LWV) of Minnesota.
A leading U.S. authority on Dutch elm disease, Dr. A.
Charles Lincoln, has been named director of the Region
V Pesticides Branch.
The Pesticide Branch is part of the Region V Categori-
cal Programs Division headed by James M. Conlon. In
addition to pesticides, Categorical Programs has re-
sponsibility for the agency's regional programs deal-
ing with solid waste management and radiation.
"In addition to having principal operational responsi-
bility for agency pesticide programs in the Region,"
Region V Administrator Francis T. Mayo said, "Dr. Lin-
coln will be the chief regional contact with state,
local, and other Federal agencies in relation to the
Agency's pesticide efforts."
The new Pesticide Branch chief will be responsible for
the day-to-day operation of the Regional pesticides
program, including domestic marketing surveillance,
accident investigation, and the principal technical
assistance efforts related to the assessment and con-
trol of pesticides, within the scope of agency respon-
sibility.
Officials of Region V said 10 water supplies in the
Region were classified in May as having met estab-
lished Federal standards for use by interstate car-
riers.
They are: the City of Cleveland, Ohio; and the Wis-
consin cities of LaCrosse, Sturgeon Bay, Oshkosh,
Sheboygan, Superior, Eau Claire, Madison, Manitowoc,
and Green Bay.
EPA Region V Administrator Francis T. Mayo said:
"Under Federal quarantine regulations, water supplies
from which buses, trains, and airplanes take the water
which they serve to their passengers, must meet stand-
ards set by EPA."
The EPA approvals are part of an ongoing inspection
program by the Agency designed to assist the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration with its responsibility
for certifying water used by interstate carriers. At
present, 85 water supplies in Region V are appi .••.•• i-d
under the program.
II
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR SUMMER HOMES
The Inland Lake Studies Section of the Michigan Water
Resources Commission recently published a set of
"environmental guidelines" for Michigan inland lafcf-s*
fl_- : property owners.
The Public Report ywouid like to share these guidelines
with interested readers. Although,, the guidelines were
prepared for Michigan, and some of the specific regu-
lations pertaitt t$ Njichigan alone, most of-the do's
and don'ts will-be universally a^licafjje.' ..
"Today," the guifelines say, "martf.-pf, $ichigan's
11,000 inland lakes are threatened by overdevelopment
and potential resultant pollution."
The publication points out the primary responsibility
for the water quality of inland lakes lies with the
cities, villages or townships in which they are lo-
cated.
It says Michigan property owners who have notified
local officials about known discharges of raw sewage
oil or other pollutants into their lake and have seen
no correction of the problem should contact their
Michigan Water Resources Commission in Lansing.
The guidelines are broken down into nine areas. These
include nutrients, septic tanks, shoreline lawns, silt
and debris, boats, pesticide and herbicide spraying
litter, the need for lake level stabilization, .and
rehabilitation of the lakes.
Nutrients
Nutrients, especially the phosphates present in human
waste and detergents, the guidelines say, are the
chief cause of the rapid increase in aging of the
lakes (eutrophication).
"Nutrients stimulate algae and water weed growth,"
says the publication, "creating undesirable shore-
line conditions for recreational use. Decay of these
plants deprives game fish of oxygen and allows rough
fish to replace them."
Although Michigan has an aggressive phosphorus remov-
al program underway throughout the State, requiring
additional community waste treatment facilities, the
scss£«ref.':housing developments 'around inland lakes
• oftea present special waste jprejblems.
;-;Saytic Tanks
"Septic taafc treatment.is used by most inland lake-
front prop&Sty owners," say the guidelines. The ex-
tent of septic tank effluent. run^f to the lakes 'is
mom at this tiftie, however.
The publication said that researchers have^fwnl'that"
certain types of soil filter out most of th'e phospho-
rus and other nutrients before such seepage reaches
the lakes.
Lakefront owners who have septic tank facilities
should take special care to minimize the volume of
detergents used for laundering, it said. If adds that
the amount of phosphate detergents used earths greatly
reduced through experimentation.
"If surface water drains are installed on your proper-
ty, be certain they are far enough from you¥ sewage
S VS t QTS\ ."l1"paii1''ir»nc r\i~ ii~_ • <
"Remember to protect your water sufffl^ft.'" it empha-
sizes. Improperly installed septic tank systems can
affect wells. County Health Departffl^»fficials
should be contacted for direction on proper location
and maintenance of septic tank sys
Shoreline Lawns
Shoreline lawns are not recommendedjBHBnservation-
ists and ecologists. "For better dBBion of water
quality and surrounding lake vegetation," it says
"the shoreline should be left in its natural state."
Lakefront properly owners intent o
ready established lawns are advise
lowing precautions suggested by Pr
of^Michigan State University.
.lizing al-
.ke the fol-
•d G. Ellis
12
-------
First, the soil should be tested to determine if the
lawn needs phosphorus and potassium. "This is par-
ticularly important," says Prof. Ellis, "in that most
fertilizers on the market for lawn use contain more
phosphorus and potassium than the grass actually
requires."
Consequently, he says, use of mixed fertilizers leads
to the increase of phosphorus in the soil. He says
this increase is readily detected by soil testing,
and points out that County Cooperative Extension
Agents will provide soil testing information.
Second, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied when
the grass is actively growing to minimize loss of
nutrients to nearby lakes or streams. "For the most
effective application," adds Prof. Ellis, begin fer-
tilizing in the spring when temperatures are suffi-
ciently warm to produce growth of grass and discontin-
ue before the grass ceases to grow in the fall, with
the last application not later than August 15."
Silt and Debris
Turning to the subject of silt and debris, the guide-
lines caution that when they are washed from the land
around construction sites they blanket fish spawning
beds and food supplies. "Steep banks and exposed
soil require immediate seeding and mulching or
planting of native vegetation to deter erosion."
In Michigan permits for lake dredging, filling,
building a beach or constructing a dam must be ob-
tained through application with the Hydrological
Survey Division, Bureau of Water Management, Depart-
ment of Natural Resources, Stevens T. Mason Building,
Lansing, 48926.
Boats
All boats equipped with sanitary facilities must have
sewage holding tanks, recirculating self-contained
marine toilets or sewage incinerator devices, under
the 1970 Watercraft Pollution Control Act 167.
"Because fewer such recreational boats are found on
inland lakes," say the guidelines, "the law is most
often of concern to boat owners traveling the Great
Lakes."
However, says the publication, the discharge of raw
sewage into any Michigan waters is illegal. The
nearest conservation officer of sheriff's department
should be contacted about a known violation of this
law, it urges.
The guidelines point out that owners of these properly
equipped boats who are far from Great Lakes marina
pumpout stations can empty holding tanks at one of
the many gasoline filling stations equipped for travel
trailer waste disposal. "Houseboats should be con-
nected to an on-land septic tank or sewage system,"
it adds.
Pesticide and Herbicide Spraying
Pesticide and herbicide spraying on and around the
lakes can damage the environment if improper proce-
dures or products are used, according to the guide-
lines.
"To safeguard Michigan waters against possible con-
tamination from chemical weed killers," it says, "the
Department of Natural Resources is now requiring per-
mits for the use of any aquatic herbicide to be ap-
plied in public lakes, ponds or streams." The DNR
Fisheries Division determines which bodies of water
may be sprayed for weeds and what chemicals may be
used in each case.
Persons considering a water weed control project are
urged to keep in mind that certain water plants are
food for waterfowl.
"Insect spraying near lakes should be applied with
caution," the guidelines admonish, "giving wind di-
rection and approved pesticides first consideration."
The Michigan Natural Resources Department's Research
and Development and Information and Education Divi-
sions and Bureau of Water Management have available
a free list of "Pesticide Dos and Don'ts."
Litter
"Litter poses a continuous pollution problem for our
lakes and streams," it says. "Every citizen should
be reminded that litter accumulated on ice-covered
lakes during the winter will end up in the water or
on the beach in the spring."
Lake Level Stabilization
The need for lake level stabilization has been recog-
nized since the first change in the State Constitution
in 1908, according to the guidelines. "Since that
time," they point out, "Michigan has had a succession
of inland lake level laws."
Under the current Michigan law, Act 146, P.A. of 1961
as amended, the guidelines say, each County Board of
Commissioners has the authority and responsibility in
lake level matters. "Lake front property owners can
seek aid through request or through a 2/3 petition of
waterfront freeholders to the Commissioners."
Usually, they say, the cost for establishing and main-
taining a legal level or levels is minor in comparison
to the benefits received. Although the Michigan De-
partment of Natural Resources cannot make field surveys
and engineering reports as was once the case, they
add, DNR continues to aid lakefront property owners
by advising and reviewing reports, plans and specifi-
cations prepared by consultants.
Rehabilitation of the Lakes
Rehabilitation of lakes by dredging or other means
under Act 345 of 1966 is extremely expensive. Inland
Lake Renewal Projects, sponsored by the States of
Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, are actively
searching for successful renewal techniques and water
quality protection methods.
"Michigan environmental laws have been greatly
strengthened during the past few years," according
to the guidelines. "However," it adds, "the active
interest and support of every citizen is necessary
if we are to preserve our Water Wonderland."
13
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continued from page 9
He said his Agency pointed out in its implementation
plan that the method of analysis used by EPA is in ap-
propriate.
"The standard was actually based on another method of
analysis that would give a two-to-one difference," he
said, "and the difference quite frankly is that you
either have an air quality problem or you don't, de-
pending on which method of analysis that you use."
(Editor's Note: EPA has obtained information placing
doubts on its reference analysis procedure for nitrogen
dioxide. Further analysis of ambient air levels may
result in re-classification of high priority (Priority
I) regions such as Metropolitan Detroit-Port Huron and
the Central Michigan Interstate Region. This will re-
sult in postponing the effective date for control ac-
tion from December 1972 to July 1973. This in no way
affects the 1975 cleanup deadline for nitrogen dioxide
or the actual ambient air standard itself.)
Jager said that if either Michigan or EPA adopts EPA's
proposed rule on nitrogen dioxide in Michigan, it may
well change the mind of many of those industries that
have announced programs for the reduction of particu-
lates and sulfur dioxide based on conversion of coal
to oil or coal to gas.
"This is because EPA would limit the emissions of oxide
of nitrogen from oil or gas," he said, "but would not
limit the emission of oxides of nitrogen from coal-
burning sources."
It could very well be, he pointed out, that if EPA pro-
ceeds to adopt this rule that they will make it impos-
sible to attain air quality standards for particulates
or sulfur dioxide emissions.
"We can't argue with the philosophy of making air qual-
ity better," he said. "Nobody can argue with that phi-
losophy."
But, he asked, is it a proper allocation of resources
at this critical point in time and on the other hand
does it interfere with other control installations?
"In this case, specifically nitrogen dioxide," he
stated, "it would do both. It would interfere with
other control programs and it would drastically divert
needed resources away from other control programs."
Jager argued for a realistic approach in the use of re-
sources. "There are only a finite number of resources
that are going to be applied to environmental cleanup,"
he pointed out. "To spend them in the wrong place is
certainly subject to question."
He said EPA appears to be committed to a technical
point of the Clean Air Act amendments and cannot recog-
nize the fact that measurements may not be a true indi-
cation of what air quality is.
"Measurements are only as accurate as the procedures
used," he noted, "and the fact that any analytical pro-
cedure gives you an answer does not necessarily mean
that the answer is correct, particularly in the face
of the vast majority of scientific evidence that that
measurement is incorrect and other procedures would
give a more reliable answer."
continued from page 5
3. Penalties of up to $5,000 and/or one year imprison-
ment per day of violation may be sought where there is
a failure to comply with an administrative order for
violation of state implementation plan during period
of federally assumed enforcement after 30 days notice,
or violation of new source or hazardous pollutant emis-
sion standards. The fine may be increased to $50,000
and/or two years imprisonment per day of violation on
a second conviction.
4. In addition, in order to determine if a violation
has occurred, the administrator is empowered to inspect,
monitor, test, require recordkeeping, etc. Any falsifi-
cation of records or tampering with equipment is subject
to a fine of $10,000 and/or 6 months imprisonment.
5. Emergency authority is granted the Administrator un-
der Section 303. He is empowered to immediately enjoin
a polluter if the source is presenting "an imminent and
substantial endangerment to health" and state and local
authorities are inactive. Imminent and substantial en-
dangerment has not been defined by the Clean Air Act,
but EPA proposed regulations for the states who must
set up emergency programs in their plans based on 24-
hour concentrations at "danger" levels with an expecta-
tion that meteorological conditions will continue for
another 12 hours.
Pesticides
Members of Region V Enforcement Division and Pesticides
Division attended a two day training course conducted
by the Pesticides Enforcement Division in Washington,
D.C. The training course was designed to provide to
the region the knowledge needed to enforce the non-re-
gistration provision of the Federal Insecticide, Fungi-
cide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
Region V will soon be enforcing the non-registration
provisions of FIFRA. The inspectors in the field will
spot the non-registered product and call Washington to
determine if the product is in fact non-registered.
The Pesticides Division, once non-registration is con-
firmed, will prepare a case file for the enforcement
division. The enforcement division will review the
casefile and send a citation to the violator who has 20
days to request a hearing or respond in writing. After
the hearing the enforcement division prepares the case-
file for referral to the U.S. Attorney and furnishing
him support in prosecution of the case. The maximum
fine is $1,000 under FIFRA for non-registered items.
In addition to non-registration Region V will be han-
dling certain mislabeling violations. These bring a
maximum fine of $500 for each violation. Also proce-
dures are being developed for sei ures of non-register-
ed products.
It is hoped that by shifting enforcement responsibilities
to Region V a more vigorous program can be initiated.
The Michigan Air Pollution Control Chief said the EPA
air quality secondary standards are "very low numbers.
"They're numbers that are severely challenged by many
segments of the scientific community as being neces-
sary," Jager added. "But, nonetheless, they are tar-
gets now because they're Federal regulations."
14
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Information On Air Pollution
As the federal government increasingly encourages cit-
izen participation in policy making, the citizen must
equip him-or herself for the role. The adoption of
state air implementation plans is an example of a pro-
cedure which has recognized citizen opinion through
public hearings. In order to assist the citizen in
developing his or her understanding of the implement-
ation plans, the Office of Public Affairs is encour-
aging distribution of a number of pamphlets on air
pollution. To receive any of the following publica-
tions, write Publications, Office of Public Affairs,
One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606.
General Citizens Guides
A Citizen's Guide to Clean Air. January, 1972. The
Conservation Foundation. An extensive discussion of
federal air quality standards and procedure in adop-
tion of implementation plans and standards of perform-
ance.
Air Pollution Episodes. A Citizen Handbook. December,
1971. Environmental Protection Agency. Discussion of
air pollution disaster and air pollution episode con-
tingency plans.
Citizen Role in Implementation of Clean Air Standards.
October, 1971. Environmental Protection Agency. Dis-
cussion of control regulations and the citizen role in
achieving clean air.
Air Pollution: The Facts. April, 1971. National
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease Association.
Brief overview of causes, effects of and controls for
air pollution.
Take Three Giant Steps to Clean Air. 1967. Public
Health Service. Discusses the importance of getting
the facts, informing others, and taking action in
order to abate air pollution.
Laws and Regulations
The Clean Air Act. December, 1970. Environmental
Protection Agency.
National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality
Standards, Federal Register. April 30, 1971.
Requirements for Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal
of Implementation Plans, Federal Register. August 14,
1971.
Standards for Performance for New Stationary Sources,
Federal Register. December 23, 1971.
For Younger Students
Needed: Clean Air. 1967. Channing L. Bete Company.
"no discharge'standards
EPA has announced "no discharge" standards designed to
bring an end to the discharge of wastes into navigable
waters. The standards will require over 600,000 U.S.
vessels and an unknown number of foreign flagships to
have a no-discharge device such as a holding tank or
recirculating toilet.
The standards, announced June 23 and published on that
date in the Federal Register, will not affect vessels
which do not presently have marine toilets such as row-
boats, canoes, and a variety of other mostly small
craft.
The establishment of standards of performance for ma-
rine sanitation devices by EPA is called for by the
Federal Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970.
The law requires the Coast Guard to issue and enforce
regulations consistent with the EPA standards governing
the design, construction, installation, and operation
of the marine sanitation devices.
The Coast Guard presently expects to issue its regula-
tions in about six months. The regulations will be
published in the Federal Register on the day they are
announced.
The EPA standards will become effective for new vessels
in two years after the Coast Guard regulations are es-
tablished, and for existing vessels in five years from
that time.
Incentives are provided for boat owners to equip their
vessels with marine sanitation devices certified by
the Coast Guard. Certification calls for devices which
will reduce fecal coliform bacteria to no more than
1,000 per 100 milliliters and prevent the discharge of
visible floating solids.
Existing vessels with certified sanitation devices
(basically macerator-chlorinators) installed within
three years after the initial standards and regulations
are promulgated would be allowed to retain such devices
for their useful life.
If the equipment is installed between three and five
years after the date of promulgation it could be used
for eight years after the date of promulgation. Then,
a holding tank or recirculating toilet or some other
device that meets the no-discharge standard must be in-
stalled.
States may ask EPA to issue regulations completely pro-
hibiting vessels from discharging sewage, treated or
untreated, into State waters that require special pro-
tection to meet water quality standards and are part of
the nation's navigable water system.
The states in six-state Region V which have holding
tank requirements at present are Illinois, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, Michigan, and Indiana. Ohio has a proposed
holding tank requirement now before its Legislature.
The Region V Public Report is edited and published by
the Public Affairs Staff of Region V.
15
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g
EPA has announced approval of a package of far-reach-
ing interstate water quality standards submitted to
the Federal agency by the State of Illinois. The
announcement was made jointly by EPA Regional Admin-
istrator Francis T. Mayo, Illinois EPA Director
William L. Blaser, and Illinois Pollution Control
Board Chairman David P. Currie.
"The standards, originally adopted by the Illinois
Pollution Control Board earlier this year, are con-
sidered some of the finest and most comprehensive in
the country," Mayo said.
With the announcement the Illinois standards became
subject to Federal enforcement for the interstate
waters of Illinois in line with the Water Quality Act
of 1965.
The standards package covers such pollutants as mer-
cury, phosphorus, chlorides, bacteria, heated water
discharges, acids, phenolic compounds, oil, and such
heavy metals as lead, copper, zinc and iron, and
provide a detailed blueprint of requirements essential
for the protection of Illinois waterways.
Mayo said EPA has not approved three aspects of the
standards proposed by the State. The exceptions to
the approved water quality standards plan are thermal
standards for Lake Michigan, a "restricted use con-
cept" for certain waters in Northeastern Illinois,
and the lack of a comprehensive implementation plan
that includes interim accomplishment dates for pro-
tecting stream use designations.
In mid-May the Ohio Senate passed and sent to the
Ohio House of Representatives a long-awaited bill
to set up an environmental protection agency for the
state, according to the Dayton Journal Herald.
The cabinet-level department would take over functions
now performed by the Ohio Health and Natural Resources
departments. The measure, which includes mandatory
environmental education courses in Ohio grade schools,
has the backing of the administration of Gov. John J.
Gilligan, the Dayton newspaper said.
DETROIT--Scout Troop 23 of the North Trails District
in the Detroit Area Council was enjoying a May Satur-
day outing in the Pinckney State Recreation Area when
they noticed a large fire in the woods.
Quickly and efficiently they grabbed the nearest fire-
fighting equipment consisting of water, shovels, and
rakes and sprung into action. Upon reaching the area
they discovered 2 small boys entrapped within the
blazing circle. The boys were rescued and the fire
extinguished thanks to the efforts of the quick-
thinking scouts.
The possible disaster of an extensive forest fire due
to the wind that day was averted by this organized
group of young men.
FROM: Public Affairs
One North Wacker Drive
Eighth Floor
Chicago, Illinois
60606
WUWL
EPA-335
TO:
-------
Region V Public Report
July -August 1372
DOWN IN THE DUMP: TOM 6ILLARD COORDINATES MIDWEST MISSION 5001
-------
Mission 5000
GILLARD WORKS TO CLOSE DUMPS
by Frank Corrado
Maybe somebody at a graduation party whispered
4'jSolid waste" {rather than, "plastics") in Tom
Gil Card's, ear back in Philadelphia wnen he"v:|radu- :;; |^
ated' frdfti the University of Pennsylvania.
*-t
Gillard, a native of Alton, 111., is EM's inidwesterti
evangelist in charge pf closing opem. dumps. In a
cHy when recycling has caught the public imagination
tod much of, EPA's effort is toward searching out ftew
||ethods for solid waste management, h« preaches the ;;
Sessage at sanitary landfills to local ioffioials.
.;••:•. . .: ''' •'••:.• -,-.' '&?••
"We know how tp dispose of ths vast majority of
solii Bastes with minimum environmental insult .fc>y
using sanitary landfills," fee says. "It's tine that
lie s4art putting existing: technology to work - stop
'Open dumping and start developing sanitary landfills*
It iS-jRost probably that whatever aew processes for
recycling are developed, there will still be some
fractioA of the solid *aste >Stre¥tt that must be
disposed of on :.£he land. Fortunately, -the sanitary
laijdfill. is very flexible and easily fulfils its ,j|=
irole of final disposal in all imaginable,,soiid
iwaste management systems."
fcilla*d's Region V territory accounted for almost
|ial# of all the dumps 'closed? during EPA's prograp to^
|slose 5,001; durag^ nationally, MISSION SppO. , ,
,$8». |f"" '•:;" •' ' ':-V:' "/?"•
The agessly recently released figures Snowing that the
goal of 500Q; closures/'within two. years has.not beeB
reached, but substantial progress has been svade. >< And
"EPA is convijjced .enou^i in febe program's merit, to ,
out
A *pta|i of 907 dufflps w«re closed in -the &ej|ion4V
01 a national figure of 2,096. Mis wai« duying
period between Jyly l,y 1970 and |une 30, J..972.
JinoHg<:f.he top ten states%n MISSION 5000 .we
(numbers!) with 416 closures, and Ohio wi
sures.
Gillard^nd other "EPA officials tere quick to,, M
that,^he number of dumps eliminated is not the .sole
crijEeridgl for judging a state or:community program. '•
Some eity dumps are larger, and; therefore harder t$
close than others; and some states went well along
iaj theijr programs-to close dumps before MISSION §SOO
job in MISSION 5000 ^.s on© of evangelisp:
assisting states, local gover,:nme'nts, and cooperating
citizen groups by preparing technical and public
inlormatioa materials on MISSION 5000, by providing
rec6innienii*d standards and model legislation, tecK*
n-ical assistance in solving problems, and special
raining for operators and supervisors,
ny of our dump closings came about because of neif
Estate laws that ban-open dumping or burning," said
Gillard. "We could have even more progress," he
we*nt on, "if more money and manpower'were given t0*
state solid waste agencies and if more aggressive
enforcement programs were initialed at the state
level.
Op«|i dumping has Seen Commonplace' in the United States
for a, long times A 4968 Federal survey showed 16,000
open dumps nationally. Only 4 p»r cent of all land
•disposal sites surveyed were sanitary landfills.
Dumps'Contribute to water polluticgf by contaminating
groltod Water or nearby itreams; they create air
polluf|on fhen bwrniag; they provide fooH and housing
, for,::xat8.|, flies, seagulls another pests.
So. the MISSION 5000 program will continue. Tom
Gillard will sontiii&e bis preaching. "We'll be
ho.ldia||s aore State-EPA one-day training courses,
giving more speeches, helping state and local
*^enci|8." ...Gitlard this ^spuner also has some more
help: "two college interns are doing survey work
on dumps throughout the region*
REGION V*UMP
ILLINOIS (606)
fh.e Division of L3|>d Pollution Control, Illinois En-
vironmental Protection Agency, is responsible for en-
ifercing the applicable provisions of the Environmental
: Protection Act or 1970 and the Rules and Regulations
for Refuse Disposal Sjtes and Facilities, both of
.Which contains strong provisions for guaranteeing pro-
jection of the environment and public health as they
relate to solid waste8 Management .
All disposal facilities must be approved by the agen-
cy and conform to tjte regulations. Open dumping and
buraing a¥e:: prohibited, fhrobgh the active permit
aftd inspection program, 416'dumps have been elimi-
nated dwrfng Missiop. 5000 and many sanitary landfills
cojstru,cted.
communities wifi improve their disposal meth-
ods witMn the na^rt year aaS eventually all Illinois
comrtnjaitifSS will coftform to the regulations.
..,;,,5, 6
: ..' :
Dumps Closed £416) «• >;
kdi&s ($$: Ojlincy; Augasta.; Alexander : McClure;
Bond: jfPocahontas; B^0ne--:|t) : 'felvidere (2); Boone (2):
[2) ;. Bureau (9): ^Bureau Junction; New Bed-
If field; JDepwe C-)i ®u<^'> Walnut (3);
'Calhoun (2): Batclltown; Hartfin; Carroll (3): Thomson;
York TSiwnship, AfcgO Pay; Mr. Carroll; Cass (2): Beards-
to«^; Cha.|ldles^ille; Champaign (17): Illinois Central
Railroad, Urbaina; ;£ounty;sPair Apartments, Champaign;
Urbana (5); 'Ivesdale«(2) ; Champaign, Urbana (2);
*Mahomet |2^ ; Champaign ;(2) ; Homer; Staley;
Christian (3): :Mt. Auburn (2); Kincaid; Clark: West-
fieldirclltitoh: Carlyle; Coles (S) : Rardin; Oakland;
Lerna; Charleston (2);
Cook (fp : Des Plaines Sanitary Imp. Co., Des Plaines;
C entliiS Corporation, Elk Grove Village; Summit; Pala-
Unef Des Plaines; Chicago Heights; Interlake Steel,
Chicago; Crawford: Robinson; Cumberland (3): Greenup;
Miller, Greenup; Neoga; DeKalb (3): DeKalb (3);
-------
DeWitt (4): Wapella; Farmer City (2); Clinton; Doug-
las (5): Villa Grove; Arthur; Newman; Arcola; Mur-
dock; DuPage: West Chicago; Edgar (3): Chrisman;
Paris; Brocton; Edwards (4): Grayville; Browns; Al-
bion (2); Effingham (3): Shumway; Teutopolis; Ef-
fingham;
Fayette: Vandalia; Ford (5): Paxton, Gibson City (3);
Cabery; Franklin (3): Royalton; West Frankfort (2);
Fulton (3): Cuba; Lewistown; Middle Grove; Gallantin:
Ridgway; Greene (2): Greenfield; Roodhouse; Hancock
(11): Niota; Bentley; Warsaw; Pilot Grove Township",
Burnside; Basco; Hamilton (2) Nauvoo; Dallas City;
West Point; Hancock;
Hardin (2): Elizabethtown; Cave In Rock; Iroquois (16):
Cissna Park; Milford (6); Buckley; Chebanse Township,
Clifton; Delrey; Papineau (2); Oilman; Woodland; Shel-
don; Crescent City; Jackson (8): Gorham (2); Carbon-
dale (4); Murphysboro; Elkville; Jasper: Newton;
Jefferson (2): Mt. Vernon (2); Jersey (5): Brighton
(2); Jerseyville (3);
Jo Daviess (2): Elizabeth; Apple River; Johnson (2):
Buncombe; Vienna; Kane (11): Lily Lake; Aurora (2);
Elgin; Elgin National Disposal, Elgin; Hampshire (2);
E. Dundee; Sugar Grove; Mooseheart;- Gilberts;
Kankakee (6): Bradley (2); Grant Park; Kankakee; St.
Anne (2); Lake (6): Antioch; Ingleside; North Chic-
ago; Waukegan; Zion (2); LaSalle (13): Buffalo State
Park; Earlville; Kangley; Marseilles; Mendota (2);
Norway; Serena (2); Ottawa (21; Mendota; LaSalle;
Lawrence: Lawrenceville; Lee (5): Amboy; Dixon (3);
Steward; Livingston (11): Hanagan; Chatsworth; Pon-
tiac; Forest; Streater (2); Cornell; Saunemin (2);
Long Point; Manville; Logan (6): Lincoln State
School, Lincoln; Lawndale; Elk Country Club; Lincoln
(2); Hartsburg;
McDonough (5): Macomb (2); Argyle Lake State Park;
Bushnell; Tennessee; McHenry (8): Gary, McHenry (3);
Marengo; Huntley (2); Crystal Lake; McLean (11):
Lexington; State Highway Department, Bellflower; Col-
fax; Anchor; Downs (3); Gridley; Normal; Funks Grove;
Chenoa;
Macon (3): Decatur (3); Macoupin: Nilwood; Madison
(8): Highland; Collinsville; Alton (2); Olin, East
Alton; Edwardsville; Choteau Island, Granite City;
Pontoon Beach; Marion (4): Salem; Odin; Centralia
(2); Marshall (2): Washburn (2); Mason (4): Havana;
Bath; Manito; Kilbourne; l^assac (3): Brookport (2);
Metropolis; Menard: Athens;
Mercer (2): Keithsburg (2); Monroe (3): Columbia;
Columbia, Waterloo; Waterloo; Montgomery (5): Hj.iis-
boro (3); Schram City; Panama; Morgan (5): Jackson-
ville (2); Meredosia (2); Woodson; Moultrie (2):
Bethany; Sullivan;
Ogle (11): Oregon (2); Buffalo Township, Buffalo;
Pine Creek Township, Mt. Morris; Oregon Township,
Oregon; Leaf River, Mt. Morris; Woosung; Rochelle;
Adeline; Brookville, Polo; Mt. Morris;
Peoria: Peoria; Perry (2): DuQuoin (2); Piatt:
White Heath; Pike (5): Barry; Montezuma, Milton;
Pearl; Chambersburg; New Canton; Pope (2): Eddyville;
Brownfield; Putnam: Granville; Randolph (5): Tilden;
Red Bud; Evansville; Steelville; Ruma; Rock Island
(6): Hampton Township, Silvis; Coal Valley (3);
Blackhawk Township, Milan; Moline;
St. Clair (15): East St. Louis (2); O'Fallon; Mas-
coutah; Caseyville (2); Belleville Township, Belle-
ville; Belleville (6); Swansea; Lebanon; Saline: Har-
risburg; Sangamon (16): Auburn; Dawson; Illiopolis
(2); North 30th Street, Springfield; Riverton; River-
ton, Springfield; Solomon #1, Springfield; Wanless I,
Springfield; Springfield (?);
Shelby (2): Shelbyville; Sigel; Stark (2): Toulon;
Wyoming; Stephenson (4): Jefferson, Pearl City; Mc-
Connall; Silver Creek; Freeport;
Tazewell (5): Spring Bay, E. Peoria (2); Random Dump,
MacKinaw; Cincinnati Township, Pekin; Creve Coeur;
Vermillion (13): Fairmount; Potomac; Catlin (2);
Danville (4); Westville; Belgium; Ridge Farm; Ross-
ville; Tilton;
Washington: Richview; Whiteside (14): Sterling (2);
Garden Plain; Hopkins Township, Emerson; Prophetstown
(2); Morrison; Fenton; Union Grove Township, Morrison;
East Clinton; Rock Falls; Jordan Township; Sterling
(2); Lyndon;
Will (8): Minooka; Plainfield; Channabon (2); Joliet
(2); Braidwood; Bolingbrook; Williamson (10): Marion;
Herrin (2); Carterville (3); Johnston City (3); Energy;
Winnebago (14); Loves Park; Morristown; Pecatonica;
So. Beloit (3); Rockford (5); Rockton; Roscoe; Cherry
Valley; Woodford (7): Congerville; Washburn; German-
town Hills, Germantown; Eureka; Kappa; Kansas Town-
ship; Green Township, Roanoke;
William L. Blasier, Director, Environmental Protection
Agency, 2200 Churchill Road, Springfield, Illinois
62706, (217) 525-3397, or Thomas Gillard, EPA, One
North Wacker Drive, Room 900, or Frank Corrado, EPA.
One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606,
(312)353-5800.
INDIANA (416)
In the State of Indiana, solid waste disposal is
regulated through the provisions of the Refuse Dis-
posal Act, enacted in 1965, and amended in 1969.
Open dumping is specifically prohibited by the Refuse
Disposal Act and open burning is prohibited by air
pollution control regulations. All proposals for
disposal operations must be approved by the State
Board of Health and conform to the applicable stand-
ards.
Sixty-five dumps have been either closed and covered,
or converted to sanitary landfills during Mission
5000. One training course has been held to instruct
local officials in the proper methods of closing
dumps and replacing them with acceptable alternatives.
One-hundred and one proposals for sanitary landfills
have been approved since January 1, 1970.
Dumps Closed (65):
Bartholomew: Azalea; Cass: Sang Ralea Valley Boys
Home, Walton; Clinton: Lewis Reed Dump; Deleware
(2): Grainville; Lloyd Hiestand Dump, Washington
Township; Elkhart'(7): Arrowhead Acres; C § CT
Brown; Goshen; Osold Township; Parkwood Homes,
Bristol; Wakarusa; Yellowstone Trailer, Inc., West
Michigan Road;
please turn to page 4
-------
(From lefts) M. Hedintt, M. Conlin, D. Andrews,
T. Gillard and B. Pye participate in Mission 5000
news conference in Springfield.
Fayette: Connersville; Fulton: Liberty Township;
Hendricks (2): Danville; Plainfield; Jackson (3):
Brownstown; Crothersville; Medora; Jasper (2):
Wheatfield; St. Joseph College, Collegeville;
Jay (6): CR 69, Jefferson Township; Dunkirk;
Pennville; Portland; Red Key; State Road 26, Wayne
Township; Jefferson (2): Hanover; State Line,
Madison; Lake: East Gary;
Miami (5): Denver; Newhauser, Converse; L.C. Boyd
Farm, Amboy; Roann (2); Noble: Wolcottville;
Orange (2): Orleans; Paoli; Owen (2): Town-County,
Spencer; Spencer;
Perry '(2): Troy; Leopold; Pike (2): Oakland,
Petersburg; Porter (2): Chesterton; Lake Eliza,
Valparaiso;
Putnam: Indiana State Farm, Putnamville, Saint
Joseph: Ireland Road Dump, South Bend; Starke (2):
North Judson; Koontz Lake, Steuben (4): Andrews;
Penner II, Lake on Ray Road; Cobb; Bell;
Sullivan: Shelburn; Tipton: Windfall; Vigo: Blue
Hole; Wayne (7) Cambridge City; Germantown; Greens
Fork; Hagerstown; Milton, Steel, Centerville; White:
Seward, Reynolds; " ~
Robert W. Heider, Division of Sanitary Engineering,
State Board of Health, 1330 West Michigan Street,
Indianapolis, Indiana 46207, (317) 633-4420; or
Thomas Gillard, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive, Room 900,
Chicago, Illinois 60606, (312) 353-6560; or Frank
Corrado, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois
60606, (312) 353-5800.
MICHIGAN (964)
The State of Michigan has been actively engaged in
the regulation of solid waste disposal facilities
since the enactment of the Michigan Solid Waste
Disposal Act and the adoption of regulations cov-
ering solid waste disposal areas in 1965. The act
requires that all land disposal sites be licensed
and conform with the regulations which require
sanitary landfill operation, except in special cases
in rural areas. Consequently, many dumps were
eliminated or converted to sanitary landfills prior
to the inception of Mission 5000.
By amendment in 1971, the Solid Waste Disposal Act
has been made more comprehensive. Licenses are now
also required for transfer facilities, incinerators,
processing plants, and all other handling or dis-
posal facilities. Collection and transportation
equipment will be required to be licensed after
March 14, 1972.
Recognizing the need for local planning, the amended
act requires that "prior to July 1, 1973, every
city, village, or township with a population of 10,000
or more and every county" must submit to the state a
plan to meet solid waste management needs through 1990.
The state has also begun to attack the every-increas-
ing problem of junk motor vehicles and farm implements
by permitting local governmental units to operate a
collection center for junk motor vehicles and farm
implements, and to collect and dispose of them. The
issuance of general obligation bonds to establish and
maintain such systems is also permitted by the act.
Within the Michigan Department of Public Health, the
Division of Solid Waste Management is responsible for
carrying out the provisions of the Solid Waste Disposal
Act. In addition to the on-going activities of li-
censing, inspection, and enforcement activities, the
Division of Solid Waste Management (employing two
engineers, four environmental sanitarians, one
entomologist and two clerks) is also responsible for
writing the rules for refuse transfer facilities,
processing plants, refuse transporting units, collec-
tion centers, and guidelines for county plan develop-
ment.
Dumps Closed (61):
Allegan: Dobbins, Allegan Township; Barry (2):
Orangeville Twp; Castleton - Maple Grove Twps;
Berrien (2): Hagar Twp; Royalton Twp; Branch (3):
Lyle Bush Industrial; Coldwater; Ovid Twp.; Cass
(2): Cassopolis, Grange Twp.; Dowagiac, Wayne Twp.;
Cheboygan: Indian River, Koehler Twp.;
Clinton (4): Bengal Twp.; Watertown; Rose Lake Exp.
Station; St. Johns; Eaton (2): Olivet; Bellevue;
Genessee: Gorton 6 Jobson;
Hillsdale (6): Reading Twp.; Allen Twp.; Cambria
Twp.; Fayette Twp. and Jonesville Village; Hillsdale
College; Montgomery; Ingham (6): Wiegant's; E. High
St., Lansing; S.D. Soloman's Demolition; Onondaga
Twp.; Stockbridge Twp.; Stockbridge Village;
Ionia: Lake Odessa; Jackson (5): Grass Lake Twp.;
Parma; Leoni Twp.; Concord Twp.; Rives Twp.; Kalama-
zoo( S): Georgia Pacific; Allied Paper; Ben Martin;
Lazy R; Fort Custer; Kent: Granduille; Livingston
(2): Koeppen's, Hamburg Twp.; Geona Twp.;
Mason: Ludington; Montcalm (3): Howard; Winfield
Twp.; Greenville; Osceola (2): Millen, Lincoln Twp.;
Rohen, Evart Twp.; Ottawa (3): Zeeland Twp.; Holland
Twp.; Georgetown Twp.;
Saint Joseph: Weyerhauser Company; Shiawasee: Laings-
burg; Morrice Twp.; Middlebury Twp; Van Buren (4):
Decatur Village; South Haven Twp; Covert Twp.; Paw
Paw Twp.;
Fred Kellow, Michigan Department of Public Health,
3500 North Logan, Lansing, Michigan 48914, (517)
373-6620; or Thomas Gillard, EPA, 1 North Wacker
Drive, Room 900, Chicago, Illinois 60606, ( 312)
353-6560; or Frank Corrado, EPA, 1 North Wacker
Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606, (312) 353-5800.
-------
MINNESOTA (516)
Although the solid waste management program of the
state of Minnesota is less than four years old, major
accomplishments have been made. One of these was the
adoption in January, 1970, by the Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency of the solid waste disposal regulations
which govern the operation of solid waste systems with-
in the state.
The provisions of the regulations are comprehensive,
including provisions for storage, collection, trans-
portation, processing and disposal. Permits are re-
quired for all sites or facilities for any method of
handling, processing, and disposal.
All sites for final disposal have been required by law
to be operated as sanitary landfills except for sites
serving a re'sident population, of less than 2,500 peo-
ple, which were granted exemptions during a transition
and planning period ending July 1, 1972. By that date,
all counties were to submit to the Pollution Control
Agency a workable final 'plan for a solid waste manage-
ment system. These plans must provide "for a solid
waste management system to serve all persons within
the county."
A study of the problem of abandoned and junk motor ve-
hicles was undertaken, resulting in the enactment of
the Auto Hulk Bill and the development of state re-
gulations which provide local governments with new
powers to attack the problem and provide for a uni-
que taxing system by which the cost of collection and
disposal of abandoned vehicles can be defrayed.
A program to deal with the problems of agricultural
wastes has also begun. In April, 1971, state regula-
tions to control run-off from feedlots and other
sources of agricultural wastes were signed into state
law.
Sixty-four dumps have been reported as eliminated
during Mission 5000 and one training course for 61
people has been presented. With increased staffing,
Mission 5000 activities will be increased and the en-
forcement program will be active in all- 87 counties
of the state. To help accomplish this, a state
training program supported in part by a federal grant
was recently begun. This program is designed to ed-
ucate the personnel responsible for implementing the
state policies which have been identified in the
state plan. The overall objective of Mission 5000,
to provide communities with, acceptable solid waste
disposal, will be met.
Dumps Closed (64):
Anoka (5): Musket Road Fill, Grow Twp; Burns Twp;
Linwood Twp; Carter; Hendascron, Inc., Minneapolis;
Becker: Audubon; Blue Earth: St. Clair; Carver (3):
Carver; Chaska; Minnesota Highway Department, Chaska;
Cook: Hungray Jack, Grand Marais; Crow Wing (2):
Pequot Lakes; Ideal Twp;
Dakata (3): Rosemount Research Center, Rosemount;
Burnsville; Freeway, Burnsville; Douglas: Nelson;
Hennepin (7): Blackowich, Minneapolis; Maple Plain;
Smith, Long Lake; Thurh, Saint Bonifacious-; Deephaven;
Mound Village; Kerber, Chanhessen; Kandiyohi: Wilmar;
LeSeur: LeCenter; Lyon (4): Cottonwood; Tracy; Ghent;
Marshall; Mille Lacs: Foreston; Morrison (8): Little
Falls; Elmdale; Flensburg; Sobieski; Swanville; Upsala;
Royalton; Harding; Mower: Rose Creek; Nobles (3):
Brewster; Round Lake; Bigelow; Pine (4):
Winkley; Mission Creek; Pine City;
Brook Park;
Scott (3): Jordan; Clemmer, New Market Twp; Minne-
sota Valley, Glendale Twp; Sherburne: Zimmerman;
Sibley (2): Gaylord; Greenlsle; Stearnes: Sartell;
Steele: Summit Twp; Stevens: Hancock;
Wabasha (2): Old Kellogg, Greenfield Twp; Weaver,
Minneiska Twp; Washington (2): Bellaire Sanitation,
Grant Twp; Forest Lake; Winona: Dakata, New Hartford
Twp; Wright (2): Linden Felser, Frankfort Twp; Yonak,
Monticello Twp; Yellow Medicine: Granite Falls;.
Floyd Forsberg, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency,
717 Delaware Street, S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota
55440, (612)378-1320; or Thomas Gillard, EPA, One
North Wacker Drive, Room 900, Chicago, Illinois
60606, (312)353-6560; or Frank Corrado, EPA, One
North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606, (312)
353-5800.
OHIO (582)
The Ohio Solid Waste Disposal Law was passed in 1967,
and the solid waste disposal regulations, adopted by
the Public Health Council, became effective on July 1,
1968. Licenses have been required for all disposal
sites since January 1, 1969. Open dumping and burn-
ing have been prohibited since July 1, 1969.
Local health departments are responsible for licensing
and inspection of disposal sites, while the Ohio De-
partment of Health is responsible for investigating
and evaluating them and for approving plans for dis-
posal sites. The Department of Health has also been
engaged in the preparation of a state plan for solid
waste management, which has just recently been publish-
ed, and is conducting a training program for operators
and supervisors.
Ohio has participated in Mission 5000 by reporting its
progress in improving disposal methods and by pre-
senting one training course attended by 48 people.
One hundred ninety-seven dumping sites have been re-
ported as properly eliminated during Mission 5000 and
many more sites have been reported to the state as
having been eliminated, but the state has been unable
to verify all of these reports.
Don Day (1.) and Lou Zuckerman (r.) of the Ohio
Department of Health inspect a sanitary landfill
in Columbus.
please turn to page 12
-------
VILLAGE COMMISSION CONTROLS POLLUTERS
"We like to go on the assumption that people don't
know any better, but afterwards if they don't try,
that's a different matter," comments Ms, Donna Blau,
Chairman of the Franklin Park (Illinois) Environmental
Control Commission. "Education plays a big part in
pollution control. We have to talk to citizens, ex-
plain our problems, and then hope that they understand
us." •__
Mrs. Donna Blau cnecKs nates for the walk along Silver
Creek.
As chairman of the E.C.C. Ms. Blau has been instrumen-
tal in the commission's efforts at community education
and involvement as well as its legal authority in pol-
lution control. It was Mayor Jack Williams who initi-
ated the idea of an environmental control commission
for Franklin Park and appointed the first members in
January of 1971. Ms. Blau's appointment as chairman
brought an experienced environmentalist to the com-
mission.
As an original organizer of Citizens United to Restore
the Environment (C.U.R.E.) Ms. Blau spent two years
actively helping people to become environmentally a-
ware. "During our first eight months, we had a total
of $2.23 in the C.U.R.E. treasury," laughs Ms. Blau.
But with donated time and money C.U.R.E. managed to
launch a village-wide environmental program for
schools, including distribution of a pamphlet "Let's
Save Our World." The pamphlet educated Franklin Park
to such facts as: "With over 6,000 homes in Franklin
Park...at thirty pounds of newspaper per month per
home...adds up to ninety tons of newspaper each month."
Using sketches to appeal to children, "Let's Save Our
World" conveyed concise information on pesticides,
detergents, air pollutants, and ecological living.
In addition to the education efforts, C.U.R.E. has
promoted projects to recycle glass, metal, and news-
paper, and to cleanup the local river, in cooperation
with Students Organized Against Pollution (SOAP)j an
East and West Leyden High School group that Ms. Blau
also helped to found.
Part of the Environmental Control Commission's success
can be attributed to the fact that active citizen
groups in Franklin Park cooperate with and supplement
the work of the commission. With an effective citi-
zens group such as C.U.R.E. handling recycling and
other similar projects, the E.C.C. can devote all of
its time to acting in its capacity as an advisory com-
mission to the village.
"I get upset when I attend some environmental commis-
sions' meetings, and see Ph.D.'s talking about the
price of glass. As intelligent men, with their ex-
pertise, they should, I believe, devote their atten-
tion to more crucial environmental matters," says
Ms. Blau. "Our commission is unique because it has
the power to hold hearings, and because it must ap-
prove Franklin Park building permits."
The interrelationships between citizen involvement
and the commission's activities in environmental con-
trol are even more evident in considering the member-
ship of the board. Ronald Klement, a member of the
E.C.C., is currently chairman of C.U.R.E. and Ms.
Diana Madej continues to co-sponsor S.O.A.P. Each
member of E.C.C., as stipulated by the ordinance that
establishes it, has a special background that quali-
fies him for the position. Ms. Blau has a zoology
and chemistry background; Mr. Howard Johnson, assist-
ant chairman, is a supervisor of Hallicrafter's En-
vironmental Test Lab and a senior member of the In-
stitute of Environmental Sciences; and Mr. Arthur
Gregg is assistant public health officer for the vil-
lage. Mr. William Gloor is a pharmaceutical repre-
sentative for Endo Laboratories, Mr. Ronald Klement
is chairman of C.U.R.E. and representative to the Des
Plaines River Steering Committee, Ms. Diane Madej is
a biology teacher at East Leyden High, and Mr. Herb
Martin, the newest member, has training in biology
and chemistry.
The agenda of a typical summer meeting might include
plans for a follow up walk by the E.C.C. along Silver
Creek, a report by Ms. Madej about suggested planting
to control bank erosion, information about future
drainage from Mannheim Rd. construction into Silver
Creek, a review of the Dry Mix Concrete Company dust
problem, a discussion of the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency approval of the Illinois Air Implemen-
tation Plan, and a critique of a new sewer ordinance
for Franklin Park. Whether it be arranging for the
Silver Creek walk (by securing seven pair of firemen
boots) or checking with the village Land and Planning
Commission about zoning, members of the E.C.C. divide
responsibilities, and follow through. A village
trustee observes, "We've got the E.C.C. to do the job,
and we take their advice."
The E.C.C. wants to preserve green belts along the
industrial areas in Franklin Park.
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U. of Minnesota Nears Conclusion
Of Lake Study
The University of Minnesota Limnological Research Cen-
ter is working towards the conclusion of a two-year
study of algal growth in five Minneapolis lakes. With
data collected last summer on the sources of nutrients
entering the lakes and causing excessive algal growth,
the study team will conduct experiments with methods
for possible restoration of the lakes.
Under the direction of Dr. Joseph Shapiro of the Lim-
nological Research Center, the program has been funded
by the City of Minneapolis, the Minneapolis Park and
Recreation Board and the Minnesota State Planning A-
gency. Included in the study are five urban lakes--
Brownie, Cedar, Isles, Calhoun and Harriet—which are
of aesthetic and recreational value. During the past
few years their appeal has declined as a result of
increased algal productivity.
In work done last summer the study team determined the
source of excessive plant nutrients to be the municipal
storm drainage system that surrounds the lakes. The
storm sewers deliver water high in nutrients, especial-
ly phosphorus; the team expects that the nutrients
originate from organic debris on streets, lawns, and
parking lots, and possibly from artificial lawn fertili-
The study of the lakes has continued during 1972. It
is hoped that a careful investigation of the nutrient
loading from specific storm sewers will yield a de-
tailed picture of nutrient runoff in this urban envi-
ronment .
According to members of the study team, two sets of
experiments are being conducted towards the develop-
ment of sound, economical restorative procedures.
First, lake protection by means of land management is
being studied with two drainage areas around Lake
Harriet. The streets in both of these areas are be-
ing swept each week to determine any reduction in nu-
trient concentrations in their runoff water. In ad-
dition, in one of these two areas, local residents
have been supplied with phosphorus-free lawn fertiliz-
er to use in place of the usual nitrogen-phosphorus-
Amphibious vehicle used in the U. of M. lake study.
potassium mixtures. If either of these watershed ex-
periments gives strongly positive results, lake pro-
tection recommendations that involve land maintenance
would be made.
Another restorative technique being tested this sum-
mer is artificial destratification by aeration of
Lake Calhoun. Approximately two thousand feet of
two-inch plastic hose has been extended from an on-
shore compressor installation to a diffuser in seven-
ty feet of water. Small air bubbles rising from the
diffuser at this depth will carry cold, dense hypo-
limnetic water to the epilimnion, thereby destroying
stratification through artificial vertical circulation.
This mixing procedure is expected to yield smaller al-
gal populations, as well as cause a shift from domin-
ance by blue-green algae to dominance by green algae.
Of scientific as well as practical interest will be
analysis of the actual physical-chemical mechanisms
at work in this kind of system. Currently there is
no reliable way of predicting the biological effects
of artificial destratification. It is hoped that
careful chemical and biological analysis of Lake Cal-
houn will demonstrate correlations between specific
direct results of mixing and the subsequent changes
among phytoplankton.
VILLAGE COMMISSION CONTROLS POLLUTERS continued
Recently the E.C.C. patrolled Silver Creek, noted pol-
lution sources, and obtained help from the Metropoli-
tan Sanitary District to halt several illegal dis-
charges. Ms. Madej stated that the Metropolitan San-
itary District was "forthright, and clear in laying
down water pollution regulations of the creek."
A sewer explosion near a school that resulted from
two incompatible chemical discharges from industry
reinforced the E.C.C.'s concern about the need for a
sewer and inspection manhole ordinance. After cor-
rections and approval, this ordinance will supplement
the air pollution and wastewater ordinances already
established.
As the third largest industrial area in Illinois, with
a resident population of 22,000 and an employment pop-
ulation of 200,000, Franklin Park has complex environ-
mental problems. The E.C.C. deals objectively with
industry. "In the Dry Mix Concrete case, the company
had spent $93,000.00 for anti-pollution equipment, but
still had some trouble. We (E.C.C.) couldn't say, 'You
are polluters. You are all wrong.' Instead we held a
formal hearing, and worked with the company to solve
the dust problems," explains Ms. Blau.
Still a new commission, the E.C.C. is working toward
increased citizen participation. Having designed a
pollution violation blank, citizens are encouraged by
the group to file complaints.
The efforts of the E.C.C. are not going unnoticed.
Recently Jacob Dumelle, a member of the Illinois Pol-
lution Control Board, wrote to Mayor Williams to
praise the village opposition to the Illinois Munici-
pal League resolution that would weaken the enforce-
ment powers of the board. In emphasizing the need for
local government participation in implementation of
the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency system,
Dumelle complimented the E.C.C. for its "responsible
and healthy attitude."
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AIR POLLUTION GRANT IN GARY, INDIANA
EPA TO RECONVENE LAKE MICHIGAN CONFERENCE
An $8.5 million contract has been awarded by EPA to
the Northern Indiana Public Service Company for a pro-
ject to demonstrate a new sulfur dioxide control sys-
tem at the D. H. Mitchell Power Station in Gary, Indi-
ana.
EPA Administrator Ruckelshaus said, "The NIPSCO pro-
ject is important for two reasons. One, it should re-
sult in the development of a new technique for elimi-
nating sulfur dioxide from the emissions of fossil-
fueled steam generators. Two, it should make possible
the reclaiming of commercially usable elemental sulfur
from waste sulfur dioxide gas."
The treatment system to be installed on a 115,000 kilo-
watt coal-fired boiler at the utility's Gary lakefront
station will combine existing sulfur dioxide removal
and sulfur reduction methods. If successful the sys-
tem should reduce sulfur dioxide emissions from high
sulfur content coal by more than 90 percent. It will
also recover sulfur in elemental (granular or solid)
form for the first time in the development of any EPA
financed SC>2 removal system, as well as establish
operating reliability and develop accurate cost data
for projecting future large-scale sulfur dioxide re-
moval installations. The demonstration project will
be managed by EPA's National Environmental Research
Center in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
The cost of the contract is being shared equally by
EPA and NIPSCO. Each is paying approximately $4.25
million. This is one of the largest contracts for
air pollution control to have been awarded by EPA.
Cost sharing contracts between EPA and industry for
air pollution control research are authorized under
provisions of the Federal Clean Air Act of 1970.
NEW DIVISION DIRECTOR
Robert W. Zeller has been appointed to the position of
Director of Surveillance and Analysis Division in Re-
gion V. He comes to Region V from EPA's Region X,
(headquartered in Seattle) where he served as Chief of
the Program Support Branch in the Air and Water Divi-
sion.
Dr. Zeller joined the Federal Water Pollution Program
in 1966 serving in several sanitary engineering posi-
tions with the Northwest Region of EPA, and, for a
brief time, as Acting Regional Administrator in the
Portland office of the Federal Water Quality Adminis-
tration. Dr. Zeller's technical background includes
a Doctorate degree in Civil Engineering from the
University of Wisconsin and both the Bachelor's and
Master's Degrees in Civil Engineering from the Uni-
versity of Minnesota.
The Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference will be re-
convened on September 19 in Chicago. This fourth
session of the Conference, originally convened in
January of 1968, is expected to continue for several
days.
"Among the major issues for consideration," according
to Francis T. Mayo, Midwest Regional Administrator for
EPA, "will be thermal pollution, pesticides, chlorides,
status of compliance by municipalities and industries
and related matters."
The enforcement conference is a legal mechanism set up
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act which en-
courages Federal-State cooperation in pollution abate-
ment actions for interstate waters.
Parties to the conference, in addition to the EPA, will
be the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, the
Michigan Water Resources Commission, the Wisconsin De-
partment of Natural Resources and the Indiana Stream
Pollution. Control Board.
Mayo will serve as the conference chairman. The con-
ference will begin at 9:30 A.M. in the Bal Tabarin
Room of the Sherman House Hotel in Chicago, Clark and
Randolph Streets.
EMPLOYEES TO PRESENT PAPER
Carl D. Wilson, Region V Soil Erosion Specialist, and
Stephen Poloncsik, Region V, Chief of Research Branch,
will present a paper on "The Muskegon County Waste-
water Management System" at the annual meeting of the
American Society of Agronomy in Miami this fall. The
paper will discuss the basic theory of waste recycling,
with design criteria for aerobic waste treatment, con-
struction, automated sprinkler agronomy concepts,
drainage, analytical measurements and monitoring, in-
cluding aerial surveillance with various spectrum
such as infrared.
MERIT AWARD PROGRAM EXTENDED
The President's Environmental Merit Award Program es-
tablished during the past school year has been extended
to include summer camps. Camp directors will evaluate
environmental projects conducted by campers in accord-
ance with guidelines set forth in a "Life--Pass It On"
brochure available from The President's Environmental
Awards Program, Environmental Protection Agency, Water-
side Mall, Washington, D.C. 20460.
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL MANPOWER PLANNING WORKSHOP
REGION V COMMENTS ON 22 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS
Region V hosted an intergovernmental workshop on envi-
ronmental manpower planning. The cooperative inter-
agency conference, sponsored by the Departments of
Labor, Health, Education and Welfare, Housing and Ur-
ban Development, the Civil Service Commission,and the
Environmental Protection Agency, brought together re-
presentatives of the Pollution Control Agencies, Man-
power Planning Councils, Model Cities Manpower Coor-
dinators, Departments of Higher Education and Voca-
tional and Technical Education, and Employment Serv-
ices from five states in Region V to discuss their
mutual objectives in planning to meet environmental
manpower needs and to promote coordinated efforts at
Federal, State and local levels.
Conferees heard sponsoring agencies describe their
efforts to meet environmental manpower needs and their
assistance program resources. EPA representatives
discussed EPA support for the development of state en-
vironmental manpower planning responsibilities and en-
couraged full interagency and Federal-State-local co-
operation in meeting manpower planning and training
needs. Representing the Olympus Research Corporation
of Utah, Dr. Colin Wright, Professor of Economics at
Northwestern, instructed conferees in the concept and
methodology of manpower planning, and Dr. Kenneth Ol-
son, President of Olympus, critiqued intergovernmen-
tal planning for environmental manpower needs.
PESTICIDE RESIDUE TOLERANCE FEES RAISED
Federal fees charged manufacturers for determining
safe pesticide residue levels in food crops have
been substantially increased to cover rising costs
in the operation of the program. A wide gap has
developed between receipts under the current fee
schedule set in 1965 and petition processing expenses,
according to EPA. The present waiver policy which
permits federal agencies, states, universities and
certain other non-profit groups to obtain residue
tolerances for minor crops uses without charge will
be maintained.
Petition fees were first charged in 1954, when the
requirement for establishing safe levels of tolerances
for pesticide residue in food or feed crops was
initiated under the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act. The Act requires the government to recover
program costs through the collection of fees from
those seeking tolerances. The responsibility for
setting pesticide tolerances was transferred from the
Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare to EPA in December,
1970. A total of 444 petitions were received by EPA's
Pesticide Tolerance Division during fiscal year
1971, of which 26 qualified for waiver fees.
Comments on 22 environmental impact statements were
made by Region V of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency in Chicago during the month of June.
To ensure full consideration of environmental factors
in Federal decision making, each Federal agency is re-
quired to submit to the President's Council on Environ-
mental Quality an environmental impact statement on any
proposal for legislation or other major action signifi-
cantly affecting the quality of the human environment.
Before filing with the Council, the statement must be
circulated in draft to EPA and other appropriate fed-
eral, state, and local environmental agencies for
their comments. These comments are made a part of the
final statement. Finally, the Council on Environmental
Quality considers all the evidence and advises the
President as to the best course of action.
The final environmental impact statement, together with
all comments, must be made available to the Congress
and the public by the originating agency. EPA is spe-
cifically charged with making public its written com-
ments on environmental impact statements regarding air
pollution, water pollution, noise, solid waste, radia-
tion and pesticides.
Region V made comments on the following draft state-
ments during the month of June:
1. Improvement of CSAH 18 in Hennepin County, Minn.
2. Relocation of SR 331 in Mishawaka, Ind.
3. Proposed Improvement of the Fairmont Municipal
Airport, Fairmont, Minn.
4. Proposed plant modifications for reducing air
pollution at the Dairyland Power Cooperatives
Alma and Cassville Generating Stations located
respectively in Buffalo and Grant Counties, Wis.
5. Poplar River Watershed Project, Clark and Taylor
Counties, Wis.
6. Kent Creek Local Flood Protection Project in
Winnebago County, Rockford, 111.
7. Log Jam Removal on the Salamonie River, Wells
County, Ind.
8. Columbia LNG and Dome Petroleum Limited Green
Springs Project, Canadian Border to Ohio.
9. C.T.H. "M" near the City of Middletown in Dane
County, Wis.
10. FA Route 28, (Section 110-1), in Ogle County,
111.
11. FAP Route 409 (US 50), Centralia to Xenia, Marion
County, 111.
12. Leading Creek Conservancy District, FHA-EDA Water
Supply Project, Ohio.
13. Improvement of County Road No. 25A in Miami County,
Ohio.
14. Leon-Sparta Road S.T.H. 27, Monroe County, Wis.
15. Breezewood Interchange, Oshkosh-Neenah Road, USH
41, Winnebago County, Wis.
16. Mound Road Freeway, M-53, Macomb County, Mich.
please turn to fmgm IS
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A REPORT FROM CACC
By Nancy Stockholm
CACC executive secretary John Kirkwood records
suggestions from members for action by the group
"We want a strong, grassroots organization able to
help with local problems." Speaking to over ninety
citizens, most representing one of forty-five organ-
izations affiliated with the Clean Air Coordinating
Committee (CACC), Mr. John Kirkwood, director of the
Illinois Lung Institute Environmental Health Depart-
ment, talked about CACC policy at a recent strategy
meeting in Chicago.
Citizen involvement is an important ingredient of the
CACC program, which includes environmental legislation,
litigation, education, research, and public seminars
centering on air pollution problems, but overlapping
into many other environmental issues. Supported by
the Lung Institute, the CACC utilizes conservation
experts, doctors, lawyers, and other professionals
and citizens to accomplish its goals. A sampling of
the group's activities, taken from the 1972 Report
and chairman Richard Kates' summary at the meeting,
illustrates this.
In February of 1972 when the Central Mayors Association
passed a resolution that would severely limit the Ill-
inois Pollution Control Board's enforcement powers, the
CACC joined other groups who opposed its adoption when
it was presented to the Illinois Municipal League (IML).
Along with the Illinois League of Women Voters, the
Illinois Wildlife Federation, and the Lake Michigan
Federation, the CACC sent letters and newspaper edi-
torials supporting the Pollution Control Board to the
IML board of directors and to 120 Cook County mayors.
The CACC then sent representatives to the IML meeting
where the Central Mayors Association decided against
introducing the resolution. Anticipating that the As-
sociation might attempt to introduce similar legisla-
tion statewide, the same groups sent letters to all
state congressmen urging them not to reduce the powers
of the Pollution Control Board.
After evaluating the responses to the letters, the
CACC will put together a list of legislators sympathet-
ic to environmental legislation. (The Illinois Lung •
Institute has already published a state directory with
information on officers and congressmen, including
their occupation, home, business address, and committee
membership.) As a final step, Mr. John Kirkwood urged
CACC members to pass a resolution through their local
governments, drafted by the League of Women Voters
which supports the Pollution Control Board.
In 1971 the Lung Institute and CACC initiated the
court observers program which utilizes trained volun-
teers to monitor air pollution hearings in the Cook
County circuit court. The CACC used the information
gained from over 1000 cases to rate the success of
the courts in enforcing the Chicago environmental
control ordinances. In meetings held with the CACC,
Commissioner Poston of Chicago's Department of Envi-
ronmental Control promised to improve the system by
training city inspectors to testify effectively, pro-
viding them with a summary of case facts before they
appear, maintaining a list of convictions obtained
on inspectors' cases, and eliminating the issuing of
warning tickets. Said Mr. Kates, "We are happy with
Mr. Poston, who has been responsive."
During 1971, the CACC opposed variance requests in
ten cases before the appeals board of Chicago's De-
partment of Environmental Control which involved sev-
eral steel companies, an aluminum company, a lime com-
pany which was causing an estimated five tons per day
of grey dust, a printing company, and a coal associa-
tion working to stop the Illinois Pollution Control
Board from adopting parts of the Illinois Air Imple-
mentation Plan regarding coal. The CACC has compiled
a record of prompt, significant action in all these
cases, with some still pending.
1O
Nancy Stockholm (print dress-center) takes notes at
the meeting.
The CACC has acted vigorously on the Illinois State
Air Implementation Plan as called for by the Federal
Clean Air Act. Mr. Kates spoke of the CACC opinion
about the proposed sulfur dioxide emission standards,
now being reviewed by the Pollution Control Board.
Since the City of Chicago currently has an annual
average of .017 ppm of S02, the CACC wants a standard
of .015 ppm rather than the alternative .013 ppm,
which would permit degradation.
In the future Mr. Kates stated that the CACC will con-
tinue to employ a full time person in Springfield to
cover environmental legislation, and provide news-
letter reports for members. The group will retain
next page please
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EPA Aircraft Makes Eutrophication Study
An EPA study of lake eutrophication is being conducted
this summer in three Region V states. Using helicop-
ters and fixed wing aircraft, a Western Environmental
Research Lab survey team has completed the first round
of visits to selected lakes in Michigan, Wisconsin and
Minnesota. The study includes sampling of each lake
four times during the algae growing season to develop
a seasonal index of the pollution problem.
Approximately 1200 lakes are being surveyed in the
nationwide study. The purpose of the project is to
identify bodies of water in the United States with
potential or actual eutrophication (accelerated aging)
problems brought on by the discharge of excessive a-
mounts of phosphates into them from various sources.
The survey is an integral part of an EPA control pro-
gram to assist state and local governments, through
construction grants, in reducing excess phosphates by
additional municipal waste treatment. It will deter-
mine the present conditions of the lakes, and where
the condition of the lakes can be improved by curbing
the phosphorus reaching the water from municipal treat-
ment plants.
According to EPA Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus,
"Once we have this blueprint for a lake, EPA will offer
the States and cities both financial and technical as-
sistance in carrying out the requirements for phospho-
rus removal."
The survey aircraft are equipped with remote and con-
tact sensors. First they fly over the lakes using a
device called a differential radiometer to detect
chlorophyll levels in the water and another device, a
thermal radiometer, to measure surface temperature.
Then the pontoon-equipped aircraft land on the lakes,
and the scientists lower probes into the water to meas-
ure dissolved oxygen, conductivity, the acid-alkaline
balance in the water, temperature, and turbidity.
At the same time water samples are collected which are
sent later to EPA's Western Environmental Research Lab-
oratory in Las Vegas for analysis -of phosphates and ni-
trates. Chemical and algal assay data will be evaluated
by EPA's National Environmental Research Center in Cor-
vallis, Oregon to classify the lakes as to the degree
of eutrophication.
.Retired Vietnam fle-iicopter lands on Lake Cainoun
to do phosphate sampling.
A corresponding effort of the survey will be the de-
termination of the nutrient budget for phosphorus in
the selected lakes and impoundments. By appropriate
means one can determine the percent of phosphate in
a lake that comes from associated sewage treatment
plants and the effect of further reduction in phos-
phates on the water quality in that water body. In
some cases, additional removal of phosphates at mu-
nicipal treatment plants will not be sufficient be-
cause of significant amounts of phosphorus coming
from natural run-off and other non-point sources such
as animal wastes and over-fertilization of crops.
These sources can also be estimated by recently devel-
oped photoanalysis techniques applied to aerial photo-
graphs of the impoundment or lake basin.
For some lakes, these low cost survey techniques may
prove inadequate to determine if additional municipal
phosphate removal would be appropriate. In these in-
stances, further studies will'be necessary by state
and other public and private agencies.
EPA has determined by questionnaires that of the Na-
tion's 12,500 waste treatment facilities, about 3,000
to 4,000 discharge into some 1,200 lakes or impound-
ments.
A REPORT continued
its contacts with environmental officials and agencies.
Recently representatives of the CACC met with Mr. .Fran-
cis T. Mayo, Regional Administrator of EPA, who pledged
to keep communication with the CACC open.
The CACC will hold a series of workshops this fall on
specific issues. Based on a questionnaire sent to
members:, citizens want most to cooperate with the CACC
to determine local air pollution sources, and to sup-
port contacts with legislators on environmental con-
cerns. Other requests were for information on air pol-
lution alerts, the auto's contribution to air pollution,
and the effects of air pollution on health, vegetation,
and weather. Dr. Bertram Carnow, medical director of
the Institute, reported at the meeting that recent re,-
search has donated sobering data about lead poisoning
and health dangers from asbestos and disease harboring
debris from decaying buildings.
Energy consumption will be a focus of the CACC this
year. "We don't want an electric power shortage used
as an excuse to avoid environmental impact problems,"
said Mr. Kates.
At the June meeting, those attending had the chance to
recommend specific concentration areas for the CACC.
From a list of twenty-six different ideas varying from
a request for closer surveillance of city, county, and
state pollution complaint procedures to more research
and public information on non-leaded gas, those men-
tioned most often were:
Action supporting mass transit
Public information on reporting violations
Night monitoring of air pollution sources
Information on energy use and rates
The CACC will consider these suggestions when forming
their priorities for the coming year.
11
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DUMPS: continued from page 3
Dumps Closed (197)
Ashland (7): Sullivan; Clear Creek Township; Jackson
Township; Jeromesville; Ashland; Orange Township;
Loudenville, Green Township; Athens (1): Glouster;
Belmont (8): Bellaire; Martins Ferry; St. Clairsville;
Uniontown, Flushing Township; Barneysville; Litten,
Elaine; Widmar; Elaine; Bennington, Mead Township;
Butler (2): St. Clair Township; Trenton; Champaign:
Champaign, Urbana Township; Clark: Springfield;
Clermont: Williamsburg; Clinton: Cowan Lake State
Park; Co'lumbiana (2): Salineville; West Township;
Coshocton (2): White Eyes Township; Fresno;
Crawford (10): Buegrus Township; Jones, Liberty Twp;
Carroll, Crestline; Liberty Twp; Tod Twp; Jackson Twp;
Crestline, Jackson Twp; Texas Twp; Galion, Polk Twp;
Swan Rubber. Liberty Twp;
Darke (6): New Madison, Butler Twp; Neave Twp; Lib-
erty Twp; Maker, Washington Twp; Versilles, Wayne Twp;
Ansonia; Delaware (2): Harlem; Concord; Erie (7):
Bay Bridge, Margaretta Twp; Groton-Oxford; Huron City;
Florence Twp; Oxford Twp; Milan; Berlin;
Fairfield (4): Bremen; Carroll Elevator. Bloom Twp;
Berne Twp; Sugar Grove; Fayette: Fayette Co., Jef-
ferson Twp; Greene (2): Central State University,
Xenia Twp; Yellow Springs, Xenia Twp;
Guernsey (3): Quaker City; Lee's Adams Twp; Oxford
Twp; Hamilton (4): St. Bernard; Carthage; Stearns 5
Foster, Lockland; Reading; Harrison (2): Hopedale;
Short Creek Twp; Highland (2): Hillsboro; Leesburg,
Fairfield Twp; Hocking (2): Starr Twp, Goodhope Twp;
Jackson: Oak Hill;
Licking (8): 3M, Union Twp; Harrison Twp; Utica;
Johnstown; St. Louisville; Linn, Madison Twp; Neldon,
Granville; Stickle, Newton Twp; Logan (9): Bloom-
field Twp; Lakeview; Quincy; West Liberty; Washington
Twp; Indian Lake State Park; Chiles, Bellefontaine;
Miami Twp; Jefferson Twp;
Medina (9): Granger Twp; Brunswick Hills; Liverpool
Twp; Lafayette Twp; Spencer Twp; Homer Twp; Chatham
Litchfield; Seville; Guilford Twp; Meigs: Racine;
Mercer (6): Lawrence-Breymaier; Rockford, Liberty
Twp; Calina; Ohio City; Mendon; Tom Jutte, Cassella
Montezume; Miami (3): Washington Twp; Tipp; Troy;
Monroe (6): Bealsville; Miltonsburg; Green Twp; Grays-
ville; Riggenbaugh, Lee Twp; Woodsfield; Morgan: M-M
Dump; Muskingum (11): Dresden; Jefferson Twp; Wayne
Twp; Blue Rock; Philo-Harrison Twp; Frozenburg;
Licking Twp; Norris, Rush Creek Twp; Madison Twp;
Salt Creek Twp; Roseville, Newton Twp;
Paulding (5): Crane Twp; Felix Tijerna, Antwerp Rt.
#2; Oakwood Village; Latty Village; Paulding; Perry
(7): Thornville, New Lexington; Clayton Twp; Plea-
sant Twp; New Straitsville; Corning; Shawnee; Preble
(5): Harrison Twp; Monroe Twp; Lewisburg; Eaton;
Gratis Twp;
Richland (15): Sandusky, Springfield Twp; Troy Twp;
Washington Twp; Plymouth Twp; Worthington-Butler;
Weller Twp; Franklin Twp; Mifflin Twp; Glen Miller,
So. of Simmons; Lexington Village; Jackson Twp;
Perry Twp; Butler Twp; Sharon Twp; Blooming Grove
Twp;
Ross (2): Liberty Twp; Osborne; Seneca (12): Venice
Twp; Bloomville Village; Scipio Twp; Hopewell Twp;
Big Spring Twp; Adams Twp; Seneca Twp; Eden Twp; Thomp-
son Twp; Liberty Twp; Louden Twp; Clinton Twp; Summit:
Joslyn Industrial Park, Macedonia;
Van Wert (2): Ridge Twp; Van Wert City Dump, Wren;
Vinton (5): Richland Twp; Eagle Twp; Zaleski; Swan
Twp; MacArthur; Warren: Lebanon, Creek Twp; Washing-
ton: New Matamoras;
Wayne (13): Smithville (2); Shreve; Sugar Creek Twp;
Marshalville; Congress Twp; Franklin Twp; Chippewa
Twp; Dalton; West Salem; Rittman; Orrville; Salt
Creek Twp; Wood (3): Bloomdale; Custar; Bowling
Green.
Ivan Baker, State Department of Health, P.O. Box 118,
Columbus, Ohio 43216, (614)369-5190; Thomas Gillard,
EPA One North Wacker Drive, Room 900, Chicago, Illi-
nois 60606, (312)353-6560; or Frank Corrado, EPA,
One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606,
T3121353-5800.
EPA and state officials held a news conference in Columbus, Ohio at a well run sanitary land-
fill to mark issuance of the Mission 5000 status report.
12
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WISCONSIN (816)
The state of Wisconsin has an active licensing and
inspection program for solid waste disposal operations
to insure that they meet the requirements of the solid
waste disposal regulations of the state. These regu-
lations require operation of sanitary landfills; how-
ever, exceptions are being granted for sites serving
a population of 2,500 people or less.
One hundred four dumps have been reported as eliminated
during Mission 5000. Many others have also been closed,
but field verification has not been completed. One
training course has been presented, training 175 people
in the proper methods of eliminating dumps and establish-
ing sanitary landfills. An additional 40 meetings were
conducted throughout the state during 1971 covering
sanitary landfill principles, dump closure and encour-
aging cooperative efforts on a county or regional basis.
Approximately 2,100 municipal officials and other inter-
ested people attended these meetings.
A film entitled Wisconsin Faces the Solid Waste Problem
is available through the Department of Natural Resources
and the University of Wisconsin's Audio Visual Depart-
ment.
Dumps Closed (104):
Adams (2): Strongs Prairie; Big Flats; Barren (2):
Cumberland; Sumner; Burnett: Rusk; Calumet (4): Bril-
lion (3); Chilton; Chippewa (3): Lafayette; Hallie;
Anson; Clark (2): Greenwood; Unity; Crawford: Guys
Mills; ~
Dodge (2): Lomira; Theresa; Door: Clay Banks; Dunn:
Sand Creek; Fond du Lac (5): Byron; Metomen; Rosen-
dale (2); North Fond du Lac; Green: Monroe; Iowa:
Arena; Iron: Mercer; Jackson: Hixton; Jefferson:
Lake Mills; Juneau: Hustler;
Kenosha: Brighton; Kewaunee: Franklin; Lafayette:
Belmont; Langlade (2): Rolling; Antigo; Lincoln (2):
Merrill (2); Marathon (4): Spencer; Holtz § Krause,
Wausau; Colby; Moine; Marquette: Neshkoro; Menominee
(4): Menominee (4); Milwaukee (3): Oak Creek; Cudahy;
Milwaukee County, Wauwatosa; Monroe: Sparta;
Oconto (2): Pensaukee; Gillett; Outagamie (2):
Nichols; Cicero; Pepin: Waterville; Price: Elk,
Phillips; Racine (6): Rochester; Burlington; Water-
ford; Racine, Mt. Pleasant; Racine; Mt. Pleasant;
Rock: Oxfordville; Sawyer: Ojibwa; Sheboygan (2):
Rhine (2); Taylor (5): Greenwood, Rib Lake; Chelsea;
Westboro; Maplehurst (2); Trempealeau (2): Dodge (2);
Vilas (3): St. Germain; Conover (2); Walworth (2):
Fontana; Lake Geneva;
Washington (3): Polk; Slinger; Germantown; Waukesha
(4):Menomonee Falls; Pewaukee; Genesee; Silver Lake;
Waupaca (4): Wegawega; Lind; Dupont; Farmington;
Waushara (2): Wautoma (2);
Winnebago (2): Oshkosh (2); Wood (10): Grand Rapids;
Wisconsin Rapids; Port Edwards; Nekoosa; Marshfield;
Gary; Auburndale; Bennett Cranberry, Wisconsin Rapids;
Wood; Sherry.
Ralph Darch, Department of Natural Resources, Box 450,
Madison, Wisconsin 53701, (608)266-0158; or Thomas
Gillard, EPA, One North Wacker Drive, Room 900,
Chicago, Illinois 60606, (312)353-6560; or Frank Cor-
rado, EPA, One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois
60606, (312)353-5800. END
BULRUSHES: FUTURE WASTEWATER TREATMENT?
University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh researchers will test
the use of bulrushes for treating municipal wastewater
during the coming year.
Eight acres adjacent to the sewage treatment plant in
the City of Seymour will be converted into a test area
through the cooperative efforts of the East Central
Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission and Seymour
with funding from EPA. Of the total estimated cost
of $82,000, EPA has granted $75,000 for the first
year's study.
East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission
is the recipient of the EPA grant. It in turn con-
.tracted with UW-Oshkosh for the project's operation
and with Harza Engineering Company of Chicago for the
site engineering and preparation.
Twenty-five separate ponds will be excavated to a
depth of about three feet and covered with a plastic
sheeting. These ponds will be separated by earthen
dikes. Four different species of water vegetation
plants, such as soft-stemmed and hard-stemmed bul-
rushes and burr-reeds will be planted in different
pond beds. Sediments for the pond beds will be pea
gravel, sand and ungraded gravel while some plants
will be suspended in wire mesh.
Each of the four species will be planted in different
sediments in the ponds. The four test species also
will be combined in five of the basins.
jm—~
*
V. of tt. (Oshkosh) biologists: W. Sloey and F. Spangler.
The demonstration is expected to determine which
plants work best for removing nutrients from the
wastewater and whether the method is technically and
economically feasible for secondary and tertiary
treatment of sewage wastewater by small communities.
This method of treating sewage plant wastes has been
used in Germany since 1965 by communities with as
many as 30,000 persons, and has been extended to '
France and Holland.
This is the first such test in this country of this
method for wastewater treatment.
-------
EPA And Chicago Cooperate On Youth Program
Mrs. Ella Jackson (1.) and YEA students: T-shirts tell
the story.
Three City of Chicago Departments and the Midwest Of-
fice of EPA have launched a unique inner-city environ-
mental education project in the West Garfield area.
The program, which is giving 75 Neighborhood Youth
Corps summer workers their first exposure to environ-
mental problems, includes block-by-block surveys of
solid waste, noise and air pollution problems in the
West Garfield area.
City agencies cooperating in the program, titled
"Youth for Environmental Action" (Y.E.A.), include
the Department of Streets and Sanitation's Special
Environmental Services Division, the Department of
Environmental Control and the Youth Development Sec-
tion of Model Cities/ Chicago Committee on Urban Op-
portunity.
James McDonough, Commissioner for the Department of
Streets and Sanitation, pledged that his agency would
analyze the solid waste surveys and then increase re-
fuse collection services in areas where Y.E.A. acti-
vity showed the greatest need.
"We want these young people to see immediate results
for their environmental efforts," said McDonough.
Ella Jackson, Director of the West Garfield Youth
Development program said that the environmental pro-
gram was requested by the teenagers themselves. "They
didn't want just another litter and cleanup program,"
she said. "They want to actively learn about their
own neighborhood environmental problems first hand."
Mr. Erwin Franz, administrative assistant to the May-
or and executive director of Model Cities/CCUO said,
"The purpose of the Youth Development Program is to
actively involve youth in project activity, not only
to assist in the development of their own skills and
understanding, but also to foster community improve-
ment. Y.E.A. is not only a good example of Youth
Development Programming, but it also shows how vari-
ous segments of government can coordinate efforts
and expertise for the common good."
Francis T. Mayo, EPA Midwest Regional Administrator,
provided staff technical assistance in developing the
program and in helping organize the training session
with the students. EPA also provided T-shirts and
posters identifying the Y.E.A. Garfield program.
Sidelle Gold, Youth Development Director for Model
Cities/CCUO said she expects that the program will
continue into the fall and that the students will be-
come involved in additional community environmental
study projects.
The Chicago Department of Environmental Control pro-
vided technical assistance in developing the air and
noise portions of the project. Data gathered on noise
and burning by the students will be turned over to the
Department of Environmental Control.
late news
On July 28 EPA issued a 180 day notice of violation
of water quality standards to the Gary Sanitary Dis-
trict of Gary, Indiana.
An informal public hearing for the purpose of dis-
cussing the alleged violations has been scheduled for
9:30 am, September 7 at the Gary (Downtown) Holiday
Inn.
AIR IMPLEMENTATION PUN HEARING SCHEDULE
WISCONSIN August 28, 1 pm, Park Motor Inn,
22 S. Carroll, Madison
INDIANA August 29, 9:30 am, Downtowner
Motor Inn, 421 N. Penn, Indianapolis
ILLINOIS August 31, 9:30 am, Sheraton-Chicago
Hotel, 505 N. Michigan, Chicago
Ohio Governor John J. Gilligan has signed into law an
Environmental Protection Act providing for the crea-
tion of an Ohio EPA, an Environmental Board of Review,
and a Power Siting Commission.
The Ohio EPA will bring together all of the air, water,
and solid waste pollution control activities that were
previously assigned to the Ohio Departments of Health
and Natural Resources.
REGION V PUBLIC REPORT is published monthly by the
Office-of Public Affairs, Region V Environmental
Protection Agency at One North Hacker Drive,
Chicago, Illinois 60606 for distribution in the
states of the Region (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Wis-
consin, Minnesota, Michigan.)
Regional Administrator Francis T. Mayo
Director of Public Affairs Frank ft. Corrado
Edi tor Helen P. Starr
Art Director Ann N. Hooe
-------
Finding Your Way Through Region V
ORGANIZATION OF REGION V
Regional Administrator
Francis T, Mayo
(312)353-5250
Deputy Regional Administrator
Valdas V. Adamkus
353-5251
Director, Enforcement Division
James 0. McDonald
353-6287
(Enforcement, Standards, Permits,
Investigations Industrial Wastes,
Legal Review)
Director, Surveillance § Analysis Division
Robert W. Zeller
353-1458
(Impact Statement and Review, Federal
Activities, Surveillance, Technical
Services, Spills, Agriculture Waste,
U.S. Canadian Activities, Lab Support)
Director, Air § Water Programs Division
Robert J. Schneider
353-1050
(Air Quality, State Program § Agency
Grants, Water Supply, Construction
Grants, Environmental Assessment,
Water Quality Management Planning,
Manpower Development § Training)
Director, Categorical Programs Division
James M. Conlon
353-5248
(Solid Wastes, Noise, Pesticides,
Radiation)
Director, Management Division
Donald W. Marshall
353-1666
(Personnel, Support Services, Program
Planning, Grants Administration, ADP
Services, Librarian, Graphic Arts)
Director, Public Affairs Division
Frank M. Corrado
353-5800
(News media, Citizen Groups, Student
Activities, Public Inquiries, Publications,
Speakers)
Director, Office of Equal Opportunity
Roland J. Cornelius
353-1450
(Contract Compliance)
Regional Counsel
Maurice W. Coburn
353-1452
Director, Office of Research S Monitoring
Clifford J. Risley
353-5756
Great Lakes Coordinator
Carlysle Pemberton
353-4643
NATIONAL EPA OFFICE
The Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
4th and M Streets, SW
Washington, D.C. 20460
NATIONAL PROGRAMS IN REGION V
National Environmental Research Center
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
(513)871-1820
Motor Vehicle Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
(313)761-5230
National Water Quality Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
(218)727-6692 Ext. 548
REGION V DISTRICT OFFICES
Illinois District Office
Lee Townsend, Director
1819 West Pershing Road
Chicago, Illinois 60609
(312)353-5638
Minnesota-Wisconsin District Office
Louis Breimhurst, Director
7401 Lyndale Avenue, South
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55432
(612)861-4467
Indiana District Office
Max Noecker, Director
111 East Diamond Expressway
Evansville, Indiana 47711
(812)423-6871
Michigan District Office
L. B. O'Leary, Director
Grosse He, Michigan 48138
(313)676-6500
Ohio District Office
Bill West, Director
21929 Loraine Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44126
(216)333-7000
PROGRAM NOTES: continued from page 9
17. Replacement of Existing Wayne Street Bridge across
the Wabash River in Peru, Miami County, Ind.
18. Olive-Sample Street Interchange, South Bend, St.
Joseph County, Ind.
19. Proposed location of Interstate 90 in the vicinity
of Blue Earth and Truck Highway 169 in the City of
Blue Earth in Faribault County, Minn.
20. M-24 Extension, from M-81 to M-25 in Tuscola and
Huron Counties, Mich.
21. Proposed M-14 Freeway, Wayne and Washtenaw Coun-
ties, Mich.
22. Proposed construction of 1-275 from Hannan Road
to M-153, Wayne County, Mich.
-------
The Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease Association's
Air Conservation Committee in Cleveland has praised
the Fisher Body Plant of General Motors on Coit Road
in Cleveland for eliminating harmful air polluting
emissions.
"Their actions demonstrate what good corporate citi-
zenship really is," said the committee. "Without be-
ing cited for violating air pollution laws, without
governmental pressure to comply, and without, as far
as we can determine, any citizen pressure being ap-
plied, the company voluntarily moved to protect the
public health."
The plant was, at one time, a polluter, according to
the committee. The main source of air pollution was
coal-fired biolers which are used to produce process
steam and heat for plant operations. The boilers
burned high sulfur coal and were a significant source
of sulfur dioxide (S02) and particulate air pollution
in the area.
At a cost of $800,000 to the Fisher Body Company, it
is switching the boilers from coal to low-sulfur fuel
oil. Work was begun on this project in March of this
year and will have the boilers functioning totally on
oil by January of 1973, more than two years before
they would have been asked to do so by state law, ac-
cording to the committee.
A man-made hill in Virginia Beach, Va., built entirely
of solid waste and dirt, should be ready for recrea-
tional use next year. By then, workers are expected
to be completing a spectator section on the hill for
an amphitheater and a coasting ramp for children.
The project, partially funded by EPA will get a final
earth and grass cover late this year. The hill, some-
times called "Mount Trashmore" by people in Virginia
Beach, is 65 feet high and covers about 18 acres of
land. It is placed in the center of a large park.
The total cost of the hill at the end of 1970, when
EPA support ended, was $1,115,095. A total of 400,000
tons of solid wastes went into the hill.
A 30-mile stretch of the Upper Trempealeau River which
held only carp, suckers, and northern pike two years
ago is now producing brown trout up to 16 inches in
length, according to the Wisconsin Department of Nat-
ural Resources. DNR fish managers treated the stream
with a chemical fish toxicant in the winter of 1971,
and then planted some 45,000 brown trout and 10,000
brook trout.
With the rough fish and predatory pike out of the way,
the river has begun to clean itself up and is providing
good habitat for the trout and good fishing for an in-
creasing number of anglers.
When Wisconsin DNR fisheries men stocked an additional
30,000 brown trout in the river this spring, they said
they noticed healthy populations of the bottom-dwelling
insects and crawfish on which the trout feed.
FROM:
Office of Public Affairs
United States Environmental Protection Agency
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AOENCY
EPA-335
TO:
-------
Region V Public Report
Minnesota: The Outdoor Classroom
-------
news
briefs
news briefs
news
briefs
Ira L. Whitman
The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency is
sponsoring a series of seminars to explain recently
adopted air pollution control regulations and related
construction and operating permit procedures. The
seminars are largely of a general nature, with a portion
devoted to the specific industry for which the sessions
are scheduled.
All industry personnel interests in air pollution permits
are invited to attend the remaining seminars. The
schedule is as follows:
PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
October 6, 9:30 a.m., Centennial Building, Springfield
October 13,1 p.m., Field Museum of Natural History* ,
Chicago
STONE, CLAY AND GLASS PRODUCTS
October 7, 9:30 a.m., Cetennial Building, Springfield
October 14,9 a.m., Field Museum of Natural History* ,
Chicago
INCINERATORS
November 2, 9:30 a.m., Centennial Building,
Springfield
November 6, 1 p.m., Field Museum of Natural
History* , Chicago
ELECTRIC. GAS AND SANITARY SERVICES
November 3, 9:30 a.m., Centenial Building, Springfield
November 7, 1 p.m., Field Museum of Natural
History* , Chicago
GAS AND OIL FIRED BOILERS
AND ALL OTHERS
December 9, 9:30 a.m., Centennial Building,
Springfield
December 16, 9 a.m., Field Museum of Natural
History* , Chicago
For information contact: Permit Section, Division of
Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency, 2200 Churchill Road, Springfield, Illinois 62706 or
217-525-2113.
Governor John Gilligan of Ohio has appointed Ira L.
Whitman to head the new Ohio Environmental Protec-
tion Agency. Legislation creating the OEPA combines
under a single authoritative and responsible unit the
functions and programs which have been scattered
through a number of state departments, boards and
agencies. The cabinet level department is expected to
provide the state with a stronger tool with which to clean
up, control and manage the environment.
Prior to his appointment as Director of OEPA, Whit-
man served as Deputy Director for Environmental
Programs in the Ohio Department of Health. Dr.
Whitman has also managed and directed research on
environmental problems at Battelle Memorial Institute
in Columbus and has served as a research associate and
a flood plain management engineer with the Corps of
Engineers. After graduating from Cooper Union and
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Whitman went to earn
a Ph. D. in Environmental Engineering from the Johns
Hopkins University in 1968.
With Whitman at its head, OEPA will have authority
over air and water pollution, solid waste disposal stan-
dards, water planning and development, supervision of
sewage treatment and public water supply facilities, and
approval of plans for commercial airports. All the
powers previously held by the air and water pollution
control boards have been transferred to the director of
OEPA. In addition, the director will receive all
regulatory powers over solid waste management
previously administered by the Public Health Council.
In general the director will cooperate with govern-
mental and private agencies, accept grants,"obtain
technical and laboratory services, establish advisory
boards, investigate and research environmental
programs and disseminate information on en-
vironmental problems. More importantly, he may aliO
issue modify or revoke any air or water pollution permit
certificate, or variance after holding a public hearing OB
each specific application.
-------
news briefs
news
briefs
news
Judge George J. McMonagle, Common Pleas Court
judge in Cleveland, was cited by the Cleveland Kiwanis
Club on August 3 for outstanding achievement toward
control of water pollution. He was honored for his land-
mark decision establishing the Cleveland Regional
Sewer Authority and "setting a precedent for
establishing means through court proceedings for
•controlling pollution."
On July 1 a state-wide burning ban became effective in
Minnesota. Opening burning of brush, trees, grass and
household refuse is allowed without a permit only in
townships with a population of less than 2500. Open
burning is restricted when the population density is more
than 100 occupied dwelling units per square mile.
University of Minnesota Soil Scientist Charles A.
Simkins has found that a well-nournished rapidly
growing lawn can help reduce soil and water runoff and
reduce the pollution of rivers and lakes. Land areas with
good grass cover reduce pollution from erosion and
runoff. In addition, the phosphorous used in fertilizer
materials for lawns is held firmly in the soil and is not
lost unless the soil itself is washed away.
Recently, EPA Administrotor William Ruckelshous,
took a fact-finding tour of the Cuyahoga River. At left,
he is seen being interviewed by the press after the
river trip. Later in the day, he was taped for a
Cleveland television program.
-------
Reducing
Region V Noise
'by Brett Valiquet
Through the actions of a summer noise intern program
sponsored by EPA's National Office of Noise Abatement
and Control, Region V is on its way to becoming less
noisy. Noise abatement projects undetaken include a
survey of the noise around O'Hare Airport, assistance to
state governments in developing effective noise
programs, a youth environmental action program, and
responses to citizen noise complaints.
On August 24 and 28, noise measurements were con-
ducted at 15 locations around O'Hare Airport. The
measurements were made at the request of
Congressman Abner Mikva of Chicago who is currently
sponsoring airport noise legislation. Prior to the survey,
the Environmental Protection Agency discussed the
O'Hare noise problem with the Great Lakes Federal
Aviation Authority Noise Abatement Officer, Mr. Les
Case. "The most promising action for the immediate
future", stated Mr. Case, "is for the airlines and airline
pilots to institute a noise abatement landing procedure
that would permit a higher approach elevation. Such a
procedure has already been approved by the FAA." In
anticipation of airline approval for a noise landing
procedure, survey locations were chosen under landing
patterns at varying distances from the airport. Noise
data measured at these locations may be used at a future
date to judge the effectiveness of new flight procedures.
Copies of the survey data will be presented to the Federal
Aviation Authority, Congressman Mikva's office, and
other interested citizen groups.
Illinois and Minnesota are both well on the way toward
enacting noise limit for a broad category of noise sources
and land uses. Indiana, Wisconsin, Ohio, and Michigan,
who are now only beginning to establish noise programs
were each sent a large packet of noise information
designed to aid in establishing a framework for enabling
legislation and future noise standards.
In response to a request by the Model Cities Program,
the Region V Public Affairs Office participated in the
formation of an environmental action group of the West
Garfield Park Urban Progress Center in Chicago. This
group of high school students, known as the Youth for
Environmental Action (YEA), expressed an interest in
noise pollution problems existing within their neigh-
borhoods. A training session was given in which noise
Brett Valiquet, summer noise intern, making aircraft
noise measurements.
pollution problems and solutions were discussed, noise
measurement equipment was demonstrated, and an
action program designed for their immediate par-
ticipation was outlined. This action program requires the
youths to locate and describe specific noise problems in
their neighborhoods. The noise sources are subjectively
described and the loudness of the noise measured by a
speech interference noise test. The data is then screened
by West Garfield Personnel and a determination made as
to whether the noise problem falls within the jurisdiction
of the Chicago Noise Ordinance. If so, an official noise
complaint is filed with Chicago Environmental Control.
A highlight of this youth program was the filming of the
noise presentation and neighborhood noisetests by a
crew producing a movie outlining environmental ac-
tivities in Region V. Each YEA member is now eagerly
awaiting his or her debut as an environmental movie
star.
Other summer noise activities included a review of the
proposed Cook County, Illinois noise ordinances;
responding to various citizen noise complaints; an in-
vestigation of noisy nighttime refrigerator truck
deliveries to large food stores; and development of a
Region V capability to respond to future noise problems
by compilation of a comprehensive noise information
file.
-------
Power For The People
(by Frank M. Corrado)
Shortly after 9:30 a.m. on Tuesday morning September
19, 1972 a gavel began pounding on a wooden table in a
Chicago hotel room thus signalling the reopening of a two
year old debate among State and Federal officials. The
issue: how to control the millions of gallons of hot water
to be dumped into the near shore areas of Lake Michigan
by the late 1970's.
The Lake Michigan enforcement conference's concern
touches on one important part of the single most
significant issue ahead in the environmental movement -
- the energy crisis.
The issue is simple: demand for power is rising, fuel to
generate power is decreasing. But the questions raised
and the side issues involved, like thermal pollution, make
this an exceeding complex problem.
For example, Federal clean air standards for 1975
require that sulfur oxides be removed. In many Midwest
states, there is not enough low-sulfur fuel available to
make the standards achievable by this date and still
meet secondary standards.
And conservationists and State officials -- in Min-
nesota, for example, have challenged safety factors in
construction of nuclear generating plants.
But then you return back to the main problem: the
increasing demand, especially in summer and winter
peak periods.
The issue also involves oil import quotas, problems in
developing natural gas fields, and how much increased
emphasis should we put in alternate generating sources:
like magnetohydrohynamics, fusion and breeder
reactors.
The Conservation Foundation, in a recent newsletter,
touched on some ideas for cutting down on consumption,
to hold down the rising demand. Some of the ideas in-
cluded: recycling materials that consume lots of energy,
like aluminum; generating heat from municipal refuse;
increasing rapid transit and more efficient home con-
sumption through better window insulation, for example.
It does appear though, that one of the side issues in this
energy crisis is headed for solution. At least at Detroit
Edison, a commendable start has been made towards
locating power plants where they will have the least
harmful effects on the aquatic environment around them.
This was the whole problem behind the Federal - State
concern on Lake Michigan. Here was a large source of
available cooling water for plants that use millions of
gallons per hour for cooling. And the power companies
took advantage of it. Had their plans included public
disclosure back in the drawing board stage, much of the
debate still going on would have been erased, some of the
plants might have located inland.
And yet Detroit Edison, like so many other companies,
is a bad guy today and a good guy tomorrow and then
maybe a bad guy the day after that. During a recent
"good-guy" phase they announced a billion dollar ex-
pansion program near Monroe, Michigan and in north-
central St. Clair County that will add three million kws.
of power. The unusual point was that the company said it
was not locked into an unalterable course and that the
plans are being announced early to give the public a
chance to have their say early. The projects will have on-
site closed-cycle cooling systems. The plants are, ac-
cording to the company, going to be part of a total en-
vironmental site plan for these areas.
Said William Meese, President of Detroit Edison, "it's
just good business and it's company policy now. For our
new Fermi plant site we went all out to find a site that we
could improve. We ended up with some marginal land
that farmers were happy to sell. When we're done the
company will be willing to give the land surrounding the
plant for a park. I'm proud of what we've done there. It's
the only way to go. This environmental movement will
not go away. The course of action we have laid out is not
cynical. Our motto is that if we act now, we can cope."
Another issue that has bothered conservationists has
been advertising by the power industry, which they say
complains on one hand of imminent brown outs and
possible peak black outs and on the other hand berates
conservationists for fighting against needed new power
plants.
In April of '72 the Michigan public utilities commission
ordered Detroit Edison Co. to make stockholders, not
consumers, pay for ads, explaining the firm's request for
Please turn fa last page
William Meese, president of Detroit Edison, ". . . if we
act now, we can cope."
-------
GOOD NEWS
The Norfolk and Western Railway Company has reported that
on June 1 27,000 employees, with cooperation of labor leaders,
worked shoulder-to-shoulder to remove tons of debris from the
company's rights-of-way and facilities, and otherwise spruce up
their 8,000-mile railroad. Company President J.P. Fishwick
labeled the project as one answer to the pollution problem and
expressed hope that the massive one-day effort would develop
habits to keep the railroad clean. Norfolk and Western said it is
spending $4.5 million for pollution control projects now under
way or budgeted for this year.
Significant advances occurred in the fight against pollution of
Illinois waters in 1971, according to the Illinois EPA 1971 Water
Quality Network Summary of Data. A comprehensive collection
of water quality tests results from EPA's statewide network, the
two-volume report summarizes laboratory results on water
taken from 464 sampling stations in 1971. The Illinois EPA
Division of Water Pollution control increased the number of 1971
sampling locations by 101 from the 1970 total of 363. Further
expansion of the sampling network has brought, the total of 658
stations for 1972.
North Central Airlines has been cited for its "initiative and
leadership in the field of aircraft noise abatement" by the
National Organization to Insure a Sound-controlled environment
(NOISE). In awarding the airline its distinguished service
citation, NOISE noted that new take - off procedures developed
by North Central resulted in a substantial noise reduction from
jets.
The topic of ecology is the cover theme for this year's Illinois
Bell telephone directories that are being distributed to homes
and businesses in the Bensenville area. G.D. Fitzpatrick, Illinois
Bell manager in Elmhurst, said the directory cover, featuring a
scene of a grove of trees and a quote from the late Adlai E.
Stevenson, "should serve as a year-long reminder of the en-
vironmental protection efforts all of us should be making." He
pointed out that one of Illinois Bell's ecology contributions is
collecting and returning old directories to a recycling mill in
Wisconsin where they are reprocessed into a variety of soft
paper products.
Madison, Wis., has developed a successful program for
recycling its old newspapers, at a level of over 2,800 tons per
year, and the state's capital city is ready to serve as an example
to other cities interested in similar projects, according to the
Appleton, Wis., Post-Crescent. The program was started four
years ago, and today the city is collecting about 40 percent of the
newspapers in the city, considerably above the national average
of 23 per cent. Madison Public Works Director Robert Duszynski
considers having a ready market for the paper "a triple
priority. You've got to have industry involved in this; if you
haven't, forget it."
The Kirsh Foundry of Madison, Wis., has installed a "smoke
scrubber" which will wash smoke from its main stack three
times, changing the smoke from a dark brown to a white plum
containing clean air plus condensed water vapor, according to
the Beaver Dam, Wis., Citizen. Company vice president Jim
Kirsh explained that the installation was necessary to comply
with the new state pollution abatement laws.
Illinois is ahead of the Federal government in the control of
DDT, according to The Farmers' Weekly Review. The Review
quotes University of Illinois and Natural History Survey en-
tomologists as saying the EPA ban on the use of DDT, except for
certain specified uses, will have no effect on Illinois agriculture.
As early as 1949, University of Illinois entomologists discon-
tinued recommending DDT for use on dairy cattle and in dairy
barns. During the 1950's, other less persistent materials
replaced DDT. The last commercial use of DDT in Illinois,
according to the Review, was in 1964 for control of European
corn borer and corn ear worm on sweetcorn. On Jan. 1,1970, the
EPA employees in the Chicago area will have an
opportunity to ride new air conditioned buses which,
according to the Chicago Transit Authority, are en-
vironmentally, aesthetically, and mechanica//y the
latest in the United States.
Interagency Committee on Pesticides, composed of directors of
the departments of agriculture, conservation, public health,
transportation, EPA, Illinois Natural History Survey and the
University of Illinois College of Agriculture, took the same
action taken recently by the Federal EPA.
Consolidated Papers, Inc., recently dedicated a $630,000
pollution control plant at Stevens Point, Wis.-At the ceremonies,
the corporation's chairman, George W. Mead II, noted that
another $5 million pollution control plant was already on the
drawing boards. The dedication was attended by Gov. Patrick
Lucey.
The Wisconsin Power and Light Co. has installed two elec-
trostatic precipitators at its Rock River Generating Station at a
cost of $2.6 million for the purpose of curbing a volumnious flow
of ash that used to darken the clouds billowing from the plant's
twin stacks. Plant Manager Jim Dudley, was quoted by the
Beloit, Wis., Daily News as saying: "The government will
require all generating stations to have precipitators by 1973, but
we're the first in the state to have them, and we started our
plans before there were any standards."
The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency has reported
an imporvement in the quality of Illinois air statewide in 1971
over 1970. Specific gains were measured in reduction of air
pollution in the Chicago, Peoria, and East St. Louis metropolitan
areas, according to Dr. John J. Roberts, manager of Illinois
EPA's division of Air Pollution Control. The conclusions are
More on last page
-------
Minnesota Story
Getting Inside The Outside
When his eyes wander outside the classroom window
one morning this fall at Zachary Lane School outside
Minneapolis, Johnny probably won't get bawled out.
Matter of fact, a teacher may have directed his at-
tention out there to an atrium which has been turned into
an outdoor learning center by students, teachers and
parents.
The architect who designed Zachary Lane never en-
visioned that this 30' x 30' area would be turned into
natural habitat, complete with pond, shrubbery, trees
and a selection of miscellaneous ducks, pheasants,
salamanders and snakes.
"When a student brings an animal to the center," says
social studies teacher Myrna Marofsky, "he has to fill
out a form and log in how he cares for the animal and he
must know about feeding and other habitat
requirements."
Ms. Myrofsky and fellow teacher Jim Arnold are but
two of thousands of teachers in the midwest who are
continuing this fall to experiment with new techniques in
transmitting new environmental attitudes to school
children.
„ "I think it's more important to get the kids personally
involved in changing attitudes," says Ms. Myrofsky.
"You just can't get them cleaning up shopping centers
and things like that."
Says Arnold: "Some of these kids can give you won-
derful oratory on the environment and the evils of
pollution - and they are the same ones who walk down
the school corridors throwing junk on the floor. They
don't do it on purpose, they're just not aware. They think
of pollution only as 'big businesses' or 'power com-
panies'. But they have to look at themselves first, and
their own yard, their parents, their neighborhood."
Perhaps more significant for Zachary Lane and other
Midwestern schools is the development of new
curriculum materials to go along with a trend towards
getting outside the classroom. At Zachary Lane much
time has gone into the development of a fourth grade
social studies curriculum on the environment. Four
Robbinsdale area school district teachers, including
Zachary Lane's Myrofsky, planned a variety of activities
for fourth grade level students, prepared a work book
and teachers guide all of which are being used in-
creasingly by local teachers.
Among the projects:
* An electrical appliance survey for each student
to make at home. It includes a listing of kinds and
amounts and use each gadget gets and what hours
it's used. Point here: can use be staggered?
* A survey of television advertising.
* Traffic counting on certain roads at various
times of the day.
* Analysis of neighborhood environmental
problems: like noise, congestion, land use.
* A scavenger hunt where points are awarded for
collecting returnable bottles and deducted for
collecting throwaways, etc.
Finally, says Ms. Marofsky, there is the last chapter
where students have to design a utopia, if that's possible.
The teaching of environmental problems to young
children presents a special problem, says Ms. Myrofsky.
"As we continued to study news clippings and discuss
problems and solutions," she said, "the children became
aware that there are more problems remaining than
have been solved, and the children reported having
nightmares and became somewhat depressed." The
doomsday aspect, she said, was removed. "It was just
too traumatic -- both for the kids and me."
The teachers at Zachary Lane spent quite a bit of time
this summer thinking out and planning new en-
vironmental projects for the fall. This seemed to be a
trend throughout EPA's Region V during vacation-time.
Please turn to page 11
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EPA PROGRAM NOTES
Message From Mayo
I was pleased to be in Lansing, Mich., Sept. 11 to represent
EPA in signing a landmark inter-governmental pilot industrial
waste water pollution control agreement with the Michigan
Water Resources Commission. The agreement is designed to
strengthen Federal-State efforts to control industrial waste
discharged into the waters
-------
LOCAL AND NATIONAL
iolation Notices Issued
,.Region V has issued 180-day notices againsl Wayne County,
•.ch., and the City of Riverview, Mich., for violation of
ierally approved water quality standards and announced the
-:heduling of joint hearings with the Michigan Water Resources
.immission for the two communities. The Federal-State action
11 seek effective and timely abatement schedules to bring the
o communities' discharges into compliance with the water
indards.
.'in the case of Wayne County, EPA and the Michigan Water
Sources Commission have charged that its Wayndotte
unicipal Sewage Treatment Plant has failed to meet the im-
ementalion schedule and effluent loading requirements
•ntained in the state adopted and federally approved Interstate
ater Quality Standards which called for completion of con-
ruction of secondary treatment facilities by Nov. 1, 1970
The City of Riverview is charged with dumping 2.9 million
. lions per day of inadequately treated effluent from its sewage
.iatment plant into the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River in
olation of state adopted and federally approved water quality
"indards.
An informal, joint Federal-State public hearing for the pur-
.se of outlining the pollution problem and ascertaining what
.'•cessary remedial action may be taken on a voluntary basis
J?s been scheduled at 9:30 a.m. Tuesday, Oct. 17, lor Wayne
mnty and 1:30 p.m. for Riverview at (he Holiday Inn-Taylor,
:ated at the junction of Eureka Road and Interstate Highway
deferral To Justice
EPA Region V Administrator Franci? T Mayo has referred to
e y.S. Department of Justice a request for prosecution of the
ty of Whiting, Inc . for violation of Stale and Federal water
lality standards. In his request to the Department of Justice,
ayo alleged that the City of Whiting has failed to abate
>llution resulting from the discharge of solid and liquid
unicpal wastes from the city's combined storm water and
wage outlets into the waters of Lake Michigan
"This discharge," said Mayo, "reduces the quality of the
ilers of Lake Michigan below the Federally approved water
lality standards promulgated by the Slate of Indiana pursuant
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act " In October of 1971.
hiting was served a 180-day notice by EPA for violation of
ate and Federal water quality standards Whiting is the first
unicipality in EPA's Region V to be referred to the Justice
jpartment for suit following expiration of a 180-day notice.
ake Michigan Enforcement Conference
The fourth session of the Lake Michigan Enforcement Con-
rence designed to examine the subject of pollution of Lake
ichigan and its tributary basin in the states of Michigan,
diana, Illinois, and Wisconsin, was held Sept. 19-21 at the
icrman House in Chicago. Ill
The purpose of the session was to review established remedial
agrams and implementation schedules tor the abatement of
1 pollution ot Lake Michigan and to recommend additional
lion or improved programs as may he necessary The parties
the conference were the Illinois Environmental Protection
ency. the Michigan Wyfei Resources. Commission, the
sconsin Department of Viiurjl Resouivc.-s thr
Stream Pollution Control Board, and the EPA
Hems on the agenda included' review of status of compliance
of Federal, State, municipal and industrial waste dischargers
into the lake; report of the Phosphorus Technical Committee.
report of the Pesticides Committee, a chlorides report. and the
problem of thermal pollution with reports from each state in-
volved.
Environmental Information Symposium
EPA sponsored a National Environmental Information
Symposium enetitled "Agenda for Progress" in Cincinnati,
Ohio, Sept. 24-27 Midwest Regional Administrator Francis T.
Mayo said, "The symposium was primarily designed for the
user of environmental information, including citizens, govern-
ment officials and businessmen. It should provide a better
understanding of what information is available, "here it is
located and how it can be obtained.'
For purposes of the symposium, environmental information
was divided into four groups: scientific and technical; legal,
legislative and regulatory, management and planning, and
socio-economic. Information services covered in each of the
groups were information and data centers, publications, and
document services and referral activities
Cincinnati is the site of an EPA National Environmental
Research Center, which hs been designated as the Central
Scientific and Technical facility with the Agency's library
system.
EPA Releases Funds
EPA has released $330,000 for the remaining five months of
the 1972 calendar year to the City of Chicago lor its air pollution
control program as a result of a July 28 amendment to the
Illinois air implementation plan, it has been announced by
Region V Administrator Francis T Mayo. The amendment to
the Illinois plan reflects an agreement between the Illinois EPA
and the City of Chicago on a mutually supportive program on
construction and operating permits for air emission sources in
the city.
Mayo noted that although the city had originally requested
$485,457 for the remaining five months of the 1972 calendar year,
the entire request could not be honored because of limited
Federal funds available. "However," he added, "the total 1972
calendar grant of $826,202 is substantially larger than the
previous year's grant which totaled $712,000."
Division Director Named
A specialist in the physical aspects of thermal pollution, Dr
Robert W. Zeller, has been named Director of the Region V
Surveillance and Analysis Division
The appointment was announced by Region V Administrator
Francis T. Mayo who said, "Bob Zeller brings to EPA's
technical support programs an excellent background in both the
technical and administrative areas of environmental control.
He will be very valuable to our Midwest operation with our in-
creasing need for strong technical backup for enforcement
activities "
Zeller, who most recently served as Chief of the \\ater
Programs Branch for EPA's Northwest Region in Seattle.
Wash . will be in charge of Region Y's five district offices in
Chicago. Minneapolis. Cleveland, Detroit and Evansulle. Ind
He also will provide overall guidance lor Environmental
Statement activities, oil spills and other field activities
More program notes on (osf page
-------
YOURS FOR THE ASKING
Non-Technical Publications Available From EPA
Teachers
Needed: Clean Water
Needed: Clean Air
Noise and You
Man and His Endangered World
General
Toward a New Environmental Ethic
Environmental Protection - 1971 (EPA Anniversary
report)
The Mess We're In - Ranger Rick's Nature Magazine
Bibliography - Books on the Environment
71 Things You Can Do to Stop Pollution
Can The U.S. Win The War Against Pollution?
Special Interest
Mission 5000 A Citizens' Solid Waste Management
Project
Grant Assistance Programs of the EPA
Information on Rapid Tax Amortization
Noise
Noise and Transportation
Noise in the Environment
Unwanted By-Product of Modern Life
The Ultimate Insult
EPA's Noise Abatement Program
Radiation
Nuclear Power Plants Q. & A.
Never Do Harm
Solid Waste
Solid Waste - It Won't Go Away
Safe and Sanitary Home Refuse Storage
Sanitary Landfill. . . An Answer to a Community
Problem; a Route to a Community Asset
Sanitary Landfill Facts
The Solid Waste Disposal Act
The Solid Waste Glossary
EPA's Office of Solid Waste Management Program
The Role of Packaging In Solid Waste Management 1966
to 1976
Air Pollution - The Facts
Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide, Summary and
Conclusions
Air Quality Criteria for Photochemical Oxidants,
Summary and Conclusions
The Clean Air Act, December 1970
Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans
Federal Register
July 27, 1972 Volume 37 Number 145
Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plants
Federal Register
May 31, 1972 Volume 37 Number 105
State Plans for Implementation of National Ambient Air
Quality Standards
Federal Register June 14, 1972 Volume 37 Number 115
Water Pollution
What You Can Do About Water Pollution
Clean Water for the 1970's
Federal Guidelines, Design Operation and Maintenance
of Waste Water
Treatment Facilities, September 1970
Water Quality Standards: Better Water for America
A Primer on Waste Water Treatment
Our Troubled Waters: The Fight Against Water Pollution
Heat Can Hurt - Better Water for America
A Critical Study of the Great Lakes
Who Owns the Water?
A Small Oil Spill
Standards Must be Enforced
Clean Water: It's Up To You
The Water Pollution Control Act
Fish Kills Caused by Pollution in 1970
Bumper Stickers and Decals
Protect Our Environment
I Can Save The Earth
Jacket No. 456-920 April 1972
Jacket No. 456-922 April 1972
Jacket No. 456-921 April 1972
Air Pollution
Citizen Role in Implementation of Clean Air Standards
Air Pollution Episodes - A Citizen Handbook
Take Three Steps to Clean Air (PHS)
A citizen's Guide to Clean Air
A new film brochure is now available describing free
loan environmental films available from Region V EPA-
The brochure may be obtained by contacting the Office of
Public Affairs, EPA, One North Wacker Drive, Chicago.
Illinois 60606 or calling 312-353-5800.
-------
Achieving the goal of a clean and healthy environment
must be done by us all - by every American.
We can reach that goal in this decade.
And in reaching it we can trigger a chain reaction of
confidence and hope that will help us to achieve
all of our great goals for the seventies.
Left, one of a series of posters available from E.P.A.
Above: Deco/s. Below: Bumper stickers. All of these
materials may be obtained from the Office of Public
Affairs, One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois
60606. Reasonable requests, please I
protect our
environment
i F'«OTH.:TiON AGfNCY
Gefting Inside the Outside Con't.
Here is just a small sample of some activities that went
on this summer in the region:
* In Bemidji, Minnesota, an Upward Bound class
this summer studied the different ways recycled
materials can be used.
* In Ripon, Wisconsin a summer school course
offered to eighth and ninth grade students included a
series of nine field trips to points of natural interest.
*At the University of Wisconsin's Green Bay
campus senior Girl Scouts, high school youths and
adult leaders met for two weeks this summer to
study environmental deterioration. On the schedule
were an environmental play, games and roleplaying,
films, multi-media and light shows, field trips and
outdoor recreatonal activities.
* In late July a tentative environmental education
plan for Michigan was discussed at a special state-
wide conference in Lansing. The points of view of
many segments of the state community were sought.
* In August, 32 students in the Watertown Unified
School Distirct in Watertown, Wisconsin attended a
week-long environmental study at a camp near
Ashland. The purpose of the camp visit was to study
environmental conditions of Northern Wisconsin
regarding plant, animal and water conditions.
Projects included succession study, spring study,
fish population and migration, water analysis, insect
population and larvae study and similar projects.
* During August, 20 junior college teachers, who
plan to set up environmental education programs for
65 thousand students at six southeastern Michigan
community colleges, began a five week intensive
training program at Wayne State University in
Detroit.
*In Lafayette, Indiana area, 20 South Newton high
school students participated in a three-week course
in Environmental Biology. Among the topics of these
special program were soils, exposed coal slams, a
cave, wildlife management, conservation practices,
public relations, electricity production, sewage
disposal, natural history and legislative procedure.
*In late July 192 teachers attended four en-
vironmental seminars at the Trees for Tomorrow
Center near Wausau, Wisconsin. The one-week
session focused on social studies in relation to the
environment. In addition there was a profile of a
northern Wisconsin community's approach to
solving solid waste problems.
This sign was erected by students to protect newly
planted trees from snowmobiles.
-------
1. In this first exercise, students should map their travels on
this sheet for two days. Then they should ask how many
trips were taken by car? by bike? by foot? Why the dif-
ference? Where might the busy streets in the community
be? Guess where the cars might be going?
MAPPING TRIPS RECORD SHEET
N
£
S
LEGEND
Transportation Line
on fool
bike
c;i r
bus
train, plant
DIRECTIONS
Decide on the approximate distance
of each trip, and put an X at your
destinalion. Connect the X to your
home with a colored line indicating
the type of transportation you used.
-------
INNER CITY NOISE, SOLID WASTE
AND AIR POLLUTION SURVEYS
2. Here are the forms used by Youth For Environmental
Action (Y.E.A.) West Garfield in Chicago for surveying
inner-city neighborhoods. The forms, put together by
Region V Office of Public Affairs and the Chicago Dept. of
Streets and Sanitation, are filled out by inner-city students
and turned over to municipal authorities for action.
Y.E.A.
West Garfield Youth Development, 3952 W. Jackson, Chicago
Date: Name:
Address:
Business: • Apt: House:
PROBLEMS:
ABANDONED AUTOS
(on street )
Address: / ,, . ,
(off street )
Make: Color: Year:
VACANT LOTS
Address:
Kind of Bulk Trash:.
LITTER AND GARBAGE
Streets
Alleys
Yards
Parkway.
Other
-------
LITTER BASKETS
Filled
Need at:
Address:
Broken Down.
Turned Over.
STREETS
Clean
Dirty
ABANDONED BUILDING
Address:
AIR (Use Ringleman Chart)
Percent:
Any burning
Address: _
Smokestack
Address:
Time:
NOISE:
dB Level
100
90
80
70
60
50
Test (at noisiest part)
Shout in ear
Shout at 2 feet
Talk very loud at 2 feet
Talk loud at 2 feet
Talk loud at 4 feet
Talk normal at 12 feet
-------
OTHER DANGERS:
MY REMARKS:
OFFICE USE
Date Referred:
Unit Number: .
Supervisor: —
SMOKE CHART
INSTRUCTIONS
Hold the chart at arm's length. Look through the
hole at the smoke rising from the stack.
Avoid looking toward the sun. The background
immediately beyond the smoke plume should be
clear of buildings or dark objects. Your line of
sight should be at right angles to the direction of
smoke travel, and your position not less than 100
feet or more than 'A mile from the stack.
Compare the smoke with the chart to determine
the sector (marked from "No. 1-20% dense" to "No.
5-100% dense") which most nearly corresponds to
tjie shade or density of the smoke.
Percentage figure refers to amount light is reduced
by smoke density — Based on the Ringelmann
Smoke Chart, U.S. Bureau of Mines Information
Circular 8333 dated May 1967, giving graduated
shades of gray.
-------
Power for The People Con'f.
a rate hike and ordered the company to give a higher
percentage increase to larger customers who pay less
per kilowatt hour than small customers.
The big issue with conservationists at this point now is
energy conservation. Some industry spokesmen say that
advertising stimulates interest in appliances which are
used in off-peak or normal low use hours.
But the biggest problem facing the power industry is
not so much pressure from conservationists at the
moment, but the exceedingly complex process that has
been seemingly thrown-up in their path by State and
Federal licensing agencies.
And, here's a closing thought; a recent report on the
North Central Power Study Phase I Report indicates that
"further development of the vast coal field of the North
Central Region of the U.S. is almost a certainty." The
report concluded that massive coal-fueled plants in the
North Central states would be able to provide 35 years of
plant operation. This would overshadow any develop-
ment in the Southwest Four Corners Area.
Good News Con'f. From Page 6
drawn from a summary of the 1971 Annual Report on Air Quality
in Illinois.
The Otter Tail Power Company has installed electrostatic
precipitators which remove over 99 per cent of the particulate
matter from stack gases at its Hoot Lake Generating Station at
Fergus Falls, Minn. The precipitators exceed all applicalbe
State and Federal standards and replace mechanical dust
collectors installed when the plant was built.
Visitors gathered recently in Fulton County, Illinois
for the Dedication of the Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago's new sludge land disposal site,
The plan, first conceived by the district nearly six
years ago ca//s for disposing of sludge, the solid
materials from treated sewage, as a liquid fertilizer,
in an area that has been heavily strip-mined.
REGION V PUBLIC REPORT is published monthly by the
Office of Public Affairs, Region V Environmental Protection
Agency at One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606
for distribution in the states of the Region (Illinois, Indiana,
Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan.)
Regional Administrator Francis T. Mayo
Director of Public Affairs Frank M. Corrado
Editor Helen P. Stan-
Art Director Ann N. Hooe
FROM:
Office of Public Affairs
United States Environmental Protection Agency
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA-335
TO:
-------
Region V Public Report
October-November
Cincinnati: The National Environmental Symposium
-------
Environmental Information: Public Right
Citizen representatives to a recent EPA sponsored
symposium agreed almost unanimously that access to
timely, clear environmental information is the single
most important issue facing citizen groups. And, it must
be free, they said.
This position, taken at the First Environmental
Information Symposium, held in Cincinnati during
September of 1972, was taken by representatives of such
diverse groups as the League of Women Voters, Sierra
Club, Environmental Defense Fund, Environmental
Policy Center, National Audubon Society and numerous
local groups from throughtout the country.
One of the key catch phrases discussed was the
"tyranny of information."
Access to information is access to power, one panel
member said. Yes, said another, but you've got to
remember that "Garbage in is garbage out," meaning
that just because you have access to information doesn't
mean the information can necessarily be trusted.
One group representative offered three suggestions as
to why citizen groups have trouble getting information:
1) Local politicians sometimes just don't want to provide
it; 2) Some old-line bureaucrats consider citizens a
nuisance, and 3) There is a shortage of people to do the
work required to make the information available.
Victor Yannacone, a dominant figure in early public
interest litigation, suggested that some kind of open
forum other than the courtroom, is needed to force
consideration of conflicting data.
Citizens' concerns for the availability of information
were echoed by members of a similar panel from the
business and industry sector, although the latter in-
dicated that finances are not normally a limitation in
data acquisition. The major concerns of business are 1)
That Federal and State officials ought to be clear as to
what the rules of the cleanup game are and 2) That in-
formation on government research grants that may have
an impact on business should be available at a stage
early enough to allow business to offer some counter
argument, if needed and 3) That government generated
information is often "catch as catch can."
To observers of the environmental movement for the
last few years it was apparent at the symposium that
citizen activitists have moved beyond the fad stage and
rolled up their sleeves and dug in. Groups like the
Environmental Defense Fund and the Sierra Club are
recognizing the importance of computers and in-
formation systems. The brashness of the movement of a
few years ago has subsided and a new determined group
of professionals has emerged. Barbara Reid, for
example, joined with a half dozen other Washington-
based environmentalists to become a registered lobbyist
in behalf of the environment. Ms. Reid was the Midwest
representative for the first Earth Day. Some of the old
neo-Luddites have left the movement and a new citizen-
technocrat is emerging.
Yet there remained an insistence that information be
free. "We pay taxes for this stuff," said Professor Emily
Alman of Rutgers University, "so there is no reason why
we should have to pay again." Some librarians, who are
obligated to serve their agencies first, and institutions
and the public second, believe these outside groups
should be forced to pay for information. "Information is
just like electricity or water or any other resource," said
one librarian, "you have to pay for it."
This brings up the question of equal protection of the
PAGE 2
or Private Resource
law. If a person or group is prohibited from participating
in environmental litigation because he cannot afford to
acquire the information needed, is he being denied due
process? When this question was raised during the
symposium, Victor Yannacone speculated that putting a
price on information would in fact deny equal protection
of the law.
It was noted that politicians are oft times relieved
when a court attempts to resolve conflicting en-
vironmental data. But in the future, many see society
moving more and more towards a technocratic posture,
where decisions will have to be based more and more on
what one scientist and his computer say as opposed to
what another scientist and his computer say is going to
happen. Like the citizen activist, the political decision
maker will have to have access to vast amounts of easily
understandable information.
On the dissemination of newly developed information
from the academic community, it was suggested that
research scientists submit their papers to trade journals
and some of the more popular publications, rather than
only to professional journals, making information more
readily available to the public.
It was also suggested that provisions requiring the
researcher to make dissemination of his research as
wide as possible should be written into research contract
or grant awards.
There was general agreement that there are now a
sufficient number of systems for information storage and
retrieval, that technology is at least ten years ahead of
the people who use it and that emphasis should now be
placed on developing the systems now available so that
they are genuinely informative and useful.
As EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus told the
Symposium, "the most important objective for the future
of information technology, therefore, is to place this
rapidly evolving discipline in its proper relationship with
man so that it can serve him and not control him."
Shirley Temple Black, special assistant to the Chair-
man of the Council on Environmental Quality, speaks at
the Environmental Information Symposium.
-------
EPA Information Sources and Services
When the Environmental Protection Agency was
formed it brought together many different components
from over a dozen different parent Federal agencies and
departments. Current information sources were
inherited from a multitude and variety of organizations,
including Federal agencies, private industry, and
universities. No single comprehensive, linked and
coordinated information network existed. The Agency
has therefore moved quickly and deliberately to improve
this interaction of hardware, software, systems, and
facilities.
The key elements of EPA's information network in-
clude the following programs and projects.
First, the Office of Public Affairs provides public in-
formation services and support to Agency programs and
operations, and develops and administers a cohesive
information program for the Agency, including
publications, audiovisual materials, and exhibits. This
office is the principal point of liaison with civic, service
and other groups having an interest in the mission and
activities of EPA.
Second, EPA Libraries in the regions, research cen-
ters, and laboratories have established cooperative
programs to make the collections available to all EPA
staff. Centralized programs have been established to
support a wide range of acquisitions, processing,
literature searching and bibliographic services.
Third, EPA Information Centers have been identified
and steps taken to strengthen the linkages between and
among these facilities, including the creation of "current
awareness" capabilities, establishing user seminars,
reducing search turnaround time and more effectively
interrelating data bases.
Fourth, an EPA-wide Information Systems Committee
was established in 1971 to identify information gaps,
overlaps, systems and standard data elements, as well
as recommend Agency-wide information management
policies and programs.
Fifth, the conduct of a comprehensive inventory of
EPA information systems.
Sixth, the conduct of a comprehensive survey of EPA
computer equipment and facility needs to determine how
best to optimize needed equipment power and physical
location with information system operational needs.
Seventh, the conduct of a survey to identify, define,
validate and establish priorities for all requirements for
the acquisition, processing, and utilization of en-
vironmental pollution monitoring data.
Finally, the National Environmental Information
Symposium, which will result in preparation of a com-
prehensive report to the Administrator identifying
specific follow - on actions and steps that could be taken
by the various governmental and private groups to
strengthen and improve coordination among and bet-
ween these segments as regards the production,
organization, and dissemination of environmental in-
formation. Additional EPA information resources:
PUBLICATION AND INFORMATION SECTION
Division of Pesticide Community Studies
U.S. EPA
Chamblee, GA 30341
404-633-3311
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SERVICES
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
U.S. EPA
Washington, D.C. 20460
301-443-1824
PLANNING AND TRAINING BRANCH
Office of Solid Waste Management
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-684-4341
OFFICE OF AIR PROGRAMS
National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
NATIONAL AIR DATA BRANCH
National Environmental Research Center
Durham, NC 27701
919-549-3411
AIR POLLUTION TECHNICAL INFORMATION
CENTER
National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-688-8537
STORET
U.S. EPA
Washington, D.C. 20460
703-557-7617
Publishes two periodicals, maintains a collection of
library reference material, maintains a system for or-
dering, distribution and storage of publications
emanating from research, performs literature searches,
prepares bibliographies, provides information.
Collects, stores, and disseminates information relevant
to worldwide technological development of solid waste
management.
Provides technical assistance and direct training ser-
vice.
Collects and processes air pollution data, analyzes for
trend and meaningful results, publishes and
disseminates air pollution information.
Issues AP series of reports and APTD series of reports.
Central computer oriented segment of the National
Water Quality Surveillance and Information System for
storing and retrieving data and information on water
quality, water quality standards, pollution - caused fish
kills, municipal and industrial waste discharges,
continued on next page
PAGE 3
-------
Sources and Services continued from page 3
manpower and training needs, and waste abatement
needs, costs and implementation schedules.
OFFICE OF RADIATION PROGRAMS
U.S. EPA
Washington, B.C. 20460
301-443-4796
ENVIRON
U.S. EPA
Washington, D.C. 20460
202-755-0811
NOISE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
Office of Noise Abatement and Control
U.S. EPA
Washington, D.C. 20460
INDUSTRIAL WASTE LITERATURE
Effluent Guidelines Division
Engineerings and Science staff
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-684-4368
OFFICE OF FEDERAL ACTIVITIES
U.S. EPA
Washington, D.C. 20460
202-755-0777
Issues Radiation Data and Reports and publishes and
distributes technical reports.
Environmental Information Retrieval On-Line, an on-
line interactive information retrieval system.
NOISE (Noise Information Service) contains citations
and abstracts of publications accessible from remote
computer terminal.
Maintains record of all Environmental Impact
Statements (EIS), publishes list of most recent EIS's it
has reviewed, provides information on availability of
EIS's.
INFORMATION SOURCES
Survey of Non-Government Publications Containing Environmental Information Of Use
To Managers And Planners.
The following lists are exerpted from a speech -
"Survey of Nongovernment Publications Containing
Environmental Information of Use to Managers and
Planners" presented by Ramune Kubiliunas of
Predicasts, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio at the National
Environmental Information Symposium.
INFORMATION SOURCES
SURVEY OF NONGOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
CONTAINING ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
OF USE TO MANAGERS AND PLANNERS
ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION FROM NON-
ENVIRONMENTALLY CENTERED PUBLICATIONS
General business publications
Feature and news stories in general business
publications provide broad, nontechnical information in
the environmental area.
Barrons
Business Week
Commercial and Financial Chronicle
Financial World
Fortune
Industry Week
Journal of Commerce
New York Times
U.S. News and World Report
Wall Street Journal
Industry and Trade Association publications
Industry and trade associations are a primary source
for environmental information through their reports on
the activities, problems, expenditures and results of
their industry's pollution control efforts. Such in-
formation is found in the news releases, bulletins,
PAGE 4
publications or special reports produced by the
associations many on a more or less regular basis.
American Chemical Society
American Iron and Steel Institute
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
American Paper Institute
American Petroleum Institute
Chemical Marketing Research Association
Industrial Gas Cleaning Institute
Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel
National Coal Association
Society of the Plastics Industry
Technical Assn. of the Pulp & Paper Inds (TAPPI)
Trade Magazines
The trade magazines of specific industries are key
sources for technical as well as nontechnical en-
vironmental information. They report what is being
done, where and how it is being done, who is doing it, and
how much it is costing.
Agriculture:
Agricultural Chemicals
Farm Chemicals and Croplife
Feeds tuffs
Mining & Minerals:
Coal Age
Engineering & Mining Journal
Oil & Gas Journal
Rock Products
Paper:
Boxboard Container
Paperboard Packaging
Paper Trade Journal
Pulp and Paper
continued on next page
-------
continued from poge 4
Chemicals:
Chemical & Engineering News
Chemical Marketing Reporter
Chemical Week
Modern Plastics
Plastics World
Rubber World
Metals & Metalworking:
American Machinist
American Metal Market
Automotive News
Electronic News
Iron Age
Direct Information from Companies
Some companies can directly provide information on
their environmental activites in three particular ways.
ANNUAL REPORTS define expenditures and plans for
pollution control as well as long term environmental
objectives. SPEECHES made by company represen-
tatives -- and often reported in the Wall Street Transcript
- may center on environmental problems. And some
companies produce BROCHURES on environmental
problems and solutions.
ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION FROM EN-
VIRONMENTAL SOURCES
Environmental Association
Non-government environmental associations can also
be key sources for environmental information, much of a
highly technical nature. Associations that publish
bulletins or reports useful to managers and planners
include:
Air Pollution Control Association
American Academy of Environmental Engineers
American Water Resources Association
American Water Works Association
Environmental Engineering Intersociety Board
Environmental Equipment Institute
Institute of Environmental Science
National Water Purification Foundation
National Center for Solid Waste Management
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement
National Pollution Control Foundation
Water Conditioning Association International
Water Conditioning Research Council
Water Conditioning Foundation
Water Equipment Wholesalers & Suppliers Assn.
Water & Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Assn.
Water Pollution Control Federation
Environmental Journals
Environmental journals, many of which are published
by the associations listed above, provide a wealth of
information for managers and planners. While much of
the information is technical, there is also invaluable
economic and marketing information.
Air-Water Pollution Report
Air & Water News Weekly
Air Engineering
All Clear
American Water Works Association Journal
Atmospheric Report
Clean Water Report
Compost Science
Contamination Control
Environment
Environmental Science & Technology
Environmental Research
Environmental Technology & Economics
Ground Water
Ground Water Age
Industrial Water Engineering
Industrial Wastes
Natural Resources Journal
Oceanology
Pipe Progress
Pollution Equipment News
Pure Water
Reclamation Era
Scrap Age
Secondary Raw Materials
Sierra Club Bulletin
Solid Wastes Management
Waste Age
Waste Trade Journal
Water Conditioning
Water & Sewage Works
Water Research
Water Pollution
Water & Wastes Digest
Water & Pollution Control
Water & Wastes Engineering
Water Works & Waste Engineering
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
The total output of material on the environment is
staggering and overwhelming, necessitating utilization
of services that help discriminate and locate the specific
information needed.
Indexing and Abstracting Services
These services provide compiled information arranged
in a logical sequence from numerous identified sources.
Accession Bulletin of Solid Waste Information
Acoustics Abstracts
Air Pollution Abstracts
Applied Science & Technology Index
Biological & Agricultural Index
Business Periodicals Index
Chemical Abstracts
Chemical Market Abstracts
Conservation Directory
Engineering Index
F&S Index of Corporations & Industries
Output Systems
Pollution Abstracts
Waste Trade Directory
Water Resources Abstracts
Water Pollution Abstracts
Market Research Services
Some of the best handlers of environmental in-
formation are professional market research companies
and divisions which compile and analyze hundreds of
bits of information, and produce concise, comprehensive
reports on specific topics. For example, McGraw-Hill's
Research Division publishes annually a Pollution Control
Expenditures Survey by industry. Battelle has com-
pleted an EPA sponsored study for the National
Association of Secondary Material Industries. And
Predicasts, Inc. has recently published studies on Solid
Waste Disposal, Water Treatment Chemicals, and Water
Pollution Control Equipment. These reports are valuable
to any user who does not have access to sophisticated
market research techniques or information retrieval
systems, or who does not have the time necessary to
compile such information. Other companies producing
market research reports include A.D. Little, Stanford
Research, C.H. Kline, Spear & Staff, and Noyes Data.
PAGE 5
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Excerpts From
THE CONQUEST OF THE OVERLOAD
A speech by William D. Ruckelshaus presented at the National Environmental In-
formation Symposium on September 25, 1972.
After some digging I found out a few weeks
ago that environmental information is
generated by some 75 different sources in the
Federal Government alone. More than a dozen
Federal agencies play some role in collecting
and disseminating this information. Within
EPA we have identified a number of separate
information systems.
Many of you have had frustrating first-hand
experience with this problem in industry, in
academic life, in the media, and in govern-
ment, and the present conference should
provide ample opportunity to wrestle with it. I
look forward to the day, hopefully not too far
distant, when all the research on any subject -
and all relevant administrative information -
is instantly available to those who need it. Our
present repositories are hopelessly obsolete
for the job they have to do.
The time and effort which must be expended
to get out the necessary data are often so
great, I'm told, that scientists must proceed
without them. Occasionally, valid ex-
periments are needlessly repeated because
investigators had no knowledge of prior work.
For management, the lack of data can retard
project timetables, render economic
forecasting hazardous, mislead us on labor
market conditions and present obstacles to
timely investment. Not having information on
hand about the social impact of government or
private programs can seriously disrupt
communities. We simply can't afford this kind
of waste and confusion. Not when life itself
may depend upon the progress and swift
dissemination of the findings of science.
In the course of your deliberations you must
lay the foundations for a continuous dialog
between the producers and managers of en-
vironmental data and their fast growing
clienteles. You must make it easy for activists,
trade associations, professional societies and
government agencies to analyze the common
PAGE 6
denominators of their needs as they relate to
the user complex as a whole. You must help
reporters get their stories so they can build
public consciousness of costs and benefits.
The benefits of a broader base of usable
information would be dramatic. We would
gain a much sharper picture of the impact of
pollutants on biosystems. We could monitor
both short and long-term trends and take
remedial action before a problem became too
intractable. We could develop a more
sophisticated index of the true costs and
benefits of pollution control. And we might
even speed the evolution of a new philosophy of
environmental stewardship if we could show
the connection between our ideology and
rampant pollution, congestion, ugliness, and
decay.
If we were better able to predict the con-
sequences of our actions, many actions might
never be undertaken at all. We could abandon
technological determinism - the doctrine that
we must do whatever we can do - in favor of
consciously deciding our own fate and the
structure of society.
When that happens, the undercurrent of
hostility to impersonal science will fade away.
Scientific knowledge, now suspect, can
become a resource which undergirds and thus
controls all other resources. Such knowledge is
undoubtedly the most concentrated form of
wealth, the most enduring, the most
marketable. It may in time completely
transform our conventional choices - limiting
some, vastly expanding others, and making
mere things obsolete as indices of personal
and social well-being.
At the same time, there are dangers. In-
formation with a high operational payoff will
reinforce the power of managerial elites. It
will tend to broaden the gulf between those
who command the new technology and those
-------
who cannot. So information technology is
potentially anti-democratic.
Moreover, it is in the nature of vested in-
terests -- government, business, labor,
education - to try to control access to in-
formation that might thwart their purposes.
Without careful safeguards, data retrieval
could become a force for monopoly or special
privilege and in the hands of a tyrant, a
weapon to control and coerce. The information
in scientific data banks should therefore be
open to all.
It is equally vital that government decision-
making processes be open to the people. I am
convinced that if an environmental decision is
to be credible with the public it must be made
in the full glare of the limelight. It won't work
for me to call a conference, announce a
complicated and far-reaching decision, and let
the public figure out later what has happened.
We must lay our evidence on the table where it
may be cross-examined by the technically
informed and the public alike.
I fully understand the specialist's desire to
seek a quiet spot to contemplate and carefully
work out rational solutions. I sympathize with
his distaste of the hysteria that sometimes
accompanies public discussion of en-
vironmental issues. However, the demands of
an open society will not permit the luxury of
withdrawal. Our obligation is to make a public
accounting - to explain why we have taken or
refused to take certain actions. You must
participate in this process of public education
if it is to succeed.
This means that scientists, computer men
and information managers will have to be
more active in the public forum, laying out the
facts and helping to formulate and clarify
issues. When complex questions confound the
layman there is no substitute for reliable
evidence and sound advice. No one opinion can
expect to dominate the formation of policy, but
sound policy-making is impossible without a
thorough exposition of all relevant facts and
views.
The image of the disinterested professional
breaking down the barriers of ignorance,
wiping out misconceptions, discovering new
facts, laying the foundations for knowledge,
prosperity, progress and peace - this image
has been enormously influential and per-
suasive as a model of stewardship.
It will continue to be if we treat technology
as a means, and never as a goal in itself.
Today, information technology provides us
with a potential for formulating and ordering
our priorities from the small community to the
world as a whole. It can greatly augment
managerial decision-making. It can liberate
us from ignorance and enable us to develop
more depth as individuals. It can narrow the
gap between the haves and have-nots. It can
facilitate cooperation for peace.
But unless our information technology, from
common language down to the newest com-
puter, is used wisely we will not be able to
make policy effectively anywhere else, and we
will surely lose public support for science.
For a long time the benefits of science were
accepted more or less without question. But in
recent years there has been a change in our
thinking. People no longer want benefits
without being informed of the dangers.
They realize that inherent in the use of
nuclear electricity to provide air conditioning
is an implicit acceptance of the hazards of
radiation and thermal discharge. They realize
that having cheap and plentiful food means
putting up with some crop chemicals whose
safety can never be proven absolutely. They
know that having a car means tolerating the
problems that go with the convenience.
Until recently, it seemed there was nothing
we could not do. Now we are repeatedly and
most congently reminded that we depend on
living processes for survival - processes we
only dimly understand and cannot control or
supplant.
The most important objective for the future
of information technology, therefore, is to
place this rapidly evolving discipline in its
proper relationship with man so that it can
serve him and not control him. It could bring
us to the threshold of a new kind of civilization.
Whether we cross it and take the next step in
the endless evolution of mankind toward
reason and serenity remains to be seen. The
choice, however, is with us - not with our
machines.
PAGE 7
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GOOD NEWS
Chicago syndicated columnist Paul Harvey said
recently that businesses are finding that depollution is
good business because the byproducts of pollution control
are profitable. "The papermaker who has done most to
reduce pollution from his pulp mill also leads all other
papermakers in earnings - per - share growth," said
Harvey. He said it means a big capital investment to
install the equipment necessary to recycle waste, but
there are long-term profits to be harvested. "Again -- you
start out to do the right thing for the right reason, almost
inevitably you end up profiting in the process," he noted.
The Wabash River has been cleared of logjams which
caused flooding and thereby seriously threatened the
health of citizens living on the river, according to an
editorial in the Portland, Inc., Commercial Review by
Gary Hengstler. Adams County Sanitarian Dennis
Bollenbacher and Jay County .Sanitarian Robert Jack
were responsible for the logjam clearing, Hengstler said.
"Hopefully, the problem has been solved. But wouldn't it
be a safer and perhaps more economical solution to
perform periodic maintenance on the river to prevent
such jams from forming again?" the editorial asked.
The fight to save Illinois waterways from the blight of
pollution showed marked success during the year ending
June 30, according to new water quality data released by
the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. Dramatic
increases in helpful dissolved oxygen and comparable
decreases in harmful fecal coliform occurred in fiscal
year 1972, the report indicated. The state-wide im-
provement in water quality was announced in a speech
by William L. Blaser, Director of the Illinois Environ-
mental Protection Agency, to the Illinois Wildlife
Federation in Springfield.
Pollution of Ohio's waterways by pesticides is at a
near-zero level, according to the Ohio Department of
Health. The Health Department reported that test
results, based on its 1972 monitoring program at 10 sites,
indicated pesticide levels were well within the recom-
mended standards of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
In a recently released publication entitled "Ecology
and You," put out by the University of Wisconsin -
Extension, there are over a hundred practical everyday
suggestions about how to do one's part for ecology. The
publication recommends that newspapers be saved for
recycling, that flies be killed with a swatter or sticky fly
PAGES
tape rather than aerosol pesticides, and that the use of
electricity be minimized, among other things.
A contract to monitor air at selected locations in the
State of Illinois for the presence of mercury and lead has
been awarded to Commercial Testing and Engineering
Company of Chicago by the State of Illinois Institute for
Environmental Quality. The purpose of the work is to
measure the concentration of these harmful substances
in both residential and industrial areas. Areas to be
monitored include Chicago, East St. Louis, Evanston,
Freeport, South Holland and Wood River.
This high-volume air sampler, located next to the
Kennedy Expressway in Chicago, is being operated
continuously. The Illinois air sampling project will
determine the amount of lead produced by automotive
and truck emissions and from other industrial sources.
Wii
wo/asm,
-------
SYNOPSIS OF MAJOR PROVISIONS
OF THE CONFERENCE "WATER BILL"
TITLE I - RESEARCH AND
RELATED PROGRAMS
1. Goals and Policy - A national goal to eliminate the
discharge of pollutants by 1985 is announced. An interim
goal -- the attainment of water quality or quality to
support fish and wildlife by 1983 is also provided.
2. The law would be changed to provide that EPA
determine the need for and the value of water storage in
Federal water resource projects.
3. No hydroelectro projects can include storage for the
purpose of water quality control unless the
Administrator certifies the need. (This is a new
provision.)
4. The old section 3 (c), Basin Planning Projects, and
Federal support, are retained.
5. There is a requirement that a national water quality
surveillance system monitoring the quality of navigable
water, the contiguous zone and ocean be established.
EPA is to utilize the research of NASA, NOAA, USGS,
and the Coast Guard in designing such a system.
6. A cost benefit research study on tools and techniques
for such activity shall be conducted and reported to the
Congress.
7. The Conference Bill requires that EPA construct the
National Marine Water Quality Laboratory.
8. Research and demonstration on vessel waste
systems have been transferred from EPA to the Coast
Guard.
9. A waste oil disposal and utilization study is required
with a report to the Congress within 18 months.
10. Annual reports will be required on research ac-
tivities devoted toward developing methods and systems
for reducing the total flow of sewage.
Section 105 - Grant and Research Development
1. Grants are provided for demonstration river
programs.
2. Grants are authorized to assist in the development of
waste management methods directed toward no
discharge of pollutants and toward new and improved
testing methods.
State Program Grants
State program grants authority under existing law is
substantially revised.
1. Authorizations are increased to $60 million in FY
1973 and $75 million in FY 1974.
2. Allocations of grant monies are to be made in ac-
cordance with the extent of the pollution problem of the
various States.
3. States must not reduce expenditures below those for
FY 1971.
4. Beginning with FY 1974, State grants will be con-
tingent upon State monitoring programs complying with
Section 305 and State authority to act in emergency
situations as provided in Section 304.
Great Lakes Corps Participation
The legislation directs the Corps to design a waste
water management program to rehabilitate Lake Erie.
EPA will co-operate with the Corps in such a design.
Detailed engineering design of such program is con-
tingent upon further legislative approval of the Congress.
TITLE II - GRANTS FOR
CONSTRUCTION AND TREATMENT
WORKS
Lake Tahoe Study
EPA in conjunction with other governmental agencies
is to conduct a study of appropriate Federal and State
interest in the Lake Tahoe region and to provide to the
Congress within 1 year a legislative program in that
regard.
In-Place Toxic Pollutants
EPA in conjunction with the Corps is authorized to
remove and dispose in-place plllutants in harbors and the
navigable waters. $15 million is authorized for such
activity.
1. $18 billion of contract grant authority is provided for
Fiscal Years 1973,1974, and 1975 for new projects.
2. $350 million is authorized to be appropriated for
Fiscal Year 1972 (authority appropriated but heretofore
unauthorized) for grants to be made in accordance with
Section 8 of the Act as it existed prior to the enactment of
the 1972 Amendments.
3. $2 billion is authorized to be appropriated for the
purpose of reimbursements at 50 percent or 55 percent
level for projects constructed during the period 1966 to
1972.
4. $750 million is authorized to be appropriated for
reimbursement at the 30 percent level for projects
constructed during the period 1956 to 1966.
5. The Federal share for new projects constructed with
Fiscal Year 1972 funds (grant authority) and Fiscal Year
continued on next page
PAGE 9
-------
1973, FY 1974, and FY 1975 (contract-grant authority)
shall be 75 percent. There is no percentage requirement
for State or community match.
6. A minimum of secondary treatment would be
required for all new projects the construction of which is
commenced after enactment but prior to June, 1974.
Thereafter, best practicable control technology must be
employed.
7. Allocation shall be made in accordance with the Cost
of Clean Water survey of needs (incorporated by
reference as a published House document). For Fiscal
Years 1973 and 1974 the Federal share to be allocated in
accordance with reference document totals $11 billion.
Allocation for Fiscal Year 1975 shall be in accordance
with a new needs survey and a subsequent legislative
enactment.
8. User charges will be applied to all users of the
facility for operation and maintenance. An additional
charge will be applied to industrial users for the capital
cost. The community may retain an amount equal to the
non-Federal share of the cost of construction and an
additional amount determined in accordance with
regulations for the expansion and reconstruction of the
project. Any remainder is to be returned to the Treasury.
9. Before approving projects, other requirements to be
met include: certification against excessive infiltration
of the sewer system, pre-treatment, compliance with
regional plans to areawide plans under Section 208.
10. Eligibility as far as the type of construction works
for which funds may be provided now include storm and
combined sewers, collection sewers, and recycled water
supply facilities. Storm combined sewer projects shall be
the subject of guidelines promulgated by the
Administrator with respect to eligibility.
11. Areawide waste treatment management plans
must be developed for designated areas, taking into
account all municipal and industrial point and non-point
sources, background deposits, potential future pollution
sources, so as to devise a phased comprehensive address
to water pollution control in such areas. A State-wide
plan embracing all of the States not designated for
areawide planning shall be the subject of a State-wide
plan. Approximately three years after enactment, plans
must be submitted for Federal approval along with a
designation of the management agency to carry out the
plan. After such plan and management agency have been
approved, all grants for such area must be in accordance
with the approved plan and payable to the management
agency.
TITLE III - STANDARDS
AND ENFORCEMENT
1. Effluent Limitations
The Administrator would be directed, within one year
after the date of enactment, to identify in guidelines the
PAGE 10
best practicable control technology for industrial
categories, taking into account processes involved, age
of equipment, and cost, considered on a national in-
dustry-wide basis. In addition, the Administrator would
be obliged to identify best available control technology
and technology which would achieve* the elimination of
the discharge of pollutants. Again, the Administrator
would be directed to take into account differing in-
dustrial processes, age of the equipment, and cost,
considered on a national basis. Industrial dischargers
would be obliged to achieve as a minimum best prac-
ticable control technology in accordance with the
guidelines. During the second phase, all industrial
dischargers would be obliged to achieve best available
control technology not later than July 1, 1983. The 1985
goal of no discharge of pollutants is not legally required
under this legislation.
Existing water quality standards for interstate waters
are preserved and extended to intra-State waters during
the first year after enactment. The existing mechanism
for State establishment, Federal review and
promulgation, and review of water quality standards, is
continued, provided that the periodic revision of such
standards necessary to meet the requirements of this Act
shall be limited to use designations and criteria. Insofar
as the application of best practicable control technology
or best available control technology can be determined to
be insufficient to meet water quality standards targets,
additional controls sufficient to meet such targets must
be employed.
Each State, for all the waters within that State, shall
establish the maximum daily load of pollutants per-
mitted for those waters so as not to impair propagation of
fish and wildlife. A similar analysis and assessment for
thermal discharges are also required.
In addition to technology control guidelines, in-
formation with respect to water quality criteria, in-
tegrity factors and methods and procedures for control of
non-point source pollution will be required.
2. On January 1,1974, EPA will provide to the Congress
an inventory of all point sources of discharge (including
a quantitative and qualitative analysis of such) and will
also identify existing water quality, and provide an
assessment of that water quality which presently
satisfies the 1983 water quality goals, which will satisfy
those goals in 1977 or 1983 or which will not meet such
goals by 1983.
3. The States, beginning in 1975, will submit annual
reports to the Congress and EPA, similar in content to
those which EPA is obliged to submit in 1974, with the
additional requirement that the States propose and
identify costs for programs for non-point source control.
4. New source performance standards
Within one year after the date of enactment, EPA is
required to promulgate effluent standards for new
sources, including, but not limited to, 28 identified
categories. These effluent limitations guidelines must
identify best available control technology which would be
continued on page '5
-------
Michigan
State's
Waste
Control
Authority JN
PAGE 11
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story and photos by Helen Starr
Michigan State University can make a number of claims to
uniqueness -- it was the first land grant college in the United States, it
has the country's largest residence hall system on one campus and the
largest married housing complex in the world, and now it is the first
university in the country to establish a comprehensive Waste Control
Authority.
On the five square mile developed area of the MSU campus, a student
and staff population of 65,000 generating between 200 and 250 tons of
solid waste a week could become a nightmarish problem. Back in 1970
the faculty and Board of Trustees were able to agree that the problem
was getting out of hand and that a comprehensive review of the waste
situation on the campus was needed, particularly to outline needs of a
planned school of medicine. A St. Louis consulting engineering firm
identified the qualitative nature of waste problems on the campus and
recommended the establishment of a university-wide agency to deal
with those problems. It came about, then, that the MSU Waste Control
Authority was established in 1971 -- the first and still the only such
comprehensive control authority on any campus in the U.S.
"Our approach to the solutions is unique here," says Mark
Rosenhaft, Director of the Authority since January of this year.
Rosenhaft explains that the Authority is not interested in simply ap-
plying existing solutions to the problems confronting the campus. "We
look comprehensively at a problem and hope to be able to develop
alternatives to current practices."
At the present time this approach is only being developed. With a
budget of only $41,000 for its first year (about $1 for each student), the
Authority has little university money available for research. So while
grant money is being sought for pilot research into unique solutions, the
Authority has actively worked to apply current technology and
methods to begin to clean up some of the pollution problems on the
campus. The WCA acts in this manner as the environmental action arm
of the university and Sue Carter, WCA staff member and a recent MSU
graduate, spends her time organizing recycling and cleanup programs.
She also has been assigned to spread the word on pollution control
through a developing education program, which includes slides talks in
the dorms.
While microbiologist Rosenhaft works to develop comprehensive
approaches to pollution control and Sue Carter gets to work on
problems with available methods, four WCA Subcommittees consider
current university practices and develop proposals in the fields of
animal waste, chemical waste, recycling, and solid waste. The sub-
committees are the point at which university staff members, faculty
and students cooperate formally. This cooperation makes solutions
develop with greater ease in the university community. Carter has
found high student involvement in environmental protection and so
much enthusiasm that "there is no problem getting volunteer help."
And Rosenhaft points out that the expertise of the faculty can be used
on a consulting basis with success. In addition the administration and
PAGE 12
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operationally-involved people have been cooperative and willing to try
nearly any control project, at least on a pilot basis.
While the cooperation of segments of the university community is
necessary, Rosenhaft stresses that much of the effectiveness of the
Director of the Waste Control Authority at MSU can be attributed to the
fact that he has a position of access to the higher university authorities
- that is, Rosenhaft reports directly to the Executive Vice President,
facilitating communication and decision-making.
Already this school year the university has been put to work on a
number of WCA projects. October marked the beginning of a paper
recycling project aimed at giving a second life to some of the 20 tons of
newsprint generated by the university each week, mostly from the
daily paper the State News. And one dorm is serving as the pilot for a
glass recycling program. By mid-December, says Sue Carter, all 26
residence halls should be part of the effort.
MSU students joined with the Lansing community to do a cleanup of
the Red Cedar River. The WCA is currently seeking funding to
establish a continuing cleanup program for the River. Dormitory in-
cinerators are being phased out and the university has acquired three
new paper compactors and a shredder for confidential documents to
reduce the volume of waste.
At the same time Rosenhaft continues the broad approach to campus
pollution problems. Computer analysis has been done relating trash
removal to the density of trash and truck routing to develop the
greatest possible efficiency. EPA (Cincinnati) is providing assistance.
A pneumatic vacuum system is being considered to handle waste in the
new medical school building. The WCA has developed a joint proposal
with Dow Chemical to apply for financing of a chemical disposal plan.
Yet Rosenhaft remains concerned that the university, like the rest of
society is continuing to use solid waste control technology from the
early 1900's. He sees the need to update technology, to consider
alternative methods, and to consider the economics of waste
management. His plea is that we come "to deal with wastes as a
resource." A university community is a good place to develop the new
priorities and test the alternative methods, he claims, and "if the
concept proves valid, why can't the City of Chicago do the same
thing?"
PAGE 11 PHOTOS
From fop left (clockwise): Mark E. Rosenhaft, Director of the Waste Control
Authority; map of waste removal truck routes for analysis; a MSU power plant
that is being phased out (coal pile at the left); La Dal truck arriving at the Stat-A-
Pack paper compressor; the Lo Dal compressor being demonstrated by Sue
Carter; Sue Carter displays the product of a paper shredder used for confidential
document destruction.
PAGE 13
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WCA Making News
Recycling drive nets
2 tons first day
Returnable bottles being picked up on
MSU campus.
By DEBBIE CALKINS
State News Staff Writer
This copy of the State News can be
reused again and again if you recycle
it.
Four thousand pounds of
newspaper, including many of the
4 0,300 copies of the State News
distributed daily, were picked up
Sunday to launch the Waste Control
Authority's recycling drive for this
school year.
But the two tons of paper, 99 per
cent of it copies of the State News, are
"not nearly all that is being distributed
on campus," Sue Carter, coordinator
for the authority, said.
"Our disposable society needs to
shift gears," Carter said. She
explained that the State News should
be recycled because "then it's that
much less material that has to be put
into landfills. We're going to find a lot
more things being reused."
To make recycling facilities
available to students, the authority has
set up centers in 15 residence halls. In
most of the halls, the recycling bins
are near the reception desks.
After newspapers have been
deposited in the bins during the week,
student volunteers drive a truck to the
collection points on Sundays to pick
them up.
Then on Mondays the newspapers
are taken to the Friedland Iron and
Metal Co. in Lansing where they are
p u rchased and later recycled i nto
other paper products for further use.
Residence halls with collection bins
include Akers, Bryan, Butterfield,
Case, GiIchrist, Holden, Hubbard,
Landon, Mason, Owen,
Snyder -Phillips, Rather, Wilson and
Yakeley halls.
The authority is hoping to place
collection bins in the classroom
buildings in the future, Carter said.
Fred Moore, Buchanan sunior and
student member of the authority,
noted that the amount of paper
collected at the Sunday pickup was
equal to the amount usually collected
during the drive last spring.
"I think we should use all resources
wisely," he said. "I think we are using
the State News wisely" by recycling it,
he added.
State News General Manager Art
Levin and Editor-in Chief John Borger
agreed last summer to purchase
recycled newsprint for the newspaper
if it can be obtained at a reasonable
price.
Carter is trying to locate mills that
sell recycled newsprint. She said there
are only about four or five in the
country that sell recycled newsprint.
"I think their prices are about
comparable" to the cost of regular
newsprint, she said.
ASMSU Monday donated $150 to
the authority toward costs of the
recycling project. If ASMSU members
are happy with results of the drive in a
few weeks, they may appoint a cabinet
member to concentrate on
environmental projects, Moore said.
Mike Paulson, MSU student,
participates in the Red Cedar
River cleanup with more than
500 other MSU and high school
students, scouts, national
guardsmen, families and ham
radio operators, removing over
55 truckloads of trash from the
riverbanks. The trucks that
rumbled to the city landfill
contained bottles, railroad ties,
car seats, tires and broken
glass. (MSU photo)
PAGE 14
Waste Control Authority
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan 48823
-------
continued from page (0
required of all new sources, including no discharge of
pollutants where practicable.
Toxic and pre-treatment effluent standards
The Administrator would be directed to publish a list of
toxic pollutants and effluent limitations for such
pollutants, including, where appropriate, absolute
prohibition of the discharge of such toxic pollutants.
Additionally, pre-treatment standards will be published
requiring any industry discharging into a municipal
plant to pre-treat its effluent so that it does not interfere
with the operation of the plant or pass through the plant
without adequate treatment.
5. EPA has an unrestricted right of entry as well as
authority to inspect records and data, monitoring
equipment, and sample effluents. Upon approval by the
Administrator, the States may assume EPA's authority
in this area.
6. Federal enforcement is provided whereby the
Administrator may enforce permit conditions and other
requirements of the Act through the issuance of ad-
ministrative orders, which are judicially enforceable, or,
in the alternative, to proceed directly through judicial
enforcement. Civil tand criminal penalties are provided,
with a maximum 01 $50,000 and two years' imprisonment
for reported violators.
7. Oil and hazardous substances liability
The existing law with respect to pollution from oil
discharges is generally continued. Similar provisions of
regulation and enforcement and the imposition of
financial liability are extended to hazardous substances
as well.
8. Marine sanitation devices
The provisions with respect to marine sanitation
devices in existing law are generally continued, except
that States may impose absolute prohibition of discharge
from vessels in the event States determine that greater
environmental protection is needed and that adequate
facilities exist to receive these wastes.
9. Federal facilities
The law would be changed to require Federal facilities
to comply with all Federal, State, interstate, and local
requirements respecting water pollution control. The
President may exempt facilities where he determines it
is in the paramount interest of the United States. No
exemptions are permitted with respect to toxic sub-
stances, pretreatment requirements, and new source
performance requirements.
10. Clean lakes
A clean lakes program, whereby eutrophic condition of
lakes, processes to combat or retard such
eutrophication, and methods to restore the quality of
such lakes, is provided. $300 million is provided over a
three-year period for such purposes.
11. National Study Commission
A National Study Commission composed of 15 mem-
bers (5 appointed by the President, 5 appointed by the
Senate, and 5 appointed by the House) shall be required
to investigate the technological, economic, social, and
environmental effects of achieving or not achieving the
1983 goal. The report of such study together with
recommendations shall be submitted to the Congress
three years after enactment.
12. Thermal discharges
Thermal discharges shall be subject to the same
requirements of best practicable control technology and
best available control technology, except where the
discharger can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the
Administrator that a proposed effluent limitation based
upon best practicable control technology and best
available control technology is more stringent than
necessary to protect fish and shellfish, etc., in which
event a less stringent effluent limitation may apply.
Cooling water intake structures will require best
available control technology.
TITLE IV - PERMITS AND LICENSES
1. A State certification mechanism such as is now
provided by Section 21 of the Federal Act is also in the
Conference bill, provided that in place of water quality
standards as the determinative criteria, the effluent
limitations, guidelines and other requirements of the new
law are substituted.
2. No discharge of any pollutant will be permitted,
except as authorized by a permit issued under this Act.
No Refuse Act permit may be issued after enactment of
the legislation. However, Refuse Act permits heretofore
issued shall continue in force and effect as though issued
under authority of this Act.
3. States may be authorized to continue existing permit
programs for the purpose of issuing permits under this
bill from the date of enactment until 150 days after
enactment. Such State issued permits are subject to
Federal veto.
4. EPA will issue guidelines identifying an adequate
State program. EPA in its permit program must con-
form to these guidelines. After State assumption of a
permit-issuing authority, EPA will retain the right,
unless waived, to review and approve any permit which
affects another State or any proposed permit, to deter-
mine adherence to requirements under the Act. EPA,
after notice and public hearing, may withdraw State
permit-issuing authority in the event it determines State
failure to adequately implement the requirements of the
Act.
5. When application for a permit has been made, but no
final disposition with respect to such application is made
continued on next page
PAGE 15
-------
continued from page /5
prior to December 31, 1974, prosecutions with respect to
the discharge which is the subject of such permit ap-
plication may not be commenced.
6. The Administrator is required to promulgate within
180 days after enactment criteria with respect to ocean
waters. These criteria addressing the effect of pollutants
on marine eco-systems, etc., parallel the criteria in the
ocean dumping legislation now pending. Permits for
discharge into the territorial sea, the contiguous zone or
ocean waters must be in accord with these criteria.
7. The Corps shall continue to issue dredge and fill
permits in accordance with criteria comparable to the
EPA ocean discharge criteria. EPA may restrict the
discharge of dredge material in specified sites if the
Administrator determines that such discharge will have
an unacceptable adverse effect on municipal water
supplies, fishery resources or recreational areas.
8. Additional criteria and a potential additional permit
would be required for the disposal of sewage sludge into
the navigable waters, notwithstanding the fact that a
permit for such dumping may have been obtained pur-
suant to the ocean dumping Act.
TITLE V - GENERAL PROVISIONS
1. The bill provides that the Administrator may seek
injunctive relief to restrain any discharge that presents
an imminent and substantial danger to public health and
welfare (limited to effects on livelihoods).
2. Standing to sue is provided citizens or groups to
enforce non-discretionary actions of the Administrator
or to enforce effluent standards or limitations or orders
of the Administrator. Such standing is limited to persons
having an interest which is or may be adversely affected.
Such suits may not be maintained prior to the rendering
of 60-day notice to the alleged violator, the
Administrator, and the State concerned or in the event
that the Administrator or a State is diligently
prosecuting such violation.
3. The Attorney General shall represent the
Administrator in all litigation unless the Attorney
General fails to take appropriate action within a
reasonable time, in which event the Administrator may
be represented by his own attorneys.
4. Provisions are made in the law to protect employees,
who have cooperated in the enforcement and im-
plementation of the Act.
5. Judicial review of Administrator's action in
promulgating standards determining new source per-
formance standards, effluent limitations prohibitions,
etc., or in issuing or denying any permit may be obtained
by interested persons in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
appropriate Circuit.
6. Nothing in the bill shall preclude (except with
PAGE 16
respect to the regulation of sewage from vessels) States
from adopting and enforcing more stringent
requirements.
7. Other affected authority:
(a) The authority under Section 10 o£ the River and
Harbor Act of 1899 with respect to* navigation is
preserved. The consultative requirements of the Fish
and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934 appear to be
preserved (this Act is not mentioned).
(b) Except with respect to permits for new sources and
grants for municipal waste treatment construction, no
action under the bill will be deemed a major Federal
action for the purposes of NEPA (Environmental Impact
Statements).
(c) Calvert Cliffs. A State certification under Section
401 or a permit under Section 402 shall be determinative
of water quality considerations for purposes of Federal
licenses, except that licenses or permits other than those
issued under this Act nevertheless may require an
Environmental Impact Statement.
8. An Effluent Standards and Water Quality Infor-
mation Advisory Committee must review proposed ef-
fluent limitations, new source performance standards,
and toxic standards, and make recommendations to the
Agency on such proposed standards and limitations.
9. Annual reports to the Congress with respect to every
major component of the program are required within
ninety days of the convening of each session. A detailed
estimate of costs must be submitted to the Congress
every second year.
10. No suit or other litigation or other proceeding shall
be affected by the enactment of this bill. All rules,
regulations, orders, determinations, etc., or other ac-
tions pertaining to any functions, powers, requirements,
duties in effect prior to the date of enactment of the bill
continue in effect until modified or repealed in ac-
cordance with the new Act.
11. The Act prior to its Amendments in 1972 shall
govern grants authorized for Fiscal Year 1972, except as
otherwise specifically provided, i.e., 75 percent Federal
share.
12. GAO is to report to the Congress by October 1,1973,
on the efficacy of the R & D programs relating to control
technology and water pollution.
13. Congress urges that the United States enter into
international agreements to apply uniform standards
and limitations regarding water pollution. Commerce, in
conjunction with EPA, will conduct studies on the effects
on trade of differing effluent limitations as imposed by
the U.S. and by other countries.
14. $800 million in authorizations is provided to assist
small business concerns to meet the water pollution
control requirements established under the Act. This
would be accomplished by an amendment to the Small
Business Act and administered by the Small Business
Administration.
15. The Administration's proposed Environmental
Financing Authority, as initially proposed by the
Administration, is included in the bill.
16. Sex discrimination is prohibited.
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EPA PROGRAM NOTES
Major environmental legislation was passed by the
92nd Congress in the fields of water pollution, pesticides,
and noise pollution control. The legislation includes 1972
amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972,
and the Noise Control Act of 1972.
A major provision of the 1972 amendments to the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act authorizes the EPA
to issue and enforce guidelines identifying adequate state
permit and licensing programs for both municipal and
industrial wastewater dischargers.
The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of
1972 completely revises the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) which has been
the basic authority for Federal pesticide regulation since
1947.
The new Act regulates the use of pesticides and ex-
tends Federal pesticide regulation to all pesticides in-
cluding those distributed or used within a single State.
The law prior to the new legislation prohibited in-
terstate commerce of unregistered pesticides, and
permitted registration only when if used as directed or in
accordance with commonly recognized practice the
pesticide would not be injurious to man, vertebrate
animals, or desirable vegetation. It did not prohibit the
misuse of any registered pesticide, nor did it regulate
pesticides that moved only in intrastate commerce.
Major areas covered by the Noise Control Act are
aircraft noise, interstate train, truck, and bus tran-
sportation noise, Federal noise control programs, and
product noise.
EPA has referred the Peabody Coal Co. of Vigo
County, Ind., to U.S. Attorney Stanley B. Miller of the
Southern district of Indiana, Indianapolis, for civil
action on pollution charges.
The announcement was made by Region V
Administrator Francis T. Mayo who said EPA is seeking
a mandatory injunction to force the Peabody Company to
abate pollution of North Coal Creek caused by discharges
from two large refuse piles on either side of the creek
during rainfall.
EPA contends that the discharges constitute a
violation of the Federal River and Harbor Act of 1899.
The Agency says the polluting runoff can be controlled or
eliminated by the use of proper land management
techniques.
Mayo said the Region V Enforcement Division has
conducted negotiations with the Peabody Coal Co. in an
attempt to obtain a commitment to a satisfactory
pollution abatement program, but the firm has failed to
make such a commitment.
An Indiana firm referred to the U.S. Justice Depart-
ment by EPA for civil action for dumping untreated toxic
wastes into the tributary of a navigable stream has been
ordered by a Federal District Judge to clean up its
wastewater discharges.
Region V Administrator Francis T. Mayo said Judge
Jesse E. Esbach of the U.S. District Court for the Nor-
thern District of Indiana at Fort Wayne signed a consent
decree Oct. 18, 1972, which directs Kitchen-Quip, Inc., of
Waterloo, Ind., to reduce the nature of its wastewater
effluent to the standards prescribed by the State of
Indiana and EPA.
"The company is obliged to meet these standards not
later than one year from the date the decree was
signed," said Mayo. Failure of the company to meet the
deadline could result in the assessment of monetary
damages or such other penalties as the judge might
deem appropriate.
A voluntary public session to develop policy positions
on the issues which comprised the fourth session of the
Lake Michigan Enfocement Conference held in Sep-
tember has been announced by Francis T. Mayo, EPA
Region V Administrator.
The session, scheduled for 9:30 a.m. Thursday and
Friday, Nov. 9-10, in the Gold Room of the Pick-Congress
Hotel, 520 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111., will be held
despite salient changes in the Federal Water Pollution
Control Enforcement Program.
"Although the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972 do not provide for the continuation
of the conference mechanism as a method of water
pollution abatement, it is our thought to hold the session
as planned," Mayo said.
The Regional Administrator said: "Although there can
be no further legal action or legal effect to the session
recommendations such as the empaneling of a hearing
board, there can be no doubt of the value of crystalizing
the improtant conference discussions."
Community water supply surveillance in Ohio is
inadequate, according to a U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency evaluation of the Ohio water supply
program administered by the Ohio Department of
Health.
The EPA study, which was requested by Dr. John W.
Cashman, Director of the Ohio Department of Health,
was done in cooperation with that department.
According to the study, 67 percent of the Ohio com-
munity water supplies failed to meet bacterial sampling
standards two or more months in 1971; further, it said,
data was unavailable in Department of Health District
Offices for 19 percent of the supplies.
In regard to bacterial quality, the report noted that 24
percent of the water supplies failed to meet Public
Health Service drinking water standards. "Failure to
meet the bacterial standards indicates the drinking
water is a potential carrier of infectious disease," the
report said. "Such a situation is a serious, potential
health hazard and calls for prompt corrective action."
The EPA evaluators pointed out that funds expended
for community water supply protection in Ohio are
inadequate to accomplish effective surveillance.
The study recommended that in order for Ohio to have
adequate community water supply protection a
minimum annual budget of $600,000 should be provided.
During the 1971 fiscal year, Ohio spent $210,000 for its
community water supply protection program.
Dr. Ira L. Whitman, Director of the newly formed Ohio
Environmental Protection Agency, said: "We are
grateful to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
for evaluating the Ohio Water Supply Program. The
protection of our potable water supply will be of prime
continued on next page
PAGE 17
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EPA PROGRAM NOTES
continued from poge / 7
importance to the new Ohio EPA. With the planned staff
expansion, we will be able to take necessary actions to
better assure the safety of our water supply."
Similar evaluations of water supply surveillance in
Kentucky, Tennessee and Vermont already completed
by EPA reveal serious deficiencies in the state
programs. Other states in which EPA is now conducting
evaluations of water supply programs include Con-
necticut, New Jersey, Maryland, New Mexico, Kansas,
Idaho and Wyoming.
Ely, Minnesota is the site of a unique EPA project to
demonstrate the feasibility of restoring dying lakes by
removing nutrients from incoming municipal
wastewater, thus retarding the growth of algae and
eutrophication.
It is expected that a $2.3 million advanced waste
treatment facility, designed to remove more than 99
percent of the phosphorus in wastewater from Ely's
secondary sewage treatment plant, will work to restore
Shagawa Lake in Northern Minnesota.
The advanced tertiary treatment plant has been built
by the City of Ely with 95 percent financing by EPA. EPA
will also manage and operate the facility for the first
three years under the direction of the National
Environmental Research Center (NERO at Corvallis,
Oregon.
Dr. A.F. Bartsch, Director of NERC-Corvallis, said,
"The Ely project is the only lake restoration demon-
stration of its kind anywhere in the world. Although there
are several other tertiary plants currently in operation,
this is the first attempt to restore a lake while continuing
to discharge highly-treated wastewater into it.
A few eutrophic (permaturely aged) lakes have been
restored in the past . . . but those successes have been
achieved by diverting the flow of waste effluent away
from the lakes rather than initiating further treatment
methods."
Elkhart Products of Elkhart, Indiana is one of six
major industrial plants in the nation using or in the
process of installing a new metallic waste treatment
process developed under an EPA Research and
Monitoring Demonstration Grant.
The $124,000 EPA Demonstration Project, conducted in
cooperation with the Volvo Brass and Copper Company
of Kenilworth, N.J., showed that a combination of
changes in the manufacturing process alone can
drastically reduce water usage, practically eliminate
water pollution, and cut operating costs.
The recovery of copper and the simplification of
operation incorporated into the new system have
resulted in reduced operating costs, even when amor-
tization of the new equipment required for process
changes is included.
EPA has issued a 180-day notice to the Cuyahoga
County Sewer District at Rocky River, Ohio for violation
of established State and Federal water quality stan-
dards. A hearing has been scheduled at which Federal-
PAGE 18
State action will seek effective and timely abatement
schedules to bring the discharger into~t:ompliance with
water standards.
Ohio's implementation plan is being violated because
secondary treatment was not installed to meet a Sep-
tember 15, 1969 deadline. In addition, the operations
result in violations of the water quality criteria known as
the "Four Freedoms" adopted by the Board of County
Commissioners of Cuyahoga County in 1967 for Lake Erie
and the interstate waters of the Lake.
Regional Administratior Francis T. Mayo said the
plant currently discharges approximately 7 million
gallons per day of principally domestic wastes after
primary treatment through a submerged outfall into
Lake Erie.
"Due to inadequate treatment," said Mayo, "the
discharge contributes to the degradation of the water
quality and to the eutrophication of the lake, resulting in
a depletion of dissolved oxygen in the Central Basin to
levels below those adequate to support aquatic life."
The informal hearing has been scheduled for Tuesday,
October 31 at 9:30 a.m. at the Sheraton Motor Inn, 20375
Center Ridge, Rocky River. Robert D. Luss, Enfor-
cement Attorney for Region V, will preside at the
hearing.
The City of Joliet, Illinois was classified in August as
having met established Federal standards for use by
interstate carriers. Water supplies for the cities of
Harrisburg, and Hartford, Illinois were "provisionally"
approved. Provisional approval means that a water
supply has been judged capable of serving water of safe
quality to the public, but that the water quality is con-
sidered to be deficient, that the water quality records are
inadequate, or that the operation of facilities are such
that the consistent provision of water of safe quality has
been compromised.
The Harrisburg, Illinois water supply was
provisionally approved because its laboratory facilities
did not meet the standards for State certification. In the
case of Hartford, Illinois, the facility is newly con-
structed and recently began operation. It is without a
history of successful operation and has no records of
bacteriological and chemical analyses for a period of
time.
A variety of pesticides weighing over three tons was
seized by Federal Marshalls in Lovington, Illinois,
following charges by EPA that the pesticides were
misbranded and mislabeled and, therefore, were in
violation of Federal law.
EPA officials said the misbranding charge arose
because the pesticides were damaged by water when
warehouse facilities in which they were stored in York,
Pennsylvania, were flooded by Hurricane Agnes causing
in change in the chemical composition of the seized
products. These changes could possibly result in damage
to the environment.
The seizure action was filed on September 18 by
-------
LOCAL AND NATIONAL
Assistant U.S. Attorney Michael Levinson of the Eastern
District of Illinois at Danville to impound the pesticides
owned or possessed by the Trowbridge Farm Supply
Company, Inc. of Lovington. The seizure occurred on
September 21.
Claimants of the products seized will be given the
opportunity in the pending court actions to defend
against the charges which are being brought under the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA) administered by EPA.
Twenty-four Cleveland teachers received EPA awards
for their involvement in an inner-city summer en-
vironmental program. At the September 25 award
ceremony Barry Bergh, Special Assistant to the
Administrator of EPA, said that Cleveland had produced
"one of the best SPARE programs in the country."
SPARE - the Summer Program of Action to Renew the
Environment - is a joint EPA-Department of Labor
program that seeks to provide environmental education
and involvement for Neighborhood Youth Corps high
school students.
Brian W. Powers, director of the SPARE program, was
singled out for a special Environmental Flag Award.
Other educators honored included: Nicholas Herbka;
Charles Lyons; Thomas Perrotti; Edgar Martin;
Clarissa Sherard; John Moore; Eugene Gibbons; Boris
Kljun; Floyd Andrews; John Somerville; Frank
Carrelli; Ronald Norris; Henry Bradley; Peter Homik;
James Porter; John Hummer; Edris Holmes; Rodney
Dominick; Laddie Duchon; Steven Gotch; Warren
Obert; Mary Junglas; and Raymond Forrest.
Bergh said the 24 educators honored are "in the
forefront of the new environmentalists - those concerned
with the important relationship between social and en-
vironmental conditions." He said that his presence at the
Cleveland ceremony indicated the pride felt by the entire
EPA in Cleveland's accomplishment.
EPA referred the American Cyanimid Company and
the City of Marietta, Ohio to the U.S. Attorney of the
Southern District of Ohio for civil action for discharging
untreated industrial wastes into the Ohio River.
EPA is seeking a permanent injunction under the
Federal River and Harbors Act of 1899 against both the
city and the company to stop the discharge of untreated
industrial wastes into the river.
According to Regional Administrator Francis Mayo,
"The industrial wastes discharged by the American
Cyanimid Company into the Marietta Sewage Treatment
plant reduce the efficiency of the plant to treat municipal
wastes." Consequently the municipal wastes go into the
river with inadequate treatment, and the industrial
wastes are discharged untreated in violation of the
Refuse Act.
EPA has approved the State of Ohio Water Quality
Standards for the Mahoning River and its tributaries in
Ohio. These standards which include designated uses,
water quality criteria and a plan of implementation and
enforcement were adopted by the Ohio Water Pollution
Control Board in July, and are consistent with the pur-
poses of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
With approval of these standards, the distinction of
being the last river basin in the nation without water
quality standards no longer applies to the Mahoning
River.
EPA has awarded a grant of $38,000 to the Northwest
Community Organization of Chicago for a three-part
community environmental action program. According to
Regional Administrator Mayo, "The grant is intended to
give the Northwest Community Organization an op-
portunity to expand its concerns into improving the
urban environment."
The three phase community environmental awareness
program includes:
(1) A lot cleaning project, tentatively titled A SPOT OF
GREEN. Under the EPA grant 110 vacant lots, now used
as dumping grounds, will be cleaned, graded, seeded and
planted by residents of the community.
(2) A contest will be conducted in the community in-
volving inspection of alleys, cleanup and painting of
garbage cans, and rodent control. Costs involved in the
support of these projects include purchase of supplies,
rental of equipment, rental of space, publicity, mass
mailings to community residents and salaries for part-
time staff and student workers.
(3) The control will also provide for support of a poster
contest involving students in 22 Public and 22 Catholic
schools who will be involved in making and displaying in
each school and throughout the community posters that
deal with environmental pollution control.
The Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference will meet
in a single executive session to consider both thermal and
non-thermal issues on November 9 and 10 in the Plaza
Room of the Pick-Congress Hotel in Chicago. By mutual
agreement the October session scheduled to consider
only non-thermal issues was cancelled.
An informal hearing on 180-day notices issued by EPA
against Wayne County and Riverview, Michigan for
violation of Federal-State water quality standards was
held October 17.
In the case of Wayne County, EPA and the Michigan
Water Resources Commission have charged that its
Wyandotte Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant has
failed to meet the implementation schedule and effluent
loading requirements contained in the state adopted and
Federally approved Interstate Water Quality Standards
which called for completion of construction of secondary
treatment facilities by November 1, 1970.
The City of Riverview is charged with dumping 2.9
million gallons per day of inadequately treated effluent
from its sewage treatment plant into the Trenton
Channel of the Detroit River.
If satisfactory resolution of these problems are not
reached within the 180-day period, the matter can be
referred by EPA to the U.S. Dept. of Justice for legal
action or the State may pursue enforcement of its
requirement through the State Attorney General.
PAGE 19
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EPA BEGINS WISCONSIN CLEANUP
In a total of 26 actions against pulp and paper mills and
communities in Wisconsin, EPA expressed its intent to
cleanup Wisconsin's Wisconsin River and Fox River, the
major tributary to polluted Green Bay.
In an unprecedented move on October 6 Francis T.
Mayo, Midwest Regional Administrator, announced the
issuance of 180-day notices to 14 communities and pulp
and paper mills on the Fox River. Mayo said the actions
are the largest number ever to be taken against a single
industry at one time.
In addition 12 cases against six companies were
referred to the U.S. Attorney for civil action on charges
of pollution of the Wisconsin River. The U.S. Attorney
has also been asked to include a count for action under
the Federal common law of nuisance.
In the 180-day notice action EPA names the com-
munities of Appleton, jSfeenah and Menasha. In addition,
the Neenah - Menasha Sewage Commission of Menasha
received a notice. The pulp and paper mills receiving
notices are:
Appleton - Riverside Paper Company, Consolidated
Paper's, Inc:
Neenah - Kimberly Clark Corp. Lakeview Mill,
Neenah Paper Mill Division, Badger Globe Mill,
Bergstrom Paper Company.
Menasha - The George A. Whiting Paper Co., Menasha
Corp. John Strange Paper Co.
Wisconsin Tissue Mills
Mead Corp. Gilbert Paper Co.
Mayo said the discharges to the Fox River do not
receive adequate treatment and contain large quantities
of oxygen demanding substances and suspended solids
which contribute to gross pollution and oxygen depletion
in the Fox River and Lower Green Bay. "This condition
endangers aquatic life, accelerates eutrophication, and
prevents use of portions of the Bay as public water
supply," he added.
Joint EPA-Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources informal hearings to outline the pollution
problems have been scheduled as follows for the 14 Fox
River communities and pulp and paper mills: Neenah-
Menasha communities and industries, November 28 at
the Holiday Inn on U.S. Highway 41 in Appleton;
Appleton community and industries, November 29 at the
Auditorium of the Fox Valley Technical Institute in
Appleton.
Under provisions of the Federal Water Polltuion
Control Act, 180-day notices are issued directly to waste
dischargers that cause or contribute to violations of
water quality standards. If satisfactory resolution of the
problem is not reached within the 180-day period the
matter can be referred by EPA to the U.S. Justice
Department for legal action.
On September 27, Region V referred five Consolidated
Paper Corp. pulp and paper mills to the U.S. Attorney
seeking a mandatory injunction to order the company to
PAGE 20
take necessary remedial action to abate the pollution of
the Wisconsin River. The Agency contends that the
discharges constitute a violation of the Federal River
and Harbor Act of 1899. The five plants cited include two
groundwood and paper mill operations of Biron and
Whiting, a paper and paperboard mill operation at
Wisconsin Rapids, a paper mill operation at Stevens
Point, and a draft pulping operation at Wisconsin Rapids,
The five operations discharge inadequately treated
wastes containing high loadings of biochemical oxygen
demanding substances, suspended solids, lead, zinc,
iron, phenols, oil and grease.
On September 29, the Region referred five more pulp
and paper mills on the Wisconsin River to the U.S.
Attorney for civil action on the same charges. Actions
were taken against the following firms: Georgia Pacific
Corp. of Portland, Oregon, for its paper mill operation
along the upper portion of the Wisconsin River at
Tomahawk; American Can Co. of Greenwich, Con-
necticut, for its sulfite pulp and paper mill operation on
the Wisconsin River at its Rothschild, Wisconsin mill;
and Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Company of Port Edwards,
Wisconsin which has divisions at Port Edwards, Nekoosa
and Whiting-Plover.
EPA charges that these plants discharge inadequately
treated wastes containing high oxygen demanding
wastes, suspended solids, iron, manganese, lead, oil and
grease directly into the River. Mayo said the companies
do not possess permits from the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers for any of these discharges.
On October 4, the Region again referred two pulp and
paper mills to the U.S. Attorney for civil action on
charges of pollution of the Wisconsin River. They are
Mosinee Paper Corporation of Mosinee and the St. Regis
Paper Company of Rhinelander, Wisconsin.
EPA has also announced its approval of wastewater
treatment program schedules for two industries in Green
Bay, the American Can Company and Charmin Paper
Company and for Green Bay Metropolitan Sanitary
District, which were each issued 180-day notices last May
9 for violation of Lake Michigan water quality standards.
New Publications available from the Office of Public Af-
fairs
IN PRODUCTIVE HARMONY Environmental Impact
Statements Broaden the Nation's Perspectives.
ACTION (citizen action can get results)
NOISE POLLUTION - Now Hear this
MISSION 5000 A Citizen's Solid Waste Management
Project
Excess Publications: we are overstocked with the following
publications
apex-Air Pollution Stimulation Exercises
WATER QUALITY IN THE CALUMET AREA
EFFECTS OF REDUCED USE OF LEAD IN GASOLINE
ON VEHICLE EMMISIONS AND PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTIVITY
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EPA TO THE CONGRESS
OF THE UNITED STATES (The Clean Air Act As
Amended) July 1, 1971
THE NIAGARA RIVER Pollution Abatement Progress
1971
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news briefs. . .news briefs. . . news
Eleven environmental groups have announced they
are forming a coalition to advise electric utilities on how
to meet Wisconsin's future energy demands. The
Wisconsin State Journal of Madison said the new
coalition, the Wisconsin Utilities Advisory Coalition,
made it clear it would rather see future energy demands
met by keeping down the use of electricity rather than
building more large power plants. The group includes:
Businessmen for the Public Interest, Chicago; Capital
Community Citizens, Madison; the Columbia County
Environmental Protection League; Ecology Students
Association; the Northern Environmental Council; the
Sierra Club; the Southern Wisconsin Wetland Assn.; the
Wisconsin Ecological Society; Wisconsin's Environ-
mental Decade, and the Wisconsin Resource Con-
servation Council.
American Oil Company's "Whiting Refinery News"
said the Whiting (Indiana) Refinery's concentrated
program to make still further improvements in air and
water conservation took three more big steps within a
month. The Sulfur Recovery Unit's second 150-tons-per-
day train went on stream July 26, and the new Sour
Water Stripper began feeding all sour water streams in
the refinery on July 25. Also, a new Liquid Waste
Incinerator should have begun operation in August.
With three winning entries out of a total of 12
categories of competition, American Oil Co., the U.S.
refining transportation, marketing arm of Standard Oil
Co. (Indiana), dominated Petroleum Engineer
Publishing Co.'s first Meritorious Awards Program for
Engineering Innovation in the field of Environmental
Control. American Oil developed a skimmer that
recovers all types of spilled oil at high rates in both calm
and rough waters. The company also developed a
fluidized bed incinerator for safe disposal of oily sludges
and spent caustic solutions without polluting the air.
American received a third award for its aerated lagoons
for treatment of industrial wastes and sewage.
The Milwaukee Journal reports that organizations
concerned with the environment have withered on the
University of Wisconsin - Madison campus. When almost
200 student organizations registered for fall semester, no
environmental, conservation, or antipollution group was
among them, according to the Journal. "The demise of
ecology awareness groups seemed to echo Sen. Gaylord
Nelson's Earth Day warning that the environmental
movement had reached its pinnacle as a fad, and was
about to begin dying out," the Milwaukee newspaper
said. Dean of Students Paul Ginsberg was more op-
timistic. The Journal said he attributed the decline of the
half dozen or more student environmental groups that
operated on campus last fall to new organization such as
WISPIRG and Common Cause. These groups have in-
corporated concern for the environment into their
programs.
Biologist Donald Murray lowers the suction bell of the
River Sweeper which Rex Chainbelt's Ecology Division
designed and built for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Rex was under contract with E.P.A. to develop
equipment and a system for removing settled heavier-
than-water pollutants from waterway bottoms. The
settled hydro-carbons in the Little Menominee River,
Milwaukee County, Wisconsin were drawn up and piped
by suction to a clarification system on the river bank.
Clean water was returned to the river.
Alan L. Farkas, former Executive Director of the
Governor's Task Force on Environmental Protection
(Ohio) has been named to a Deputy Director's position in
the new Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Ohio
EPA Director Ira L. Whitman appointed Farkas Deputy
Director for Policy Development. As one of two deputy
directors for the Ohio EPA, the Cleveland native will be
responsible for studying policy questions of the Agency
and planning its objectives. The Office of Policy
Development will help to establish an index to evaluate
the environmental quality of Ohio and use it to measure
the Agency's performance.
The South Bend, Ind., Tribune reports that a new waste
water treatment system that would cost less to build and
less to operate than traditional plants was demonstrated
at the pilot plant on the campus of the University of Notre
Dame recently. Notre Dame's College of Engineering is
assisting the Ecology Division of Telecommunications
Industries, Inc. of Long Island, N.Y. , in the develop-
ment of the system.
PAGE 21
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SOLID WASTE LITERATURE
A set of materials on recycling is available from The
Can People, GPO Box 2682, New York, N.Y. 10001. Two
publications available free of charge include:
"Recycling and the Can in the Seventies" and "The
Recyclers Handbook." Also supplied at cost are bus
f ds at lOc each, posters at 5c each, and bumper
jkers at lOc each. Send name, address, quantity
asired, and a check for items supplied at cost.
Association, Inc., 1750K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.
20006.
"Think Recycling: Facts and Figures About the
Elmhurst Recycling Center" available from the
Elmhurst Environmental Committee, Inc., 129 South
West Ave., Elmhurst, 111. 60126.
"New World Coming," a visual presentation on our
environment as seen by the teenagers of Omaha,
Nebraska, has been produced by the Northern Natural
Gas Co. of Omaha.
"A National Survey of Litter Law Enforcement," a
summary prepared for Keep America Beautiful, Inc. by
the International Association of Chiefs of Police, Inc., 11
Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, Md. 20760.
"Guidelines for Control of Littering and Recycling of
Resources" by Donald M. Boyd, Ph D., published by the
Seven-Up Company, 121 S.Meramec, St. Louis, Mo. 63105.
"Youth for Natural Beauty," Extension Service,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan. Adapted for
Kansas through the courtesy of the Agricultural
Extension Service, Washington State University,
Pullman, Wash.
"Litter, Solid Waste and Aluminum Recycling:
Questions and Answers" Environmental Services
Department of The Aluminum Association, 750 Third
Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
"Environment Action Bulletin," a weekly publication
available at a special introductory rate of $4 for 26 issues.
Address: Emmaus, Pa., 18049.
"Facts about Aluminum and Electrical Power,"
"Reynolds Aluminum Recycling Program Fact Sheet,"
and "Don't Throw Money Away, Join Reynolds
Reclamation Program" are available from Public
Relations Manager, Metal Recycling, Reynolds Metals
Co., P.O. Box 27003, Richmond, Va. 23261.
"Questions and Answers on Open Burning with
Smokey the Barrel," a folder published by the Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency, 717 Delaware Ave. S.E.,
Minneapolis, Minn. 55440.
"In Search of New Policies for Resource Recovery:
Recycle," Available from the League of Women Voters
of the United States, 1730 M Street, N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20036. Publication Number 132, 75c a copy, quantity
rates on request.
"School Ecology Program: An Educational Manual for
Teachers" and "Beautification Guide for Community
Betterment" have been published by the St. Louis
Beautification Commission, 115 Union Blvd., St. Louis,
Mo. 63108.
"Disposable Packaging: Indisputably Indispensable,"
a statement before the Sub-Committee on Environment
of the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee by Norman L.
Dobyns, Vice President, American Can Co. Also, "Plain
Talk About PVC" by Dr. Elgin D. Sallee, Director of
Environmental Science, American Can Co. Both
publications are available from the Environmental
Affairs Department, American Can Co., American Lane,
Greenwich, Conn. 06830.
"The North Dakota Story" published by Keep North
Dakota Clean, Inc., P.O. Box 1138, Bismarck, N.D. 58501.
"How We Cleaned Up Greers Ferry Lake," a brochure
sponsored by The Greers Ferry Lake Association and
prepared by The White River Planning and Develop-
ment District, The Greers Ferry Resident Office, U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers and Morgan-Woods Publishing
Co. Available from U.S. Army Engineer Office, Greers
Ferry, P.O. Box 310, Heber Springs, Ark.
"Littergram," Keep Michigan Beautiful, Inc., 28165
Greenfield Rd., Southfield, Mich. 48075.
"Pitch In!" materials from United States Brewers
PAGE 22
"The Solid Waste Crisis: One Answer" and
"Aluminum Can Recycling Centers," an unofficial
compilation of can recycling points. Both available from
The Aluminum Association, 750 Third Ave., New York,
N.Y. 10017.
"A Pledge & a Promise: An Anheuser - Busch Systems
Approach to the Problem of Solid Waste Disposal,"
"Litter and Solid Waste: Solvable Problems," and
"Litter and Solid Waste; an Objective View," a 20-
minute, 16mm film. Available from Ecology Depart-
ment, Anheuser Busch, Inc., 721 Pestalozzi St., St.
Louis, Mo. 63118.
"A National Study of Roadside Litter," "Pick Up the
Pieces. .. Litter Prevention and Other Pollution Control
-------
Projects for High School Students," and "Guide to
Mechanical Litter Removal Equipment." Available
from Keep America Beautiful, Inc., 99 Park Ave., New
York, N.Y. 10016.
"State Solid Waste Management and Resource
Recovery Incentives Act," reprinted from 1973
Suggested State Legislation, Volume XXXII, and "State
Abandoned Vehicle Act." Developed by the Committee
on Suggested State Legislation, The Council of State
Governments, Iron Works Pike; Lexington, Ky. 40505,
price $1 each.
The following solid waste publications are available
from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402: "Aerobic
Treatment of Livestock Waste," 1972 0-473-232, 35c, Stock
Number 5502-00089; "A Study of Solid Waste Collection
Systems Comparing One-Man With Multi-Man Crews: A
Condensation," 30c, Stock Number 5502-0079; "The
Processing and Recovery of Jon Thomas -- Cool Cat!,"
55c, Stock Number 5502-0084; "Accession Bulletin: Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System" (a monthly
publication) 60c; "Solid Waste Management in High-
Rise Dwellings: A Condensation," 30c, Stock Number
5502-0054.
"Directory of Markets For Recyclable Materials," by
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, 309 West
Washington, Chicago, Illinois 60606.
w ^
^pjP^pf^l5^^*i
High
School
Environmental
««*» Conference
-.
During early October, over 120 high school en-
vironmental activists and their teachers from northern
Illinois and southern Wisconsin gathered at Lake Geneva
Wisconsin to discuss outside-the-c/ossroom approaches
to environmental education and to report on their nc-
tivities. From that meeting a number of coalitions in the
Chicago area have been formed of interested students
who want to get involved in community activities. Also
participating in the conference were the U.S. Office of
Education, UNESCO, Cleveland Institute for En-
vironmental Education and Region V of the EPA, which
co-sponsored the event with Chicago's Open Lands
Project. For more information on the conference and
what it produced contact Wayne Schimpf at the Open
Lands Project, 53 West Jackson, Chicago, III.
PAGE 23
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REGION V PUBLIC REPORT is published monthly by the
Office of Public Affairs, Region V Environmental Protection
Agency at One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606
for distribution in the states of the Region (Illinois, Indiana,
Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan.)
Regional Administrator Francis T. Mayo
Director of Public Affairs Frank M. Corrado
Editor Helen P. Starr
Art Director Ann N. Hooe
FROM:
Office of Public Affairs
United States Environmental Protection Agency
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA-335
PAGE 24
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Region V Public Report
November
CATEGORICALLY SPEAKING, IT'S A NEW BALL GAME
-------
Message from Mayo
Low Sulfur Fuel In Region V
On May 31, 1972, when EPA announced approval-
disapproval notices for State implementation plans, it
was noted that in aggregate the plans required a degree
of sulfur dioxide emission control that "may not be at-
tainable in the time prescribed." More comprehensive
studies by EPA have confirmed the fact that nationwide
there will not be enough gas or low-sulfur coal available
by 1975 to fill all of the needs required by State
regulations. While there also are techniques available for
stack gas desulfurization, this industry's capacity does
not appear to be large enough to produce and install
enough equipment to do the entire sulfur control job in
this manner by 1975. In most cases, adequate low-sulfur
oil can be obtained over the next several years to replace
existing high-sulfur oil; however, it is not practical to
rely on oil to solve the deficit in low-sulfur coal.
As a background for the above, EPA initiated a study
in December 1971 to determine the impact of the
aggregated State Implementation Plans on the nation's
fossil fuel resources. The control strategy specified by
most states to reduce sulfur oxides is limitation of the
maximum sulfur content of fuels which will result in a
large shortage of low-sulfur coal. The total requirement
for coal in 1975 is estimated to be 590 million tons,
assuming present coal users do not switch to other fuels.
The mismatch between coal requirements and
availability due to sulfur regulations is projected to
create a potential shortage of over 300 million tons of low-
sulfur coal, again assuming no switching to other fuel
and no use of stack gas cleaning. The major coal shor-
tages exist in ten to twelve states located primarily in the
Geat Lakes and Ohio Valley regions. An analysis of
possible strategies indicates these shortages can be
eliminated by a combination of fuel switching to low-
sulfur oil, utilization of stack gas cleaning, and defer-
ment of sulfur regulations in AQCR's which do not ex-
ceed primary ambient air quality standards. These
results were obtained by mid-May and are described in a
report which is available from EPA upon request. The
low-sulfur fuel shortage and the need for a reassment of
SOx regulations by the states were discussed in the
preamble to the Federal Register, Vol. 37 - No. 105, dated
May 31, 1972.
EPA's continuing fuel studies are primarily in the
following areas:
1. Methods for increasing the supply of low-sulfur
fuel.
2. Methods for increasing the utilization of stack
gas cleaning by utilities.
3. Feasibility of reducing the demand for low-
sulfur fuel by deferring regulations in AQCR's which
can meet primary ambient standards without ad-
ditional controls.
4. Compatibility of demand reduction and non-
degradation alternative.
Review of the situation several months ago indicated
that it was advisable at that time that EPA not issue
formal guidelines to the affected states or in any way
formalize recommendations that states defer regulations
PAGE 2
Francis T. Mayo
in Priority II and III regions. It was then considered
appropriate to allow the states to enter compliance
schedule negotiations for each source armed with
existing regulations, but understanding the fuel problem,
EPA's attitude on attainment of primary versus
secondary standards, and EPA's willingness to accept
plan revisions when the attainment of the primary
standard is not comprised.
I It is now apparent that a more formal statement of I
EPA's position is needed. Basically, EPA's policy has
been, and still is, that while States should negotiate
compliance schedules under existing regulations, they
should be aware that resources, nationwide, are not
available to meet all existing State regulations in the
time-frame prescribed in the plans. During these
negotiations, they should also know that EPA will accept
variances or plan revisions that delay compliance where
necessary and where attainment of the primary stan-
dard is not jeopardized. These changes must, of course,
be considered plan revisions and undergo public
hearings.
In developing compliance schedules, the following
areas of policy are of utmost importance and affected
states should do everything in their power to achieve
them:
Any plan revision must provide for the attainment
of the primary ambient air quality standard by the
date approved in the implementation plan.
Any plan revision should not allow degradation
from a base year air quality level nor an increase in
base year emissions.
Many states, in their approved implementation
plans, defined "reasonable time" for attainment of
secondary standard as being coincident with the date
for attainment of the primary standard. EPA will
entertain arguments for redefinition of "reasonable
time" for attainment of secondary air quality
standards.
Large scale fuel shifts from coal to other fuels should
be discouraged; they could result in adverse economic
and social impacts.
Large fuel burning installations should be encouraged
to opt for low-sulfur coal or stack gas cleaning as the
solution to their sulfur emissions problems in a time-
frame consistent with regional ambient air quality
(Continued on page 13)
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Twin Cities: Busing Out the CO
The problem is simple, even though it's hard to
imagine: Minneapolis-St. Paul will still have a carbon
monoxide problem in 1977. The Clean Air Act calls for an
end to that problem by 1975, but EPA estimates that in 16
cities in the U.S. - even with an approved two year ex-
tension to 1977 the standards won't be met.
The Twin Cities is one of those 16 problem areas. Other
Midwest cities involved are Chicago and Dayton. It's
hard to imagine that cities like Detroit and Cleveland will
meet their deadlines while the Twin Cities won't, but
EPA air technicians say the data are solid.
So how do you solve the problem? Consultants have
looked at all the alternatives and have come up with a
number of suggestions for the Twin Cities, most of which
have already been discussed publicly and some of which
are on the way to becoming reality.
Dr. John Olin, Assistant Director of Air Programs for
the State of Minnesota, says the extra measures are
needed because carbon monoxide concentrations will
still be 10 to 12 per cent over the standards by 1977 if no
additional action is taken.
Proposed additional measures will generally seek to
cut down on auto concentrations in the downtown areas
of the Twin Cities.
Options -- some or all of which will need to be adopted --
include:
• Modern express bus service with road improvements
and traffic controls to provide for priority movement for
the busses. This bus service would include linkage bet-
ween the Twin Cities.
t Off-street parking structures at the fringe of the
Central Business District to intercept inbound traffic
(this would also require cutting the number of available
downtown parking spaces which now total about 35,000 in
downtown Minneapolis alone).
• A Micro-transit system and skyway linkages to
connect fringe parking, express bus terminals, and
major downtown traffic generators utilizing: (a) interim
shuttle busses and separate transit lands (b) people-
mover systems on separate transit guideways.
• Traffic surveillance and control systems to provide
automated traffic monitoring and to establish responsive
control techniques including: (a) signal timing (b)
diverting traffic from congested areas (c) priority traffic
controls for moving busses and (d) metering of freeway
ramps and start of changeable lane direction patterns.
• Selective inspection of vehicles for engine per-
formance.
• Development of Vehicle-Free Zones in the central
district.
All of these strategies should be fairly easy to im-
plement, say the consultants, because most of them have
already been openly talked about. As traffic jam
solutions.
Right now State officials are considering all of the
above strategies for reducing Carbon monoxide and plan
to hold a hearing soon to find out public thinking as to
whether these or other measures should be adopted. The
twin Cities' Metro Clean Air Committee has already
shown some skepticism towards many of the proposals.
Says Director Sandi Knudson, "I just don't think they go
far enough. I think it'll take more to really cut down on
carbon monoxide here." The consultants, however, feel
they have the data to show that a combination of these
measures will allow the Twin Cities area to meet the 1977
standards.
After the public hearing, planned for next January, the
State will have to come up with a final strategy for
submission to the EPA by February.
The secret to the success of any new transportation
controls, all parties agree, will be a new kind of
cooperation between State, local and Regional agencies
in getting any strategies to work. In the transportation
area there hasn't always been that kind of cooperation --
or public enthusiasm for it -- in the past. Whether the
urgency of cleaning up the air will speed a new interest in
mass transit in the Twin cities is still a question. Public
interest and public insistence in the near future for
improving mass transit seems to be the ticket.
A familiar rush hour scene.
PAGE 3
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THE DEBUGGIFIED, IRRADIATED,
DECIBEL-COUNTING WASTE WATCHERS
AND THEIR BRAVE
NEW WORLD
"We're gearing up."
No doubt about that exists in the mind of 33 year old
James M. (Mike) Conlon, EPAs director of Categorical
program. There's an in-house joke that everything that
isn't concerned with air and water in EPA is destined for
categorical programs. Therefore, categorical programs
has become a short-term for Federal activity in the area
of noise, solid waste, radiation and pesticide activity.
With major new legislation passed this fall in
pesticides and noise, "gearing up" is really the word to
use.
"We're not gearing up unnecessarily and just adding
more people and money to these program areas," says
Conlon. "What we really are in the midst of is pushing
ahead with a whole new way of doing business (see
summaries of new noise and pesticides legislation in this
issue)."
Major provisions of the new pesticides law, says
Conlon call for a new strengthening of the Federal-state
relationships. For example, there is the requirement for
Federal enforcement authority to extend to both intra-
state as well as inter-state movement of pesticides. And
there is also the requirement for state certification
programs for people who apply restricted use pesticides.
"Here at the regional level," says Conlon, "our role in
implementing the new laws will be to make sure there is
close cooperation between the State programs and
Washington. Our first task in anticipation of this will be
to get a handle on just what kinds of real problems exist
and to assess the present state capabilities and
authorities are in these areas." To meet requirements of
the new law, the regional program will have to increase
both its general activities-coordination and technical
service to state agencies and particular federal
responsibilities for field inspection, surveillance and
enforcement related to selling or transporting pesticides.
Conlon notes that there are no grants available to state
agencies in the pesticides program like there are in air,
water and solid waste. However, the new act provides for
EPA to execute enforcement and training agreements
with the State. "So, the coordination role is very im-
portant here," he emphasizes.
While there are no new laws for EPA in the area of
radiation, Conlon sees the possible development of a new
EPA strategy in the near future in the setting of
generally applicable radiation standards. "The primary
Regional responsibility in radiation control is to assist
state agencies and to help Washington set standards,"
says Conlon. "We help them prepare emergency
response plans for potential incidents and give them
technical assists in doing studies on background doses."
Region V will be increasing its personnel in this area to
three by the end of the fiscal year, says Conlon,
especially with the growth of nuclear power plants in the
Midwest.
PAGE 4
Top /eft. Dr. Charles Lincoln: right: Litsey Zellner.
Bottom left: Mike Conlon: right: William Kehr.
Conlon notes that of all the EPA programs, the most
nationally oriented is the solid waste program.
"Nevertheless," he says, "there are some significant
activities that we're involved in at the regional level.
"They include grants to state and local agencies for
planning, technical assistance, and assistance in
monitoring research projects.
The range of staff capability has to be quite broad in
the solid waste program, notes Conlon, "because we're
involved in everything' from preaching against open
dumps to funding futuristic resource recovery systems."
The noise responsibilities from the new act aren't even
at the gearing up stage at the regional level, notes
Conlon, but he anticipates that once standards are set the
program will get rolling.
Conlon's major program directors include:
William Kehr, Solid Waste. Kehr is 53 and a native of
Carthage, Missouri. He is a civil engineer and former
director of the St. Louis sanitary district and the former
Great Lakes River Basin project. He has been in the field
of solid waste control since 1968.
Dr. Charles Lincoln, Pesticides. Lincoln, age 40, is a
nationally recognized expert on Dutch Elm Disease. He
formerly served with the U.S. Forest Service where he
worked on using biological rather than chemical insect
controls. He is a native of Palmer, Mass.
Litsey Zellner, Radiation. Zellner, age 38, is a scientist
specializing in radiation protection. He has worked in
State and Federal radiation programs for the last eight
years. He is a native of Ardmore, Oklahoma.
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CALL FOR PAPERS
SECOND ANNUAL NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
ON SOCIETAL PROBLEMS OF WATER RESOURCES
APRIL 28, 1973
REGENCY HYATT HOUSE
O'HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
Sponsored By
ILLINOIS EARTH SCIENCE ASSOCIATION
Papers will be open to workers in the various fields of
water resources and its application to societal problems.
Special consideration will be given to papers discussing
newer techniques used in solving water resources
problems both surface and subsurface. Participation by
industry, faculty and students from the social sciences is
particularly welcome.
March 15, 1973
Deadline for Submitting Abstracts (200 words)
March 30, 1973
Announcement of Papers Accepted
April 28, 1973
Technical Sessions
Submission of Abstracts, Registration, Hof el Reservation, exhibits and further
communications should be directed to:
DR. MUSA QUTUB
Chairman, National Symposium on Societal Problems of Water Resources
Northeastern Illinois University
Bryn Mawr at St. Louis Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60625
A brochure on "Summer Jobs in Federal
Agencies" is available from the Civil Service
Commission, Washington D.C. 20415. It describes
opportunities and requirements for summer em-
ployment with the U.S. Government both in
Washington and throughout the nation.
PAGE 5
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news briefs...news briefs...news briefs
Milwaukee Journal Environment Writer Paul Hays
reports that the Milwaukee County Council voted 15 to 9
to reject a proposed air pollution ordinance which meets
State and Federal Clean Air Standards. The story made
banner headlines in the Journal Nov. 6.
Madison, Wis., Capitol Times Environment Writer
Whitney Gould reports that the Wisconsin Supreme Court
has handed down a ruling on wetlands preservation that
is landmark in the state with possible national
significance. The Wisconsin high court ruled essentially
that people do not have land use rights, even on their own
lands, if they injure public rights, according to Mrs.
Gould.
Likening pollution-ridden Cleveland to Death Valley,
consumer advocate Ralph Nader called for greater
citizen action to force Congress to bring about drastic
environmental changes, according to Cleveland Press
Reporter Barbara Weiss. Ms. Weiss quoted Nader as
saying: "In most communities it's a crime for an in-
dividual to relieve himself in a river. Why, then, isn't it so
for industries?" Nader spoke to a large audience at
Amasa Stone Chapel, Case Western Reserve University.
making soap and chemicals. It also produces dry dog
food products.
The Cleveland Engineering Society has announced that
the 4th Annual "Engineering Your Environment"
conference and exhibition will be held on Wednesday,
May 9, 1973. The conference, an activity of the
Environment Group of the Process Industries Division of
the Cleveland Engineering Society, will be held in the
Society's educational facility, the Cleveland Engineering
and Scientific Center, 3100 Chester Ave., Cleveland,
44114. Program details and exhibitors information are
available upon request to the Society.
The Connecticut River Ecology Action Corporation,
P.O. Box 44, Hadley, Mass. 01035, reports that its film,
"The Flooding River, A Study in Riverine Ecology," a 34-
minute, color, 16mm. sound film on the Connecticut
River, written by Lincoln P. Brower, Amherst College
biology professor, is available for sale, rent and
previewing. Interested parties should contact
Educational Services, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third
Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. The film sells for $395 and
rents for $25.
A new Kraft Pulp Mill owned by the Meade Cor-
poration at Escanaba, Mich., has been plagued by odor
and particulate emission problems since it began
operation this summer, according to the Michigan
Department of Public Health. Company officials
presented a detailed account of their problems to the
Michigan Air Pollution Control Commission at the
Commission's monthly meeting held recently at
Escanaba.
The Cleveland Press reports that the U.S. Sixth Circuit
Court of Appeals in Cincinnati has ruled that it was not
illegal for the U.S. Government to exchange marsh lands
on the shores of Lake Erie with two utility companies for
construction of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant.
The suit, filed by the Cleveland Sierra Club and Citizens
for Clean Air and Water against the U.S. Secretary of the
Interior, the Illuminating Co. and Toledo Edison Co.,
sought to overturn the exchange of the federally-owned
Navaree Marsh for the privately-owned Darby Marsh.
Continuing public pressure, "aroused and nurtured by
a reasoned and vigorous press," must be maintained if
man is to survive in a healthful environment, Cleveland
Press Reporter Betty Klaric told a national convention of
Theta Sigma Phi women's communications organization
in Houston, Tex., recently. The Cleveland Press said the
organization honored Miss Klaric for outstanding work in
environmental reporting.
The A.W. Stadler Co. Rendering Plant of Cleveland
was scheduled to receive a good neighbor award from the
Ward 2 Civic Club in Cleveland for its air pollution
abatement efforts, according to the Cleveland Press.
Plant Manager William McMeekin said the firm has
spent well over $100,000 in the past three years, $50,000 of
that recently for a new piece of equipment to control its
odors. Stadler converts meat scraps into tallow used in
PAGE 6
State grant payments amounting to more than $1.5
million have been made to 15 Wisconsin communities for
construction and improvement of sewage treatment
facilities, according to the Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources. Since its origin in 1966, the state
grant program has contributed more than $36 million to a
variety of water pollution control projects around the
state.
FEDERAL REGISTER
EPA Region V Administrator Francis Mayo has
announced that States, major municipalities and
other interested parties may wish to subscribe to
the Federal Register in order to keep up-to-date
with regulations and guidelines in connection with
various provisions of the new Federal Water
Pollution Control Act of 1972.
Subscriptions to the FEDERAL REGISTER may
be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents,
Governmental Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402. Its catalog number is GS4.107.
It is also available from the U.S. Government
Printing Office Bookstore, 219 S. Dearborn St.,
Room 1463, Chicago, Illinois 60604. Telephone 312-
353-5133.
The Federal Regionster will be mailed to sub-
scribers free of postage for $2.50 per month or $25.00
per year, payable in advance. The charge for in-
dividual copies is 20c for each issue.
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LAKE MICHIGAN AND THE WATER
The Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference - and all
other water pollution enforcement conferences -- were
ended with the enactment of the new Clean Water bill on
October 18, 1972.
However, the momentum generated by a September
session of the conference, and continued in a reconvened
executive session held November 9 in Chicago, is ex-
pected to continue in the next few months.
This means that recommendations adopted at the
November meeting, though no longer official, are ex-
pected to be carried through at the state level. Earlier
recommendations and timetables adopted through the
conference mechanism remain effective as provided for
and in accordance with the new act.
A principal issue at the executive session concerned
waste heat discharges; a controversial issue on Lake
Michigan which has a total of 27 power plants (six of
them nuclear and now under construction) on its shore.
The EPA position enunciated at a previous conference
session which required closed-cycle cooling on large
thermal discharges was modified, in accordance with the
provisions of the new water act. The new Act, amongst
other things imposes a requirement of the application of
best practicable control technology.
EPA enforcement director James 0. McDonald said
that pending thermal discharge standards proposed by
the states will receive final EPA review and will be
either approved or disapproved by January 18, 1973. If
the state thermal standards are not approved, EPA will
proposed modifications required in the submitted
standards to make them approvable. If the resubmitted
standards are not so modified EPA will act to
promulgate appropriate standards.
For the immediate future, McDonald said, under the
new Act any permits issued must be based on approved
state thermal standards, in addition to other
requirements. McDonald said each permit would contain
a clause requiring backfitting if plant monitoring showed
ecological harm resulting from the thermal discharge.
The final Lake Michigan conference session also set up
the machinery for two technical study committees. The
first committee, to be headed up by Region V Sur-
veillance and Analysis Director Dr. Robert Zeller, will
study the effects of intake structures on water
organisms. This committee, expected to conclude its
work in 60 days, will come up with recommendations on
what requirements should go on the power plant permit
applications in this regard.
The second group will be composed of 15 members
chaired by an EPA Biologist. Plant by plant and lake-
wide monitoring will be studied and evaluated. It is
expected that citizen groups, utilities, and the scientific
and academic communities will be represented on this
committee.
The conferees also reached an agreement on recom-
mendations on a number of other standing issues on Lake
Michigan including:
DISINFECTION
1. All point sources of phosphorus input to Lake
Michigan subject to the phosphorus removal deadline of
December 1972 which are now behind schedule should be
reviewed and where feasible should be required to utilize
interim facilities to effect the maximum phosphorus
reduction by the deadline date.
2. Industrial waste sources which are behind Lake
Michigan clean-up schedules and which have not been
subjected to enforcement action resulting in an ac-
ceptable program should be given high priority in
issuance of discharge permits.
3. Each State should, by April 1, 1973, prepare a
detailed listing of municipalities subject to the combined
sewer control recommendation. Each State agency
should initiate a program which would require each
municipality with a combined sewer overflow problem to
prepare, by December 31, 1973, a report which should
contain the following as a minimum: (a) A delineation of
the areas involved in the problem, (b) Identification of
specific engineering solutions to control or treat com-
bined sewer overflows, (c) Estimate of the cost.
Each State should, by September 1, 1973, prepare a
ranking of the combined sewer overflow problems in
order of priority needs for correction. The existing
Conference recommendation and water quality stan-
dards deadline for establishment of control or treatment
of combined sewer overflows is July 1977.
4. By February 15, 1973, the States shall prepare an
evaluation of the non-public waste discharges to surface
waters in the Lake Michigan Basin. The evaluation
should identify the quality and quantity of wastes
discharged and whether such a discharge has an adverse
impact on the water quality of Lake Michgan.
CHLORIDES
In view of the fact that chlorides are persistent, the
States and EPA believe controls above those presently in
progress on discharges of chloride waste should be
established. It is recommended that:
1. The States in cooperation with EPA, through
existing or future permit programs, endeavor to limit the
loading rate for each State to the minimum feasible
level.
2. The States should initiate detailed studies to
examine chloride contributions from land run-off.
PHOSPHORUS
It is recommended that:
1. The existing 80 percent phosphorus requirement of
the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference should be
supplemented by a 1 mg-1 total phosphorus objective for
municipal effluents. However, where present reductions
already exceed this level, or where more stringent levels
are feasible, they should be sought and maintained.
Facilities of less than 2500 population equivalent would
be exempt from the additional requirement. Each state
should prepare, as soon as possible, an evaluation of the
additional treatment facilities necessary and cost of
same to upgrade treatment from the 80 percent present
phosphorus removal requirement to the 1 mg-1 ob-
jective; such information to be evaluated by the States
and EPA as soon as possible but no later than December
31, 1973, and an appropriate schedule developed for
obtaining the 1 mg-1 objective shortly thereafter.
2. The States and Federal Government should en-
deavor to promote the utilization of effective soil con-
servation techniques in order to reduce the amounts of
phosphorus reaching the Lake from non-point sources.
3. Additional research and monitoring regarding the
trophic status of Lake Michigan and the basic
relationship between nutrient inputs or other limiting
elements and eutrophication should be conducted to
(Continued on page 13)
PAGE?
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Water Pollution and the Rule of the Law
An address by John R. Quarles, jr. Assistant Administrator tor Enforcement and General
Counsel to the American Bar Association National Institute on "corporations under at-
tack". The speech provides a good analysis of the new regulatory structure for industrial
wastes.
.. . Effects of this new water pollution law will be far-
reaching. The new law will dramatically strengthen our
capability to set and enforce tight requirements for
pollution control. The law will -- for the first time -
subject the murky perplexities of waste water
discharges to an effective system of legal regulation. The
law also will provide vast new programs to plan and fund
municipal waste treatment facilities, but this morning I
will concentrate on the creation of the new regulatory
structure to govern industrial wastes.
To appreciate the major significance of the new law it
is necessary to recognize the basic weaknesses of the
Federal pollution control regulatory system. The first
permanent Federal legislation dealing with water
pollution was enacted in 1948. Subsequent Federal
legislation was enacted in 1956,1961,1965,1966, and 1970.
Under these laws major efforts have been made to fight
water pollution, and some substantial progress has been
achieved. Despite this long history and repeated in-
novation, however, an effective national regulatory
system has never been achieved. Anyone forced to work
with this system - whether for government, for industry,
or as a private citizen - is aware of its baffling un-
certainties, its unpredictable manner of application and
its irregular results.
The key to an effective regulatory system is that there
be firm, specific requirements imposed on all parties
with evenhanded fairness. The exact requirements must
be clearly understood and publicized. They must also be
uniformly and strictly enforced.
In the field of pollution control these basic ingredients
simply have not existed. Therefore we never have had a
meaningful system of legal regulation. The chief tool
used to date in efforts to curtail pollution has been public
opinion, striking with unpredictability whenever and
wherever officials or citizens have been able to attract
publicity to alleged cases of notorious abuse. Even when
cases have gone to court, the results of litigation have
often been forged as much in the newspapers as in the
courtrooms.
The most serious national effort to establish an ef-
fective regulatory system was initiated by the Water
Quality Act of 1965. Under that law States adopted
federally approved water quality standards, with im-
plementation plans intended to set abatement
requirements for each polluter based on receiving water
needs. All too often prepared in haste and approved in
ignorance, however, these requirements have proved to
be a disappointment. Though the water quality standards
have contributed enormously to progress against
pollution, from a lawyer's viewpoint they failed to
establish the basic elements of a sound regulatory
system. The chief defects were these: The requirements
were vague, and they have not been effectively enforced.
Typically the legal specifications of a company's
abatement obligations were set forth only in a general
directive, such as a requirement to install "secondary
treatment or its equivalent." The application of that
directive to the complexities of an individual plant has
PAGES
been highly speculative, often depending on verbal un-
derstanding between State officials and plant engineers.
Moreover, even if the requirements were clear, it has
been anyone's guess as to when or how they might be
enforced or when comparable requirements might be
enforced against similar plants elsewhere in that State or
in other States. No sanctions have been imposed for
default, except for the possible vicissitudes of adverse
publicity. Every day of delay has meant money saved by
the polluter. Thus decisions on a company's pollution
control program often have been based chiefly on its
public relations policy rather than its legal obligations.
When the Environmental Protection Agency was
formed two years ago, we recognized a paramount need
to command legal respect for pollution control
requirements. We learned a new word, "slippage", and
found that default in meeting abatement requirements
was so commonplace it was not even considered
blameworthy. We set out to change basic attitudes
toward these requirements. We established a new policy
of tough enforcement. We made it clear that the way of
recalcitrance led to the courthouse door, including ad-
verse publicity, and in the past two years we have
engaged in more than 600 enforcement actions of various
types. We have obtained numerous fines and several
consent decrees. We have also increasingly obtained
voluntary compliance. But we have not been able to
overcome the basic weaknesses of the law itself,
especially the vague laxity of the abatement
requirements and the lack of effective enforcement tools.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 will
bring a profound and far-reaching change in our entire
system of pollution control. It will upgrade a crude and
shaky structure of targets, gaps and loopholes into a tight
regulatory system. Precise, detailed abatement
requirements will be established. They will be enforced
through streamlined legal procedures and heavy
penalties for violations. In my judgment, these changes
are going to revolutionize the social structure of water
pollution control. Within a few years the new law will end
the reign of evasion and emotion. It will in their place
establish the rule of law.
The sweeping statements I have just made are based
on specific provisions of the new law and their ap-
plication to our programs. I would like now to explain
what these are and how I believe they will operate. The
chief factors are as follows:
First, the law mandates establishment of effluent
limitations. These will be specific numerical
requirements setting forth precise upper limits on the
waste loads which a plant will be permitted to discharge
into our waterways. In the past a chief weakness of the
regulatory programs has been the absence of specific
yardsticks to measure satisfactory performance. This
has permitted polluters to claim that they were meeting
requirements despite inferior systems of control or
sloppy operation and maintenance of their abatement
facilities.
Second, the law establishes higher standards for
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pollution control. The law specifies that each industry
must by July 1,1977, meet effluent limitations reflecting
application of best practicable control technology
currently available, or in cases where the receiving
water requires more stringent control then higher levels
of treatment or control must be achieved. This will
establish at the minimum a uniform national standard
applicable to all plants wherever located. By ending the
total reliance on receiving water conditions, the new
standards immeasurably simplify problems of evidence.
This will facilitate effective regulation of many gross
polluters who have strenuously resisted their clean-up
obligations. During the next five years all plants must
undertake abatement programs to achieve the new
control requirements.
Third, the new law creates a national permit program.
Every industry will be required to obtain a permit under
Section 402 of the law. Issuance of these permits will
provide the mechanism through which the new, more
stringent abatement requirements will be set. Moreover,
once issued, these permits will contain in a single
document the complete schedule of requirements for
each individual plant. Copies of the permits will be
available to the companies, State officials, Federal of-
ficials and private citizens.
Fourth, the new law establishes through penalties to
enforce compliance. Violations of permit conditions or
other requirements will be subject to civil penalties of up
to $10,000 a day, in addition to other civil remedies and
administrative actions. Willful or negligent violations
will be subject to criminal penalties of up to $25,000 per
day. For the first time the pollution control requirements
will be backed up by meaningful sanctions. This is a
fundamental and indispensable (though previously
missing) element of any regulatory system. From a
lawyer's viewpoint it is critical to the basic legal advice
that, "The law is the law. It must be obeyed."
Finally, my evaluation of the effect these provisions
will have is also based on my familiarity with the
technical foundation present in the Federal and State
pollution control programs. The concept of effluent
limitations has been commonplace for several years.
Until recently, however, its feasibility has been in doubt.
The establishment of a minimum national requirement
of best practicable control technology greatly simplifies
the development of effluent limitations for individual
plants. I also believe that the enforcement record and the
enforcement capability of the Environmental Protection
Agency, supporting the enforcement programs of State
agencies, has established adequate credibility to assure
that the new requirements will be enforced and that foot
dragging will be harshly punished.
The new national permit program will not begin from
scratch. Many States already have permit programs. In
addition our Agency has been working persistently for
two years to lay the foundation for an effective national
program. We already have on hand roughly 23,000 ap-
plications submitted under the Refuse Act Permit
Program established by President Nixon in December
1970. These applications have been processed with great
care. We have concentrated our efforts on roughly 2,700
major dischargers, whom we believe in the aggregate
account for the vast majority of all industrial wastes
discharged into our waterways. As the legislation has
been developing in Congress, we have made vigorous
efforts to prepare for it. Although the determinations of
best practicable control technology must be made in-
dividually as to each plant, we have already developed a
vast amount of guidance to our professional personnel
for use in making such determinations. We have con-
ducted numerous staff seminars on this subject. We have
also prepared large numbers of draft permits, including
draft permits for more than 1,000 of the major
dischargers that I referred to a moment ago.
Permits under the new program will specify effluent
limitations that must be met after anticipated abatement
programs have been completed during the first few
years. These will set firm targets for each company's
engineers. The permits will also set effluent limitations
applicable during the interim. The effluent limitations
will apply to numerous parameters of each plant's
discharges. Too often in the past requirements have
focused only on the oxygen demanding wastes and have
not zeroed in on other substances in the waste stream
such as heavy metals or toxic substances. Frequently
these elements are not controlled by the treatment
facilities designed to reduce BOD discharges. The new
requirements will specify limits not only for BOD but
also for total suspended solids, alkalinity or acidity,
temperature, oil and grease, and individual heavy
metals and toxic substances. Permits will require
continuous monitoring by the major dischargers, with
frequent reports subject to the penalties of perjury. All of
the permits and all of the reported data will be made
readily available for public inspection.
Perhaps our most important concern in establishing
the national permit program under the new law will be to
establish, promptly and smoothly, good working
relationships between EPA and State agencies. The new
law authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency to
begin issuance of permits under Section 402 im-
mediately. It also contains detailed provisions for ap-
proval of State programs to authorize the States to
assume operating responsibility for the new national
permit program. In a great many cases State agencies
will have to receive new legislative authority from their
State legislatures before we will be permitted under the
law to give final approval to the State programs. We are
empowered to authorize a State to operate the permit
program on an interim basis, but the interim
authorizations will all expire within five months under
the terms of the law.
Our objective will be to work closely with the States to
enable them to meet the strict requirements of the law as
rapidly as possible. In the meantime we will move for-
ward to issue permits out of EPA, though in these cases
also we will seek active participation by the States. We
will need to establish effective arrangements so that the
issuance of permits will go ahead at full speed whichever
level of government has the formal authority. Since
permits are necessary to trigger the next step forward in
pollution abatement, our foremost concern will be to
make certain that the program moves ahead as fast as
possible.
As a result of the national permit program an entirely
new structure of regulation will be established in this
country to control pollution from industrial wastes.
Within the near future large numbers of permits will be
issued to major dischargers imposing new sets of control
and monitoring requirements. To summarize, they will
present the following advantages:
1. Specific pounds-per-day limitations will be placed on
effluent from each plant. These will pin down exactly
what requirements must be met.
2. These effluent limitations will cover numerous
parameters. In particular they will require tight controls
over discharges of heavy metals, toxic substances and
(Continued on page 13)
PAGE 9
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EPA Program Notes
EPA has announced that all State clean air im-
plementation plans are technically deficient insofar as
they do not contain explicit provisions to prevent
"significant deterioration" of air quality in areas where
the air is already cleaner than required by Federal
standards.
The notice of disapproval complies with an order of the
District Court of the District of Columbia, which was
affirmed by the Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia on November 1, 1972.
On May 30, 1972, the U.S. District Court, in a lawsuit
brought by the Sierra Club, interpreted the Clean Air Act
as requiring not only the achievement of the national
ambient air quality standards, which are defined to be
fully protective of health and welfare, but also the
prevention of "significant deterioration": of air quality
in areas that are already clean enough to meet the
standards.
The court order requires EPA to promulgate the
necessary regulations by December 1, 1972.
EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus said that to
implement the Court order in a reasonable manner he
must resolve a number of complex, interrelated legal,
technical and social issues. EPA is proceeding toward
resolution of these issues on a priority basis and expects
to publish, as soon as possible, proposed regulations
setting forth appropriate requirements for modification
of State implementation plans.
EPA plans to invite comments from agricultural,
environmental, consumer, industrial and other in-
terested groups before issuing regulations implementing
the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act
(FEPCA) over the next four years. The legislation was
signed into law by the President on October 21.
"The new law is the most important piece of legislation
in this field since the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was passed in 1947," EPA
Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus said.
A notice formally requesting comments on certain
FEPCA provisions will be published shortly in the
Federal Register.
A major study of airport noise and the development of
noise standards for trains and motor carriers in in-
terstate commerce will be the first action programs
under new authorities given EPA by the Noise Control
Act of 1972, according to EPA.
EPA has announced that it has republished in the
Federal Register all current applicable motor vehicle
control regulations so that they will be available in one
document. The various regulations and amendments,
applicable beginning with the 1973 model year, have been
published over the past years in several different issues
of the Federal Register. The republication will, for the
first time, place all regulations in one publication,
providing for greater ease in use. The Agency noted that
these are not changes to the regulations, and do not alter
the emission standards or other emission control
requirements.
Region V is holding a Municipal Wastewater Treat-
ment Facilities Design Seminar Nov. 28-30, at the Lake
Tower Inn, 600 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago. The seminar
is being conducted as part of the Agency's Technology
Transfer Program. Its focus is on the design and cost
PAGE 10
aspects of selected topics pertinent to the environmental
enhancement of the Lake Michigan Basin. Technical
sessions are being devoted to nitrogen control,
phosphorus removal, and the upgrading of existing
wastewater treatment plants. Clifford Risley, Jr.,
chairman of the Region V Technology Transfer Com-
mittee is coordinating the seminar.
A public session to develop policy positions on the
issues which comprised the fourth session of the Lake
Michigan Enforcement Conference in September was
held Nov. 9-10 in Chicago. In announcing the session,
EPA Region V Administrator Francis T. Mayo said:
"Although the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972 do not provide for the continuation
of the conference mechanism as a method of water
pollution abatement, it is our thought to hold the session
as planned." Also, Mayo pointed out that, although there
can be no further legal action or legal effect to the session
recommendations such as the empaneling of a hearing
board, there can be no doubt of the value of crystalizing
the important conference discussions. (See article on
conference)
An Indiana firm referred to the U.S. Justice Depart-
ment by EPA for civil action for dumping untreated toxic
wastes into the tributary of a navigable stream has been
ordered by a Federal District Judge to clean up its
wastewater discharges. Judge Jesse E. Esbach of the
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana at
Fort Wayne signed a consent decree Oct. 18, 1972, which
directs Kitchen-Quip, Inc., of Waterloo, Ind., to reduce
the nature of its wastewater effluent to the standards
prescribed by the State of Indiana and EPA. The com-
pany is obliged to meet these standards not later than one
year from the date the decree was signed, and failure of
the company to meet the deadline could result in the
assessment of monetary damages or such other penalties
as the judge might deem appropriate.
Region V has referred the Peabody Coal Co. of Vigo
County, Ind., to U.S. Attorney Stanley B. Miller of the
Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis, for civil ac-
tion on pollution charges. Region V Administrator
Francis T. Mayo said EPA is seeking a mandatory in-
junction to force the Peabody Company to abate pollution
of North Coal Creek caused by discharges from two large
refuse piles on either side of the creek during rainfall.
EPA contends that the discharges constitute a violation
of the Federal River and Harbor Act of 1899.
A report done for EPA concerning the economic im-
pact of environmental regulations on the steel industry
over the next five years is now obtainable through the
National Technical Information Service in either paper
copies or microfiche film. The report, announced by EPA
October 12 and titled, "A Study of the Economic Impact
on the Steel Industry of the Costs of Meeting Federal Air
and Water Pollution Abatement Requirements," was
prepared with the cooperation of the President's Council
on Environmental Quality and the Department of
Commerce. Inquiries should be addressed to: National
Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151.
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SYMPOSIUM
What causes spills? Are there any preventive
measures industry can institute to avoid spills? Where
can one obtain information on cleaning-up a hazardous
material spill?
These and many other related questions were an-
swered at the Environmental Protection Agency spon-
sored Hazardous Materials Pollution Control Symposium
held in Chicago on November 8-10,1972. The symposium,
attended by two hundred business executives and
government officials, stressed the latest developments
leading to practical solutions of hazardous materials
pollution field problems.
The three day session was divided into topical sections.
The first day included discussion of "Protection of the
Environment From Hazardous Material Spills" and
"Prevention of Hazardous Material Spills in Industry".
Thursday saw a discussion of "Hazardous Materials in
Transportation" and "Air Hazards and Safety
Measures". "Containment and Cleanup of Spilled
Hazardous Materials" and a wrap-up session on "Hazard
Identification and Information" ended the symposium on
Friday.
The United States, like other nations, is faced with the
problem of both oil and hazardous material spills.
Congress provided the federal government with
authority to move forward in an aggressive program to
prevent or mitigate oil spills in 1970. The 1972 amend-
ments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act give
the same backing to the hazardous materials program.
Hazardous spills into the air, water or on land, while
not necessarily on the increase, are becoming of in-
creasing concern to environmentalists, government
agencies, and the general public.
At present, according to Ira Wilder, Edison Water
Quality Research Division NERC, Edison, N.J., more
than 1.4 billion tons of potentially hazardous materials
are transported annually by motor truck, railway, water
barge or pipeline. Each of these means of transport are
subject to accidents which result in spills.
Spills of hazardous materials may be the result of
human error, equipment failure or weather conditions
and have been known to cause extensive damage to the
ecosystems in which thev occur.
Kenneth Biglane, EPA Division of Oil and Hazardous
Materials, Washington, D.C., stressed the need for im-
mediate notification following spills because of the
dangers of spills to public health and human safety. He
added that "prevention, response, and restoration are
key elements to the hazardous material program as they
are to the oil program."
When a spill occurs, there are a number of information
systems available to help establish priorities in clean-up
and containment in order to minimize life hazards,
property damage and harm to the surrounding en-
vironment. EPA's Division of Oil and Hazardous
Materials has developed the OHM-TADS, the Oil and
Hazardous Materials Technical Assistance Data System.
This pilot project has been used successfully on several
occasions and is of daily use in evaluating priority spill
areas.
The Manufacturing Chemists Association's Chemical
Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC)
provides immediate action response information to the
scene of a chemical transportation accident on receipt of
a phone call identifying the product involved. This ser-
vice, available 24 hours a day, is a voluntary program of
the MCA member companies. It attempts to provide
timely and accurate information to the emergency
services, carrier personnel, general public and others
who might be involved in hazardous materials spills.
A Hazard Information System (HI) has been proposed
by the Department of Transportation. This system will
consist of three important elements for emergency
response personnel -- new labels and placards, in-
structive "action cards" and a two-digit HI number,
possibly the most important aspect of the new system.
Francis T. Mayo, Midwest Administrator for the EPA,
called the symposium a success. "It was helpful for the
people involved in processing, transporting, or storing
hazardous materials and for the representatives of
government agencies acting in these areas."
Copies of abstracts of papers read are available from:
Environmental Protection Agency, Region V
Attn: Chester A. Marcyn
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606 -Mary Canavan
IJC TO BEGIN LAKE SUPERIOR STUDY
The International Joint Commission (IJC) will
undertake a detailed investigation of the water
quality of Lake Superior and Lake Huron.
The IJC has announced the appointment of a 12-
man joint U.S. - Canadian study team, to be known
formally as the International Reference Group on
Upper Lakes Pollution. Region V's Carlysle
Pemberton, Jr. has been named Chairman of the
U.S. Section.
The study will be similar to the one concluded by
the Commission in 1970 on Lake Erie, Lake Ontario
and the St. Lawrence River. The latter study led to
the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between
the United States and Canada signed last April by
President Nixon and Prime Minister Trudeau.
The IJC was requested by the governments of
Canada and the U.S. to conduct this in-depth study
in accordance with provisions of that Agreement
and provisions of the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty
which provides that boundary waters shall not be
polluted on either side to the injury of health or
property on the other. The Commission will also
study pollution of the boundary waters from
agricultural, forestry and other land use activities.
The study group will carry out its work under the
direction of the Great Lakes Water Quality which
the Commission appointed last July. The study will
determine the extent and source of pollution in
Lakes Superior and Huron; the remedial and
preventive measures needed to abate or control
pollution; and recommendations for the establish-
ment of water quality objectives for these lakes.
The Commission will hold the first of a series of
public hearings at Thunder Bay, Ontario and
Duluth, Minnesota to receive testimony relevant to
the subject matter of the study. The hearing in
Duluth will be held Thursday, December 7 at 9-30
AM in The Great Hall of the Radisson Duluth Hotel
at 505 W. Superior Street.
PAGE 11
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Environmental
The Second Session of the 92nd Congress sow the passage not only of the much
publicized "water bill", but significant new environmental legislation in the areas of noise
control, pesticide control and ocean dumping. Following is o brief description and sum-
mary of major provisions of each.
Noise Control Act of 1972
This is a new Act vest, g in the Environmental
Protection Agency authority to control the emission of
noise detrimental to the human environment.
Major provisions of this new Act:
• require the development and publication of criteria
respecting noise, the publication of information
respecting the levels of noise requisite to protect the
public health and welfare, and the publication of a report
or series of reports identifying products which are major
source of noise and giving information on the techniques
for controlling noise from such products;
• require the Administrator to set standards for products
which have been identified as major sources of noise and
for which standards are deemed feasible in the
categories of construction equipment, transportation
equipment, any motor or engine, or electrical or elec-
tronic equipment and grants authority to set standards
for other products which are deemed feasible and
requisite for the protection of the public health and
welfare;
• require the Administrator to make a comprehensive
study within nine months on the control of aircraft and of
cumulative noise exposures around airports.
• amend section 611 of the Federal Aviation Act to
require EPA, after submission of the above report, to
submit to FAA proposed regulations to provide control of
aircraft noise and sonic boom determined necessary to
protect the public health and welfare; to set forth
procedures for FAA acceptance, modification or
rejection of such proposed regulations; and to provide a
further consultation and review role for EPA if its
proposed regulations are not accepted by FAA, with FAA
to report its findings and conclusion and publish such in
the Federal Register.
• require the Administrator to prescribe standards
setting limits on noise emissions resulting from the
operation of equipment and facilities of interstate
railroads and from the operation of interstate trucks and
buses which are in addition to any applicable standards
set for new products.
• require all Federal agencies to carry out to the full
extent of their authority the intent of this Act, and
requires the Environmental Protection Agency to
coordinate all Federal noise research and noise control
programs.
PAGE 12
Federal Environmental Pesticide
The new Act completely revises the Federal Insec-
ticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) which
has been the basic authority for Federal pesticide
regulation since 1947. (See Chart) on page 14.
The new Act regulates the use of pesticides to protect
man and the environment and extends Federal pesticide
regulation to all pesticides including those distributed or
used within a single State.
Major provisions of the new Act will:
• prohibit the use of any pesticide inconsistent with its
labeling. No pesticide may be registered or sold unless
its labeling is such as to prevent any injury to man or any
unreasonable adverse effects on environmental values,
taking into account the public interest, including benefits
from its use.
• require pesticides to be classified for general use or
restricted use. Restricted use pesticides may be used
only by or under the supervision of certified applicators
or subject to such other restrictions as the Administrator
of EPA may determine.
• strengthen enforcement by: requiring the
registration of all pesticide producing establishments,
and regular submission by them of production and sales-
volume information; authorizing entry of establishments
and other places where pesticides are held for sale or -
distribution for inspection and obtaining samples;
authorizing stop sale, use, or removal orders and seizure
against hazardous pesticides if necessary; providing
civil and increased criminal penalties; authorizing
cooperation with States; and improving procedures
governing registration and cancellation actions by
allowing scientific review and public hearings to be held
concurrently.
• give applicants for registration propriety rights in their
test data but establish a mandatory licensing system
whereby such data could be used by a second applicant:
upon the payment of reasonable compensation. |
• authorize the payment of indemnities to persons
holding pesticides before the issuance of a suspension
notice if the pesticide is finally cancelled; except a
manufacturer may not receive any indemnity if he hSP
knowledge of facts that the pesticide should be suspended
or cancelled and does not advise the Administrator.
more on next
-------
• authorize the Administrator to establish pesticide
packaging standards, regulate pesticide and container
disposal; issue experimental use permits, conduct
research on pesticides and alternatives and monitor
pesticide use and presence in the environment.
• provide for certification of pesticide applicators by the
States under a program approved by the Administrator;
for cooperative enforcement with States; grants-in-aid
and other assistance to States. States are also authorized
to issue conditional registrations for pesticides intended
for specific local use, and could impose greater
regulation on a pesticide than that of the Federal
government, except as to packaging and labeling.
• establish a series of effective dates for various
provisions of the Act and continue the existing law in
effect until the new provisions become effective. Every
provision of the new Act must be effective within four
years.
Ocean Dumping
Major provisions of this act will:
• ban the dumping of all chemical, biological, or
radiological warfare agents, and high level radioactive
wastes. Provide that the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency may issue permits for
the transportation for the purposes of dumping or for
dumping of all material except for dredged spoil which
will be handled by the Corps of Engineers but consistent
with EPA criteria. Civil penalties may be assessed by the
Administrator, after notice and opportunity for a
hearing, and an action may be brought to impose
criminal penalties when the provisions of this title are
knowingly violated.
• Authorize the Secretary of Commerce, in coordination
with the Coast Guard and EPA to initiate a com-
prehensive program of research on the effects of ocean
dumping.
• Allow the Secretary of Commerce to designate as
marine sanctuaries those areas of ocean waters and to
the outer edge of the Continental Shelf for the purposes of
preserving or restoring such areas for their con-
servation, recreational, ecological, or esthetic values.
Water Pollution and the
Rule of the Law
(Continued from poge 9)
other similar elements which in the past have often been
neglected.
3. Firm dates for completion of abatement programs
will be backed up by tough enforcement sanctions, in-
cluding heavy civil and criminal penalties. These will
assure that it is not to the advantage of the polluter to
default in achieving its abatement program.
4. Extensive requirements will be established to
require monitoring and detailed reports by dischargers
on the volumes and characteristics of their waste loads.
5. All of the requirements and all of the data will be
available to the public. For the first time it will be both
possible and convenient for a citizen to learn the legal
requirements imposed on a polluter and whether it is
meeting them.
The new legislation has also dramatically expanded
the scope of the permit program beyond its coverage
under the Refuse Act. All municipalities will be required
to obtain permits. Feedlots and irrigation return flows
will also be brought into the system. Because in these
areas we do not have the same background of advance
preparation, we must anticipate that implementation of
LAKE MICHIGAN
(Continued from page 7)
provide a basis for controls beyond those thus far
recommended.
PESTICIDES
1. It is recommended that the Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife continue and intensify fish
sampling for the purpose of establishing trends in
pesticide residues. The EPA will coordinate with the BSF
and W in monitoring findings and will report to the States
on July 1 of each year the results of monitoring program.
2. The States should endeavor to secure passage of
adequate legislation to record usage of chlorinated
hydrocarbons and other pesticides.
these parts of the permit program will not proceed quite
as rapidly. As it is extended to cover these new areas,
however, the same benefits which I have described with
regard to industrial discharges will also be realized with
regard to these sources of pollution.
In conclusion, these new requirements will transform
our institutional systems for pollution control. They will
usher in a new era of effective regulation. This will
benefit society by facilitating the achievement of
sparkling clean water. It will also, I believe, provide
substantial benefits to the regulated industry. These
benefits will include clarity, predictability, and
assurance that competitors are being subjected to
comparable requirements. These requirements should
also mean that the negative and often unfair image of
corporations as dodging their responsibilities will change
once the responsibilities are clearly defined and in fact
complied with.
Message From Mayo
(Continued from poge 2)
conditions. Large boilers with special technical problems
or those which expect to be phased out within a few
years, thus making capital intensive solutions
prohibitively expensive, may reasonably opt for fuel
switching to low-sulfur oil or natural gas. By
discouraging large scale fuel switching away from coal
and delaying compliance when primary standards are
not jeopardized, the additional supplies of low-sulfur coal
and scrubbers which will be available in 1975 can go to
priority uses and scarce supplies of low-sulfur oil and
natural gas will be reserved for area sources and large
fuel-burning installations with special problems.
Compliance schedules for large fuel combustion
sources planning to use new sources of low-sulfur coal or
stack gas scrubbing to meet SIP's should spell out in
detail the lead times involved in obtaining new supplies
of low-sulfur coal or in obtaining, installing and checking
out new stack gas cleaning devices. Even where ambient
air quality conditions would permit delays in com-
pliance, such a timetable of action must be agreed upon
to insure the achievement of secondary standards within
a "reasonable period."
PAGE 13
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COMPARISON OF FIFRA AND FEPCA
PROVISION FIFRA
NEW BILL
I. Registration of products
A. Products covered
B. Classification
II. Control of Use
A. Certification of applicators
B. Experimental Use Permits
Interstate products only
All products classified for general use
although labels can specify use conditions
None
Limited authority
Both Interstate and Intrastate products
Product can be classified for general use or
restricted use. If restricted, to be used only
by certified applicator or under "such
other restrictions as the Administrator
may provide."
States submit plans for certification in ac-
cordance with EPA guidelines. EPA
authorized to enter into "cooperative
agreements" with States.
EPA may issue permit to enable applicant
for registration to gather field data under
controlled conditions.
C. Penalties for Users
None - only control is over interstate ship-
ment of misbranded (adulterated or
mislabeled) products
Provides civil and criminal penalties for
shipment of misbranded products and
penalties for use inconsistent with
specifications on the label. Civil penalties
are imposed after administrative hearing,
review.in court. Criminal fines are im-
posed after court trial.
III. Registration of Establishments
None
Each establishment is to register with EPA,
submit information on production, and
keep books on distribution of products, etc.
IV. Inspection of Establishments
None
Authority to enter establishments for pur-
pose of "inspection and obtaining sam-
ples".
V. Indemnities
VI. Exemptions of Federal Agencies
VII. Disposal and Storage
A. Procedures
None
Federal agencies not subject to Act. Their
major actions are reviewed by CEO's
Working Group On Pesticides.
None
EPA to pay losses to any person who
possesses product at time of suspension.
Federal agencies are covered. EPA can
exempt any federal or state agency if
"emergency conditions" exist.
EPA issue regulations for disposal or storage
of pesticides and disposal or storage of
excess pesticides.
B. Disposal Sites
None
EPA to accept and dispose of pesticides
products which have been suspended.
VIII. Monitoring
None
EPA to develop national plan for monitoring
pesticides.
IX. State Aid
None
EPA can delegate enforcement to States
(with grants) and contract for training of
certified applicators.
X. State Authority
Control over intrastate products
Control maintained to extent states can
establish stricter standards.
XI. Exclusivity of Data
EPA can rely on any information in its own
files to evaluate a subsequent applicant's
request for registration.
EPA cannot rely on data when submitted by
a subsequent applicant for registration
unless the first registrant gives per-
mission. If permission is withheld, EPA
should determine what second applicant
must pay.
XII. Public Participation
PAGE 14
Third parties public interest groups and
users.
Makes express provision for outside par-
ticipation. Administrator can call hearings
on his own initiative. EPA publishes notice
of applications for registration. 30 days
after registration EPA publishes data
submitted in support of application for
registration.
-------
GOOD NEWS:
Pollution abatement agreements calling for the ex-
penditure of some $50 million by four firms over the next
three years have been approved by the Board of
Directors of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. At
its October meeting, the Agency Board signed
agreements with Northern States Power Company;
Boise-Cascade Company, International Falls; Erie
Mining Company, Taconite Harbor; and Spencer-
Kellogg Company, Minneapolis. The Agency also ap-
proved time extensions for two companies - Hennepin
Paper Company of Little Falls and the Universal-Atlas
Cement Plant of U.S. Steel in Duluth -- for im-
plementation of clean-up measures.
The 3M Cherrolite plant in Cottage Grove, Minn.,
became the first facility along its section of the
Mississippi River to start construction of additional
wastewater treatment improvements to meet new
pollution control regulations of the Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency. The $650,000 construction project, ap-
proved earlier by the MFC A, is expected to be completed
and in operation in late November, 1973. Included in this
project is equipment for additional chemical treatment
of all wastewater, tertiary treatment for some of the
wastewater, a major addition to the existing control
house, an eighth settling tank, chemical mixing and
coagulation tanks, chemical storage facilities, pumps,
mixers and other items.
and occasionally for the general public, range from
aesthetics to ecology.
Cincinnati Post Environmental Writer Richard Gibeau
reports that a smokeless incinerator developed by
Gordon Hoskinson and manufactured by the Kelley
Company of Milwaukee was recently demonstrated in
Cincinnati for about 120 industry and government
representatives. Hoskinson said the largest model of the
incinerator, with 12 cubic yards capacity, can process
the solid waste generated by a community of up to 10,000
population. Gibeau quoted Marion T. Smith, senior
engineer of Cincinnati's Air Pollution Control Division,
who was present for the demonstration, agreed with
Hoskinson's assertion that the incinerator meets Federal
Clean Air Standards.
Sandusky, Ohio, has expanded its sewage treatment
plant to make it among the first in the State to remove
phosphorus, according to the Cleveland Press. Plant
Superintendent John McGinness said the city used to
dump 1650 pounds of phosphorus into Lake Erie daily.
Now, with the addition of liquid alum, the city's
discharge of phosphorus to Lake Erie has been reduced
to 200 pounds per day, according to McGinness.
Ohio Clubs of the American Automobile Assn. are
giving the first state-wide free automobile exhaust tests
in an effort to reduce air pollution from motors. The
Columbus Auto Club conducted the first emissions check
clinic in August using a Honeywell combustion analyzer.
The analyzer is available to 56 other clubs in the State of
Ohio. Thomas J. Jones, executive vice president of the
state group, said the test requires two minutes and shows
whether the vehicle meets emission standards
established by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. ;
The State of Minnesota is funding six counties under a
new program designed to keep" junked cars from
becoming roadside eyesores. The counties have con-
tracted with the State to collect auto hulks. The program
is funded by a $1 auto-transfer surcharge.
Cleveland Plain Dealer Environmental Reporter
William D. McCann said it is estimated that more than
360 courses related to environmental matters are
available this year at Cleveland's three universities. The
courses, for undergraduate students, graduate students,
Detroit Citizen Briefing
The Detroit Federal Executive Board will sponsor a
one-day symposium on the Citizens Role in the
Environmental Impact Statement Process on January
18, 1973 in the Detroit City-County Building, 2 Woodward
Ave., beginning at 8:30 a.m.
The purpose of the symposium is to inform the general
citizenry of their role, responsibilities and opportunities
in the Environmental Impact Statement process. EPA's
Director of Federal activities, Sheldon Meyers, will be on
hand to discuss the significance and limitations of the
Environmental Policy Act and the Council on
Environmental Quality. Representatives from the
following organizations are expected to be on hand also:
Detroit Edison, Huron River Watershed Council,
Michigan Autoworkers Conservation and Recreation
Department, the Michigan Student Environmental
Confederation, State Highway Dept., City of Detroit, the
Corps of Engineers, Oakland County, EPA, and the
Department of the Interior, among other agencies.
There will be a $2 registration fee. All inquiries on the
symposium should be directed to Mr. James Harris,
Executive Assistant to the Detroit FEB, & Detroit Data
Center, 2700 Greenfield Road, Oak Park, Michigan 48237.
PAGE 15
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REGION V PUBLIC REPORT is published monthly by the
Office of Public Affairs, Region V Environmental Protection
Agency at One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606
for distribution in the states of the Region (Illinois, Indiana,
Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan.)
Regional Administrator Francis T. Mayo
Director of Public Affairs Frank M. Corrado
Editor Helen P. Stan-
Art Director Ann N. Hooe
FROM:
Office of Public Affairs
United States Environmental Protection Agency
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
POSTAGE AND FEES PATD
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA-335
PAGE 16
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Region V Public Report
December, 1972
icials Approach Shoreline Erosion Problem
-------
GOVERNMENT
New Ohio EPA Begins Work
Confident and optimistic Ira L. Whitman, Director of
the new Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, looks
forward to noticeably cleaner air and water for Ohio in
two or three years.
And he may be right, if activities during Ohio EPA's
first two months are an indication of what is to come.
Since it became legally effective on October 23 the
agency has undertaken a variety of innovative actions.
One of the first was announcement of the development of
a Lake Erie strike force to take immediate action in
clean-up of the lake that has become a national symbol of
the worst effects of water pollution. In announcing the
strike force, Ohio's Governor John J. Gilligan said, "The
primary goal of this new program is to eliminate the
contamination of water along the beaches and shoreline
of the lake, and to open these beaches for recreational
use by the public as soon as possible."
In a special ceremony the first air pollution control
permit to operate acutally five permits in all was issued
to Avon Products in Springdale, Ohio, indicating that the
plant is in complete compliance with Ohio's air pollution
regulations.
Also in the area of air pollution control the Ohio EPA
has taken a somewhat unique step by contracting with
thirteen local Ohio agencies, enabling them to have a
joint role in the enforcement of Ohio's air pollution
control program. The contracts, still to be signed by the
local agencies, authorize them to act as representatives
of the Ohio EPA in matters relating to air pollution
control, including conducting inspections, investigating
violations, expanding surveillance programs and air
quality monitoring activities and assisting the Attorney
General in acquiring evidence for possible enforcement
actions.
Since the establishment of the new pollution control
agency, Ohio has seen the first criminal case brought for
violation of the state regulation against open burning,
resulting in conviction of Osborne Excavating, Inc. for
the burning of construction scraps in the city of Mentor.
In what Dr. Whitman called a precendent-setting
action, the Ohio EPA recently issued two permits to the
Columbus and Southern Ohio Electric Company for
construction of two new generating stations at
Conesville, based on the company's commitment to
adopt technology that will put them in compliance with
air emission regulations.
So the new EPA is getting right to work, despite the
fact that it is going through a difficult transition period
necessitates by a radical change in the State's a struc-
tural approach to pollution control. With creation of the
Ohio EPA, the pollution control responsibilities of the
former Department of Natural Resources, Department
of Health, the Water Pollution Control Board and the Air
Pollution Control Board have been brought together in
one agency organized around the concept of "function" -
functions such as regulations, planning, com-
munications.
Says Director Whitman, "What is important to
remember is that problems of air, water, and solid waste
pollution are directly related and should be treated as
such. This comprehensive functional approach to
problem solving is necessary if we are to make inroads
PAGE 2
Director, Ohio Environmental
Ira L. Whitman
Protection Agency.
into the totality of environmental concerns. It will give us
the flexibility we need and, in the long run, prove to be
more efficient."
The functional approach was first recommended by
the Stanford Research Institute of Menlo Park,
California, in a study commissioned by the U.S. EPA and
the State of Ohio to examine the state's existing en-
vironmental organization and make recommendations
for a more efficient structure.
As EPA director, Dr. Whitman will be responsible for
setting all regulations relating to air and water pollution
control and solid waste disposal and for issuing, denying
or modifying air and water pollution control permits. His
responsibilities will also include safeguarding of
domestic water supplies and passing approval on sewage
treatment plans. Whitman serves also as chairman of the
new Ohio Power Siting Commission.
A native of New York City, 32-year-old Whitman holds
a doctorate in environmental engineering from Johns
Hopkins University. Previously with the Battelle
Memorial Institute in Columbus, Whitman has been with
the state pollution control effort for nearly a year.
Working with Whitman will be an assistant director
and two deputy directors. The Assistant Director,
recently -appointed John Kroeger formerly Vice
President of Frederick F. Leney Manufacturing Com-
pany of Cincinnati and a Ph.D. instrumental in
development of non-polluting inks, will assure the ef-
ficient day-to-day operation of the organization.
Harvard Law School graduate, Samuel Bleicher,
Deputy Director for Regulation Actions currently on
leave from his teaching post at the University of Toledo,
-------
College of Law, will review the regulatory decisions of
the agency, preparing or revising regulations as needed.
Through the mechanism of an internal review board,
Bleicher will assure equitable and uniform compliance to
the agency's policy.
Those policies, as well as objectives and programs of
the agency, will be defined by the Deputy Director of
Policy Development, Alan Farkas, a Princeton graduate
and former Executive Director of the Governor's Task
Force on Environmental Protection. He will also plan the
long range environmental goals of the state and serve as
legislative liaison, working with and keeping track of
federal legislation. Coordination of environmental
research and development in the state will also be one of
his duties.
The new EPA incorporates two additional functions of
particular interest to the public. An Ombudsman's
Office -- A unique function not often found in government
-- will soon be established to listen and respond to citizen
complaints and concerns about pollution. According to
EPA's public relations man Dave Milenthal the ap-
pointment of an ombudsman was an option in the
establishing legislation which Whitman retained because
of the importance he places in being responsive to the
public. Adelle Mitchell, Vice Pres. of the League of
Women Voters of Columbus, will serve as Ombudsman.
Milenthal heads up the Public Interest Center which has
responsibility for public education and involving the
public in Ohio's environmental problems. The office is
currently beginning to produce and plan literature,
speeches, and seminars and has already published the
first two issues of the Ohio EPA Newsleaf, a monthly
publication intended to provide readers with technical as
well as general information on EPA, business, and
citizen activities throughout the state.
Whitman has emphasized the importance of this
public information function. He says, "we intend to be
easily accessible for complaints and to give en-
vironmental groups a voice in what we are doing ... we
don't want to use our legal powers as the only tool for
doing the job, but we will use enough legal action to make
sure everyone knows we are seniors."
by Helen Starr
Message from Mayo
The following letter was sent by Midwest Regional
Administrator Francis T. Mayo to State environmental
agencies on November 13.
Loans are now available from the Small Business
Administration (SBA) for air and water pollution
equipment for small businesses. The Development
Council, a non-profit corporation, has received a grant
from SB A to provide "packaging assistance" to small
businesses in obtaining these SB A loans.
Section 502 of the Small Business Act authorizes SBA to
make loans to "local development companies" for the
purpose of assisting an identifiable small business
concern in acquiring capital assets, including pollution
control hardware. Generally the borrowing local
development company will construct the needed capital
equipment and lease it to the small business involved.
The purpose of the arrangement is to channel high-
calibre business expertise toward the small business
community on an ad hoc basis.
State agencies and eligible companies may contact
either Mr. David Vega, Development Council, 219 S.
Dearborn, Room 437, Chicago, Illinois (312-353-4521) or
Mr. John Egan, Development Council, 24451 Lakeshore,
Apartment 204, Cleveland, Ohio 44123 (216-261-5052).
This is a separate SBA program from that mentioned
in Section 8 of the 1972 Amendments of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act. Information on this new program
will be available in the future.
More Solid Waste Literature
It has been brought to our attention that certain
publications on solid waste and resource recovery were
not included in the listing in the October-November issue
of the Public Report. The following are additional
sources of information:
The National Association of Secondary Material
Industries, Inc. has available innumerable publications
of various types. The extensive list includes "Recycling
Resources", "Proceedings of A Recycling Day In New
(Continued on page M)
Dr. Whitman turns the State's used phone books over
for recycling.
Employment Opportunities
The Region V office of Personnel is accepting
applications for current and anticipated vacancies
in engineering and the physical sciences. Oppor-
tunities exist in a number of EPA programs in the
Chicago office dealing with environmental
problems of air, water, pesticides and solid waste
management. Salaries range from $7,696 to $19,700
per year depending upon qualifications. Persons
with education or professional experience in the
field of pollution abatement ^nd control are invited
to send a Personal Qualifications Statement, SF 171
(obtainable from any U.S. Post Office) or resume to
EPA Region V, One N. Wacker Drive, Chicago,
Illinois 60606, Attn: Personnel Branch.
All qualified applicants will receive consideration
for appointment without regard to race, religion,
color, national orgin, sex, political affiliations, or
any other non-merit factor.
PAGE 3
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COVER STORY
High Water
And Shoreline
Erosion On
The Great Lakes
by William Omohundro
This article is the first in a two-part series. The con-
cluding part oi the article is scheduled to appear in the
January edition of the Region V Public Report.
High water and resulting shoreline erosion seems to be
shapingupas one of the big environmental stories of the
year in the Great Lakes Basin. The problem concerns
Federal, State and local officials as well "as private
citizens.
Property owners who have been damaged or those
who stand to be damaged are looking to government
officials for help. So are environmentalists.
Congressmen and Senators from the Great Lakes
states gathered in the Nation's Capitol November 28 for a
special meeting on the crisis. The problem and possible
solutions were discussed but what the government will do
is not certain.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the agency with the
major technical responsibility for the control of water
levels along the nation's waterways and coastlines, is
keeping an eye on the problem and weighing the alter-
natives for alleviating it.
The North Central Division of the Corps of Engineers
headquartered in Chicago is responsible for the entire
Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Basin within the
United States.
The Region V Public Report interviewed Maj. Gen.
Ernest Graves, Division Engineer for the North Central
Division, about the high water and shoreline erosion
problem and what might be done about it.
An Assessment of the Problem
General Graves says the Great Lakes are now well
above their long-term average levels for this time of year
because of the higher than normal precipitation during
the past two years.
"The high lake levels are greatly aggravating shore
erosion and damage to structures along the shores of the
Great Lakes," he says. According to a recently com-
pleted National shoreline study, 1,300 miles of the 3,700 -
mile Great Lakes shoreline are subject to significant
erosion.
"This 1,300 miles includes approximately 200 miles of
publicly - owned shoreline and about 1,100 miles of
privately - owned shoreline," he adds.
Further, he points out that over 200 miles of shoreline
are subject to critical erosion and over 300 miles to
flooding. Three hundred eighty miles of shoreline are
protected.
While some of the shoreline is rocky, most is relatively
PAGE 4
Major General Ernest Graves, junior
soft glacial deposits which offer little resistance to
erosion by lake currents and waves. The greatest
damage is waves generated by storm winds sweeping'
over the lakes, and these are generally most severe in the
Fall and Srping.
"The best natural protection for a shoreline is a
gradually sloping beach which waves can break against
and dissipate their energy as they run up the slope," says
General Graves.
He says such beaches form naturally around the Great
Lakes shoreline as the banks erode, and provide
protection at normal lake levels.
"However," he points out, "when extended periods of
above-normal precipitation raise the levels of the lakes,
the water surface extends over the beach, and the waves
break directly against the steeper banks behind. This
produces accelerated erosion and damage such as we are
now experiencing."
The current rate of damage to the Great Lakes
shoreline is not precisely known, the General said.
Following a similar period of high lake levels and severe
storm 20 years ago, though, field surveys revealed some
$61 million in damage in one year - from the Spring of
1951 to the Spring of 1952.
He said $50 million of this was from wave action and
$11 million was from flooding. "Converted to today's
prices the figure would be $120 million, without any
allowance for the extensive additional development
which has occurred along the lakeshore during he last 20
years."
The Corps' Authorities
This, in general, is the problem. The questions are,
what measures is the Corps of Engineers authorized to
take to remedy the situation and under what legal
authorities is it working?
Public Law 727, 79th Congress (1946), as amended by
Public Law 826, 84th Congress (1956) and Public Law 87-
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874 (1962), provided for Federal participation in the
construction of works lor the restoration and protection
of the U.S. shoreline against erosion by waves and
currents. These acts set the policy for reimbursement of
construction costs, generally up to 50 percent, but under
certain conditions up to 70 percent of the total costs.
"To be eligible for Federal assistance the shore must
be publicly owned, or available for public use if privately
owned," General Graves points out. "For Federal
participation exceeding $1 million the project must have
been specifically authorized by Congress after in-
vestigation and study by the Corps of Engineers."
A project may be undertaken without specific
authorization from Congress if the Federal participation
is not more than $1 million for the complete project. In
any case, according to General Graves, under law the
project must be evaluated on the basis of benefits and
costs and its environmental impact.
"Where the hazard to the Great Lakes shoreline is
flooding rather than erosion by waves and currents," he
said, "Federal assistance is available under the Flood
Control Act of 1936. However, such projects require
specific Congressional authorization following a study of
engineering and economic feasibility and recom-
mendation by the Chief of Engineers."
Section 205 of the Flood Control Act of 1948 provides for
construction of small flood control projects not
specifically authorized by Congress when, in the opinion
of the Chief of Engineers, such work is advisable and the
Federal share does not exceed $1 million for a single
complete project.
Section 14 of the Flood Control Act of 1946 authorizes
the construction of emergency bank protection works to
prevent flood damage to highways, bridge approaches,
and public works when, in the opinion of the Chief of
Engineers, such work is advisable, provided that not
more than $50,000 is allotted to any single locality.
General Graves says Section 111 of the River and
Harbor Act of 1968 authorizes the mitigation of shoreline
damage attributable to Federal navigation works, to be
done entirely at Federal expense. "Specific
authorization by Congress is required if the estimated
first cost exceeds $1 million," he adds.
The General cites a number of projects already un-
dertaken under the authorities already mentioned.
"Twenty-three shore protection projects, with an
aggregate estimated first cost of $13 million, have been
authorized for the Great Lakes shoreline," he says. "Of
these projects, seven have been completed, one is under
construction, preconstruction planning is completed for
two, eight are not funded, and five are deferred or
inactive."
He said four flood control projects, with an aggregate
estimated first cost of $2 million, have been authorized
for the Great Lakes shoreline. Of these four projects, two
have been completed and two are not funded.
In addition, one emergency bank protection project
costing $50,000 has been completed.
General Graves said four authorized studies of Great
Lakes shore erosion problems are underway, with
aggregate funding in the 1973 fiscal year of $66,000.
"To date," he said, "we have completed preliminary
studies under Section 111 of the River and Harbor Act of
1968 for 27 areas of the Great Lakes shoreline."
He said these studies have indicated that Federal
navigation works are wholly or partially responsible for
shore erosion in 17 cases, and the District Engineers
have been authorized to prepare detailed project reports
and estimates.
What emergency measures are authorized to remedy
the situation9 Public Law 99, 84th Congress (1956)
provides for Federal assistance to local communities in
the preparation and execution of plans for emergency
protection from flooding. The Act also provides for
repairs at Federal expense to restore existing flood
control works damaged by flooding.
"During the recent flooding along the southern and
western shoreline of Lake Erie teams from the Buffalo
and Detroit Districts of the Corps of Engineers contacted
local communities to offer such assistance," says
General Graves.
Since this event, he says, the Detroit District has un-
dertaken the repair of the dike at Reno Beach, Ohio,
under this authority. "We are studying other possible
measures pursuant to Public Law 99 which might be
undertaken during the present period of high lake
levels."
The Corps of Engineers is one of the Federal agencies
which respond to requests from the Office of Emergency
Preparedness when the President declares a Federal
disaster area under the provisions of Public Law 606.
"We sent teams into the field when reports were first
received of the recent severe storms on the Great Lakes
and have been supporting OEP efforts continuously since
that date," General Graves noted.
About one-sixth of the shoreline is eligible for a Federal
program under the existing policy and five-sixth is not
eligible under existing policy, according to the Division
Engineers.
"This is what I mean when I say that the national
policy on this subject is not one that allows the Federal
government to play a major role in solving the overall
problem. That's the way the law is written," he added.
General Graves will not speculate on how the law will
change. "Certainly there's strong Congressional sen-
timent and of course local sentiment in the Great Lakes
area to have much greater Federal participation in this
problem."
But, he says, it's bigger than the Great Lakes because
we have the whole shoreline of the United States. "While
you don't have as much private ownership, you never-
theless have the same problem and when you're talking
money, the amounts are massive."
He said it would cost several billion dollars to provide
protection for those areas of the shoreline which are
getting serious erosion.
"So in considering what the Federal policy should be
the government is faced with the problem that if it makes
a change in the present policy they're undertaking a very
large committment of resources," the General says.
High Water Predictions
Do these high water levels come in cycles? "Not in
predictable cycles," the General says. "The last time we
had them was in 1951 and 1952. You can go into the
records and see that they recur but not at any particular
period of years. We had extremely low water levels in
1964, and now we're back. Well, it's 20 years, but that's
not a magic number because it depends on rainfall and
we know from weather records that you can't predict
that."
High water level predictions have been rumored for
next spring. What would be the basis for these predic-
tions9
General Graves says the basis for that is that we have
had a great deal of rain this summer and the ground is
(Continued on page 12)
PAGE 5
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ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
New "Gleam" In The Navy's Eyes
by William Omohundro
If you think the military is lagging in such hip areas as
the environment and ecology, you have a big surprise in
store for you at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center
on Lake Michigan north of Chicago.
A group of dedicated environmentalists at Great Lakes
has made believers out of those who scoffed 18 months
ago when they organized as the Great Lakes Ecology
Association of Military (GLEAM) and vowed to clean up
their community.
Furthermore, the group has declared war on all forms
of pollution and is waving the ecology flag to rally those
at other military posts, as well as the civilian com-
munity, who stand ready to follow their example.
Rear Admiral Draper Kauffman, Commandant of the
Ninth Naval District headquartered at Great Lakes^ is
emphatic when he says: "The Federal Government
simply must take the lead to solve this whole en-
vironmental problem. The Navy must do its part, and
this is why GLEAM is important."
Admiral Kauffman says he feels that GLEAM's ac-
complishments are important in themselves but that the
organization is more important as a symbol of an at-
titude which must eventually prevail throughout the
community.
Although he fully backs GLEAM's goals, the Admiral's
considerable administrative responsibilities as chief
executive of a naval district preclude his taking part in
much direct action.
But with Mrs. Kauffman it's a different story. She's
one of the most active environmentalists at Great Lakes
and one of the founders of GLEAM.
"We owe a great deal to Mrs. Kauffman," says
Commander William Ahrens, Great Lakes Public Works
Executive Officer and the man who Mrs. Kauffman calls
"the real dynamo behind GLEAM."
Mrs. Kauffman presently heads one of three per-
manent GLEAM committees, the Education Committee.
The other two permanent committees are the Recycling
Committee headed by Commander Ahrens and the
Conservation Committee headed by Chief Petty Officer
Robert Stull.
Commander Ahrens is quick to point out that without
the aid of Mrs. Kauffman the whole GLEAM program
might have fallen on its face.
Both say the organization and its programs have
caught the interest and received the endorsement of such
top Department of Defense officials as Deputy Under-
secretary of the Navy Joseph A. Grimes, Chief of Naval
Operations Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, and John A.
Busterud, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
for Environmental Quality as well as Congressman
Robert McClory who represents the Illinois district in
which the Great Lakes installation is located. Busterud
was recently named a member of the Council on
Environmental Quality by President Nixon.
The obvious question is, "What has GLEAM done to
merit this acclaim?" To answer it we have to go back to
May of 1971 when Commander Ahrens gave a fiery talk
on the world's environmental crisis to the Great Lakes
Navy Wives.
The Commander ended his talk by urging the women to
PAGE 6
get angry and told them, "Let's get together and clean up
this world." The message wasn't lost. One June 1,
GLEAM held its first meeting, electing officers and
setting goals. Commander Ahrens became the first
chairman.
The group decided it was going to beautify the base,
create cycling and walking trails, sustain wildlife and
nature areas, reduce waste, litter and pollution, and
support national conservation organizations.
By mid-August the newly launched group of volunteers
from both civilian and military families on the post was
already making a difference.
They had worked out a program to recycle glass
bottles, metal cans and paper; cleaned debris and refuse
from Nunn Beach, a large recreation area along the
Great Lakes waterfront; worked with Downey Veterans
Hospital personnel to enhance a 10-acre park, and
promoted interest and awareness among Navy youth
through a poster contest on the theme, "This Land is
Your Land - Save It."
Open Ecology Center
The posters created by the young environmentalists
were on display at ribbon-cutting ceremonies for the
grand opening of GLEAM's Ecology Center August 19 at
Building 1713 Ray Street in Nimitz Village.
Congressman McClory and Admiral Kauffman were
on hand to officially open the Center, which was strictly a
salvage job done with volunteer work and used materials
from demolished buildings.
"You'd have to have seen this building before our
people restored it to really appreciate what was done
here," says Commander Ahrens. Some of the volunteers,
he notes, were Public Works Center civilian craftsmen
who donated after-hours labor.
The barrack-type building located in what was for-
merly a part of the old recruit training area now sports a
fresh coat of white paint trimmed with "ecology" green.
The building contains an office, a library, a kitchen,
rest rooms, a lounge area and a meeting hall for large
group activities. It shelters the majority of GLEAM's
indoor activities.
"We try to make people feel that the Ecology Center is
an important social center on the post where they are
always welcome," Mrs. Kauffman points out. She says
such an atmosphere is important to get the en-
vironmental message across.
About 150 school children come to the Center each
week. An arts and crafts group meets every Saturday.
Congressman McClory has brought in high school
students from his district for a one-day Saturday
workshop to orient them on environmental problems and
to give them ideas that they could take back to their
schools and communities.
Commander Ahrens and Mrs. Kauffman work with the
Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts as well as the Cub Scouts on
post. At Great Lakes there are three troops of Boy
Scouts, three troops of Girl Scouts and numerous Cub
Scout groups.
Cub scout woodcraft activities are centered around a
park on the base with a growth of original oaks. The Cubs
have been working to beautify the park.
continued on page 15.
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Commonder Ahrens, first Genera/ on the staff of Admiral
chairman of GLEAM, talks to a Kauffman. Petty Officer Second
youth group in the Ecology Class John Shillabeer, a student
Center meeting room. He was at the Service School Command,
recently succeeded as chairman presently serves as vice
by Captain John Fox, Inspector chairman.
Train station cleanup begins.
Mrs. Bi// Perry, one of the
volunteers who staff the
GLEAM-run greenhouse.
Ecology poster contest winners.
Admiral Kauffman, Congressman
McC/ory, at Ecology Center ribbon-
cutting ceremony.
Shrubbery planting takes muscle.
PAGE?
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EPA Announces Construction
Grant Allotments
The allotment of Federal funds for construction of
waste treatment plants during fiscal years 1973 and 1974
was announced late last month by EPA Administrator
William Ruckelshaus.
Ruckelshaus stated, "The President has directed me to
allocate no more than $2 billion for fiscal year 1973 and
no more than $3 billion for fiscal year 1974 according to
the formula set forth in the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972."
The amendments had authorized allotments not to
exceed $5.0 billion for 1973 and not to exceed $6.0 billion
for 1974. Ruckelshaus said the allotments were deter-
mined after a careful consideration of water pollution
control needs in the contest of a responsible fiscal policy.
In addition to the $5 billion allotment for fiscal years
1973-74, $1.9 billion will be made available to reimburse
state and local governments for projects initiated bet-
ween June 30, 1966 and July 1, 1972 which did not then
receive the full Federal share. A total of $350 million in
additional fiscal year 1972 authorization will be available
immediately and will bring 1972 allocations to $2.0
billion.
Allocations for Region V (Millions of Dollars)
Fiscal Year
Three Year
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74 TOTAL
111.
Ind.
Mich.
Minn.
Ohio
Wise.
105.9
50.0
84.8
36.9
101.6
42.6
125.0
67.3
159.6
40.6
115.5
34.8
187.5
101.0
239.4
61.0
173.2
52.2
418.4
218.3
483.8
138.5
390.3
129.6
Source: AIR AND WATER NEWS, Dec. 4, 1972.
Joint Hearings In Wisconsin
Region V and the Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources held joint informal hearings Nov. 28-29 in
Appleton, Wis., to discuss remedies for the 180-day
notices issued in early October to 14 communities and
pulp and paper mills for pollution of the Fox River and
Green Bay in northeastern Wisconsin. The enforcement
actions on the Fox River resulted from extensive joint
evaluation and cooperation between EPA and the
Wisconsin DNR. "The 180-day notices to the 10 pulp and
paper mills were the largest number ever issued to a
single industry at one time," said James 0. McDonald,
Director of the Region V Enforcement Division. Further,
meetings were held Dec. 12-14 to work out the detailed
abatement schedules for the alleged violators.
Technology Transfer Seminar
Region V hosted a Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Facilities Design Seminar Nov. 28-30 in Chicago as part
PAGES
EPA A
of the Agency's Technology Transfer Program. The
seminar focused on the design and cost aspects of
selected topics related to the environmental im-
provement of the Lake Michigan Basin. Technical
sessions were devoted to nitrogen control, phosphorus
removal, and the upgrading of existing wastewater
treatment plants.
Report On Radiation Released
A National Academy of Sciences advisory committee
report called "The Effects on Populations of Exposure to
Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation" has been made public
by EPA. The report analyzes population exposure to
ionizing radiation sources and effects of ionizing
radiation of genes, human growth and development, and
somatic cells. Copies of the report are being printed and
will be available in early December. Single copies of the
report will be made available upon request to the Public
Inquires Branch, Office of Public Affairs, U.S. EPA,
Washington, D.C. 20460.
IJC Hearings Held
The International Joint Commission nas held the first
of a series of hearings which will eventually cover water
quality of the Upper Great Lakes - Superior and Huron -
as well as pollution of the boundary waters of the Great
Lakes System from agricultural, forestry and other land
use activities. The first two hearings were held in
Thunder Bay, Ontario, on Dec. 5 and in Duluth, Minn., on
Dec. 7 to consider testimony relevant to water quality in
Lake Superior. The IJC study is being undertaken at the
request of the governments of Canada and the United
States in accordance with provisions of the Canada
United States Water Quality Agreement of April 15,1972,
and the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty which provides
that boundary waters shall not be polluted on either side
to the injury of health or property on the other.
Public Hearings Held
In Collins ville
Region V held public hearings on Dec. 6-7 in Collin-
sville, 111., to discuss remedies for the 180-day notices
issued to East St. Louis, 111.; Sauget, 111.; Granite City,
111.; and the East Side Levee and Sanitary District of
East St. Louis, 111., for violation of Federal-State water
quality standards. These hearings were the last 180-day
notice hearings to be held in the United States, under
provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as
amended to 1970. Such hearings will be no longer be used
as an enforcement instrument since passage of the 1972
Amendments to the Act.
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TION
Water Pollution Against
DuPont Resolved
A water pollution suit filed against the DuPont Com-
pany in East Chicago by the Federal Government on
February 19, 1971 has successfully resulted in an
agreement by the plant to reduce chemical wastes
discharged into the Grand Calumet River. The consent
decree agreed to by DuPont was entered in the U.S.
District Court in Hammond, Indiana. The suit charged
DuPont with discharging iron, sulfates, fluorides, acids
and solids from its plant in violation of the Refuse Act of
1899. The decree requires DuPont to install additional
sewage treatment facilities to restrict the discharge of
the chemical pollutants and to develop an abatement
program to achieve a maximum reduction of the
discharge of those wastes. The company is required to
install new sewer lines by September 15, to reduce
discharges of zinc, phosphorous, suspended solids,
chlorides, and toxic discharges of heavy metals by
January 15, 1974, and to reduce its discharge of sulfates
and dissolved solids to levels that are achievable with
current pollution control technology by October 15, 1974.
Motor Vehicle Control
Regulations Announced
EPA has announced that it has republished in the
Federal Register all current applicable motor vehicle
control regulations so that they will be available in one
document. The various regulations and amendments,
applicable beginning with the 1973 model year, have been
published over the past years in several different issues
of the Federal Register. Now, for the first time, all
regulations will be in one publication, providing for
greater ease in use.
Chrysler Corporation
Awarded Contract
EPA Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus has an-
nounced that a contract has been awarded Chrysler
Corporation for research and development to resolve
technical problems that now block the introduction of gas
turbine auto engines that could meet the 1976 Federal
emission standards. A major goal of the competitively
won contract, which will be incrementally funded as
progress on the project warrants, and which may
ultimately involve government expenditures of $6.4
million, is to determine whether the gas turbine powered
automobile can be made competitive with the con-
ventional internal combustion engine in fuel economy,
performance, reliability, and potential mass production.
This is the first contract in the EPA advanced power
systems program that has been awarded to an
automobile manufacturer.
EPA Announces Guidelines For
Wastewater Discharges
EPA has announced proposed guidelines for approval
of State programs to issue permits to regulate
wastewater discharges into rivers and lakes. This was
the first formal action taken by the Agency to implement
the recently enacted Federal Water Pollution Control Act
of 1972.The legislation established a national system of
permits to control discharges by industries,
municipalities, and other point sources of pollution. State
programs to issue permits must be approved by EPA as
meeting a number of requirements set forth in the new
Federal law.
Erosion and Sediment Control
Guidelines Published
Publication of the first Federal guidelines to control
erosion and sediment, the top volume pollutant of the
nation's waters, has been announced by the Environ-
mental Protection Agency. The publication, "Guidelines
for Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and
Implementation," prepared by EPA's Office of Research
and Monitoring, is designed as a manual for con-
structors, local officials, and other involved with urban
and suburban development. The 228-page publication is
available for $1.75 from the U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The report is EPA R2-
72-015, August, 1972.
EPA Issues Guidelines To
Auto Manufacturers
On November 15 EPA issued revised guidelines to
automobile manufacturers for submitting requests for a
one year suspension of the 1975-76 auto emission stan-
dards required by the Clean Air Act of 1970. The Act
authorizes the Administrator to grant a one-year
suspension of the 1975 and 1976 standards under certain
conditions. In March and April of this year, EPA
received requests for suspension of the guidelines from
Volvo, International Harvester, General Motors, Ford,
Chrysler, and American Motors. Those requests were
denied by Ruckelshaus on May 12 because the companies
failed to produce sufficient evidence that they could not
comply with the standards. The revised guidelines issued
on November 15 apply to any application or reapplication
by manufacturers seeking suspension of the 1975 stan-
dards, as well as to new applications filed after January
1, 1973, for suspension of the 1976 standard.
PAGE 9
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BUSINESS
THE SAGA OF CHRYSLER'S
,EAN" FOUNDRY
by James Wargo
Reprinted with permission of MBA, The Master in
Business Administration. Copyright 1972 fay MBA
Communications, Inc.
Reprinted with permission of MBA, The Master in Business
Administration. Copyright 1972 by MBA Communications, Inc.
In 1964, Chrysler Corporation, ignoring the advice of its own
engineers and outside consultants, announced plans for the
construction of a new foundry within a residential area on the
east side of Detroit. The claims were extravagant. The one most
frequently heard was that the plant would be pollution - free. It
would have to be -- rarely had a major foundry been planned so
close to private homes.
Some people took the claim at face value. In May, 1967,
Factory Magazine named it one of its "Top Ten Plants of the
Year," citing specifically the lengths management had gone to
protect the environment around the plant.
What the editors of Factory overlooked was that less than 30
days after the plant had gone into limited de-bugging operations
in October of 1966, occupants of the small, orderly homes im-
mediately across Huber Avenue, on which the foundry is
located, began filling complaints against it.
By the time the awards issue of Factory appeared, more than
two dozen residents of the Huber community were threatening
court action^ Today, six years after start-up, Chrysler is still
mired in lawsuits over the Huber foundry. Its attorneys like to
think the end of litigation will come this fall. But attorneys for
the residents like to think they are just getting started.
How did it happen that a so-called "clean" foundry was ever
sited next to a residential community? And what ever became of
the equipment that was meant to make that foundry "clean"?
' The answers are really lessons. Chrysler has learned them at
a cost of millions. Others can benefit from Chrysler's bad dream
and save themselves the same amount or more.
According to Chrysler's official press release, the Huber
Avenue location was selected because the company already
owned the land, the site was adjacent to two other Chrysler
production facilities, skilled labor was plentiful, and there were
excellent rail connections to other Chrysler plants within a 30-
mile radius.
Deal with Detroit
Jerome Cavanagh, at that time mayor of Detroit, tells it a
different way. According to his version, he learned towards the
end of his first term that Chrysler was planning to abandon an
antiquated foundry on the east side and relocate production in
an Ohio suburb.
At that time Detroit hadn't seen any new heavy industry for 11
years, and many other existing plants were cutting back or
closing down. The relocating of Chrysler's foundry would idle
another 2,500 Detroit workers.
Cavanagh soon learned that Chrysler's main objection to any
site in Michigan was a special state tax on jigs, dies, tools and
fixtures. He felt he had enough political clout with the state
legislature to suspend the tax. Would Chrysler, he inquired
through channels, build in Detroit if he could get the tax lifted?
No, came the reply, if the tax were removed Chrysler would
probably build in nearby Warren, Michigan. Cavanagh applied
personal pressure on Chrysler executives, and they relented.
The Detroit bloc in the legislature succeeded in getting the tax
lifted and Chrysler soon dropped plans for an Ohio foundry.
Designing a clean foundry
Actually Chrysler had reservations about the site other than
the taxes. Across the street from what became the main en-
PAGE 10
trance to the foundry was a neighborhood of lower middle class
wtrites, primarily of central European ethnic origin. While they
were good neighbors to a nearby Plymouth assembly plant, was
it possible they could get to know and love a foundry as well?
Chrysler engineers said no. Chrysler consultants said no.
Common sense said no. But Cavanagh said he had a man, Mort
Sterling, in the city's air pollution control bureau who would sit
in on planning sessions to guide Chrysler in equipping the
foundry with those systems which would best protect the
residents. Every pollution control system adopted had Sterling's
stamp of approval.
In early spring of 1967, the Huber foundry went to work
producing engine blocks, heads, flywheels, brake-disks and
crankshafts. Casting operations were fed by two enclosed,
water-cooled cupolas, each 108 inches in diameter and rated at
50 tons per hour, along with five 100-ton holding furnaces.
High-noise areas were protected by extensive sound-
deadening devices. An exhaust system, aided by 33 dust
collectors, was to have provided a complete in-plant change of
air every eight minutes without discharging dust to the neigh-
borhood.
Outwardly clean
The outside of the plant, fronting Huber Avenue, was designed
windowless, but is clean-cut and attractive. To this day it can
pass as a long, but not unattractive suburban office structure,
set 36 feet in from the sidewalk and fronted with a carefully
manicured, treed lawn.
Unfortunately, with the exception of the trees, hardly
anything that was designed to make the plant a good neighbor
functioned as planned. Chrysler engineers think they know why,
and their reason is a good one.
Their theory: the plant was too advanced. Many of the en-
vironmental systems were simply not designed to work that
close to a residential community. And because environmental
concerns were not commanding as much attention in 1964 as
they were today, some of the systems purchased were, in effect,
ordered out of catalogues - Chrysler was the first to buy them.
When these systems malfunctioned, the suppliers were at as
much of a loss to explain what was wrong as were Chrysler
personnel. As for the neighbors, they really didn't give a damn.
They were going to court. At least 328 of them are still there.
Raw smoke and dust
The first things to go wrong were two massive 105-inch fans
installed to pull gas through the dust collectors. Within days of
their first usage they began vibrating. Welds at the base of the
blades would break, causing noise that was annoying as far as
several blocks away. To kill the noise the fans were shut off.
Since Chrysler was depending on the foundry for vital parts,
operations continued while raw smoke and dust billowed out to
settle over the neighbors.
After each failure there would be a meeting with the supplier
ending with the same conclusion - that the welds had been
faulty. In 14 months five replacement fans were ordered. Soon
after installation, the breakdown process would begin again. In
addition, the fans were turned on and off so often that the motors
wore out. Bigger, more costly motors were ordered.
After the fifth fan failure it was determined by an outside
consultant that the welds had been okay all along - but that the
fan housing was poorly designed. It was of such a shape that it
compressed the air before releasing it. The constant pulsing set
up a rocking motion in the blades which in turn caused them to
wobble and break. More than a year and a half after the first
blade broke a new housing design abetted by tapered blades was
-------
put into operation, solving the problem.
But other problems, sometimes more easily solved, continued
to plague the pollution control equipment for another two years.
Each time one of the failures occurred, antipollution equipment
would be shut down and billowing smoke would again blanket
the neighborhood. The last cupola breakdown occurred in June,
1970, four years after the plant opened.
The mysterious hum
While the worst noise problem was fixed in 1968, grumblings
continued about a hum. For months Chrysler officials dismissed
these as crank complaints because they could hear nothing. The
complaints continued, however, so Chrysler put some engineers
on the job of figuring out why. They came back with nothing, yet
residents continued to complain of a humming noise.
Eventually Chrysler hired an accoustician who went from
house to house interviewing complainants. An inquisitive man
with an open mind, he was willing to consider all factors. After
several months he determined that those complaining found the
hum most annoying at night. Checking their bedrooms he found
that most measured 12 feet in width, or close to it. His ruling .. .
the sound-deadening chamber above the new fans with their
tapered blades was emitting a pure tone with a 12-foot
wavelength. Anyone within two miles trying to sleep in a 12-foot-
wide bedroom was being slowly driven off the scope.
Thinking the solution was within grasp, Chrysler broke into
the sound deadening chamber to install different baffles only to
find that the original baffles, glass fiber wrapped with mylar,
had deteriorated from the surges of heat experienced with each
fan breakdown.
Space-age solution
No longer sure that the heat surges were containable,
Chrysler searched for a new means of wrapping the baffles.
Normal suppliers could offer nothing able to tolerate the 600
degree F blasts. But an article on space-age technology led
Chrysler to Du Pont which had developed a plastic that could
take up to 750 degrees F. Du Pont was willing to sell Chrysler as
much as it wanted, but mentioned as an afterthought that no
means of sealing the stuff existed. Chrysler people went into
their labs, devised their own sealing method, and then encased
the newly wrapped, nearly designed baffles in stainless steel
boxes. It worked, Lapsed time: about a year.
Concurrently, other Chrysler engineers were working to
correct a flaw in Huber's auxiliary dust-collection system.
Originally all 33 collectors were interconnected. When a single
one broke down, the option was either to shut down the entire
foundry or to keep working while dust poured out into the neigh-
borhood. The obvious solution - and one which could have been
avoided in the initial plant design - was to sectionalize the
system so that malfunctioning units could be bypassed. In
carrying this out it was discovered that butterfly valves
originally designed to permit manual adjustment of dust flow
had worn out because of the frequent adjustments needed.
The butterfly valves were replaced with pinch valves in late
1968. Limited failures of small groups of collectors continue to
be experienced, sometimes as frequently as once every six or
eight weeks, but they have been mild in comparison with the
original ones and Chrysler, although not necessarily the neigh-
bors, regards the problem as solved.
The rotten egg smell
Some 18 months after the plant went into operation, residents
began complaining of noxious odors. The rotten egg smell. Like
everything else, it got worse. Chrysler checked each venting
point under different conditions to trace the source of the foul
air. Again a team of consultants was brought in. After several
months they could only reduce the possible source to four
auxiliary stacks over the core room.
For a while it was assumed that one of the vegetable by-
products used in the core proce ss was the cause, but months of
experimentation got them nowhere. Finally, unable to isolate
and stop the specific odor, Chrysler gave in and ordered an
activated charcoal system for the vents instead. It went into
operation in July of this year with Chrysler officials crossing
their fingers. The system, very expensive for a plant the size of
the Huber foundry, is even more costly to operate. Moreover, it
was ordered without knowing the precise problem it was meant
to correct.
The attorney for the majority of the complaining neighbors
confided to a reporter that some of his client admitted the odor
problem had abated since the new equipment was installed. But
the admission came a week before the active '.ed charcoal
system was put into operation!
While Chrysler's engineers and consultants were working to
solve each problem that came up, the residents were com-
plaining and suing. Top Chrysler executives were frequently
confronted by the residents, by Mort Sterling (who in time was
made head of the Wayne county air pollution control office into
which his old office was incorporated), city councilmen, and a
now-new mayor... all wanting to know what Chrysler was doing
about the problem at Huber.
With each such visit or contact, Chrysler spokesmen tried to
simplify the involved and frustrating work being conducted to
resolve each main cause of complaint. The language was so
complex, however, that the only thing a complainant would get
out of it was, "We're doing everything we can" --an answer that
rang increasingly hollow.
Monetary settlements.
When the fan weld problem was at its peak, Chrysler engaged
Ottawa Appraisal Services to assess damages on neighborhood
cars and nouses. Many people were paid for their damages and
a goodly number got sore as hell because they didn't get
anything.
It was at this point that the neighobors began pooling their
grievances and formulating a class action suit that is still
sputtering today. The first person they went to was, of course,
Mort Sterling, the people's recourse for air pollution problems.
This is the same Mort Sterling who sat in on the planning of the
foundry, who understood the complex nature of each break-
down, and the long road to each solution. His problem boiled
down to one of keeping the citizens happy without unfairly
penalizing a company that was doing all it could to solve
problems for which it wasn't solely responsible in the first place.
After all, Chrysler originally wanted to build in Ohio.
Mort Sterling's solution
In October of 1971 Sterling found his out. He sued Chrysler
under the Michigan Environmental Protection Act, scant hours
after the law went into effect. This is a revolutionary law. It
permits anyone to sue anyone else they regard as damaging the
environment. An almost identical version has been proposed in
Washington by Michigan Senator Phillip Hart. Under the
Michigan law only civil action can be brought. You can get a
polluter to stop, but you can't get him fined.
Sterling said he sued Chrysler to "get in writing (Chrysler's)
oral agreement to shut down whenever equipment breakdowns
occurred." Chrysler had been doing this for several months
prior to Sterling's action. According to others, however, Sterling
felt that by using the new Michigan law he could placate those
demanding not sympathy but action and at the same time not
increase the pressure on an already overburdened Chrysler.
Harried Chrysler officials were reluctant to view Sterling's
motives so simply, and company attorneys took great pains in
preparing and arguing any agreement they would consent to.
They waited too long. According to a member of Sterling's staff,
"We were within two paragrphs of an agreement" when the
Huber 328 jumped in with both feet, properly entering the case
as intervenors.
They had one goal in mind: to force into the court's decree an
admission from Chrysler that it had wrongfully polluted the
neighborhood. With this admission on the books, it would be
child's play to get Chrysler to pay the claimed damages to
health and property damages in a suit the 328 had aleady filed in
another court.
Consent decree signed
After intervenors had blocked the signing of the settlement for
more than a month, Chrysler attorneys appeared at a hearing
and moved that the admittance of the intervenors to the case be
reconsidered. Sterling rose and uttered token opposition,
following which the judge granted the Chrysler motion and the
settlement was signed.
The settlement established a binding policy for cupola shut-
down and outlined an extensive maintenance program. Both
Sterling and Chrysler attorneys agreed that the entire program
continued on next page
PAGE 11
-------
continued from previous page
was in effect even before Sterling had sued under the en-
vironmental protection law.
That settlement was signed in October of last year. The Huber
328 continued their case. In June of this year it went to a jury,
which found Chrysler to be culpable for all damages traceable to
its plant emissions up to June, 1970.
That would seem to settle the case. Unfortunately there is a
rather large discrepancy between what the plaintiff thinks the
jury said and what Chrysler attorneys feel was decided.
The attorney for the plaintiffs thinks the decision included
damage to health and he is prepared to argue each case in-
dependently, each one taking a week or more.Over at Chrysler,
the jury's ruling is regarded as relating solely to property
damages, and they delight in noting that a sizable number of the
Huber 328 didn't reside there until after June, 1970.
It's a difference that a court must resolve, and it's one of those
things that can drag on and on... as the Huber Foundry case has
already done for almost eight years.
Racial overtones
The local press in Detroit, which has never once reported that
Chrysler originally opposed building in the city, handles the
Huber affair as a straight environmental story. Chrysler has
dirtied the air and corroded houses and cars -- and the people
want payment.
Just as Chrysler's $3 million struggle to make a "clean" plant
clean is ignored so do some nuances in the plaintiffs' motivation
go uncommented upon. The residents were assumed to be
motivated solely by a desire for a pollution-free neighborhood
until the spring of last year, when the Federal Housing
Administration announced it would cease guaranteeing loans on
homes in the Huber area because of industrial pollution. The ban
was subsequently limited to Huber Avenue and the street behind
it. Other homes in the area, the revised FHA ruling said, would
High Water
(Continued from page 5)
saturated. When it freezes this winter any precipitation
will run off into the lakes.
"But rather than say it's going to be higher," he adds,
"let's put it this way. If we had normal precipitation this
winter, the levels of the lakes change so slowly that we
would again have high levels next summer."
He said the lake water levels do go up and down ac-
cording to seasons. "They go down in the winter when
we're having freezing and snow because the runoff from
the land in the lake basins is retarded. When the snow
melts in the spring the runoff goes into the lakes and they
rise."
The General picked up a set of charts prepared by the
Lake Survey Center of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, which was once the Lake
Survey District of the Corps of Engineers.
Zeroing in on the Lake Michigan chart he said, "Here
we are in November. Now predictably we'll get a drop
this winter, and then we'll start up again. So the issue is
whether the peak next summer will be higher or lower
than the peak this last summer, and I would say that that
is governed primarily by the amount of snow we get this
winter."
The Division Engineer said this prediction isn't based
on any premonition about weather. "It's assuming that
we have average precipitation. The prediction is based
on the way the water is routed through the Great Lakes.
It starts at Lake Superior. These charts simply predict
howthe water will flow down through the lakes if rainfall
and snow are average."
(To be continued in the January Edition.)
PAGE 12
be eligible for loan guarantee provided the buyer signed a
release stating awareness of industrial pollution in the area.
With that development, protests against the foundry took on a
new stridency.
The FHA release did not specify the foundry. There is ample
evidence that other plants in the area contribute substantially to
the neiborhood's periodic blanket of dust. Umbrage from the
residents, however, was vented solely at the foundry.
The FHA, by its ruling, denied to the residents of the Huber
area their one hope of selling their homes for anywhere near the
value they themselves put on them. Being in an area long zoned
for heavy industry, their homes are now among the least
desirable in the eyes of any prospective buyer.
The children of the ethnic groups are moving to the suburbs,
leaving only the poor to buy their old places with the aid of
federal housing subsidies. Since January of this year, eight
welfare recipients buying homes in the Huber area have
defaulted and abandoned their homes, leaving them destined for
demolition by the government. It is for the old timers in the
Huber area the end of the neighborhood, the end of an era; and,
since the foundry was the last thing to arrive on the scene before
they noticed the change was irreversable, they are placing the
blame solely on Chrsyler.
Thus it is understandable why the counsel for the plaintiffs
confides off the record that as soon as he finishes collecting for
health damages he intends to launch action to get Chrysler or
the government to buy all the homes in the area and then tear
them down to create a buffer zone.
How far he gets remains to be seen. He himself admits that
several of his clients have lost interest, moved out, and that
there is no way for his client base to grow.
One top Chrysler executive, when asked what advice he would
give to anyone searching for a site for a foundry, replied, "I'd
tell him to get in his car and drive, and drive, and drive."
There is scarcely a city in the United States that is not
mourning the fact that business and industry are fleeing to the
suburbs. In each one of these cities is a mayor or a chamber of
commerce breathing into the ear of the captains of local in-
dustry, trying to get them to expand, or at least to remain, in
town.
Chrysler bowed to just such pressure in 1964 and has been up
to its ears in litigation ever since. There is no doubt a solution to
the problems of both the Detroits and the Chryslers. But, as has
been learned from the Huber Avenue experience, these solutions
must be proceeded toward very, very carefully.
"The attorney... confided... that some of his clients admitted
the odor problem had abated since the new equipment was in-
stalled. But the admission came a week before the activated
charcoal system was put into operation!"
More Solid Waste Literature
(Continued from page 3)
York", "Effective Technology for Recycling Metal,",
"Recycling: Where Are We? Where Are We Going?",
"National Priorities For Recycling", and "A Suggested
Solid Waste and Resource Recovery Incentives Act."
For further information write the Association at 330
Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017.
"Non-Returnable Pop and Beer Containers: A Threat
to the Environment and an Expense to Consumer", a
pamphlet available from the Eau Claire Area Ecology
Action, UW-X Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701,
free of charge with a self-addressed, stamped envelope.
We will appreciate being notified of any additional
publications we may have overlooked.
-------
NEWS:
Four high schools in the Chicago suburban
area now have computer sensors on their roofs
to keep a full-time eye on air pollution. The
high schools are Niles North in Skokie, Proviso
West in Hillside, Bloom Township in Chicago
Heights and Thornton Fractional South in
Lansing. The sensors will continually measure
sulphur dioxide, dust in the air, carbon
monoxide, smog, and wind speed and direc-
tion. They are hooked up to an IBM System-7
computer in the County Building in downtown
Chicago and will be operational in a few
months, according to Samuel G. Booras,
director of the Chicago Department of En-
vironmental Control.
Commonwealth Edison Company's costs for
environmental control facilities will total
about $85 million for 1972, according to J.
Harris Ward, chairman. The company, which
serves the Chicago area, will have spent about
$250 million for environmental control since
1929, according to Ward. He said about $325
million more will be spent over the next five
years.
The Illinois Appellate Court, in a far-
reaching decision, has stripped the state of its
power to fine polluters in variance cases.
Judges of the second district ruled that the
New publications available from the Office of Public
Affairs, One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 60606.
The Electrical Power Industry and The Environment, an
address by William D. Ruckelshaus.
The Crisis of Trust and the Environmental Movement, an
address by John R. Quarles, Jr.
The Economic Impact of a Cleaner Environment, and
address by Thomas E. Carroll.
Agriculture and the Environment, and address by John L.
Buckley.
Action Citizen Action Can Get Results
Catalyst for Environmental Quality, and interview with
William D. Ruckelshaus.
Midwest Environmental Directory 1972.
Illinois Pollution Control Board no longer may
impose money penalties as a condition of a
variance, according to stories in recent
editions of major Chicago newspapers. The
court said that the board may impose fines
only in enforcement cases, when formal
complaints are brought by the state or private
parties.
David P. Currie has resigned as chairman of
the Illinois Pollution Control Board. Currie, 36,
has headed the five-member, full-time board
since it was created in 1970. He is leaving the
$35,000-a-year post to return to teaching at the
University of Chicago Law School where he is
a specialist in environmental law. Currie was
the principal drafter of the state's 1970 En-
vironmental Protection Act and served as
Gov. Richard B. Ogilvie's co-ordinator of
environmental quality before the state board
was created.
The Chrysler Corporation is installing
facilities to eliminate improper air emissions
and to provide new liquid waste control at its
Twinsburg, Ohio, Stamping Plant. Chrysler
said the new facilities will provide permanent
safeguards against sulphur dioxide and
particulate emissions on the one hand and
accidental discharge of oil bearing liquid
wastes on the other.
Two New Films From Region V EPA ...
"Get Together". The first film about environmental
cleanup in the Midwest. Produced by the Region V Office
of Public Affairs. Shows activities in Franklin, Ohio,
Warsaw, Indiana, Detroit, Chicago, and other midwestern
cities. 28 minutes, color, sound.
"Come Learn With Me". Documentary film especially for
teachers, showing a radically different approach to En-
vironmental Education based on "learning by doing".
Produced in cooperation with the Cleveland Institute for
Environmental Education, which developed the
nationally recognized Tilton Curriculum Guides. 14
minutes, color.
Both films are available free through MODERN
TALKING PICTURES SERVICE, INC., 160 East Grand
Ave., Chicago, Illinois. Order at least three weeks in
advance. Give alternate dates.
PAGE 13
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CITIZEN ACTION
Citizens Meet In Bay City
To Discuss Lake Huron
Developmen
Fran Falender
San ford, Michigan
Housewife and Citizen
Area of concern: Quality of Life
She was there. So was a mason, bookstore manager,
farmer, retired teacher, VA appraiser, planner, x-ray
technician, toolgrinder, sporting goods manager,
salesclerk, orderly, secretary plus assorted engineers,
businessmen and college students.
Sixty-seven had registered. About 10 of them wished to
speak, the others came to listen.
The scene was Delta College in Bay City, Michigan*
These people had left warm homes on a cold, early
December evening to drive through lightly snow-covered
streets.
They were all defying the odds that show most people
don't think more than an hour or two into the future. They
were sitting in the Delta college auditorium, watching a
slide presentation by the Great Lakes Basin Commission
on how the planners view future development in the Lake
Huron basin.
But they weren't just listening. They were talking for
the record also. They were sharing their dreams and
concerns with Frederick Rouse, chairman of the GLBC,
member John Tull and State of Michigan representative.
The slide program showed the residents of Bay City,
Saginaw, and Midland that municipal growth will in-
crease four times by the year 2020, that industrial growth
will almost double and that power consumption will
multiply by a factor of 26 times, not to mention a tripling
of population growth.
The residents were shown alternatives for wastewater
control: combined sewer separation, storm water
treatment, land disposal, zero pollution discharge,
agricultural waste treatment.
And they were putting their own point of view across:
Jim Falender, chairman of the Saginaw Valley chapter
of the Sierra club told the group that the rush to build
power plants has threatened many scenic areas. Robert
Richardson, State Senator from Saginaw, expressed his
constituents' concern for the shoreline erosion that has
resulted from high lake levels and resultant flooding. He
called for new sports fisheries that provide for the
commercial as well as the sports fisherman and talked of
the possibility of new state legislation regulating land use
management.
Marian Sinclair, representing the National Inter-
venors, asked the GLBC if it will be able to implement
the results of its findings, especially in the area of
nuclear power development. She said there are too many
examples of agencies gathering expensive data which do
pot the end influence their decision - making. She said
she was talking primarily about issues involving atomic
power plants.
Richard Northrup, head of Delta College's science
division, called for establishment of a permanent
regional planning authority with enforcement capability.
Mr. Winnifred C. Zacharias, who was representing
some 40 families with frontage on Lake Michigan talked
of the new difficulties of the "individual struggling
against change." "One of our main problems today," he
said, "is that of the slow walker on the beach. He no
longer has the beach to himself. It has become the
playground of the motor escapees from our crowded
highways." He said he was referring to the proliferation
of new types of off-road vehicles, like dune buggies,
snowmobiles, etc.
To the questions that occasionally came up during the
hearing about what if any effect this study of Lake
Huron, along with studies of the other basins in the Great
Lakes will have on decision makers, Rouse said, "One
thing we don't want is a pile of paper to sit gathering dust
when its finished. It's going to be up to you," he said, "to
keep the pressure on to make sure this study is used."
The Great Lakes Basin commission is a Federal State
organization of about 17 staff members plus a board
representating Federal and State agencies. It came into
business as a result of the Resources Planning Act of 1965
which divided the country into hydrological divisions and
said that if the States wanted a super-water resource
planning agency the U.S. would provide half the funds.
The commission came into being in 1967 and began the
massive task of developing a framework plant. That's
what the people in Bay City and fourteen other Mid-
western towns have been looking at this fall during these
hearings.
After the hearings are completed, says Rouse, the
GLBC staff will spend about 9 months incorporating the
remarks and editing a final report.
"If there's one theme that we have been hearing from
people throughout these hearings," says Rouse, "it's
been limit growth."
If you would like a copy of the framework study for
your area write: Great Lakes Basin Commission, City
Center Building 220 East Huron St., Ann Arbor, Michigan
48108 or call 313-763-3590. Ask for the Public Affairs
Office.
by Frank Corrado
-------
New Gleam
- continued from page 8
The walls of the Ecology Center library are covered
with book shelves and U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency posters. Many EPA publications as well as
numerous other books on environmental subjects are
available for reading, and some are for sale. Any profits
are plowed back into the GLEAM program.
The Recycling Program
Outside the Center stands a row of dumpsters for
discarded paper, metal and glass which GLEAM collects
and sells to companies which recycle. A nearby Public
Works building is used as a warehouse and drop site for
newspapers, magazines and other types of paper which
can be recycled and as a storage area for tools used by
the group in its beautification projects.
Two high school boys are employed by GLEAM to sort
the papers according to type and quality. They receive
$1.25 an hour for their work. They collect boxes from the
Post Exchange, keep their own time schedule and are
paid every two weeks.
After the paper is sorted and boxed it is transported
periodically to companies located nearby in rented Navy
trucks with volunteer drivers. One hundred pounds of
pure newspapers bring 60 cents and one hundred pounds
of mixed paper suitable for shingles and roofing bring 50
cents.
A major source of paper for the Center is the Elec-
tronics Supply Office located on the base which contracts
for electronic equipment used by the U.S. Navy. "This
office is one of the heaviest waste paper producers in the
Navy," said Commander Ahrens. "The director is an old
friend of mine, and I was able to convince him of the
merit of letting GLEAM assist him in disposing of all of
the paper his office produces."
He says the whole command now has boxes located at
strategic points for dropping papers for GLEAM, and
many people there now even bring their old newspapers
from home.
An old trailer which holds 12 tons of paper is used for
storage, and once a month the papers are taken to nearby
Waukegan for sale. The group pays for a tractor to pull
the trailer to Waukegan and back, and the driver is a
volunteer from the Public Works Center civilian force.
Commander Ahrens points out that the paper used to
go directly to a sanitary landfill. "The government saves
money with this arrangement because it doesn't have to
dig as much landfill," he adds.
GLEAM isn't limited to the Navy base as a source of
paper for its recycling program. As a result of publicity
in the news media in nearby communities, people who
dwell in those communities are driving their cast-off
papers, cans and bottles in for recycling.
GLEAM Gets a Greenhouse
In 1971, Special Services turned over the base
greenhouse and nursery to GLEAM, and they are now
operated strictly with volunteer workers. Mrs. Lani
Bayly, the wife of Captain Donald Bayly, Chief of Staff to
Admiral Kauffman, is in charge of the greenhouse, and
Chief Petty Officer Stull is in charge of the nursery.
The greenhouse has two wings. One wing is used to
grow flowers for community projects, and the other wing
is used by the volunteers. The nursery is being used to
grow trees and shrubs for projects around the base. The
long-range goal is to provide trees and shrubs to all
sections of the base, including housing areas.
Last winter, GLEAM announced plans for a "Yard of
the Month contest beginning in April, 1972. Thousands of
tulip, hyacinth and daffodil bulbs were acquired and sold
to householders at near cost to kick off the contest which
was enthusiastically entered into by families on the base.
Winners were recognized with Yard of the Month signs.
Train Station Cleanup
Probably the most notable success in the GLEAM
beautification program was its effort to clean up the
Great Lakes train station and the area around the
station.
Commander Ahrens said that when GLEAM went to
work on the train station it was surrounded by brush and
weeds, and the ground was covered with litter and trash.
Advertising billboards and garish neon signs lined the
highway near the station and the main gate of the post. In
addition, he said, the station itself left something to be
desired.
A new concessionaire took over the station and cleaned
it up. The building was painted, the railroad put up a new
sign, and a soft drink company was persuaded to take
down its old sign which was much the worse for wear and
to put up a new one.
Volunteers cleaned up the litter and trash and cut the
brush. The billboards lining the highway were removed,
and GLEAM is presently planting shrubbery around the
station and the main gate.
"This area around the main gate and the train station
was unsightly and it gave the visitor a bad impression of
the post," says Commander Ahrens. "Cleanup of the
area should do a great deal to improve the image of the
Training Center."
The concessionaire at the station is happy too because,
according to Commander Ahrens, his business has im-
proved since the cleanup.
Despite these considerable accomplishments,
GLEAM members know that they have to pass their
organization on to dedicated environmentalists in order
to make GLEAM self-perpetuating. They also know that
the leadership at Great Lakes must believe that the
GLEAM program is important.
"Our most important concern is to make this program
permanent here at Great Lakes," says Commander
Ahrens. "Navy people tend to be transient due to the
nature of the Navy's responsibilities and it's important
that we pass the baton to those who will continue the
work that we've started here."
PAGE 15
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REGION V PUBLIC REPORT is published monthly by the
Office of Public Affairs, Region V Environmental Protection
Agency at One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606
for distribution in the states of the Region (Illinois, Indiana,
Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan.)
Regional Administrator Francis T. Mayo
Director of Public Affairs Frank M. Corrado
Editor Helen P. Starr
Art Director Ann N. Hooe
Federal Registers with Environmental Regulations
Published Since November 21 Include:
November 21
EPA notice of hearings concerning cancellation of DDT
registration
Proposed implementation plant regulations; public hearing
Public availability of environmental impact statements
(CEQ)
November 23
EPA announces filing of petition for, establishment of, and re-
extension of temporary tolerances
EPA establishes tolerances for herbicide and insecticide
residues
EPA proposes establishment of tolerance for residue of
fungicide captain
November 29
EPA proposes tolerance for the herbicide diuron
EPA notices of tolerance petitions for a plant regulator and a
rnicrobial insecticide
CEG lists and synopsizes environmental impact statements
November 30
EPA notice of availability of comments on Environmental
impact statements for period 11-1 through 11-15-72.
Tolerances for pesticide chemicals in or on raw agricultural
commodities; coordination product of zinc ion and maneb
December 1:
Interior Dept, proposes rules to prevent extinction and
depletion of marine mammals
EPA establishes tolerances for residues of pesticide
chemicals
EPA notice proposing establishment of an exemption from the
requirement of a tolerance for residues
December 2:
EPA issues interim tolerances for 13 pesticide chemicals CEQ
notice on environmental impact statements from 11-20 through
11-24-72.
NOAA proposal on conservation and protection of marine
mammals
Decembers:
EPA proposed guidelines for acquisition of information from
owners and operators of point sources subject to National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
December 7:
EPA establishes tolerances for benomyl, and revises class of
dinitrophenolic compounds
EPA establishes temporary tolerances for leptophos
USDA announces changes for 1973 Rural Environmental
Assistance Program
AEC issues draft statement on proposed acceptance criteria
for certain nuclear power reactors
Decembers:
EPA establishes tolerances for endothall
Re-extension of EPA temporary tolerances for an insecticide
used on nuts and fruits
State and local assistance grants for construction of water
treatment works
Decembers:
EPA rules on State compliance schedules, revisions and
public hearings and emergency episode procedures
Announcement of public meeting on Mobile Source Pollution
Control Program
FROM:
Office of Public Affairs
United States Environmental Protection Agency
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Third Class Bulk-Rate
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA-335
PAGE 16
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Region V Public Report
January, 1973
EARTHKEEPING film crew: ETV covers the environment.
-------
Francis T. Mayo
A new philosophy is apparent in the water
legislation passed by Congress last October. The
thrust of the legislation is that pollution should be
prevented, rather than abated.
As a result of the legislation, changes are taking
place within EPA tending to create a more forward -
looking and action - oriented approach to pollution
control. Changes are taking place in every section but
are especially evident in EPA's planning activities.
For the first time, Congress has set a national goal
in the field of water quality control ~ a goal that seeks
the elimination of pollution discharges into navigable
waters by 1985. In setting a national goal there is a
related impact on the planning process that the
legislation envisions for the accomplishment of the
goal. This planning requirement, which includes
wastewater management planning and a state con-
tinuing planning process, has now become a
legislative requirement rather than one that flows
from regulations.
Section 208 "Areawide Waste Treatment
Management" provides a requirement for regional
planning. EPA Administrator William D.
Ruckelshaus is currently in the process of
promulgating guidelines for the implementation of
this section. These guidelines should be available by
the end of January.
Following the promulgation of these guidelines
several significant actions are the responsibility of the
Governors of the States. They must identify, within 60
days of the publication of the guidelines, each area
within their state that has a substantial water quality
control problem. The Governor will also be respon-
sible for identifying the boundaries of each area, and
for designating a single representative organization
within the boundaries of that area that will be capable
of developing effective areawide waste treatment
management plans.
In a case where the Governor does not act, local
officials can act together to initiate the designation of
the boundaries of an area, and to designate the single
agencies that will have preliminary responsibility for
the development of the areawide water quality
PAGE 2
MAYO
Planning And The New
Water Legislation
management plans. In either case the Administrator
of EPA is responsible for approving both the boun-
daries of the area and the agency designated to do the
planning job.
In order to get the planning process underway, there
are some very short time constraints imposed by the
Amendments. Not later than one year after the
designation of any organization under this section,
that agency shall have in operation a continuing
areawide waste treatment planning process. The
initial plan, prepared in accordance with that process,
is to be certified by the Governor and submitted to the
EPA Administrator not later than two years after the
final process plan.
The Governor also has responsibility upon com-
pletion of the plans for designating one or more waste
treatment management agencies for each of the
problem areas, a selection to be approved by the
Administrator.
To carry out these programs the new legislation
provides for a maximum of 100 percent of the costs of
developing and operating a continuing areawide waste
treatment management planning process for three
fiscal years up to June 30,1975. It also provides for up
to 75 percent of such costs in each succeeding fiscal
year.
The state's continuing planning process (Section
303e) will set the course of action for the state
programs. These plans prepared by the states and
oriented to river basins will include all pertinent
elements of areawide waste treatment management
programs. The plans will include effluent limitations
and schedules, previously part of water quality
standards.
The priority for cleanup will also be outlined in the
reports. Draft guidelines have been distributed for
this program. The close coordination required bet-
ween the water quality standards and the planning
process was the primary factor in transferring water
quality standards section to the Planning Branch.
conto on page 14
-------
NEWS
Textile Technology, Inc., an Indianapolis firm
which holds patents on a low-pollution fabric dyeing
process, has recently signed a contract with Japan's
Mitsui and Co., Inc., to permit Mitsui to market
technological developments and produce equipment
using TTI's revolutionary process.
The basis of the process, known as the CHROMA
series, is a new system developed by TO employing
a "closed circuit" dyeing process involving solvents
such as perchlorethylene, rather than traditional
water processes. According to a spokesman for the
company, the use of solvent - based systems virtually
eliminates the need for use of large quantities of
water, making it possible for the first time to dye
fabrics without the serious water and air pollution
problems which have confronted the textile industry
for years.
The process also reduces both production and
capital costs, increases the speed of production by as
much as 400 percent, and produces brighter colors
with greater depth of shade.
Says TTI President Larry Durr: "The procedure we
followed (in disregarding traditional approaches to
eliminating pollution problems in dyeing) might be
likened to eliminating automobile pollution by
designing a totally new motor rather than tinkering
with the internal combustion engine."
EPA reports that sport fishing on the Ohio River is
on the upswing an antipollution campaigns begin to
clean the 981-mile waterway that flows from Pitt-
sburgh, Pennsylvania to Cairo, Illinois. Largemouth
bass, crappies, sunfish and bluegills are being caught
in greater numbers, and walleyes and an occasional
striped bass have been taken from the river. Game
fish concentrations decrease in areas of high
population and heavy industry and increase in
agricultural and forest areas.
Roger Latham, Outdoors Editor for The Pittsburgh
Press, reports similar improvement in fishing con-
ditions on Lake Erie: "Whenever I get to Lake Erie
anymore, or talk to fishermen who go there, the word
is that the water is now exceptionally clear and free of
pollution. And the fishing is improving all the time.
"I even heard that two commercial boats are fishing
out of Dunkirk, N.Y. - the first for a good many years.
"Walleyes are becoming more and more abundant
and the smallmouth bass are flourishing."
Mrs. Mary Lee Leachy, a Chicago lawyer, has been
appointed as the new Director of The Illinois EPA.
William L. Blaser, former EPA Chief, will leave
State government service and reactivate a
management consulting firm which he formerly
headed.
A memorandum of agreement has been signed
between the city of Boonville, Indiana and Southern
Indiana Gas and Electric Company (SIGECO) under
which the city will finance pollution control facilities
for SIGECO power plants and lease or sell them to the
company.
The company says the agreement will result in a
savings of $2-3 million to the consumer, who would
otherwise have had the interest cost on issuance of
corporate bonds passed on by the company in higher
kilowatt charges. The revenue bonds to be issued by
the city are tax-exempt.
The pollution control equipment will allow the power
plant to be generated solely by coal, which is mined in
the Boonville area.
Two public hearings are yet to be held in a series of
five scheduled by the Illinois Pollution Control Board
on proposed regulations to control water and air
pollution from animal wastes on farms. Hearings will
be held on January 26 at the Municipal Building in
Jacksonville, Morgan County, and on February 1 at
the Holiday Inn in Marion, Williamson County .Rock-
ford, Galesburg, and Urbana were sites of three
earlier hearings.
All phosphate detergents were to be removed from
grocery shelves in Indiana on January 1 to implement
th nation's toughest antiphosphate law, under a ruling
by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board.
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has ap-
proved a legal agreement with Reserve Mining
Company of Silver Bay, Minnesota to reduce air
pollution from the company's taconite processing
plant by at least 85 percent and possibly as much as 99
percent over the next 2J/2 years.
The plant now emits about 100 tons daily of par-
ticulate matter from its 24 smoke stacks, in violation
of state air quality regulations.
Under the agreement the company will initially be
required to spend an estimated $3 million for process
modification at the plant, chiefly for installation of roll
screens for the plant's pelletizing machines. The
second phase of the clean-up procedure would call for
the installation of air recirculation equipment
throughout the plant resulting in an added 20 percent
reduction of participate emissions. Such recirculation
devices will be installed throughout the plant if proven
effective.
The Navy has awarded a $77,000 contract to the Dow
Chemical Company of Midland, Michigan to provide
interim phosphorus removal treatment for the Great
Lakes Naval Base wastewater treatment plant
located on Lake Michigan in Illinois.
This action by the Navy complies with rulings of the
Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference of Sep-
tember 19,1972. The contract with Dow Chemical will
bring the discharge from the treatment plant within
the guidelines for acceptable phosphate content level
for the lake.
State financial assistance for fighting water
pollution in Illinois will be expanded in scope to
provide funding for construction of sewage collection
systems as well as treatment plant improvements
already eligible, an action consistent with the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. The
new Illinois program recognizes that modern
wastewater treatment facilities are an incomplete
solution if systems for bringing wastes into the
treatment plant are inadequate.
PAGE 3
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cover story
earthkeeping
by Helen Starr
Nothing ever, ever goes away.
Mister Newton was a man who saw
It's impossible to beat the
Law that nothing goes away.
Had he known we've grown a bit insane
Wanting so much more than we can use
'Stead of dancing he would sing the
Blues that nothing goes away. . .+
So goes the songs that punctuates one of a series of
nine educational television programs on the en-
vironment. Conceived and produced during the past
year by Chicago's WTTW educational TV station,
EARTHKEEPING is on the brink of a national airing
during March and April.
The idea for EARTHKEEPING was conceived at
Channel 11 in Chicago. With funding from The Cor-
poration For Public Broadcasting, two series - six
general audience programs and three young peoples
programs - were produced.
WTTW's Sherry Goodman, project director for
EARTHKEEPING, explains:
"The series deal with values that are problematical
in pollution control. We make the assumption that the
audience already knows there is a pollution crisis, but
not necessarily why or what to do about it. In the
general audience series the purpose is to channel
environmental awareness toward appropriate ac-
tion."
The Young Peoples series of three half-hour
programs has been designed especially for ages nine
through fourteen. Goodman explains the approach as
an attempt to deal with the environmental crisis in
terms of attitudes and values, "an approach rarely
taken in current ecological curricula." The series of
learning experiences is designed to make available
useful information about the natural and man-made
environments, provide opportunities for hypostheses,
generate a will to act and provide suggestions for
participation - all in an entertaining format.
"Original animation, songs, actors, and films are
incorporated to make these exceptional programs,"
declares Goodman.
Production of the programs - which Goodman
describes as "behavioral, not scientific" - has been
completed and, in fact, Chicago will have the op-
portunity to preview the series late in January (see
+Original Lyrics and Music, Chicago Educational
Television Association, Copyright 1972.
PAGE 4
box). A promotional poster outlines what can be ex-
pected:
GENERAL AUDIENCE PROGRAM SERIES:
GREENBACKS
Economy vs. Ecology. The conflict, the trade-offs, the
dilemma.
LITTLE BIG LAND
Unplanned growth and its impact on the landscape
and natural systems and resources.
SODBUSTERS
Frontier values in an urban age.
MEGAPOLIS
The proliferating man-made environment, its driving
forces, its effect on man.
CITY LIFE
A big city is only as healthy as it is responsive to its
people's needs.
HELP YOURSELF
Our dynamic relationship with the environment. How
a citizen can affect its course.
YOUNG PEOPLES PROGRAM SERIES:
WHEELIES
... the car comes out of the earth before it comes out
of Detroit. . .
GARBAGE
. . .modern man's newly created resources. . .
something you can put your hands on. . .
US AND CHANGES
... you can't fool Mother Nature - Change is always!
The Form
The program format - originally planned to be that
of a variety show, using documentary footage,
animated film and show biz bits - developed into a
sophisticated, novel organizational principle.
Goodman explains, "What we have done is to create
a kind of 'Sunday Night At The Documentaries' - a
documentary with a story line that is punctuated by
other material, but which is a sequential, whole
statement nonetheless. It is a new approach, a new
form, drawn from television, intended for a television
audience."
The form of the EARTHKEEPING series is drawn
from the fragmentation of story line that charac-
terizes commercial television. Almost any half hour
on commercial television is a "fountain of images"
and WTTW educational television felt people have
come to expect and enjoy the that flow.
"Essentially what we have done in EAR-
THKEEPING is to take the form of SUNDAY NIGHT
AT THE MOVIES and build a non-fiction show out of
that time structure," explains Goodman. "Our
documentary story line - like the story of the movie -
-------
Pot Borey, Producer of the young people's series,
sels up a shot with "Guru" Mike Nussboum for US
AND CHANGES.
is broken at logical points in the narrative. At each
break there is a visual punctuation mark. At the
break, instead of commercials, we present Second
City (a Chicago theater group) in pieces that comment
satirically on themes raised in the documentary part
of the show."
In addition to punctuation of the programs by
Second City presentations, WTTW has incorporated
interviews with a number of the nation's best known
scientists concerned with matters affecting the en-
vironment. Ecologist Barry Commoner and
economists Robert Heilbroner will discuss questions
of ecology vs. economy; the nation's best known
behavioral psychologist, B.F. Skinner, will relate
behavior and the environment. Others include
systems analyst Dennis Meadows on projections of
growth, Lewis Mumford on the urban environment,
historian Gordon Harrison on frontier values,
microbiologists J.J. Hazdra and Eric Brown on water
pollution and health, and architect Harry Weese on
new towns and old cities.
The Response
Because these are problgrams about values and
choices, Ms. Goodman hopes there will be an active
response on the part of the viewer. A viewer
willingness to act towards constructive change will be
encouraged through distribution of free materials
related to the programs. A tabloid newspaper --
EARTH TIMES - will outline the programs, include
lists of available materials, environmental groups,
and publications on the environment, and will have a
center-fold EARTHKEEPING poster.
These materials will be available at the beginning of
February from educational TV stations broadcasting
the series.
Goodman emphasizes the importance of relating the
general information presented in the EAR-
THKEEPING series to environmental problems at the
local level. The use of an advisory committee of en-
vironmentalists from universities, government,
citizens groups, has assured that input into the
programs and desired viewer response would reflect
the needs and concerns of those involved in daily value
decisions discussed in EARTHKEEPING.
"Now we are urging environmentalists to get local
groups together to discuss these problems. We hope
neighbors will gather to watch the series in order to
bring about action. We will encourage teachers to ask
students to watch the series at home, and follow with
classroom discussion."
With excitement and a merited satisfaction, Sherry
Goodman and WTTW look forward to the previews,
promotions and national airing of EARTHKEEPING.
But, they say, "Environmental problems are complex
and will be with us for a long time. Thus, this series
should be viewed as a beginning for public television
and not the final word."
. . .So recycle everything you can
If we use resources more than twice
Sinking under trash will be a
Price we'll never have to pay.+
EARTHKEEPING
Preview for Chicago Area Environmentalists
Saturday, January 27,1973
10a.m. to4p.m.
all films will be run in order continuously all day for
location information and to indicate attendance.
Call July 583-5000
James Taggert, MIT planner, demonstrates computer resources for problem solving.
PAGES
-------
government
Government Attacks Great
Lakes Shoreline Erosion
By William Omohundra
This article is the second part of a two-part series on
high water and the shoreline erosion on the Great
Lakes. In the first part of the series, which appeared
in the December edition of the Reg/on V Public Report,
Ma/. General Ernest Graves, Jr., Division Engineer for
What influence does the littoral current have on
shoreline erosion? General Graves says you definitely
get movement of beach material along the beach.
"The basic explanation for this generally is either a
strong littoral current or, and this is much more
frequent, its the angle at which the waves strike the
beach. Obviously, on the Great Lakes, this depends on
the wind because the waves on the lakes are wind-
generated."
Generally, because of prevailing winds, soft
material such as sand moves along the beach in one
direction or the other, according to the General.
"This is observed along the eastern shore of Lake
Michigan where the predominant movement is from
north to south," he says. "Now this leads to the con-
cept of whether any kind of structure that's built on
the beach interrupts this movement. There's no
question that it does."
He said it's possible to design structures so that they
interrupt the movement more or less, and to design
them so that the sane can be bypassed by various
techniques. The sand can also be bypassed by
dredging.
"It's quite evident that some of the structures built
here on the Great Lakes have interrupted the littoral
movement of sand and this has starved the beaches
down drift," he said.
Turning specifically to the breakwater at Michigan
City, Inc., which has come under fire recently for
causing heavy shoreline erosion, General Graves said,
"The Michigan City breakwater was first built in 1836
and completed in its present form in 1910. There is
severe erosion to the west of the Michigan City harbor.
We have made a (Section 111) study and concluded
that the harbor structures have caused erosion in what
would be called the shadow of the breakwater."
He said there is a very large accumulation of sand
on the east side of the breakwater, and that there has
been a gradual retreating of the shore on the west side.
"A bulkhead, which is a sheet pile wall, has been built
just to the west of Michigan City so that has stopped
the erosion at that point, but it's taking place farther
to the west and particularly it's taking place along the
shore of the town of Beverly Shores."
According to the General, the main problems at this
time are to agree on the best way to remedy the
situation and to obtain funds for the remedial work.
The Corps has proposed building some artificial
beaches in the area that have been experiencing the
most severe erosion.
PAGE 6
the North Central Division of the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, discussed the problem and the Corps'
authorities for remedying the problem. In this edition
of the public Report, General Graves continues his
discussion of the problem and possible remedies.
"This goes back to what I was saying about a beach
being a good way to protect the shore. But the cost of
these beaches would total about $7 million," he says.
Because most of the shoreline in the Beverly Shores
area is part of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore,
the Corps discussed with the Park Service the
possibility of funding by the Park Service, but neither
the Park Service nor the Corps has yet received
funding. General Graves said the matter of funding
was discussed with Great Lakes Congressmen at their
meeting Nov. 28 in Washington, B.C.
"As I said, our authority under Section 111 is limited
to $1 million. Well, the Michigan City problem is ob-
viously much bigger than that. We are trying to
complete as quickly as we can a study of a permanent
solution to this problem which could then be
authorized by Congress."
He said the Corps hoped to be able to finish the
report by the end of the 1974 fiscal year but that is
subject to funding. "The 1973 budget provides money
to begin the study but we must receive additional
funds in fiscal 1974 to get the study finished."
The General points out that beach nourishment or
building beaches as an immediate measure could be
authorized presumably without completion of the
study since that's a temporary measure that would
protect things until the study of the permanent
solution were completed and authorized.
He said the permanent solution will take more time
because the report has to be finished and it has to go to
Congress for authorization and then after that
Congress would have to appropriate the money for
construction.
If a decision were made to do the temporary beach
nourishment, he said, that could be started relatively
soon, as soon as the money were appropriated, but
that too requires Congressional action. "Neither the
Corps of Engineers nor the Park service has the
means to do this emergency repair work without
Congressional action."
General Graves said the National Park Service has
contracted with a firm, Theodore S. Leviton and
Associates, to study the problem on the Indiana Dunes
beach. "This firm has prepared a report which em-
phasizes the effect of currents on the beach. Leviton
believes the Michigan City breakwater creates tur-
bulent currents and that that's the main reason for the
accelerated erosion."
He said the Corps does not agree with the firm on
this point. "We think the problem is caused by a lit-
-------
toral drifting of sand and that the breakwater in-
terrupts this littoral drifting."
Both the Corps of Engineers and the National Park
Service are studying the Leviton report, but neither
organization has reached a final conclusion on the
problem, General Graves said the Corps will come to a
conclusion on the issue when it completes its study,
hopefully in 1974, designed to reach a permanent
solution.
The Division Engineer explained the resources
available for the study to develop a permanent
solution for the problem. "We have people in the
Chicago District of the Corps that have worked on
beach and shore protection on the Great Lakes for
some time. They're experienced engineers. We have
two men here in the North Central Division Office who
are quite expert. We also have in the Corps of
Engineers a Coastal Engineering Research Center
located in Washington which has some of the most
highly qualified people in this field in the whole United
States, I would say in the whole world."
He said if there's some aspect of the study on which
the Corps needs more help it won't hesitate to contract
for it, but that there are no plans to contract now.
He said the Corps has not closed its mind about the
desireability of changing the shape of the breakwater,
but that the Corps still believes that the main reason
that there is erosion is that we have interrupted the
littoral drift of sand. "If that's the case, then other
solutions are needed. The changing of the current will
not solve the problem because that won't provide for
the movement of sand."
Diverting Water From the Lakes
General Graves said the two lakes which have
regulating structures at their outlets, Superior and
Ontario, were approximately one-half foot above their
long-term average levels for the month of November.
The other three lakes, Michigan, Huron, and Erie,
which have open channel outlets, are approximately
two feet above their long-term average levels for this
time of year.
"Man can influence the levels of the Great Lakes to
some extent by regulation of the outlets of Lake
Superior and Lake Ontario and by diversions of water
into and out of the Basin," he said, "but the overriding
factor is the amount of precipitation."
He said this is because of the very large size of each
lake basin compared to the size of its outlet. For this
reason lake levels change slowly, and the present
levels are expected to persist for a year or two even if
precipitation returns to normal.
"It is important to recognize this situation in ad-
dressing the damage to the shoreline," he added.
He said it has been suggested that the situation
could be improved by cutting off the diversion of water
from the Albany River Basin into Lake Superior by
way of the Ogoki Project and Long Lake, by closing
the regulating gates at the outlet of Lake Superior, or
by increasing the diversion of water from Lake
Michigan down the Illinois Waterway at Chicago.
A diversion at Chicago wouldn't help much with the
overall problem. General Graves said the maximum
combined effect of cutting off the diversions into Lake
Superior and increasing the Chicago diversion would
be to reduce the level of Lakes Michigan and Huron at
a rate of less than 4 inches per year.
"If we adhere to the maximum level of Lake
Superior established by international agreement and
observed since 1914," he added, "the maximum ob-
tainable effect of closing gates at the outlet of Lake
Superior under present conditions would be to reduce
the level of Lakes Michigan and Huron by 4 inches.
"All of these matters are subject to international
agreement, and the Chicago diversion involves a
decision of the U.S. Supreme Court," he points out. He
said such ideas are appropriately the subject of a
study of lake levels now underway by the Inter-
national Joint Commission in response to references
from the two governments. The Commission has in-
dicated that the study will be completed next fall.
"These various ideas deserve condideration in the
context of a longrange regulation plan aimed at
coordinated regulation of the lakes to avoid extreme
high or low levels," he said, "but they are not very
effective as emergency measures to reduce lake
levels rapidly."
One of many cases where lake has eroded beaches.
PAGE 7
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EPA A
Pesticide Use Temporarily Okayed
EPA has permitted the continued use of the
pesticides Aldrin and Dieldrin pending the outcome of
a public hearing scheduled to begin next April.
This action follows a voluntary withdrawal by the
Shell Oil Company, sole manufacturer of technical
grade aldrin and dieldrin, of the registration of
products for fire and control and granules for termite
control. The primary uses of the two "pesticides to be
continued are soil treatment for corn and citrus fruit,
orchard trunk spraying, and foliage application on
certain fruits and vegetables.
The decision is in response to a May 1972 order of the
District of Columbias Federal Circuit Court of
Appeals which directed the Agency to review its
previous decision not to suspend the remaining aldrin-
dieldrin uses immediately.
ORSANCO RECEIVES EPA GRANT
EPA has approved a $195,800 grant to the Ohio River
Valley Water Sanitation Commission to assist it in
implementation of its Water Pollution Control
Program for Fiscal Year 1973. The grant is intended
to support the Commission's efforts in relation to its
member states and national strategy for the effective
reduction and elimination of water pollution in the
Ohio River and its tributaries.
In his letter to ORSANCO Chairman Edgar Henry,
Midwest EPA Regional Administrator Francis Mayo
noted with approval the Commission's intention to
proceed with a full appraisal of the present Ohio River
electronic monitoring program and to assess the role
which the Commission's activities should play in
relation to state and Federal monitoring activities.
EPA will participate in this appraisal.
Solid Waste Study Contract
For Minority Firm
EPA has awarded a $96,000 contract to Dimpex
Associates, Inc. of New York, a black-owned con-
sulting and research firm to study and make
recommendations for the correction of solid waste
problems in inner city areas.
The contract is part of EPA's stated goal of placing
nearly $10 million worth of procurements with
minority owned or controlled businesses during Fiscal
1973.
One inner city area in each of seven cities including
Chicago will be examined as to the kind and amount of
solid waste generated, the magnitude of the problem,
the efficiency of its collection, and the relationship
with other characteristics of the area such as
population density and income levels.
PAGES
Lead-Free Gasoline Required
By 1974
Final regulations requiring the general availability
at gasoline stations of at least one grade of unleaded
gasoline by July 1, 1974, have been promulgated by
EPA.
EPA has also reproposed annual reductions of lead
content in all other grades of gas, beginning January
1, 1975 and extending to January 1, 1978, for health
protective reasons.
The one grade of lead-free gas required by 1974 must
be of at least 91 Research Octane Number and must
also be phosphorus free.
Davies Named Director
of Grosse lie Laboratory
Dr. Tudor T. Davies has been named Director of the
Gross He Laboratory, Grosse lie, Michigan, one of
nine associate labs in the National Environmental
Research Center - Corvallis research complex.
Dr. Davies will direct research and technical
development work related to the Great Lakes, in-
dustrial waste and dredging. He will also serve as
EPA coordinator of the International Field Year on
the Great Lakes which is an interdisciplinary study on
Lake Ontario being conducted jointly by the U.S. and
Canada.
Prior to his appointment, Dr. Davies served on the
special Projects Staff of EPA's Office of Research and
Monitoring in Washington, D.C. A native of Great
Britain, he recieved his bachelor's degree and doc-
torate in geochemistry form the University of Wales.
Comments Sought on Water
Quality Standards
EPA is seeking public comments on intrastate
water quality standards now under review as required
by the new water pollution control law.
The deadline for public comments is February 12.
Comments on interstate standards were accepted
until January 11. The 1972 Amendments require all
states and territories to have intrastate water quality
standards - in addition to interstate standards
previously required by law - to protect their interior
waters. (See "Planning and the New Water
Legislation" page 2)
Lasers Used to Trace Air Pollution
The use of laser beams for remote optical finger-
printing of the air pollutant sulfur dioxide is being
investigated by the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology under a $174,000 EPA one-year contract.
In the first stage of the project a tiny semiconductor
diode laser recently developed at MIT's Lincoln
-------
riON
Moratory is being used to measure experimentally
tow much sulfur dioxide and participate matter are
iresent in smoke stack gases.
By shining the light from the one-millimeter - long
levice off a retroreflector, it is possible to measure
ihe amounts of pollutants present. Normally a sensing
levide must be placed in the stack itself to measure a
pollutant. EPA also hopes to use this method for
'emote sensing of effluents entering the ambient air.
iPA Extends Time For Farm
Regulation Comments
EPA is extending the time for public comment on
procedures for obtaining wastewater discharge
permits by agriculture until January 20.
EPA proposed forms for obtaining wastewater
discharge permits by agriculture, forestry and, fish
farms on December 5, 1972. The Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 require
each discharger to apply for a permit within 180 days
of the enactment of the law, which was on October 18,
H972.
The Agency is especially interested in comments
and information from persons who engage in
agriculture but whose operations may have only an
intermittent, infrequent, or small discharge with little
or no effect upon the quality of any water.
Interim Authority Granted
to Ten States
Interim authority has been granted to ten states to
issue permits for the discharge of wastewater into
navigable waters. The ten states to receive this
authority are California, Georgia, Iowa, Michigan,
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oregon and
Washington.
Under the new Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972, cities, industry and agriculture
must have permits for discharging wastewater.
Interim authority is granted to a state which has the
capability of administering a permit program which
will carry out the objective of this act. Since the in-
terim authority expires on March 18, the EPA will
assume authority for issuing permits at the end of the
interim period unless final approval of state programs
to issue permits on a permanent basis is granted by
then.
Air Case Appeal
The EPA is seeking a Supreme Court appeal of the
recent District Court decision in the case of Sierra
Club vs. Ruckelshaus. EPA is appealing the decision
due to a number of complex issues involved. That
decision required EPA to promulgate regulations
preventing "significant deterioration" of air quality in
areas where the air is already cleaner than required
by Federal standards. EPA has contended that the
Clean Air Act of 1970 does not require significant
deterioration provisions in the state im-
plementation plans.
EPA Contract Awarded
to Chicago MSD
EPA has awarded a $15,000 contract to the Greater
Chicago Metropolitan Sanitary District (MSD) for a
training program in waste treatment operation
designed to upgrade skills of twnety-three employees.
The purpose of the program is to provide skilled
manpower in an area where there is a critical need for
non-professional, trained personnel. The 22-week
course is the third of its kind held by the MSD since
1969 under interagency agreements betwen EPA and
the funding agencies.
EPA Approves Six Water Supplies
in Region V
EPA has classified six water supplies in Illinois as
having met established Federal standards for use by
interstate carriers. They are the cities of Des Plaines,
Peoria, Lemont, Moline, Wood River and Belleville.
The water supplies from which carriers take the
water which they serve to passengers must meet
standards set by EPA under Federal quarantine
regulations. The EPA classifications are part of a
continuing inspection program by the Agency
assisting the US Food and Drug Administration with
its responsibility for certifying water carried by in-
terstate carriers. Eighty-five water supplies are
presently approved under the program.
Water Pollution Control Grants
Grants have been made to the states of Indiana and
Minnesota by EPA to support water pollution control
programs during the 1973 fiscal year.
A $241,400 grant to Minnesota was approved on the
basis of suitability of the state's goals and feasibility
of accomplishing them. Early in 1973 the adequacy
and capability of Minnesota's water quality sur-
veillance system will be evaluated. Additional grant
funds of $79,900 have been set aside for the state's
water pollution control needs.
Indiana's $360,100 grant is expected to insure the
state of having enough resources to accomplish
mutually agreed upon environmental objecties. An
additional $105,900 has been reserved for further
assistance to the Indiana Stream Pollution Board in
' cont. on page 15
PAGE 9
-------
citizen action
by William Omohundro
Two Women Establish Nature Study Program
In Appleton, Wisconsin two local physicians' wives
initiated a "grass roots" education program to inform
young students of their natural heritage.
Two years ago, Mrs. Lloyd Williams and Mrs.
Edward Zeiss, both dedicated conservationists and
ecologists, saw that public and parochial school
facilities in the Appleton area were not adequate to
teach nature study in the out-of-doors so they decided
to take action.
Working in cooperation with two existing local
organizations, Natural Areas Preservation, Inc. and
the Environmental Quality Council, Inc., they formed
an organization which they call Outagamie Nature
Studies, Inc. Outagamie is the name of the county in
which Appleton is located.
Since its inception two years ago, the organization
has grown to almost 50 members who donate time,
effort and money to do a job which the schools and the
average parent cannot do.
Appleton attorney and businessman Gordon A.
Bubolz, who serves as secretary-treasurer of
Appleton's Environmental Quality Council, Inc., says
the volunteers, mostly women, have taken the time to
learn the fundamentals of ecology and conservation in
order to instruct the local youngsters. To train the
membership to interpret nature and the environment,
the organization provided them with packets of in-
formation and arranged for lectures by experts.
School administrators and teachers as well as
parent groups in the area were informed of the project
and its goals, and students were freed from their
normal classroom work to participate in one-day field
trips.
Getting together at the "plant station".
PAGE 10
The group set up shop in a renovated barn on a farm
six miles west of Appleton at the junction of State
Highways 45 and 10, and called the spot the Nature
Center. During the months of May and September
they have welcomed busloads of fourth graders from
the local school systems five days a week. Both
women feel that the fourth graders are at an ideal age
to derive maximum benefit from the out-of-doors field
trip.
"The fourth graders are extremely receptive to the
experience and they soak up knowledge like sponges,"
said Mrs. Williams.
Four Areas Stressed
At the Nature Center, the organization has struc-
tured its field day around four areas of interest:
animals, plants, pond and soil.
A typical field day begins at 9:30 a.m. with the
arrival of the students. Four groups of 12 to 14 students
are formed to participate in the day's activities held at
the barn and at the animal, plant, pond and soil
stations.
"Each station has a basic concept and a personal
involvement experience for the children," Mrs. Zeiss
pointed out.
At the animal station the students learn that plants
are essential to animal life. They learn that some
animals eat plants, others eat animals, and some eat
both.
"We talk about clues that animals leave, what they
need to live and what special features they have to
keep them safe and that they use to catch their food,"
Mrs. Xeiss added.
At the animal stations the students go to treasure
hunts and make plaster casts of animal footprints.
At the plant station the students learn that the leaf is
a factory which manufactures food and oxygen, that it
purifies the air, and is a beautifier. The youngsters
observe textures and shapes of leaves and make leaf
prints.
"When the students move to the soil station they
learn that the outer crust of the earth is made of rock,
the foundation of all soil," Mrs. Williams noted. "The
station leaders point out that the elements: wind, sun
and rain, heat and cold, all play a part in the formation
of the soil."
The students learn that plant and animal life dies
and returns to the soil making elements available for
new plant growth. Further, the student use
magnifying glasses to examine the life found in the
soil and do water erosion and percolation tests.
"We discuss life in the pond and the food web, or
'who eats whom'," she said. "To examine the life in
the pond the children use magnifying glasses."
To close the day's activities the students are shown
color slides selected to reinforce what they have
learned during the day and to reemphasize the inter-
relationship of all living things and man's special
position in the eco-system.
"We try to leave them with the thought that it is fun
to learn, that the more they come to understand about
conto on page 14
-------
'VOL. 4 £NO. 20 November 30. 1972
Where have the students who used to be so "into"
the environmental movement gone? On campuses
where environmental interest was once so intense, it
seems they have gone underground.
Not so, say the young people who run the Michigan
Student Environmental Confederation (MSEC) in
Lansing, Michigan. "The movement's more
sophisticated and less emotional now. We're ap-
pealing to a straight crowd. We're working with hard-
core environmentalists, not just student groups."
And so it seems. The MSEC staff members seem to
be a new synthesis of young irreverence and
traditional cooper a tiveness badly needed in the en-
vironmental movement.
"One of the problems we have had in the past," says
new coordinator Eric Bauman, "is that we have been
run by 'consensus.' No one was really in charge. We're
now moving towards a more coordinated approach.
We're going to set up an advisory board of
professionals -- lawyers, accountants, etc. -- to help us
get on more solid footing."
The main publication of the Confederation is
Michigan Earth Beat, an eight-page tabloid published
fortnightly. Editor Bob Ahronheim says he is not
discouraged that circulation is only 500. "That's an
all-time high," he exclaims. Earth Beat is only one of
dozens of environmental newsletters published on a
regular basis in Michigan. "It gets put together by
osmosis," admits Ahronheim. "I wish I was an old
crusty editor of the Northwoods Call or something
where things get down - slap ~ slap. But the
newspaper really reflects what we're doing and where
we're going and it's really the group which puts it
together. We try to cover the legislature in Lansing on
a full-time basis so people can know what's going on.
And we try to give them information that's helpful:
like the effects of highway salt on their autos, how to
get messages to the media, calendars of events,
what's going on in environmental education. We even
publish violations released by the State Department of
Agriculture's Bureau of Consumer Protection. We try
to be action-oriented."
Like many other environmental publications, Earth
Beat is barely struggling along, even with sub-
scription costs running between $4 (students) and $10
per year (individuals). Ahronheim is hoping the post
office will grant the newspaper second-class mailing
privileges. "In the past we had to use first class,
especially because of the dated legislative in-
formation," says Ahronheim.
environmental education
Student
Movement
Goes Straight
by Frank Corrado
MSEC was founded by two former Michigan State
University students, one of whom, Walt Pomeroy, is
still with it, though he is about to leave. "This has been
so much an extension of Walt Pomeroy," says one
staff member, "we will have to really reorganize the
whole operation." Pomeroy has brought high visibility
to the Confederation because of his involvement on the
State scene as a leading student environmentalist,
serving on the Governor's committees and the like.
It's tie to the establishment is partly facilitated by its
proximity to the State capitol and more than one day a
week, the long-haired male staffers show up in coat
and tie because of some appearance to be made in the
community or before the government.
Staff members receive little pay. Most of men
staffers have wives with better jobs but feel they won't
be able to remain with the confederation forever. Says
education specialist Don Albrecht, "It amazes us how
long we've been able to survive."
Other Confederation activities include Albrecht's
representation on the task force working on a state
master plan for environmental education, organizing
an environmental action network to help com-
munications between Michigan environmental
groups, and organization of cooperative summer
projects with the State of Michigan Health Depart-
ment.
The summer Student Environmental Health
Projects have been run for the past two summers and
appear to be one of the most successful of the projects
attempted by the Confederation. The projects in-
volved supervision of up to 90 students during the past
two summers in survey projects which included
locating abandoned autos in several Michigan
counties, testing for lead paint in inner city areas,
surveying domestic air pollution sources, en-
vironmental mapping and rodent control projects. The
cooperative project, which will probably continue
again this summer, was managed by the Con-
federation which also recruited the students. Coming
up next spring is a canoe trip which will be tied into
fund-raising.
"We're going to stay non-partisan," says Bauman,
"but we're going to continue to cover the legislature
and continue to lobby for environmental causes, even
though we will continue not to be tax-exempt."
"Our main job, right now," he goes on, "is to get on
a better organizational footing, and to get more young
people involved in projects like the health studies."
PAGE 11
-------
business
by William Omohundro
OHIO FEEDLOT EXPERIMENT PROMISES
ECONOMYAND AN END TO POLLUTION
Fresh air, clean water, and beef for less money.
These are some of the benefits that could result from a
feedlot experiment underway on the headwaters of
Ohio's Little Miami River between Columbus and
Dayton.
For the past three years Ohio Feed Lot Inc. located
near South Charleston has been trying to find out how
it can end odors and polluting wastes at its 12,000-head
feedlot.
The corporation's goal is to " demonstrate,
document and further improve a safe and profitable
method of totally recycling composted feedlot waste
products."
In addition to ending unsavory smells and pollution
from the feedlot, experts hired by the corporation say
"... a classic example of private
enterprise going ahead to resolve
pressing issues and still make a profit."
that as much as 39 percent could be saved on a 1,000 Ib.
steer selling for $330 on the hoof if the waste compost is
recycled as a feed and used as a soil conditioner on a
50-50 basis.
"The national annual value of this process might be
estimated at $7.7 billion or $128 a head," say the
company-hired consultants.
After studying the operation, an EPA Region V
agricultural expert calls the project "a classic
example of private enterprise going ahead, on its own,
to resolve pressing issues and still make a profit."
For the past three years a team of seven in-
vestigators headed by Dr. William Hackett, a London,
Ohio, veterinarian, have been working on the South
Charleston project.
Dr. Hackett and his six deputy investigators who are
each specialists in a particular facet of the project
have been working on six major categories of
problems which are interdependent.
Each deputy investigator in turn has his own team
of experts and consultants who do the detailed
technical work in each of the major categories of the
project.
The categories are: (1) Waste handling,
stabilization, pasteurization, and odor including
monitoring of local and regional air and stream
pollution; (2) Cattle housing design construction,
operation and motoring; (3) Cattle disease and beef
contamination control through waste treatment.
Also, (4) Nutritional value of treated, recycled
waste; (5) Value of composted waste to the soil and
crop production; (6) Economic aspects of the many
facets of the project including protein to the exploding
population of the world.
Briefly, the complete feedlot system as it's now
operated is under sheds and spaced to solve odor
problems. Bedding used in the feed pens is composed
of such substances as shredded tree bark, and
sawdust. The feed pens are mechanically cleaned
about every two weeks, and the waste from the
PAGE 12
cleaning operation is taken to another covered shed
where the material is composted at 174 to 180 degrees.
Following the treatment, which takes five days, the
compost is bagged and sold to nursery's and farmers
for application to soils. This takes care of the complete
waste'load with no discharge to surface waters or to
underdrains. Further, the treated material has been
fed to the cattle under experimental conditions.
The corporation expects the project will have far
reaching effects. It believes the results will prove
feasible for the nation's feedlots in which some
60,000,000 cattle are fattened for slaughter.
Dr. Hackett says the process will be modified so as
to be equally applicable to dairy farms of 100 or more
cattle. Further, he notes, it is likely that it will be
applicable to the hygienic feeding of hogs and other
domestic animals and birds.
"The animal waste handling and treatment
mehtods, which are being tested by the project,
produce a stabilized, pasteurized and valuable
product for an overall cost of. about $3 per ton of
waste," said Dr. Hackett.
He said the economic composting of the wastes,
under ideal conditions, will provide a valuable end
product for a major component to the animal's diet
worth about $30 to $40 a ton.
"Composted to a different set of specifications," he
pointed out, "the wastes provide a valuable soil
conditioner when used on the barren or semi-barren
portion of a farm." He says such wastes produce 100
percent productivity and are worth $25 to $30 a ton.
Dr. Hackett said the process adds to the profitability
of the feed lot operation rather than becoming a
financial burden which must be passed along as
higher meat prices because the economic value of the
treated waste exceeds the cost of handling and
treatment.
"The complete waste of the animals of the feedlot is
collected and treated in an inoffensive manner leaving
zero discharge of bacterial, organic and nutrient
pollutants to the environment," he said.
The new mehtods developed are expected to provide
a new understanding of keeping animals healthy, and
provide a new tool for breaking the chain which
spreads many cattle diseases.
Each animal produces about 9 tons of bedding, urine
and manure a year as it comes to the compost
digester, according to experience at the Ohio Feed
Lot.
"The cost of processing is about $2 a ton of raw
material, or with 50 percent shrinkage in weight
during composting, about $4 a ton of end product
containing 30 percent moisture," says Dr. Hackett.
He says the value of compost if used as a cattle food
is about $40 a ton while the value of the compost if it is
used as a soil conditioner on barren farm land is about
$25 a ton.
"The project," points out Dr. Hackett, "will convert
large economic losses into even larger economic gains
through its economic handling and treatment of
animal wastes."
-------
collectanea
coMec-ta-ne-a ik&lMvta'nta), n. pi. collected pas-
sages; a miscellany; aathologry. [t. L, neut. pi. of col-
teclaneus col I ec led")
NEW ITEMS
New General Publications
"Don't Leave It All To The Experts." The Citizen's Role in
Environmental Decision Making
"Your World, My World." A Book for Young Environ-
mentalists (single copies only)
"The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972. Highlights."
EPA Publishes Progress
Report
A 117-page document titled Environmental Protection
Agency - A Progress Report has been published by EPA. With
an introductory section describing the legislative background
and functions of the Agency, the report covers EPA activities
in air and water quality, solid waste management, pesticides,
radiation, and noise. Other chapters include discussions of the
economic impact of pollution control, EPA regional activities,
and enforcement.
Copies of the EPA history are available for $2 each from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington. D.C. 20402.
Expro '73 Lists Research
Projects To Be Funded
EPA has published a listing of $34 million in research,
development, and demonstration projects scheduled to be
funded in FY1973. The publication, EXPRO '73 (Extramural
Projects), is designed to acquaint the R & D community with
the aims and procedures of EPA's Office of Research and
Monitoring which supports research efforts related to
pollution control.
The book lists specific grant and contract projects planned
for funding during the remainder of this fiscal year. EXPRO
will be up-dated quarterly and will include projects for which
a grantee or contractor has not been selected and for which
funds are still available.
Copies of the 252-page publication are available from
Region V's Office of Research and Monitoring, One North
Wacker Drive, Chicago, 60606 or from the Resource
Management Branch, Office of Research and Monitoring,
U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460 (Telephone 703-557-0503).
Engineering Booklet
on Flouridation
The "Fluoridation Engineering Manual" aimed at assisting
local and state engineers in the design of fluoridation in-
stallation, discusses compounds used in fluoridation, methods
of injecting fluorides into water systems, preparation of
fluoride solutions, selection of an appropriate installation,
control, maintenance, safety and technical problems.
Copies of the 94-page manual are available without charge
from the Water Supply Programs Division, Office of Water
Programs Operation, Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 20460.
Manual on Inspecting Waste
water Treatment Plants
A manual to assist in evaluating the performance of
wastewater treatment plants details the processes used in
wastewater treatment, describes common problems affecting
plant operation and lists corrective measures. .The manual,
"Procedures for Evaluating Performance of Wastewater
Treatment Plants," provides technical guidance to State and
local inspectors and technicians involved in evaluating plants.
Limited numbers of copies, in a loose-leaf binder form are
available through the Operation and Maintenance Branch,
Municipal Wastewater Systems Division, Office of Water
Programs Operations, EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460.
EPA Water Supply Inventory
EPA has released a report which lists over 500 Federally-
certified water supply systems used by interstate carries.
Entitled "Inventory of Interstate Carrier Water Supply
Systems" the report lists the name of each supply system, the
population it serves, approval status, dates of most recent
state and federal surveys and date of last reported bac-
teriological examination.
Copies of the inventory are available from the Water Supply
Division, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D.C, 20460.
Report on Radiation
Health Risks
A National Academy of Sciences advisory committee report
called ' 'The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels
of Ionizing Radiation" analyzes current scientific knowledge
of health risks from ionizing radiation exposure.
Single copies of the report are available on request from the
Public Inquiries Branch, Office of Public Affairs, EPA, Room
206, Waterside Mall, Washington, D.C. 20460. Additional
copies may be purchased from the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20401.
Study on Emissions Control
and Gas Mileage
According to an EPA report on "Fuel Economy and
Emission Control", emission control devices on modern
automobiles are not the major cause of reduced fuel economy,
The report lists causes of increased fuel consumption, fuel
economy data and an appendix showing comparative fuel
consumptions. The report concludes that today's car buyer
has available to him a choice of many types of vehicles and
this is the reason for varying figures on fuel consumption.
Single copies of the EPA report are available from the
Public Inquiries Branch, Office of Public Affairs, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460.
New Films
"Get Together". The first film about environmental
cleanup in the Midwest. Shows activities in Detroit, Chicago,
Franklin (Ohio) and other midwestern cities. Produced by the
Region V Office of Public Affairs. 28 minutes, color, sound.
"Come Learn With Me". Documentary film especially for
teachers, showing a radically different approach to en-
vironmental education based on "learning by doing"
Produced by Region V Office of Public Affairs in cooperation
with Cleveland Institute for Environmental Education. 14
minutes, color, sound. Both films are available free through
MODERN TALKING PICTURE SERVICE, INC., 160 East
Grand Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611. Order at least four
weeks in advance. Give alternate dates.
PAGE 13
-------
As a matter of public record, notices of EPA hearings,
proposed rule makings, promulgations of regulations, and
other regulatory actions are published in the daily Federal
Register, available at most libraries (including the Region V
library) or by annual subscription of $25 from the U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
December 12. AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS. EPA proposes
standards related to control of aircraft air pollution and to
ground operation to control emissions. Comments within 60
days.
ALDRIN AND DIELDRIN. EPA, responding to court order
for reconsideration, rejects requests for immediate ban on
remaining uses; urges self-regulation by producers; deter-
mines to consider issue of tolerance for residues in or on
foods.
December 13. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENTS. EPA comments available.
December 16. ENVIRONMENT. EPA rule making
proposals on tolerances for methomyl and revocation of
tolerances on monuron, EPA notices establishing and ex-
tending temporary tolerances for certain herbicides.
December 19. WATER POLLUTION. Notice of public
hearings by International Joint Commission on pollution of
Great Lakes system from land use activities.
December 22. ENVIRONMENT. EPA issues final
guidelines for State participation in National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System,
December 27. DDT CANCELLATION. EPA announces
January 13, 1&73 public meeting in Seattle regarding can-
cellation of registration.
PESTICIDES. EPA notice of a tolerance petition for the
fungicide carboxin from Uniroyal. EPA sets tolerance for the
fungicide benomyl.
December 28. AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS CONTROL. Notice
of public hearing on control of air pollution from aircraft and
aircraft engines and ground operation of aircraft to control
emissions.
SOLiP WASTE LITERATURE
Solid Waste Fact Book, Litter Fact Book, Questions &
Answers about the reclamation and recycling of glass con-
tainers. From Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, Inc.,
International Club Building, 1800 K Street N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20006.
Guidelines for Glass Recycling in Your Community, Who
Recycles and Why?, Environmental Aspects of Glass Con-
tainers, Environmental Aspects of Plasti-SMeld Containers,
Handling of Glass Containers to be Recycled. From Owens-
Illinois, Glass Container Division, Office of Environmental
Affairs, Toledo, Ohio 43601.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
A brochure on "Summer Jobs in Federal Agencies" is
available from the Civil Service Commission, Washington
D.C. 20415. It describes opportunities and requirements for
summer employment with the U.S. Government both in
Washington and throughout the nation.
cent, from page 2
Water quality standards at present consist of three
basic parts. First, the states must designate a par-
ticular use (public water supplies, fish and wildlife)
for a stream or section of a stream. Secondly, the
standards must include the criteria necessary to
maintain the designated uses and thirdly, they must
contain an implementation schedule.
Under the 1972 Amendments interstate water
quality standards already adopted by the states and
approved by the federal government remain in effect
unless EPA determine by January 18 that they are not
consistent with the objectives of the old law. If a state
Nature
cont. from page 9
nature, the more they will care about it," added Mrs,
Williams. "We believe we give them a happy day,"
She said the group hopes to be able to expand the
program in the future to make it possible for older age
groups to be included.
During the three, four-week sessions that have
already been held over 3,600 fourth graders from 50
elementary schools have visited the Nature Center.
Over 500 adults have also visited.
"Our volunteers are terrific," said Mrs. Williams.
"Some help with displays and posters, but the
majority serve as trail guides. They are inspired and
dedicated people with a great love for the out-of-doors
and a desire to share their enthusiasm with the
children."
PAGE 14
with unsatisfactory standards fails to revise them
adequately within 90 days after January 18, EPA must
set appropriate standards for the state.
By last November 17, States with existing intrastate
standards were required to submit them for EPA
review. Such standards will automatically become
effective unless EPA notifies the state within 120 days
of the submission (approximately mid-March) that
they are inconsistent with the objectives of the old law.
If a state with unsatisfactory standards fails to revise
them adequately within 90 days EPA is required to
make the revisions.
EPA is accepting public comments on intrastate
standards until February 12.
(A notice in the Federal Register on December 29,
1972, identifies interstate and intrastate water quality
standards to be considered by EPA.)
For the case where no intrastate standards have
been adopted, the state has 180 days to adopt stan-
dards.
The new law also requires the Water Resources
Council, through the Basin Commissions, to develop
by January l, 1980, level "B" plans for each River
Basin in the country. At present four of the five basin
areas have at least a broad level * 'A'' plan. The fifth is
under preparation. Level "B" plans are more detailed
for individual river basins or portions of river basins.
Although detailed comments on how planning ac-
tivities will finally be affected by the new legislation
cannot be forthcoming until the promulgation of the
guidelines, it seems safe to say that a new era is here.
EPA's Planning Branch will be moving ahead in its
attempt to stop pollution before it starts.
-------
media
ALLIE ALLIE
IN FREE
by Frank Corrodo
Home safe. Out of harm's way. The kids on the
street yell "Allie Allie In Free" And so with a street
game does an unusual environmental film begin.
"Allie Allie In Free" was filmed in Cleveland last
summer by Cleveland State communications
professor, Dr. Estelle Zannes, who has been a long-
term and astute observer of the local scene there. She
did the film in conjunction with a local citizens group,
The Area Councils Association.
ACA is an old-time coordinating group for 19 neigh-
borhood community groups in inner-city Cleveland. It
has long been a spokesman for improving local con-
ditions for both blacks and whites and has been con-
cerned with inner-city environmental problems, like
air pollution, congestion and solid waste.
Under a $2,500 grant from EPA's Public Affairs
Office, ACA and Dr. Zannes put the documentary
together and secured one-half hour of television time
in mid-December for airing the documentary. The
documentary played in prime-time, and its uniques
point of view - the citizen's view of his community -
was succinctly stated in the station's advertising
before the broadcast: "The People of Cleveland
Proudly Present the People of Cleveland."
The documentary, as a really a community
statement, was a rare combination of community
concern, professional commitment and television
public-mindedness- combined to produce a unique
product.
Allie Allie In Free looked at the city as a "house"
through the eyes of young children, with their com-
ments, drawings, games and perceptions of crime,
housing, environment and other issues. It was a
unique attempt to show the interrelatedness of these
issues and the need for a place to live that is "safe"
and "out of harm's way." The documentary will soon
be converted into a movie version, and there are some
indications it will be shown again.
Rev. Earl Cunningham, president of ACA, said,
"When television, the university, the citizen, the city
and the Federal government are able to cooperate on
a project like this, the word we use is not success, but
rather hope -- hope for this city."
_
Dr. Estelle Zones of Cleveland State University.
EPA
cont. from page 10
administering its water pollution control plan during
the last half of the fiscal year.
Standards Proposed For
Aircraft Emissions
EPA has proposed standards to limit pollution
emissions for new and in-use aircraft, jet and pistol, of
smoke, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides. The Clean Air Act of 1970 requires regulations
ensuring complicance with these standards to be
issued by the Secretary of Transportation. The
standards will take effect over the period of 1974-79
depending on the engine and the pollutant.
As required under the Act, public hearings will be
held on the proposed regulations at dates, time and
places to be announced shortly. Written comments on
the regulations may be submiteted to EPA within 60
days.
At the same time EPA released a study of the extent
to which aircraft emissions affect air quality and the
technological feasiblity of controlling such emissions.
Also released was advance notice of proposed rule
making to reduce emissions in ground operations.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Abandoned Vehicles
This is in reference to your mention of Minnesota's
abandoned motor vehicle program on page 15 of the
November 1972 edition of the Region V Public Report.
The Agency has, or is processing, contracts for
collection of abandoned motor vehicles in ap-
proximately twenty-six counties. This year, the
program will move approximately 25,000 abandoned
motor vehicles. We estimate that there are ap-
proximately 250,000 abandoned vehicles scattered
throughout the state. At our present rate, it will take a
few years to solve the problem. Costs have been
higher than originally anticipated due to the low scrap
prices in this region and a lack of competition in the
bidding process. Presently, we are spending ap-
proximately $25.00 per unit to move vehicles from the
outstate area to final disposal at scrap processors.
Yours very truly,
Donald J. Kyser, Chief
Section of Investigation and
Technical Assistance
Division of Solid Waste
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
PAGE 15
-------
Public Report Marks First Anniversary
This issue marks the first anniversary of the Region
V Public Report.
During our first year we have tried to bring you an
overview of environmental activities in the Midwest -
the efforts of citizens, government, business and
media to clean up in the six states of Region V. In this
issue we included an index to Public Reports
published during 1972.
While our technical problems in getting a new
publication into production may have presented
distractions, we hope that you have stayed with us and
have let us know when you had a suggestion.
As we begin 1973 we look forward to continuing to
bring you news of our progress as Midwesterners in
protecting our natural environment.
-Helen P. Starr, Editor
- Ann N. Hooe, Art Director
THE YEAR IN REVIEW
JANUARY
"The Youth Advisory Board . ."
"Pollution and the Family Farmer"
"Environmental Impact Statements"
FEBRUARY
"WPC Board Makes Farm Pollution
Recommendations"
"Inner-City and the Environment"
"Franklin, Ohio Sets Recycling Pace"
"EPA Supports Progress With
Demonstration Grants"
MARCH
"Tax Write-offs for Businessmen"
"Florides"
"EPA Enforcement Field Activities"
APRIL
"Region V Officials Play Key Role in
Chlorine Barge Incident"
"Anatomy of a Cleanup"
"Standards Must Be Enforced"
"Making The Great Lakes Great
Again"
"Judge Decrees Cleveland Regional
Sewer District"
MAY
"The President's Environmental
Merit Awards"
"Oil Spills in the Midwest: A Serious
Problem"
"The Incomparable Lee Bolts"
"Some Thoughts on NEPA and the
EIS"
"A Tale of Two Lakes"
"Contract Compliance"
JUNE
"State Air Implementation Plans"
"Enforcement Procedures"
"Back to Nature in Kalamazoo"
"Air Problems in Michigan"
"Environmental Guidelines for
Summer Homes"
'"No Discharge' Standards"
JULY - AUGUST
"Gillard Works to Close Dumps"
"Village Commission Controls
Polluters"
"U. of Minnesota Near Conclusion of
Lake Study"
"A Report From CACC"
"EPA Aircraft Makes Eutrophication
Study"
"Bulrushes: Future Wastewater
Treatment?"
"EPA And Chicago Cooperate on
Youth Programs"
SEPTEMBER
"Reducing Region V Noise"
"Power for the People"
"Getting Inside the Outside"
"Environmental Exercises"
OCTOBER - NOVEMBER
"Environmental Information: Public
Right or Private Resource"
"EPA Information Sources and
Services"
"The Conquest of the Overload"
"Synopsis of Major Provisions of the
Conference 'Water Bill'"
"WCA Making News ..."
"EPA Begins Wisconsin Cleanup"
NOVEMBER
"Twin Cities: Busing Out the CO"
"The Debuggified, Irradiated,
Decibel-Counting Waste Watchers
and Their Brave New World"
"Lake Michigan and the Water Bill"
"Water Pollution and the Rule of
Law"
"Hazardous Materials Symposium"
"LJC To Begin Lake Superior Study"
"Environmental Legislation Expands
EPA Authority"
"Comparison of FIFRA and FEPCA"
DECEMBER
"New Ohio EPA Begins Work"
"High Water and Shoreline Erosion on
the Great Lakes"
"New 'Gleam' In The Navy's Eyes"
"The Saga of Chrysler's 'Clean'
Foundry"
"Citizens Meet in Bay City to Discuss
Lake Huron Development"
FROM:
Office of Public Affairs
United States Environmental Protection Agency
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Third Class Bulk-Rate
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA-335
PAGE 16
-------
Region V Public Report
February, 1973
Knutson and Hetland working towards quality of life in our cities.
-------
government
POLLUTION - AN
for the nation . . .
Following are excerpts of an address
delivered by Carol M. Thomas, Director of EPA's
Office of Civil Rights and Urban Affairs, on
November 18. 1972.
The selection of this Conference's theme, "Pinpoint
Pollution for Neighborhood Survival," is a reflection of our
common commitment not only to the "survival" of our urban
neighborhoods, but also to substantial improvement in the
general quality of life in those neighborhoods .
Let us turn to the specific EPA grants funds that may be
available to organizations for neighborhood programs or
projects.
1. Research and Development (R &D)
R & D grants in the areas of air pollution control,
pesticides, radiation, solid waste, and water pollution
control are available to eligible non-profit institutions such
as universities and colleges, hospitals, laboratories, State
and local government departments, other public or private
non-profit institutions and individuals of unusually high
demonstrated scientific ability.
The objectives of R & D grants vary depending^ upon the
subject area involved. however, the major emphasis
is that of scientific or technological advancement in the
general area of pollution abatement and control.
2. Demonstration Grants
This category of grants is available in the areas of water
and air pollution control, and solid waste management, to
States, municipalities, interstate and intermunicipal
agencies, industry, public and private non-profit agencies
and institutions and individuals. Unlike R&D grants,
demonstration grants would appear to afford the best
avenue to EPA grant funds open to local organizations and
instituitons to support neighborhood programs. However,
that support is limited by the very nature of the grants, i.e.,
they are for demonstration purposes only.
As in the case of R&D grants, the principal objectives of
demonstration grants vary depending upon the subject
area involved.
Grant applicants are cautioned, however, that the Agency
only solicits solid waste demonstration grant applications
in priority areas. At this juncture, it appears that the trend
is definitely away from the financial support of neigh-
borhood recycling projects, in favor of municipal or public
utility use of consumable solid waste as a secondary or
auxiliary fuel source. Examples of this approach may be
found in St. Louis, Missouri, New York City, and soon in
Montgomery County, Maryland. One of the apparent
reasons for this trend is the failure of salvage markets to
develop properly.
If. Manpower Development and Training Grants
Such grants are available in the areas of air and water
pollution control and quality, radiation control, and solid
waste management. Eligible applicants include public and
private non-profit institutions and air pollution control
agencies; universities, hospitals, and other public and
private non-profit institutions.
These grants are intended to assist public and non-profit
institutions in establishing, expanding, or improving both
professional and technical training opportunities.
4. Fellowships
Fellowships in the areas of air and water pollution control
are available to qualified students or persons accepted for
admission by an appropriate educational institution.
5. State and Local Assistance
I indicated earlier that the overwhelming majority of
EPA's grants funds go to State and local jurisdictions for
Page 2
the construction, expansion, or modification of waste water
treatment facilities. We should add to that list grants to
those jurisdictions in the areas of air pollution control
(planning, program development and maintenance), solid
waste planning (alternative systems), and water pollution
control in the areas of comprehensive basin planning and
State and interstate programs.
I have gone through this discussion to point out what is
currently available as well as what is not currently available
at EPA, in the way of funds to support neighborhood
programs. I must say to you in all candor that at this point in
time, the neighborhood programs "pickings" at EPA are
rather slim, at least in the sense that most of us would prefer
to see neighborhoods assisted in their eagerness to join the
urban environmental pollution fight.
This situation is attributable to at least two major factors:
1. EPA, in terms of its organizational form and mission (i.e.,
highly scientifically and technologically oriented
regulatory agency) as well as the laws it is charged with
enforcing, is not, and at this point in time cannot be,
heavily geared toward neighborhood action programs; at
least not in the sense that that concept has come to be
understood by most neighborhood residents; and
2. its major efforts to move in that direction, to the extent
that it can, are rather recent and studied, due to the
reasons I have just stated.
It should be made clear that the Agency has formally
committed itself to assisting State and local jurisdictions in
their efforts to improve the environmental quality of life in
our urban neighborhoods, as required by law. It is currently
meeting that commitment in the specific areas over which it
currently has jurisdiction, ie. air pollution control, water
pollution control, solid waste management, etc., through
grants-in-aid, technical assistance, regulation and en-
forcement.
EPA recognizes, as does the Congress in many instances,
the vital importance of citizen involvement and action in the
current national effort to renew and protect our en-
vironment. However, Congressional recognition of that role
thus far has not extended beyond the right of private citizens
to 1) bring suit against the Government (EPA in this in-
stance) to force it to enforce the law if it fails to do so; 2) to
participate in the public hearings process in establishing
administrative regulations pertaining to the environment;
and 3) to challenge on several grounds any Federal agency's
proposed major action (usually construction-type projects)
threatening substantially adverse impact on the en-
vironment, whether that impact is ecological, economic,
physical or social, or all of the foregoing.
various other federal departments and agencies con-
tinue to have responsibility, along with EPA, in the general
area of environmental renewal and protection. Several of
them also have grant funds that may be available to support
neighborhood programs in this general area.
For example, HEW's Health Services and Mental Health
Administration conducts a Childhood Lead-Based Paint
Poisoning Control Program which is designed to assist local
governments in developing and implementing such
programs.
The same office at HEW conducts an Urban Rat Control
Program with grant funds available to public or private non-.
profit agencies, institutions, or organizations. The program's
major objective is to support comprehensive community
programs to reduce rat infestations and related en-
vironmental problems, such as unapproved garbage and
refuse storage, to a level where they no longer exert a public
health and economic effect.
Yo.u are of course familiar with the Department of Housing
-------
INNER CITY CRISIS
and Urban Development's (HUD) Neighborhood Develop-
ment, Community Renewal, Code Enforcement and Urban
Renewal Programs. Grant funds under most of these
programs are directly available to governmental units only,
although they are by their very nature neighborhood and
community programs. Also, HUD's "701(b)" Program,
which is an urban planning research and demonstration
program, is directly available to not for profit organizations,
as well as public agencies, public and private universities
and profit-making organizations.
More detailed information is available on these and many
other Federal programs that may provide grant or contract
funds for neighborhood environmental programs. in a
publication entitled Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance
which is available from the Public Documents Department,
Government Printing Office, Washongton, D.C. 20402 for
$7.00. It is also available for public use in Federal Depository
Libraries. This catalog also contains outline descriptions of
EPA's grants programs as well as grant application in-
formation.
In closing, I will return to where I believe EPA is heading
with respect to neighborhood programs. As I implied earlier
EPA is not, by law or otherwise, an OEO or a HUD-Model
Cities-type agency in terms of its legal ability to launch and
financially support neighborhood environmental programs
on a nationwide scale. As a regulatory and research-oriented
agency, its prime interest is in gaining the information and
knowledge necessary to enable it to fulfill its major func-
tions. On the neighborhood level, this is most often ac-
complished through research and demonstration projects,
which I previously described.
The Agency's recently created Office of Civil Rights and
Urban Affairs. . is now charged with at least three major
functions:
1. Coordinating Agency programs and activities that
directly involve or significantly impact urban and inner city
areas;
2. Developing and administering a $10 million EPA
Minority Business Enterprise Program; and
3. Developing and monitoring demonstration projects
applying the Agency's ongoing programs, i.e., air, water,
solid waste, etc. to urban and inner city conditions.
Although presently not fully staffed and currently funded
for administrative costs only, we have initiated a request for
funding during Fiscal Year 1974 (beginning July 1, 1973)
which will allow us to do considerably more in the area of
neighborhood demonstration projects. However, unless and
until existing legislation is changed, we will still be limited
at EPA to dealing with neighborhood environmental
problems that are directly related to the subject areas over
which we now have direct jurisdiction.
We are currently designing a system to enable us to more
effectively coordinate Agency programs and activities that
directly involve or heavily impact conditions in our urban
environment.
The major portion of EPA funds and regulatory activities
are necessarily directed to the urban environment.
Necessarily because that is the major source and bearer of
the burdens of environmental pollution, whether from the
dangerously foul air produced in part by automobile and
other motor traffic, or from the industrial and municipal
plants whose discharges into surrounding lakes and rivers
damage our urban water sources, which still provide our
drinking water as well as water for recreational purposes. As
better stated by Mr. William D. Ruckelshaus, Administrator
of EPA in his recent testimony before the U.S. Senate Sub-
committee on the Environment, "the environmental
problems of the Nation's inner city residents are of critical
concern to EPA because pollution levels in the central city
are often at their worse, and because this pollution impacts
on a population already bearing a number of other social,
economic, and environmental burdens."
Thus the $3 + billion that EPA has spent over its short life
span assisting States and cities (mostly cities) in the con-
struction, modification and expansion of waste water and
drinking water treatment facilities have had a heavy,
although perhaps not an easily discernible impact on the
urban environment, other than perhaps the jobs created by
such activity. Its regulation and enforcement of the amount
of lead permitted in gasoline as well as its requirement of
anti-pollution features in new automobiles and other
motorized transportation, will continue to directly benefit the
urban environment.
EPA's increased authority under the new Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 to regulate in-
dustrial and other discharges into our waterways will
directly benefit our urban environment. Its entirely new
authority to regulate noise under the new Noise Control Act
of 1972 will have a most significant impact on the quality of
the urban environment.
. the larger question across the country, I think, is
whether local initiative and support from concerned citizens
such as yourselves, will fully and creatively assert itself in
this exciting and timely new effort to make peace with our
environment, in such a way that this Administration and
future administrations will be continually assured that it is,
indeed, everbody's fight.
and for
the
region . . .
Francis T. Mayo
In some parts of the city people call it solid waste,
congestion, high decibel readings, particulates. In others
they just call it garbage, rats, overcrowding, noise and bad
air. The words are different. The meaning is the same.
The environment of the inner city area has always been the
most polluted, just as it always has had the worst housing,
most poverty and highest crime rate. The inner city always
gets the highest scores in the worst categories.
Many people think the environmental movement is all
about trees, blue skies and birds. It is. But it also is con-
cerned with the troubles of city life, because that seems to be
where pollution problems are the worst.
Problems of noise, sanitation, and congestion affect nearly
all sections of the larger cities. But overcrowding, rats,
flaking leaded paint, deteriorating housing, and ever-present
litter and garbage are more typical of the inner city. This has
been true ever since there were large cities.
And EPA's Midwest Region encompasses some of our
nation's largest and, therefore, most problem-ridden cities -
Chicago, Cleveland, Gary, Detroit. Because these cities are
aware of the seriousness of their problems, they know they
must work hard, and in some cases have already begun
devising sometimes unique solutions to improve less than
perfect living conditions.
And EPA in the Midwest is working in unique and special
ways to try to help. EPA's Region V is involved in
establishing closer working ties with inner-city residents who
(Continued on Back Page)
Page 3
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government
CITIZENS LEARN CLEAN AIR LAWS AS EPA
Gary's Mayor Rich-
ard Hatcher at citizen
air po//ufior> brief-
ings.
EPA's air enforcement program - designed to
back up State efforts in getting clean air by 1975 --
has begun in earnest.
A 10-man regional air enforcement team has begun
concentrating its first efforts in the Northwest
Indiana area. Also high on the EPA priority list of
concerns is Cleveland, Ohio.
Under the Clean Air Act the states in Region V
have the primary authority for controlling emissions
and EPA's strategy is to step in only if it feels there's
been slippage and sources will not be cleaned up by
the mid-70's.
Cleveland's sources in the 100-ton category or over
number so many (90). So EPA will first be looking at
the 1000-ton a year sources (28).
EPA is concentrating its resources on the top 300 to
400 of the Region's 13,000 sources at present.
The Ohio EPA was asked to give a rundown on its
1000-ton sources in Cleveland by the end of January,
1973. In the northwest Indiana area EPA is working
with the State to make sure dischargers there get on
a schedule that will insure compliance by 1975.
Because of the need to get these dischargers on a
schedule, EPA has set the Gary, Indiana area as its
number one priority in Region V,
EPA activities in air pollution control have shifted
as source compliance (getting sources onto a
cleanup schedule) has come to the fore. Passage of
the Clean Air Act in December, 1970 set a clock in
motion that in the last two years has meant com-
pletion by each state of an air implementation plan
a game plan for achieving clean air.
The source compliance schedule is but one part of
the state's control strategy - a main ingredient in the
implementation plan. The schedule consists of
agreements with each discharger for clean-up. The
most serious air pollution problem in the area is not
Cleveland or Gary but the Steubenville (Ohio)
Wheeling (West Virginia) region where particulate
concentrations at one point in January reached close
to 1000 micrograms per cubic meter (the significant
harm level). The State of Ohio is moving vigorously
in this locality.
In its enforcement activities EPA asks two
questions. The first is, how clean is the air, and
second, what are state and local agencies doing.
Gary's Mayor Richard Hatcher told an EPA
workshop last week that he welcomed EPA's em-
phasis on Northwest Indiana and hoped his area
would soon become the second highest priority in the
region - we'd at least like to be known as No. 2
because we tried harder.
Page 4
THE SCIENCE OF COMPLIANCE-
But regardless of the seriousness of the air
pollution, each state agency in Region V must submit
schedules for cleanup by class of pollutant emitted
(CO, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates, SO, and
photochemical oxidants) in the very near future.
When approved by EPA cleanup schedules will be
enforceable by both State pollution control agencies
and EPA. Each discharger covered by a schedule
whose plans for cleanup will require longer than 12
months will have certain interim dates to meet as
part of their schedule. These milestones, called
"increments of progress," include: 1) submission of
plans 2) letting of contracts 3) start of construction 4)
completion of construction and 5) final compliance.
The source compliance schedule is based on an
inventory that has been made by each state agency
of who is actually polluting the air in each state. If
dischargers who are put on a schedule of compliance
fall behind, the State agency or EPA can go to court
and prove there was a violation of the schedule.
When a discharger is having trouble meeting his
compliance schedule for one or more pollutants the
governor of a State can request up to a year delay for
a category of pollutants.
Here is the current situation in each State in
Region V:
INDIANA An EPA-funded study has called for
increased manpower and funds for the State air
pollution control agency. In addition, Indiana needs a
permit system (currently being established) and a
simple mechanism for developing legally en-
forceable compliance schedules.
WISCONSIN - Compliance schedules for Wisconsin
emitters who exceed regulations have not yet been
submitted by the State agency but are expected in
the next few months. EPA feels that a series of or-
ders issued by the State in 1972 is not complete
enough and that there is a need for more interim
dates. Orders have been issued by the State for 168
sources so far. Not all are in compliance. The State
budget for air control is currently about $1 million
with 24 people.
MINNESOTA Most dischargers are already
under cleanup orders which should be submitted to
EPA shortly.
ILLINOIS - The State has an experienced staff and
a permit system for new and existing sources. Some
permit applications have been submitted to the State
EPA by sources but have had to be returned because
of a lack of signature or schedules.
MICHIGAN The State has schedules on some
sources. Compliance schedules have not yet been
submitted to EPA but are expected soon.
OHIO - The State has not yet officially submitted a
source compliance schedule. EPA expects a large
number of schedules for dischargers in the next few
months. The main problem is that the State has an
exceedingly large number of sources with which to
deal.
-------
Left, citizens and government officials
examine handouts.
Above: Betty Klaric, Cleveland Press
environmenfo/ reporter, and EPA con-
sultant Marvin Zeldin, conduct panel
discussion.
One of the many speakers.
The Citizen's Job In Air Cleanup
During late January, Region V in cooperation with
the state pollution control agencies and local clean air
groups held a series of one-day briefings on what
citizens can do to help in air cleanup. Some of the
major points made during those briefings are sum-
marized here:
First, a citizen or group should understand the
problem. The following publications are suggested:
A Citizen's Guide to Clean Air
Citizen Role In Implementation Of Clean Air
Standards
Citizen Suits Under the Clear Air Act
Don't Leave It To All The Experts
Citizen Action Can Get Results
Second, the citizen should ask questions concerning
compliance schedules:
1) Is best available technology being required?
2) Are these compliance schedules being negotiated
as quickly as possible?
3) Do the schedules meet emission standards?
4) Are there clear deadlines?
5) Is there enough information available from the
discharger (only trade secrets are privileged)?
Third, if you find that a polluter is doing a good job,
tell others; if he is doing a bad job do the same.
Fourth, under the Clean Air Act of 1970 a citizen can
sue any alleged violator of an emission standard or
limitation if a postponement is sought; if there is an
emission violation, the citizen can sue the EPA's
administrator on non-discretionary actions.
Other legal tools available for the citizen's use in-
clude the National Environmental Policy Act, the
Freedom of Information Act, the citizen provisions of
the Clean Air Act and state, local and Federal
nuisance laws.
Some significant points brought out during the
workshops include:
1) Citizens should know whether their state pollution
control agency has enough manpower and money to
do the job required by law;
2) Citizens should not only publicize the short-
comings, but should praise industry when it does a
good job;
3) Citizen efforts should not be spread too thin
among too many issues;
4) Pollution is both a "health" issue and a "law and
order" issue.
Some of the citizen groups felt that in many cases
public hearings are becoming merely a formality and
that it is, therefore, becoming increasingly difficult to
maintain enthusiasm for participation and concern.
State citizen groups which co-sponsored the
meetings with EPA included:
Detroit: T.B. and Health Society in conjunction with
other groups
Cleveland: Cleveland Air Conservation Committee
Milwaukee: Wisconsin T.B. and R.D. Association
Minneapolis: Metro Clean Air Committee
Indianapolis: T.B. and R.D. Association of Central
Indiana
Gary: Northwest Indiana Clean Air Coordinating
Committee
State pollution officials participating in the briefings
included:
Detroit: Robert P. Miller, District Engineer, Division
of Air Pollution Control, Michigan Board of Public
Health
Cleveland: Allan Franks, Assistant Chief, Public
Interest Center, Ohio EPA
Milwaukee: Douglas Evans, Director, Bureau of Air
Pollution Control, Division of Environmental
Protection, Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources
Minneapolis: Edward Wiik, Director, Division of Air
Quality Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Indianapolis: Harry Williams, Director, Division of
Air Pollution Control, Indiana State Board of Health
Gary: Edward Stresino, Air Pollution Division,
Indiana State Board of Health. Robert Goldberg, Air
Pollution Division, Illinois EPA. Gary Mayor, Richard
Hatcher.
Pages
-------
business-cover story
Banking On The Quality Of Life
by Frank Corrado
In this surprising age it's probably not too sur-
prising to learn that there is a bank in Minneapolis
that has just released a report on the quality of life in
the Twin Cities.
What might be more surprising is that anyone
decided to look at the quality of life in Minneapolis at
all, for too many out-of-town observers Minneapolis is
something like the San Francisco of the Midwest. It is
for the most part a well-planned, good-government,
friendly area with a downtown mall in Minneapolis
second to none in the country. There is a vibrant night-
life, the Guthrie Theatre, proximity to prime un-
spoiled recreation land, and a kind of "Scandanavian
air" to the entire community.
A study made last year by the Urban Institute of
quality of life factors - indicators such as jobs, in-
come, health, pollution, housing, public safety,
education, and transportation-revealed that the Twin
Cities area ranked first nationally among 18 cities
surveyed.
Was all the effort by the First National Bank of
Minneapolis to develop a quality of life index over the
.last two years a waste of time? "Far from it," an-
swers Dr. James L. Hetland, Jr., the bank's Vice
President of Urban Development. Formerly the first
chairman of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Council, and
law professor-turned banker, Hetland says, "Our
purpose is to determine how our bank can keep the
community alive. After all, we just can't pack up and
move. It doesn't pay to have a strong business com-
munity in the midst of a sick center city".
But Jim Hetland certainly doesn't believe that the
Twin Cities are sick, not in the least. What he and his
boss, Bank President George H. Dixon, do feel though
is that First Minneapolis' long-run self-interest
depends on the overall health of the region they're
located in.
Out of this long-term self interest has come a unique
attempt to measure the quality of life in the Twin
Cities. Banks like First Minneapolis, says Hetland,
have no problem measuring their own financial health
or the effectiveness of their own business
organization. However, the bank found it was difficult
to measure the effects of its philanthropic con-
tributions and participation in civic affairs. Rather
than look at just their own activities, however, First
Minneapolis in 1971 decided to develop an annual
Social-Environmental Audit - a system to measure
Proposed components and standards tor annual social-environmental audit
Components (Accounts) Standards
1. Job Opportunities Percent of persons unemployed.
Percent of persons who have changed
jobs in the last five years.
Percent of population employed.
Percent of skilled jobs without people
to fill them.
2. Pleasing and Healthy Amount of pollution in the air
Physical Environment measured against established stan-
dards.
Amount of pollution in the water
measured against established stan-
dards.
Visual appearance of the area as
judged by an urban environment
committee on the basis of their own
criteria.
Percent of land dedicated to highway
use.
Percent of land preserved for parks
and open space use.
3. Suitable Housing Percent of substandard dwelling
units.
Number of communities with zoning
ordinances permitting low and
moderate income housing.
Number of new housing starts in past
year.
Average number of persons per
dwelling unit.
4. Good Health Percent of infant mortalities.
Life expectancy.
Per capita incidence of heart disease.
Venereal disease rate.
5. Adequate Income Levels Percent of households earning less
than $5,000 a year.
Percent of households earning less
than $10,000 a year.
Number of people on various forms of
public assistance and annual net gains
or losses for public assistance case
loads.
Components (Accounts) Standards
6. Quality Education Percent of high school graduates.
Percent of high school dropouts.
Percent of high school graduates
going to college.
Percent of high school students taking
national comparative tests who score
better than national averages.
7. A Safe Society Number of violent crimes per 10,000.
Number of misdemeanors per 10,000.
Number of felonies per 10,000.
Percent of core city and suburban
persons who feel safe walking the
streets at night in their neighborhood.
8. A High Level of Percent of eligible persons voting in
Citizen Participation city elections.
Number of persons in city-wide civic
groups or numbers of persons in
neighborhood associations.
Percent of persons over 21 donating to
the United Fund.
9. Widespread Cultural Number of persons visiting:
Activity a) Guthrie Theatre
b) Walker Art Center
c) Minneapolis Institute of Arts
d) Minnesota Orchestra
e) St. Paul Arts and Sciences Center
f) Civic and semi-professional
theatres.
Number of community art exhibitions
and concerts.
10. Adequate Transportation Number of automobiles registered in
metropolitan area.
Percent of persons using public buses
for daily transportation to work'.
Percent of one-passenger cars driving
into downtown area in rush hours.
Page 6
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the health of the community and the results of what
individual businesses are doing to improve com-
munity well-being.
Nationally only'the GNP -- Gross National Product -
measures the economic well-being of our nation.
However, over a period of time there has been much
talk of developing a national quality of life index to
reflect the total national well-being. Says Hetland, "A
local disaster could greatly impare the GNP of this
area. It certainly is not an accurate indicator of well-
being."
Picking up on some of the research already being
used by the Urban Institute and others, First Min-
neapolis came up with a series of indicators from
which they proposed to develop their audit. Among
those factors are job opportunities, income, health,
public safety, housing, education, environment, public
participation, transportation, and culture. Base line
data for these categories collected throughout the
year has been evaluated and weighted, and is now
providing a base-line for comparing what happens in
each of these areas between now and when next year's
report is issued.
Hetland is reluctant to reveal just what the index
number is, mainly, he says, because in some cases
where polling statistics were used, not enough persons
were sampled and percentage differences would
appear too exaggerated.
Nevertheless, Hetland does hint that the quality of
life appears to be pretty good in the Twin Cities. "We
tried to emphasize measuring the disparity between
the core area and the suburbs," he says. "The polling
information we used came from the annual
metropolitan poll - an attitudinal survey - conducted
by the local newspaper." What resulted was a social
disparity index which showed divergence between city
and suburbs. "One thing we definitely learned from
the survey," says Hetland, "is that we have a raging
VD epidemic going on in the Twin Cities."
Another major problem, says Hetland, has been
gathering statistics in a way that will work out with
the quality of life index. "The search for precise in-
dicators of quality of life components has proved
difficult because the existing data is often insufficient,
inaccurate, or accumulated too infrequently or on too
broad a geographical basis. Most statistics reveal the
quantity of effort expended rather than the results or
achievements attained."
For example, says Hetland, much information is
available about the amount of state aid for public
education, but there is no comparable information
about the educational results achieved.
In the environmental area, two parameters were
considered: air and water. An air pollution index
based on the daily average over a 6 week period
beginning in early October, 1972 yielded a 34.1 on a
scale from 0 (good) to 150 (unhealthy). The water
pollution index was based on fecal coliform counts at
four locations on the Mississippi River. Apparently
pollution conditions in the city's lakes were not con-
sidered. Readings given for the Mississippi were
generally unsatisfactory. A third element was also
considered under the environmental section, that is,
park acres per thousand persons.
The transportation index was based on average
number of occupants per car and the kinds of modes of
travel used - auto, transit and walking.
Hetland feels that there has been an impressive
amount of community acceptance of the audit idea as
developed by First Minneapolis and he senses a
community readiness to continue the audit on a
regular basis now that the base data has been ac-
cumulated, although hopefully under the auspices of a
governmental agency.
"Our next step is to use the audit to determine which
community problems are priority needs that the Bank
should be addressing," he says.
Some people close to the banking community in the
Twin Cities feel that the efforts for a quality of life
index by First Minneapolis are intended to encourage
the banking community to begin putting money into
housing for the core city areas. Insiders say First
Minneapolis is willing to take the step but wants the
competition to take similar risks. This in part may
explain why the quality of life index was divided
between core area and suburbs when possible.
In a time when corporate social responsibility is
becoming a more and more prominent issue, First
Minneapolis has taken a very dramatic step in this
direction, recognizing its future success is tied to the
community. The difficult questions, says Hetland,
have been asked: "How can a company know that it is
engaged in really necessary social-environmental
activity? Who determines the value system and the
criteria? If a business uses up part of the natural
environment, does our present accounting system
reflect that company's true cost of business? What
accounting system would properly reflect this cost, or
measure a company's real contribution towards
solution of major problems in our urban society?"
This new accounting process for social audit will
hopefully help First Minneapolis and other com-
munity enterprises to find out if they are getting their
money's worth in their public-spirited work. Also, it
will give them an idea of what really has to be done to
make their community a success -- for everyone. The
reaction of the Twin Cities community to this audit
may well determine the direction of the quality of life
index in the years to come.
Page?
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EPA
DDT BANNED IN U.S.
Effective January 1, 1973 general use of the
pesticide DDT became illegal in the United States.
Although the end to the continued domestic usage of
the pesticide was decreed on June 14, 1972 by EPA
Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus, the effective
date was delayed until January 1st to permit an or-
derly transition to substitute pesticides.
The cancellation decision culminated three years of
intensive governmental inquiries into the uses of DDT.
As a result of this examination, it was felt that con-
tinued massive use of DDT posed unacceptable health
risks to the environment and potential harm of human
health.
EPA ORDERS "DEFEAT DEVICES" REMOVED
Six auto manufacturers - General Motors, Ford,
Chrysler, American Motors, Nissan and Toyota -
have been ordered to eliminate certain emission
control system disabling devices from 1973
automobiles produced after specified dates.
All of the devices serve to automatically disable at
least part of the emission control system under
commonly encountered conditions of urban driving,
but they do so at the cost of increasing emissions of air
pollutants. Approximately 2 million of the cars and
trucks yet to be produced by the six manufacturers
will be affected by the order.
REGULATIONS PROPOSED FOR NATIONAL
WASTEWATER
Regulations for issuing permits for the discharge of
wastewater into navigable waters have been proposed
by EPA. The proposed regulations set the policy and
procedures for a nationwide system of issuing permits
to cities, industry and agriculture as established by
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972.
Under the regulations, applicants for permits,
except municipalities, would be required to provide
the best practicable water pollution control
technology currently available by July 1, 1977. Cities
would be required to achieve secondary treatment by
the same date. All applicants also must comply with
the water quality standards which are continued
under the new law.
INDIANA IS GRANTED INTERIM AUTHORITY
Interim authority has been granted to the states of
Indiana, Massachusetts and Virginia and the territory
of American Samoa for issuing permits for the
discharge of wastewater into navigable waters.
Previously, EPA had granted interim authority to
California, Georgia, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota,
Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oregon and Washington.
The interim authority expires on March 18 and the
EPA will assume authority for issuing permits at the
end of this period unless state programs to issue
permits on a permanent basis have been approved by
then. Although a State receives interim authority, this
does not mean that it presently meets the
requirements to receive permanent authority to issue
permits.
MPCA AND EPA ANNOUNCE JOINT PERMIT
APPLICATION HEARING
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have issued
joint notice that the applications of six companies
located in Minnesota for permits to discharge
wastewater into navigable waters have been accepted
for joint public hearing.
The names and locations of the companies are: Iowa
Beef Processors, Lucerne; Blandin Paper Co., Grand
Rapids; Northwest Paper Co., Brainard; Hennepin
Paper Co., Little Falls; Chicago and Northwestern
Railroad, Cedar lake Yards, Minneapolis; and
Ottertail Power Co., Bemidji.
EPA FUNDS TRAINING PROGRAM IN GARY,
INDIANA
An environmental program to develop job skills of
Spanish-speaking workers has been launched in Gary,
Indiana. Under the program, the first of its kind in the
Midwest, 18 Spanish-speaking students are being
trained to become skilled employees in wastewater
treatment plants.
EPA awarded the program a $50,000 contract and
another sponsor, Service Employment Redevelop-
ment, a Spanish-oriented group, will provide $21,780 in
stipends for the trainees in the first 22-week session.
Representatives of major steel firms and the Gary
Sanitary District, potential employers of the Spanish-
speaking students, are serving on an advisory board
created for the program by Northwest Technical
Institute which is administering the program.
TRANSPORTATION CONTROL STRATEGY
GUIDELINES PROPOSED
Guidelines for the States to follow in developing
transportation control strategies necessary for
meeting the national ambient air quality standards
have been proposed by the EPA. Transportation
control measures are required for any air quality
control region where such measures are needed to
ensure attainment of the ambient air standards --
including Minneapolis, Chicago, and Dayton, Ohio.
The proposed guidelines define requirements for
information that must be included in the tran-
sportation plans. The guidelines also include
estimates of emissions reductions that could result
from State inspection-maintenance programs and
from retrofitting emission control devices on in-use
vehicles.
The control strategies under consideration by the
States include such alternatives as vehicle inspection
systems, parking bans, gasoline rationing, staggered
working hours, car pools, mass transit, and retrofit
pollution control equipment for in-use vehicles.
Pages
-------
ACTION
STUDY ON IN-USE VEHICLE EMISSION CON-
TEOLS
According to an EPA study entitled "Control
Strategies for In-Use Vehicles," annual vehicle in-
spections for air pollution control could reduce total
automobile exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide by
up to 10 per cent and hydrocarbons by up to 12 per
cent.
The study evaluates four approaches to inspection
programs that could be carried out by the States.
Among the approaches are measuring tail pipe
emissions while idling; measuring tail pipe emissions
at various speeds; "engine parameter diagnosis" -
determining the mechanical condition of emission-
related components to identify worn-out parts or
improper adjustments; and, mandatory maintenance
of specific emission-related components.
INTERIM POLICY ANNOUNCED ON SERVICING
AUTO EMISSION CONTROLS
An interim policy regarding maintenance and parts
replacement for auto emission control systems has
been announced by the EPA. The interim policy would
permit auto dealers to repair emission control
systems-with replacement parts, whether or not the
parts have been produced by the original auto
manufacturer. The same policy would apply to parts
or systems added on to existing emissions control
systems.
The interim policy is intended to clear up un-
certainties about the use of automotive "aftermarket"
equipment in repairing or servicing emission control
systems. (The automotive aftermarket is defined as
manufacturers other than those which produce the
original vehicle.)
EPA TO DEVELOP STANDARDS FOR NEW
PLANTS
The Environmental Protection Agency has
published a list of 27 industries for which it will
develop water pollution control standards for new
plants. Under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972, EPA is required to establish
standards of performance for these new sources of
pollution which require application of the "best
available demonstrated control technology,
processes, operating methods or other alternatives
including, where practicable, a standard permitting
no discharge of pollutants."
The standards must be issued within one year from
publication of the list of industries and they will be
applicable only to new sources or plants for which
construction commences after the date of publication
of proposed regulations.
FIVE WATER SUPPLIES APPROVED IN REGION
V
Five water supplies in Region V have recently been
classified as having met established Federal stan-
dards for use by interstate carriers. They are: the
cities of Chicago, 111.; Carbondale, 111.; Port Huron,
Mich.; and Dayton, Ohio; and East China Township in
St. Clair County, Mich.
The EPA classifications are part of an ongoing
inspection program by the Agency designed to assist
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration with its
responsibility for certifying water used by interstate
carriers. At present, 85 water supplies in Region V are
approved under the program.
PAINT FIRM GUILTY OF VIOLATING FEDERAL
ACT
The Hooker Glass and Paint Company of Chicago,
Illinois has been found guilty of four counts of
violating the provisions of the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA,) The firm
was fined $3,000 of which $2,500 was suspended. The
firm has been placed on three years' probation with
the provision that if the firm should be found guilty of
violating the Act during this probationary period, the
ruling would be vacated and the balance of the fine
would be payable.
The counts charged non-registration and
misbranding of two products in the firm's line. The
products are: "Empire Non-Staining Penta Wood
Preservative" and "Dura Shield Latex Redwood Stain
No. 837-08."
Under FIFRA, any pesticide product moving in
interstate commerce must first be registered with
EPA on the basis of proven effectiveness against a
particular pest or pests and have demonstrated safety
to humans, crops, livestock, wildlife and the en-
vironment when used as directed.
EPA GRANTS APPROVAL TO FORD
EPA has granted approval to the Ford Motor
Company to sell more than 9,000 Mavericks and
Comets in storage since last May.
Final pollution tests on these cars' engines show
they meet 1973 standards. The company was forced to
retest the engines because employes had performed
unauthorized tests on them.
MICHIGAN AND ILLINOIS RECEIVE GRANTS
The States of Michigan and Illinois have received
grants from EPA to support water pollution control
programs in their respective States during the 1973
fiscal year.
Michigan was granted $555,700 . An ad-
ditional sum of $142,600 is available to Michigan for
program expansion during the balance of this fiscal
year. Guidelines are in the process of being developed
by EPA for the application of the funds.
Illinois' $660,900 grant was approved along with the
Illinois Water Pollution Control Program Plan for
fiscal year 1973. Also reserved for Illinois for the
remainder of the 1973 fiscal year was an added
$165,900 to assist in the implementation of the new
Federal legislation.
Page 9
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Taking a wafer sample.
An Akron newspaper headline declared "Students
Get Feet Wet for Ecology" - and that's exactly what
high school students throughout the Cleveland area
have been doing now since that article appeared last
summer.
One group of 25 of the Akron Kenmore High School's
Clean Water Club went on an overnight field trip one
damp day last summer to learn water sampling and
testing techniques. With summer spent mastering
these techniques, fall brought selection of monitoring
sites on northeast Ohio streams that flow into Lake
Erie.
Perhaps the most unique aspect of this student
activity lies in the use that will be made of their test
results. The data collected will not simply be filed
away to gather dust, but will be reported to various
governmental agencies for actual use in en-
vironmental protection activities.
These students are participating in a pilot
educational program that focuses on involving
students in community environmental problems - a
project initiated by Cleveland's Institute for
Environmental Education, already a Presidential
environmental education
Student Project Will
Support Government
Pollution Control Efforts
environmental merit award winner.
According to Thomas N. Offutt, Vice President of
the Institute, "Environmental problems will be the
focus for this relevant educational experience and an
opportunity for students to perform useful community
service."
Information and data will be gathered and studied
by the students and then used by governmental
agencies including the Three Rivers Watershed
District, Department of the Army, Buffalo District
Corps of Engineers, the Cuyahoga Valley Association
and the Federal Trade Commission. Specific data
dealing with water quality indices, community health
factors and consumer product testing has been
requested by these organizations.
Joseph H. Chadbourne, Institute President ex-
plains, "The project will bring together the interests
of students and agencies concerned with en-
vironmental problems in Cleveland. The student will
consider the community as an extension of the
classroom." Lab and field experiences are being
designed by project participants to integrate science
-------
Student discussion and planning at the In-
stitute for Environmental Education.
and the social studies and to relate them to existing
community problems.
The program, designed to develop a curriculum
using "problem solving" as an educational technique,
has received the largest project grant made from
Federal funds distributed under the Environmental
Education Act. The $80,000 award made by HEW's
Office of Environmental Education was one of 160
grants selected from 1600 applicants. The program is
designated as one of two National Demonstration
Projects in Environmental Education, and is being co-
sponsored by the Cleveland Health Museum and
Education Center and Cleveland State University.
Cleveland Institute is a national nonprofit
organization for training teachers and developing
curriculums in environmental education.
It is expected that this pilot project will serve as a
model for similar programs nationwide. In addition,
reports developed by the student researchers will be
made available to EPA, the Three Rivers Watershed
District and the Corps of Engineers.
Lab analysis of samples gathered leads to
discussion.
Student enthusiasm for the project has been
tremendous. In fact as Kenmore High's activities
developed last summer, club advisor Robert Bresky
was having a hard time keeping up with the club,
particularly rounding up enough equipment for the
young environmentalists.
While the specific techniques being taught are
necessary, the most important training is in problem-
solving as an educational technique - "the process,"
Bresky calls it.
"You get the kids involved in the community. They
see the problems and want to become part of the
solution rather than the problem. They know that
before we can clean up Lake Erie we have to clean up
the streams and rivers that flow into it.
"They see how they could help industry or business
in at least providing pollution data so that if there is a
problem, the cause and extent will be made known."
With his enthusiasm, Bresky sums up, "They really
want to help. They're great."
Page 11
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government
Zero-Phosphate
Detergent 'Gap'
Fills Up Slowly
by Dennis Hoffmon
Reprinted with the permission of the Indianapolis
Star.
ft
1.
^fiw#&
(1
Grocers in Central Indiana celebrated the New Year
by restocking their shelves with nonphosphate
laundry detergents.
A controversial state law forbidding the sale and use
of laundry products containing phosphorus went into
effect while most of the stores were closed,
Housewives found empty shelves where their favorite
detergent used to be stacked.
The gaps were due to two reasons: Procter and
Gamble Company, maker of Tide and other big
sellers, is not selling its zero-phosphate products in
Indiana; and some wholesalers are having trouble
meeting retailers' demands.
"So many people just did not know about it (the no-
phosphate law)," said Tony Evans, manager of a G
and W Food Giant. "I guess they just haven't been
reading the paper or listening to the radio."
Evans and most other grocery store executives said
that customers seem willing to try the substitutes,
although some customers bought as much as a case of
their favorite product prior to the Jan. 1 deadline.
They either were unaware that the law also prohibits
use of these detergents, or they don't care.
Procter and Gamble, manufacturer of Bold, Cheer,
Dash, Gain, Oxydol, and Tide, is producing no-
phosphate versions of these detergents on a very
limited scale for sale at Chicago, Miami, and Buffalo
as a market test.
A spokesman for the Cincinnati-based firm said
these will not be sold in Indiana until the company is
satisfied the substitutes are safe, effective and
marketable. Buffalo, Chicago and Miami have city
ordinances banning phosphate detergents, but Indiana
has the only state-wide prohibition of such products.
The other two major detergent manufacturers -
Lever Brothers Company and Colgate-Palmolive
Company - also have developed phosphate-free
detergents. Theirs are being shipped to wholesalers
and retailers in the state.
Much time was spent putting in extra heavy supplies
of Drive, Fab and Cold Power to fill the holes in the
shelves left by the Procter and Gamble products.
Corine Manning, owner of Enix's Market said the
only detergent she has in supply is 12 boxes of Breeze.
A supervisor for an A&P grocery in eastern Marion
County reported that his inventory is very low, but he
expects large quantities of Colgate-Palmolive and
Lever Brothers detergents.
Until these products come in, shoppers may have to
rely on Miracle White, Arm and Hammer or one of the
other small manufacturers for no-phosphate
detergent.
While the ban is causing some minor problems now,
David Hewson, manager of the Clermont IGA
Foodliner, said he does not expect trouble over the
long Haul.
"I'm taking the viewpoint that people are wearing
the same amount of clothing, and will need the same
amount of detergent to get them clean," he said. "We
will probably have the same here that they had in
Chicago - people will buy more bleach and fabric
softener."
Page 12
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MEW ITEMS
collectanea
NEW GENERAL PUBLICATIONS
"The Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (Ocean Dumping).
Highlights."
"Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. Public Law 92-500."
"EPA Citizens' Bulletin, January 1973." A monthly newsletter of important develop-
ments at EPA.
"A prototype of environmental civilization." An address by William D. Ruckelshaus to
the Comstock Club, Sacramento, California, October 17, 1972.
"Common Environmental Terms. A Glossary." A booklet of words and terms used in
discussing and writing about the environment.
"The Search." Presentation of EPA's National Water Quality Laboratory's search for
ways to protect our water supply.
"Indian Creek Reservoir: a new fishing and recreational lake from reclaimed
wastewater," A Technology Transfer publication.
"Research and Monitoring. Cornerstone for Environmental Action." Booklet on the
scientific research and monitoring program conducted by EPA,
"Reducing Auto Emissions: Some Relevant Facts." An address by Robert L. Sansom,
Assistant Administrator for Air and Water Programs to the North American Conference
on Motor Vehicle Emission Control, Albuquerque, New Mexico, November 13, 1972.
Doril
Leave It All
To The Experts
"Don't Leave It All To The Experts." A 20-
page illustrated booklet designed to stimulate
environmental action by citizen groups.
Describes the fundamentals, tools and
techniques of organized citizen action and how
concerned persons working in concert can
contribute to environmental quality.
Single copies of the above publications are available from the Office of Public Affairs,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606
or the Public Inquiries Branch, Office of Public Affairs, U.S. EPA, Washington, D. C.
20460.
NEW EPA LIBRARY OPENS
The new EPA library located at the headquarters building in Washington is now
available by appointment to researchers, scientists, and other professional personnel
outside of EPA.
Located at Waterside Mall, 4th and M Streets S.W., the library is open 8 a.m. to 4:30
p.m. Monday through Friday, and is designed primarily for use of EPA personnel.
The library collection now totals approximately 45,000 books, journals and reports
dealing mainly with water quality problems. Eventually it will be expanded to include all
aspects of environmental pollution and control.
CAPSULE REPORTS WILL SPREAD KNOWLEDGE OF NIW TECHNOLOGY
EPA has published the first of a series of technical Capsule Reports on successful
pollution control techniques.
The series, being prepared by the Office of Research and Monitoring's Technology
Transfer program, is designed to speed application of new pollution control methods. The
first issue deals with the recycling of zinc in viscose rayon plants.
Page 13
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IMPROVES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT SEViiW DESCRIBED
IN NEW PUBLICATION
EPA has announced several improvements in its system for reviewing the en-
vironmentally significant actions of other Federal agencies.
The improvements are described in an EPA publication titled "Procedures Manual for
the Review of Federal Actions Impacting the Environment,"
The new procedures incorporate both a revised review system and a new set of symbols
for commenting on the adequacy of the statement. The full texts of EPA's comments on
both draft and final statement of other Federal agencies will continue to be made
available to the public either at Waterside Mall in Washington or from the regional office
that originated the comments.
Individual copies of the "Procedures Manual" are available free of charge from the
Public Inquiries Branch, Office of Public Affairs, Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D. C. 20460.
As a matter of public record, notices of EPA hearings,
proposed rule makings, promulgations of regulations,
and other regulatory actions are published in the daily
Federal Register, available at most libraries (including
the Region V library) or by annual subscription of $25
from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402.
December 29 POLLUTION CONTROL. National
pollutant discharge elimination system; forms and
'guidelines for acquisition of information from owners
and operators of point sources; extension of comment
period to 1-20-73.
WATER QUALITY. EPA announces interstate and
intrastate water quality standards subject to Agency
review.
Januarys. Regulations established on chlordimeform;
tolerances for pesticide chemicals in or on raw
agricultural commodities.
Januarys. PESTICIDE CONTROL PROGRAM. EPA
notice of implementation plant for Pesticide Control Act
and solicitation of views.
January 10. FUEL-FUEL ADDITIVES. EPA
regulations providing for general availability of lead-
free gasolines. EPA proposed regulations providing for
reduction of lead in all grades of leaded gasoline.
NEGOTIATED CONTRACTS. EPA proposes general
provisions for use in cost reimbursement contracts with
educational and other non-profit institutions.
January 11. PESTICIDES. EPA exempts from
requirement of a tolerance the use of xylene as an inert
ingredient in pesticide formulations applicable to stored
grain.
ENVIRONMENT. EPA proposals describing policy
and procedures for issuing or denying permits under the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.
January 12. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. EPA
proposal on State plans for transportation control
measures; comments by 2-12-73.
January 16. WATER POLLUTION. EPA lists new
pollution source categories subject to Federal per-
formance standards.
January 17. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENTS. EPA interim regulations set procedures
for preparation of EPA environmental impact
statement; effective 2-16-73.
January 18. PESTICIDE RESIDUES. EPA issues
tolerances and exemptions for chemicals used on corn
and olives.
EPA notice of petitions to establish tolerances for
chemicals to be used on various raw agricultural com-
modities (from AmChem Products, Chevron Chemical
Co., Ciba-Geigy Corp., W. R. Grace & Co., Monsanto Co.,
Rhodia, Inc., and Union Carbide Corp,)
January 26. PESTICIDES. EPA establishes tolerance
for an insecticide residues on fresh prunes.
January 29. ENVIRONMENTAL RESPON-
SIBILITIES. AEC and EPA issue memorandum of un-
derstanding with respect to responsibilities under the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972.
PESTICIDES. EPA establishes tolerances for captan
and other chemicals.
EPA proposes tolerances for sodium and potassium
arsenite; comments by 2-28-73.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
The Region V Office of Personnel is accepting ap-
plications for current and anticipated vacancies in
engineering and the physical sciences. Opportunities
exist in a number of EPA programs in the Chicago office
dealing with environmental problems of air, water,
pesticides and solid waste management. Salaries range
from $7,696 to $19,700 per year depending upon
qualifications. Persons with education or professional
experience in the field of pollution abatement and control
are invited to send a Personal Qualification Statement,
SF171, (obtainablefrom any U.S. Post Office) or resume
to EPA Region V, One North Wacker Drive, Chicago,
Illinois 60606 Attn; Personnel Branch.
All qualified applicants will receive consideration for
appointment without regard to race, religion, color,
national origin, sex, political affiliations, or any other
non-merit factor.
Page U
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NEWS:
An international program to monitor and safeguard
the global environment has been established by the
U.N. General Assembly. At the Stockholm Conference
held last June, it approved the creation of "Ear-
thwatch", a complex, worldwide network of 110
monitoring stations which will collect and quantify
important information on the quality of the oceans,
soil, and atmosphere. Financed by the newly
established U.N. environmental fund, the target for
the first five years is $100,000,000 of which the U.S. has
pledged $40,000,000 if other countries provide the
balance.
Concerned citizens in the Jo Daviess, Stephenson
and Ogle Counties area of Illinois have formed The
Committee To Preserve the Great Western Illinois
Trail. In the wake of the Northwestern Railroad
abandoning its right-of-way in this three-county area,
the committee has organized to urge the Illinois
lawmakers to purchase the trail area which runs from
Galena to Byron for use as a recreational trail, mainly
.for hiking and biking. Petitions have been sent to
'Governor Walker with the intent of urging him to
make this trail and maintain it under the State of
Illinois Conservation Department.
Rather than disposing of their waste paper, the Ohio
General Assembly has begun to recycle it. Two
truckloads of papers from last year's sessions of the
Assembly were presented for recycling to Ohio Waste
Watchers, Inc., a volunteer organization.
The Ohio EPA is advocating similar recycling
•programs throughout state government. Profits from
these two truckloads will help finance other projects
by Waste Watchers.
The Commonwealth Edison Co., has been given
permission by the Illinois Commerce Commission to
charge its customers for pollution control costs. Also
charged will be some taxes previously absorbed by the
company.
The commission permitted the raise by adding to an
automatic fuel-cost adjustment arrangement the cost
of removing sulfur dioxide from flue gases. The rate
increases will allow the burning of low-cost high-
sulfur coal mines in Illinois, instead of the low-sulphur
coal now being brought in from other states to meet
state anti-pollution standards.
A regulation which would require any business or
organization in Indiana to obtain a permit from the
Indiana Air Pollution Control Board to construct or
operate any potential air pollution source has been
approved by the Indiana State Environmental
Management Board.
Any facility which can or does emit any air con-
taminant must apply for a permit. The applicant must
then prove that the facility meets all state and Federal
air quality regulations, or will meet them by 1975,
before a permit will be issued.
The City of Columbus, Ohio, and Waste-Watchers,
Inc., combined to collect and mulch Christmas trees
for recycling. The original estimate of 20,000 trees
manned by volunteers fell far below the expected
near-30,000 figures. Three sites manned by volun-
teers were set aside where citizens could bring a
container to pick up their mulch.
Prior to the Columbus effort, Ohio EPA Director Dr.
Ira L. Whitman urged all Mayors in Ohio to start a
Christmas tree recycling program in order to
eliminate the problems of regular solid waste
disposal.
In a recent decision by the Ohio Attorney General all
local prosecutors now have the ability to prosecute
violators of the state's air pollution control
regulations. This provides the citizens of Ohio with
increased enforcement of Ohio's air pollution control
regulations as stated in Section 3704.05 of the Ohio
Revised Code.
Enforcement action can now be initiated by anyone
by filing an affidavit with local officials as in reporting
any other civil or criminal violation. The Ohio EPA
will still be able to enforce its regulations, if en-
forcement or prosecution cannot be obtained at the
local level.
The Minnesota Environmental Planning Division
plans to put a mobile air pollution monitoring van in
operation this summer. The van is capable of
measuring the amount of pollution from single in-
dustrial sources or in restricted areas. The van also
would pinpoint levels of pollution that would be
generally monitored by two existing air pollution
monitoring stations in Milwaukee. Four more stations
have been planned in other locations in Milwaukee
County within the next three months. A fifth station
will be in Racine County.
Ohio EPA is beefing up its staff with the addition of
seven new members. U.S. EPA's Alan Levin has been
appointed to head the Intergovernmental
Administration Division, and will act as liaison bet-
ween the Ohio EPA and federal, state and local
governments. He previously worked for the Federal
Water Quality Administration where he administered
a multi-million dollar grant program to assist state
and interstate agencies' water pollution control
programs.
William Sellers of the Mid-Ohio Planning
Federation has been named chief of the Planning
Division. As chief of this division he will coordinate the
state-wide review of environmental impact
statements on federal projects.
A former Peace Corps Director and three state
employees have also been named division chiefs in the
agency. Appointed were Jack Allen Wilson as chief of
Authorization and Compliance, Ernest Neal as chief of
the Division of Surveillance, Paul Flannigan, Chief of
Division of Waste Management and Engineering, and
Kuhnert to the Division of Finance and
Administration.
Page IS
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(Continued from Page 3)
are trying to battle the pollution problem -- with the people
who live and work in the city.
Some of the EPA Midwest inner-city activities include:
+ Y.E.A. West Garfield A group of inner-city Neigh-
borhood Youth Corps summer workers told their supervisor
they wanted to do something to improve their neighborhood,
but they didn't want any "push-broom" project, EPA,
working with City officials, came up with a neighborhood
environmental survey sheet that the youth could use to check
on abandoned cars and buildings, smashed litter containers,
garbage-filled lots and the like on a block-by-block basis. In
addition, noise and air tests were established for the young
people to conduct as well. The data sheets were turned in to
the city's sanitation department and extra cleanup was
initiated in the worst areas. The city has plans presently to
extend the program throughout the city.
+Summer Program of Action to Renew the Environment
(SPARE) - In two cities in the Midwest last summer - Gary
and Cleveland -- the Environmental Protection Agency
awarded $12,000 grants for involving Summer Neighborhood
Youth Corps workers in environmentally - related programs.
In Cleveland, over 1200 young people received exposure to
environmental education through the project. In Gary,
hundreds more were involved. The program, run annually,
began in the summer of 1971.
+ Cleveland Awareness Program - The Region V Office of
Public Affairs has been involved in a production of two local
television shows in Cleveland on the issue of inner-city en-
vironmental problems. The first program, aired
during August of 1972 dealt with the SPARE program. A
second show, produced for prime time airing during
December of 1972, dealt with urban ecology. It was produced
by a coalition of community organizations, the Area
Councils Association, and attempted to show the in-
terrelatedness of various aspects of the urban environment.
+ Northwest Community Organization Environmental
Action Program During October of 1972, the EPA awarded
$38,000 grant to a community group in Chicago to expand
community renewal services in Spanish speaking neigh-
borhoods on Chicago's Northwest side. The program is
geared towards helping the people improve their own neigh-
borhood. A three-phase environmental awareness program
was instituted and included: (1) a vacant lot cleaning project
to cleanup 110 of 500 lots, mostly created as a result of
demolition (2; a contest involving inspection of alleys,
cleanup and painting and institution of rodent control
procedures and (3) an environmental poster contest in-
volving students in 44 schools in the community.
f dif@rfs
Our cover features James Hetland of First
National Bank of Minneapolis, one business that has
made an effort to understand, with hopes of im-
proving, the quality of life in one Midwest city.
"Citizens Learn Air Laws As EPA Moves Into
Action on Enforcement" discusses a series of
citizens' briefings on air pollution control com-
pliance schedules held recently throughout the
Midwest.
The government section includes excerpts of a
speech on EPA involvement in improvement of the
urban environment, given by the director of EPA's
Office of Civil Rights and Urban Affairs. It is
followed by Regional Administrator Francis Mayo's
column, which describes Region V participation in
city and neighborhood improvement efforts.
FROM:
Office of Public Affairs
United States Environmental Protection Agency
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Third Class Bulk-Rate
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA-335
Page 16
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REID AND KEN LEWIS, AND DEAN C*MJR^-L(
• * ^H^H .*.*.* ^
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Letters From EPA Readers
Pesticides:
Controlling
Insects
Safely
Francis T. Mayo
Some very significant changes in pesticide use are
beginning to take place. Ultimately, these changes
could effect thousands of individuals here in Region V.
Currently, EPA officials are working on major
provisions of the Federal Environmental Pesticides
Control Act which was passed by the United States
Congress and signed by the President last fall.
EPA is developing guidelines to implement
regulations pertaining to pesticide registration,
classification, use, certification of applicators, ex-
perimental use, registration of establishments and
books and records.
Within two years all pesticides, both intra- and inter-
state, will be registered as either restricted use or
general use pesticides. Restricted use pesticides will
only be available to applicators certified by state agen-
cies.
We in Region V are anxious to solicit public com-
ment on these various topics, especially from farmers,
commercial applicators and interested citizens.
If you would like to have a chance to comment on the
direction of pesticide regulation based on the new law,
write to EPA, Public Affairs, 1 North Wacker Drive,
Chicago, 111. 60606 and ask for a "Pesticide Kit." We'll
send you a copy of the new law, with an im-
plementation schedule and a summary of the new law.
The Public Report is published periodically by the
Public Affairs Office, Region V EPA, 1 N. Wacker Dr.,
Chicago, 60606.
Francis T. Mayo Region V Administrator
Frank Corrado Public Affairs Director
Sally W. Jones Public Report Editor
Ann Hooe Graphics Editor
Letters and comments on the report or other en-
vironmental issues may be sent to the address
above.
PAGE 2
Dear (EPA Administrator) Ruckelshaus:
I have just finished reading "Don't Leave It All to the
Experts."
This is such an outstanding booklet that I must react.
It is extremely impressive that EPA would go to the
trouble to write such a well-thought-out, careful ex-
planation of how citizens can be more effective. I was
especially pleased to see the attention given to helping
citizens avoid bad public relations, by giving them in-
formation and insights which most citizens simply
don't have.
Our organization has been very concerned about
citizen effectiveness. We have also initiated and en-
couraged other action councils because we feel so
strongly that cooperation is vital to solving problems. I
can't tell you what a lift it gives us to see the en-
couragement of these efforts by the activities and in-
terest of the EPA.
Although we realize that you are in a very difficult
position, please know that many, many people are
behind you in your efforts to do what is right.
Again, thank you for the publication of the excellent
EPA booklet. We will bring it to the attention of our
members.
Sincerely,
Mrs. Willard E. Wolfe
Executive Director,
Environmental Action Council,
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Ed. Note:
"Don't Leave It All to the Experts' currently is on
order by the Region V Office of the EPA. We expect it
will be again available free of charge here in May.
Copies may be obtained by writing Region V EPA, 1 N.
Wacker Dr., Chicago, 111. 60606, Office of Public Af-
fairs.
Dear Mr. Mayo,
My seventh grade class immensely enjoyed at-
tending the Region V Open House during Earth Week
April 9-13. The films and slide presentation were in-
formative, and the class came away from your offices
with a community "game plan" for environmental ac-
tion. We also plan to take good advantage of the ex-
cellent literature obtained from your public affairs of-
fice.
We hope you'll continue the open house each year,
so that forthcoming classes also can gain benefits from
what EPA has to offer.
Sincerely,
A.C.,
Chicago schoolteacher.
EPA will continue to publish letters relating to the
environment. We reserve the right to edit, however.
-------
CITIZEN ACTION
Tox' Joins Spring Greening
SPRINGTIME in Illinois brought the return of the
Fox, the anonymous pollution fighter who lives in Kane
County, west of Chicago.
He's the one who, since 1969, has conducted one-
man raids against companies he deems as polluters.
Among that list have been the U.S. Steel Corporation,
the Armour-Dial Company, and several companies
along Illinois' Fox River, from which he adopted his
name.
In March, the Fox struck against the Ail-Steel Equip-
ment Company, of Montgomery, Illinois, for allegedly
dumping paint wastes in Gillette Creek, a tributary of
the Fox River.
But this raid was a little different.
The company was concerned with its image, and
puzzled how the wastes got into the creek. Usually, a
company spokesman said, the wastes are stored in
drums until a scavenger disposes of them.
So, along with an Aurora Boy Scout troop upstream
from the plant, the company joined in a Saturday
project to clean the oily, sticky mess out of the river.
THE SCOUTS and company couldn't clean it all.
But, said the Fox, "It's a step in the right direc-
tion—I'm very happy about the whole thing."
The Fox had been laying low for a number of
months before his March raid.
He said, after the raid, that he now is involved
primarily in community action-education programs.
"It's the kids that I place my hopes in," he said.
LEGISLATORS, local government officials, com-
munity leaders, and businessmen will attend a
Michigan Conference May 4 to discuss the need for
further land use planning.
Sponsored by the Michigan United (statewide) Con-
servation Clubs, the conference will consist of 13
workshop sessions. Each of the workshops will be tied
into one of the 13 regional planning areas in Michigan.
The clubs are concerned because a lack of govern-
ment organization, inefficient tax laws, and lack of
county plans have caused environmental deterioration
both in urban and open space areas.
Paul Leach, executive director of the conservation
organization, said the Michigan governor and a senator
have been invited to deliver keynote addresses to the
conference.
A MICHIGAN citizens group has begun a campaign
to inform people in its area how best to use public
pressure for environmental change.
The West Michigan Environmental Action Council,
822 Cherry, S.E., Grand Rapids, 45906, has begun
distributing a packet of information on how to write
legislators, strategy for getting a bill passed, addresses
of Michigan legislators, tips on getting heard at public
meetings, a list of groups working in the environmental
areas, and suggestions on how to combat pollution in
the home.
MONTREAL, CANADA, will be the site of an in-
ternational conference on pollution control, sponsored
by the International Association for Pollution Control.
The conference, to be held June 5-7, will center on
pollution in the marine industries, in the Great Lakes,
Coastal States, and the Arctic.
Cooperating in the conference will be the Canadian
Environmental Protection Service, the Canadian
Ministry of Transport, and the U.S. EPA.
Further information on the conference may be ob-
tained by writing Melten Orer, IAPC Headquarters,
4733 Bethesda Ave., Washington, D.C.. 20014.
MARCH IN Illinois brought six conservation and
planning groups together in a mass transportation
"Crisis Conference." At issue during the day-long
session in Chicago was whether the groups should
push for a mass transit system for the six-county
Chicago Metropolitan area.
All were in agreement such a system is needed.
The sponsors of the conference were the American
Institute of Planners, Chicago Lung Association, Clean
Air Coordinating Committee, Cook County Council of
Governments, Illinois Planning and Conservation
League, and the Illinois League of Women Voters.
Cincinnati Gets Study
The Cincinnati Institute announced in April that the
city has been selected as one of two project sites for a
Conservation Foundation study of solid waste
management. The program, designed to seek citizen
participation in management of solid wastes, is funded
by a grant from the EPA.
PAGE 3
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COVER STORY
For Seven Illinois 'Voyageurs,'
Ecology Is a Canoe Adventure
By SALLY W. JONES
SEVEN HARDY Illinois men will begin a 3.000-milo
journey this month to learn how man has affected the
Mississippi River environment since it was discovered
300 years ago.
Led by an Elgin school teacher from Chicago, the
men will reenact the Jolliet and Marquette voyage,
which began from St. Ignace, Mich., on May 17, 1673.
CHICAGO lOiicirgo
PORTAGE '
ARKANSAS
PAGE 4
The four-month journey will be the main event of the
Mississippi River Tricentennial celebration, which will
be held in all the states bordering the Mississippi this
year.
Towns all along the river and crew's route are plan-
ning Tricentennial events, but the hardy 20th-century
explorers already have captured the imagination of the
Midwest.
Reid Lewis and his crew probably won't see much
School, will play Louis Jolliet. the young Frenchman
who was commissioned by the New France governor to
find an inland link to the Atlantic Ocean.
Father Charles McEnery, of Chicago's Holy Family
Church, will play Jacques Marquette. the missionary.
The two will take a team of "voyageurs." who were the
trappers, traders, and communicators in and out of the
interior during the 17th Century.
THE VOYAGEURS will be played by Dean Camp-
bell, of the Illinois Department of Conservation in
Springfield: Bill Dwyer. a Rockford engineer; Lee
Broske, a Chicago ironworker: Ken Lewis, a playwrite
and actor: and Jim Phillips, an Aurora resident.
All of the men have a well-developed sensitivity for
the environment: and all are actively involved in
projects that communicate the environmental and
French heritage in the Midwest.
Three centuries ago, the French called the area of the
voyage the Illinois Country. And although they were
explorers, they also were acutely aware of the beauty
of the land.
Wrote Marquette in his journal, "We have seen
nothing like this river for the fertility of its land,
prairies, woods, wild cattle, (buffalo) stag, deer, ducks,
parrots, and even beaver."
"Reid Lewis and his crew probably won't see much
of that beauty, but they. too. will record daily what
they see and bring back a report on how their ob-
servations differ from Marquette's.
"We want to be at one with the environment where
we can," Lewis said. So the crew will use the same
kind of canoes (birchbark) the early explorers did.
sleep outdoors every night, wear the same costumes as
their forebearers, and adhere to the same paddling
schedule. They determined their schedule from in-
tensely studying Marquette's journal of the trip and his
later writings.
-------
The rest of the Tricentennial crew practices on the Des Plaines River. From left are Bill Dwyer, Father McEnery, Lee
Broske, and Jim Phillips.
In Iowa, they'll pick up |eff LeClerc. 13. of Elgin. He
will portray the Indian scout "loaned" to the crew by
friendly Indians near Starved Rock.
THE CREW is looking forward to the grueling trip.
but their reasons for making it are different than
France's 300 years ago.
"I look at this trip as a huge, audio-visual aid for the
people in the Illinois Country," Lewis said. The crew
hopes to teach the people along the way that the
Mississippi Valley should be revered as a natural
resource.
It was the [olliet-Marquette Voyage, Lewis said, that
allowed the settlement of the Midwest, now the richest
land in the nation.
Though the crew hasn't canoed the course yet. they
know they'll be unable to swim in rivers or catch fish
for food as their predecessors did. And they know that
many of the tall, stately trees along the bank will be
replaced with smokestacks and factories.
It is such progress, the crew believes, that has caused
modern man to lose sight of his natural and historical
heritage.
That's part of the reason the crew has insisted on
remaining authentic. Their costumes and mannerisms
will provide an immediate attention-getting device so
that people will listen to their message.
And the crew is well qualified to deliver the
message. Lewis is expert in French Midwest history.
Broske was born and raised in the Canadian wilder-
ness, and routinely sleeps outdoors several times
weekly in the winter. No stranger to the outdoors.
Broske is well-versed in wilderness survival.
PHILLIPS IS a biology teacher who will act as the
crew's naturalist. Campbell is a historical interpreter
for Illinois parks, and by studying French history has
helped restore many parks to what they looked like
centuries ago. Ken Lewis' acting abilities will come in
handy for the crew, for the men have been swamped
with requests all along the route to sing French
voyageur songs.
The Mississippi River Tricentennial Commission has
formulated a master schedule for other activities
thruout the Mississippi Valley. Located in the Chase
Park Plaza Hotel. Suite 311. 212 N. Kingshighway. St.
Louis, Mo., the commission can barely keep tabs of the
activities within the nine states.
And voyageur crew can barely keep track of all the
stops they're supposed to make.
From St. Ignace. they'll canoe across Lake Michigan
to Green Bay. the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi
River, and float downstream to the Arkansas River on
the Arkansas-Mississippi border. Then they'll start
north again, but with a different route.
South of Alton. 111., they'll take the Illinois River as
the 17th Century explorers did. They switched routes
because friendly Indians told them the Illinois was a
shortcut to the big lake (Michigan) to the north. When
they took that route, they were the first white men to
see what is now Chicago.
"We'll have fun." Lewis said, "but this trip will be
hard work." All the crew have taken leaves of absences
from their jobs, and probably will be paid little for
their efforts because the states along the route have
been loathe to contribute more than small sums for the
total Tricentennial celebration.
"All we want to do is reach the people." Lewis said.
PAGE 5
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GOVERNMENT
Snowmobiles,
Glass, People
In the News
MICHIGAN HAS BEGUN a study on whether to
regulate the use of snowmobile and all terrain vehicle
trails within state forests.
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources said
the state may have to begin setting speed limits on
snowmobile trails and limiting their use.
The department says that snowmobiling has an ad-
verse effect on wildlife during the winter stress period.
Research has shown that the vehicles effect the winter
ranges of wildlife such as rabbits and deer. Michigan
now has 1,136 miles of trails.
"We see the time coming when we will have to con-
fine snowmobiles to trails rather than allow them to
travel anywhere in the forest," said Charles B. Harris,
deputy director of the department.
Illinois
The Illinois Pollution Control Board completed
hearings in March on a proposal to ban the use of
disposable bottles and cans. The rule-making and
quasi-judicial agency will issue its findings early this
year.
Ohio
The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency "met
the people" in March. In a two-hour "Meet the Ohio
EPA" symposium, state officials answered questions
from citizens and explained the state's goals.
During the symposium, Toledo residents learned of
the state EPA's recent actions, such as imposing sewer
bans on communities late in filing clean-up schedules;
prosecuting companies for pollution; and seeking ac-
tion against polluters in court.
Indiana
The glass-recycling trend is catching on in Indiana.
According to a report compiled by the Glass Con-
tainers Manufacturers Institute, more than $62,000 was
received by those who recycled glass in 1972. That was
an increase of 50 per cent over 1971.
Indianans turned in 12.4 million bottles and jars,
representing more than 6,000 tons of glass.
TRUCKS AREN'T CARS
A proposal has been made by the EPA to set new air
pollution emission standards for 1975 model light duty
trucks such as pickups and panel trucks.
The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on
February 10, 1973, ordered EPA to remove light duty
trucks from the light duty vehicle emissions category
under which their air pollution emissions are currently
regulated. The light duty category includes all
passenger cars and multi-purpose vehicles.
According to the new proposal, emission standards
for light duty trucks would be set separately from light
duty passenger vehicles, in compliance with the court
order.
Ohio Cows Help Grow Plants
A feed lot company in Ohio is using its cows as a
lesson in recycling. Ohio Feed Lot, Inc., fattens 12,000
head of cattle yearly on the Little Miami River, be-
tween Columbus and Dayton, Ohio.
The bedding for the animals is shredded tree bark
and sawdust. Every two weeks, it is collected and com-
posted at about 180 degrees for five days. The compost
then is sold to nurseries and farmers as a soil con-
ditioner.
The company's also experimenting with converting
the cattle wastes into cattle food, to be sold at $40 a ton.
Each animal produces about nine tons of compost
material each year.
Cities Get Grants
A number of Region V agencies have received
grants for pollution abatement facilities. Here are
some recent ones, funded by EPA;
* The Toledo (Ohio) Metropolitan Area Coun-
cil of Governments received a $50,000 grant
award April 9. The funds will be used for a solid
waste disposal project for Lucas, Wood, and Ot-
tawa Counties. The project cost is $149,402.
* Michigan State University, of East Lansing,
received a $25,000 grant in March for a
wastewater management training program.
H; The Batelle Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio,
also received a March grant—for $50,000—for a
trouble-shooting study on industrial boilers.
* The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
received a $125,000 grant in March for an at-
mospheric aerosol sampling program.
* The University of Cincinnati, Ohio, received
a $30,326 grant in March for summer institute in
environmental education. The sessions will be for
junior and senior high school science teachers.
PAGE 6
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EDUCATION
Learning to count plankton in Chicago seminar.
Student 'Volks'
Captures Show
STUDENTS thruout Region V are getting more and
more involved in environmental projects, but a group
of youths from Chicago's Austin High School has
blended environmental action with horticulture.
Austin's Green Thumb Club participated in the
World Flower and Garden Show during March and
April with a display that was unique.
"New ideas have sprouted and our enthusiasm has
increased immensely," said club members, as they
proudly showed what can be done creatively with
junked cars, old tires, and car attachments such as
tailpipes, mufflers, and other hardware.
The club took an old, unwanted Volkswagen and
made a "sunshine mobile".
They stripped the body, painted it bright yellow
enamel and colored flowers, and planted scores of
flowers in the hood and trunk.
With the tires, they made large, round planters.
replete with daffodils. With the hubcaps, pipes, muf-
flers, and metal parts they made a modern, recycled
sculpture.
They called it "Pollution in Bloom." Thruout the
show, children were scrambling in and out of the
cleaned-out. grassy car interior. The club at Austin is
sponsored by Walter Klimek. The president is Larry
Woods.
Summer Studies
A number of universities thruout the region are of-
fering summer short-courses relating to environmental
studies. Here are a few of them, but even more can be
found by checking local colleges and universities.
* Beginning June 18. Ohio Dominican College.
Columbus, will offer a four-week course in en-
vironmental studies. The course; will emphasize water
chemistry and water pollution and is open to all junior
high school teachers in Central and Southeastern Ohio.
Registration is limited to 30 teachers, and all costs will
be covered under a grant from the National Science
Foundation.
* High school science teachers are eligible for an
EPA-sponsored short-course at the University of Cin-
cinnati (Ohio) College of Engineering and the EPA's
National Environmental Research Center. Cincinnati.
The two sessions run from June 17 to June 30 and from
July 8 to July 21.
* Also in Ohio, the Case Western Reserve Univer-
sity. Cleveland, will offer a one-week course in the
planning, management and operation of water resource
systems. The course will be May 21 to May 25. A $200
fee covers materials needed in the class. Contact Yacov
Haimes. Professor of engineering, at Case. 44106.
And in Chicago. EPA. along with the City of Chicago
and (Cook County) Metropolitan Sanitary District, held
a one-day short-course in environmental laboratory
training. They used the city's modern water filtration
plant, and coached lab workers how to better identify
and count zooplankton and photoplankton in water.
Specialists receiving the advanced training came from
six states. The zooplankton and photoplankton provide
a thermometer for diagnosing the health of streams,
lakes, and drinking water.
Community leaders in Illinois' southern Cook
County got into the environmental education act in
March and April, also. Governor's State University.
along with the Will County Council of Governments.
sponsored eight workshops designed to educate com-
munity leaders in the problems of the environment.
The intent of the conferences was to communicate an
environmental sensitivity so that community and
governmental leaders can better deal with pollution
and act to prevent environmental degradation in the
future.
PAGE 7
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EPA ACTION... EPA ACTION...
EPA's solid waste program will be redirected to
provide regulatory assistance and guidance to State
and municipal officials. The new approach will enable
the officials to deal with serious environmental
problems such as industrial and hazardous waste
disposal.
In accordance with President Nixon's budget for FY
'74, there will be a reduction in expenditures from $26
million in the current fiscal year to $6 million in 1974
for the present Office of Solid Waste Management
programs and hazardous waste disposal activities.
HONDA, MAZDA CLEAN
Test results released by the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency show that an auto engine developed by
Honda Motor Company meets the federal emission
requirements for the 1975 model year without the use
of exhaust after-treatment devices such as catalytic
converters.
Federal air pollution emission requirements for the
1975 model year have also been met by prototype
vehicles equipped with the Mazda rotary engine,
produced by Toyo Kogyo of Japan.
POLLUTION SIMULATOR ON LINE
A unique $1 million environmental simulator has
been put into operation by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. It is expected to provide scientists
with a significant new tool for studying the movement,
fate and impact of pollution on rivers.
Known as "AEcoS," which is short for Aquatic
Ecosystem Simulator, the facility will bridge the gap
between laboratory experiments and uncontrolled field
studies.
AEcoS is the result of 10 years of research, design,
and construction by the National Pollutants Fate
Research Program at EPA's Southeast Environmental
Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia, which will
operate the new facility.
VEHICLE LAWS OFFERED
Amendments to the Motor Vehicle Certification
Regulations have been proposed that would establish
vehicle-engine histories, strengthen the provisions for
in-plant inspections and selection of certification test
vehicles, and regulate the use of "by pass" devices
which can shut off an engine's emission control system.
Under the proposed revisions, each vehicle or engine
tested for certification would have to be accompanied
by a vehicle history. The history would be required to
start on the same day as work assembling the vehicle
or engine begins, and would be updated daily until
certification testing is complete.
EPA ENTERS RECYCLING CASE
The Environmental Protection Agency has in-
tervened in a Federal Maritime Commission hearing on
alleged discriminatory freight rates for waste paper
shipped from U.S. Pacific Ocean ports to Japan and
other Far Eastern countries for recycling.
In a hearing before the Commission, tentatively set
for June 5, 1973, the EPA intends to present evidence
that discriminatory transport rates, favoring wood pulp
over paper wastes, result in decreased consumption of
waste paper with subsequent adverse environmental
consequences in terms of depletion of natural resourc-
es and increased solid waste generation.
U.S., YUGOSLAVS MEET ON NOISE
The Environmental Protection Agency will sponsor
"The International Congress on Noise as a Public
Health Problem" in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia May 13-18,
1973. The Congress is being conducted by the Yugoslav
Medical Association and the American Speech and
Hearing Association.
Approximately 75 of the world's leading authorities
on the effects of noise will review the state of
knowledge and describe new developments in such
fields as speech and communication interference,
auditory and non-auditory physiological effects, sleep
disturbance, and community annoyance.
Attendance at the Congress will be limited to 500.
Further information and applications to attend can be
obtained from the Office of Noise Abatement and Con-
trol, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 20460 (telephone: 202/254-7438).
PESTICIDE BANNED
The federal registration of the new pesticide Monitor
4 has been amended by EPA to prohibit its use on
head lettuce. The action followed detection of excessive
residues of the chemical on California lettuce and the
consequent seizure of some of the harvested vegetable
by federal and state authorities.
EPA is cooperating with the Food and Drug Ad-
ministration of the U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare and the California Department
of Agriculture in conducting a complete investigation
into the cause of the incident.
Monitor 4 is an organophosphate insecticide which
degrades rapidly after spray application under normal
conditions.
PAGE 8
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EPA ACTION... EPA ACTION...
WETLANDS PRESERVED
EPA policy has been established for the protection
and preservation of the nation's wetlands. Wetlands in-
clude marshes, swamps, bogs and other low-lying areas
which during some period of the year are covered in
part by natural non-flood waters.
These areas serve as habitats for important fur-
bearing mammals, many species of fish, and water-
fowl. They moderate extremes in water flow, aid in
natural purification of water, and maintain and
recharge ground water.
It will be the policy of EPA:
—To minimize alterations in the quantity or quality
of the natural flow of water that nourishes wetlands, to
protect wetlands from adverse practices, and to
prevent violation of applicable water quality standards.
—Not to grant federal funds for the construction of
municipal sewage facilities which may interfere with
the existing wetland ecosystem.
—To consult with the Department of the Interior in
determining the probable impact of the pollution
abatement program on fish and widlife in the
wetlands.
—To recommend a public hearing in the event of
projected significant adverse environmental impact on
wetlands.
CITIZENS MAY SUE
The Environmental Protection Agency has proposed
regulations outlining the requirements for giving notice
before a water pollution suit is filed by an individual.
The federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972 authorize any citizen to start a civil ac-
tion against any person for violation of an effluent stan-
dard or against the EPA Administrator for failure to
perform a nondiscretionary duty.
The new water law requires that a citizen must
notify the EPA Administrator 60 days before he files a
suit. In a suit contemplated against an individual, cor-
poration or governmental agency, the plaintiff must
notify the EPA Administrator, the state in which the
violation occurred, and the alleged violator at least 60
days before any action is commenced.
HAZARD POLLUTANTS LAW
National emission standards have been set by the
EPA for three hazardous air pollutants: asbestos,
beryllium and mercury.
These pollutants are the first to be designated as
hazardous-to-health under the Clean Air Act amend-
ments of 1970.
The hazardous-to-health designation requires EPA to
set national emission standards for the affected air
pollutants.
WATER PLANS ASKED
Interim regulations outlining the continuing planning
process in water pollution control have been
established by the EPA.
Under the federal Water Control Act amendments of
1972, states are required to develop a continuing plan-
ning process through which they can make coordinated
water quality management decisions.
The planning process is comprised of four principal
parts which are:
—The annual State Strategy, which sets the state's
major objectives and priorities for preparing its water
basin plans and its annual program plan.
—Plans which establish specific targets for con-
trolling pollution in individual basins.
—The annual program plan, which establishes the
results expected and the resources committed for the
state program each year. This plan is developed from
the annual state strategy, and, when available, from the
specific targets developed in basin plans.
—Reports which measure program performance in
achieving results.
Prior to adoption of final regulations, comments in
writing will be considered if they are mailed to Chief,
Planning Standards Branch, Office of Air and Water
Programs, EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460 before May
10, 1973.
TRASH + COAL = FUEL
Electric utility executives, considering the possibility
of applying a new technique in their own generating
facilities, are studying the performance of the first
power plant to use shredded solid waste as an
auxiliary fuel with coal to generate electricity.
Operation of the process began in St. Louis nine
months ago. It is a cooperative resource recovery effort
between the City of St. Louis, the Union Electric Com-
pany, St. Louis, and the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
NIXON ASKS SAFE WATER
The Administration's proposed Safe Water Drinking
Act will provide an effective solution to the problem of
providing safe drinking water to the public.
Under the President's bill, the EPA Administrator
would establish new federal primary drinking water
standards protective of public health and secondary
standards for such matters as taste, odor and ap-
pearance.
PAGE 9
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RUCKELSHAUS ISSUES CAR RULING
EPA Administrator William D. Ruckolshaus on April
11 granted U.S. automakers a one-year extension on
meeting federal auto emission standards nationwide.
In making the decision. Ruckelshaus ended a three-
year battle between the auto industry and EPA over
whether the standards were attainable by 1975, the
deadline set in the 1970 Clean Air Amendments.
The decision to allow the one-year extension—but to
apply interim standards—pleased no one, and one
Ruckelshaus aide said "it must have been a good one."
Consumer-environmental advocate Ralph Nader
charged Ruckelshaus had "sold out" to the White
House and to auto dealers.
General Motors, from Detroit, said it was "disap-
pointed and dismayed" by Ihe ruling, because the in-
terim standards also will require untested control
devices.
Briefly, here is what Ruckelshaus' decision provides:
California, which is
exempted from the extension.
will be used as a giant "test
laboratory," and was given
stringent standards for 1975.
The standards. Ruckelshaus
said, will require the use of
catalytic converters in that
state. Thus, he said, the con-
sumer and auto industry will
be assured Ihe converters
work before they are put on
cars nationwide.
California car emissions
were set at .9 grams per mile
for hydrocarbons and 9 grams
per mile for carbon monoxide.
Nationwide in 1975, the
auto industry must hold
emissions to 1.5 grams for
hydrocarbons and 15 grams
for carbon monoxides.
Both of these nationwide levels are less than the auto
industry asked during hearings in March. They had
proposed that the 1974 standards of three grams for
hydrocarbons and 28 grams for carbon monoxide apply
until 1976.
In 197(i, all cars will be limited lo .41 grams
hydrocarbons and 3.4 grams carbon monoxide.
Ruckelshaus said he allowed the one-year extension
to avert economic disruption by the phase-in of con-
trols across all car models by 1975.
PAGE 10
William Ruckelshaus
U.S. Steel Cited
Region V EPA took major enforcement action
April 18 against the United States Steel Corporation's
Gary Works.
In the first of a future continuing effort to clean up
Northwest Indiana air. EPA placed U.S. Steel on notice
to formulate an air pollution control schedule within 30
days. If the company fails to do so. EPA has the
authority to take criminal or civil action in federal
court, or itself set a program for the giant steelworks to
meet by 1975.
The action was announced by Francis T. Mayo,
Region V administrator. Valdas Adamkus, deputy
administrator, and James O. McDonald. Region V chief
of enforcement.
McDonald said in a press conference the action was
taken because U.S. Steel has failed to submit a
pollution control schedule as required by Indiana and
federal regulations.
Also put on notice was U.S. Steel's Universal Atlas
Cement Division, of Gary. The notices were directed at
21 pollution sources in the two facilities, which emit
70,000 tons of dust matter yearly.
THE WHITEFISH Bay Lakeshore Erosion Com-
mittee and the Edison Sault Electric Company have
charged that partial damming of northern Lake
Superior to reduce the threat of spring flooding in the
lower Great Lakes is discriminatory and possibly un-
constitutional.
The committee is comprised of homeowners along a
50-mile stretch of shoreline of the Lake Superior bay
and claim that higher waters in the lake have been
responsible for some residents losing as much as 90
feet of beach. The electric company claims that
reduced flow of water into the lower lakes is costing
them an extra $50,000 a month to buy power from
other utilities and to run emergency diesel generators.
The International Joint Commission decided to
reduce the flow of water into the lower lakes Feb. 1 by
closing one of two remaining gates at the 16-gate St.
Mary's Rapids dam.
-------
Asked to Classify Discharge
By HAL BOHNER
In a meeting of public interest
groups and EPA effluent guidelines
division representatives March 23
in Washington, Allen Cywin.
division director, said that the
benefits of pollution reduction
would not be specifically defined as
part of the development of effluent
limitations.
Environmentalists from the
national organizations, the Natural
Resources Defense Council and
Conservation Foundation, took
issue with Cywin's statement that
the benefits of pollutant reduction
will be considered equivalent to the
extent to which the pollutant is
removed from a waste. They point-
ed out that removing a certain
amount of mercury clearly is more
beneficial to the environment than
removal of an equal amount of salt
and that EPA is required to con-
sider such differences in benefits
under the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972.
Cywin indicated that EPA's
program to develop limitations on
toxic substances would not provide
information on the benefits to the
environment from the reduction of
toxic pollutants.
Cywin noted that the effluent
limitations currently being
developed jointly by contractors
and EPA will essentially define
best practicable and best available
technologies for controlling water
pollution from 27 types of in-
dustries. However, he pointed out
that the limitations would not cover
all companies to whom discharge
permits will be issued under the
National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System unless funding
is authorized for additional studies
by the contractors.
The studies which have been
authorized are under way and draft
reports will be completed by July.
Progress reports on the effluent
limitations are periodically
distributed to some regional offices
for review and Cywin invited com-
ments from public interest groups
on the draft reports. Represen-
Photo By Alan T. Jones
Ecology flag flies daily at Addison,
Illinois sewage treatment plant.
tatives of two professional
engineering societies indicated that
they were prepared to analyze the
draft reports, but some en-
vironmentalists noted that citizen
groups will find it difficult to
muster the technical expertise to
review even one of the 27 reports.
The number of permits which
will be issued prior to completion
of the EPA studies and
promulgation of effluent limitations
is unclear. Some permits will be
issued on the basis of water quality
standards without the need for ef-
fluent limitations defining best
practicable control technology.
Such effluent limitations, upon
which more than 7000 permits will
be based, will not be set until
sometime after October and
perhaps as late as January, 1974.
Environmentalists urged that best
practicable control technology be
defined as soon as possible
stressing that without effluent
limits based on EPA's definition of
the available methods of abating
pollution and their costs, control of
much of the pollution of the nation's
waters cannot begin.
Represented at the single meeting
were the American Society of Civil
Engineers, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Water
Pollution Control Federation,
Natural Resources Defense Council,
Hudson River Sloop Preservation.
Conservation Foundation, BPI
(Business and Professional People
for the Public Interest, a Chicago-
based organization) as well as the
EPA.
Mr. Bohner is a member of Busi-
ness and Professional People for the
Public Interest, Chicago. The
opinions expressed in this article
are his own, and not necessarily
EPA's.
PAGE 11
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SHORT SUBJECTS
Cemeteries as Parks
WITH THE CRUNCH for open space in urban areas,
cemeteries are playing an increasing role in providing
recreation for the living.
According to a Northeastern Illinois Planning Com-
mission newsletter, Chicago-area cemeteries have
begun in earnest to open their stoned-wall fortresses to
the public. They're building bike trails among land-
scaped paths, sponsoring free community concerts, and
some are even open for picnics.
Two Catholic Archdiocese cemeteries have also
opened their as-yet-unused land for golf courses.
Among cemeteries participating in recreation and open
space uses are the Mt. Emblem Cemetery, Elmhurst;
Memory Gardens, Arlington Heights; Fresh Meadows,
Hillside; Glenwoody, Glenwood.
The commission also reports that Skokie, a Chicago
suburb, is fining dog owners up to $200 if they fail to
clean up after their pets. The program recently won an
award from Keep America Beautiful, Inc.
PYROLYSIS is a new process that turns hard-to-
dispose-of solid waste into usable gases and molten
slag. In a project near Orchard Park, N.Y., auto body
parts, tires, tree parts, plastics, refrigerators, and
clothes dryers are heated to 2,000 degrees, Farenheit in
a near-vacuum. The organics burn, and the inorganic
remains are liquified.
FOR YEARS, canoeists and sportsmen have made
Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Area a yearly
recreation favorite. To keep it that way, a U.S. District
Court has ordered that timber cutting in the million-
acre virgin country be limited to 600 acres, pending a
U.S. Forest Service report due in about five months.
The action resulted in a suit filed by the Minnesota
Public Interest Research Group.
MIDWEST environmental groups have joined
ecology and sportsmen's groups nationwide in a battle
of the west. In nearly all publications, these groups
have urged their memberships to support the EPA and
Interior Department ban on the use of persistent
poisons to control predators in the West. In an ap-
parent response to a sheep ranchers effort to have the
ban lifted so as to eliminate coyotes, wolves, and bald
eagles, the groups nationwide have urged EPA and In-
terior to hold firm on the ban.
PAGE 12
THE TIME may come when Americans may be
eating old tires and using them to grow food. Rutgers
University and Firestone Tire and Rubber Company
just concluded a two-year study that suggests scrap
rubber can also be used to purify water. And mean-
while, the Deltona Corporation is building an artificial
reef out of old tires supplied by the Goodyear Tire and
Rubber Company. The reef has attracted large schools
of 33 fish species.
SOME government workers never rest. In Illinois,
Verdun Randolph, chief of that state's Bureau of En-
vironmental Health noticed some peeling paint while
waiting for a meeting in the state Capitol Building. He
tested it and found lead. It prompted his department to
warn legislators that "Nibbling paint chips from the
State House walls could be hazardous to your health."
FIVE Ohio companies have been billed for killing
fish by the state's Division of Wildlife. Cleveland Elec-
trical Illuminating Company was billed $13,820 for 2.9
million fish it allegedly killed in Lake Erie at the
Eastlake power plant. Diamond Shamrock Company,
Cleveland, was billed $17,491 for 374,000 fish allegedly
killed last June from a sodium hypochloride discharge
into the Grand River.
Others billed were the Routh Packing Company,
Sandusky, $11,048; Whirlpool Corporation, Findlay,
$2,312; and Schumacher Soil Service, Columbus Grove,
$21,748. The city of Norwalk was billed $1,694 for a kill
caused by its power plant; and Hershall Fannin, of
Ironton, for a $1,799 fish kill caused by dumping
chicken manure. The division sends bills every few
months to firms accused of killing fish or other wildlife.
BECAUSE of public demand, the Hamilton County
Park District, Cincinnati, Ohio, has published an an-
thology of articles written by Warren R. Wells, the
district's chief naturalist. Wells has written natural
history articles in the district's newsletters for 18 years.
The book, which costs $2.50, contains all his writings.
Proceeds from the book will be used to purchase ad-
ditional parkland.
THE WABASH Valley Association, Mt. Carmel 111.,
recently celebrated its 16th birthday. The group has
been an environmental watchdog for that many years
and is looking forward to 20.
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and Birds on the ' Phone
YOU don't have to stop flushing to save water.
That's the conclusion of an increasing number of en-
vironmentalists and planners who are advocating a
brick in every toilet tank. Arguing that half of domestic
water used is flushed, the brick-advocates have figured
out that one brick saves a quart of water each time the
toilet tank empties. Other ways to save that quart—and
save money in the process—are to bend down the tank
control arm, use a plastic bag of gravel, or use an up-
turned quart jar. The brick and its equivalents, by the
way, don't sacrifice flushing efficiency.
DR. JANET Friedlander, of Cleveland Heights, Ohio,
has assembled more than 1,000 pieces of literature on
the pollution of Lake Erie. The comprehensive collec-
tion, which should serve as an invaluable resource
material for researchers studying Lake Erie, is
available at the Sears Library on the Case Western
Reserve University campus.
IT'S getting so that New York birds don't have much
privacy lately. That's because of a telephone service,
called Dial-A-Bird, which nature enthusiasts can use to
find out what birds have been sighted in the area
within the past week. The service, sponsored by the
National Audubon Society and Linnaean Society, can
be reached by dialing (212) 832-6523. The areas
covered are: Long Island, New York, and Westchester;
and Putnam, and Rockland Counties. The idea seems
custom-made for the Midwest, too, which lies in the
Mississippi Valley Flyway.
AND in Detroit, the Chamber of Commerce has
called for the creation of a six-county regional authority
to plan and organize a system of solid waste disposal.
In a two-year study that cost $234,000, the chamber
reported that unless new landfill sites can be found,
there won't be enough capacity for the amount of solid
wastes being discarded. The commerce recommends
that a seven-man agency should be empowered to plan,
license, and regulate the use of landfills.
THE NON-polluting electric streetcar is making a
comeback in Dayton, Ohio; Boston, Mass.; and San
Francisco, Calif. Dayton is studying a transit system
with the cars, and the other two cities are soliciting
bids for 230 of them.
TWO Indiana environmental groups have gotten
together to publish a weekly "hot line" newsletter on
what's going on in their state legislature. The letter
flags issues that need immediate support or opposition,
and records legislators' votes on key environmental
bills. The letter is published by the Indiana Division of
the Izaak Walton League, 1802 Chapman Road.
Huntertown; and the Eco-Coalition, 5314 Boulevard
Place, Indianapolis.
CHICAGO'S public television station, WTTW, has
just completed a two-month showing of nine programs
dealing with the environment. Titled "Earthkeeping,"
the program received good reviews and dealt with
problems of city life, citizen participation, garbage,
farms, cars, and other environmental subjects. The
programs were shown on Sunday evenings. The series
theme song, "Nothing Ever Goes Away," stressed that
earth is a closed system.
MAY 6 through May 12 will be Wisconsin Paper
Week in that state. During the week, papermakers will
open their doors to the public and show them the paper
companies' efforts in cutting pollution from their
plants. The week will begin informally in Green Bay
May 7.
A WYANDOTTE, Mich., company is using a huge
vacuum cleaner this summer to guard against its in-
coming materials becoming a hazard to the en-
vironment. Wyandotte Cement, Inc. spent $750,000 on
the dust abatement facility, which captures dust as
cement is unloaded at its Lake Michigan docks. The
vacuum cleaner is 360 feet long and 80 feet high. It was
developed by the company's engineers and the Wayne
County Health Department's Air Pollution Control
Division.
WAYNE COUNTY, Michigan, is proposing to give
unemployed young people and senior citizens a job
cleaning up the Rouge River. Richard Mannin, county
commissioner, said the program would cost about $2.5
million and is looking for federal or state grants to
begin.
PAGE 13
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BUSINESS
Clean Air for Columbus, Ind.
Businessmen down in Columbus, Indiana, south of
Indianapolis, have organized on their own to see that
their community has cleaner air in the future.
Two years ago. the Columbus Chamber of Com-
merce formed an air pollution subcommittee under its
Environmental Council and named Willi Henny. an
executive of the Cummins Engine Company, chairman.
"We set out to reduce the air pollution in the greater
Columbus area to an acceptable level and to assure that
it remains so in the future," Henny said.
Henny points out that it has been the policy of the
16-member air pollution subcommittee to make its ac-
tions a community effort with the committee working
closely with citizens, citizen groups, government, in-
dustry and the Columbus Air Pollution Control Office.
The subcommittee tries to keep the public informed
about what's being done to promote meaningful efforts
to reduce and control pollution to assure healthy air for
citizens and plant life in the Columbus area.
All publicity on the subcommittee's efforts is
processed through the chairman of the subcommittee
who then forwards it to the Chamber of Commerce's
Environmental Council for final clearance and
publication.
Henny said the subcommittee tries to define the
problems and determine the method of evaluation and
control with the help of technically competent people.
"We try to originate, coordinate and execute the
plans to achieve the objectives that we've stated," he
noted. He said the group makes every effort to work
with the industry which may be polluting in order to
establish meaningful, realistic and acceptable goals and
schedules.
The organization provides technical advice to small
industry to help them find the best and most
economical method to reduce pollution.
"We also feel that our efforts should include the
education of the public regarding our plans, efforts,
needs and achievements in order to gain the public's
interest and participation," Henny added.
He said the subcommittee defines the volunteer
work which can be done as self-contained projects, and
tries to find suitable volunteers and coordinate their ac-
tivities.
"Our group works closely with the Air Pollution
Control Office of Columbus and local government so
that we can be aware of legislative action in
preparation," Henny pointed out.
PAGE 14
He said the group feels that it is important to work
closely with local government in order to obtain its
support and counsel, to establish goals compatible with
present and future legislative requirements, and to
provide information to appropriate government agen-
cies to obtain compliance with legal standards.
It is also the goal of the subcommittee to form and
organize new permanent and temporary subgroups to
achieve a specific phase of the air pollution effort plan.
Henny said the subgroups report to the sub-
committee and act under its direction. The groups in-
clude a technical committee to provide technical
guidance, an industrial committee to work with in-
dustry, and a sampling committee.
Willi Henny
THE DOW CHEMICAL Corporation is participating
in two research demonstration projects with the federal
EPA.
One of the projects is in Midland, Mich. The process
was installed to test methods of removing phenols from
sewage.
At a cost of $600,000, the Dow-Chemical unit treats
phenols in two, alternating activated carbon beds. The
project, which has been operating for three years, has
successfully treated contaminated wastewater con-
taining 100 to 1,000 parts per million of phenols. The
process has resulted in an effluent of below one part
per million.
One of the two units is on-stream. The other is being
used to recycle the (phenol) wastes from the first unit.
EPA is funding 55 per cent of the project cost.
The other project, also in Midland, is the use of an
ultraviolet reactor in a chemical plant. The reactor ac-
celerates the decomposition of organic chemical
pollutants with chlorine, resulting in the coversion of
organic compounds to harmless carbon dioxide.
If the system proves successful on a large scale,
sewage plant capacity could be increased. EPA is fund-
ing 55 per cent of the $400,000 project.
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EPALOG
EPA Offers Books, Movies
New Films and Publications
"A Question of Values" records a debate among residents of a small Maine community in conflict between en-
vironmental preservation and economic development. 28 min., 16 mm color.
"A Man and A River"—Artist Thomas Hart Benton, in a call for preserving our free-flowing rivers, talks of the
Buffalo River. 4-1/2 min., 16 mm color.
Both films available on free loan from National Audiovisual Center, Washington, D.C. 20407.
"Allie, Allie In-Free"—Produced in Cleveland, the film depicts life in an inner-city environment. 30 Min., 16 mm
color. Available on free loan from Modern Talking Pictures, Inc., 160 E. Grand Ave., 60611.
"In Order to Change"—Produced in Chicago, this film tells the story of a community group that won en-
vironmental safeguards. 1 hour, 30 mins., 16 mm color. Also available on free loan from Modern Talking Pictures,
Inc.
"EPA Citizen's Bulletin, April, 1973." The latest issue of a monthly publication capsulizing EPA recent action.
"Aircraft Emissions; Impact on Air Quality and Feasibility of Control."—This EPA study tackles the con-
troversial issue of controlling aircraft emissions.
"Popeye and Environmental Careers."—Published by King Features, of New York, for the EPA, this comic book
is custom-made for kids. It is a compilation of Popeye the Sailor Man's confrontation with pollution.
All three publications listed above may be obtained from Region V EPA, Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr.,
Chicago, 111. 60606.
Rules and Regulations
Revion V has begun sending short-form waste discharge permit applications to Minnesota, Michigan, Illinois,
Ohio, Wisconsin, and Indiana. The first forms, which were due in mid-April, apply to small municipal,
agricultural, forestry, fishing, manufacturing, service, and commercial establishments.
Forms for plants not in operation prior to Oct. 18, 1972 are due from 60 to 180 days before waste discharge is
begun. Cities with populations of less than 10,000 should write the Permits Branch, EPA Region V, 1 N. Wacker
Dr., Chicago, 111., 60606.
The Federal Register
As a matter of public record, notices of EPA hearings, proposed rule makings, promulgations of regulations,
and other regulatory actions are published in the daily Federal Register. The register is available at most libraries
(including the Region V library) or by an annual subscription of $25 from the U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402.
February 28. State and local assistance; grants for construction of treatment works. Tolerances for pesticide
chemicals in or on raw agricultural commodities; cycloheximide, phosalone, and viable spores of microorganism
bacillus thuringiensis berliner.
Amchem Products, Inc.; filing of petition regarding pesticide chemical. Ciba-Geigy Corp.; withdrawal of petitions
regarding pesticide chemical and food additive. Environmental impact statements; availability of agency com-
ments. Petrochemical Industry Advisory Committee meeting.
March 2. Advisory Committee on Revision and Application of Drinking Water Standards; public meeting.
March 6. Tolerances for pesticide chemicals; certain inert ingredients in pesticide formulations applied
to animals; correction.
March 7. Motor vehicle pollution control suspension request; public hearing and procedures; correction.
National Air Pollution Manpower Development Advisory Committee; meeting. Technical Advisory Group to
Municipal Wastewater Systems Division; meeting.
March 8. Maintenance of national ambient air quality standards. Air programs; preparation, adoption and sub-
mittal of implementation plans.
(Continued on back page)
PAGE 15
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Epaiog ....
March 9. Grants for construction of water treatment works; correction. Benomyl; extension of temporary
tolerance. PAX Co. Arsenic Advisory Committee meeting.
March 13. Hazardous Materials Advisory Committee; committee management determination and meetings (3
documents).
March 14. Administrative claims under Federal Tort Claim Act; procedures. Air pollution control; standards
and test procedures. Prior notice to citizen suits; procedures for giving notice of civil actions. Benzoyl chloride (2,4,
6-trichlorophenyl) hydrazone; reextension of temporary tolerance.
March 19. Environmental impact statements.
March 21. Availability of Environmental impact statements.
March 20. Amendments of state air quality implementation plan requirements. EPA establishes and exempts
tolerances for certain residues.
March 22. EPA adopts tolerances for residues on sweetpotatoes, effective March 30, 1973. EPA notices of
tolerance proposals on soybeans and petition withdrawal by Velsicol Chemical Co., Chicago.
March 27. Interim regulations for state planning under 1972 Water Pollution Control Act. Comments accepted
thru May 11, 1973. EPA establishes tolerances for four pesticides, effective on date of publication.
March 28. Proposed interim regulations for pesticide tolerances on apples.
March 30. EPA sets temporary tolerances for herbicide residues on cottonseed and soybeans.
April 2. Proposed rules for negotiated architect-engineer contracts; procurement forms.
r U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1973-754-317/P 0 NO 1
REGION V PUBLIC REPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ^^ AND FEE8 PAID
Office Of Public Affairs ENV.RONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606 EPA-335
THIRD CLASS
PAGE 16
-------
Region V Public Report
From This
No longer need citizens
picket to be heard. New
laws include them in de-
cisions from the ground
up. Cover story on Page
8.
Citizen Participation
To This
-------
Defining
Standards
For
Our
Cities
Francis T. Mayo
How do you require cities to obtain second-stage
treatment of sewage wastes by 1977 if experts in
sewage treatment disagree on what levels of pollutant
removal constitutes secondary treatment?
In an effort to get around that chicken-and-cgg
problem, EPA on April 27 published definitions of
secondary treatment in the Federal Register.
The definitions cover biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD), suspended solids, fecal coliform bacteria, and
pH (acidity-alkalinity.)
For BOD and suspended solids, we have proposed a
limit of 30 parts per million as a monthly average and a
maximum weekly average of 45 parts per million.
For fecal coliform bacteria, which is a benchmark for
water contamination from human wastes, we have
proposed a monthly maximum of 200 bacteria for 100
each milliliters of water and a weekly average of 400 of
the bacteria per 100 milliliters of water.
The pH range must be between 6 and 9. Seven is
neutral on a 1-10 scale.
EPA is accepting public comment on the limits until
the end of June. Comments may be sent to the director,
Municipal Wastewater Systems Division. EPA.
Washington. D.C. 20460.
The Public Report is published periodically
by the Public Affairs Office, Region V EPA, 1
N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, III., 60606.
Francis T. Mayo Region V Administrator
Valdas Adamkus Deputy Administrator
Frank Corrado Public Affairs Director
Sally W. Jones Public Report Editor
Ann Hooe Graphics Editor
Letters and comments on the report or
other environmental issues may be sent to
the address above.
In This Issue . . .
In an effort to provide greater access to the public
for publications, upcoming decisions, and research
studies conducted by EPA, the Region V Public Report
this month will begin several regular features.
In the Epalog section, (p. 13) the Federal Register
Listings have been revised to give a greater description
on what each issue contains relative to the en-
vironment.
Looks Ahead (p. 11) is a capsule account of EPA
decisions and studies that are underway or in soon-to-
be-released form. We are publishing this feature with
the feeling that if the public knows what is ahead, it
can be alerted and thus better able to provide needed
response to the agency.
And finally, the Publications section (p. 13) will
carry both a listing of those publications that provide
general information to the layman; and listings of
publications that provide technological information
based on EPA-contracted research projects nationwide.
The energy crisis is af-
fecting the environment.
For stories on environment
and energy, see Pages 3
and 4.
Shore Conference Ahead
The Region V EPA will cooperate with three
other agencies for a two-day conference on shoreland
planning for Lake Michigan.
The sponsors of the conference are the Lake
Michigan Federation, Chicago's Department of En-
vironmental Control, the University of Illinois (Urbana)
Institute for Environmental Studies, and EPA.
The conference will be held May 24 and 25 in the
Field Museum on Chicago's Lakefront. The morning
session will include addresses by several speakers and
the afternoon meetings will be used for workshop
sessions.
PAGE 2
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No Gas? Try Mowing!
Do we really need
all these gadgets?
By Lee Botts
The so-called energy crisis could be the saving of us
all.
Consider how many of our society's current dif-
ficulties are related to the profligate waste of energy.
Then consider whether a shortage of energy will really
be all that disastrous.
Increasing health problems, pollution, unem-
ployment, especially among the young and less
educated—all can be related to an excessive use of
energy in certain forms. Let me propose an energy con-
servation measure for the coming summer months to
illustrate my point.
Two forms of energy are predicted to be in short
supply during the summer of 1973: electricity and
gasoline;. Neither will be totally lacking: there simply
may not be enough to support our accustomed assump-
tion that there; will always be more; than we actually
need, sold cheaply enough that we do not have to count
the cost, either in money or social consequences.
The predicted crisis is. in fact, a possible shortage
that may force us to choose using the available; supply
for some purposes more essential than others It is
unlikely that we will have to read by candlelight.
provided we choose to run our air conditioners ef-
ficiently and sparingly. Ambulances will still be able to
answer emergencies, and food will be delivered. We
could make this more certain by taking a Sunday af-
ternoon walk instead of a drive, reducing, incidentally
the likelihood that we will need an ambulance from a
highway accident.
Housewives may have; te> plan shopping trips ef-
ficiently to avoid unnecessary trips by car to the supe'r-
market for forgotten ite'ms. Or even walk, or send one
of the children. Which brings me to my proposal for
energy conservation this summer.
Why not outlaw the use of power lawnmowers. in
the interest not e>nly of energy conservation but of
social welfare? This simple step, nationwide, could
have the' following consequences:
1. It would force harnessing the excess energy of the
young to a useful purpose, providing employment to
replace jobs phased out with the' shutdown of federally
supported programs.
2. It would improve the; health of the middle-ageel.
whe> would not have to rese>rt to artificial forms of exer-
cise, such as jejgging.
3. It could reduce1 the consumption of electricity by
ge;tting more1 persons out of doors more of the time.
4. It could encourage recycling, by the1 rescue of
what must be many, many thousands of abandoned
hanel lawnmowers rusting in baseme;nts and garages.
5. It could reduce noise' pollution.
6. And it would reduce1 air pollution fmm hydrocar-
bons and carbon rrmnoxieie.
7. It could restore the natural landscape. With hanel
scything along highways, some wilelflovvers anel weeds
would be like;ly te> escape. Consider that the dandelion
in Great Britain is an endangered species.
Single; measures seie;h as abandoning power lawn-
mowers cannot solve1 the; nation's energy preiblems—le;t
alone its social proble'ms—but the1 proposal ele>e;s
illustrate1 my point. To wit. it can be argued that our
problems ste'm from too much available energy rather
than too little. To borrow an analogy from a fellow e:e>n-
servationist. consider how a baby grows.
If he double's his birth weight by six months, he; is
well and healthy. If he; doubles it again by one1 year, he;
is plump but not necessarily too fat. If he1 continues to
grow at that rate, by the1 age- of 10 he will weigh 10
million pounds.
Those; who speak e>f an energy e:risis as a disaster
almost invariably invoke the1 statistical fact that fe>r a
couple e)f decades Ihe nation's growth in the; con-
sumption of electricity has doubled every few years.
The implication is that continued growth at that rate; is
necessary anel desirable. On the1 e;e>ntrary. it can only
lead ultimately to real disaster such as the1 necessity te)
use1 all of the1 nation's waterways by the year 2000 feir
cooling water. Or a nuclear power plant every 5 mile;s
alemg the1 California coast.
In my opinion, the' real energy e;risis is the; delusion
that continued unlimited growth in e;ne;rgy con-
sumption is vital te> the; natiem's welfare. If we obtain
no more energy than we now have, we will still have;
six time's our share1 e>f the; vve>rld supply on a pe;r capita
basis. Essential needs will be; met—henises heated, food
cooked, factories busy.
Far from being a e:risis. the; expected shortages could
fore:e a reconsideration of the1 real e:onsequences of cem-
tinued growth at past rates: elimination of unnecessary
use's of energy: and more1 efficient use; for essential
purposes.
Let us push our lawnmowers this summer: our
hearts will be1 healthier, our air cleaner, our backyards
more; quie1!. our youngsters busier and happier.
Lee Botts is executive secretary of the Leike
Michigan Federation, Chicago. The opinions expressed
in this article are her own. and not necessarily EPA's.
PAGE 3
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How Auto Ruling Affects You
By William Omohundro
Over half of the 210 million people in the United
States who drive the more than 80 million vehicles in
this country will be affected by EPA actions in
carrying out its mandate under the Clean Air Act of
1970.
In recognition of this broad national impact, EPA
Assistant Administrator for Air and Water Programs
Robert L. Sansom presented some relevant facts on the
reduction of auto emissions in an address to the North
American Conference on Motor Vehicle Emission Con-
trol last November in Albuquerque, N.M.
"The automobile is the single most important source
of air pollutants in this country," Sansom said. Ac-
cording to nationwide estimates, in 1970 gasoline-
powered motor vehicles contributed 50 per cent of the
hydrocarbons, 70 per cent of the carbon monoxide, and
30 per cent of the nitrogen oxide emitted to the air.
"In many individual cities, however, motor vehicles
contributed even more—in the 90 per cent range in
some cities," Sansom pointed out. He said the Clean
Air Act of 1970, which mandates that the automobile
industry reduce these emissions by at least 90 per cent
by 1976, will go far in removing automobiles from the
pollution picture.
MOST OF US know that the automobile causes
degradation of air quality. What the average
automobile owner wants to know is how EPA's
cleanup campaign under the Clean Air Act is going to
affect him: his pocketbook and his transportation
needs.
Sansom said some manufacturers have consistently
claimed that the incremental cost of an automobile due
to EPA's pollution control efforts will exceed $600.
"Our estimates show that the increased sticker price
of an average U.S. automobile in 1975 should be on the
order of $150 to $300 over the price of a comparable
1968 car," he said. Sansom said this estimate was con-
firmed by industry testimony before EPA public
hearings held last May.
"It is also clear that the cost will be even lower for
cars with four and six cylinder engines," he explained.
"We are confident that these cost increases can be fur-
ther reduced through continued development,
engineering and optimization of the basic systems, as
well as through the development of new power engine
systems with inherently better emission charac-
teristics."
The EPA Assistant Administrator said energy con-
sumption is another standard by which this technology
has to be judged. He said the question of fuel penalties
from emission control devices has also received con-
siderable recent attention in the press.
PAGE 4
"OUR'RESEARCH in this area does not indicate that
on the average current model year vehicles show
poorer fuel economy characteristics than did vehicles
manufactured before emission control devices were
required," Sansom noted.
EPA figures indicate an overall fuel economy
decrease from pollution control devices of 7 per cent in
1973 model year vehicles over pre-1968 vehicles. "But,"
he said, "let's put this 7 per cent into perspective. The
automotive industry has indicated that there is a 5-6
per cent fuel penalty associated with the introduction
of automatic transmissions."
Sansom said there is an average of about 9 per cent
fuel penalty associated with an automobile air con-
ditioner, but this can range up to 20 per cent in urban
driving on hot days. And, he noted, factory air con-
ditioning is installed on over 60 per cent of all new cars
on the market.
"The type of engine used in the automobile is also a
significant variable in terms of fuel consumption," he
said. "The available data on diesel-powered
automobiles show a 70 per cent increase in fuel
economy over an automobile of the same weight using
the gasoline, spark ignited, reciprocating engine which
dominates the American market."
On the other hand, he said, data available to EPA on
the Wankel shows a 35 per cent decrease in fuel
economy. The stratified charge engine which is a
prototype low-emission engine being developed jointly
under Army and EPA funding, shows a 12 per cent in-
crease in fuel economy over the average 1973 vehicle of
similar weight at a significantly lower emission level.
"But the largest impact on fuel economy is associated
with the general industry trend toward heavier
vehicles," Sansom noted. "The fuel economy of the up-
per and lower bound (limits) of vehicle weights com-
monly found in the U.S. varies by 150 per cent."
THE AVERAGE current model 5,000-pound vehicle
achieves approximately 10 miles per gallon under
simulated urban driving conditions compared to 25
miles per gallon for 2,000 pound vehicles. "Thus," he
said, "the car buyer has a direct and effective method
of achieving better fuel economy through his choice of
the weight of the vehicle he purchases."
Though EPA has found some fuel and economic
"disadvantages" in clean cars, they are relatively minor
when viewed in the light of Detroit's and the con-
sumer's trend toward cars with increased weight, air
conditioning, power equipment, automatic
transmission, inflation, and now the Wankel engine.
"With the energy crisis upon us," he said, "much can
and must be done to minimize energy consumption
-------
Will these cars cost more?
from mobile sources—sources using about 40 per cent
of the petroleum resources in this country."
The stratified charge engine, the diesel. or a shift to
smaller cars—all these measures—would have sub-
stantial fuel economy advantages. Sansom said these
alternatives should be at the top of the list of measures
to save energy, and meet emission goals.
Other ways to combat the fuel-energy-cost pinch are
motor vehicle modifications, emissions inspections, and
transportation controls. Sansom said.
"VEHICLE MODIFICATION appears to be a
feasible and readily available alternative open at
present," he said. Emission requirements could be ex-
tended to pre-1968 vehicles and made more stringent
on 1968 to 1974 models. Currently, approximately 60
per cent of the nation's automobiles—all those
manufactured prior to 1968—have no form of exhaust
pollution control device.
The possibility of modifying or retrofitting older
models has strong appeal because they often emit
many times more pollution than new models.
Retrofit systems have been developed and some
require only carburetor and distributor modifications.
Turning to emission inspection systems as a second
transportation control alternative, he said periodic in-
spection seems needed to assure maintenance, as well
as identify high emitters.
"Along with vehicle modifications and inspection the
third option of transportation systems controls has
been advanced as a pollution reduction approach with
considerable, and as yet. largely unexplored potential."
Sansom said.
SANSOM SAID evaluating transportation controls is
considerably more difficult than evaluating
modifications hardware, and knowledge is correspond-
ingly less complete.
Further, he continued, the improvements that can be
achieved are likely to vary considerably from eity to
city, depending on a city's urban structure, its disper-
sion of origin and destination points, and the extent to
which it uses mass transit.
Sansom said that most non-hardware transportation
control alternatives such as higher parking fees require
mass transit improvements. If auto use is discouraged.
alternative transportation will be needed, he said.
"Leaving aside for the moment coercive means of en-
couraging mass transit use." he said, "the most im-
portant mass transit improvement that can be made is
to decrease door-to-door travel time."
The EPA assistant administrator said travel time is a
more important determinant of transit ridership than
cost, and direct access time may be more important
Continued on Page 6
PAGE 5
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Cars . . .
than travel time. This means that transit improvement
is likely to require not only the use of express bus
lanes and the like, but also improved collection and
distribution systems.
It may be that to be most effective in reducing
emissions, mass transit will have to be associated with
vehicular restraints or pricing policies designed to
discourage automobile use, he said. "Without such
measures, it may be that no mass transit system can
sufficiently attract enough drivers from their cars to
achieve the necessary reduction in auto trips."
While the measures discussed here are the last part
of the regulatory framework to be put in place, he add-
ed, they are among the first that will impact on the
public. "We must achieve our air pollution goals, but
we must do so with minimum cost to society."
Ferrari Eats Gas,
Honda Doesn't
And speaking of sticker price and fuel economy,
the EPA in April released a study showing what most
of us already know—that big cars guzzle more gas than
little ones.
In a 29-page report, the EPA rated the gas mileage of
all models of cars sold in the U.S. The ratings, EPA
said, should not be considered a hard and fast guide,
but were based on 364 vehicles submitted by 36
manufacturers to EPA for testing.
Here, briefly, is what EPA found in 11 classes of
autos, based on weight:
1,750 pounds Class average 24.7; Honda 24.7.
2,000 pounds Class average 24.8; Datsun 27.7; British
Leyland 23.2; Toyota 26.0; Fiat 22.29.
2,250 pounds Class average 20.9. Toyota 21.7;
Volkswagen 21.7; Fuji Subaru 21.5; Cricket British
Chrysler 21.2; Saab 21.0; Fiat 20.8; British Leyland 19.4.
2,500 pounds Class average 20.9. Mitsubishi Motors
Dodge Colt 22.6; BMW 21.6; General Motors 21.7; Ford
21.1; Jensen Motors Healy 12.9; Datsun 20.7;
Volkswagen 20.2; Fiat 19.7; Renault 19.7; Toyota 19.6;
British Leyland 18.9; Saab 18.8; Toyo Kogyo 18.8; Alfa
18.6.
PAGE 6
2,750 pounds Class average 18.6. American Motors
General (Special Utility) 19.5; General Motors 19.4;
Ford 19.0; Volkswagen 18.8; Renault 18.7; Saab 18.4;
British Leyland 18.0; TVR 18.0; Toyota 17.3; Toyo
Kogyo 17.1; Isuzu Luv 16.9; Datsun 16.7; Porsche 16.3;
Classic Phaeton Roadster 12.3.
3,000 pounds Class average 15.4. Volvo 17.7;
American Motors General (Special Utility) 17.6; Peugot
16.9; British Leyland 16.3; Toyota 15.3; Ford 14.3; Audi
14.1; Ferrari 9.6.
3,500 pounds Class average 14.2. Volkswagen 16.45;
Chrysler 16.0; Volvo 15.7; British Leyland Rover 14.6;
Toyota 14.2; BMW 13.9; Mercedes Benz 13.9; General
Motors 12.8; American Motors Corp. 12.5; Citroen 11.6;
Ford 11.4; British Leyland Jaguar 8.6.
4,000 pounds Class average 10.8. American Motors
General (Special Utility) 14.4; Mercedes Benz 12.9;
Chrysler 12.7; International Harvester Light Utility
12.7; Checker 12.4; Toyota 12.3; American Motors
Corp. 11.7; Avanti 11.0; Ford 10.9; S.S. Excalibur 10.1;
General Motors 9.7; British Leyland Jaguar 9.6;
Maserati 8.5; Lamberghini 7.3; Ferrari 6.4.
4,500 pounds Class average 10.2. Checker 11.6;
American Motors 11.3; Chrysler 10.6; General Motors
10.0; Ford 9.2; International Harvester 9.2.
5,000 pounds Class average 9.35. International Har-
vester 10.0; Chrysler 9.7; General Motors 9.4; Rolls
Royce 9.2; Ford 8.8.
5,500 pounds Class average 8.7. Ford 8.4; In-
ternational Harvester 8.1; Rolls Royce 8.0.
(Copies of the complete fuel economy report for 1973
cars can be obtained by writing Public Inquiries, U. S.
EPA, 401 M. St., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460.)
Beets, Fiberglass Get Limit
The EPA published the first two of 27 effluent
limit proposed regulations for industry in early May.
The first two apply to sugar beet and fiberglass plants,
and require the best practicable technology for control.
The other 25, dealing with oil, steel, paper and other in-
dustries probably will be issued beginning in late June
or July. Because of the large volume of pages in the
proposed limits, copies will be available only in EPA
regional and district offices and state pollution control
agencies. Comments on the regulations are being ac-
cepted through the first week in June and should be ad-
dressed to EPA Enforcement Branch, Region V, 1 N.
Wacker Dr., Chicago, 111., 60606.
-------
SHORT SUBJECTS
Bottles:
they keep disappearing
Environmentalists who have had past experience
conducting bottle and glass collection drives for
recycling know the problem of getting the old bottles to
market—especially if the reclamation center wants
them crushed.
A group of Calvin College, Mich., students and their
professor may have an.answer.
They've developed a do-it-yourself bottle crusher
that costs as little as $17 to build—if environmental
groups have a knack for scavenging old pieces of equip-
ment no one needs. For ecology groups that can't af-
ford the high cost of commercial crushers, the Calvin
College gadget may be ideal. It's small enough for com-
munity groups to handle, too. For information on the
crusher, write to Professor James Bosscher, Calvin
College, Grand Rapids, Mich., 49506.
Disappearing Bottles
There are other ways to get rid of containers, ac-
cording to research studies being conducted in several
universities nationwide. The universities have found
that it's feasible to make containers that disintegrate.
They're called biodegradable bottles, but further
research is being done to determine if they biodegrade
into more harmful substances than bottles themselves.
Among the containers developed are plastic ones that
disintegrate in the sun; a soluble glass with a special
coating that turns into liquid when mixed with rain
upon breaking; and a third kind made of cellulose-
based protein that can be edible, if one likes that sort of
thing. The three kinds of bottles were described in
"Outlook," a review of solid waste technology
published by the Owens-Illinois, Inc.'s news bureau,
P.O. Box 1035, Toledo, Ohio, 43666.
"Auntie Litter Says"
The Milwaukee Journal, as a public service, has
joined the city's Health Department in an anti-litter
campaign. Several times weekly, the newspaper
publishes a cartoon with an "Auntie Litter Says .
headline, and adds appropriate messages to the car-
toon. Students now are submitting messages.
Purdy Promoted
Ralph Purdy, long in the water resources field, has
been appointed deputy director of the Environmental
Protection Bureau in Michigan. The bureau is within
the newly-reorganized Department of Natural Resourc-
es. Purdy formerly was technical secretary for the
state's Water Resource Commission.
Gas Leak Sealed
A gas leak has been sealed in Williamsburg, Mich.,
where 200 people had to evacuate their homes in mid-
April to avoid the geyser-like leaks. The Amoco
Production Co., though it denied its well caused the
leak problem, drilled other holes in the ground to
relieve underground pressure and sealed the 6,000-
foot-natural gas well.
Health and the AMA
The American Medical Association held a two-day
conference in Chicago April 29 and 30. Doctors nation-
wide discussed energy, the environment and human
health. Information on obtaining the proceedings of the
congress can be obtained from the association, 535 N.
Dearborn, Chicago, 111., 60610.
Bags for Litter
Need a litter bag for your car or community clean-
up effort? Keep America Beautiful, Inc., has them.
They carry the red, white, and blue KAB insignia and
are being sold at a nominal charge to community
groups, trade associations, companies, and labor unions
for clean-up drives. The name of the campaign sponsor
can be printed on the small bags. For information write
to KAB, 99 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016.
Polluting Puppets
Creative Presentations, Inc., has put together a pup-
pet show on the environment for kids. The company, at
370 Crestwood Dr., Roselle, 111., 60172, has the show
self-contained in a traveling van. Entitled "Annie and
the Pollution Gang," the show features Sesame Street-
type monsters holding a convention to foul the en-
vironment. Annie foils the plot, though, by eavesdrop-
ping on the convention.
PAGE 1
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COVER STORY
Citizen Participation
For U.S., States
Law
By Frank Corrado
ON APRIL 24, 1973, the Environmental Protection
Agency, after waiting 60 days for comments, began
putting together final rules for public participation un-
der the new Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.
During those sixty days, a total of ninety persons in
the United States responded either for or against the
regulations, or requested changes.
This meager response took place in spite of a very
serious attempt by EPA and major citizen groups to in-
volve the public in the commenting process.
Unfortunately, most of the public is concerned only
when faced with a local or neighborhood problem. This
lack of participation is endemic to governmental efforts
to involve the public traditionally. One political scien-
tist, Leonard Dahl, estimated a number of years ago
that only about one in 2,000 persons takes any active
role in civic affairs.
WHAT MAKES THE lack of public involvement in
the water cleanup efforts so disheartening, however, is
that many serious attempts and lots of effort by the
legislative and executive branches have been expended
in developing and implementing Section 101(e) of the
new water act—the "public's section."
One of the stumbling blocks for public participation
is simply the complexity of the new act. The new water
amendments run a total of 98 pages long, and that's
just the law. Hundreds of additional pages are being
published spelling out how the law will work.
The key to citizen participation in the new law is
Section 101(e) which states: "Public participation in the
development, revision, and enforcement of any
regulation, standard, effluent limitation, plan, or
program established by the administrator or any state
under this act shall be provided for, encouraged, and
assisted by the administrator and the states. The ad-
ministrator, in cooperation with the states, shall
develop and publish regulations specifying minimum
guidelines for public participation in such processes."
Even though the final regulations have not yet been
published, other regulations issued for other parts of
that new law do have sections on public participation,
as required in 101(e).
For example, Section 303(e) of the act also requires
states to provide for public participation as they
develop their State Continuing Planning Process.
Guidelines for states to implement participation were
PAGE 8
published in the March 27, 1973 Federal Register:
"EACH PROCESS OR any revision thereof shall be
developed with provisions for public participation in
accordance with Section 101(e) of the act, and any
regulation issued by the administrator thereunder.
Public participation with adequate opportunity for
public hearing upon proper showing shall be required
on significant elements of the planning process in-
cluding proposed state strategy and priority lists
developed under the continuing planning process pur-
suant to section 106 regulations."
This means that states may hold public hearings on
their cleanup strategy (and any annual changes) and on
their priority lists (for grants to cities, for priority
streams to clean up, for industrial and municipal
dischargers).
A second regulation—covering overall water quality
management plans—is yet to be published in the
Federal Register. In its section 131.401 on public
hearings, it states:
"There shall be conducted, prior to the adoption or
any substantive revision of the plan and after
reasonable notice thereof, one or more public hearings
on the proposed plan or on parts of the plan, in ac-
cordance with the requirements of Section 101(e) of the
act. The number and location of hearings shall reflect
the size of the planning area and its population and
population distribution. Public participation and con-
tribution shall be encouraged commencing with the
earliest possible stages of plan development and con-
tinuing throughout the period of plan preparation, in-
cluding revisions thereof. The State may conduct its
public hearing on the plan simultaneously with public
hearing on permits in the area covered by the plan ....
If a public hearing was conducted on a segment or
cluster of the plan for the purpose of facilitating the
issuance of permits then this portion of the plan need
not be subject to additional public hearing
requirements."
State hearings on the priority lists and strategies are
expected to be held by the end of June this year. The
strategy that the states will be required to submit will
form the basis for their attack on pollution. Public par-
ticipation in helping the state set up this program is
critical.
-------
Publications for citizen
input in water clean-up
1. Public Law 92-500—The Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments of 1972.
2. Federal Register
-Jan. 17. 1973—Interim Regulations, Pre-
paration of Environmental Impact State-
ments.
-Feb. 23, 1973—Public Participation in
Water Pollution Control Programs, Pro-
posed Rulemaking.
-Dec. 22, 1972—State Program Elements.
Necessary for Participation in the Nation-
al Pollutant Discharge Elimination Sys-
tem.
-Jan. 11, 1973—National Pollutant Dis-
charge Eliminations System. Proposed
Rulemaking.
3. "Don't Leave it All to the Experts."
(All publication available from Region V
Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker. Chicago, 111.
60606.
THE MOST CRITICAL areas of public participation
and those that will be of interest to most people involve
Section 402 of the Act—the take-over by the state
agency of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES.)
Public participation in NPDES comes at two critical
points: first, when the state requests that it take over
the program. (In Region V, such a request from the
State of Michigan is imminent). Second, when a State
agency with permit authority (or EPA in absence of a
state program) takes steps to issue a permit, public
participation also is required.
A public notice announcing EPA's determination to
issue (or deny) a permit is mailed to major citizen
groups, people that have requested to be notified,
public officials and others in the area where the
discharger is located. Also, a legal notice is published
in a local newspaper within the area of the discharge.
In addition, a proposed permit is drawn up and a fact
sheet prepared which describes the significant
discharge constituents and proposed effluent limits.
The fact sheet is available to the public upon request to
the state agency or the EPA Regional Office. The
proposed permit also may be inspected at either office
or copied at a cost of 20 cents per page.
The public notice provides for a period of 30 days
during which time interested citizens may submit their
written comments concerning the proposed permit or
request that a public hearing be held. The written com-
ments are retained by EPA and are considered before a
final permit is issued. However, according to Al Man-
zardo, director of Region V's program, citizens' com-
ments must go into more detail than just "I'm against
the discharge" in order to validly surface the need for a
hearing.
The action to issue a permit is taken jointly with the
State agency which either must certify to the conditions
or disapprove the proposed EPA action on the permit.
If the State denies certification, then no Federal permit
can be issued.
Manzardo emphasizes that citizens who want to be
informed when a certain discharger will be coming up
for permit consideration should contact: Carolyn Kates
Permit Branch, EPA, 1 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111.
60606. Larger citizen groups and governmental agen-
cies may also be put on a mailing list covering all
dischargers in a certain area. In addition, an individual
or group can request a fact sheet on a discharger or
series of dischargers.
States that begin to issue permits under NPDES will
have to comply with requirements in the final 101(e)
regulations for public participation.
Region V Office of Public Affairs has strongly urged
each of the State water agencies in the region to hire at
least one person to handle the public participation
requirements of the new law for the 1974 fiscal year
beginning in July. One of the best programs for public
participation is now being conducted by the Ohio EPA
(SEE BOX).
There are also requirements for public participation
in the federal program grants to cities for sewage treat-
ment works. Rules and regulations for construction
grants are contained in the Federal Register of
February 28, 1973. Although the subject of public par-
ticipation is not included in the interim construction
grant rules and regulations, the public is involved in in-
terim regulations on environmental impact statements.
THE IMPACT STATEMENT guidelines were issued
on January 17, 1973 in the Federal Register.
They require that any significant environmental ac-
tion taken by EPA must be accompanied by an impact
statement. If actions are taken that do not require an
impact statement in the eyes of the agency, then a
negative declaration must be issued. Municipalities
that submit requests to EPA for sewage treatment
funds will have to present an assessment of public in-
terest in the project and then EPA will decide whether
an environmental impact statement will be prepared. If
an environmental impact statement is prepared,
whether for sewage plant or an EPA action, the public
in the project area will be given 30 days to comment on
the proposed actions.
Environmental activists, who have been most in-
volved in the development of the 101(e) guidelines, are
concerned about opportunities for citizen expression at
all key stages of the regulatory process, as the March
1973 Conservation Foundation Newsletter notes. They
seek involvement in the formulation of standards,
guidelines and regulations. Others also want a voice in
the development of implementation plans and
Continued on Page 10
PAGE 9
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decisions on discharge limitations, compliance
schedules (for air), and permits.
Many regulatory agency personnel and state officials
are concerned about public participation requirements
because they feel the requirements are burdensome
and unnecessary in light of the strong safeguards
already built into the program. Many feel that the law
is exceedingly complex for a governmental official to
understand, let alone be able to explain to a layman.
Among comments received from Region V state
agencies on the 101(e) guidelines are complaints that
the proposed regulations impose an untenable burden
on the agency to search out and identify "interested
persons and organizations:" and that the requirements
reflect a lack of confidence in the motives of state
water control agencies, implied in federal statements
like "public effort in reporting violations shall not be
discouraged."
Other complaints were that a required "special ef-
fort" to summarize complex technical materials for
public and media use would involve too much staff
time, and that workshops and other educational
activities should be handled by the federal government.
CITIZEN GROUPS, however, contend that it is ab-
solutely critical—because of the complexities in-
volved—not only to be able to comment on an agency
decision, but to have the agency explain how and why
a decision was reached.
"We need to know why a date was chosen for com-
pliance, why one process was chosen over another,
why a three-year permit was given instead of a two-
year, and so on, if we are going to be able to participate
effectively." said Alexander Polikoff. director of the
Businessmen for the Public Interest, Chicago.
Barbara Reid, a member of the Natural Resources
Defense Council and a key Washington en-
vironmentalist in the water pollution public par-
ticipation area, feels that the regulations for public in-
volvement are important, and maybe more than just
important, since the citizen clean water movement
lacks a constituency across the country like those that
have developed in the air programs through the
Breathers Lobby and the national TB and RD
programs.
But in the Midwest there is a strong citizen activist
lobby, mainly because of the Great Lakes. Chicago's
Lake Michigan Federation and Businessmen for the
Public Interest, the Save Lake Superior Association, the
Indiana Izaak Walton League, Cleveland's Clean Air,
Clean Water Group and others have long been involved
in the water pollution battle and can be expected to be
actively involved in the public participation aspects of
the new law.
Outside of the professional and semi-professional en-
vironmentalists, the question still remains as to just
what kind of non-professional public involvement will
emerge from the 101(e) requirement.
Ann Dore, EPA public affairs director, visits Region V
and hears citizens' ideas for Washington.
Although less than a year old—it was formed in the
summer of 1972—Ohio's EPA already is taking steps
to implement one of the nation's most effective
programs for public participation.
The state's EPA already has made plans to allow
free access to the public by notifying citizens about
important hearings in the future, holding hearings
thruout the state to allow citizens to testify easily; and
providing easy access to documents such as permit
applications and environmental impact statements.
David Milenthal, director of EPA's Public In-
formation Center in Columbus, has even proposed
holding hearings during afternoon and evening hours
to obviate the necessity of citizens missing work—and
pay—to participate in rulemaking and enforcement
processes.
Here are a few highlights of Ohio's program:
* Notices of upcoming hearings will be placed in
newspapers at least 30 days before the hearing is
held. Milenthal has proposed that in large
metropolitan areas, such as Cleveland, notices should
be placed in all newspapers because readership is
split among them.
The EPA will send personal letters of notification of
hearings to air and water permit holders for regulatory
hearings. The personal-letter list also includes 200 ac-
tive environmental groups.
* Hearings, where possible, will be held in the area
in which the subject applies. Thus, a corporation
seeking a variance from air pollution regulations may
find the hearing held near to those citizens his
pollution affects.
* The information center plans to report monthly on
environmental legislation proposed in the state
Capitol. The monthly report will contain the agency's
position on the bills.
* The Public Interest Center also intends to in-
form the public when environmental impact
statements are received by the agency. Environmental
groups also will receive notification of the impact
statements, most likely by region.
The Ohio program provides the public with access
to the decision-making process, rather than an-
nouncing actions after the fact. To do this, the center
is making an effort to inform the public at the ground
level of rulemaking.
Said Milenthal, "The public cannot comment if it is
unaware of the existence of a particular environmental
impact statement."
That holds true for other functions of the EPA, as
well.
PAGE 10
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GOVERNMENT
State Actions
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources an-
nounced in April it plans to initiate a program to ex-
pand historical markers within the state park system.
The plan calls for developing 30 historical areas
within 10 years to highlight the state's past heritage of
mining, lumbering, shipping, agriculture, industry.
military affairs, and Indian cultures.
The state also reports that commercial enterprises
have paid $994,238 to the state, covering the cost of
monitoring their wastewater discharges
MINNESOTA
In April, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
banned the use of asbestos in certain phases of con-
struction work, and required manufacturing plants to
install baghouse filters to control the emission of the
material. The new regulation is the state's 17th specific
law on air quality. Asbestos, according to some
research reports, has been shown to be a cause of can-
cer when inhaled.
The agency also has approved two schedules for in-
dustry clean-ups. General Mills. Inc.. which operates
three plants in Minneapolis and Duluth. has agreed to
clean dust emissions, at a cost of SI million, by mid-
1975. The Peavey Co.. which has facilities in Min-
neapolis, Hastings, and Shakopee. has agreed to spend
$650,000 to clean up.
LOOKS AHEAD
Land Use, Power
In EPA Future
The Washington. D.C. office of EPA currently is
making final additions and revisions for a com-
prehensive land use study. A May. 1973 publication
date is anticipated.
Also anticipated in May or thereafter is a Federal
Power Commission National Power Survey, with data
obtained by a (ask force on fuels.
Under a Congressional mandate, the EPA plans in
May to complete the initial draft of a report on the state
of the art in controlling thermal (heated) discharges
into waterways.
In a move to expand international knowledge on the
environment, EPA and countries thruout the world
have been working out "swap" agreements on en-
vironmental information and documents. Such
cooperation was one of the results of the United
Nations Conference on the Human Environment held
last summer in Stockholm, Sweden.
OHIO
The Ohio EPA held hearings on 20 major air
emission sources during April and early May. Fourteen
of the hearings were concerned with determining
whether to approve air pollution clean-up schedules for
14 power plants. Five clean-up schedules also were
examined during hearings with three major rubber
producing companies in the state. The state EPA also
conducted a hearing on a request by Interlake Inc.. of
Toledo, for a variance from air pollution regulations.
In all cases, the Ohio companies are being required
to meet federal and state air quality standards by mid-
1975.
From May to June. EPA's noise control programs
division will pull together final documents relating to
aircraft and airport noise. The target date for a report
to Congress on the issue is June, and staff hopes to sub-
mit regulations pertaining to aviation noise to the EPA
administrator in September.
EPA in May will begin studying the testing
procedures and certification practices used by foreign
auto manufacturers. The information is needed in or-
der to determine whether foreign cars meet U. S. auto
emission standards.
PAGE 11
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Stream
In Illinois' Cook County, (surrounding Chicago)
some governmental groups and a citizens group yearly
pay more than lip service to the fight for clean water.
Each year, the Cook County Clean Streams Com-
mittee, a group of citizen pollution-watchers, holds an
annual Clean Streams Week to emphasize the need for
wise planning along Chicagoland's waterways, and the
recreational potential of the rivers and streams.
The citizen committee was formed nearly 10 years
ago and sponsored by the county's Forest Preserve
District. It is charged with recommending policy to the
board and reporting apparent water pollution
violations to the necessary state or local agencies.
The committee, county, and Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago jointly sponsor Clean
Streams Week, held from May 14 to 20 this year.
The Sanitary District is planning a boat parade down
the Chicago River, and other agencies also will join in.
But this week will be a special. The annual Des
Plaines River Canoe Marathon, a 23.5-mile race, will, as
usual, cap off the events.
But this year, the marathon will be held as an an-
niversary celebration for the discovery of the Illinois
Country and Mississippi River by Louis Jolliet and
Father [ames Marquette 300 years ago.
As the racing canoes launch on May 20 in Liber-
tyville, a team of Illinois canoeists will be paddling
their birchbark canoes in St. Ignace. Mich, to reenact
the famous 3,000-mile voyage of Marquette and Jolliet
down the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers to the
mouth of the Arkansas River. The Tricentennial
reenactment crew, headed by Reid Lewis of Chicago.
will leave on May 17, the same day their French an-
cestors left in 1673.
And meanwhile, on the Des Plaines, the canoeists
who finish the marathon race will receive special com-
memorative Tricentennial patches, and the winners
commemorative trophies.
The race is sponsored by Cook and Lake County, 111.
and by the Illinois Paddling Council.
Indiana, too, is getting into the act of river-
appreciation. On May 12, the Committee on Big Pine
Creek, Attica, Ind.. held a Big Pine Creek Appreciation
Day.
It was a weekend of canoeing, hiking, and camping,
and for the second year many of the creek-lovers
canoed from Rainsville to Kramer. At night, committee
members held campfire discussion and singalongs.
The appreciation day was held to aid Indiana's
Warren County in preserving the creek. Both the com-
mittee and Friends of Big Pine Creek are opposing a
proposed Army Corps of Engineers project to construct
a dam on the creek 2.7 miles north of its junction with
the Wabash River.
Recalling
A
Past
Director
William Ruckelshaus
There's no payoff for writing eulogies for departed
bosses. Bill Ruckelshaus was two or three levels of
bureaucracy removed from those of us here in Chicago
and we only worked with him now and then. And I
don't know if anybody cares what we thought or think
of him, and especially now that he has moved on. But
we're going to do it anyhow.
It was once said that Bill Ruckelshaus had more
power than a bad man would need or a good man
would want; but in his cool, mild-mannered way he
managed that amount of power with amazing deftness.
You could say a lot of things good about him, but one
attribute stands out above all: horse sense. No matter
what decision he had to make—whether it was grant-
ing the auto industry a delay, banning DDT, or going
after some polluter—he used good judgement. For a
public official performing during a period of crisis and
lack of confidence at all governmental levels, he
walked the line and kept the faith. For that he was
maligned by both the prophets of environmental doom
and the hard-core polluters.
After the auto decision this year, there was a great
feeling of confidence within his staff, simply because
no one seemed satisfied with the decision—neither the
environmentalists nor the automakers.
But those of us who had an occasional chance to see
the man close up found him to be not bigger than life,
but one of us. One of the people is a man who typifies
the inherent American feeling that any man can
measure up to any job so long as he is hard-working
and uses good sense, and especially if he has a sense of
humor.
After helping out on visits of his to Chicago, I
received a nice photograph of him, which I was happy
to have. But I cherish the letter that came with it. It
noted the enclosed photograph and ended by saying
"... at least it will make a good dart board." It was
signed "Bill."
You couldn't help but like him.
—Frank Corrado
PAGE 12
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EPAlog
EPA Gets New Publications
New Films
"A New Mandate," will be available for free loan in Region V Offices, Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr.,
Chicago, sometime in May. Produced in Washington, the film deals with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
amendments passed by Congress last year.
New Publications of General Interest
"Clean Air. It's Up to You, Too," is a March publication from Washington. To date, it is the most com-
prehensive, factual publication on how to cut through bureaucratic data and red tape to react responsibly as
citizens. It points the way to spotting loop-holes industry may mean to employ. The booklet is available from
Region V Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, 60606.
"A Citizen's Guide to Clean Air" is available in limited quantities, also, from the Region V Public Affairs office.
It is published by the Conservation Foundation and provides a layman's interpretation of the Clean Air Act and
an overview of air pollution problems.
"Common Environmental Terms" is a handy booklet that is a mini-dictionary of technical terms. It was com-
piled by Gloria Studdard, of EPA's Atlanta office. The Region V office in Chicago can supply the glossary.
"The Challenge of the Environment: A Primer on EPA's Statutory Authority," tells in concise terms what the
EPA can and cannot do in the war against pollution. Sections of the booklet are broken down into different kinds
of pollutants. The booklet also is available from the Region V public affairs office.
"Your World, My World," is a book written for young environmentalists. It describes, in language children can
easily understand, why we must work for a clean environment and what we all can do to help. One copy of the
book is available, free of charge, from Region V Office of Public Affairs, but copies in addition to one are $1.50
each.
assessment of EPA's actions and effectiveness from December, 1970 to June, 1972. Single copies of the book are
free from the Region V Public Affairs office.
Technical Publications
The National Technical Information Service, which is the federal government clearinghouse for technical
reports, studies, and research projects, publishes a booklet summarizing technical publications in "Environmental
Pollution and Control." The booklet, called "1973 NTIS Special Interest Publications," (the environment) is free
of charge and can be obtained by writing the service, in care of the U. S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Royal
Road, Springfield, Va., 22151. The NTIS also has a free booklet describing the service and what it has available.
The booklet's order number is NTIS—PR—73—00.
The Superintendent of Documents also publishes a periodical catalog of U.S. government publications available
from the Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The catalog, which is free, lists both technical and
non-technical publications.
State Publications
Illinois' Environmental Protection Agency has published a handbook for environmental action, entitled "Your
Illinois World." It lists how citizens can spot areas needing environmental improvement and how citizens can ef-
fect that improvement. It is available, free of charge, from the IEPA Public Information Section, 2200 Churchill
Rd., Springfield, 111., 62706.
The Federal Register
By law, EPA and other governmental agencies are required to publish notices of rule-makings, regulations and
public hearings in the daily Federal Register. The register is available at most libraries (including the Region V
library at 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago) or by an annual subscription of $25 from the U. S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington, D.C. 20402.
APRIL 4—EPA published two items on the pesticide Mirex. The first clarifies the instances in which Mirex
may be used for the spring, 1973, growing season in the south . . The second item sets the points of inquiry to be
pursued during July hearings on the use of the pesticide.
Continued on Page 14
PAGE 13
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EPAlog .
April 5—Contained in this register are interim regulations for ocean dumping, and procedures necessary to ob-
tain a permit for interim permission to do so. Comments on the regulations must be submitted by June 4 . . Also
in this issue are proposed rules regarding hearings on insecticides, fungicides, and rodenticides. The rules outline
hearing procedures that will be used when EPA refuses to register a pesticide, cancels registration, changes a
registration, or suspends registration of a pesticide . In response to a petition submitted by BASF Wyandotte
Corp., of Parsippany, N.J. the Administrator agreed to establish a .05 parts per million tolerance of the pesticide
Bentazon on raw agricultural commodity soybeans.
April 6—Contained in this issue are the national emission standards for the first hazardous air pollutants to be
regulated by EPA: mercury, asbestos, and beryllium. Included in the regulations are sample reporting forms for
industries using the elements, and control techniques to limit their discharge.
April 10—EPA extended its authority to regulate the pesticide DDT to intrastate use of the chemical. Effective
immediately, use of DDT made, sold and used within a single state also falls under restrictions of the Federal In-
secticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. States are to regulate DDT's use along federal guidelines . . . Three en-
vironmental impact statements received by the Council on Environmental Quality are for projects in Region V.
One is a proposal by the U.S. Forest Service to open the Hoosier National Forest, Indiana, for off-road vehicles
and to regulate their use. The second is a Federal Aviation Administration airport project near Detroit Lakes,
Becker County, Minn. The third is a Department of Transportation project to build part of highway 1-70 near
Vandalia, 111. All the impact statements are published by the National Technical Information Service in
Washington, D.C.
April 11—EPA commented on three draft environmental impact statements for Region V in February. One was
the Donald Cook nuclear power plant in Michigan, with which the agency has environmental reservations.
Another was for a highway U.S. 131 proposal in Montcalm and Mecosta Counties, Mich. The third was for the
Social Security Administration Payment Center, Chicago.
April 12—The EPA Administrator has recommended that four battery-powered vehicles manufactured by the
Boyertown Auto Body Works be certified as low-emission vehicles . . . Twenty-three objections were filed on
EPA's proposal to cancel registration of pesticides containing mercury. A hearing on the cancellation will be held
at a date to be announced . In two federal Register items, the administrator advises that advisory circulars
relating to what must be reported in information requesting vehicle model certification are available. Requests to
receive these information circulars can be sent to EPA's Office of Air and Water Programs, 401 M Street, S.W.,
Washington, D.C.
April 17—EPA proposes to exempt states from certain limitations of pesticide uses if an emergency exists
within that state. The exemption also would apply to federal agencies.
April 18—EPA proposes regulations governing the preparation, adoption, and submittal of state im-
plementation plans under the Clean Air Act.
April 19—The Council on Environmental Quality has received four impact statements for projects within
Region V. The Army Corps of Engineers proposes a damming project for the Flint River, Genessee County,
Mich.; the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources proposes to buy 7,000 acres along the Pine, Popple, and
Pike Rivers; and the Department of Transportation proposes to build highways to extend 1-69 in Charlotte, Mich.,
and build the St. Marys south connector in Auglaize, Ohio . . EPA also sets forth the proposed rules and
regulations for obtaining information on point pollution sources under the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System. Also published are the proposed forms for industry and municipal government.
April 20—Tolerances for the chemical pesticides benomyl, cyprazine, and ethephon were set for raw
agricultural fruits and vegetables. Also set were tolerances for endosulfan and an exemption for tolerances for
xylene, when used in certain irrigation systems . . Several companies also filed petitions requesting tolerance
limits for some chemicals.
PAGE 14
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EPA ACTION EPA ACTION
THOUGH THALLIUM sulfalo has been banned for
use as a home pesticide for seven years, several EPA
regional offices nationwide have: reported finding the
chemical still being sold on hardware store shelves.
The thallium product formerly was used to control
rats, roaches and ants in homes and has been found to
be extremely hazardous to human health.
For that reason, the EPA has asked hardware stores
and other retailers nationwide to voluntarily surrender
any stocks of the chemical they may still have on their
shelves.
Failure to do so could result in prosecution. All such
pesticides are labeled as to the chemicals they contain.
so that the consumer is aware of what he is buying.
Reports of any thallium sulfate found in stores should
be sent to the Region V EPA. 1 N. Wacker Dr.. Chicago,
II.. 60606.
EPA Region V offices have begun sending letters
to companies suspected of emitting the hazardous
air pollutants asbestos, mercury, and beryllium.
More than 7,000 letters have been sent to com-
panies, warning them they must report to EPA 90
days from April 6 that they are emitting the sub-
stances.
[ames McDonald, Region
V chief of enforcement, re-
ceived a citation in April
from a city he forced to
clean up. The mayor of
Vincennes, Ind. congratu-
lated McDonald on his fair-
ness and judgement in re-
quiring the city's sewage
treatment plant to remove
pollutants.
James McDonald
EPA appointed two new nationwide directors in
April. Richard D. Wilson. 29. was appointed the direc-
tor of stationary source enforcement. He \vill Ir-
responsible for controlling air and noise pollution from
a variety of stationary, or fixed, sources. Lillian D.
Regelson was appointed deputy assistant administrator
for water planning and standards by William
Ruckelshaus. EPA administrator. Mrs. Regelson. 45.
will be responsible for developing an overall program
strategy for water pollution abatement.
An Addison, III., company has pleaded guilty to six
charges of violating the federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. United
Laboratories, Inc., in a case brought by EPA, was
fined $4,000 by Federal Judge Bernard Decker. The
firm was ordered to pay a $500 fine immediately, and
the remainder was suspended during a one-year
probationary period.
EPA and other federal and state agencies are par-
ticipating in a comprehensive air pollution and
meteorological study in the Si. Louis metropolitan area
in Missouri and Illinois. Called "SLAPS," (for St. Louis
Air Pollution Studies) the study will evaluate air
pollution from buildings, cars, airports and how
weather affects it in the area. Further information can
be obtained by writing the study at P.O. Box 8068,
Laclede Station, St. Louis. Mo.. 63156.
Indiana recently was awarded $105,900 in grant
funds for construction of sewage treatment plant im-
provements. That brings EPA's grants to Indiana to
$466,000 for the 1973 fiscal year ending July.
In mid-April, the EPA issued long forms for ob-
taining wastewater discharge permits as required by
the Water Pollution Control Act. Cities with more than
10.000 persons will be required to use the long forms.
as will industries that discharge more than 50.000
gallons of wastes daily.
Twelve water supplies in Region V have been ap-
proved as safe by the EPA for interstate use. That
brings to 85 the number of approved supplies in an
ongoing program in the region. The latest are:
Milwaukee, Madison, Manitowac, La Crosse, Green
Bay, Sturgeon Bay, Sheboygan, Oshkosh, and
Superior, all in Wisconsin; and Cleveland, Wellsville,
and Fairport Harbor, all in Ohio. The approvals are
required from EPA for water supplies used by bus,
train, and aircraft passengers.
Region V EPA has completed comments on eight
environmental impact statements for projects
thruout the region. The comments may be obtained
from Region V Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr., 60606.
The draft impact statements as submitted to the
agency, however, must be obtained from the
National Technical Information Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Springfield, Va., 22151. The
eight are:
Continued on Page 16
PAGE 15
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* U.S. Hwy. 6-Bypass of Bremen, Marshall County,
Ind.
* Roscommon County Airport, Houghton Lake,
Mich.
* Bel Vista Lakeside Estates, Shiloh, St. Clair
County, III.
* Proposed Knife Lake Improvement RC&D
Measure, Kanabec County, Minn.
* Proposed development at the Creator
Portsmouth Regional Airport, Scioto County, Ports-
mouth, Ohio.
* Trunk Hwy. 61 Minnesota City By-Pass.
* County Trunk Hwy. "Y"—Spring Creek Dr., Lin-
coln and Oneida Counties, I.D. 1595-0-00.
* Meredosia Levee and Drainage District Local
Protection Project, Rock Island and Whiteside Coun-
ties, III.
Four battery-powered vehicles have been designated
as "low-emission vehicles" by EPA Administrator
William Ruckelshaus. Manufactured by the Battronic
Truck Corp., Boyertown, Pa., the vehicles now will be
judged by a certification board to determine if the
federal government should purchase them to reduce
pollutants from vehicles. The board has 180 days to
rule on the vehicles suitability. They include a van
carrying 2,500 pounds; a suburban bus carrying a
driver and 11 passengers; a transit bus carrying a
driver, 15 passengers, and 10 standees; and a bakery
van carrying 3,200 pounds of cargo.
The Youth Advisory Board met April 13 and 14 in
Evanston, III. During the meeting, the board com-
pleted planning for a summer-long study on citizen
participation. The project will be a case study of par-
ticular citizen participation problems, from a
citizen's viewpoint. The board also agreed to com-
ment on guidelines for environmental impact
statements.
EPA proposed on April 18 that states set up
procedures to review air quality impact on new
facilities that may generate auto traffic. Though the
proposed rule does not specify what sources must be
reviewed, examples of significant ones are airports,
amusement parks, highways, shopping centers, and
sports complexes. The ruling was made because of a
U. S. Court of Appeals order that EPA assure states
adequately protect air quality by thoroughly reviewing
such traffic-generating facilities.
Dr. Allen S. Lefohn has been appointed to head
the animal ecology branch of the EPA's Nation En-
vironmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis,
Oregon. The branch is one of three new ones being
formed in Corvallis. The other two will study
pollution effects on vegetation and integrate
research data through statistical methods.
Printed on recycled paper.
US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973-754-317/P.O. NO. 2
REGION V PUBLIC REPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Public Affairs
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
THIRD CLASS
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA-335
Return this sheet if you do NOT wish to receive this material, or if a change of address is needed. (Indicate
change, including zip code.)
PAGE 16
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Public Report
de Percin and Ed Zylstra read U. S. Steel's Smoke
>
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EPA's
Mandate
Francis T. Mayo
Occasionally, wo must pause in our activity to clean our
environment and reflect why we're in the business to assure
a good quality of life.
Perhaps one of the best reasons is because we value human
life.
Humans have been exposed to environmental contaminants
for as long as they've inhabited the planet. But because the
industrial age is rather new, they haven't been exposed to
these contaminants in such volume ever before.
And that makes EPA's assignment clear: we must work to
prevent the degradation of human health.
Primary air quality standards to be met by 1975 carry this
goal; as do EPA's cancellation of harmful pesticides such as
DDT, 2.4.5-T, and mercury-treated seeds and fungicides.
Human health is the reason Congress has mandated the
EPA to assure clean air, regardless of economic cost.
There are even times that we must act against a pollutant
before we are 100 per cent sure of its harmful effects. We
believe we'd rather be wrong and reinstate the pollutant's
"good name" later; than to do nothing and endanger human
life.
In the meantime, we must continue to study and monitor
pollutants and their medical consequences. Our Community
Health and Environmental Surveillance System—CHESS for
short—is a program that does just this.
Already the CHESS program has uncovered some subtle
and overt effects of contaminated air on the human cardio-
respiratory system.
Asthma, bronchitis, heart disease, and lung disorders flare
up in heavily polluted areas.
We must proceed with the optimism that we can succeed
in protecting future generations; and improve the health of
the present ones.
The Public Report is published periodically by the
Public Affairs Office, Region V EPA, 1 N. Wacker Dr.,
Chicago, III. 60606.
Francis T. Mayo Region V Administrator
Valdas Adamkus Deputy Administrator
Frank Corrado Public Affairs Director
Sally W. Jones Public Report Editor
Ann Hooe Graphics Editor
Letters and comments on the report or other en-
vironmental issues may be sent to the address
above.
What's Inside
Like the corn earworm moth shown here, there are
many pests that will be attacked with pesticides this
summer. Inside (page 4) are some tips on how to make
sure that it's only the pests that get hurt.
And on pages 8 through 10. we've given an overview
of what's going on in Region V in the sludge-disposal
field, and the two projects may be prototypes for the
future.
Cities will enjoy the news that Washington has in-
creased the Fiscal Year 1974 allotment for sewage
treatment construction grants (page 15); and Frank
Corrado explains how a citizen's group can get in-
volved with the National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (page 6).
And finally, there is U. S. Steel, Gary, and the good
progress that's being made to clean up its air pollution
(page 3.)
Bell seeks 'returnables'
The Ohio Bell Telephone Co. has joined with the
Salvation Army and an oil company in Cleveland for a
coordinated effort to recycle old telephone books.
What makes the program different than most
recycling drives is the ease with which residents of
Cleveland and nearby suburbs can drop off their phone
books.
The Salvation Army has provided 44 collection
points; and the Sun Oil Company has provided 181 in
gas stations throughout the Cleveland region.
Ohio Bell has been running regular advertisements
in local newspapers, alerting Clevelandites to watch for
the bright, blue signs that mark recycling locations.
The Salvation Army picks up the books from the
drop-off points, sells them to recycling mills, gets to
keep the proceeds for its activities.
The only thing that could put a damper on the
project is if people don't take the trouble to drop off the
books.
And that's not too much to ask, considering all the
exertion people save by letting their fingers do the
walking through the Yellow Pages.
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Cover Story
Cleaning up U.S. Steel, Gary
Where
the
case
stands
now
The big story out of EPA Region V in April was the
United States Steel Gary Works. On April 18, EPA
issued the massive plant and U. S. Steel's Universal
Cement Division a 30-day notice.
That meant the big corporation had 30 days to sit
down with Region V and get down to' the issue of
cleaning up air pollution in Northwest Indiana.
In early May, U. S. Steel announced to Gary officials
it will have all of its pollution cleaned up by the end of
1975, including a complex program to eliminate
emissions from its coke ovens.
As May drew to a close, U. S. Steel, Indiana, and
EPA officials had their first meeting under their belts
and were making plans for additional ones.
AT ISSUE IN THE U. S. Steel case is the clean-up
date. EPA's stand is mandated by the Clean Air Act of
1970, which gives mid-1975 as the deadline for meeting
primary air quality standards, which are aimed to
protect health. U. S. Steel has held it cannot complete
clean-up—particularly at the coke ovens—by mid 1975.
The May meeting that was held after the 30-day
notice primarily resulted in defining positions and
laying the groundwork for clean-up schedules. But for
the first time, EPA released its break-down of what U.
S. Steel is emitting in Gary, and which standards the
giant plant is violating, and to what degree the
violations exist.
EPA's estimates were based on visual opacity of
emissions, calculations from processes, production
rates, and other data obtained from U. S. Steel.
Three (federally enforceable) Indiana regulations
were used to calculate the estimated emissions: A
Some
men
behind
the
scene
Major enforcement cases just don't happen; there are
scores of engineers, chemists, "smoke readers," and
lawyers who work behind the scenes before action is
taken against an emission source.
Key to any enforcement case is data and information
on a polluter. Without a good estimate or facts on what
a company's emission level is, EPA could not have a
case.
Among those men who develop that kind of in-
formation are enforcement engineers, who obtain
process information from a corporation and calculate
emissions based on the plant's pollution controls and
production.
AND ANOTHER GROUP, called technical advisors,
attack the pollution from the field.
Region V's Chicago office has five technical advisors
who are qualified to read smoke from stacks. Called
"certified visual emission evaluators," they're the ones
who have to put up with inclement weather, grouchy
plant foremen, and soot in the face.
Three smoke readers spend most their time in the
field: Ken Malmberg, Paul de Percin, and Ed Zylstra. It
was they who gathered all the visual emission data on
U. S. Steel and Universal Atlas Cement. Currently, the
three are working on other air pollutant emitters in
Northwest Indiana.
The three also are certified to take stack samples, for
which they must climb a stack with complicated equip-
ment made up of tubes and filters.
AND ALTHOUGH IT seems easy to look at smoke
and report what they see, the "smoke reader's" job is
more complicated than that.
Continued on back page
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Bringing
Back
the Birds
Rachel Carson sounded the alarm 11 years ago.
Her now-prophetic book. "Silent Spring." alerted the
nation that pesticides—especially DDT—were mer-
cilessly killing wildlife from the bottom to the top of
the food chain.
The U.S. has come a long way in pesticide awareness
since Miss Carson's book, and the Federal En-
vironmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 goes far
beyond Miss Carson's book in tackling pesticides.
Also known as the Federal Insecticide. Fungicide.
and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA for short,) the legislation
provides that EPA is charged with testing, registering
for use. and controlling the use of pesticides in the U.S.
The act. for the first time, also gives the EPA control
over pesticides that are made and used only in one
state, as well as those shipped across state lines.
THE ACT PROVIDES the basis of consumer and
wildlife protection against toxic chemicals used to con-
trol pests. Those pests that are most commonly con-
trolled through chemicals are insects, weeds, rodents.
fungus, and other invertebrate animals such as worms
and spiders.
What the act and EPA cannot do, however, is assure
thai the consumer and others know what they're get-
ting into when they use a pesticide.
"All pesticide's are dangerous," said George Marsh.
Region V chief of enforcement for the FIFRA act.
But they can be reasonably safe if the user knows
how to handle them and whether what the stores sell is
approved by the federal EPA.
Under the FIFRA act. all pesticides are required to
be labeled. The labels cite warnings and directions for
use. the loxicity of the pesticide, and what antidote
should be used in case the chemical gets on the skin, in
the eves, or swallowed. Also on the label will be the
EPA registration number and the specific chemicals the
manufacturer uses in the product.
(On some pesticides on the market, however, the old
registration number of the U.S.D.A. is used. These
pesticides are allowed to carry the label until the old
labels are exhausted. They then must carry the EPA
registration number.)
THE REGISTRATION NUMBER means that the
pesticide has been proven safe for use. Marsh
cautioned, however, that the safeness of a particular
pesticide is guaranteed only if directions for use are
followed to the letter.
"Few people read the labels and follow their direc-
tions," Marsh said. "And that's when they get into
trouble."
But even if the consumer reads the label, and assures
himself the pesticide has been registered (and thus
tested) by EPA, he still is in the dark if he wants to
know the exact effects of the chemical used. There are
ways he can find out. however.
The "Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals
and Drugs," available in most libraries, is a good guide
for researching a chemical product. The manual lists
nearly all chemicals on the market, the history of their
development, how they may be used safely, and what
effects they have on the environment around them.
-------
MARSH CITED OTHER things for the consumer to
watch for when using pesticides.
Two pesticides have been cancelled by EPA for vir-
tually all uses. One is thallium sulfate. which for
several years has been illegal to use. Some EPA regions
have reported finding pesticides with this chemical in
them still on some store shelves.
The other pesticide is DDT. EPA has cancelled its
use except for special situations that relate directly to
public health. Health agencies need special permission
to use DDT, and none is allowed for general home or
farming use.
All mercury compound pesticides also have been
cancelled for home use.
2,4,5 T, a highly toxic chemical: also has been can-
celled for home use.
THERE ARE OTHER highly toxic chemicals,
however, that are still allowed for use around the
home. Among them are Monitor 4 (which was recently
cancelled for use on lettuce, however,) 1080, parathion.
Temik, paraquat, diquat.
All of these should be used with caution.
Another section of the act requires that some other
kinds of household products must be registered, also.
That includes any product that makes a claim on its
label that it kills, repels, or mitigates any pest on
inanimate objects. Thus, if a household cleaner says.
"kills germs on contact," it must be registered with
EPA. This restriction does not hold true, however, for
products that claim to kill germs (viruses.
microorganisms, or bacteria) on humans or animals.
Those products are regulated by the Food and Drug
Administration.
About 32,000 pesticides are now registered on the
market.
Some of these, however, cannot be used except by
licensed applicators, or governmental agencies. Some
have been cancelled for specific uses on certain
products.
And probably others are unregistered with EPA or
the U.S.D.A. It is a violation to ship or sell pesticides
without registration. These can be spotted by the ab-
sence of a registration number on the label.
Below is a reproduction of what a pesticide label
should look like.
The circles indicate pertinent information that the
manufacturer is required to place on the label:
The EPA registration number is on the bottom. It
indicates the pesticide has been tested for safety un-
der the conditions for use described on the label.
The "Cautions" described by the manufacturer are
usually found on the back panel and should be
heeded to guarantee safety.
Finally, the manufacturer also is required to list the
"Active Ingredients" in the pesticide.
Kills bugs
For use when bugs build up
This container treals an open area
equal to 900 square leel with eight
toot ceilings (7200 cu It.I
PREPARATION
oft fans and air conditioners, extinguish
open (lames
2. OPEN cupboards, closets, trunks and in-
3. REMOVE pets, and cover or remove tish
tanks and bowls, remove or cover foods.
jip-
cloth from the area to be treated
4. COVER asphalt tile, waxed wood floors
and waxed furniture which may come in con-
tact with the spray (Newspapers may be used
DIRECTIONS
protect area directly beneath nozzle Re-
move cover
2. Tilt top ol can away from face Place
thumb over arrow and press forward until
latch hooks securely over the top rtm of the
can
ILLUSTRATION
Till top ol c«n Push S«l c«n
Ulch hook
3. Leave th
hours or more.
4. After A hours, open ,
let space air for 30 minutes
CAUTION; Vacate premises during entire 4
hour treatment, and ventilate the premises
tentt are under pressure. Do nol puncture,
use, or store near heat or open flame. Expo-
sure to temperatures above 120'F. or In sun.
or discarding can In fire or Incinerator may
cause bgrsllng. Keep out of reach of children.
: ACTIVE INGREDIENTS Pyrethrlns 050%
Technical Piperonyl Butoxide' 1 00%, N-Oc
tylBicycloheptene Dicarboximide 1 67%. Pe
tcoleum Distillates 11.83%
^INERT INGREDIENTS 85%
^quTvalent to 0.8% "or(bulylcarbltyl) (6-pro-
pylplperonyl) ether and 0 2% of related com-
pounds
EPA Reg. No. 3282-23-AA
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Getting Involved with Water
This is the second article explaining how citizens can
participate in pollution control.
If a citizen wants to get involved in a local effort to
clean up industrial pollution, he will find it is not an
easy task. This is in spite of strong provisions for
citizen participation under the recently passed federal
water pollution law.
Local industrial pollution is being regulated through
a permit program that ties the right to discharge with
certain obligations to clean up that discharge. The
game plan is for all industry to meet "best practicable
treatment"—a base level of treatment available now on
the market in various types of hardware—by 1977.
The new water legislation requires that all industries
receive permits (9,000 in Region V) for discharge by
the end of 1974 and that if at all possible state agen-
cies take care of issuing those permits. When a state
agency is not able to handle this permit process, EPA
will be required to.
The permits—before they are issued—will be sub-
ject to public scrutiny. EPA or the state agency will
make available to citizens who request them, the draft
permits for various industries and a fact sheet on the
discharger. If there is sufficient interest a public
hearing can be held.
Bohner
THE PROBLEM, ACCORDING to some full-time en-
vironmentalists who have been involved in the new
program on a preliminary basis, is that the average
citizen needs more than just the draft permit and a fact
sheet if he is going to be able to comment intelligently
on the permit in question.
According to Hal Bohner of Chicago's Businessmen
for the Public Interest (BPI) and Arnold Leder of the
Lake Michigan Federation, there are essentially two
ways for the average citizen to deal with the com-
plexities of commenting on a permit.
The more difficult way of dealing with the problem.
but possibly the most effective, is to assess the draft
permit in terms of all publicly-available documents on
a certain discharger. Citizens can request to look at the
Leder
"open file" that is available on each applicant for a per-
mit. There is a "closed" file containing trade secrets,
internal government memoranda and other proprietary
information, but the public file is sufficient for
meaningful participation.
That file should include the original application for a
permit filed by the discharger, correspondence pin-
pointing problem areas, additional information re-
quested from the discharger, permit conditions, and
existing stipulations or agreements with the state
agency. Also to be checked are any references to
changes in production levels that may have taken place
since the permit was applied for. Information which
may be lacking in EPA's open files (like current
stipulations or agreements with state agencies) should
be requested from the state agencies involved. If a
group still has further questions it can contact the Lake
Michigan Federation, 53 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, or
BPI, 109 N. Dearborn, Chicago.
If a citizen group does not have the expertise to com-
pare these documents or interpret the stipulations or
draft requirements, it should enlist the help of a
biology or chemistry teacher or professional, or an
engineer.
ARMED WITH AN understanding of the permit
draft, the citizens then should contact the state agency
and ask for a meeting to discuss any questions that may
have come up on the proposed permit. If these
questions and problems cannot be worked out ahead of
time a public hearing can still be requested.
A second approach is for the citizen group or in-
dividual to seek a meeting with state or EPA officials
and ask pertinent questions based on a citizen survey
of local pollution problems.
Bohner and Leder suggest that citizens can take a
number of steps to check out a discharger. The most
obvious one is to ask the discharger if an on-site visit
Continued on page 10
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Making Something Useful
From Misunderstood Sludge
Centuries ago, the Ancient Greeks had a better idea.
It's taken modem, 20th Century man a long time to
catch up with the Greeks' early discovery. The
"discovery" was that human wastes can be used as fer-
tilizer, thus saving the headaches of figuring out what
to do with sewage sludge, the solid material that's left
over after completion of sewage treatment.
But the idea is catching on. Pennsylvania State
University has been experimenting with sludge as fer-
tilizer for years, as have several communities in the
West.
Region V has two such projects that may serve, in
their own ways, as nationwide prototypes for the
future.
The philosophy of using sludge on land is a valid
one.
FOR ONE THING, disposing of it on land is cheaper
than most conventional methods of getting rid of it.
For another, using sludge on land closes an
ecological cycle by placing wastes back where the
human food chain started.
Conventional sludge disposal methods fall in three
categories: burning it for use as fertilizer; dumping it in
waterways; or storing it in lagoons.
Milwaukee has been burning it and selling the
residue for years, under the brand name Millorganite.
But the burning process causes air pollution in
varying degrees.
DUMPING SLUDGE in waterways quite obviously
causes water pollution.
And by its very nature, sludge is full of valuable
nutrients that plants need to exist.
It was for that reason that Muskegon County, Mich.
began in 1969 to look at ways to dispose of its sanitary
wastes on land.
In May, a 10,000-acre waste management system
was opened, and began accepting flow from the city of
Muskegon.
The full system will be operational sometime next
year.
The system is profound in its simplicity. The wastes
receive little conventional treatment except for aerobic
and chlorination processes, but are "treated" and
stabilized in aeration lagoons by the air and the sun,
nature's natural water purifiers.
THE "EFFLUENT" from these holding basins is
then spray-irrigated on cropland to serve both as fer-
tilizer and needed water.
EPA is participating in the program and has
awarded research and construction grants to the
county for a five-year comprehensive study on the
project. The project is expected to clean up three now-
polluted lakes in the county as well as several rivers
and creeks because no more municipal wastes will be
dumped there.
At a cost of $42 million, the system will serve the en-
tire county when it's completed. It will be adequate to
serve the projected 1992 population of 170,000 persons
and "treat" an average flow of 43.4 million gallons of
wastewater daily.
Studies have indicated that the Muskegon method, as
well as other land disposal projects, do unfriendly
things to bacteria and viruses. Specifically, as the
wastes filter through the soil bacteria and viruses are
trapped and cannot reach ground water supplies,
crops, or man. Nitrates are also trapped in this manner,
and metals are used as critical plant nutrients.
Detroit also reportedly is thinking of going to land
disposal to relieve some of the pressure on its in-
cinerators that make fertilizer similar to Milwaukee's.
BUT PERHAPS THE big daddy sludge project of
them all is the Metropolitan Sanitary District's (MSD)
project in Fulton County, 111.
The district has purchased 10,563 acres of land in the
downstate county, and is going for thousands of acres
more to handle Cook County's sludge. It differs from
the Muskegon County project because only fully-
treated sludge is put on land.
For the district, the sludge problem was more com-
plex than rural Muskegon County s. The MSD's huge
Stickney plant, west of Chicago, treats up to two billion
gallons of sewage daily—and produces 900 tons of
sludge daily.
The district treats the sludge in digestors, in a high
temperature (Zimmerman) incinerator that leaves a
residue ash, by Imhoff tanks, and by heat-drying it to
make fertilizer. The Imhoff, Zimmerman and digestor
sludge used to be stored in lagoons for disposal. But the
heat-drying plant was one of Illinois' biggest polluters,
so in the late 1960's the district trustees agreed to go to
a solids-on-land program.
To make matters worse, the district in 1969 was
rapidly running out of room to lagoon the sludge, and
nearby communities were anxious to have the lagoons
removed altogether.
Continued on page 10
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Slui
stc
The Sanitary District is reclaiming strip-mined land such as this.
After grading, lagoons are built to
hold the sludge; Here, the sludge
flows into the lagoon below.
Photos courtesy of Ron Kc
District of Greater Chicago.
-------
O TONS
FERTILIZER
PFR ACRE
The "black gold" is then spray-irrigated on fields (left,)
to yield a robust crop (above and below.) District
Trustee Nicholas Melas and James Halderson view
the final product: food for cattle.
/etropolitan Sanitary
-------
'Black Gold'
From Sewage
From page 7
THE DISTRICT LOOKED nationwide for land in
which to ship the sludge via pipeline; and Fulton
County provided the answer.
The county, in much of its area, has been heavily
strip-mined, and the strip-mined surfaces look like the
face of the moon. The Fulton County board—190 miles
away from their urban neighbors—agreed to try the
concept out, and welcomed the district with open arms
in 1970.
The sludge, the county and district agreed, could
reclaim the strip-mined land and boost a sagging
county economy. And the land available downstate
could solve the city's sludge disposal problem for 100
years in the future. That's why the sludge has been
nicknamed "black gold."
The Fulton County project is now in its second year
of cropgrowing. The district planted 765 acres in crops
last year—primarily corn and grasses—and plans to
farm from 2,000 to 3,000 acres this year.
For now, before a pipeline is built, the sludge is
being shipped downstate by barge, at a cost of $35 per
ton. The other conventional sludge-treatment processes
used by the district range from $45 to $59 per ton.
THE SLUDGE USED comes from the digestors and
Imhoff tanks after treatment. It is mixed with water of
drinking quality and sprayed onto the land at about 6
per cent concentration.
Under a contract with the MSD, the University of
Illinois has been testing the solids-on-land process on
other plots of land for the past five years.
The testing provided the body of knowledge the
district needed to go ahead with the project.
The U. of I. researchers found no adverse effects
from the land application, and when undertaken with
conventional sludge and sewage treatment processes,
the sludge smells no different than wet dirt.
The project is being closely monitored by the Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency and Department of
Public Health, and the federal EPA also is keeping a
close watch on the "Prairie Plan," as the district calls it.
And although the land-disposal philosophy has been
hailed as being economically and ecologically sound,
the concept still meets public resistance wherever it is
tried.
FOR SOME REASON, residents living close to such
projects have an aversion to the concept of using
human waste for fertilizer; yet few argue the validity of
using animal waste fertilizers.
Public resistance was one of the major problems the
MSD had to overcome, and some Fulton County
residents still are skeptical the system is safe and will
work.
10
But the county as a whole has accepted the project.
Part of the reason why may be the district's attitude
towards the county and project. The MSD did nothing
without county approval and in most instances have
enlisted county help in getting the project underway
and planning the use of land the MSD owns.
The district employs Fulton County farmers during
harvesting and planting; hires laborers for constructing
holding basins; has opened part of the acreage as con-
servation sites for recreation and hunting dog training;
has provided research facilities to nearby Spoon River
College; and attempts to place such services like in-
surance with local contractors and agencies.
Said one Sanitary District official, "We need the
good will of the county—we'll be down here as neigh-
bors for a long time."
And as the years go by, the district and other agen-
cies are convinced the stigma of sludge fertilizer will
be lifted and sludge able to claim its nickname as
"black gold."
—Sally W. Jones
Water Law . . .
From page 6
can be made to his plant to discuss the outfall, what
kind of pollution cleanup has already taken place, what
is planned, to take a look at the outfalls and generally
go over the problems that the citizens are most con-
cerned about.
The citizens also might want to take photos of the
discharge, take note of any taste or odor problems and
check the visual effect of the discharge on the affected
body of water. They can then meet with State or EPA
officials and ask questions concerning what effect
meeting the permit requirements will have on the
quality of the water—will high grade fish be able to
survive? Will people be able to swim in the vicinity of
the discharge or downstream? Will drinking water be
improved or degraded and to what extent? Will odor
and taste problems be improved?
Bohner and Leder emphasize two main points: it is
most important that the discharger get on a schedule
for cleanup and second, it is the best strategy to meet
with the discharger or the issuing agency before a per-
mit is issued and attempt to resolve any complaints
before a public hearing.
—Frank Corrado
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EPAlog
Federal Register Spotlight
As a matter of public record, notices of EPA hearings, proposed rule-makings, promulgations of regulations, and other
regulatory actions are published in the daily Federal Register. The register is available at most libraries (including the Region
V library at I N. Wacker Dr., Chicago) or by an annual subscription of $25 from the U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington D.C. 20402.
The following is a summary of recent Federal Register listings:
April 24—EPA proposed rules to implement plans submitted by six states for transportation controls intended to meet the
1975 Air Quality Standards. Originally, EPA had given certain states until 1974 to submit transportation control plans, but a U.
S. Court of Appeals disallowed this extension. Arizona, Texas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Maryland's plans are noted
in this Federal Register EPA also lists environmental impact statements for projects upon which it has commented from
Mar. 1 to Mar. 15. The projects commented upon are those of other federal agencies. Included in the comments are projects
proposed by the Army Corps of Engineers and Department of Transportation.
April 25—EPA set a temporary tolerance for the use of the insecticide S- [(tert-butylthio) methyl] 0,0 diethyl
phosphorodithioate in corn grain and corn fodder. The product is manufactured by American Cynamid Co.
April 26—This Federal Register carries the full decision by William Ruckelshaus granting the auto industry a one-year ex-
tension for meeting 1975 auto emission standards. The appendix to the decision also explains Chrysler Corporation's action
prior to the decision In this issue, also, the EPA administrator established a committee to advise the federal member of a
joint Canada-U.S. Great Lakes Water Quality Board. The federal member is Francis T. Mayo, Region V Administrator.
April 27—EPA gave notice it had received four additional land use and transportation control strategies from the states. The
strategies are designed to meet air quality standards by 1975. Washington, New York, Illinois, and Oregon submitted their
plans to EPA for approval EPA also published in this Federal Register proposed guidelines for thermal processing and land
disposal of solid wastes. A public comment period is open until June 26.
April 30—EPA published secondary sewage treatment information in this register, defining the level of treatment required.
Comments will be accepted until June 29 Also established were tolerances allowed for four pesticides and one biological
control organism . EPA also listed projects for which it has recorded environmental impact statement comments.
May 1—EPA established tolerances and exemptions from tolerances for several pesticide chemicals in raw agricultural com-
modities . . . Also in this issue, the Council for Environmental Quality published a list of various federal projects upon which it
has commented.
May 2—Highlighted in this issue is the April report on fuel economy of 1973 cars tested by EPA . . . Also in this issue were
proposed rules governing the certification of low-noise emission products and governing new stationary source air emission
performance requirements during start-up, shut-down and malfunction . . . The EPA's policy statement on protecting wetlands
also is in this issue And the Council on Environmental Quality released another list of impact statements it has processed.
May 3—EPA set a tolerance and exemptions from tolerance for the pesticide isophorone in raw agricultural products . . .
EPA also published proposed regulations dealing with agricultural and silvicultural activities under the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System EPA also made a correction on the secondary treatment information published in the
Federal Register on April 30.
May 4—In this Federal Register, EPA gave notice it has received two more transportation and land use control plans under
the Clean Air Act. Alabama and the District of Columbia filed their plans for EPA approval . . . Two chemical companies filed
petitions requested the EPA to establish or exempt certain chemicals from tolerances . . And the EPA approved Michigan's
plan for providing for public hearings under that state's implementation of the Clean Air Act.
May 7—EPA proposed secondary standards for sulphur dioxide air pollutant emissions. Comments on the proposal will be
accepted until June 22 ... EPA and the Council of Environmental Quality also published more lists of environmental impact
statements for projects they have reviewed.
May 10—EPA set tolerances for three chemicals, and gave notice of a petition from Chevron Chemical Co. requesting ap-
proval of tolerances for some vegetable crops . . . EPA also proposed rules relating to the liability limits of small onshore oil
storage facilities and gave notice of a hearing on Tennessee's state Clean Air Act implementation plan and compliance
schedules . . . The agency also published its rules on procurement by negotiation.
May 11—The Council for Environmental Quality published another list on the availability of environmental impact
statements for projects it has reviewed.
May 14—In three comprehensive documents, the EPA promulgated implementation plans for a number of states under the
Clean Air Act. Some of the states' plans were revised since first submitted last year.
May 15—Interim regulations for research and demonstration grants were published by EPA in this Federal Register.
May 16—In this issue, EPA published interim criteria regulating ocean dumping. The regulations were effective May 16,
and set down conditions for obtaining a dumping permit.
May 17 This Federal Register carries several amendments to requirements that states must submit transportation and land
use planning plans. The plans were due April 15, based on a court order forbidding the agency to grant a two-year extension
for submission of the plans. The court has since ruled, however, that states need not submit the plans until the EPA
promulgates regulations relating to them on June 11. The state plans now will be due by August 15. Many states, however.
have already turned in their plans.
11
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EPA ACTION
EPA Men Help Out
EPA joined those in April and May who aided victims of
the flood-swollen Mississippi River.
A helicopter field team from the EPA's National En-
vironmental Research Center, Las Vegas, flew 14 missions
along the Mississippi River in Illinois.
Tommy Bohannan, William Hinkle, and Frederick Pike, all
Viet Nam veteran fliers, flew 10 missions to deliver food and
water to victims, and one mission to provide contour mapping
for the Army Corps of Engineers; Two flights provided on-
the-spot information on levees to local authorities, and the
last mission was flown to get aerial photographs of the
flooding for state officials.
Bohannan, Hinkle, and Pike flew to Grafton, 111. after
EPA's offer for assistance was accepted by the adjutant
general of Illinois' National Guard.
They flew immediately in the pontoon-equipped helicopter
from Dayton, Ohio, where they were working on EPA's
National Eutrophication Survey, which is measuring the
state of health of more than 1,000 lakes thruout the U.S.
THE DDT BATTLE still goes on. In late April, then-EPA
Administrator Ruckelshaus denied requests by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Oregon, and Washington to use
the persistent pesticide to control tussock moths on Douglas
fir trees. Ruckelshaus said allowing the use of DDT would
not outweigh risks to the environment.
EPA HAS TESTIFIED before a Senate committee that
requirements for the removal of nitrogen oxide from auto
emissions will be removed. The two exceptions to this rule,
however, are the Los Angeles and Chicago air quality regions.
The EPA also asked Congress to allow the EPA to determine
nitrogen oxide emission levels. The Clean Air Act of 1970
now sets the limits.
OTHER STATES also took part in issuing permits before
interim authority expired in March. Nationwide, 183 state
permits were issued in 15 states and American Samoa. The
permit authority now is back in federal hands until the states
have passed legislation enabling complete take-over of the
program. EPA must approve any state plan to assume
authority for issuance of NPDES permits.
AND IN DENVER, the EPA's National Field Investigation
Center played a major role in saving a little boy from death
by pesticide poisoning.
The six-year-old boy, who lives on a farm near Grand Junc-
tion, Colo., collapsed suddenly after spilling a container of
unidentified liquid. Denver's Colorado General Hospital
suspected poisoning, but didn't know what kind because the
bottle's label was gone.
State officials learned EPA has a gas chromatograph—mass
spectrometer at its center in Denver. The complex equipment
pinpoints substances based on molecular make-up. EPA
chemists Roger Tindle, Virgil Warren, and Harvey Boyle set
aside all work that afternoon and determined the poison was
parathion, an exceedingly dangerous pesticide. Two weeks
later, the boy was sent home after doctors successfully
treated the poison.
AT THE END of April, EPA published proposed
regulations guidelines for the sound disposal of solid wastes.
The guidelines, when implemented, would be mandatory for
federal agencies. They would be recommendations, only, for
state, interstate, regional, and local agencies, however. They
can be found in the April 27 Federal Register, and EPA has
set a deadline of June 27 for public comment.
THE EPA and Michigan Water Resources commission in
May announced their intention to issue a waste discharge
permit to the American Can Company, Menominee. The per-
mit would be issued under the National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System and would carry with it conditions for
clean-up that must be followed by the company. It was the
first EPA action proposing issuing an NPDES permit in
Michigan since that state's interim authority to issue expired
March 19.
EPA HAS ISSUED a notice of proposed rule-making
relating to noise. In the first such rule under the Noise Con-
trol Act of 1972, EPA proposes that the federal government
give preference to buying only low noise-emission products.
The U. S. government would be bound to purchase low-noise
products if the EPA certifies the product as a suitable sub-
stitute, and if the General Services Administration deter-
mines the cost of the product is not more than 125 per cent of
the cheapest high-noise product of the same type.
-(2
-------
As Our Job Goes On
THAT SPARKLING clean rain that falls from the sky
probably ends as pollution the nation's waterways. That is
the finding of a recent report released by the EPA, which
noted that storm-water runoff from city streets is adding
significant amounts of harmful pollutants to waterways.
THE EPA ALSO has proposed rules-regulations that would
set limits to pollutant emissions during start-up, shut-down
and malfunction of new stationary sources of air pollution.
The new proposal is based on comments the agency received
after an August, 1972, proposed rule-making. It will require.
if promulgated, that plant operators use maintenance and
operating procedures designed to minimize emissions when
starting, and shutting down equipment or when the equip-
ment malfunctions.
THAT RAINWATER that finds its way into storm sewers
and then to waterways contains significant amounts of lead,
zinc, other heavy metals, chemicals, and pesticides. Samples
of rainwater runoff were taken in eight cities. Copies of the
237-page report are available from the Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, for $3. The order number is
EPI 23/2: 72-081.
ROBERT W. FRI was named acting director of the EPA
on April 30. Fri replaces William Ruckelshaus, who was ap-
pointed acting director of the FBI by President Nixon. The
new administrator formerly was Ruckelshaus' deputy ad-
ministrator. John R. Quarles, formerly EPA general counsel,
was moved up to deputy administrator.
212
EPA SOON WILL complete the formulation of regulations
relating to wastewater discharges from agricultural interests.
Under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972, agriculture joins cities and industry in being required
to obtain permits for waste discharge under the National
Pollution Discharge Elimination System. Under present
guidelines, small farming operations will not be required to
obtain a permit. Short Form B, the agricultural permit ap-
plication, will be available for applying for permits in mid-
[une.
THE EPA ALSO has proposed rules that would govern
emergency use of pesticides that are unregistered (hazard-
ous) for use. The proposed rule would give the EPA ad-
ministrator the power to grant three kinds of emergency
exemptions in the use of hazardous pesticides. A specific
exemption would apply to situations involving a predictable
or unpredictable outbreak of a pest in the U.S. A quarantine-
public health exemption could be issued to cover federal or
state programs concerned with halting introduction of a
foreign pest in the country. A crisis exemption would be
granted in situations where safe, registered pesticides are not
available for a specific use, or where time is critical for con-
trol.
EPA'S NATIONAL Water Quality Laboratory in Duluth.
Minn., reports that fish have been dying from oxygen.
Acutally, the fish die from too much oxygen, which causes air
bubbles to form in their blood and block the flow of blood.
Called "air supersaturation," the phenomenon occurs when
spillage at dams runs off, when fish get caught in a plume of
heated discharge water, when they're in a reservoir that is
aerated by air injection to the water, and when lakes become
eutrophic. The laboratory and the Western Fish Toxicology
Station, Corvallis, Oregon are studying the problem.
Short Subjects . . . From page 14
Colorado, a state where the skies are clear and the air is
fresh, will be the site of a unique new project to use the sun
for energy. Under a grant from the National Science Foun-
dation, Colorado State University plans to construct a dor-
mitory to be entirely heated by solar power. It would be the
first solar-heated institutional living quarters in the world. Dr.
George Lof, a CSU engineering professor, will be in charge of
the project. But it's no Lof-ing matter to him—he's lived in a
solar-heated house for 15 years.
It was a/most as if Orson Welles' "War of (he Worlds" had
been resurrected for showing in Germany. Instead, (his time it
was a realistic television film entitled "Smog," not a radio
show. It showed a catastrophic situation in Dortmund, a cify
in Germany's heavily-industrialized Ruhr district. The film,
directed by Wolfgang Menges, was shown in Germany on
April 15, and depicted children being asphyxiated, people
struck down on streets and traffic grinding to a halt because
of heavy air pollution. After the film was shown, alarmed
residents swamped the television station with telephone calls.
asking how they could save themselves and children.
13
-------
SHORT SUBJECTS
Some unrelated
things to ponder
Wisconsin celebrated paper for a week in May.
To most people, paper isn't much of a thing to celebrate,
but in the Badger State it's a major industry. The paper week
was sponsored by the Wisconsin Paper Council, of Neenah.
Here are some of the things the council reported during the
week:
* From 1962 to 1971, Wisconsin's paper industry spent $70
million in environmental control. In 1972 alone, the industry
spent $34.5 million on pollution equipment; and by 1975 more
than $107 million will be spent.
* Wisconsin's 49 pulp and paper mills produce 11 per cent
of the nation's paper.
* To make all this stock, 850,000 tons of recycled
wastepaper are used and 2-1/2 million trees are planted.
And speaking of products from trees, the University of
Wisconsin's environmental Resource Center reports that the
average dwelling unit uses up 33,000 board feet of trees. An
average acre of vigorously-growing young trees consumes
five to six tons of carbon dioxide a year, gives off four tons of
fresh oxygen, and produces four tons of new wood. That's
tree power.
We're-Not-Sure-What-It-All-Means-Department. The Navy
Environmental Protection Data Base has found a curious
phenomenon: In the San Diego (Cal.) area, officers' cars seem
to pollute more than enlisted men's cars. In an auto emissions
survey partially funded by the Data Base, Navy men also
found that 25 per cent of the vehicular traffic in the San Diego
area is controlled by Navy base passes.
Two scientists had suggestions in Apri] on how to save
energy by a simple change in life-style. Dr. /ohn H. Gibbons,
director of the University of Tennessee's environment center,
and Dr. Barry Commoner, of Washington University, St.
Louis, said wearing a sweater in winter and (for men) going
coatless in summer, could save the equivalent of 100 million
tons of coal. Those snazzy packages now on the market, Gib-
bons said, account for four per cent of the energy used in the
U.S.
"Gas lights in front of houses may look nice, but 17 of them
use as much energy per year as it takes to heat a house. A
100-watt bulb left on overnight requires the equivalent of a
pound of coal to be stripmined and burned," Gibbons said.
Keep America Beautiful, Inc., is offering an environmental
action packet that tells how to improve local communities.
There is a small charge for the kits, and further information
can be obtained from KAB, 99 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y.
10016.
14
In some parts of Region V, the courts are sometimes, well,
sympathetic to polluters. According to a report in the
Cleveland Plain Dealer May 5, Judge Frank Bennett fined the
Kelsey Hayes Company, Kingsway, $25 for polluting Mudd
Creek with sewage and oil wastes. The Ohio judge suspended
$24.75 of the fine, and Kelsey Hayes paid 25 cents.
While gritting their teeth and muttering unprintable words
while pulling those dandelions out of the nation's lawns,
perhaps people should think of England. Kew Gardens at
London currently is staging a dandelion exhibition. It seems
the weed-wildflower is an endangered species there. Bob
Collins, an Indianapolis Star columnist, wondered in May
whether England would like some of our dandelions. "Lets
not stop with dandelions," Collins mused in his column.
"Let's find out how they feel about crabgrass and milkweed."
In Eagle River, Wise., the paper and power industries are
sponsoring a unique study center for use by schools. Called
the Trees for Tomorrow Environmental Center, the industry
facility is used for school workshop groups. Not only do kids
see the paper industry's role in the environment, but they see
nature up close as well.
The city of Columbus, Ohio, removes junk cars for free.
The city s Junk Car Squad celebrated its first birthday in
April. In the past year, 2,500 cars have been turned into the
squad voluntarily and another 3,300 have been turned over to
the police department for removal.
Since last fall, 60,000 students from 1,500 high schools have
enrolled in ECO America, an ecology-club program spon-
sored by the Pepsi-Cola Company in cooperation with Keep
America Beautiful, Inc. Representatives from high school
clubs from all over the U.S. will meet June 24 and 25 in Catoc-
tin Mountain National Park, Md., as guests of Pepsi, and
special awards will be presented for the best three club
programs nationwide.
The University of Massachusetts has published a
monograph of 28 papers, entitled "Trees and Forests in an
Urbanizing Environment." The papers discuss the usefulness
of trees in densely populated areas, how they reduce air,
noise, and waste pollution, how they enhance landscape
aesthetics, water resources, recreation, and wildlife. Further
information on the papers can be obtained from the Univer-
sity's Cooperative Extension Service, 204 Holdsworth Hall,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. 01002.
Continued on preceding page
-------
Photo by W. Omohundro
The Thorn Creek Preservation Association held a "walk
through" at the end of April to dramatize its efforts to save
the 920-acre Thorn Creek Woods. The woods are in Park
Forest, a suburb south of Chicago, III. and the group already
has won some battles against developers who wish to turn
the woods into houses. The state is completing appraisals to
buy 363 acres, for which the legislature has appropriated
$1.5 million.
Sewer Grants
Rolling Again
The federal water pollution control grants program is
moving again.
EPA has begun to process and obligate federal
grants for the 1974 fiscal year beginning in July. An
additional $400 million has been released for outlay in
1974.
The additional outlay allocation followed two
regulatory steps:
One was the publication in the Federal Register
April 30 of the definitions for secondary treatment.
The second was a May 22 Federal Register
publication defining what cities must do in relation to
user charges and cost-recovery from industry for
treating wastes.
Grant awards were delayed after March 1, 1973,
even though the Administration had allocated $200
million for outlays. EPA Washington officials said the
delays were necessary in order to promulgate
regulations to implement grant awards based on the
1972 Water Pollution Control Act.
Partly because these regulations have been
published, and partly because of a Federal District
Court decision mandating the outlay of the funds, an
additional $400 million will be earmarked for outlay.
The original outlay allocation had been $200 million.
Based on this allocation. Region V and other regions
now are beginning to take steps to obligate the funds.
A break-down of the funds that will be earmarked
for Region V is not available at this time, however.
In a related matter, the following are the federal
grants for other kinds of projects made by Region V
during April and May:
* $84,510 to Case Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, for a near shore diffusion study.
* $34,660 to the WARF Institute, Inc., Madison, Wis.,
for a study on "The Control of Predominating Algal
Species."
* $10,000 to the University of Cincinnati for a study
on measuring chlorophyll and accessory pigments.
* $42,000 to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
for a study on how fuel additives affect engine exhaust
emission.
* $85,670 to the University of Minnesota, Duluth, for
a study on chlorination and ozonation studies on
municipal sewage.
* $42,300 to the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
for research on the chlorination of large municipal ef-
fluent and its effect on Lake Michigan.
* $6,385 to Hammond. Ind., for pre-maintenance
programs in air pollution control.
* $3,000 to Anderson, Ind., for premaintenance air
pollution control programs.
* $14,300 to Indianapolis, Ind., for pre-maintenance
of air programs.
* $739,020 to Allen County. Ind., for a demonstration
grant on the impact of land practices on the Maumee
River Basin.
* $30,326 to the University of Cincinnati, for a sum-
mer training program for teachers.
* $64,000 to Canton, Ohio, for air pollution control
program.
* $18,810 to City of Bayfield, Wisconsin, for con-
struction of secondary sewage treatment facilities.
* $72.880 to Chicago. Illinois, for air pollution con-
trol.
* 403,000 to Cleveland, Ohio, for air pollution control
program.
* $7,284 to Village of Vesper, Wisconsin, for sewage
treatment facilities.
* $5.550 to Village of Fairwater. Wisconsin, for
sewage treatment facilities.
* $51.000 to City of Kenosha. Wisconsin, for solid
waste management planning.
* $19.115 to Rochester. Minnesota, for maintenance
of the air pollution control program.
* $32.000 to Muskegon County, Michigan, for the air
pollution control program.
* $253.950 to Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, for con-
struction of sewage treatment facilities.
* $95.141 to Indianapolis. Indiana, for air pollution
programs.
15
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The Men
The Case
For one thing, they must be perpendicular to the
stack. They read the smoke with their back to the sun;
and they cannot stand downwind from the stack
because reading it there would give an unrealistic
value.
Sometimes, however, they must stand downwind
from one stack in order to read another one. During
one six-hour session, de Percin said, smoke readers had
so many stacks to read in one plant that they were
always downwind from another one.
"We were covered with dirt by the end of the day,
and we were sick and had no appetite for three hours
after we finished," de Percin said.
On another day, two of the smoke readers sort of
trespassed onto a plant's premises at 6 a.m. in order to
read smoke. They were caught by the plant foreman
and two beefy workers and had to sit in the main office
until company officials came to work several hours
later.
THEY ALSO MUST TAKE pictures of the plant's
emission, even though photographs are inadmissable as
court evidence. Few plants allow photographs to be
taken on their premises, so smoke readers routinely
scramble up railroad track embankments, cross fields,
and hike around the perimeter of a plant to get the
needed pictures.
In the winter, they must bundle up with uncountable
layers of clothing; and in summer they swelter under
the sun.
But they know that without them, EPA's en-
forcement job would be a lot harder.
regulation on smoke and other visible emissions
(opacity); a regulation on combustion and indirect
heating; and a regulation on process operation.
An opacity reading of over 40 per cent constitutes a
violation. EPA calculates that of 4,387 readings, the
regulation was violated 2,444 times.
A COMBUSTION SOURCE of particulates (dust) is
in violation whenever its dust emissions exceed that
allowed by an equation in the regulation. EPA
estimates the plants violate this standard in the amount
of 2,086 pounds hourly.
Process sources' dust emissions are in violation
whenever they exceed those allowed in a process
weight rate table. EPA's estimate of violation under
this regulation is 37,800 pounds per hour.
The U. S. Steel Gary Works and Atlas Cement
division were subject to federal enforcement in May of
1972, when Indiana's implementation plan was ap-
proved by the EPA. Region V moved in on U. S. Steel
because the corporation had failed to file a schedule for
clean-up as required by the state implementation plan.
In the April 18 notice, U. S. Steel's Gary and Atlas
Cement divisions were cited for emitting 70,000 tons of
pollutants yearly from 21 sources.
Further meetings with U. S. Steel wall bef held/aftej
the corporation submits additional da/a to^ihe JfPA.-fft
will be then that the corporation, stite, afid SPA will
continue to work together to hammer oijit a filean-up
schedule. J § I |
Printed on recycled papeft-—^
US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1973-754-317/P 0 NO 3
REGION V PUBLIC REPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Public Affairs
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
THIRD CLASS
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID "
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA-335
Return this sheet if you do NOT wish to receive this material, or if a change of address is needed. (Indicate
change, including zip code.)
16
-------
Region
Public Report
July, 1973
The EPA rises to a crisis
in Duluth, Minn.
Pages 2 and 3
The Mississippi River gets a
lot of attention this summer.
Pages 7 through 9
Mike LaVelle sings
the Blue Collar Blues
Page 4
-------
Mobilizing
in
Duluth
DULUTH - June 26—As the Region V Public Report
went to press, over 2 dozen regional staff specialists
were continuing field operations efforts here following
the discovery of asbestos-like fibers in the Duluth
water supply.
This followed discovery by EPA staffers from the
National Water Quality Lab in Duluth of high con-
centrations of the fibers in the drinking water supply of
Duluth and several communities on the Minnesota
shore of Lake Superior.
The source of the fibers was believed to be the
discharge of taconite tailings by Reserve Mining Com-
pany of Silver Bay, Minnesota.
EPA, in announcing the findings, said it felt that
prudence dictated that an alternative water source of
drinking water be found for very young children,
though no conclusive evidence had been found to show
that the drinking water was unfit for human con-
sumption.
To get further information on the problem, EPA con-
tracted with Dr. Irving Selikoff of the Mt Sinai Hospital
in New York City to determine within 60 days the ac-
cumulation of fibers in the tissue of area residents.
Selikoff was looking into the effects of the drinking
water over the last 17 years on human tissue, since
there is little past data on the effects of water-borne
asbestos on human health. Most previous data has dealt
with air emissions of asbestos. Dr. Selikoff's report is
expected in July.
I was asked by Russell Train, Chairman of the Coun-
cil on Environmental Quality to direct the Federal ef-
forts in Duluth. Mr. Train was appointed by the White
House to oversee the Duluth problem.
Since June 15 Region V has been running a field
operations center in Duluth to coordinate air and water
sampling in the area and working with state and local
officials to determine possible alternate water supplies.
The discovery of the asbestos-like fibers in the
Duluth drinking water was made by Drs. Philip Cook
and Gary Glass who were working with National
Water Quality Lab Director Donald Mount on a pen-
ding EPA suit against Reserve Mining Company filed
last year and scheduled for trial Aug. 1.
—Francis T. Mayo
Region V Administrator
Ecology Winners!
Forty-one high school ecology clubs from as many
states have been named national winners in the
Ecology Council of America's (ECO America) search
for top youth environmental programs in the country.
The competition is sponsored by Keep America
Beautiful, Inc., and the Pepsi-Cola Co.
School representatives from the 41 schools were to
meet in New York at the end of June, where the three
grand prizes were to be awarded from among the 41
finalists.
Here are the Region V winners:
Oak Park and River Forest High School Pollution
Control Center, Oak Park, 111. Fort Wayne, Indiana's
Elmhurst Senior High School Ecology Class. The LIFE
Ecology Club, Lawton Community Schools, Lawton,
Mich. Greenway High School Ecology Club, Coleraine,
Minn. Montgomery County Joint Vocational School En-
vironmental Science Club, Clayton, Ohio, and the
Chetek High School Ecology Club, Chetek, Wis.
Not all kids get out of school for the summer.
Chicago's Shedd Aquarium and Field Museum of
Natural History are conducting two, four-week ecology
courses for high school students. One began in June,
and the second will begin July 30 and end August 24.
The classes will meet at the aquarium among the
fishes, a good environment to learn about "Living with
Lake Michigan" which is what the course is about. The
students will learn the concepts of ecology as they
relate to Lake Michigan and methods of testing and
sampling the biological and physical parameters of the
lake.
Further information on the course, and other
educational programs the two institutions offer, may be
obtained from James Bland, Field Museum Education
Department, Chicago, 111. 60605; or from Linda Wilson,
Shedd Aquarium Education Department, Chicago, 111.
60605.
The Public Report is published periodically by the
Public Affairs Office, Region V EPA, 1 N. Wacker Dr.,
Chicago, III. 60606.
Francis T. Mayo Region V Administrator
Valdas Adamkus Deputy Administrator
Frank Corrado Public Affairs Director
Sally W. Jones Public Report Editor
Ann Hooe Graphics Editor
Letters and comments on the report or other en-
vironmental issues may be sent to the address
above.
-------
Ken Malmberg, surveil-
lance and analysis sec-
tion, pauses for the
drink that refreshes -
but not from the Duluth
tap.
Keeping an eye on Duluth
EPA's Gene Moran checks air surveillance equipment. The press center was manned throughout the crisis.
Reserve's mining fields.
-------
LuVelle
Blue-collar
bumps heads
with
pollution
A feisty pipebender-turned-blue-
collar-philosopher will be the host
for a new pilot series on the
working man and his environment.
Outspoken in his opinions that
the working man usually gets the
raw end of deals is Mike LaVelle.
He has spent most of his working
years living in Cicero, 111. and
laboring as a pipcbender and is
ready to take his blue collar bias to
public television.
The pilot series, which will be
broadcast sometime this summer
over WTTW, Chicago, is a half-hour
panel discussion aimed at making
environmental issues relevant to the
men who make their money by
hard, physical labor.
LaVelle isn't new to the business
of communicating his views. He
was one of the regulars in "Talkin'
with Tcrkel." a segment of the
popular American Dream Machine
Series sponsored nationwide by the
Public Television System. That for-
mat was set in a friendly neigh-
borhood, blue-collar bar, and the
patrons discussed the gamut of
what was happening in society.
Currently, LaVelle writes two
columns weekly for the Chicago
Tribune, entitled "Blue Collar
Views."
LaVelle has made it clear in his
columns that he thinks environment
is for upper-middle and upper class
liberals who have nothing better to
do with their time than to save
trees.
And so the television pilot, "Blue
Collar Blues." is an attempt to
bring the environmental issue home
to the bungalows and apartments
where staying healthy is more im-
portant than saving birds.
Says LaVelle. "I've been critical
of the ho'ier-than-thou en-
vironmentalists. I'm doing this
show because environment for the
working man is the place where he
makes his money, the neighborhood
where he lives, the places where he
and his kids play, not some remote
wilderness or extinct birds."
"Our first emphasis is going to be
on health—labor and management
have let it go too long," LaVelle
said.
What the first pilot will do—the
second will be broadcast in
August—is show that pollution
from large industrial sources
seriously affects the health of the
men working in the plants. And
that very often, these men and their
families live near the large
polluters.
That means they're probably
paying more than most people for
medical care, dry cleaning and
washing, and home maintenance.
And. as some medical studies
have shown, they may not live as
long-
William McCarter, WTTW
general manager, says the show is
being aired as part of new efforts
by the station to reflect all the com-
munity's interests and concerns,
not just those of the "egg-heads" as
LaVelle calls them.
If for no other reason, the pilots
are attractive for their cost. Robert
Osborn, producer of the two
programs, said the cost of each
show is less than $1.000, for most of
the efforts put into it are voluntary.
The sponsoring groups are the
Chicago Lung Association, Chicago
Clean Air Coordinating Committee,
the U. S. EPA, and the Calumet En-
vironmental and Occupational
Health Committee, Inc.
The show will be presented in a
news magazine format. The first
segment is called "Danger Spots,"
and is a description of health
hazards in specific neighborhoods.
The second segment will be short
lessons in health effects and will be
Continued on page 5
-------
presented by Dr. Bertram Carnow,
medical director of the Lung
Association.
For the third segment, coke oven
workers will discuss health dangers
at a union meeting in East Chicago,
Ind. In the fourth segment LaVelle
will go back to the studio and
discuss with Mike Olzansky efforts
to improve health conditions in
Northwest Indiana.
LaVelle will wrap it all up in the
fifth segment, which will be a short
newscast on what governmental
agencies are doing to protect
workers health, a box score of in-
dustry's track record in pollution
control, and a special report on
what a Chicago area utility is doing
to protect its workers' environment.
At the end of the telecast, LaVelle
will ask viewers to telephone or
write in their comments and con-
cerns.
A Study on Ecologists:
Wherein it is shown
that people bore easily
A 614-page research report has
confirmed the suspicion of some
that ecology is pretty much a white-
collar, elitist issue.
The report was written by the
National Center for Voluntary Ac-
tion, which interviewed 3,000 en-
vironmental groups in 11 states. In-
terviewed in depth were more than
200 leaders of the groups.
The study was funded by a
$75,000 grant from the EPA.
According to a summary of the
report in the Rocky Mountain
News, the typical environmental
volunteer-activist is also more than
30 years old, married, and angry
over what he feels is governmental
inaction toward environmental
goals.
The activist also has probably
had a college education and makes
more than $10,000 a year.
And he's fickle. The report shows
that drop-out rates in en-
vironmental groups are high once a
crisis passes. Members' interest
lags, and the group then must
recruit additional members.
The center's report also criticizes
governmental agencies, including
the EPA, for failure to encourage
public participation. Most of the in-
terviews, however, seem to have
been conducted before regulations
requiring public participation
began coming into effect.
But what the report suggests is
that more must be done to com-
municate the relevancy of the en-
vironmental movement to those
who are the mainstay, blue-collar
work force, to the inner-city poor,
and to the rural dweller.
Cartoon drawn for EPA
by William O'Brien
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
LEAGUE
-------
State actions
Ohio, Michigan tops in ecology
Ohio continues to have onn of the strongest en-
vironmental control programs in the nation, hut the
legislature in Juno began to put pressure on the
program by moving to cut the Ohio Environmental
Protection Agency's budget from $24 to $15 million for
two years.
Meanwhile, the state EPA continued with its
projects. It joined with the Ohio Jaycees for a massive
information drive on recycling, which it planned to
continue at the Ohio State Fair. (See box.)
Its new regulation prohibiting the dumping of wastes
from boats came into effect, it continued to hold
hearings of variance applications from industries, and
it presented two Governor's Awards for Community
Action.
One award went to the Akron League of Women
Voters, and the other to the Ohio Valley Health Ser-
vices Foundation. Inc.
The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency re-
ported in its newsletter that three rural counties may
have the solution to preventing indiscriminate dumping
on quiet back roads. Peoria, Tazcwell. and Woodford
(Counties) planner Mike Edwards decided to put
truck-size metal receptacles along the roads for the
trash. It was so successful in Peoria County that the
trucks were filled to overflowing.
The state EPA also filed 24 enforcement cases in a 6-
week period in February and March.
Members of Michigan's Water Resources Com-
mission visited the Escanaba River recently and saw a
dramatic improvement in the stream, which used to
run white with paper mill wastes.
Part of the reason the stream's cleaner is that the
Mead Paper Co.. Escanaba. has installed pollution con-
trol equipment at its plant. Mead officials met with the
commission to report the company's clean-up progress
since 1964.
The commission staff also reported that 97.5 per cent
of 2.015 industries paid $1.002,556 the state billed them
for wastewater surveillance fees.
The Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board also
was active in June. Oral Hert. technical secretary of the
board, asked the state attorney general to seek fines
against three companies that allegedly polluted Indiana
streams in early [une.
The Ohio EPA is using a poster similar to this, in full
co/or, for its anti-litter campaign this summer.
Hert sought action against the Penn Central Railroad.
near Greencastle: the Owens-Illinois Co., Gas City: and
the Thayer Chicken Farm, near Versailles.
Hert also announced the state's participation with
EPA in a lake study in Indiana.
The board and Indiana Board of Health will train
national guardsmen to take samples from 97 testing
points in 26 lakes statewide. The data will be used as
part of EPA's National Eutrophication Study and part
of Indiana's five-year study of 600 lakes statewide.
The Michigan Natural Resources Commission has
also designated 950 miles of public and private
property as "shoreland environmental areas" under
the state's 1970 Shorelands Protection Act. Local
governmental units within the area have until April.
1974 to adopt acceptable zoning ordinances to protect
the shoreland areas. A similar bill designed to protect
Illinois' scenic rivers has failed twice since last year in
Illinois' legislature.
-------
Stepha Jonsson, exchange student from Sweden,
contemplates the Mississippi, as millions of
Americans have done before him.
Lazy Ole Miss once again feels Mark Twains,
Louis Jolliets on her waters.
The Midwest's life bloodstream pulsates, pumps,
from Minnesota on the north to New Orleans on the
south.
The barges, laden with iron ore, coal and other
nutrients to an industrial society, push on steadily;
bound for the thirsting ports to the south.
But the Mississippi River's water today is brown
with silt, dirty from sewage, and green with algae pat-
terns seen from the DC-3 aircraft above.
Decades ago, the Peregrine Falcon, Great Horned
Owl, Eagle, and Hawk looked at a much cleaner river
as they flew overhead.
Today, Great Blue Herons and Snowy Egrets are the
masters of the air currents above the Mississippi. Do
they see the six-foot catfish Mark Twain saw when he
wrote "Life on the Mississippi" in 1896?
Do they fear the rush and bump of fish Louis Jolliet
and James Marquette felt as they entered the
Mississippi from the Wisconsin River on June 17, 1673
in their birch canoes?
The Corps of Engineers Upper Mississippi River
navigation map gleams blue for the brown river; the
islands refresh with green; yellow wing dams dot the
channel — and up- in Brownsville, Minn., the state
Department of Natural Resources has said to the corps
"no more dredging, for the stirred-up silt is killing
myriad organisms on the bottom."
Lazy Ole Miss suddenly is getting the love, affection,
medical diagnosis, attention she deserves.
* * *
Two expeditions. Two alarms to the Valley.
One starts May 17 from St. Ignace, Mich. — modern-
day voyageurs canoeing to and down the Mississippi as
Jolliet and Marquette did three centuries ago when
they discovered the big river's course.
The other starts in June from Dubuque, Iowa.
The first, a crew of canoe-bound adults — educators
and naturalists striving to communicate that man must
change his exploitive rape of nature.
The second, four houseboats laden with high school
students — the young striving to learn the values, the
tools, to carry on the fight the early explorers and
modern-day voyageurs live.
The first crew is led by Reid Lewis, a high school
French teacher from Chicago, enacting Jolliet's role.
With him, Ken Lewis, playwright; Father Charles
McEnery, Jesuit priest; Dean Campbell, con-
servationist; Lee Broske, high steel worker and off-
Continued on page 9
7
-------
-------
The two groups learn,
teach the meaning of
environment.
season adventurer; Jim Phillips, biology teacher; Bill
Dwyer, engineer; and Jeff LeClerc, a Boy Scout playing
the Indian boy the crew was given near the Iowa River
mouth.
And the towns welcome them all warmly, throw
their arms open to the outsiders.
On June 17, Lewis and his crew pull into the
Mississippi from the Wisconsin River across from
Iowa's Pikes Peak State Park. From the high bluffs
above, you feel a spinal tingle as the canoes feel the
lazy, yet pulsing Mississippi below. Their coming
marks a holiday in Prairie du Chien and McGregor,
with the children, and young-at-heart adults wanting to
spend moments with tired, tanned, ragged voyageurs.
Young men determined to complete the voyage down
along Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky,
Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi and back north.
Dramatizing the heritage left by the early explorers.
* # *
North 240 miles to Minnesota from Iowa and back
come the young. What they're doing is called the Up-
per Mississippi Valley Interdisciplinary Educational
and Cultural Field Experience, conceived two years
ago by Kirk Daddow and Dwight Zimmerman, teachers
at Maquoketa High School, la.
The final plan evolved "after many beers and many
hours of discussing and cussing," says Robert Ham-
mon, Maquoketa High's principal.
Up along Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota
and back.
A social studies boat studying the effects of the
river's changes on the communities around it.
Facing page, center: Bill Dwyer leaps from his canoe, as the
Tricentennial Jolliet-Marquette voyagers land in McGregor,
la. with a modern-day escourt behind. Upper left: Jan
Christensen tests the Mississippi's water on the science
boat. Upper right: Bob Majerus and Robert Mammon pilot the
in houseboat down the Mississippi. Bottom: the Iowa
science boats beach for the night, and students get a
chance to stretch their river legs.
A science boat, testing the health of the ancient river.
And a communications boat to question the veracity
of town officials and industries, pulling the whole
study together.
Two groups of 25 students; two weeks of living the
throb of the river.
They learn a power plant's thermal plume extends a
mile downstream—not 400 feet as the plant spokesman
says. They see 75 different kinds of birds, and classify
them with Sherm Burns' help—a teacher who's one of
the chaperones.
Three towns pump the sanitary wastes from the
students' boats; then pump the pumped-out sewage
back to the river. The drinking water taken on board is
found to contain fecal bacteria. Frank Strathman's
students do their job of testing the water well; and the
students beware of the contaminated water.
They are all aware of their "fellow-explorers" far-
ther down the river. "We missed the voyageur crew by
two days—we really wanted to talk to them."
The Mississippi smiles—the voyageurs will rewrite
Marquette's journal with modern-day differences; the
Iowa students will rewrite Twain's immortal "Life on
the Mississippi."
Both voyageurs and students learn environment is
society, communications, physical characteristics
around them.
Tricentennial-voyageurs allow the towns to fit into
harried paddling schedules—Jolliet's schedule.
Students go out to meet the towns—five hours asking
questions in LaCrosse for the communications crew;
five hours testing the Mississippi's water quality for the
science crew.
The students from Maquoketa, Andrew, Miles,
Sabula, Preston, Bellevue, and Marquette High
Schools—-a mixture of socio-economic status and IQ
levels—are vibrant participating in this one-of-a-kind
project, funded by a $29,000 grant from the federal
government.
The next year, the grant gets cut by a third, and a
third again the year after. So already the schools make
plans to continue the project—maybe on a tuition
basis.
Daddow, Zimmerman, Hammon, Strathman, Burns
join feelings with Bob Majerus, Francis Johnston, Carol
Hammill, and Chuck Lindgren. They're tired; they've
been away from their families for a month; the trip is
wearing on them. But they smile with satisfaction as
they look at the students.
Next year, we'll
Further south, the voyageurs also complain. The
town people and legislators won't let them get enough
sleep; want them to visit or stay longer. But they, too,
smile.
"When this is over, I'm going to start over again
. . " says Broske.
And the barges move through the night, bound for
their eight-day journey from Minneapolis to New
Orleans.
—Sally /ones
-------
U. S. Steel: last act
The United States Steel Corp.,
Gary, case is closed—hopefully for
the last time.
On June 22, 1973, Region V Ad-
ministrator Francis T. Mayo issued
an order against the giant cor-
poration, saying it must clean up its
particulate (dust) emissions from
all sources at its Gary, Ind., plant
by the end of 1975.
The order represented the largest
single industrial air pollution
source to be the subject of an EPA
compliance schedule since the
Clean Air Act Amendments were
passed in 1970.
The order was issued after three,
lengthy EPA conferences with the
corporation, Indiana Pollution Con-
trol Board, and Gary officials
during May and June. (EPA had
issued a violation notice to the cor-
poration on April 15, giving U. S.
Steel 30 days to meet with the EPA
to formulate a clean-up schedule.)
The Gary plant became subject to
federal enforcement in May of 1972,
when the EPA accepted Indiana's
implementation plan for meeting
1975 ambient air quality standards.
U. S. Steel, in April of this year,
was still not on an enforceable
clean-up schedule.
The June 22 order subjects the
Gary plant to a number of
deadlines for cleaning up emissions
from specific sources. The
deadlines range from December,
1973, to December, 1975, when the
plant must have completed coke
oven emission controls.
During the course of the three
conferences, Indiana issued two or-
ders against the company, which
contain essentially the same
requirements as those in the EPA
order.
EPA will give primary respon-
sibility to enforcing the clean-up to
Indiana. But by issuing its own or-
der, EPA will have the ability to
assure the clean-up takes place. In
the event of a default by the com-
pany, EPA can invoke civil and
criminal penalties of up to $25,000
daily and one year in prison.
The orders issued by Indiana and
the EPA are similar in a number
of respects. Both provide for a Dec.
31, 1974 deadline for cleaning
emissions from the Gary plant's tin
mill boiler house, scarfing
operations, and the no. 3 sintering
plant. They both provide for a Feb.
1, 1974 clean-up of the coke boiler
house; and for clean-up of the
Universal Atlas Cement plant by
Nov. 1, 1974. And both provide for
the Dec. 31, 1975 date of cleaning
coke batteries.
The EPA order differs slightly
from the Indiana orders in that:
* EPA will require coke battery
maintenance.
* The EPA order establishes
definite compliance schedules for
the no. 3 and no. 4 open hearth fur-
nace shops and foundry. If U. S.
Steel elects to continue to operate
these facilities, controls must be in-
stalled by April 1, 1975. If the cor-
poration elects to replace these
facilities, they must be phased out
by Dec. 31, 1973. The Indiana or-
ders did not provide for the choice
of installing controls, but, instead,
set dates that the facilities must be
closed.
* The EPA requires slag process
operations to be in compliance by
May 1, 1975. Indiana's orders did
not deal with these emissions.
10
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Short Subjects
Orchid, Onion Prizes Given
In the true spirit of giving credit where credit is due,
the Western Communities Architects Association (West
of Chicago) again this year bestowed its orchid (for
good environmental deeds) and onion (for en-
vironmental no-no's) awards. Onions went to the
village of Villa Park, 111. for putting a parking lot in the
scenic Illinois Prairie Path; and to the city of Aurora for
a "profusion of bewildering signs' in town.
Orchids went to the Shell Oil Co. for a well-
landscaped gas station in Glen Ellyn; to Mrs. Yvonne
Burt, of Wheaton, for her work in landscaping a park
there; and to Kenneth Zweifel, Naperville Plan Com-
mission chairman, for a good sign ordinance.
Three other individuals received orchids, also:
Richard Young, Kane County environmental director
for his "genuine and constant concern for the total
ecological process, his belief that giving nature a
chance is the most practical and economical solution to
many planning problems, and his talent for being able
and willing to communicate his concerns." Michael
Brock, a teacher at Oswego High School. Oswego also
got an orchid for promoting environmental awareness;
and Thomas J. O'Donnell, scoutmaster of Boy Scout
Troop 65 in Western Springs, got one for helping set up
a glass reclamation project.
The World Wildlife Fund has begun circulating a
pamphlet describing what people can do to cut down
on pollution. But the pamphlet also gives capsule
descriptions of the extent of various pollution
problems, and what may be done in the future to get
rid of them. It was written by Malcolm B. Wells, a con-
servationist from Cherry Hill, N.J. Information on the
pamphlet, which deals with people, not animals, can be
obtained from the fund, 910 17th St. NW, Washington,
D.C. 20006.
The Dutch may have hit on a way to cut down on
polluting cars in the city. They initiated a "white bike"
program. The bikes are painted white and are left on
the street for anyone to use for free. The only catch to
the scheme is that the bikes must be returned to the
original spot for someone else to use. The program has
been so successful that the Dutch are now planning a
"white car" program in downtown Amsterdam. They'll
have a fleet of 100 battery-driven, two-seat cars parked
at 15 stations. They're not free like the bikes, but a $16
initial fee and $8 key fee will be used. The cars will be
recharged in the stations after use.
Children, from now on, will have their own forum
for telling us all what they think about ecology. A new
publication, Kids For Ecology, will be published six
times yearly by Zoles, Ltd., P.O. Box P-7126,
Philadelphia, Penn. 19117. The magazine will contain
bylined poems, puzzles, articles, and drawings by
children. Subscriptions are $4 a year.
A Region V environmental reporter won a Nieman
Fellowship award in journalism in June. Whitney
Gould, environmental reporter for the Madison (Wis.)
Capitol Times, will go to Harvard University this fall to
study in any part of the university he chooses.
And on the lighter side, a San Francisco Chronicle
columnist has "translated" for the layman a tricky
technical term—ppm, or parts per million. Herb Caen
writes what the term means: "Justin Mace, bless him,
has the answer: 'One part per million is one ounce of
vermouth in an 8,000 gallon tank car of gin' "
The Caterpillar Canoe Club, of Sandwich, 111.
cleaned up Illinois' Fox River from Montgomery to
Yorkville in June.
The Committee on Lake Michigan Pollution, a
citizens group to protect Lake Michigan in Illinois, has
begun a public awareness program. The committee is
gathering signatures and donations to publish an ad-
vertisement urging the boycott of products connected
with pollution of the lake. Further information on the
project can be obtained from the committee, Box 583,
Wilmette, 111. 60091.
In Indiana, the Ball State University board of
trustees recently approved establishing a Department
of Natural Resources within the university. The In-
stitute of Natural Resources at the university also was
renamed the Institute of Environmental Studies. Fur-
ther information on curricula can be obtained from Dr.
Clyde Hibbs, Chairman, Department of Natural
Resources, Ball State, Muncie, Ind. 47306.
The Save Lake Superior Association, 1707 9th Av.,
Two Harbors, Minn., is opposing proposals of those
living around the "lower Great Lakes" to reduce out-
flow from Lake Superior to control erosion. "The
water's high here and throughout the Great Lakes
primarily because of natural forces," the association's
"News" said in June, and concluded that these natural
forces should not be tampered with at the detriment of
those around Lake Superior.
11
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EPyA's transportation propos-
als may limit auto use in cities
On June 15, the EPA took its first significant action to
place the burden of pollution control on the public
rather than big industry.
For 18 urban areas, the EPA proposed transportation
plans designed to allow the compliance by 1975 with
federal air quality standards.
Since it was formed in 1972, the EPA has issued a
number of environmental regulations. Most, however,
have been aimed at industry, requiring that sector of
the economy to accept the burden of cleaning the en-
vironment.
Although automobile emission limits require clean-
up by Detroit and foreign automakers, the trans-
portation plans are likely to affect directly the urban
driver.
EPA Acting Administrator Robert Fri put it this way
when he announced the new transportation plan
proposals: "We are basically . . . asking people to
change their habits—their long-standing and intimate
relation with the private automobile. This is a fun-
damental change, but the only one that fundamentally
will work."
EPA had no choice in proposing the transportation
plans for the 18 cities. A court order overturned EPA's
decision to delay implementing transportation plans
until 1977. The states then were required to submit
their plans by mid-April, and EPA must review, reject
and/or approve the states' plans by August 15.
It's a tight time table both for the states and EPA, but
the Federal District Court ordered it.
Basically, Fri told a Washington press conference
that was piped into EPA's 10 regions, the EPA will be
looking for transportation plans that stress the use of
mass transit, encourage and require maintenance of
vehicles, and assure a good traffic flow.
Both mass transit and vehicle inspection and main-
tenance help save fuel. Vehicle inspection and main-
tenance also helps cut down auto emissions, as does a
good traffic flow. Idling cars emit more pollutants than
moving ones. So EPA proposed combinations of these
strategies, including limiting on-street parking in order
to get the 1975 standards met.
In turning down the city plans (which were for-
mulated by the individual states), EPA did not criticize
the reports already submitted. In most cases, EPA
recommended refinements in the plans.
For other cities, the EPA has held off making specific
proposals because the state plans were submitted too
late for evaluation by June 15.
Other urban plans submitted by the states were ap-
proved, including those for New York City; Bir-
mingham and Mobile, Ala.; and Rochester, N.Y. Plans
for Kansas City, Mo., and Kansas City, Kas.; and Baton
Rouge, La. were also approved pending changes that
may be needed to be made based on public comment.
In all, the EPA's action involved 37 urban areas in 23
states.
Here are highlights of the action taken in Region V:
Chicago's transportation plan as submitted by the
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency was rejected.
The U.S. EPA did not, as of June 22, propose
regulations for Chicago because the plan was sub-
mitted too late for full evaluation and promulgation of
regulations.
The U.S. EPA noted, however, that the state's
estimates that certain transportation control strategies
would reduce auto-related emissions by 50 per cent
were overly optimistic. Instead, the federal agency
said, the controls probably would reduce pollutant
levels by 44 per cent. The Illinois plan called for
limitations of on-street parking in the central business
district to increase traffic flow, expansion of the
already-implemented vehicle testing program, and
limitations on new off-street parking facilities.
Cincinnati's plan, as submitted by the Ohio En-
vironmenf^ Protection Agency, also was rejected
because the state submitted insufficient data to support
its estimations of pollutant level reduction. The state
plan called for programmed mass transit and highway
improvements. U.S. EPA is proposing that the city also
implement a vehicle testing system.
Indianapolis' plan, submitted by the state Air
Pollution Control Board, did not provide for trans-
portation plans because its data indicated the 1975
standards were met in 1972. The federal agency said,
however, that the monitoring equipment in the city was
not properly maintained, and that 1971 data must be
used. EPA also proposes that the city ban back-yard in-
cineration.
Minneapolis' plan also was rejected because EPA
was uncertain whether completion of a new interstate
bypass highway would discourage more traffic in the
central business district. EPA also questioned whether
a program to improve traffic flow would be completed
by mid-1975. The EPA proposed that the Minnesota
Department of Natural Resources, which submitted the
plan, consider limiting new off-street parking facilities,
begin a vehicle testing program, the retrofit vehicles
with controls.
12
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EPAlog
EPA offering
new books
New Publications
"Questions and Answers from EPA's Second
National Citizens' Briefing" answers some of the most
commonly-asked questions about EPA's programs. The
booklet also gives insight into the reasoning behind
EPA decisions and how citizens can participate in
regulatory and enforcement processes. Single copies
are available free from the Office of Public Affairs, U.
S. EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460.
"Selected Publications on the Environment," is a
catalog of EPA's publications that are available, com-
plete with a reader service order blank in the back. The
publications listed are free for single i^Ppies. The
booklet can be obtained from the EPA's Office of
Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, 111. 60606.
"A Drop to Drink" is a report on the quality of the
nation's drinking water. The publication is a boiled-
down version of EPA research and reports that formed
the basis for the pending drinking water standards bill
in Congress. Single copies are free from EPA Office of
Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago 60606.
"Action for Environmental Quality," is a 22-page
color booklet on standards and enforcement for air and
water pollution control. Free copies are available from
EPA Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago 60606.
Because of demand, EPA has reprinted the
publication "Toward a new Environmental Ethic." It
explains, with sensitivity, why a pure environment is
needed. Single copies are free from the Office of Public
Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, 111. 60606.
With the courtesy of the Tuberculosis Institute of
Chicago and Cook County, the Region V Public Affairs
Office, 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago 60606, has received
copies of Ringlemann charts for distribution. The chart,
a useful tool in assessing air pollution smoke density, is
copyrighted by the Plibrico Jointless Firebrick Co.,
Chicago.
The Federal Register
As a matter of public record, notices of EPA
hearings, proposed rulemakings, promulgations of
regulations and other regulatory actions are published
in the daily Federal Register. It is available at most
libraries or by an annual subscription rate of $25 from
the U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402.
May 21—Regulations requiring state water resource
planning were published . EPA established toleranc-
es for three pesticide chemicals on agricultural
products Five companies applied for EPA
registration of pesticides containing DDT.
May 22—In this issue, EPA published the final
regulations for the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) also published were
proposed rules requiring cities to assess user charges
for sewage treatment and a cost recovery system for
the cost of treating industrial wastes Also set was a
pesticide tolerance.
May 23—EPA amended, effective May 23, standards
for opacity of air contaminants Proposed were
rules governing disposal and storage of pesticide con-
tainers (comments due by July 23) and guidelines for
preparing water quality management plans for states
. . A temporary tolerance for a pesticide was set.
May 30—EPA published proposed regulations for
planning and management of waste treatment facilities
A correction was published relating to proposed
regulations for the NPDES system And tolerances
and exemptions for tolerances were set or proposed for
six pesticides, including BHC.
June 1—A tolerance for the pesticide Ethephon was
set . . And the EPA also published revised air im-
plementation plans for three states. None were in
Region V.
Continued on page 14
13
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EPAlog . . .
June 4—EPA published regulations, effective July 5,
outlining the maintenance auto manufacturers may
perform on test vehicles for certification under the
Clean Air Act. The regulations apply to 1975 model
year autos, and include requirements that warning
devices be installed on cars to alert motorists when
emission controls need servicing . Both the EPA
and Council for Environmental Quality published
projects for which environmental impact statements
are available.
June 5—EPA approved revisions to Delaware's air
implementation plan And proposed that nitrogen
oxide standards be loosened.
June 6—EPA published allowable tolerances for the
pesticides sodium and potassium arsenate as residues
on animals.
June 7—In this Federal Register are the final
regulations regarding the requirement to give prior
notice when filing citizen suits. Copies of this
regulation can be obtained from Region V EPA Public
Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, 111. 60606.
June 8—EPA published requirements for
preparation, adoption, and submittal of implementation
plans or transportation control measures Also in
this issue are proposals for the reclassification of air
quality control regions (comment period is open for six
months) . Two pesticide actions were published . .
And the Council for Environmental Quality gave notice
on the availability of Environmental Impact statements
upon which it has commented.
June 11—A temporary tolerance for a pesticide was
established . Proposed standards of performance for
seven new stationary source categories were published
(comments due by July 26) and additional categories
for new sources were added for later regulation.
June 12—Acting Administrator Robert Fri agreed to
extend a stay on orders prohibiting the use of the per-
sistent pesticide Mirex to allow the Allied Chemical
Co. to spray Mirex on Hawaiian pineapple fields. Full
hearings on whether to permanently cancel Mirex' use
were scheduled for the end of June . Also published
were proposed regulations to prohibit sex
discrimination under any program or activity receiving
assistance from the EPA under the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act.
june 14—The EPA published a notice on the
procedures it will take in the future to publish ex-
planations of regulatory decisions and standards . .
The Council on Environmental Quality also published
a list of federal projects it has reviewed for en-
vironmental impact.
June 15—In this issue, the EPA revoked its earlier
disapproval of New Jersey's air implementation plan.
June 18—EPA promulgates regulations requiring the
assessment by states of the impact on air quality of
construction programs and other activities that may not
involve direct pollution from mobile or stationary
sources Two notices relating the pe£cides
Ethepho^ and a chloride polymer.
June ^B—The issue sets up procedures EPA will
follow in the event states ask for a one-year extension
for submitting implementation plans under the Clean
Air Act . The agency also established a temporary
tolerance for the pesticide isopropyl.
June 20—EPA set down regulations approving,
disapproving, and setting compliance schedules under
state implementation plans for meeting Clean Air Act
ambient air quality standards. Contained in the
regulations are specific dates for stationary source
emitters, proposed rules for states in which all or parts
of the plans were disapproved, and a series of hearing
dates for July.
June 21—EPA established a temporary tolerance for
a pesticide . . Published were proposed rules for the
administration of federal grants, contracts, or loans un-
der the Clean Air Act (comments due by Aug. 6).
June 22—In this issue, EPA gives notice of a number
of activities under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act . . Also published were actions
on a number of state air implementation plans and
transportation controls . None of the actions refer to
Region V states.
June 25—EPA established a tolerance for the
pesticide thiabendazole, effective June 25.
14
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EPA Action
Clean autos affordable, and
EPA labs provide interest
On fune 22, the EPA released a position paper en-
titled "Clean Air and the Automobile," which con-
fronts some of the major public issues involving the
federal auto air pollution emissions program.
The EPA holds that carbon monoxide and hydrocar-
bon reductions set by Congress are necessary to
protect public health, and that transportation plans and
similar strategies cannot alone assure the standards are
met. The EPA also holds, in the paper, that the extra
costs of installing emission controls in autos are not out
of proportion to options consumers purchase on cars,
such as vinyl roofs and air conditioning.
Copies of the report are available from the Office of
Public Inquiries, EPA 401 M Street SW., Washington,
D.C.
In a regulation proposed in the June 21 issue of the
Federal Register, industrial facilities found to be in
violation of air pollution regulations would not be
eligible for contracts, grants, or loans from the federal
government. The regulation also would require the
EPA to list facilities that are violating the act. The
listing is planned to be used as a tool to bring about
voluntary compliance with regulations. CoBTpents on
the proposed regulation are due by the bftynning of
August and should be sent to the EPA's Office of
Federal Activities, Washington, D.C. 20460.
Do-As-We-Do Dept: Forty-seven EPA employees
have decided to set a good example for ecologically-
sound commuting. Half the workers in EPA's Office of
Radiation Programs in Washington, D.C. decided to
charter a bus when their office was relocated. It was as
inexpensive to all as participating in four-man car
pools. They call their chartered bus the "Radiation Ex-
press."
The past 10 years have shown a decrease in sulphur
dioxide and particulate (dust) levels in many urban
areas, according to a recent EPA study. The sulphur
study was conducted in 32 cities from 1964 to 1971; the
particulate studies in 116 cities from 1960 to 1971.
Single copies of the report, "National Air Quality
Levels and Trends in Total Suspended Particulates and
Sulphur Dioxide Determined by Data in the National
Air Surveillance Network" are available from EPA
Public Inquiries, 401 M St. SW, Washington, D.C.
20460.
It seems that EPA's National Environmental
Research Center (NERC) workers in Las Vegas have
jobs that never cease to be interesting. The "Com-
munique," published by NERC-Las Vegas, highlighted
these activities in its late May issue: All lakes in Illinois
were sampled under the National Eutrophication
Study; a semiannual beef herd roundup was completed
for cows living around Nevada nuclear test sites (the
cattle are "guinea pigs" to determine radiation levels in
living tissue from tests,) and they kept tabs on the after
effects of a nuclear experiment to extract natural gas
from the ground.
EPA's National Environmental Research Center in
North Carolina reported in June that thermal pollution
could cause changes in weather and climate patterns.
This manmade heat, according to scientist J. T. Peter-
son, already is affecting weather in some areas.
Washington, D.C.'s frost-free growing season is longer
than in adjacent rural areas. He predicted that
precipitation downwind outside cities may be on the
increase, while the cities may have less fog and
snowfall. All because of manmade heat.
The Waukesha (Wis.) Water Utility has joined other
public water supplies in Region V as being certified for
interstate use. The approval is required from EPA for
water supplies used by bus, train, and aircraft
passengers.
On June 5, the EPA proposed performance standards
for asphalt concrete plants, petroleum refineries,
petroleum storage tanks, secondary lead smelters,
secondary brass and bronze ingot production plants,
iron and steel plants, and sewage treatment plant in-
cinerators. The standards are for new sources or
existing facilities modified to increase production.
Requests for background documents and comments on
the proposal should be made to Emission Standards
and Engineering Division, EPA Research Triangle
Park, N.C. 27711, Attn: Don R. Goodwin.
A team of marine scientists from the U.S.S.R. arrived
in Washington to participate in a cooperative study
with EPA on the effects of pollutants on marine
organisms. They stayed two weeks, until the end of
May.
Continued on page 16
15
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EPA Action . . .
A contract for nearly $5 million will help the EPA
determine what happens to air pollutants once they
leave their sources. Science has learned they don't
escape the earth's atmosphere, but more study is
needed to determine exactly what does happen to
them. The Rockwell International Science Center,
Thousand Oaks, Calif., will set up 25 remote sensing
stations around St. Louis, Mo. to conduct sophisticated
studies of pollutants in the atmosphere. They'll also be
looking at possible weather effects from pollutants.
On ]une 26, a federal District Court Judge in Min-
neapolis ruled the EPA must release water con-
struction grants funds to Minnesota. The ruling by
Judge Miles Lord was similar to a May New York
District Court decision on the same issue. Judge Lord,
in his decision, said EPA does not have discretion in
allocating funds, and thus must spend them when they
are needed and appropriated. The judge said, however,
that EPA does have discretion in obligating the funds,
or, in other words, approving a particular facility for
funding under the grants program.
Duke University has been
study crabs. The universit:
Beaufort, N.C., will study
crabs, and determine whet
sensitive than the adults. T.
ed by the EPA's Natio:
Laboratory at Narraganset
Besides all the other duties'
the astronauts splashed
mission aided NASA in
formation to EPA from at
ed particulates. Skylab's big
in on Illinois' controversial
Monticello, 111. to see what
above.
The Great Lakes Basin
agency in which EPA
lake trout fingerlings w
this year. They're being
Department of Natural
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