-------
Dissolved Oxygen Criteria ,
The dissolved oxygen levels necessary for survival and/or reproduc-
tion vary among biological species. Insufficient data have been accumu-
lated to assign definitive limits or lower levels of tolerance for
each species at various growth states. Hough guidelines are available
for aquatic species for purposes of surveillance and monitoring. These
are as follows:
i ; 5 mg/1 DO and greater - healthy
•"'"•'.' 4-5 mg/1 DO - borderline to healthy
-.-':-.:' 3-4 mg/1 DO - stressful if prolonged
2-3 mg/1 DO - lethal if prolonged
less than 2 mg/1 - lethal in a relatively
short time. . :.
These criteria are consistent with biological information recorded
in the New York Bight over the past several years. Most data concerning
the lower tolerance levels were recorded during the summer of 1976. In
1976, widespread and persistent dissolved oxygen levels between 0.0 and
2.0 mg/1 occurred over a large area of the Bight. This resulted in
extensive fish kills and bottom dwelling organism mortality.
24
-------
Surface Dissolved Oxygen - 1981
The completely mixed upper water layer had dissolved oxygen levels
at or near saturation during the entire sampling period, May 1, 1981
through September 30, 1981, therefore no further discussion of surface
dissolved oxygen will be presented in this report.
Bottom Dissolved Oxygen - 1981
Long Island Coast
As in previous years, the dissolved oxygen levels off the coast of
Long Island were, for the most part, well above the 5 mg/1•"healthy" guide-
line for the entire sampling period. Figure 9 shows semi-monthly averages
of dissolved oxygen values found from May through September, 1981. Out of
94 samples taken throughout the summer, only 2, or slightly more than 2
percent, were below the 5 mg/1 standard. These values were only slightly
below the standard and are consistent with temporarily depressed values
observed in this area in other years during the sunrner. Table 5 summarizes
the dissolved oxygen values below 5 mg/1 off the Long Island Coast during
the Summer 1981.
Table 5
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations less than 5 mg/1
found off the Long Island Coast, Summer 1981.
Date
7/17
9/21
Station
LIC 09A
LIC 09B
D.O. (mg/1)
4.8
4.6
25
-------
10
9
8
X
€>
O
Ul
i)
en
M
o
LEGEND
0 NUMBER OF SflMPLES
(16)
(08)
(14)
(08)
(08)
MflT JUNE JULY flUG SEPT
FIGURE 9
DONG ISLAND COAST BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, 1980, 1981.
SEMII40NTHLY AVERAGE OF ALL L.I. PERPENDICULAR STATIONS.
QCT
26
-------
New York Bight Apex
Figure 10 illustrates the semi-monthly dissolved oxygen values found in
the New York Bight stations from May through September, 1981. The double
minima which has been observed in the New York Bight during the summer months
in other years were also observed during 1981. The first minimum occurred in
mid July, with the lower dissolved oxygen values in the 3.5-5 mg/1 range at
some stations. A recovery of dissolved oxygen levels in early August was
followed by a second minimum in early September and a full recovery in early
October.
Out of 283 bottom samples taken in the New York Bight from May 1-Sept 30
and measured for dissolved oxygen, 33 samples, or 12 percent, were below the 5
mg/1 level considered healthy for aquatic life. Most of these were in the
borderline to healthy range—between 4 mg/1 and 5 mg/1—and only 6 samples, or
2 percent, fell below 4 mg/1.
Table 6 summarizes the dissolved oxygen values below 5 mg/1 in the New York
Bight during the Summer 1981.
Table 6 - Dissolved Oxygen Concentration less than 5 mg/1 in the
New York Bight Apex, Summer 1981
DATE
7/09
7/18
7/18
7/24
7/24
7/24
7/24
7/24
7/24
7/24
7/24
7/27
7/27
7/27
7/27
STATION
NYB 44
NYB 20
NYB 42
NYB 44
NYB 42
NYB 41
NYB 34
NYB 25
NYB 20
NYB 21
NYB 23
NYB 23
NYB 22
NYB 24
NYB 34
D.O. (mg/1)
2.70
4.80
4.85
4.90
4.10
4.45
4.65
4.85
4.90
4.55
4.90
3.80
4.60 .
4.95
4.90
27
-------
10
9
I
x
o
o
UJ
D
m
w
6
LEGEND
0 NUMBER OF SAMPLES
(40)
(26)
(46)
(26)
(20)
MflY JUNE JULY
FIGURE 10 .
. NEW YORK BIGHT BOTTOM DISSOVLED OXYGEN, 1981.
SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGE OF ALL NY BIGHT STATIONS.
SEPT
flCT
28
-------
Table 6 - (Continued)
Date Station P.O. (mg/1)
8/01 NYB 42 4.25
8/01 NYB 20 3.70
8/03 NYB 22 4.75
8/03 NYB 20 4.20
8/03 NYB 35 4.70
8/03 NYB 43 4.65
8/17 NYB 23 4.55
8/31 NYB 22 4.15
8/31 NYB 24 2.00
9/14 NYB 20 4.35
9/14 NYB 21 4.85
9/14 NYB 40 4.80
9/14 NYB 44 3.50
9/21 NYB 46 4.90
9/21 NYB 41 4.00
9/21 NYB 42 4.70
9/21 NYB 34 4.50
9/21 NYB 22 3.70
New Jersey Coast
Figure 11 illustrates the semi-monthly dissolved oxygen values off
the New Jersey coast during the summer of 1981, with separate lines for
the northern (JC 14-JC 53) perpendiculars and the southern (JC 61-JC 85)
perpendiculars. During the summer months, the New Jersey coast dissolved
oxygen values fell below 5 mg/1 several times, and in many cases were
below 4 mg/1.
Table 7 is a summary of dissolved oxygen values below 5 mg/1 for the
period between May 1 and Sept. 30, 1981. 344 samples were taken off the
New Jersey coast and analyzed for dissolved oxygen. Of these, 127 samples,
or 37 per cent, were below 4 mg/1. During the month of August, there
were several values between 1-3 mg/1. These depressed values were lower
and more widespread than in previous years, ftowever, low values did not
persist for more than a few days at a time; turbulance from increased
wind or storm activity would raise DO values to acceptable levels.
29
-------
o
as
as
x
w
O
DJ
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
..
S 4
LEGEND
O DflTfl FOR JC14-JC53
A DflTfl FOR JC61-JC85
MflT JUNE JULY flUG SEPT
FIGURE 11 ...
NEW JERSEY" COAST BOCTCM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, 1981.SEMIMONTHLY
AVERAGES OF ALL NORTHERN (JC14-JC53) PERPENDICULAR AND OF
ALL SOUTHERN (JC61-JC85) PERPENDICULAR STATIONS.
OCT
30
-------
TABLE 7
Dissolved Oxygen concentrations less than 5 mg/1
found off the New Jersey Coast, Summer 1981
DATE
6/24
6/24
7/15
7/15
7/15
7/15
7/15
7/15
7/15
7/15
7/15
7/15
7/15
7/15
7/15
7/18
7/22
7/22
7/22
7/22
7/22
7/22 '
7/22
7/22
7/22
7/22
7/25
7/25
7/25
7/25
7/28
7/28
7/28
7/28
7/28
7/28
7/28
7/30
7/30
7/30
7/30
7/30
7/30
7/30
8/01
8/01
8/01
8/01
STATION
JC 75G
JC 75E
JC 851
JC 85M
JC 85K
JC 14M
JC 531
JC 691
JC 69G
JC 75G
JC 751
JC 75E
JC 75K
JC 85E
JC 75M
JC 85K
JC 851
JC 85G
JC 85E
JC 75K
JC 751
JC 75E
JC 75G
JC 61E
JC 61G
JC 69E
JC 27E
JC 14K
JC 141
JC 14G
JC 14G
JC 141
JC 14M
JC 27G
JC 27E
JC 271
JC 27K
JC 41E
JC 75K
JC 85G
JC 85E
JC 851
JC 85K
JC 85M
JC 14E
JC 14G
JC 27E
JC 27G
\
D.O. (rag/
4.90
4.45
3.50
3.20
3.20
2.05
4.75
4.55
4.85
3.35
3.15
3.20
3.75
1.90
4.05
3.15
4.75
3.45
3.25
4.00
3.15
3.00
3.25
4.50
4.35
4.35
3.25
4.35
4.80
4.15
4.45
4.85
4.85
3.75
4.80
4.50
4.85
3.95
4.95
3.05
3.30
3.20
2.80
4.70
2.20
3.70
3.05
4.00
31
-------
TABLE 7 (Con't)
Dissolved Oxygen values less than 5 rag/1 found
at the New Jersey Perpendicular stations, Summer 1981
DATE
8/04
8/04
8/04
8/04
8/04
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07
8/07 ,
8/07
8/07
8/10
8/10
8/10
8/10
8/10
8/10
8/10
8/10
8/10 - .
8/10 :
8/14
8/14
8/14
8/14
8/14
8/14
8/14
8/14 -
8/14
8/14
8/14
8/17
8/17
8/17
STATION
JC 27G
JC 27E
JC 14G
JC 14E
JC 141
JC 85M
JC 85K
JC 851
MAS 1
JC 41G
JC 411
JC 41E
MAS 3
MAS 2
JC 85E
JC 85G
JC 75M
JC 75K
JC 75G
JC 751
JC 75E
JC 53G
JC 53E
JC 61G
JC 27M
JC 27K
JC 271
JC 27G
JC 27E
JC 14K
JC 141
JC 14G
JC 14E
JC 14G
JC 27E
JC 27G
JC 271
MAS 4
JC 41E
JC 41G
JC 53E
JC 41M
JC 53G
JC 531
JC 531
JC 53G
MAS 2
D.O. (mg/1
3.65
1.80
2.90
2.60
3.60
3.10
2.90
3.00
2.40
4.50
4.50
2.20
4.80
3.60
1.80
2.60
4.40
4.60
3.60
3.80
3.70
3.50
2.20
4.00
4.93
4.58 .
4.21
3.31
2.10
3.45
4.10
4.05
2.50
3.75
1.15
3.30
4.10
4.75
1.50
2.75
2.20
4.55
3.20
3.55
4.65
3.95
3.65
32
-------
TABLE 7 (Con't)
Dissolved Oxygen values less than 5 mg/1 found
at the New Jersey Perpendicular stations, Summer 1981
DATE
8/17
8/17
8/17
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/18
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
8/27
9/11
STATION
MAS 1
JC 27E
JC 141
JC 851
JC 85G
JC 85K
JC 85M
JC 61K
JC 611
JC 61E
JC 69G
JC 691
JC 69M
JC 69K
JC 75G
JC 75K
JC 751
JC 75M
JC 85E
JC 41M
JC 27E
JC 27M
MAS 1
MAS 3
MAS 4
MAS 5.
JC 41K
JC 411
JC 14E
JC 14G
JC 14K
JC 14E
D.O. (mg/1
3.60
4.15
4.45
3.30
2.20
3.30
4.05
4.20
3.00
2.40
3.80
3.05
4.45
4.60
4.45
3.95
3.85
3.95
2.10
4.65
4.75
4.90
3.40
4.75
4.10
4.25
3.45
3.30
4.30
3.20
3.75
4.55
33
-------
Figures 12 and 13 compare the shore to seaward dissolved oxygen
values of the New Jersey perpendiculars. These graphs show the following:
1. The stations which are 5, 7 and 9 miles from shore have a more pro-
nounced double minima, with the dissolved oxygen levels in both .
northern and southern perpendiculars falling early, rising sharply
in late July and then falling again in mid to late August.
2. The 1 and 3 mile stations tend to drop gradually until early to mid
August, when dissolved oxygen levels reach a minimum. This trend
differs from the double minima which occurs at the more seaward
stations.
In general, the lower DO values found at the nearshore stations may
be attributed to the influence of river runoff, treatment plant effluent
and the Hudson Estuary system on the water along the New Jersey coast.
Dissolved Oxygen Trends
Figures 14, 15 and 16 illustrate the five year trends in dissolved
oxygen for the Northern New Jersey, Southern New Jersey and New York
Bight Stations.
In general, the early depressed oxygen values recover during a pro-
longed mid-summer wind and storm activity. In late summer, the dissolved
oxygen decline is much more pronounced, but cool temperatures and shorter
day length cause cooling of the waters and recovery of dissolved oxygen
levels*, in early October.
34
-------
_l
jjj
x
o
111
CO
<0
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
O
A
(9
LEGEND
- OflTR FOR 1977
- OflTfl FOR 1978
- OflTfl FOR 1979
- OflTfl FOR 1980
- OflTfl FOR 1981
MflT JUNE JULY flUG SEPT OCT
FIGURE 12
NORTHERN NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, 1977-1981
COMPARISON. SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGES OF ALL JC14-JC53 PERPENDICULAR
STATIONS.
35
-------
10
9
8
(9
ac
X
o
a
iij
»
OT
6
LEGEND
Q- 1 MILE
0-3 MILE
A - 5 HUE
* - 7 HUE
X - 9 MILE
HflT JUNE JULY RUG SEPT
FIGURE 13 :
SHORE-TO-SEM>!ARD DISTRIHJTI<»J OF BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN,
1981. SEMBCNTHLY AVERAGES OF ALL SOUTHERN PERPENDICULARS
JC61-JC85 AT FIXED DISTANCES FROM SHORE.
OCT
36
-------
UJ
c
0)
01
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
HflT JUNE JULT RUG SEPT OCT
FIGURE 14
NORTHERN NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, FIVE YEAR
AVERAGE. AVERAGE OF THE INDIVIDUAL 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980 AND 1981.
SEMIMDNTHLY AVERAGES.
37
-------
X
o
a
UJ
0)
to
*«
C)
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
HAT JUNE JULY RUG SEPT OCT
FIGURE 15 -
SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY CX3AST BOCTCM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, FIVE YEAR
AVERAGE. AVERAGE OF THE INDIVIDUAL 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980 AND 1981.
SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGES.
38
-------
10
9
8
x
o
o
ui
o
«
v>
6
o
Q
X
LEGEND
- DflTfl FOR 1977
- OflTfl FOR 1978
- OflTfl FOR 1979
- OflTfl FOR 1980
- OflTfl FOR 1981
HflT JUNE JULY flUC SEPT
FIGURE 16
NEW YORK BIGHT BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, 1977-1981
COMPARISON. SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGE OF ALL NY BIGHT STATIONS.
OCT
39
-------
V. Bacteriological Results
New Jersey
Table 8 presents a summary of the fecal coliform data collected along
the coast of New Jersey between May 28, 1981 and September 30, 1981.
The geometric mean for each station was rounded off to the nearest whole
number and plotted in Figure 17. The state standard for primary contact
recreation along the New Jersey Coast is a geometric mean of 50 fecal
coliforms/100 ml based on five or more samples analyzed within a 30 day
period. Due to the low values found and the relatively small number of
samples collected, only one geometric mean was calculated for each station
overr'the entire summer. The highest geometric mean, 2.4, is at station
JC 93. : This station also had the highest geometric mean during the last
two years. There are several storm sewers in the area that discharge
directly to the .ocean possibly causing the slightly elevated values at
this station. Figure 17 clearly shows that the New Jersey coastal stations
are well below the bacteriological standard. Based on fecal coliform
data, New Jersey coastal waters have excellent water quality.
Throughout the summer sampling period, a total of 382 samples were
collected for fecal coliform analyses along the New Jersey Coast. Of the
382 samples, four or approximately one percent were above 50 fecal coli-
forms/ 100 ml. These samples were:
Station Date Sampled Fecal Coliform/lOOml
JC 14 9/03/81 59
JC 14 9/17/81 72
JC 21 9/10/81 88
JC 41 9/17/81 92
The four elevated values occurred during the period of September
3--17, 1981. Many other stations along the coast also had elevated fecal
coliform counts during this period, however, none was above the state
standard. Causes for the increase are unknown.
40
-------
50
STANDARD
10
x
a
a
CO
a:
oc
O
U.
3 5
o
U
tc
U
UJ
fl
n
01HQ2 08 OS 08 U ll 21 24 27 80 >8 87 1 41 47018 59 BS 57 58 61 W 85 t7 N 19 7« 77 79 SI *8 BS t7 M II M 96 VI M
JC(NEH JERSEY COflST)STATIONS
FIGURE 17
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL COLIFORM DATA COLLECTED MAY 28, 1981 TO
SEPTEMBER 30, 1981, ALONG THE COAST OF NEW JERSEY.
-------
TABLE 8
Summary of Bacteriological Data
Collected Along the New Jersey Coast
May 28, 1981 through September 30, 1981
Station
JC01A
JC02
JC03
JC05
JC08
JC11
JC14
JC21
JC24
JC27
JC30
JC33
JC37
JC41
JC44
JC47A
JC49
JC53
JC55
JC57
JC59
JC61
JC63
JC65
JC67
JC69
JC73
JC75
JC77
JC79
JC81
JC83
JC85
JC87
JC89
JC91
JC93
JC95
JC97
JC99
Number of
Samples Collected
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
8
8
8
8
7
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
Maximum Value
Fecal Col i form/100 ml
4
10
2
6
5
11
72
88
24
44
8
20
4
92
28
5
8
9
27
45
1
1 •-
1
8
1
1
10
19
2
1
12
1 .
3 "
1
1
7
11
1
3
3
Geometric Mean
Fecal Coliform/100 ml
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.6
2.1
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.3
2.0
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.3
2.4
1.0
1.8
1.3
42
-------
Long Island
Table 9 presents a summary of the fecal coliform data collected along
the coast of Long Island from June 9, 1981 through September 28, 1981.
The geometric mean for each station was rounded off to the nearest whole
number and is plotted in Figure 18. • The state standard for primary
contact recreation along the Long Island coast is 200 fecal coliforms/100
ml. This value is a monthly geometric mean of five or more sanples. As
with the New Jersey data, due to the low values found and the relatively
small number of samples collected, only one geometric mean was calculated
for each staion over the entire summer. The highest geometric mean,
2.3, is at station LIC 10 and is probably the result of the influence of
Jones Inlet. Station LIC 10 also had the highest geometric mean in
1980. From Figure 18, it is apparent that the standard is not approached.
Based on bacteriological data, the New York coastal waters along Long
Island are of excellent quality.
A total of 235 samples were collected during the summer along the
coast of Long Island and analyzed for fecal coliform bacteria. The
highest count found all summer, 17 fecal coliforms/100 ml, was at station
LIC 03. This value is well below the state standard.
43
-------
TABLE 9
Summary of Bacteriological Data Collected
Along the Coast of Long Island
June 9, 1981 through September 28, 1981
Number of
Station Samples Collected
LIC01 11
LIC02 11
LIC03 11
LIC04 11
L1C05 11
LIC07 . 11
L1C08 11
LIC09 11
L1C10 10
LIC12 10
L1C13 10
L1C14 10
LIC15 9
L1C16 9
LIC17 9
LIC18 9
LIC19 8
LIC20 7;:i
LIC21 7
L1C22 7
LIC23 7
LI.C24 7
LIC25 7
LIC26 7
LIC27 ••; T:
LIC28 7
Maximum Value
Fecal Coliform/100 ml
1
12
17
6
.•.-:.-: 5 '
1
2
9
13
•••.••"•• 2
4
1
2
5
i
i
i
2
2
1
7
4
'•: .I 1
7
- v. •= - 4
1
Geometric Mean
Fecal Coliform/100 ml
1.0
1.5
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.0
1.3
1.5
2.3
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.0
Staten Island and Coney Island
Table 10 presents a summary of the bactiological data collected from
June 16 to September 28 along the coasts of Staten Island and Coney
Island. The geometric mean for each station was rounded off to the
nearest whole number and plotted in Figure 19. The station locations
are shown in Figure 7.
44
-------
STflNOflBD
200p
1
10
o
o
CO
flC
o
It.
~ 5
D
O
o
IU
0
11
11
n
n
01 02 08 04 OS 07 08 08 10 12 18 14 15 18 17 18 1« 20 21 22 28 24 28 28 27 28
LIC(LONG ISLAND COflST)STATIONS
FIGURE 18
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL COLIFORM DATA COLLECTED
JUNE 9, 1981 TO SEPTEMBER 28, 1981 ALONG THE COAST
OF LONG ISLAND
45
-------
TABLE 10
Summary of Bacteriological Data
Collected Along Staten Island and Coney Island
June 16, 1981 through September 28, 1981
Maximum Value Geometric Mean
Station Samples Collected Fecal Coliform/lOO ml Fecal Coliforny/100 ml
SIWP 11 420 3.3
SIOB 10 56 5.5
SIMB 11 500 13.0
SIGB 11 600 57.6
SISB 11 1200 117.8
NY35 15 940 24.4
NY29th 13 1160 22.7
NY20th 14 1260 11.6
•NYSth 14 440 7.4
NYOP 14 172 4.7
NYMB 14 280 6.9
TABIE 11
Fecal Coliform Densities in Excess of 200/100 ml
Along the Coast of Staten Island and Coney Island
June 16 - September 28, 1981
Fecal Coliform
Station Date Per 100 ml of sample
SIWP 9/1 420
SIMB 7/28 ' 420
SIMB 9/1 500
SIGB 7/21 280
SIGB 7/28 600
SIGB 8/4 520
SISB 6/16 236
SISB 7/21 320
SISB 7/28 760
SISB 8/4 236
SISB 9/1 420
SISB 9/22 1200
NY35 9/9 940
NY29th 9/9 1160
NY20th 9/9 1260
NYSth 9/9 440
NYMB 9/9 280
46
-------
The New York State .water quality standard for primary contact recre-
ation, the monthly geometric mean of five or more samples shall not
exceed 200 fecal coliforms/100 ml, is the applicable standard for Staten
Island and Coney Island beaches. Only one geometric mean per station
was calculated for the sampling period and compared to the standard,
Figure 19. All of the geometric means are below the standard. However,
the four stations closest to the Hudson River (SIGB, SISB, NY35, NY29th)
had geometric means above 20, with a high of 117.8 at station SISB. The
cause of elevated counts at these stations is raw and partially treated
sewage that is discharged into the Hudson River primarily from Manhattan
and New Jersey.
Although the water quality standard was not violated, many individual
counts along Staten Island and Coney Island were above the limit. Of
138 samples collected along the beaches, 17 had counts in excess of 200.
The 17 elevated values are listed in Table 11. The fecal coliform densities
above the standard along Staten Island and Coney Island represent 12.3
percent of the samples collected compared to only 1 percent for New
Jersey and 0 percent for Long Island during the same period.
«•
Based on fecal coliform densities, the waters along Staten Island
and Coney Island are generally "safe" for primary contact recreation.
However, the Staten Island and Coney Island beaches exhibit intermittent
contamination levels which are significant in terms of bathing acceptability.
The intermittent high values may be the result of tidal dillution effects.
The samples were collected at random without considering the various
tidal stages.
47
-------
STflNOflRO
200p
60
117.8
1
z
a
o
v4
N.
U.
Z
CO
c
o
u.
cc
u
ui
15
M
n n
,
-
I n n n ••
NEH YORK CITT BEflCH STflTIONS
FIGURE 19 '
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL COLXFORM DATA COLLECTED
JUNE 16, 1981 TO SEPTEMBER 28, 1981 ALONG THE
COAST OF STATEN ISLAND AND CONEY ISLAND.
43
-------
NEW YORK BIGHT APEX
During the summer of 1981 a total of 607 samples were collected in
the inner New York Bight for fecal coliform analysis. The stations sampled
were the 20 inner NYB series stations, the LIC 09 and LIC 14 perpendicular
stations, and the JC 14 and JC 27 perpendicular stations. Of the 607
samples collected, four had fecal coliform densities in excess of 50 fecal
coliforms/100 ml. This represents 0.7 percent of the samples. There is
no fecal coliform standard for the New York Bight Apex waters. The value
of 50 fecal coliforms/100 ml was chosen for use in comparison with previous
years. In 1978, 1979 and 1980 the percentage of samples having counts
above 50/100 ml was 3.3, 2.3, and 0.4 respectively. The four high values
found this past summer were:
Fecal Coliform
100ml of sample
92
56
128
96
The elevated values at stations NYB 24 and NYB 26 maybe due to recent
disposal of sewage sludge in the sewage sludge dump site. Station NYB-32
is under the direct influence of flow from the N.Y. Harbor and Raritan Bay
estuary, both of which frequently exhibit elevated fecal coliform densities.
The cause of the elevated density at NYB-41 is not clear, but it is possibly
due to sewage contamination from a passing vessel.
Station
NYB 24
NYB 26
NYB 32
NYB 41
Date
Collected
6/08/81
9/14/81
10/05/81
10/05/81
Sample
Depth (feet)
125
078
002
002
49
-------
Special Bacterial Analyses
are discussed
Water samples were also analyzed using several non-traditional bacterial
indicator systoms. These analyses include fecal coliform densities using
the m-TEC procedure, E_._ coli using the m-TEC procedure, enterococci (fecal
streptococci)
-------
VI. NEW YORK BIGHT SEDIMENT
Heavy metals data for the New York Bight Apex stations sampled during the
summer of 1981 are summarized in Tables 12 and 13. The two values listed for
stations 32, 33, 34 and 35 were taken at different dates at the same stations.
Other stations were sampled only once. The sediment samples were collected
from the EPA vessel "Clean Waters" using a Smith-Mclntyre dredge.
Results of heavy metals analysis showed higher concentrations at stations
located near the dredged material and sewage sludge dump sites, NYB 23, 24,
25, and 27 (see Figure 4). This is consistent with findings from previous
years, and with data obtained for this area from NOAA, National Marine Fisheries
Service (1982, Metal in Surface Sediments of the "New York Bight and Hudson
Canyon, August 1981 - Preliminary Data Report" and personal communication).
New York Bight stations 32-35, which were sampled twice in 1981, show heavy
metals concentrations increasing with distance from Raritan Bay to the Bight
Apex. Samples taken at Long Island perpendicular LIC 02 (see Table 13) showed
elevated metals concentrations (particularly lead, chromium, copper and zinc)
at the station located seven miles from shore (LIC 02A). Concentrations of
metals in sediments taken at New Jersey perpendicular JC 14 were higher at
the station's with high organic content. Stations JC 14E, I and M were charac-
terized as black muck while stations JC 14G and K were mostly sand. Concen-
trations of lead in the E, I and M stations were 68 my/kg, 72 mgAg and 230
mgAg/ respectively, while at the sandy stations the concentrations were
below the detectable limit of 0.05 mg/kg. The high metals are the result of
dredged material and sewage sludge dumping.
51
-------
TABLE 12 - Heavy Metals found in Sediments Samples
obtained in the New York Bight Apex, 1981.
Ln
to
Parameter
Silver
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadium
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Lead
Nickel
Antimony
Selenium
Zinc
New York Bight Stations - Heavy Metals concentrations (mg/kg)
Silver
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadium
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Lead
Nickel
Antimony
Selenium
Zinc
NYB 20 21 22 23 24
.40K .40K 2.00J 2.70 8.70
1.30 3.90 4.30 17.00 36.00
.80K .80K .80K .80K 1.00'J
2.00K .60K .60K l.OOJ 8.00
2.00J 3.70 ; 14.00 96.00 220.00
.80J 3.10 15.00 97.00 260.00
.05K .05K 0.40 1.30 3.30
.90K .90K 27.00 140.00 340.00
LOOK 3.00J 3.0J 40.00 42.00
4.00K 4.00K 4.00K 4.00K 9.00J
.09J .11 .21 .87 1.60
7.80 9.80 47.00 190.00 550.00
10/15/81 - 7/9/81
NYB 32 33 34
0.70K-0.40K 0.70K- 0.40K l.OOJ- 0.40K
2.30 -1.60 5.30 - 5.10 11.00 - 5.90
0.30K-0.8QK 0.50J- 0.80K 0.50J- 0.80K
0.70K-0.60K 0.70K- 0.60K 0.90J-0.60K
12.00 -4.40 13.00 -11.00 46.00 -20.00
0.40K-0.70J 2.60 - 3.20 42.00 -20.00
0.04K-0.05K 0.04K- 0.05K 0.50 - 0.05K
10.00J-0.90K 30.00-14.00 81.00-43.00
5.00K-1.00J 5.00K- 5.70 10.00J- 9.60
10.00J-4.00K 7.00K- 4.00K 7.00K- 4.00K
0.06J-0.05J 0.08J- 0.08J 0.31 - 0.14
7.00J-4.40 29.00 -27.00 94.00 - 6.50
25 26
.40K .40K
9.90 5.70
.80K .80K
.60K .60K
92.00 6.00
5.10 3.90
.05K .05K
24.00 31.00
2.00J 2.00K
4.00K LOOK
.11 0.22
46.00 22.00
35
2.00J- 2.50
11.00 - 7.50
0.60J- 0.80K
2.00J- 2.00J
62.00 - 55.00
80.00 - 70.00
0.60 - 1.13
120.00-110.00
10.00J- 9.00
20.00J- 4.00K
0.42 - 0.17
160.00 -160.00
27
.80J
4.60
. 1.80K
.60K
20.00
17.00
.05K
28.00
5.00J
4.00K
0.47
48.00
43
2.00J
11.00
.80K
2.00J
59.00
59.00
0.60
81.00
11.00
4.00K
0.31
140.00
44
2.00
5.20
0 .80K
2.00J
51.00
71.00
0.60
100.00
9.20
4.00K
0.12
160.00
45
.40K
1.70
.80K
.60K
6.80
6.80
0.05K
4.00J
l.OOJ
4.00K
0 . 10J
19.00
J - Estimated value, not possible to get more accurate value due to sample
characteristics and/or limitations of laboratory instruments/methods
K - Less than method/instrument detection limit; trace amount
-------
TABLE 13 - Heavy Metals in sediments obtained at New Jersey and
... Long Island Perpendiculars, 1981.
Silver
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Lead
Nickel
Antimony
Selenium
Thallium
Zinc
JC. 14E
11/4/81 (mgAg)
JC 14G JC 141 JC 14K
JC 14M
12/3/81
LIC 02 P LIC 02 A
.80J
17.00
.80
.80
73.00
29.00
1.48
68.00
9.00J
7.00
.42
.02
100.00
.70J
3.60
.30J
.70K
5.00J
.40K
.05K
6.00K
5.00K
7.00K
.10J
.02K
4.00J
.70J
13.00
2.80
.70K
160.00
23.00
.95
72.00
10.00J
7.00K
.28
.05J
87.00
.70K
9.30
.40J
.70K
11.00
.40J
,05K
6.00K
7.00J
7.00K
.10J
.02K
18.00
3.30
29.00
l.OOJ
2.00J
160.00
150.00
2.50
230.00
44.00
44 .00
.91
.02K
300.00
.80K
6.20
.30J
.40K .
25.00
4.30
.05K
20.00J
10.00J
5.00K
.08J
.OIK
39.00
2.00J
12.00
.52
2.00J
74.00
60.00
.70
110.00
18.00
5.00K
.46
.08
130.00
J - Estimated value, not possible to get more accurate value due to sample
characteristics and/or limitations of laboratory instruments/methods
K - Less than method/instrument detection limit; trace amount
53
-------
Figures 20, 2l and 22 illustrate concentrations of cadmium, lead and
zinc in NY Bight sediments from 1975 to 1981. No trends are apparent.
The variability encountered in sediment data can be attributed to a number
of things: 1) the movement of dredge and sewage material, 2) the drift
from stations during sampling, and 3) the small number of samples collected.
Figures 20, 21, and 22 are based on 1 or 2 grab samples per year. Many
more samples would be required to get a truly accurate picture of metals
in the sediment. . ,
PQBs and Total Organics
, PCS and total organics in sediment data are presented in Table 14.
PCBs were not detected at any of the New York Bight stations. The detection
limit for PCBs is 12 ugAg* Total organics are high in and around the
dredged material and sewage sludge dump sites. Sewage sludge dumping starts
at approximately NYB-45 and the currents carry it northward into stations
NYB-44 and 43. Coining out of the New York Harbor along transect NYB-32 to
35, the total organics values get higher as the sewage sludge dump site is
approached. Stations NYB-23 and 24 had the highest total organics concen-
trations due to dredged material dumping.
54
-------
tn
tn
Ctf
MflP*--
n/H;
59 .g'k,
NYIZI HVBB1 NVI22
hV(B3
HVI25 NVIZ0 HVI8?
FIGURE 20
HEAUV METALS IN NEU VORK BIGHT SEDIP1ENT,
STATIONS 30-27.
ND " no clata collected
-------
en
59
IARS
leit
HVB39
NV»31
NVI3E
NVI33
NYI3K
FIGURE 'Zl
HEAUY METALS IN NED YORK BIGHT SEDIMENT,
STATIONS 30-35.
- no data collected
-------
Ul
1981
FIGUREi22 I
HEAUY PIETALS IN NEU VORK BIGHT SEDinENT,
STATIONS 40-47.
" no data collected
-------
TABLE 14 - PCB and total organics in sediment data
obtained in the New York Bight Apex, 1981.
Station
PCB
Total Organics (ugAg)
NYB-32
NYB-33
NYB-34
NYB-35
NYB-40
NYB-41
NYB-42
NYB-43
NYB-44
NYB-45
NYB-46
NYB-47
NYB-20
NYB-21
NYB-22
NYB-23
NYB-24
NYB-25
NYB-26
NYB-27
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2,320
4,630
11,400
18,090
26,130
10,010
5,090
1,200
2,400
975
36,500
111,800
5,120
5,030
8,800
ND = not detected. The lower limit of detection is 12 ugAg«
= no data
58
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere; "The Role of
the Ocean in a Waste Management Strategy, "Washington, D.C., January
1981.
2. Reid, Robert and Zdanowicz, Vincent, National Oceanic and Atmosphere
Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service; "Metals in Surface
Sediments of the New York Bight and Hudson Canyon, August, 1981 -
Preliminary Data Report," Highlands, N.J., May 14, 1981.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "Ocean Dumping in the New
York Bight - Facts and Figures", Surveillance and Analysis Division,
Region II, Edison, New Jersey, July 1973.
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "Briefing Report - Ocean
Dumping in the New York Bight Since 1973", Surveillance and Analysis
Division, Region II, Edison, New Jersey, April 1974.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "Ocean Disposal in the New
York Bight: Technical Briefing Report, No. 1", Surveillance and
Analysis Division, Region II, New Jersey, July 1974.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "Ocean Disposal in the New
York Bight: Technical Briefing Report, No. 2", Surveillance and
Analysis Division, Region II, Edison, New Jersey, April 1975.
-------
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1977", Surveillance and Analysis Division, Region II,
Edison, New Jersey, January 1979.
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1978", Surveillance and Analysis Division, Region II,
Edison, New Jersey, January 1980.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1979", Surveillance and Analysis Division, Region Ii,
Edison, New Jersey, January 1981.,
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1980", Surveillance and Analysis Division, Region II,
Edison, New Jersey, January 1982.
.' ?.~- • . :':-:- -•' ..•.'•.:..' •.•*.'.• /.
-------
APPENDIX A
Summary of
Phytoplan'kton Dynamics
and Bloom Incidence
In New Jersey Coastal Waters
1981
Kevin Berry
and
Paul Olsen
N.J. Dept. of
Environmental Protection
Division of Water Resources
Bureau of Monitoring & Data Mgt,
Biological. Services Unit
-------
Introduction
This report has been prepared by the New Jersey State Department of
Environmental Protection, Water.Resources Bureau of Monitoring and
Data Management, Biological Services Unit. It summarizes the
results of the red tide coastal cooperative monitoring program for
the summer of 1981. This program is conducted in cooperation with
the USEPA (Region II, Surveillance and Analysis Division), Gateway
National Recreation Area (Sandy Hook Unit), and with the New Jersey
shore county environmental health agencies. It monitors the
development of phytoplankton blooms and similar events with regard
to their effects on our valuable fishery and recreational resources.
The history of this program is given in detail in the respective
report for 1979. The National Marine Fisheries Service (Sandy Hook
Laboratory) presently cooperates in an advisory role. An Interagency
Committee on Phytoplankton Blooms in New York/New Jersey Waters has
been formed to maintain a protocol of communication and cooperation
in the event of serious blooms. We are concerned from the standpoint
of public health. Although our red tides are not the poisonous
varieties much as in New England on Florida, they are occasionally
toxic to humans or lethal to fish.
Methods
Our field methods corresponded to those given in the respective
report for 1980. Field collections were made by members of the
EPA Region II, Surveillance & Analysis Division helicopter unit,as
part of their New York Bight Water Quality monitoring program.
Routine phytoplankton aliquot samples were taken along the northern
New Jersey estuarine and coastal sector, which has a history of
blooms. Sampling locations corresponded with the following nine
EPA stations : RB32, RB15, JC05, NYB20.JC05, JC21, JC30, JC37, and
JC57. No routine phytoplankton sampling was done south of Barnegat
Inlet, since blooms have rarely occurred in this sector.
Due to helicopter maintenance problems,.routine weekly sampling was
interrupted on several occasions. However, we maintained surveillance
in the critical Sandy Hook area by employing boat services of the
Gateway National Recreation Area.
Analysis of phytoplankton samples was performed in our laboratory.
Methods correspond with those given in the respective report for
1980. Nutrient analysis was performed by the EPA (Edison, N.J.)
laboratories.
A-l
-------
Results
Phytoplankton species succession and relative abundance, by
station, is summarized-.in Table I. The succession of dominant
species in 1981 followed a pattern similar to that of recent
years. The diatom, Asterionella glacialis, was dominant in
spring, especially in the northernmost sector,with blooms
occurring in the estuary followed by blooms in the ocean to
Monmouth Beach (JCT1). Skeletonema costatum assumed dominance
in late spring with blooms in the Sandy Hook area.
In mid-June the chloromonad, 01 i sthodl.scus 1 uteus, exhibited
dominance also in the northern estuarine and coastal sector, with
visible bloom concentrations attained in the area one mile off
Sandy Hook (NYB20). £. Juteus remained abundant in this area into
summer. The chrysophyte, Calycomonas oval is, was also found
dominant at bay and ocean stations from late spring into summer.
The dinoflagellate, Katodinium rotundatum, gained bloom proportions
in the bay waters in summer and was abundant in the ocean south
to JC11.
Diatoms regained prominance in late summer with blooms of /\. glacialis
again in Sandy Hook area waters.
A summary of major algal nutrient parameters is presented in Table 2.
Relatively high concentrations of NH3 + NH^ and NOg + NO- are seen at
the Sandy Hook Bay station with peaks in May, increasing to higher
values again in September. Of the other stations, concentrations of
0.10 mg/1 or greater were seen only offshore of Sandy Hook (NYB 20)
and at Monmouth Beach (JC11). OrthoPO. values were consistently
slightly lower but with less fluctuation than those for nitrogen.
A-2
-------
Discussion
Background information on species abundance and succession, and
related studies for the area, are given in the respective reports
for 1979 and 1980. Following the spring diatom peaks, a pulse of
Oj_ luteus occurs in late spring. In recent year this has been the
major cause of our red tides, most not more than a few days in duration.
This bloom apparently follows peaks in nutrient (inorganic N)
concentrations, possibly from increased runoff and outflow from the
Raritan estuary. These blooms, centering in the southern Raritan Bay -
Sandy Hook area, are followed by a second pulse in the ocean, often
centering in the Ambrose to Monmouth Beach area. This second pulse
may follow peak discharge from the lower New York estuary. Often,
a second species (diatom or flagellate) maintains dominance after the
0. luteus pulse. A bloom of the dinoflagellate, K_. rotundatum, •
occurs subsequently in summer, usually originating in tne estuarine
waters. In recent years, no late summer dinoflagellate pulse has occured,
such as the 1968 sustained bloom of Prorocerrtrum mi cans,which caused
mild irritation to bathers. The minute green alga, Nannochloris atomus,
normally maintains dominance in late summer in the bay and adjacent
ocean, followed by an increase in diatom abundance. Density of
phytoplankton generally decreases in the ocean southward from Sandy
Hook; but blooms are occasionally observed close to the beach as far
as Island Beach State Park, possibly sustained by localized nutrient sources.
Visibility of a bloom is related to cell size and density, arbitrarily
10,000 cells/ml or more for (). luteus or dinoflagellates in our sample
counts. Our high counts for 0. luteus in mid-June of 1981 corresponded
with a red tide sighted by the EPA helicopter crew on June 12. This
bloom followed a typical pattern extending from the Sandy Hook estuary
eastward to about the twelve-mile dump site, and curling southwestward
to about one mile off Asbury Park, adjacent to the beach in the Sandy
Hook to Long Branch sector. Densest concentration (>20,000 cells/ml)
was observed offshore of Sandy Hook. These blooms in the estuary and
adjacent ocean seem to follow hydrographic patterns in the area.
In the northern part of this estuarine complex (Hudson River to Lower
New York Bay) substantial flushing precludes any dense accumulation of
phytoplankton. Meteorological conditions must also serve to favor bloom
development. A shift of winds to an easterly direction can dissipate
red tides within a day.
Distribution of inorganic nitrogen (the nutrient limiting for algal
growth) also reflects hydrographic patterns in the estuarine complex.
Spring peaks follow increased runoff and estuarine discharge. Con-
centrations are lowered as the nitrogen is used up by algal growth.
The late summer peak in Sandy Hook Bay may be due to a dredging operation
A-3
-------
at the mouth of the Raritan River during this period. A separate
study (unpublished) is done concurrently concerning the effects of
the dredging on nutrient concentrations. In the ocean, dissolved N
levels arje normally lower (thus more limiting) as seen in Table 2.
Phosphorus concentrations do not conform to the same distribution
pattern, but appear to be recycled. Dissolved nutrients are
utilized by phytoplankton in concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm for
NO- and 0.003 for PO..
From the public health aspect, we are fortunate in not having the
poisonous red tide varieties, although toxicity to humans (directly
or through shellfish) or lethality to fish (usually via anoxia) is
always a concern. The dinoflaqellate. Gonyaulax tamarensis. has been
responsible for cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in
New England. There is some evidence of a southward migration of
this species. We are conducting a separate ongoing study, presently
in a preliminary phase, to detect the possible presence of
0>. tamarensis cysts in our estuarine sediments. To date, no motile
cells of this species have been identified in our plankton collections.
In recent years, very few complaints have been received regarding toxic
or irritational effects of red tides in local waters.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Red tides in New Jersey waters in recent years have generally been
benign varieties, except for aesthetic aspects. Blooms have occurred
earlier and have been of shorter duration than in past years
(with records to about 1960). A typical bloom pattern originates
in the Raritan/Sandy Hook estuary, washes out.to a few miles off
Sandy Hook and curls back into the vicinity of Monmouth Beach. From
there they may string out farther south along the beach. Alterations
in hydrographic or meteorological conditions, or in man-induced sources
of pollution, can modify the succession or duration of blooms from
year to year.
Continuation of the ongoing monitoring program is needed, with more
intensive sampling at critical times, to monitor the occurrence and
potentially toxic effects of phytoplankton blooms in our area. More
intensified sampling for nutrients is needed, especially in the estuary
and adjacent ocean earlier in the year, to better understand their
relationship to area phytoplankton dynamics.
A-4
-------
TABLE 1.
Major phytoplankton species found in the 1981 survey. Those seasonally
dominant (+) often attained cell densities of 1000/ml (10,000 for
chlorophytes) or greater. Those abundant (-) appeared frequently but in
lower numbers. Blooms (*) occurred where concentrations at some point
approached 10,000 cells/ml (100,000 for chlorophytes).
A-5
-------
. f,
SEASON
Winter
Spring
Spring
Summer
•j
Summer
Summer
Autumn
SPECIES
diatoms
Asterionella glacialis
Skeletonema costatum
A. glacialis
S. costatum .•S:;
Thalassiosira sp.
Biddulphia sp.
dinoflagellates
Prorocentrum minimum
Peridinium trochoideum
Ceratium lineatum
other phytoflagellates
Calycomonas sp.
Olisthodiscus luteus
Pyramimonas sp. *
Euglena/Eutreptia sp.
Chroomonas sp.
chlorophytes
Nannochloris atomus
Chi orel la sp.
N. atomus
Chlorella-sp.
Jinofl age Hates
Prorocentrum micans
Katodiriium rotundatum
)ther phytoflagellates
Calycomonas sp.
Olisthodiscus luteus
Pyramimonas sp,
Euglena/Eutreptia sp.
Cryptoirionas acuta
Chrysochromulina sp.
ii atoms : .
Asterionella glacialis
Leptocylindrus sp.
A. glacialis
Leptocylindrus sp.
Thalassiosira sp. "
Chaetoceros sp.
• '
Sampling Location
RB 15
*
+
-
+
.+
+
+
' -
*
+
*
+
+
+
RB 32
+
-
.;•- •+•.
• + '
+
+
+
-
*
+ .
•••-
+
+
*
+ .
A-e
JC 05
1 *
+
*
*
-
+ .
+
-
+
•-.
-
'-•••.
+
+
+
*
NYB 20
. - .
_
-
*
-
-
_
+
-
*
JC 11
+
*
-
+
-
+ •
+ '
-
-
+ .
+
+ .
JC 21
-
_
_
-.
JC 30
+
. —
+
-
-
+
•
JC 37
-
+
-
-
-
•
-------
Table II
Nutrient Data for NJDEP/EPA Red Tide Survey, 1981
All figures are expressed as mg/1. Most values represent
computed means for each month; those, however, superscribed with
a numeral one (1) denote single sample values.
Some samples contain nutrient levels reported as below the
lower limits of detection: 0.020 mg/1 for nitrogen and 0.010 mg/1
for.phosphates. Mean values were calculated using samples both °»
above and below these limits. Samples below the detectable limits
were assigned values of 0.020 mg/1 for nitrogen, 0.010 mg/1 for
phosphates, and used for computation. If one half or greater of
all samples from a station for a specific month were below these
limits, the Tabled mean values were expressed as "far less than"
(«). If less than half of all samples from a station were below
these limits, the mean was prefixed "less than" (-^). All these
mean values should be interpreted as the highest probable mean
value for that station that month.
A-7
-------
STATION
RB 15
• JC 05
NYB 20
NYB 22
NYB 24
JC 11
JC 21
JC 30
JC 37
NH3+NH4
May
t
0.19
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
,
0.02
, '
0.02
, •
0.09
t
0.04
June
< £
0.05
0.04
0.06
0?06
0.04
0.05
-------
APPENDIX B
Bacterial Indicator Densities and Clostridium perfringens
Analysis in the New York Bight, Summer 1981
-------
SUMMARY
Special Bacterial Analyses
Water samples were analyzed using several non-traditional bacterial
indicator systems. These analyses include fecal coliform densities using
the m-TEC procedure, E. coli using the ra-TEC procedure, enterococci (fecal
streptococci) and Clostridium perfringens.
Fecal coliform (m-TEC) and E_._ coli (m-TEC) results were similar to the
results of the fecal coliform (m-FC), however, the m-TEC procedure
outperformed the m-FC procedure in recoveries by a factor of approximately
2H when m-FC counts were high. Enterococci densities were detected
only infrequently and at low densities. The results of the Clostridium
analyses were also similar to the results for the other indicator systems
and show promise as an indicator of both short and long term pollution
effects.
B-l
-------
Introduction
A comparative study of the density* of several bacterial species was con-
ducted in 1981 as part of the continuing annual monitoring of the near
shore waters off the Long Island and New Jersey coasts. Water quality
data on the New York Bight and Lower New York Bay were also developed.
By determining the bacteriological water quality one can estimate potential
health risks established by the presence of sewage pollution. Epidemiological
studies have attempted to assess incidence of illness with bathing in
water containing fecal contamination. Evidence does exist that there is a
relationship between microbiological water quality and transmission of
infectious disease. (Cabelli, V.J., et al, 1976, 1979)
The density of fecal coliform (FC) organisms in receiving water has been
the accepted method of measuring fecal pollution. The role of fecal coliform
indicator bacteria is to indicate possible presence of enteric pathogenic
bacteria and viruses. Problems associated with the use of fecal coliform
bacteria as the sole measure of fecal pollution has led to the use of
other indicators, which together more accurately estimate the degree of
contamination. Traditional concepts of the indicator-pathogen relationship
are still being philosophically questioned, however, in lieu of other
definitive data one must operate with established standards.
The present study attempted to monitor the density of several bacterial
species in marine water samples. Recoveries were calculated and plotted
for each indicator organism system. Indicator organisms investigated were
as follows:
1. Total Coliform (TC)
2. Fecal Coliform (FC)
3. Fecal Streptococci (FS) or Enterococci
4. Clostridium perfringens
A description of each of the bacterial groups can be found in the following
references:
1. Standard Methods 15th ed., 980(TC), 908C(FC), 910(FS)
2. Microbiological Methods for Monitoring the Environment,
EPA-600/8-78-017,
Sect. B p.108, Sect. C p.124 and Sect. D p.135
3. Sergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology,
8th Ed., 1974 p.557 Clostridium & p.562 £. perfringens
* Bacterial density in the study is referred to as the number of bacteria
belonging to a specific indicator group/100 ml.
B-Z
-------
Materials and Methods
Marine water samples were collected by helicopter on a weekly sampling
schedule from April to September 1981. Samples were collected using a
Kemmerer sampler, transferred to a 500 ml sterile wide-mouth plastic con-
tainer, and then returned to the Region II Edison laboratory for analysis.
Total and fecal coliform determinations were conducted by the MF technique
as described in the 15th Edition of Standard Methods (1981). -In addition
.to performing analyses for fecal coliforms using the m-FC procedure^ analyses
for fecal coliforms were also conducted using the nrTEC procedure (Dufour et al,
1975). Fecal streptococcus determinations were conducted by the raE technique
developed by Levin et al (1975) for marine waters. Bisson and Cabelli
(1979) developed a membrane filter procedure for the rapid quantltation of
Clostridium perfringens that uses fermentation of sucrose, production of
acid phosphatase and absence of beta-D glucosidase activity as differential
characteristics. Total and fecal coliform analyses were performed at the
EPA Region II laboratory in Edison, NJ.
All m-TEC, mE (Enterococci) and Clostridium analysis (mCP) were performed
at the University of Rhode Island under the direction of Dr. V. Cabelli.
Results and Discussion
I. Traditional Bacterial Indicators
For comparison purposes and to examine year to year trends, total and fecal
coliform densities at stations along the New Jersey, Long Island (L.I.),
Staten Island (S.I.) and Coney Island (C.I.) coasts were compared. An
arbitrary value of 50/100 ml was selected to facilitate this examination.
Along the New Jersey coast, total coliform densities greater than 50/100
ml occurred 35 times (Table 1). Most of these observations occurred along
the North Jersey coast between stations JC-01A (Sandy Hook) and JC-57
(Island Beach State Park). Fecal coliform densities as determined by the
m-FC procedure exceeded 50/100 ml on only four occasions (JC-14 on two
different dates, JC-21 and JC-41) (Table 2). The geometric means of fecal
coliform densities for all New Jersey coast stations were all low (Table 3).
At the twelve stations along Staten Island and Coney Island, total coliform
densities exceeded 50/100 ml 121 times (Table 4). Fecal coliform densities
at these stations exceeded 50/100 ml 34 times (Table 5). Along Staten
Island, high fecal coliform counts were more frequent at the stations
closer to the Narrows suggesting that raw sewage from sources within New
York Harbor are a prime contributing factor. Previous studies by the FWPCA
also found higher counts at these stations (FWPCA, 1967), and fluorescent
dye studies (Rhodamine B) indicated that coliforms can reach the bathing
beaches of S.I. and C.I. within six hours after release from sewage treatment
plants discharging to the harbor (FWPCA, 1969). Geometric means of fecal
coliform densities at these stations also support this conclusion (Table .6),
B-3
-------
Along the Long Island coast, total coliform densities greater than
50/100 ml occurred only 3 times, all at stations close to the New York
Harbor entrance (table 7). No fecal coliform densities greater than 50/100
ml were detected at the Long Island coast stations. Geometric mean densities
of fecal coliforms' we're all less than 2, with the majority less, than 1/100
ml (Table 8). . .
The distribution of total and fecal coliform densitities >50/100 ml in the
New York Bight is shown in Tables 9 and 10. The geometric mean densities
of total and fecal coliforms found at. these stations are presented in
Tables 11 and 12.
Station NYB^-26, which is in the center of the sewage sludge disposal site,
and NYB-24 which is in close proximity had FC counts of 56 and 92, respec-
tively. Deep stations are designated as D and are taken 2 feet off the
bottom. Samples taken at NYB-26 were taken at a depth of 76 feet and at
station NYB-24 were taken at 123 feet. The FC counts obtained at these
depths is a result of deposition of sewage sludge at the disposal site.
Total and fecal coliform bacteria found at deep stations and in sediments
have correlated well with the presence of fecal pollution in overlying
waters (Rittenberg et al, 1958). These FC indicator organisms are sometimes
more numerous in the sediments and off the bottom due to accumulation from
the water column and enhanced survival (Van Donsel, et al, 1971). Furthermore,
the geometric mean for total coliforms at Stations NYB-44 and NYB-45 is
elevated suggesting movement of contaminated sediment in a northwesterly
direction toward the Christiaensen Basin.
NYB-32, which is close to the Ambrose Channel in the lower bay portion of
New York Harbor and NYB-41 which is at the periphery of the New York Bight
Apex had FC counts of 128 and 96, respectively. These samples were taken
at a shallow depth, two feet from the surface, which is consistent with
the pattern of sewage coming from the upper New York Harbor flowing in a
southeasterly direction. The geometric mean data for total and fecal
coliform densities also support the above conclusion.
II., Special Bacterial Analyses
Fecal coliform densities as determined by the m-TEC procedure exceeded
50/100ml 3 times along: the New Jersey coast (Table 13). Although the m-FC
procedure indicated four occasions when fecal coliforms exceeded 50/100
ml,, these four samples were not analyzed by the m-TEC procedure. In compari-
son, m-FC results for the three occasions when the m-TEC results were
above 50/100 ml ranged between 1 and 19. A comparison of the geometric
means for both the ra-FC and m-TEC fecal coliform densities is presented in
Figure 1.
At stations along Staten Island and Coney Island where contamination is
more severe, the differences between the results of the m-FC and m-TEC
procedure for fecal coliforms are more pronounced. Geometric means of the
m-FC data indicated, that only two of twelve stations had geometric means greater
B-4
-------
than 50/100 ml (South Beach and Grand Beach on Staten Island), while the
m-TEC data indicated eight of twelve stations with geometric means over
50/100 ml. These data are compared in Figure 2. Along the Long Island
coast, geometric means of fecal coliform densities for both m-FC and m-TEC
are less than 10 (Figure 3). These data indicate that when fecal coliforra
densities are high, the m-TEC procedure clearly outperforms the m-FC proce-
dure by a factor of at least 2:1. m-TEC and m-FC values are comparable,
however, at low densities.
E_. coli densities as determined by the ra-TEC procedure exceeded 50/100 ml only
along Staten Island, Coney Island and New Jersey coasts. High densities were
much more pronounced at Staten Island and Coney Island stations with 67 of the
69 observations occurring at these stations (Tables 14 and 15). Enterococci
(fecal streptococci) were detected at low densities at only a few stations.
Enterococcus densities greater than 5/100 ml were observed at 3 New Jersey
stations, 2 Long Island stations and 8 Staten Island/Coney Island stations.
Figures 4-6 and Tables 16-18 present the geometric mean densities of Clostridium
perfringens along the New Jersey, Long Island and Staten Island/ Coney Island
coasts, respectively. Clostridium concentrations are higher along the Staten
and Coney Island beaches and progressively decrease as one moves easterly
along the Long Island coast and southerly along the New Jersey coast. These
data are consistent with both the fecal coliform data and the degree of sewage
pollution at these locations. Generally, C. perfringens densities are two
orders of magnitude less than the fecal coliforms (Cabelli, 1981). These data
support the contention that the Hudson River flows in an east-southeasterly
direction, combines with tidal currents, and moves the water in a clockwise
direction depositing C. perfringens spores at the indicated sampling stations.
The ability of this pathogenic microorganism (C. perfringens) to survive but
not multiply outside a living host provides a more realistic indication of
pollution. C. perfringens spores are able to survive indefinitely in the
marine environment and consequently, indicate recent as well as past pollution.
This study with respect to Clostridia reaffirms the presence of pollution at
stations with high colifoxm densities.
B-5
-------
References
1. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 15th Ed.,
American Public Health Association. Washington, DC (1981).
2. Microbiological .Methods for Monitoring the Environment, EPA-600/8-78-017
(1978).
3. Sergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th Ed. (1974).
4. Levin, M.A., Fischer, J.R. and Cabelli, V. J. (1975). Membrane Filter
Technique for Enumeration of Enterococci in Marine Waters. Applied
Microbiology, 3^:66-71.
5. Bisson, J.W., and Cabelli, V.J. (1979). Membrane Filter Enumeration
Method for Clostridium perfringens. Applied Environmental Microbiology
J7_:55-66.
6. Cabelli, V. (1981). Personal Communication.
7. Rittenberg, S.C. et al. (1958). Coliform Bacteria in Sediments Around
.Three Marine Sewage Outfalls. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2:1010~108'
8. Van Donsel, D.J. et al. (1971). Relationships of Salmonellae to Fecal
Coliforms in Bottom Sediments. Water Research _5_: 1079-1087.
9. Cabelli, V.J. and Pederson, D. (1982). The Movement of Sewage Sludge
from the New York Bight Dumpsite as seen from Clostridium perfringens
Spore Densities. Presented at Oceans 82 Conference, Washington, D.C.,
September 20-22, 1982.
10. Cabelli, V.J. (1982). Predicted Swimming-Associated Gastroenteritis at
New York Bight Bathing Beaches Presented at Oceans 82 Conference,
Washington, D.C., September 20-22, 1982.
11. Cabelli, V.J., et al. (1979). Relationship of Microbial Indicators to
Health Effects at Marine Bathing Beaches. American Journal Public
Health 69:690.
12. Cabelli, V.J., et al. (1976). The Impact of Pollution on Marine Bathing
Beaches: An Epidemiological Study. American Society Limnology and
Oceanography Spec. Symp., 2:424.
13. FWPCA. 1967. Summary report for the Conference on Pollution of Raritan Bay and
Adjacent Interstate Waters. FWPCA, NE Region Raritan Bay Project. May,
1967.
14. FWPCA. 1967. Quality of the Interstate Waters of the Lower Passaic River
and Upper and Lower Bays of N.Y. Harbor. FWPCA, Nov. 1969.
15. Dufour, A.P., et al. 1975. A Procedure for Enumerating Therraotolerant
E_. coli in Surface Waters. Proceedings Ninth National Shellfish Sanitation
Workshop, U.S. Department of HEW, 1975.
B-6
-------
TABLE 1
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > 50/100ML
NEW JERSEY BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
8ACTERIA=TOTAL COLI (M«ENOO)
STATION DATE DENSITY
JC-01A
JC-02
JC-03
JC-05
JC-05
JC-08
JC-11
JC-11
JC-14
JC-14
JC-21
JC-21
JC-21
JC-21
JC-24
JC-24
JC-24
JC-27
JC-27
JC-27
JC-30
JC-30
JC-30
JC-33
JC-33
JC-37
JC-41
JC-47A
JC-49
JC-53
JC-53
JC-57
JC-75
JC-75
JC-83
05/20
05/20
05/20
05/20
06/25
05/20
06/18
09/17
09/03
09/17
06/25
09/10
09/17
09/23
06/25
09/03
09/17
08/05
09/03
09/17
08/05
09/03
09/17
09/03
09/17
06/11
09/17
09/17
09/17
05/28
09/17
09/17
06/11
08/05
05/20
112
51
53
112
100
57
128
100
116
80
56
1600
76
80
108
480
980
196
224
540
52
520
124
320
116
55
420
100
100
88
60
52
152
540
54
B-7
-------
TABLE 2
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > 50/100ML
NE* JERSEY BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
BACTERIA=FECAL COLKM-FC)
STATION DATE DENSITY
JC-14 09/03 59
JC-14 09/17., 72
JC-21 09/10 88
JC-41 09/17 92
B-8
-------
TABLE 3
GEOMETRIC MEAN OF BACTERIAL DENSITIES
NEW JERSEY BEACHES
SUMMER 1
-------
TABLE 4
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > 50X100ML
CONEY ISLAND X STATEN ISLAND 9EACHES
SUMMER 1981
8ACT£HIA=TOTAL COLI(M-ENOO)
STATION DATE DENSITY
ST-wP
SI-SK
SI-GK
SI-6K
SI-GK
SI-06
SI -06
SI-08
SI -08
SI -06
SI-06
SI-08
51-06
SI-M8
SI-M6
SI-M8
SI -MB
SI-M6
SI-*6
SI-MS
SI-M6
SI-68
SI-G8
SI-<38
SI-G8
SI-<36
SI-GS
SI-<36
SI-G8
SI -68
SI-G8
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
09X03
07X14
07X21
07X28
09X09
06X16
06X23
07X14
07X21
07X28
09X02
09X22
09X28
06X23
07X14
07X21
07X28
08X04
09X02
09X09
09X28
06X16
06X23
07X14
07X21
07X28
08X04
09X02
09X09
09X22
09X28
06X09
06/16
06X23
07X14
07X21
07X28
08X04
09X02
09X09
09X22
09X28
06X09
06X16
06X23
07X14
07X15
07X16
07X17
07X21
07X28
08X04
520
200
120
72
30
52
200
ao
136
840
52
56
96
1180
80
1340
6900
52
3600
600
460
240
600
100
1060
3000
6000
3100
4200
5500
2400
200
5400
2400
3100
2100
aooo
5600
3000
2400
8000
3300
220
630
760
2800
2000
940
3000
2600
720
540
B-10
-------
TABLE 4 (Cont.)
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > 50/100ML
CONEY ISLAND / STATEN ISLAND BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
BACTERIA=TOTAL COLI(M-ENOO)
STATION DATE DENSITY
NY-35
NY-3S
NY-35
NY-35
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-a
NY-a
NY-a
NY-a
NY-a
NY-8
NY-8
NY-a
NY-8
NY-8
NY-a
NY-a
NY-OP
NY-OP
NY-OP
NY-OP
NY-OP
NY-OP
NY-OP
NY-OP
09/02
09/09
09/22
09/28
06/09
06/16
06/23
07/14
07/15
07/16
07/17
07/21
07/28
08/04
09/02
09/09
09/22
09/28
06/09
06/16
06/23
07/14
07/15
07/16
07/17
07/21
07/28
08/04
09/02
09/09
09/22
09/28
06/09
0.6/16
06/23
07/14
07/15
07/16
07/21
08/04
09/02
09/09
09/22
09/28
06/09
06/lb
06/23
07/15
07/21
07/28
08/04
09/02
460
8000
880
960
252
272
BOO
720
1120
420
320
1000
208
3800
208
aooo
200
2600
140
140
420
100
1040
160
104
2000
160
2300
276
8000
248
620
112
180
460
440
800
54
168
880
236
3400
84
580
500
88
720
420
140
80
540
14*
B-ll
-------
TABLE 4 (Cont.)
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > 50/1OOML
CONEY ISLAND / STATEN ISLAND BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
8ACTERIA=TOTAL COLKM-ENOO)
STATION DATE DENSITY
NY^OP
NY-OP
NY-OP
NY-M8
NY-MB
NY-MB
NY-MB
NY-MB
NY-MB
NY-MB
NY-MB
NY-MB
NY-MB
NY-MB
NY-MB
NY-MS
NY-MB
09/09
09/22
09/28
06/09
06/16
06/23
07/14
07/15
07/16
07/17
07/21
07/28
08/04
09/02
09/09
09/22
09/28
4200
53
640
96
55
420
256
60
52
180
1140
660
580
420
2000
220
500
B-12
-------
IMBLt
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > 50/lOOML
CONEY ISLAND / STATEN ISLAND BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
BACTERIAaFECAL COLI(M-FC)
STATION
DATE
DENSITY
SI-WP
SI -08
SI-M8
SI-MB
SI-M8
SI-MS
S I-G8
SI-GB
SI -68
SI -68
SI-GB
SI-GB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
SI-SB
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-29
NY-29
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20
NY-8
NY-8
NY-OP
NY-OP
NY-MB
NY-M8
09/02
07/28
06/23
07/28
09/02
09/09
07/21
07/28
08/04
09/02
09/09
09/22
06/16
06/23
07/21
/ 07/28
08/04
09/02
09/09
09/22
07/14
09/09
09/22
08/04
09/09
07/21
08/04
09/09
07/14
09/09
06/09
09/09
07/21
09/09
420
56
104
420
500
88
280
600
520
184
152
200
236
72
320
760
236
420
192
1200
144
940
128
88
1160
61
72
1260
59
440
104
172
68
280
B-13
-------
TABLE 6
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF BACTERIAL DENSITIES
CONEY ISLAND / STATEN ISLAND BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
BACTERIA=FECAL COLI(M-FC)
STATION MEAN MINIMUM MAXIMUM
NY-MB 7.648 0 280
NY-OP 4.658 0 172
NY-20 12.021 0 1260
NY-29 20.845 4 1160
NY-35 28.040 0 940
NY-8 8.126 0 440
SI-GB 57.160 0 600
SI-GK 3.798 0 16
SI-MB 13.231 0 500
SI-OB 4.632 0 56
SI-SB 121.398 4 1200
SI-WP 2.977 0 420
B-14
-------
TABLE 7
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > 50/100ML
LONG ISLAND BEACHES
SUMME« 1981
8ACTERIA=TOTAL COL I(M-ENUO)
STATION DATE 0£MSIT>
LIC-03 07/28 M'
LIC-04 07/28 92
LIC-OS 09/2H 60
B-15
a.i-a
-------
TABLE 8
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF 8ACTEHUL DENSITIES
LONG ISLAND PEACHES
SUMMER 1961
— - SACTERIAsFECAL CGLI(M-FC)
STATION .MEAN MINIMUM
LIC-01
LIC-02
LIC-03
LIC-04
LIC-05
LIC-07
LIC^OS
LIC-09
LIC-10
LIC-12
LIC-13
LIC-14
LIC-15
LIC-16
LIC-17
LIC-18
LIC-19
LIC -2.0
LIC-21
LIC-22
LIC-23
LIC-24'
LIC-25
LIC-26
LIC-27
LIC-28
0.20d09
0.62455
1.19713
1.09207
1.36523
0.13431
0.69134
0.73172
1.77296
0.28209
0.50597
0.23114
0.31798
1.47272
0.08006
0.-08006
0.09051
0.29171
0.51121
0.10409
U. 64067
0.47236
0.21901
0.48599
0.47236*.
0.00000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
0
0
0
0
H)
0
1
12
17
9
5
1
2
9
13
2
4
1
2
5
1
1
1
2
2
1
7
<»
1
1
-------
TABLE 9
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > 50/100ML
NEW YORK BIGHT STATIONS
SUMMER 1981
BACTERIAsTOTAL COLI(M-ENDO)
STATION
DEPTH
DATE
DENSITY
NYB-20
NYB-24
NY8-24
NYB-24
NYB-25
NYB-25
NYB-25
NYB-25
NY8-25
NY8-26
NYB-26
NY8-26
NYB-26
NYB-26
NYB-32
NYB-32
NYB-32
NY8-32
NYB-32
NYB-32
NYB-32
NYB-32
NYB-32
NYB-33
NY8-33
NYB-33
NYB-34
NYB-35
NYB-35
NYB-40
NYB-41
NY8-42
NYfl-43
NYB-44
NYB-44
NY8-44
NYB-45
NYB-45
NYB-45
NY8-45
NY8-45
NY8-46
S
0
D
0
0
D
0
0
0
D
0
0
D
D
S
D
S
0
S
S
D
S
S
S
S
S
S
D
0
S
S
0-
0
D
0
0
D
D
D
0
D
D
05/26
05/21
05/26
06/08
05/21
05/26
06/08
07/13
09/21
05/21
06/23
07/13
09/14
09/21
05/26
06/15
07/13
07/13
07/27
09/14
09/14
09/21
10/05
07/27
09/21
10/05
07/13
05/21
05/26
10/05
10/05
05/26
09/14
05/26
06/08
07/13
05/21
05/26
06/Ofl
07/27
09/14
06/15
84
216
136
1600
580
216
1600
880
800
300
96
240
1520
140
396
24U
680
57
1240
128
40
272
560
50
204
172
84
660
80
620
1020
200
280
288
1600
100
232
680
1140
112
75
228
B-17
-------
TABLE 10
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > 50/100ML
NEW YORK BIGHT STATIONS
SUMMER 1Q81
— BACTERIA=FECAL COLI(M-FC)
STATION DEPTH DATE DENSITY
NYB-24 0 06/08 92
NY8-26 0 09/14 56
NYB-32 S 10/05 128
NYB-41 S 10/05 96
B-18
-------
TABLE 11
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF BACTERIAL DENSITIES
NEW YORK BIGHT*' STATIONS
SUMMER'1981
BACTERIAsTOTAL COLI(M-ENOO)
STATION DEPTH MEAN MIN
NYB-20
NYB-20
NYB-21
NYB-21
NYB-22
NYB-22
NYB-23
NYB-23
NYB-24
NYB-24
NYB-25
NYB-25
NYB-26
NYB-26
NYB-27
NYB-27
NYB-32
NYB-32
NYB-33
NYB*33
NYB-34
NYB-34
NYB-35
NY8-35
NYB-40
NYB-40
NYB-41
NYB-41
NY8-42
NYB-42
NYB-43
NYB-43
NYB-44
NYB-44
NYB-45
NYB-45
NYB-46
NYB-46
NYB-47
NYB-47
YB-23
D
S
D
S
D
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
b
sj
0
S
0
S
D
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
3.1152
4.3254
1.6030
3.0524
1.4437
0.8226
1.0028
0.7134
15.6875
0.7855
43.8928
0.6984
25.3099
1.1800
1.4515
0.1892
17.7218
55.9353
5.0281
14.5779
U4754
3.2466
9.0683
0.5499
1.2301
1.9177
0.5249
1.2316
4.8329
1.2938
4.8859
0.9663
23.7588
1.5201
45.7277
0.6245
3.9938
0.7118
0.1487
0.1487
1.0000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
IIMUM
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
MAXIMUM
23
84
15
18
6
13
12
4
1600
20
1600
5
1520
29
16
3
240
1240
32
204
8
84
660
4
25
620
16
1020
200
11
280
7
1600
40
1140
3
228
17
3
1
1
B-19
-------
TABLE 12
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF BACTERIAL DENSITIES
NEW YORK &IGHT STATIONS
SUMMER 1981
........ BACTERIA=FECAL COLI(M-FC)
STATION DEPTH MEAN Mil
NYB-20
NYB-20
NYB-21
NY8-21
NYB-22
NYB-22
NYB-23
NYB-23
NYB-2f
NYB-3*
NYB-if
NYB-a|
NYB-26
NYB-26
NYB-27
NYB-27'
NYB-32
NYB-32
NYB-33
NYB-33
NYB-34
NYB-34
NYB-35
NYB-35
NYB-40
NY8-40
NYB-41
NY8-41
NYB-42
NYB-42
NYB-43-
NYB-43
NYB-44
NYB-44
NY8-45
NYB-45
NYB-46
NY8-46
NYB-47
NYB-47
NYB 16
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
0
S
D
S
0
S
0
S
D
S
D
S
0
S
D
S
D
S
D
S
0
S
D
S
D
0.34801
0,42816
0*05946
0.12246
0.05946
0.00000
o.ooooo
0.00000
0.82830
0.05946
2.47135
0.05946
1.00035
o.ooooo
0.05946
0.00000
0.62450
5.59665
0.2R209
1.15737
0.25693
0.19623
0.44613
0.00000
0.14870
0.32753
0.07177
0.58007
0.17462
o.ooooo
0.00000
0.00000
0.31951
0.00000
0.94023
0.11612
0.28209
o.ooooo
o.ooooo
0.00000
0.00000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0'
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
IIMUI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0'
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
* MAXIMUM
«
3
1
1
1
0
0
0
92
1
26
1
56
0
1
0
7
128
5
13
4
5
4
0
1
16
1
96
4
0
0
0
7
0
6
' ' • • 2
2
0
0
0
0
B-20
-------
TABLE 13
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > 50/100ML
NEfc JERSEY BEACHES
" ' ' SUMMER
BACTERlAsFECAL
STATION
JC-21 .'•:
JC-24 08/05 - 78
JC-75 Ofl/05 ^'-^ 240
"
B-21
-------
TABLE 14
BACTEKIAL DENSITIES > 50/100ML
NEW JERSEY BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
BACTEHIA=E. COLI(MTEC)
STATION DATE DENSITY
JC-21 09/23 190
JC-75 08/05 130
B-22
-------
TABLE 15
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > 50/100ML
CONEY ISLAND / STATFM ISLAND REACHES
SUMMER 1981
STATION
DATE
DENSITY
SI-WP
SI-'*P
SI:-OB
SI-M8
ST-*fl
ST-MB ;
SI-GB
SI-Gfl
SI-Gtf
SI-G6
SI-G8
SI-GB
SI-GB
SI-G6
SI-S6
SI-SR
si-se
si-se
SI-SB
SI-Sfl
SI-SB
SI-S8
SI-SB
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-35
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29 .
NY-29
NY-2<3
MY-29
.xY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-29
NY-?0
NY-20
NY-20
NY-20.
\Y-2o
\Y-20
NY-20
NY-« :
NY-fl
07/21
07/28
07/21
06/23
07/28
09/09
06/16
06/23
07/21
07/28
Ofl/04
0
-------
TABLL.13 (Cont.)
BACTERIAL DENSITIES > SO/100ML
CONEY ISLAND / STATEN ISLAND BEACHES
1981
BACTERIA=E. COLI(MTEC)
STATION DATE DENSITY
NY-8 Ofl/04 320
NY-8 09/09 720
NY-8 09/28 59
NY-OP 06/09 60
NY-OP 06/23 160
NY-OP 08/04 110
NY-OP ;; 09/09 820
NY-OP 09/28 52
NY*M8 06/23 140
NY-MS 07/14 100
NY-MB 07/28 240
NY-Mfi 08/04 IflO
NY-MB 09/09 490
NY-MB .09/22 80
NY-MB 09/28 72
B-24
-------
TABLE 16
GEOMETRIC MEAN OF C. PERFRINtiENS DENSITIES
NEW JERSEY BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
STATION
MEAN
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
JC-01A
JC-02
JC-03
JC-05
JC-08
JC-11
JC-U
JC-21
JC-24
JC-27
\JC-3 0
JC-33
JC-37
JC-41
JC-44
JC-47A
JC-49
JC-53
JC-55
OC-57
JC-59
JC-61
JC-63
JC-65
JC-67
JC-69 '
JC-73
JC-75
JC-77
JC-79
JC-81
JC-83
JC-85
JC-87
JC-89
JC-91
JC-93
JC-95
JC-97
JC-99
41.6388
21.4745
26.4307
28.5511
18.0653
70.7491
49.5747
20*3939
15.9037
15.7554
23.9149
13.2719
8.6905
9.2599
6.2304
5.0732
7.2426
7.3203
8.2521
8.6905
4*3348
14*6063
4.1800
6.1228
3.8206
.3.2814
4*4496
3*3559
4.1426
1.2894
1.4101
1.5198
2.2075
1.0000
2.7798
1.0801
0.9747
0.0000
1*8845
0.0000
29.00
7.00
11.00
10.00
13.00
37.00
19.00
15.00
13*00
11.00
18.00
8.00
6.00
3.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
7*00
4.00
U25
2.00
0.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
67.0
42.0
42.0
50.0
32.0
215.0
230.0
33.0
22.0
27.0
36.0
18.0
12.0
17.0
13.0
13.0
15.0
11.0
10.0
13.0
11.0
180.0
15.0
21.0
5.0
6.0
20.0
11.0
7.5
2.0
6.0
3.0
10.0
3.0
17.0
8.0
6.7
0.0
3.0
0.0
B-25
-------
TABLE. 17
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF C. PERFRINGENS DENSITIES
LONG ISLAND BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
STATION
LIC-01
LIC-02
LIC-03
LIC-04
LIC-05
LIC-07
LIC-08
LIC-09
LIC- 10
LIC-12
LIC-13
LIC-U
LIC-15
LIC-16
LIC-17
LIC-18
LIC-19
LIC-20
LIC-21
LIC-22
LIC-23
LIC-24
LIC-25
LIC-26
LIC-27
LIC-28
MEAN
15.9037
29.9225
52.7030
40.4904
24.3653
26.1487
52.5546
42.1819
13.1946
23.6775
18.0046
52.0615
35.4391
23.0922
13.0778
43.6495
78.0571
20.3542
12.4626
14.3940
1.8020
3.0000
7.7590
10.9582
1.2240
0.2599
MINIMUM
4
27
31
17
14
14
47
23
9
16
10
12
11
15
4
10
30
11
4
5
0
3
6
5
0
0
MAXIMUM
32
97
127
67
57
63
60
25
33
25
220
83
45
30
118
160
37
60
37
10
3
11
18
10
1
B-26
-------
TABLE 18
GEOMETKIC MEANS OF C. PERFHINGENS UENSITIE5
CONEY ISLAND / STATEN"ISLANU BEACHtS
SUMMER "1981
STATION MEAN MINIMUM MAXIMUM
NY-MH -isb.asa 90 210
NY-OP 104.973 30 200
NY-20 13b.l94 70 390
NY-29 I93«a3a 130 430
NY-3b 2b4.859 140 S90
NY-b lOti.952 40 320
SI-Gb 144,96d 90 260
SI-GK 55.728 30 150
5I-Mb 181.560 160 220
Si-Ob 46*149 20 160
Sl-Sd 109.896 50 220
SI-*H 24.407 10 70
B-27
-------
MEAN
16
12
10
ruiURB i
GEOMETRIC MEAN OF BACTERIAL DENSITIES
NEW JERSEY BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
PLOT OF MEAN*STATION
SYMBOL IS VALUE OF SYMBOL
o *
1 2
A
3
5
8
1
4
1
4
7
0
3
7
1
C
4
c
4
7
A
C
9
c
3
C
5
C
7
C
9
c
1
J
c
3
C
5
c
7
C
9
C
3
C
5
C
7
9
1
3
5
7
9 1
3579
STATION
NOTE i
4 OBS HIDDEN
-------
FIGURE 2
HEAN
900
BOO
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF BACTERIAL DENSITIES
CONEY ISLAND / STATEN ISLAND REACHES
SUMMER 1981
PLOT OF MEAN'STATION SYMBOL IS VALUE OF SYMBOL
= F = M - F C
»r- nrec
0 * F-
PQ
NY-MR NY-OP
NY-20 NY-29 NY-35 NY-8 SI-GH SI-GK
STATION
SI-MR
si-on si-sn SI-WP
-------
6
:GUR
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF BACTEHJflL DENSITIES
LUNG ISLAND REACHES
SUMMER
PLOT OF MEAN»STATION SYMBOL IS VALUE OF SYMHIIL
«F • H- FC
= r - hrec
1
0
1
I
0
I
0
3
I
0
4
1
0
I
0
7
1
0
8
I
0
9
I
1
II
I
1
I
I
I
1
4
I
1
5
I
1
I
1
I
1
e
i
i
i
a
0
i
i
i
2
2
I
5
I I I
2 f ?
I I
1 H
SIATION
-------
FIGURE 4
GEOMETRIC MtAN OF C. PERFRINGENS DENSITIES
NEW JERSEY BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
PLOT OF MEAN»STATION
SYMBOL USED IS •
HEAN
BO
70
60
50
40"
30
20
10
0 +
C
0
1
A
C
0
2
0
3
0 0
S 8
1
1
1
4
C
2
1
2
4
2
7
3
0
3
3
3
7
444
147
A
C C
4 5
9 3
C
5
S
C
5
7
C C C C
5666
9135
C
6
7
C
6
9
C
7
3
C
7
5
C
7
7
C C
7 8
9 1
JJJJJJJJJ
ccccccccc
888899999
357913579
STATION
-------
FIGURE 5
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF C. PERFRINGENS DENSITIES
LONG ISLAND BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
PLOT OF HEAN'STATION
SYMBOL USED IS •
MEAN
80
70
60
50
30
20
JO
c-J
I
pa
I
0
1
I
0
2
I
0
3
I
0
4
I
0
I
0
7
I
0
8
I
0
9
I
1
0
I
1
2
I
1
3
I
1
4
I
'"* C
1
5
I
1
6
I
1
7
I
1
8
I
1
9
I
2
0
I
2
1
I
2
2
I
2
3
I
4
I
2
5
I
2
6
I
2
7
I
2
8
STATION
-------
FIGURE 6
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF C. PERFrtlNGENS DENSITIES
CONEY ISLAND X STATEN ISLAND BEACHES
SUMMER 1981
PLOT OF MEAN'STATION SYMBOL USED IS •
MEAN I
250 «
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25 «
I
co
co
NY-MB
NY-OP NY-20 NY-29 NY-35 NY-8 SI-OB
STATION
SI-HK
SI-MB
SI-OH
SI-SH
si-wr
-------
LOWER DAY
FIGURE 7
STATEN ISLAND AND CONEY ISLAND STATION LOCATIONS
n n o o K i. Y N
STATEN ISLAND
c o N !•: Y ISLAND
^1
35
NY29
,__—
— . —
NV
. '
NYHI1
OP
NY8
NY20
-------