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New York
Bight
Water Quality
Summer of
1986
oEPA
REGION2
NEW YORK/ NEW JERSEY
PUERTO RICO /VIRGIN ISLANDS
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NEW YORK BIGHT WATER QUALITY
SUMMER OF 1986
Report Prepared By: United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region II - Surveillance and Monitoring Branch
Edison, New Jersey 08837
Randy Bfaun, Physical Scientist
/WH»,
Kevin Petrus, Environmental Scientist
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this report is to disseminate technical information
gathered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 2, during
the 1986 New York Bight Water Quality Monitoring Program. The monitoring
program was conducted using the EPA helicopter for water quality sample
collection. During the period from May 6 to October 30, 1986, approximately
140 stations were sampled each week, weather permitting. The Bight sampling
program consisted of five separate sampling networks. Sampling was conducted
5 days a week and extended to 6 days a week in July and August.
Bacteriological data indicated that fecal coliform densities at the
beaches along both the New Jersey and Long Island coasts were well within
the acceptable Federal limits for primary contact recreation (200 fecal
coliforms/ 100ml). Except for two occasions, fecal coliform densities
along the New Jersey coast were all below the New Jersey water quality
standard of 50 fecal coliforms/100ml. Enterococcus densities exceeded
EPA's criterion of 35 enterococci/100 ml only once during the summer along
the Long Island coast, and not at all along the New Jersey coast.
Dissolved oxygen concentrations were generally good along the New
Jersey perpendiculars, the Long Island perpendiculars and in the New
York Bight Apex. Dissolved oxygen levels in 1986 were higher than in
1985. In 1986 some depressed bottom dissolved oxygen levels occurred in
isolated areas of the Bight Apex and off the New Jersey coast, but only
persisted a short time. In mid to late summer 1985 approximately 1600
square miles of ocean bottom off New Jersey were plagued with low dissolved
oxygen concentrations for extended periods of time. The improvement in
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dissolved oxygen concentrations in 1986 is attributed to meteorological
conditions. Higher than normal winds and numerous local storms promoted
mixing of the water column. The low dissolved oxygen levels which
occurred in certain areas of the Bight are attributed to the combined
effects of: the respiration of organisms in organic-rich sediments; the
decomposition of dead algal blooms and other organic material, which
occur in the nutrient-rich areas of the Bight; and thermal stratification
of the water column.
During the summer, phytoplankton blooms were observed over extensive
areas. At some point during the summer, most beaches along New Jersey
were affected by blooms of short duration. Algal blooms of longer du-
ration occurred in the intercoastal bays of New Jersey and Long Island.
A major bloom caused by a brown algae, Aureococcus anorexefferens, per-
sisted throughout most of the summer in many of the bays of western
Long Island (Flanders Bay, Great Peconic Bay, Shinnecock Bay, Moriches
Bay, and the western portion of Great South Bay). Red and green algal
blooms occurred to a lesser degree in many of the bays and coastal beaches
in New Jersey. Red blooms were predominant in Raritan and Sandy Hook
Bays. Along the southern New Jersey coast, a green bloom, caused by Nanno-
chloris sp., developed in mid-August. This bloom was much smaller than
the green blooms (green tides) which occurred in this area in 1984 and
1985, which were caused by the organism Gyrodiniun aureolum.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. SAMPLE COLLECTION PROGRAM 5
III. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING STATIONS 11
Beach Stations 11
New York Bight Stations 11
Perpendicular Stations 19
New York Bight Contingency Plan Stations 19
Phytoplankton Stations 22
IV. DISSOLVED OXYGEN RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23
Normal Trends in the Ocean 23
Dissolved Oxygen Criteria 26
Surface Dissolved Oxygen, 1986 26
Bottom Dissolved Oxygen, 1986 27
Long Island Coast 27
New York Bight Apex 27
New Jersey Coast 31
Dissolved Oxygen Trends 42
V. BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS 55
FECAL COLIFORMS 55
New Jersey ..... 55
Long Island 58
New York Bight Apex 61
ENTEROCOCCI 62
New Jersey 62
Long Island 65
New York Bight Apex 68
BIBLIOGRAPHY 69
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A - Summary of Phytoplankton Blooms and Related
Events in New Jersey Coastal Waters Summer
of 1986
APPENDIX B - Microbiological Water Quality New York Bight
Summer 1986
iii
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Title Page
1 Outline of 1986 sampling program 6
2 Parameters evaluated for each station group 7
3 Long Island coast station locations 12
4 New Jersey coast station locations 14
5 Dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 4 mg/1 30
in the New York Bight Apex, summer 1986
6 Dissolved oxygen distribution (bottom values) 33
New Jersey coast perpendiculars
7 Summary of fecal coliform data collected along the 56
New Jersey coast May 7, 1986 through August 13, 1986
8 Summary of fecal coliform data collected along the 59
Long Island coast May 12, 1986 through September 8,
1986
9 Summary of enterococcus data collected along the New 63
Jersey coast May 7, 1986 through August 13, 1986
10 Summary of enterococcus data collected along the Long 66
Island coast May 12, 1986 through September 8, 1986
IV
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LIST OF FIGURES
No. Title Page
1 The New York Bight 2
2 Bight Apex and existing dump sites 3
3 Long Island coast station locations 13
4 New Jersey coast station locations - Sandy Hook 16
to Island Beach Park
5 New Jersey coast station locations - Barnegat 17
to Cape May Point
6 New York Bight station locations 18
7 Long Island perpendicular stations and New Jersey 20
perpendicular stations from Sandy Hook to Seaside Heights
8 New Jersey perpendicular stations from Barnegat to 21
Strathmere
9 Generalized annual marine dissolved oxygen cycle off the 25
northeast U.S. (From NOAA)
10 Long Island coast bottom dissolved oxygen, 1986 semi- 28
monthly average of all Long Island perpendicular stations
11 New York Bight bottom dissolved oxygen, 1986 semi-monthly 29
average of all New York Bight stations
12 New Jersey coast bottom dissolved oxygen, 1986 32
semi-monthly averages of all northern (JC 14-JC 53)
and southern (JC 61-JC 85) perpendicular stations
13 Dissolved oxygen concentration profiles, New Jersey 35
coast, May 1986
14 Dissolved oxygen concentration profiles, New Jersey 36
coast, June 1986
15 Dissolved oxygen concentration profiles, New Jersey 37
coast, July 1986
16 Dissolved oxygen concentration profiles, New Jersey 38
coast, August 1986
17 Dissolved oxygen concentration profiles, New Jersey 39
coast, September 1986
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18 Shore to seaward distribution of bottom dissolved oxygen, 40
1986 semi-monthly averages of all northern New Jersey
perpendicular stations (JC 14-JC 53), at fixed distances
from shore
19 Shore to seaward distribution of bottom dissolved oxygen, 41
1986 semi-monthly averages of all southern New Jersey
perpendicular stations (JC 61-JC 85), at fixed distances
from shore
20 Dissolved oxygen concentrations below 4 mg/1, New Jersey 43
coast, July
21 Dissolved oxygen concentrations below 4 mg/1, New Jersey 44
coast, August
22 Dissolved oxygen concentrations below 4 mg/1, New Jersey 45
coast, September
23 Northern New Jersey coast bottom dissolved oxygen, five 46
year average of the individual semi-monthly averages,
1982 to 1986
24 Southern New Jersey coast bottom dissolved oxygen, five 48
year average of the individual semi-monthly averages,
1982 to 1986
25 Northern New Jersey coast bottom dissolved oxygen, 49
1982-1986 comparison, semi-monthly averages of all
JC 14-JC 53 perpendicular stations
26 Southern New Jersey coast bottom dissolved oxygen, 50
1982-1986 comparison, semi-monthly averages of all
JC 61-JC 85 perpendicular stations
27 Percent of bottom dissolved oxygen values below 4 mg/1 52
off the New Jersey coast over the last five years
28 New York Bight bottom dissolved oxygen, 1982-1986 53
comparison. Semi-monthly average of all New York
Bight stations
29 Geometric means of fecal coliform data collected 57
along the coast of New Jersey, May 7, 1986 to
August 13, 1986
30 Geometric means of fecal coliform data collected 60
along the coast of Long Island, May 12, 1986 to
September 8, 1986
31 Geometric means of enterococci data collected along 64
the coast of New Jersey, May 7, 1986 to August 13, 1986
vi
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32 Geometric means of enterococci data collected along 67
the coast of Long Island, May 12, 1986 to September 8,
1986
vii
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I. INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has prepared this report to
disseminate environmental data for the New York Bight Apex and the shore-
lines of New York and New Jersey. The New York Bight is an area of ocean
bounded on the northwest by Sandy Hook, the northeast by Montauk Point,
the southeast by the 2000 meter contour line, and the southwest by Cape
May. Figure 1 shows the limits of the New York Bight. The New York Bight
Apex, which contains the sewage sludge, dredged material, acid waste, and
cellar dirt disposal sites, is shown in Figure 2.
This report is the thirteenth in a series and reflects the monitoring
period between May 6, 1986 and October 30, 1986. The New York Bight
monitoring program is EPA's response to its mandated responsibilities as
defined under the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
and the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 and 1977.
Since its initiation in 1974, the New York Bight ocean monitoring
program has been modified several times to be more responsive to the needs
of the general public, the states, the counties, and EPA, and to concen-
trate on specific areas of concern during the critical summer period.
Most of these changes occurred after the summer of 1976, when anoxic con-
ditions caused a fishkill in the Bight and an unusually heavy wash-up of
debris occurred on Long Island beaches. It was clear that summer conditions
in the Bight called for more intensive monitoring in order to predict
environmental crises, to investigate the origins of these crises, and to
direct any decisions regarding protection of the Bight's water quality.
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41
BIGHT APEX LIMITS
BIGHT />? LIMITS f
Ls~J\S on
CHEMICAL
WASTES
DUMP SITE
MUTICAl »IU5
THE NEW YORK BIGHT
Figure 1
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OUTER HARBOR
SANDY HOOK-
ROCKAWAY POINT
TRANSECT
DREDGED MATERIAL
*1
CELLAR SEWAGE
DIRT SLUDGE
NEW JERSEY
WRECK
o
LA
o
o
o
r*\
r-*
—ACID
WASTES
Q.
<
X
CO
Figiire 2
BIGHT APEX AND EXISTING DUMP SITES
10
20
i
30
KILOMETERS
5 10
NAUTICAL MILES
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In recent years, monitoring has been expanded to include analyses of
Bight sediments for heavy metals and toxics; collection of benthic organisms
for species diversity and number; and analyses of water in the sewage
sludge disposal site area for viruses and pathogens. The sediment and
benthic organism samplings were conducted from EPA's ocean survey vessels
"Anderson" and "Clean Waters". These data will be presented in separate
reports. Ongoing revisions to the program are intended to improve the
EPA's ability to track pollution sources and to protect New York Bight
water quality.
The monitoring program for 1986 was revised to intensify sampling
activities along the southern New Jersey beaches. During mid to late
summer in 1985, beaches along the southern New Jersey coast were affected
by green algal blooms, causing green tide, and high bacteria counts which
resulted in beach closings. To improve monitoring coverage, four additional
beach stations between Long Beach Island and Wildwood were sampled weekly
for phytoplankton and nutrients. In addition, bacteria samples were
collected weekly rather than bimonthly along the southern New Jersey
beaches.
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II. SAMPLE COLLECTION PROGRAM
During the period of May 1986 through October 1986, water quality monitor-
ing was carried out primarily using the EPA Huey helicopter. Major repair
work on the EPA Huey helicopter in the middle of August necessitated the
rental of a Bell Jet Ranger II helicopter and the use of EPA's vessel "Clean
Waters" to complete the summer sampling. Under the established protocol,
sampling normally occurs 5 days a week and is extended to 6 days a week
during July and August. Table 1 outlines the 1985 sampling program. Table 2
lists the parameters analyzed for each group of stations. The major repair
work on the Huey made it inherently difficult to adhere to the weekly sampling
frequency and protocol (only bottom samples were collected in September)
The monitoring program was composed of five separate sampling networks.
The beach station network was sampled to gather bacteriological water quality
information at 26 Long Island coast stations and 40 New Jersey coast stations.
The New York Bight station network was sampled to gather chemical and bacterio-
logical information at 20 stations in the inner New York Bight. The perpendic-
ular station network consisted of 12 transects extending from the New Jersey
and Long Island coasts. Three transects extended south from the Long Island
coast, with 4 stations in each transect and 9 transects extended east from
the New Jersey coast, with 5 stations in each transect. The transects covered
the inner Bight from Jones Beach on Long Island to Strathmere, on the New
Jersey coast. Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen and temperature.
The New York Bight Contingency Network consisted of 24 stations which were
sampled for dissolved oxygen, and fecal coliform and entercoccus densities.
Samples for phytoplankton identification and nutrient analysis were collected
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Table 1
Outline of 1986 sampling program
Station Group
Frequency
per Week
Long Island Beaches
(Rockaway Pt. to Fire
Island Inlet) 1
Long Island Beaches Bimonthly
(Fire Island Inlet to
Shinnecock Inlet)
New Jersey Beaches 1
(Sandy Hook to Cape May)
Long Island Perpendiculars 1
North Jersey Perpendiculars 1
(Long Branch to Seaside)
South Jersey Perpendic-
ulars (Barnegat to
Strathmere)
Bight Contingency
Bight Contingency
Phytoplankton
Inner New York Bight
1 One meter below the surface
2 One meter above the ocean floor
2
1
1
Parameter
Bacteriological
Bacteriological
Bacteriological
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved Oxygen
Bimonthly Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved Oxygen
Bacteriological
Phytoplankton,
Nutrients
Bacteriological
Dissolved Oxygen
Sample Depth
Top1
Top1
Top1
Top1, Bottom2
Top1, Bottom2
Top1, Bottom2
Top1, Bottom2
Top1, Bottom2
Top1
Top1, Bottom2
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Table 2
Parameters evaluated for each station group
Parameters
Fecal Coliform
Enterococcus
Salinity
Chlorinity
Temperature
Dissolved
Oxygen (DO)
Total
Phosphorus
(TP)
Phosphate
Phosphorus
(P04-P)
Ammonia
Nitrogen
(NH3-N)
Nitrite
Nitrogen
(N02-N)
Nitrate
Nitrogen
(N03-N)
Silica (Si02)
Plankton
L.I. &
N.J. L.I. & N.J. N.Y. Bight
Beaches* Perpendiculars** Bight** Contingency** Phytoplankton*
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
*Sample Depth: 1 meter below the surface
**Sample Depth: 1 meter below the surface and 1 meter above the ocean floor.
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along the New Jersey coast and in Raritan Bay at 12 stations comprising the
phytoplankton sampling network. The weekly sampling program averaged
approximately 140 stations.
Beach stations along New York and New Jersey were sampled once a week
for fecal coliform and enterococcus bacteria densities. This portion of the
sampling program totaled 66 stations per week. At the beach stations, samples
were collected just offshore in the surf zone while the helicopter hovered
approximately 3 meters from the surface. Sampling was accomplished by
lowering a 1-liter Kemmerer sampler approximately 1 meter below the water
surface. The sample was transferred to a sterile plastic container, iced
and subsequently transported (within 6 hours) to the Edison Laboratory for
fecal coliform and enterococcus analyses.
The twenty stations in the Bight Apex were sampled once a week. Depending
upon sea conditions, the EPA helicopter hovered or landed at the designated
station and a 1-liter Kemmerer sampler was used to obtain water samples at 1
meter below the surface and 1 meter above the ocean bottom. After collection,
portions of the water sample were transferred to a BOD bottle for dissolved
oxygen analysis, and a sterile plastic bottle for fecal coliform and enter-
coccus analyses. The dissolved oxygen sample was immediately fixed at the
station by the addition of 2 ml of manganous sulfate followed by 2 ml of
alkali-iodide-azide reagent. The sample was shaken to facilitate floe for-
mation and then placed in a metal rack. The samples were held for less than
6 hours before returning to the laboratory, where 2 ml of sulfuric acid was
added and the samples were titrated with 0.0375M sodium thiosulfate.
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The third scheduled sampling portion of the program consisted of
sampling perpendicular stations once a week for dissolved oxygen and
temperature. Again, as with the inner Bight stations, samples were col-
lected while hovering or landing, at 1 meter below the surface and 1 meter
above the bottom.
As part of the "Environmental Impact Statement on Ocean Dumping of
Sewage Sludge in the New York Bight", a Bight Contingency Plan was developed
in which criteria were established for the relocation of the sewage sludge
dumpsite, if necessary. This necessitated the establishment of a fourth samp-
ling component. Therefore, a 24-station network was developed and sampled
twice a week for dissolved oxygen and once a week for fecal coliform and
t
entercoccus densities. Part of the sampling requirements for the New York
Bight contingency plan was satisfied by the regularly scheduled Bight and
perpendicular sampling runs. Bacteriological samples for 18 of the stations
were collected during the perpendicular sampling runs for dissolved oxygen.
The bacteriological requirements for 6 of the stations were met by the
regular Bight sampling since bacteriological assays were performed for all
Bight stations. An additional sampling of dissolved oxygen for the 24
stations was carried out once a week.
The fifth routinely scheduled sampling component involved the collect-
ion of water samples for phytaplankton identification and quantification
and nutrient analysis. Phytoplankton were identified and quantified by
the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) and the
nutrient analyses were conducted by EPA. The samples were collected as
close to the surface as possible, using 1-liter Kemmerer samplers. A
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1-liter plastic cubitainer was filled for phytoplankton analysis. The
phytoplankton sample was preserved with Lugols solution and kept at 4°C.
A 1-liter plastic cubitainer was filled for nutrient analysis and kept at
4°C. The NJDEP picked up the phytoplankton samples within 24 hours of
collection. The results of these analyses are contained in Appendix A.
10
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III. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING STATIONS
Beach Stations
A total of 66 bathing beach areas were sampled routinely for
bacteriological water quality along the Long Island and New Jersey coastlines,
The Long Island sampling stations extend from the western tip of Rockaway
Point 130 km eastward to Shinnecock Inlet for a total of 26 stations
(LIC 01-LIC 28). Sample station locations, nomenclature, and descriptions
are given in Table 3 and Figure 3. Forty New Jersey coast stations, from
Sandy Hook at the north to Cape May Point at the south (JC 01A through JC
99), are described and identified in Table 4 and in Figures 4 and 5.
Station JC 44, Mantoloking, was inadvertertly omitted from Figure 4.
New York Bight Stations
The New York Bight stations, established as part of the original ocean
monitoring program, cover the inner Bight area in approximately 3 km inter-
vals via three transects as follows: New Jersey Transect (NYB 20-NYB 27),
extending from Sandy Hook 20 km eastward to the sewage sludge dump site;
Raritan Bay Transect (NYB 32-NYB 35), projecting along the Ambrose Channel
from the mouth of Raritan Bay southeast to the sewage sludge dump site;
and the Long Island Transect (NYB 40-NYB 47), extending from Atlantic Beach,
Long Island southward to just beyond the sewage sludge dump site. The
locations of the New York Bight stations are shown in Figure 6.
11
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Table 3
Long Island coast station locations
Station No. Location
LIC 01 Rockaway Point, Breezy Point Surf Club
LIC 02 Rockaway, off foot of B169 Road
LIC 03 Rockaway, off foot of B129 Road
LIC 04 Rockaway, off foot of B92 Road
LIC 05 Far Rockaway, off foot of B41 Road
LIC 07 Atlantic Beach, Silver Point Beach Club
LIC 08 Long Beach, off foot of Grand Avenue
LIC 09 Long Beach, off foot of Pacific Boulevard
LIC 10 Point Lookout, off Hempstead public beach
LIC 12 Short Beach (Jones Beach), off "West End 2'
parking lot
LIC 13 Jones Beach
LIC 14 East Overlook
LIC 15 Gilgo Beach
LIC 16 Cedar Island Beach
LIC 17 Robert Moses State Park
LIC 18 Great South Beach
HC 19 Cherry Grove
LIC 20 Water Island
LIC 21 Bellport Beach
LIC 22 Smith Point County Park
LIC 23 Moriches Inlet West
LIC 24 Moriches Inlet East
LIC 25 West Hampton Beach
LIC 26 Tiana Beach
LIC 27 Shinnecock Inlet West
LIC 28 Shinnecock Inlet East
12
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NEW JERSEY
LIC13-
LIC14 —
LIC15 —
LIC16 —
LIC17-
LIC18-
LIC19
- LIC28
- LIC27
- LIC26
- LIC25
- I.IC24
— LIC 23
LIC20—' u LIC21
FIGURE 3
LONG ISLAND COAST STATION LOCATIONS
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Table 4
New Jersey coast station locations
Station No. Location
JC 01A Sandy Hook, 1.2 km south of tip
JC 02 Sandy Hook, off large radome
JC 03 Sandy Hook, off Nature Center building
(tower)
JC 05 Sandy Hook, just north of Park entrance
JC 08 Sea Bright, at public beach
JC 11 Monmouth Beach Bath & Tennis Club
JC 14 Long Branch, off foot of S. Bath Avenue
JC 21 Asbury Park, off building north of
Convention Hall
JC 24 Bradley Beach, off foot of Cliff Avenue
JC 27 Belmar, off the "White House" near fishing
club pier
JC 30 Spring Lake, south of yellow brick building
on beach
JC 33 Sea Girt, off foot of Chicago Avenue
JC 37 Point Pleasant, south of Manasquan Inlet
JC 41 Bay Head, off foot of Johnson Street
JC 44 Mantoloking, off foot of Albertson Street
JC 47A Silver Beach, off foot of Colony Road
JC 49 Lavallette, off foot of Washington Avenue
JC 53 Seaside Heights, between the amusement piers
JC 55 Island Beach State Park, off white building
north of Park Hq.
JC 57 Island Beach State Park, between two main
parking lots in center of park
JC 59 Island Beach State Park, off white house
next to the lookout tower
14
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Table 4 (continued)
Station No. Location
JC 61 Barnegat, first rock jetty south of
Barnegat Inlet
JC 63 Harvey Cedars, opposite Harvey Cedars
standpipe
JC 65 Ship Bottom, opposite Ship Bottom water
tower
JC 67 Beach Haven Terrace, opposite standpipe
JC 69 Beach Haven Heights, opposite the most
southern water tower on Long Beach Island
JC 73 Brigantine, off large hotel on beach
JC 75 Atlantic City, off the Convention Center
JC 77 Ventnor City, just north of fishing pier
JC 79 Longport, off water tower
JC 81 Ocean City, opposite large apartment
building
JC 83 Peck Beach, opposite large blue water tower
JC 85 Strathmere, off blue standpipe
JC 87 Sea Isle City, opposite blue water tower
with bridge in the background
JC 89 Avalon, off beige building on the beach
JC 91 Stone Harbor, off large blue water tower
JC 93 Wildwood, off northern amusement pier
JC 95 Two mile beach, opposite radio tower
JC 97 Cape May, off white house with red roof on
the beach
JC 99 Cape May Point, opposite lighthouse
15
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JC59
N
10
Kilometers
FIGURE 4
NEW JERSEY COAST STATION LOCATIONS - SANDY HOOK TO
ISLAND BEACH PARK
16
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NEW JERSEY
BEACH
HAVEN
ATLANTIC CITY
STRATHMERE
CAPE MAY
POINT
JC97
JC99 FIGURE 5
NEW JERSEY COAST STATION LOCATIONS - BARNEGAT TO CAPE MAY POINT
17
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SANDY HOOK (32)
35) (44)
®
(23) (24) (25) (26)
NYB
N
FIGURE 6
NEW YORK BIGHT STATION LOCATIONS
10
Kilometers
18
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Perpendicular Stations
Sampling stations perpendicular to the Long Island coastline are 5.4
kilometers (km), 12.6 km, 19.8 km, and 27 km (3, 7, 11, and 15 nautical
miles) offshore. Sampling stations perpendicular to the New Jersey coast-
line start at 1.8 km and are spaced every 1.8 km out to 18 km (1 nautical
mile with 1 nm increments to 10 nm) offshore. These stations are identified
by suffixes E through M, with the exception of the Manasquan (MAS) perpendic-
ular stations which have corresponding suffixes 1 through 9. Normally,
only every other New Jersey perpendicular station (3.6 km intervals) was
sampled; the intermediate stations remained available should dissolved
oxygen conditions warrant more intensive sampling.
The perpendicular stations were established to gather near-surface and
near-bottom dissolved oxygen values in the critical areas of the New York
Bight nearshore waters. Previous agreements had been made with the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to provide dissolved oxygen
profiles from stations further out in the Bight in conjunction with their
Northeast Monitoring Program (NEMP) and Marine Fisheries Laboratory activities,
The perpendicular stations described above are plotted in Figures 7
and 8. Tables 3 and 4 describe the shore station locations from which the
perpendicular stations originate.
New York Bight Contingency Plan Stations
The 24 stations sampled are:
NYB 20, 22, 24, 40, 42, 44,
LIC 09P, A, B, and C
LIC 14P, A, B, and C
JC 14E, G, I, K,'and M
JC 27E, G, I, K, and M
Their locations are shown in Figures 6 and 7.
19
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LONG ISLAND
NEW JERSEY
MANASQUAN INLET
BAY HEAD
SEASIDE HEIGHTS
HEEH
FIGURE 7
LONG ISLAND PERPENDICULAR STATIONS AND NEW JERSEY
PERPENDICULAR STATIONS FROM SANDY HOOK TO SEASIDE HEIGHTS
20
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NEW JERSEY
JC61
JC69
N
JC75
STRATHMERE
0SHH
l^
YL
JC85
FIGURE 8
NEW JERSEY PERPENDICULAR STATIONS FROM BARNEGAT TO STRATHMERE
21
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Phytoplankton Stations
Phytoplankton samples were collected once a week along the New Jersey
coast at the following stations:
JC 05
JC 11
JC 21
JC 30
JC 49
JC 57
RB 32
RB 15
JC 65
JC 75
JC 83
JC 93
A discussion of phytoplankton dynamics and bloom incidence in New
Jersey waters is presented in Appendix A.
22
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IV. DISSOLVED OXYGEN RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Normal Trends in the Ocean
Two major processes act to replenish dissolved oxygen in the water
column of the New York Bight area. These are the photosynthetic conver-
sion of carbon dioxide to molecular oxygen and the mechanical reaeration
of oxygen across the air-water interface. Subsequent turbulent diffusion
then distributes the dissolved oxygen throughout the water column or
into the upper warmer surface layer when stratified conditions prevail.
Concurrent oxygen utilization (depletion) processes, such as bacterial
respiration and sediment oxygen demand, act to influence the amount of
oxygen in the water column at any one time or location.
A general description of the oxygen cycle during a calendar year is
as follows:
In early January, the waters of the Bight are completely
mixed throughout the water column with temperatures
ranging from 4°C to 10°C while dissolved oxygen values
are between 8 and 10 mg/1 with slightly depressed values
at the sediment-water interface. The warm spring air
temperatures and solar heating increase the temperature
of the upper water layer and, in the absence of high
energy input from local storms or tropical hurricanes,
a thermally stratified water column develops. This
stratification effectively blocks the free transport
of the oxygen-rich upper layer into the cool oxygen-poor
bottom waters.
23
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As hot summer weather conditions set in, the
warmer upper layer of water remains completely mixed
and rich in oxygen (7 to 9 mg/1). This upper layer
ranges from 20 to 60 meters in depth depending on
time and location. The cooler bottom water is effec-
tively isolated from the upper layer by a 10°C temper-
ature gradient. Respiration of bottom organisms,
bacterial action on algal remains and detritus, and
sediment oxygen demand depress the residual dissolved
oxygen values in the bottom waters. In a typical
year, the dissolved oxygen concentration in the
bottom waters of the Bight reaches a minimum in mid
to late summer of approximately 4 mg/1. At this time,
cool evenings and reduced solar input cause the upper
waters to cool, decreasing the temperature gradient
between the two water masses. As the two masses become
closer and closer in temperature, the energy required
to break down the thermocline becomes less and less
until finally, in many instances after a local storm,
there is a complete mixing of the water column with
concomitant reoxygenation of the bottom waters. The
annual cycle begins again. Figure 9 depicts a repre-
sentative history of dissolved oxygen concentration in
the general ocean area off of New Jersey, New York, and
New England.
24
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10
8
7
X 5
-<
O
m
Z 4
"i"
BQ
I
I
I
I
I
FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV
MONTH
FIGURE 9
GENERALIZED ANNUAL MARINE DISSOLVED OXYGEN CYCLE OFF THE
NORTHEAST U.S. (FROM NOAA)
-------
Dissolved Oxygen Criteria
The dissolved oxygen levels necessary for survival and/or reproduc-
tion vary among biological species. Sufficient data have not been accumu-
lated to assign definitive limits or lower levels of tolerance for
each species at various growth stages. Rough guidelines are available
for aquatic species for purposes of surveillance and monitoring. These
are as follows:
5 mg/1 and greater - healthy
4-5 mg/1 - borderline to healthy
3-4 mg/1 - stressful if prolonged
2-3 mg/1 - lethal if prolonged
less than 2 mg/1 - lethal in a relatively
short time.
These criteria are consistent with biological information recorded
in the New York Bight over the past several years. Most data concerning
the lower tolerance levels were recorded during the summer of 1976. In
1976, widespread and persistent dissolved oxygen levels between 0.0 and
2.0 mg/1 occurred over a large area of the Bight. This resulted in
extensive fish kills and benthic organism mortality.
Surface Dissolved Oxygen - 1986
The completely mixed upper water layer had dissolved oxygen levels
at or near saturation during the entire sampling period, May 6, 1986
through October 30, 1986, therefore no further discussion of surface
dissolved oxygen will be presented in this report.
26
-------
Bottom Dissolved Oxygen - 1986
Long Island Coast
Figure 10 illustrates the semi-monthly averages of dissolved
oxygen values from May through September along the Long Island perpen-
diculars. As in previous years, the dissolved oxygen averages during
1986 remained well above concentrations considered stressful to
aquatic life. The dissolved oxygen average from May through July
remained in the 6-8 mg/1 range. The lowest dissolved oxygen average,
5.5 mg/1, occurred in mid-August with a subsequent dissolved oxygen
increase occurring in mid-September.
During the sampling period, 103 bottom samples were collected
for dissolved oxygen along the Long Island perpendiculars. Of the
103 samples, only one was below the 4 mg/1 "borderline to healthy"
guideline. On August 12, station LIC 09B, 11 miles off Long Beach,
had a dissolved oxygen concentration of 2.9 mg/1.
New York Bight Apex
Figure 11 illustrates the semi-monthly dissolved oxygen averages
at the New York Bight Apex stations from May through October, 1986.
The dissolved oxygen average increased slightly from 6.9 mg/1 in May
to 7.2 mg/1 in late June. During July and August, the dissolved
oxygen average steadily decreased, reaching a low of 4.2 mg/1 in
late August. From late August to early September, the dissolved
oxygen average increased 1.3 mg/1 to 5.5 mg/1, and remained at this
level into late October.
27
-------
FIGURE 10
(|) NUMBER OF SAMPLES
(8)
(8)
(15)
(4)
(8) (16)
(8)
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
LONG ISLAND COAST BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN. 1986
SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGE OF ALL LONG ISLAND PERPENDICULAR STATIONS.
28
-------
Figure 11
(I) NUMBER OF
(20) (26)
(31)
(28) (22) (20)
(39) (6)
m. A
M* JUN JUL AllO S0» QCT NOV
NEW YORK BIGHT BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN. 1986
SEMSMONTW.Y AVERAGE OF ALL NEW YORK BIGHT STATIONS.
29
-------
Out of 241 samples collected in the New York Bight Apex from May 16
to October 29 and measured for dissolved oxygen, 9 samples, or 3.7 percent,
were between the 3-4 mg/1 level considered "stressful if prolonged" for
aquatic life, and 4 samples, or 1.7 percent, were between the 2-3 mg/1 level
considered "lethal if prolonged".
Table 5 summarizes the dissolved oxygen values less than 4 mg/1 in the
New York Bight Apex during the summer of 1986.
Table 5 - Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentrations less than
4 mg/1 in the New York Bight Apex, summer 1986
DATE STATION D.O. (mg/1)
8/7 NYB 34 3.5
8/7 NYB 35 3.8
8/7 NYB 42 3.8
8/7 NYB 43 2.5
8/7 NYB 44 2.6
8/14 NYB 26 3.8
8/14 NYB 27 3.6
8/14 NYB 41 3.8
8/14 NYB 42 3.7
8/14 NYB 43 2.3
8/16 ' NYB 42 3.8
8/16 NYB 44 2.6
9/9 NYB 22 3.9
30
-------
New Jersey Coast
Figure 12 illustrates the semi-monthly dissolved oxygen average off
the New Jersey coast during the summer of 1986, with separate lines for the
northern (JC 14-JC 53) perpendiculars and the southern (JC 61-JC 85) perpen-
diculars. The average dissolved oxygen value along the northern perpendic-
ulars was 8 mg/1 in early May, declined approximately 1 mg/1 during May and
remained at this level into early July. The dissolved oxygen average
gradually decreased from 6.7 mg/1 in early July to a low of 3.6 mg/1 in
late August, and increased 1.4 mg/1 in early September. Along the southern
New Jersey perpendiculars, the dissolved oxygen average was 8.2 mg/1 in
early May and decreased slightly to 7.7 mg/1 in early June. The dissolved
oxygen declined to 6 mg/1 in late June, remained at this level into early
July, then decreased substantially to a low of 3.5 mg/1 in late July.
This was followed by a dissolved oxygen recovery in August and September.
Table 6 summarizes the bottom dissolved oxygen values for the New
Jersey coast perpendiculars. There were 598 samples collected along the
New Jersey perpendiculars between May 6 and October 30, 1986 and analyzed
for dissolved oxygen. Of these samples, 161 values (26.9 percent) were
below 5 mg/1. Of the 161 samples, 105 values (17.6 percent of all samples
collected) were between 4-5 mg/1, 54 values (9.0 percent) were between 2-4
mg/1 and 2 values (0.3 percent) were between 0-2 mg/1. In comparison, during
the summer of 1985, 635 samples were collected. Of these, 107 values (16.9
percent) were between 4-5 mg/1, 244 values (38.4 percent) were between 2-4
mg/1, and 40 values (6.3 percent) were between 0-2 mg/1. Dissolved oxygen
values in 1986 were considerably higher than those encountered in 1985.
31
-------
Figure 12
n
10
LEGEND
9
Wit
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM D1SSOU/ED OXYGEN. 1986. SEMIMONTHLY
AVERAGES OF ALL NORTHERN (JC14^)C53) AND SOUTHERN (JC61-AJC85)
PERPENDICULAR STATIONS.
32
-------
Table 6 - 1986 NJ DO Distribution (Bottom Values)
JC85M
JC85K
JC85I
JC85G
JC85E
JC75M
JC75K
JC75I
JC75G
JC75E
JC69M
JC69K
JC69!
JC69G
JC69E
JC61M
JC61K
JC61!
JC61G
JC61E
JC53M
JC53K
JC53!
JC53G
JC53E
JC41M
JC41K
JC41!
JC41G
JC41E
MASS
MAS4
MAS3
MAS2
MAS1
I /*V^*\TI 4
JCZ7M
l^^^^TIX
JC27K
I /"\*"V"Ft
JC27I
i /•"\/-»g-7/"N
JC27G
t/™v*^~-7r~
JC27E
I /-*V« A k 1
JC14M
I/"V4 4 1 X
JC14K
JC14!
JC14G
JC14E
,rt »•"> o> £3 $? jo "^ <*> r*~ °
<0,~,-.CMr>o>V2cMCMCMrO..O»-J°
ililllliiliiill
4444 4
4444 4
4444 4
4444 4
4444 4
4444 4
4444 4
4444 4
4444 4
4444 A
4444 A
4444 A
4444 4
4 4 4 A 4
4444 4
4444 4
4444 4
444 4 <
4 44 A 4 <
4 4 444
4 4 444
44 4 444
44 4 • 4 4
44 4 A 4 4
44 44 444
44 44 444
44 44 444
44 44 444
44 44 444
44 44 444
44 44 444
44 44 444
4 • 44 444
4 4 4 44 444
4 44 4 4A 444
4 44 4 • A AA4
^- w * o> ;= £ « to «o£
ty* cn o^ CP en O) cr* o^ Q, QL.
3D333334)CS)
^^<^C.^L.<™<_^LiaJflL^a-
A 44
A 44
4 44
4 44
4 44
A 44
A 44
4 44
4 44
4 44
A 4 •
A 44
A 44
A 44
4 44
A 4 A A
A 4 A 4
A 4 A A
> 4 A 4 A
* 4 • 4 4
4 A 4 44
4 A 4 44
4 4 A 44
4 A A 44
4 • A A •
444 44
4 A 4 4 A
4 4 A 4 A
4 A • A A
• A A A •
444 44
4 A 4 4 A
4 A 4 * *
4*4 4 A
4 • A 4 A
• M
A 4 A
A. A
• <
m 4
m m
• A
A • A
A 4
A ' m
44 4 •
44 A •
4 A A A
- £ £ CM 8
g-g-g- 8"&
ML CQ...IA (OUQ
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 4
4 A
4 A
A A
• A A
4 4
4 4
4 4
A 4
A 4
4 A
4 A
4 A
A A
4 A
A •
JL A. A
r m
4 4 »
9 + w
w <
m
• A
A
4 A
4 4
4 4
*• - > 5 mg/I A m 4-5 mg/l • = 2-4 mg/1 • «= 0-2 mg/1
33
-------
Figures 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 display dissolved oxygen profiles
along the New Jersey coast from May through September. Figures 13 and
14 show that the dissolved oxygen concentrations in May and June were
high. With the exception in May of perpendicular JC 53, Seaside Heights,
the dissolved oxygen levels increased with distance from shore. Figure
15 shows that in July the dissolved oxygen levels decreased considerably
along the southern New Jersey perpendiculars. The dissolved oxygen
levels again increased with distance from shore with the exceptions of
the Beach Haven, JC 69, and Atlantic City, JC 75, perpendiculars. During
August, Figure 16, the dissolved oxygen concentrations along the northern
New Jersey perpendiculars were slightly lower than in July and increased
with distance offshore. All dissolved oxygen concentrations improved in
September, Figure 17, with the northern 5 New Jersey perpendiculars again
exhibiting an increase of dissolved oxygen with distance offshore.
Figure 18 compares the shore to seaward distribution of dissolved
oxygen along the northern New Jersey perpendiculars. As shown in Figures
13-17, generally the dissolved oxygen values increase with distance off-
shore. During late June through late August, the dissolved oxygen concen-
trations 1 and 3 miles offshore were approximately 1 to 2 mg/1 less than
the values 5, 7, and 9 miles offshore. The low dissolved oxygen values
found at the nearshore stations were attributed to the influence of river
discharges, treatment plant effluents, stormwater runoff, benthic oxygen
demand from inlet dredged material disposal sites, and the Hudson-Raritan
River Estuary system.
Figure 19 compares the shore to seaward distribution of dissolved
34
-------
Figure 13
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Profiles
New Jersey Coast
May 1986
OJ
Ui
a>
o
m
tn
O
+ = Average DO Concentration per Station
x = Actual Location of each Station
-------
Figure 14
Dissolved Oxygen Cpnc^ntnatipn[Profiles
New Jersey Coast
June 1986
U)
0)
>%
O
1
"o
1
5
1
QD
•^~
^>
vE-
m
c
o
"-*-«
a
•4?
1
3
***K£Y**»
+ = Average DO Concentration per Station
x = Actual Location of each Station
-------
Figure 15
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Profiles
New Jersey Coast
July 1986
OJ
c
Q>
0>
O
-a
0)
>
o
V)
m
0
o
*j"*
O
^^-^
X— ^
"*x»
J!
0)
C
.0
"E
^->
-------
Figure 16
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Ptofiles
New Jersey Coast
August 1986
U)
00
§
C7>
>>
X
0
1
"o
CO
m
Q
1
GO
§
O>
si.
CO
.0
t«->
a
IMH
-£
CO
o
s
•f
X
«*»KEY***
Average DO Concentration per Station
Actual Location of each Station
-------
Figure 17
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Profiles
New Jersey Coast
September 1986
U)
0>
O
TJ
CD
O
E
o
m
o>
CO
o
I
O
CJ
***KEY»**
+ = Average DO Concentration per Station
x = Actual Location of each Station
-------
FIGURE 18
•
MAY
JUN
JUL
AU9
so»
SHORE-TO-SEAWARD DISTRIBUTION OF BOTTOM DISSOIYED OXYGEN, 1986
SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGES OF All NORTHERN PERPENDICULAR STATIONS
(JC14-JC53), AT FIXED DISTANCES ROM SHORE.
ocr
40
-------
r
"1
Figure 19
L
LEGEN
-x-
e
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUS
SEP
ocr
SHORE-TO-SEAWARD DISTRIBUTION OF BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, 1986
SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGES OF ALL SOUTHERN PERPENDICULAR STATIONS
(JC61-JC85]L AT FIXED DISTANCES FROM SHORE.
41
-------
oxygen along the southern New Jersey perpendiculars. The stations 1 mile
offshore exhibited a "double minima", with low points of 5 mg/1 in late
June and 3.7 mg/1 in late July. The stations 3, 5, 7 and 9 miles offshore
followed the general dissolved oxygen cycle, Figure 9, reaching a low
in late July. The dissolved oxygen values increased considerably at all
distances from shore in August and September.
Dissolved Oxygen Trends
Figures 20, 21 and 22 display the number of dissolved oxygen obser-
vations below 4 mg/1 during July, August and September 1982-1986, for each
perpendicular. The graphs indicate that, similar to 1982 and 1984, the
dissolved oxygen concentrations from July to September 1986 were generally
good with few values below 4 mg/1, as contrasted with 1983 and 1985 which
had numerous dissolved oxygen values below 4 mg/1. In July 1986, 14 dis-
solved oxygen values below 4 mg/1 were observed along the New Jersey perpen-
diculars, Figure 20, as compared with 132 during the same period in 1985.
In 1986, the largest number of dissolved oxygen values below 4 mg/1, 24
observations, occurred in August, as shown in Figure 21. This is contrasted
with 108 dissolved oxygen values below 4 mg/1 during August in 1985. In
September 1986, 7 dissolved oxygen values were below 4 mg/1, and in 1985
there were 81 values below 4 mg/1, Figure 22.
Figure 23 displays the five year dissolved oxygen arithmetic mean
of all semi-monthly averages for the northern New Jersey perpendicular
stations. The average dissolved oxygen in early May was 8 mg/1. From
May through late July the dissolved oxygen gradually decreased to approx-
42
-------
Figure 20
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations
Below 4 mg/I
New Jersey Coast
July
1982
1986
-------
Figure 21
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations
Befow 4 mg/1
New Jersey Coast
August
Chart Legend
JC14
JC27
1982
1986
-------
Ul
Figure 22
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations
Below 4 mg/J
New Jersey Coast
September
Chart Legend
JC14- res
JC27 BL --
MAS m JC75
JC41 IZZl JC85
JC53
1982
1986
-------
r
Figure 23
to
o<
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
NORTHERN NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM DlSSOtYED OXYGEN. FIVE YEAR
AVERAGE OF THE INDIVIDUAL SEMIMONTHUT AVERAGES. 1982 T01986
L
J
46
-------
imately 4.8 mg/1. The dissolved oxygen increased slightly in early
August and then decreased to a low of approximately 4 mg/1 in late
August. During September and October, there was a rapid dissolved oxygen
recovery.
Figure 24 displays the five year dissolved oxygen arithmetic mean
of all semi-monthly averages for the southern New Jersey perpendicular
stations. In early May, the dissolved oxygen average was 8.2 mg/1. From
May through July, the dissolved oxygen gradually decreased to 4.3 mg/1.
The dissolved oxygen recovered slightly in early August, then decreased to
a low of 4 mg/1 in late August. During September, the dissolved oxygen
increased substantially.
Figures 25 and 26 illustrate the five year dissolved oxygen trends
for the northern New Jersey perpendicular stations and the southern New
Jersey perpendicular stations, respectively. Figure 25 shows that in
1982 along the northern New Jersey coast, the average dissolved oxygen
low was 4 mg/1 in early September. A dissolved oxygen "double minima"
occurred in 1983 and 1984. During 1983, the first low occurred in late
July, followed by a second low in early September. The "double minima"
in 1984 was not as prominent as in 1983, with the first low occurring
in early July and the second in early August. During the last five
years, the dissolved oxygen values were lowest from July through Septem-
ber 1985. In late August 1985, the average dissolved oxygen concentra-
tion dropped to a low of 2.5 mg/1. During June through September of
1986, the dissolved oxygen levels were approximately 1-2 mg/1 greater
than the same time period in 1985.
47
-------
r
1
Figure 24
I,
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN. FIVE YEAR
AVERAGE OF THE INDIVIDUAL SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGES. 1982 T01986
L
48
-------
r
Figure 25
LEGEND
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
ocr
NOV
NORTHERN NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, 1982-1986
COMPARISON. SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGES OF ALLJC14-^C53 PERPEND1CUUR
STATIONS.
49
-------
r
Figure 26
LEGEND
JJLJOS
•
HAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, 1982-1986
COMPARISON. SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGES OF ALL JC61-JC85 PERPENDICULAR
STATIONS.
50
-------
Figure 26 illustrates that, for the most part, the lowest dissolved
oxygen levels along the southern New Jersey perpendicular stations during
the last five years occurred in 1985. With the exception of late July,
the dissolved oxygen levels along the southern New Jersey perpendiculars
in 1986 were higher than the previous four years. The dissolved oxygen
concentrations in late July 1986 were even slightly lower than in 1985.
Figure 27 displays the percentages of bottom dissolved oxygen samples
with concentrations below 4 mg/1 along the New Jersey perpediculars over
the last five years. The highest percentage of low dissolved oxygen
values, 44.4 percent, occurred in 1985. In 1986, the percentage dropped
considerably to below ten percent. The graph indicates that the per-
centage of dissolved oxygen values below 4 mg/1 fluctuates considerably
from year to year. In 1983 and 1985, the percentage of dissolved oxygen
concentrations below 4 mg/1 was significantly greater than in the other
three years.
Figure 28 shows a five year comparison of the semi-monthly averages
for the New York Bight Apex stations for the years 1982-1986. The aver-
age dissolved oxygen concentrations remained above 4 mg/1 from 1982 to
1986. In 1982, 1985 and 1986 the lowest dissolved oxygen concentrations
occurred in August followed by a dissolved oxygen recovery in September.
A dissolved oxygen "double minima" was observed in 1983 and 1985. In
general, the New York Bight Apex dissolved oxygen levels improved from
1985 to 1986.
All of the dissolved oxygen trend graphs presented of the New Jersey
perpendicular stations show that after an unusually large number of low
dissolved oxygen concentrations in 1985, there was considerable improve-
51
-------
9
to
Figure 27
PERCENT OF BOTTOM DO VALUES BELOW 4mg/l
60
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
16.8
OFF THE NJ COAST OVER THE LAST 5 YEARS
30.4 X
8.7 X
44.4 X
9.4 X
1982
1983
1984
Year
1985
1986
-------
Figure 28
LEGEND
o
.B..IXRV
D
HAY
JUN
JUL
AUC
SEP
ocr
NEW YORK BIGHT BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN. 1982-1986 COMPARISON.
SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGE OF ALL NEW YORK BIGHT STATIONS.
53
-------
merit in 1986. The prolonged depressed dissolved oxygen levels in 1985
were attributed to the decomposition of the organisms responsible for
the numerous algal blooms that occurred, the lack of meteorological events
favoring reaeration, such as substantial winds and storm activity, and the
presence of a strong thermocline. During the summer of 1986, fewer algal
blooms were observed, higher winds occurred, and there were numerous storms
promoting reaeration.
54
-------
V. BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS
FECAL COLIFORMS
New Jersey
Table 7 presents a summary of the fecal coliform data collected along
the coast of New Jersey between May 7, 1986 and August 13, 1986. The
geometric mean for each station is plotted in Figure 29. The overall State
water quality standard for New Jersey is 50 fecal coliforms/100ml. The
State standard for primary contact recreation along the New Jersey coast
is a geometric mean of 200 fecal coliforms/100 ml based on five or more
samples analyzed within a 30 day period. Due to the low values found and
the relatively small number of samples collected, only one geometric mean
was calculated for each station over the entire summer. The highest geo-
metric mean, 3.2, was at station JC 93 at Wildwood. Station JC 75 at
Atlantic City had a geometric mean of 3.1. All of the geometric means are
very low. Figure 29 clearly shows that the New Jersey coastal stations
are well below the bacteriological standard. Based on fecal coliform
data, New Jersey coastal waters have excellent water quality.
Throughout the summer sampling period, a total of 465 samples were
collected for fecal coliform analysis along the New Jersey Coast. Of the
465 samples, two or 0.4 percent were above 50 fecal coliforms/lOOml.
These samples were:
Station Date Sampled Fecal Coliforms/lOOml
JC 75 6/25/86 51
JC 93 7/23/86 100
The cause of the elevated value at JC 93 was probably poorly treated sewage
from the Wildwood Sewage Treatment Plant.
55
-------
Table 7
Summary of fecal coliform data
collected along the New Jersey coast
May 7, 1986 through August 13, 1986
Station
JC 01A
JC 02
JC 03
JC 05
JC 08
JC 11
JC 14
JC 21
JC 24
JC 27
JC 30
JC 33
JC 37
JC 41
JC 44
JC 47A
JC 49
JC 53
JC 55
JC 57
JC 59
JC 61
JC 63
JC 65
JC 67
JC 69
JC 73
JC 75
JC 77
JC 79
JC 81
JC 83
JC 85
JC 87
JC 89
JC 91
JC 93
JC 95
JC 97
JC 99
Number of
Samples Collected
12
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
Maximum Value
Fecal Coliform/ 10 Oral
7
3
4
7
2
15
8
15
2
10
10
8
3
1
0
0
4
12
2
6
0
4
0
2
3
3
5
51
6
6
2
16
6
5
18
4
100
3
10
4
Geometric Mean*
Fecal Coliform/10Oml
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
2.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.5
3.1
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.7
2.4
1.4
2.0
1.4
3.2
1.2
2.0
1.4
* Geometric means were calculated using the natural log
56
-------
Figure 29
50 «"
STANDARD
~i—i—i—i—i—r
i t r t r f i r
8 4
w
1
A
if
12
n
s!
n
.«
H
.:
1
fj
1
~
H
{,0
,0
J
=•
i
1.1
J
n
rt
n
r
i
i
ii
3.
•1
H
L
j
^
^
Z.O
.4
n
u
?n
>
! 1
t i
i (
1 [
\ i
. i
i 1
1 f
i
i
NEW JERSEY COAST STATIONS
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL COLFORM DATA COLLECTION ALONG THE
COAST OF NEW JERSEY, MAY 7,1986 TO AUG 13,1986.
(ACTUAL VALUES PRINTED ABOVE BARS)
57
-------
Long Island
Table 8 presents a summary of the fecal coliform data collected
along the coast of Long Island from May 12, 1986 through September 8, 1986.
The geometric mean for each station is plotted in Figure 30. The New York
State standard for primary contact recreation along the Long Island coast
is 200 fecal coliforms/100 ml. This value is a monthly geometric mean of
five or more samples. As with the New Jersey data, due to the low values
found and the relatively small number of samples collected, only one geome-
tric mean was calculated for each station over the entire summer. The
highest geometric mean was 2.1, which occurred at station LIC 16, Cedar
Island Beach. From Figure 30, it is apparent that the standard was not
approached. Based on fecal coliform data, the New York coastal waters
along Long Island are of excellent quality.
A total of 263 samples were collected during the summer along the
coast of Long Island and analyzed for fecal coliform bacteria. The highest
density found all summer, 30 fecal coliforms/100 ml, was at station LIC 16.
This value is well below the New York State standard.
58
-------
Table 8
Summary of fecal coliform data
collected along the Long Island coast
May 12, 1986 through September 8, 1986
Number of
Samples Collected
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Maximum Value
Fecal Coliform/ 10 Oml
4
27
17
10
15
9
8
16
8
5
5
5
18
30
3
11
16
4
2
4
1
9
8
6
7
13
Geometric Mean*
Fecal Coliform/ 10 Oml
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.3
2.1
1.2
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.7
Station
LIC 01
LIC 02
LIC 03
LIC 04
LIC 05
LIC 07
LIC 08
LIC 09
LIC 10
LIC 12
LIC 13
LIC 14
LIC 15
LIC 16
LIC 17
LIC 18
LIC 19
LIC 20
LIC 21
LIC 22
LIC 23
LIC 24
LIC 25
LIC 26
LIC 27
LIC 28
* Geometric means were calculated using the natural log
59
-------
200«-
10-r
Figure 30
STANDARD
-i 1 r—i
8
O
^ e
1
i O
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^^MBttltaHMt^Hrta18171'
jammnfttlolM
010203040507080910 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19202122232425262728
LONG ISLAND COAST STATIONS
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL COUFORM DATA COLLECTION ALONG THE
COAST OF LONG ISLAND, MAY 12,1986 TO SEP 8,198a
(ACTUAL VALUES PRINTED ABOVE BARS)
60
-------
New York Bight Apex
During the summer of 1986, a total, of 528 samples were collected in
the inner New York Bight (NYB) for fecal coliform analysis. The stations
sampled were the 20 inner NYB series stations, the LIC 09 and LIC 14
perpendicular stations, and the JC 14 and JC 27 perpendicular stations.
None of the fecal coliform densities exceeded 50 fecal coliforms/100ml.
The highest fecal coliform count, 16/100ml, occurred at station NYB 25
on July 15. There is no fecal coliform standard for the New York Bight
Apex waters. The value of 50 fecal coliforms/100 ml was chosen for use in
comparison with previous years. In 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984 and 1985, the
percentage of samples having densities above 50/100 ml was 0.7, 2.1, 0.9,
0.4 and 1.3 respectively.
61
-------
ENTEROCOCCI
The 1986 sampling program marked the second year that samples were
collected for enterococcus bacteria. Enterococcus bacteria are members of
the fecal streptococci group. The occurrence of fecal streptococci in bathing
waters indicates the presence of fecal contamination from warm-blooded animals.
The enterococcus group of bacteria includes the following species: Strepto-
coccus faecales; S. faecalis, subsp. liquefaciens; S. faecalis, subsp. zyogenes;
and S. faecium. Recent research (Cabelli 1982, 1983) has demonstrated that
enterococcus bacteria show a better correlation than fecal coliforms to gastro-
enteritis caused by swimming in contaminated water. The EPA criterion for
marine waters, a geometric mean of 35 enterococcus bacteria/100ml, was
published in the Federal Register on March 7, 1986.
New Jersey
Table 9 presents a summary of the enterococcus data collected along the
New Jersey coast from May 7 to August 13, 1986. The State of New Jersey
does not have a water quality standard for enterococcus bacteria. The EPA
criterion for enterococci in marine waters is 35 bacteria/100ml. This criter-
ion is based on a geometric mean of a statistically sufficient number of
>•
samples, generally not less than five samples equally spaced over a thirty
day period. Due to the low values found and the relatively small number of
samples collected, only one geometric mean was calculated for each station
over the entire summer. The geometric mean for each station is plotted in
Figure 31. Figure 31 shows that the geometric mean of enterococcus densities
at each station is well below the EPA criterion. All the geometric means
are low. The highest mean, 2.4, occurred at station JC 75, Atlantic City.
62
-------
Table 9
Summary of enterococci data
collected along the New Jersey coast
May 7,1986 through August 13, 1986
Station
JC 01A
JC 02
JC 03
JC 05
JC 08
JC 11
JC 14
JC 21
JC 24
JC 27
JC 30
JC 33
JC 37
JC 41
JC 44
JC 47A
JC 49
JC 53
JC 55
JC 57
JC 59
JC 61
JC 63
JC 65
JC 67
JC 69
JC 73
JC 75
JC 77
JC 79
JC 81
JC 83
JC 85
JC 87
JC 89
JC 91
JC 93
JC 95
JC 97
JC 99
Number of
Samples Collected
12
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
Maximum Value
Enterococci/1 00ml
7
16
3
4
3
5
22
15
2
5
5
24
8
2
4
5
3
2
3
3
4
6
5
3
1
4
3
29
4
4
4
1
15
8
7
4
4
4
3
4
Geometric Mean*
Enterococci/10 Oml
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.2
2.4
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.6
* Geometric means were calculated using the natural log
63
-------
35
10
Figure 31
STANDARD
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NEW JERSEY COAST STATIONS
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF ENTEROCOCC! DATA COLLECTION ALONG THE
COAST OF NEW JERSEY, MAY 7,1986 TO AUG 13,1986.
(ACTUAL VALUES PRINTED ABOVE BARS)
64
-------
A total of 465 samples were analyzed for enterococcus bacteria along
the New Jersey coast. No enterococcus densities were above the criterion
of 35/100ml. The highest enterococcus density detected during the summer
was 29/100ml at Atlantic. City, station JC 75, on June 25.
Based on enterococcus data, the quality of New Jersey coastal waters
is excellent.
Long Island
Table 10 presents a summary of the enterococcus data collected along the
Long Island coast from May 12, 1986 to September 8, 1986. The geometric
mean for each station is plotted in Figure 32. New York State does not
have a water quality standard for enterococcus bacteria. As with the New
Jersey data, the enterococcus data along the Long Island coast are compared
to the EPA criterion of 35 enterococci/lOOml. Due to the low values found
and the relatively small number of samples collected per station, only one
geometric mean was calculated for each station over the summer. The highest
geometric mean, 2.3, occurred at station LIC 25, West Hampton Beach. Figure
32 shows that all of the geometric means are well below the EPA criterion.
A total of 263 enterococcus samples were collected along the coast of
Long Island during the summer. Only one sample exceeded the enterococcus
criterion. On August 19, a count of 48 enterococci/lOOml occurred at
Rockaway, station LIC 02. A majority of the maximum densities detected
at each station were detected on August 19. This was attributed to storm
water runoff from a heavy storm which passed through area on August 18.
65
-------
Table 10
Summary of enterococci data
collected along the Long Island coast
May 12, 1986 through September 8, 1986
Station
LIC 01
LIC 02
LIC 03
LIC 04
LIC 05
LIC 07
LIC 08
LIC 09
LIC 10
LIC 12
LIC 13
LIC 14
LIC 15
LIC 16
LIC 17
LIC 18
LIC 19
LIC 20
LIC 21
LIC 22
LIC 23
LIC 24
LIC 25
LIC 26
LIC 27
LIC 28
Number of
Samples Collected
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Maximum Value
Enterococci/ 1 00ml
12
48
34
19
30
6
26
20
8
12
10
7
23
18
26
17
24
21
12
5
3
13
25
16
10
8
Geometric Mean*
Enterococci/ 10 Oml
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.1
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.9
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.4
2.3
1.5
1.5
1.3
* Geometric means were calculated using the natural log
66
-------
35
10-
Figure 32
STANDARD
—i 1 1 1 1 1 r
* \~j
i O I
j § •{-
II ^~ -"" ' "• ™~ ~'
£
__<•>«!
......... ~i9i8 -H
^12l3m1.3rnr5rini41r^13H JSrnt
i
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010203040507080910 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19202122232425262728
LONG ISLAND COAST STATIONS
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF ENTEROCOCCI DATA COLLECTION ALONG THE
COAST OF LONG ISLAND. MAY 12.1986 TO SEP 8.198a
(ACTUAL VALUES PRINTED ABOVE BARS)
67
-------
Based on the enterococcus densities, the water quality of the Long
Island coast is excellent.
New York Bight Apex
During the summer of 1986 a total of 528 samples were collected in the
inner New York Bight for enterococci analysis. The stations sampled were
the same as those sampled for fecal coliforms. None of the samples had
enterococcus densities above the EPA criterion of 35/100ml. The highest
density recorded during the summer was 32 enterococci/lOOml at station
NYB 45 on July 15. The cause of this elevated value was a recent sewage
sludge dump at the sewage sludge disposal site.
A further discussion of the bacteriological data prepared by the EPA
Regional laboratory, which includes a discussion of the standards, indicator
bacteria, materials, methods, and results, is presented in Appendix B.
68
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Cabelli, V. J., A. P. Dufour, L. J. McCabe, M. A. Levin, "A Marine
Recreational Water Quality Criterion Consistent with Indicator Concepts
and Risk Analysis", Journal WPCF, Volume 55, November 10, 1983.
2. Cabelli, V. J., A. P. Dufour, L. J. McCabe, M. A. Levin, "Swimming-
Associated Gastroenteritis and Water Quality", American Journal of
Epidemiology, Volume 115, No. 4, 1982.
3. National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere, "The Role of the
Ocean in a Waste Management Strategy", Washington, D.C., January 1981.
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1981", Environmental Services Division, Region 2, Edison,
New Jersey, January 1983.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1982", Environmental Services Division, Region 2, Edison,
New Jersey, May 1984.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1983", Environmental Services Division, Region 2, Edison,
New Jersey, February 1985.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1984", Environmental Services Division, Region 2, Edison,
New Jersey, August 1985.
69
-------
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1985", Environmental Services Division, Region 2, Edison,
New Jersey, August 1986.
70
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APPENDIX "A"
SUMMARY OF PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS
AND RELATED EVENTS
IN NEW JERSEY COASTAL WATERS
SUMMER OF 1986
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
Division of Water Resources
Bureau of Monitoring Management
Biological Services Unit
-------
Synopsis
Red tides caused by several phytoflagellate species, notably
Prorocentrum spp. and Olisthodiscus luteus, have occurred
annually in Lower New York Bay and adjacent New Jersey coastal
waters for at least 25 years (Mahoney and McLaughlin, 1977).
Although the blooms were not of the acutely toxic varieties, they
were sometimes associated with irritation to bathers or fish
kills via anoxia when the blooms collapsed. The New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), Division of Water
Resources, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region II
(Edison, N.J.) and the(NMFS) National Marine Fisheries Service.
(Sandy Hook Laboratory) cooperatively have monitored phytoplankton
species composition and bloom development in the N.J. northern
shore (Raritan Bay to Island Beach) since 1974 (USEPA, 1978-85;
Olsen and Cohn, 1979). Standard methodologies were developed
jointly by the NMFS, Sandy Hook Laboratory and the Division of
Water Resources (DWR) Bureau of Monitoring Management,
Biological Services Unit. These are incorporated by the DWR
(NJDEP DWR, 1983) and also recorded by the Biological Services
Unit as Standard Operating Procedures.
Within the past few summers (especially in 1984-85) "green tides"
caused by a dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium aureolum, occurred along
the central to southern N.J. shore, while the red tides to the
north were less conspicuous than in previous years. In 1986, in
response to the green tide events, routine monitoring for
phytoplankton and related parameters was expanded to include the
New Jersey coast between Island Beach and Cape May. Four
locations were added in the southern half of the coastline
(Figure 2) while, in the northern half, two (NYB20 and JC37) were
deleted and one (JC49) added (Figure 1). This raised the total
number of sampling stations from nine to twelve. Also in 1986,
the Interagency Green Tide Strategy Committee was formed
consisting primarily of representatives of the USEPA, NMFS,
NJDEP, Rutgers University and the N.J. Sea Grant Extension
Service. In conjunction with this an "Environmental Inventory
for Green Tide" (USEPA, 1986), summarizing information for the
N.Y. Bight, was prepared under direction of the USEPA, Region II.
Additionally, the NJDEP Bureau of Monitoring Management undertook
a baseline intensive survey in 1986 of waters in the Atlantic
City/Ocean City vicinity.
In 1986, while no extensive red or green tides were observed, the
minute chlorophyte previously identified as Nannochloris atomus
was ubiquitous in bloom concentrations, resulting in muddy green
colored water along the entire coast of New Jersey. This
condition was also present in 1985, overlapping the area of the
"green tides" and extending offshore in the area of the Hudson
Shelf Valley. In both 1985 and '86, blooms became conspicuous in
the intracoastal system progressing from Barnegat Bay southward;
this parallelled the "brown tide" that occurred almost
simultaneously in eastern Long Island embayments (Table 1). In
early to mid-June of 1986, a red tide of Katodinium rotundatum
A-l
-------
occurred from Raritan Bay to the upper Monmouth County coast; as
in previous years it was apparently densest and most persistent
in Sandy Hook Bay. In an event remote from our routine sampling
pattern, a red tide (species unconfirmed) was observed in early
July along the cape shore of Delaware Bay. Throughout New Jersey
reports of ill effects to bathers, or fish kills, due to algae
blooms were minimal in 1986.
A-2
-------
1986 Highlights
The brilliant "Green Tide" which had been prominent the previous
two summers was conspicuous in its absence in 1986. It had
occurred in the south-central New Jersey shore where such
phenomena, including red tides, had previously been uncommon.
The green tide species, identified as Gyrodinium aureolum, was
found in low concentrations (to 500 cells/ml) in our samples off
south Ocean City from July 17-22 and off Atlantic City during
August 6-7, 1986; it was found again, with several other species
more abundant, in non-routine samples taken in a lagoon (Clam
Creek) off Absecon Inlet and in the surf of northern Ocean County
between September 1 and 11 (Table 2). Development of green tide
blooms this summer may have been precluded by adverse weather
conditions (Table 1) during the period when the species was
present.
The minute chlorophyte previously identified as Nannochloris
atomus was present again in dense concentrations to 500,000
cells/ml (Table 2). It caused muddy green colored water along
much of the coast between Sandy Hook and Cape May, overlapping
the area where the "green tide" had occurred. This was reflected
in high chlorophyll-a levels from mid-July to mid-September in
our 1986 Atlantic City/Ocean City survey (data unpublished).
Similarly, the yellowish-brown water which became conspicuous in
Barnegat Bay the past few summers, in 1986 was seen in dense
concentrations (>1,000,000 cells/ml) throughout much of the
intracoastal system at least as far south as Great Egg Harbor.
This bloom parallelled the "brown tide" that was present in
eastern Long Island but without the serious environmental effects
of the latter. In the vicinity of tidal inlets between Barnegat
and Great Egg Harbor, N.J., and at Fire Island, L.I., a distinct
demarcation at times was noted between the intracoastal brown
water and the coastal greenish water; this was possibly due to
differences in species composition of the blooms as well as
differences in background water quality (Table 1). Periods of
abundance of several diatom and phytoflagellate species occurred
before and after the Nannochloris peak in August (Table 2).
Offshore water which, in 1985, had been reported somewhat
discolored as far as the Hudson Canyon were generally clear in
1986; several species normally found in mid-shelf waters were
present (Table 1). Greenish water was reported the second week
of August in the mid-shelf area southward of the Hudson Shelf
Valley, but this condition apparently did not persist.
In earlier events this season, fishermen on a party boat in the
Asbury Park-Deal vicinity, in late May experienced "brown slime"
on their lines (Table 1). This is likely the result of heavy
spring diatom blooms (Mahoney and Steimle, 1979). Of late this
has been an annual recurrence, especially within the Bight Apex;
subsequent phytoflagellate blooms have had similar effects in
these waters. Also in late May - early June, "fingers" or
A-3
-------
streaks of brown to green water were observed from the beach to a
few miles out between Long Branch and Long Beach Island; farther
south, waters adjacent to the beach were generally discolored.
These were likely wind-driven suspensions consisting of detritus
and diatom bloom remnants, with a greater proportion of
particulate matter from estuarine drainage off southern New
Jersey.
As in previous years, local red tides occured initially in late
spring-early summer in the Raritan/Sandy Hook estuary and spread
to adjacent N.J. coastal areas. One of the few usually dominant
species, Katodinium rotundatum, was primarily responsible in
1986. Also during this period, at New Jersey's southern extreme,
a red tide of an unconfirmed species was reported in Delaware Bay
(Table 1). This was associated with westerly winds which
apparently concentrated the organisms along the northwestern
portion of the cape shore. Red tides are known to occur in
Delaware Bay (Martin and Nelson, 1929; Pomeroy et al, 1956) but
have not been routinely reported. Very few incidents of fish
kills or bathers complaints due to red tides in New Jersey were
reported in 1986.
A-4
-------
Discussion
In the vicinity of the Hudson/Raritan estuary, phytoplankton
blooms recur in a generally hypertrophic environment (Mahoney and
McLaughlin, 1977). Macro-nutrients are normally at high levels
within the estuary (Draxler et al, 1982) and its coastal plume
(Malone et al, 1985), while concentratious ample for algal growth
at times are present along much of the New Jersey coast (Tables 3
and 4). Nitrogen is generally more critical than phosphorus
(Ryther and Dunstan, 1971); regeneration, reflected in higher
ammonia levels, accounts for a greater proportion of the
available N in summer. Given sufficient nutrient concentrations,
phytoplankton production is thus governed by physical factors,
e.g. temperature, light intensity, etc. Production may be high
over a relatively wide area, especially around the Bight apex
(Marshall and Cohn, 1982; Malone et al, 1985); however, most red
or green tides southward off New Jersey occur in waters adjacent
to the coastline (NJDEP, 1978-85).
The estuaries and embayments form natural retention areas
promoting phytoplankton blooms, which may extend into adjacent
nearshore locales. Red tides in the open sea, however, are often
dependent on other physical processes to concentrate the
organisms or bring them in contact with nutrient-rich water.
This is seen in various regions of the globe, such as in European
waters where blooms of G_»_ aureolum have resulted through vertical
movements of the dinoflagellates, wind-driven upwelling or
convergence of different water masses (Tangen, 1977); similar
effects have been observed in major estuaries such as Delaware
Bay on the U.S. east coast (Pomeroy et al, 1956). In the New
York Bight, where oceanic and meteorological forces also exert
major influence, wind is seen to be a dominant factor (USEPA,
1986). On the mid-Atlantic Bight inner shelf, prevailing flow
from a northeasterly direction is often reversed in summer by
predominant winds from a west to south quadrant (Bumpus, 1973);
this could result in greater residence time of waters within the
N.Y. Bight. In the New Jersey nearshore zone, sustained winds
from a southwesterly direction may also force upwelling (Ingham
and Eberwine, 1984); while this influx of deeper water may
contribute to subsequent blooms, the corresponding decrease in
surface temperature along with turbulent conditions may
temporarily inhibit phytoflagellate activity. This possibly
happened in 1986 when the green tide failed to materialize,
although concentrations of Nannochloris were quite substantial
through the period. This summer, strong southwesterly winds
prevailed and several days of strong easterly winds, highlighted
by Hurricane Charley, were noted in August (NOAA data);
consequently, hypoxic conditions were not extensive in 1986
(USEPA data). In 1985, however, pronounced stratification and
hypoxia were present in areas adjacent to the northeast of those
where green tides occurred. Without forcing upwelling, moderate
winds from an easterly quadrant could favor bloom development by
A-5
-------
increasing retention of water alongshore in proximity to various
external nutrient sources. In the south-central New Jersey
shore, tidal mixing with estuarine and intracoastal waters may
contribute significantly to this, since there are five inlets
within a 25-mile stretch from Long Beach Island through Ocean
City., Due to the change in alignment of the coastline in this
region (Figure 2), sustained winds from a southerly direction
could increase retention in the southern portion while inducing
upwelling in the northernmost portion. This apparently happened
in July of 1985 when green tides of GL_ aureolum were not observed
north of Atlantic City, but Nannochloris sp. bloomed in both
northern and southern areas (NJDEP, 1985); surf temperatures at
that time were reported at 75 F in Cape May County while, in
Ocean County a sudden drop to 58 - 60 F was reported.
The green tide species, identified as Gyrodinium aureolum, was
first described from Cape Cod by Hulburt in 1957. It is an
unarmored dinoflagellate with some variation in size and shape;
cells are essentially globular, but somewhat ellipsoidal to
broadly conical, with length less than 20um to about 3 Sum and
girdle displacement 15-20%. Our specimens were in good agreement
with Hulburt's description. Most accounts of the species
describe the chloroplasts as yellow-brown, but Taylor (1985)
describes them as pale green. Blooms of it were first recorded
in 1966 from Norway; it has since become the most common red tide
dinoflagellate in European waters, with evidence that it can be
toxic to marine fauna (Tangen, 1977). Some mortality of crabs
and mussels, possible avoidance by fish, and ill effects to
bathers were noted during the New Jersey blooms. G. aureolum has
also been observed in the South Atlantic off Brazil and,
possibly, in the Pacific off Japan (Taylor, 1985). In our
region, the first documented blooms were localized in a Long
Island estuary in 1982 (Chang and Carpenter, 1985). The presence
of the species in the New York Bight was first documented in a
1974-78 estuarine and coastal survey (Olsen and Cohn, 1979), and
subsequently in a 1978-81 ocean survey (Marshall and Cohn, 1982)
at several locations, most within 20 miles of the southern N.J.
coast. This may represent a seed source for the coastal blooms,
since G. aureolum is apparently a normal inhabitant of inner
shelf waters. Several other observations of green tide blooms
were made both in New Jersey and Long Island between 1979 and
1984, but these were relatively transient and localized.
Competition from red tide species may be a factor in why major
green tides in N.J. did not occur in the northern shore;
trace metal concentrations (Mahoney, 1982) or hyperchlorination
of effluents in area waters are other factors possibly
suppressing blooms. Problems in identification of G. aureolum
arise from the fact that, in order to keep the cells intact,
samples must be maintained live under in-situ conditions.
Because of its low incidence in 1986, we were not able to isolate
specimens for culturing and eventual toxicity and growth testing.
Regarding the possible "brown tide" bloom in our intracoastal
system, the organism closely resembled that recently identified
A-6
-------
as a chrysophyte, Aureococcus anorexefferens, by Sieburth et al
(unpublished) from Rhode Island and eastern Long Island
embayments (Table 1). Using light microscopy, however, the
coccoid cells of about 2um could not be distinguished from
Nannochloris atomus Butcher, which has been ubiquitous in our
region. In 1986, apparently spreading southward from Barnegat
Bay, it persisted from July through September with peak cell
concentrations in August exceeding 1.5 x 10/ml and corresponding
Secchi readings less than 0.5m. While shading may have had some
effect on the eelgrass and local sportfishing, depletion of our
shellfisheries was apparently minimal; our primary resource, the
hard clam, was not adversely affected as were the bay scallop of
Long Island and the blue mussel of Rhode Island. Future
determinations employing electron or epifluorescent microscopy
and pigment analysis are needed for positive identification of
the brown tide species in New Jersey.
The paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin in Flanders Bay,
L.I. (Table 1) was detected in shellfish collected there;
apparently, no humans were affected since the area was
subsequently closed to shellfish harvesting. In the northeastern
U.S., incidence of PSP in humans has been associated with the
occurrence of the causative species, Gonyaulax tamarensis,
primarily in the Gulf of Maine (Hurst, 1979). The dinoflagellate
has more recently been found in southern New England (Anderson et
al., 1982) and Long Island embayments as close to New Jersey as
the southern shore of Nassau County (Freudenthal, 1983). It has
been found in low concentrations at several locations in the
ocean within 20 mi. of the N.J. coast (Marshall and Cohn, 1982).
A recent survey of New Jersey coastal waters (Cohn et al.,
unpublished), concurrent with our red tide monitoring, has also
detected low concentrations of G. tamarensis in a few southern
N.J. embayments.
A-7
-------
References
Anderson, D.M.; Kulis, D.M.; Orphanos, J.A.; and Ceurvels, A.R.
1982. Distribution of the toxic dinoflagellat Gonayaulax
tamarensis in the southern New England region. Est. Coast. Shelf
Sci., 14:447-458.
Bumpus, D.F. 1973. A description of the circulation on the
continental shelf of the east coast of the United States. Progr.
Oceanogr., 6:111-157.
Chang, J. and Carpenter, E.J. 1985. Blooms of the dinoflagellate
Gyrodinium aureolum in a Long Island estuary: Box model analysis
of bloom maintenance. Mar. Biol., 89:83-93.
Cohn, M.S.; Olsen, P.; Mahoney, J.B.; and Feerst, E.
(unpublished). Gonyaulax tamarensis occurrence in New Jersey.
(1987.)
Draxler, A.F.J.; Waldhauer, R.; Matte, A.; and Mahoney, J.B.
1984. Nutrients, hydrography and their relationship to
phytoflagellates in the Hudson-Raritan estuary. Bull. N.J. Acad.
Sci., 29:97-120.
Freudenthal, A.R. 1983. Paralytic shellfish poisoning monitoring
program. Clearwaters, 13:21-23.
Hulburt, E.M. 1957. The taxomomy of unarmored Dionphyceae of
shallow embayments on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Biol. Bull.,
112:196-219.
Hurst, J.W., Jr. 1979. Shellfish monitoring in Maine, pp.
231-234 in Taylor, D. and Seliger, H. (eds.). Toxic
Dinoflagellate Blooms. Proc. 2nd Internat. Conf. Elsevier-North
Holland, New York.
Ingham, M.C. and Eberwine, J. 1984. Evidence of nearshore summer
upwelling off Atlantic City, New Jersey. NOAA Tech. Memo.
NMFS-F/NEC-31. U.S. Dept. of Comm. 10 p.
Mahoney, J.B. 1982. The effects of trace metals on growth of a
phytoflagellate, Olisthodiscus luteus, which blooms in Lower New
York Bay. Bull. N.J. Acad. Sci., 27:53-57.
Mahoney, J.B. and McLaughlin, J.J.A. 1977. The association of
phytoflagellate blooms in Lower New York Bay with
hypertrophication. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 28:53-65.
A-8
-------
Mahoney, J.B. and Steimle, F.W., Jr. 1980. Possible association
of fishing gear clogging with a diatom bloom in the Middle
Atlantic Bight. Bull. N.J. Acad. Sci., 25:18-21.
/.
Malone, T.C.; Chervin, M.D.; Stepien, J.P.; Garside, C.;
Litchfield, C.D.; and Thomas, J.P. 1985. Synoptic investigation
of nutrient cycling in the coastal plume of the Hudson and
Raritan Rivers: Plankton dynamics. NOAA Grant Rep. to Ocean
Assessments Div., Rockville, MD. 119 p.
Marshall, H.G. and Conn, M.S. 1982. Seasonal phytoplankton
assemblages in northeastern coastal waters of the United States.
NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/NEC-15. Woods Hole, MA. 31 p.
Martin, G.W. and Nelson, J.C. 1929. Swarming of dinoflagellates
in Delaware Bay, N.J. Bot. Gazette, 88:218-224.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP)
annual report. Summmary of phytoplankton blooms and related
events in New Jersey coastal waters summer of 1978-1985 (inc.).
NJDEP, Division of Water Resources. Trenton.
NJDEP, Division of Water Resources, 1983. Field Procedures
Manual for Water Data Acquisition. NJDEP, DWR. Trenton. 89 p.
and appendix.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data.
Local climatological data monthly summary, July-August, 1986.
NOAA, National Weather Service . Atlantic City, N J.
Olsen, P. and Cohn, M. 1979. Phytoplankton in Lower New York Bay
and adjacent New Jersey estuarine and coastal areas. Bull. N.J.
Acad. Sci., 24:59-70.
Pomeroy, L.R.; Haskin, H.H.; and Ragotzkie, R.A. 1956.
Observations on dinoflagellate blooms. Limnol. and Oceanogr.,
1:54-60.
Ryther, J.H. and Dunstan, W.M. 1971. Nitrogen, phosphorus and
eutrophication in the coastal marine environment. Science,
171:1008-1013.
Sieburth, J.M.; Johnson, P.W.; and Hargraves, P.E.
Characterization of Aureococcus anorexefferens gen. et. sp. nov.
(Chrysophyceae); the dominant picoplankter during the summer 1985
bloom in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. (Submitted to J.
Phycol. 1986.)
Tangen, K. 1977. Blooms of Gyrodinium aureolum (Dinophyceae) in
north European waters accompanied by mortality in marine
organisms. Sarsia, 63:123-133.
A-9
-------
Taylor, F.J.R. 1985. The Taxonomy and relationships of red tide
flagellates, pp. 11-26 in Anderson, White, and Baden (ed's).
Toxic Dinoflagellates. Proc. 4th. Int'l. Conf. New Brunswick,
Canada.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) annual report. New
York Bight water quality summer of 1977-1985 (inc.). USEPA,
Region II, Surveillance and Monitoring Branch. Edison, N.J.
USEPA, 1986. An Environmental inventory of the New Jersey
coast/New York Bight relevant to green tide occurrence. Prepared
by: Science Applications International Corp. under contract to
Battelle Memorial Institute for USEPA, Region II, New York, NY.
137 p. and appendix.
A-10
-------
Table 1. Sequence of events reported during the 1986 season.
DATE
LOCATION
OBSERVATION
CONDITION/NOTE
May 27
30
June 2
June 11
15
Asbury Park
to Deal
Long Branch
to south Jersey
Sandy Hook
Rari tan-Sandy Hook
Bay; Sandy Hook to
Deal
New York bight apex
Island Beach to Long
Beach Island; Little
Egg Inlet to Wildwood
Raritan-Sandy Hook
Bay
Sandy Hook Bay at
Highlands
"brown slime" on
lines (party boat)
"fingers" of brown
to green water
from beach out a
few miles (EPA
helicopter)
red tide off beach
(L. Jargowsky,
Monmouth Co. Health
Dept.)
heavy red tide in
bay extending half-*
way down Sandy
Hook on ocean side;
patchy from there
to Deal; dissolved
oxygen levels high
(EPA helicopter)
"fingers" again out
from beach; general
brown discoloration
south of Long Beaclc
Island (EPA heli-
copter)
red tide in bay -
ocean clear (EPA
helicopter);
red tide heavy,dead
bunker in bay (K.
Sass, NJDEP)
probable algal
bloom remnants
probable wind-
driven suspen-
sions; samples
full of stringy
material, dia-
toms abundant
dense bloom of
Katodinium rotun-
datum
dense bloom of •
Katodinium rotun-
datum
D.O. 10 - 11 ppm.
probable result of
red tide bloom
probable wind-driven
suspensions; dia-
toms and particulate
matter plentiful in
samples; more tidal
mixing in southern
area
heavy bloom of K.
rotundatum continued
in bay; dead fish
likely from pound nets
24 Long Island, Peconic
system into Flanders
Bay
massive bloom of
"brown tide"; PSP
toxin also detected
in Flanders Bay
(R. Nuzzi, Suffolk
Co. Health Dept.)
very dense bloom of
Aureococcus anorex-
efferans, 2X106
cells/ml to 40ft.
depth (see Discussion);
PSP due to Gonyaulax
tamarensis
A-ll
-------
DATE
LOCATION
OBSERVATION
CONDITION/NOTE
June 27
July 8
9
11
14
17
21-28
29
Barnegat Bay at
Harvey Cedars
Ocean City
Atlantic City
Delaware Bay, (north)
west cape shore
Barnegat Bay
New York, Jamaica
Bay at Hook Creek
Spring Lake
Sandy Hook to
Wildwood
Long Island, vicinity
of Fire Is. Inlet
30
Ocean Beach
brown water
(EPA helicopter)
upwelling in surf;
air warm, water
cool (D. Rosen-
blatt, NJDEP)
red tide (H. Haskin
Rutgers U. Shell-
fish Research Lab.)
resembling
"brown tide"
bottom cooler than
surface (5°F differ-
ence) within one
mile of beach; wind
from west
species unconfirmed;
wind from west
brown water, heavi- apparent bloom of
est behind Long Nannochloris atomus
Beach Island but ( 10b cells/ml]^
extending all across water color yellow-
bay and north to ish-brown
Toms River (EPA)
reddish-brown water
(R. Austin, NYDEC)
objectionable
floating material
on beach (Monmouth
Co. Health Dept.)
greenish water be-
coming apparent
along much of N.J.
coast
greenish water in
ocean adjacent to
inlet; brown water
in Great South Bay
(L. Cosper, State
U. of N.Y. Stony
Brook)
patch of red water
in surf (Ocean Co.
Health Dept.)
annual blooms of var-
ious species (brown
to green water)
normal in this re-
gion
not unusual in this
vicinity
dense bloom(s) of
N[. atomus (T500,000
cells/ml)
marked contrast in
the inlet between
green and brown
water; brown tide
still in Peconic Bay
K. rotundatum domi-
nant, several species
abundant, copepods
numerous in sample
A-12
-------
DATE
LOCATION
OBSERVATION
CONDITION/NOTE
July 12-
August 1?
August 6-2?
August 2-5
N.J. offshore and
inshore off Long
Beach Island
Ocean City -
Atlantic City
water generally
clear, "conditions
normal" (J. Tiede-
rnann, N.J0 Sea
Grant Extension
Service)
surf light green,
water warm (>70°F)
calm
usual species domi-
nant: diatoms -
Leptocylindrus,
Rhizosolenia sp.;
dinoflagellates -
Prorocentrum (in-
shore), Peridinium
sp.; concentrations,
including nanno-
planktonic forms, low
to moderate
continued NL atomus
bloom; generally good
weather, breezes on-
shore.
6-8 Ocean City -
Atlantic City
10 offshore, mid shelf
easterly of Long
Beach Island
15-21 mid-Atlantic region
25
Atlantic City-
Ocean City
surf turbid, water
cool (<65°F) south
to north current
greenish water over
a considerable area
(fishermen) water
warm ( 75°)
Hurricane Charley
off Carolinas,
turned eastward
off Cape May
algal concentra-
tions diminished
in coastal waters
sustained•winds from
southwest.(prevalent
this summer) with fre-
quent frontal systems
& thunderstorms
inshore water moved
offsnore, apparently
a transient condi-
tion
sustained winds from
easterly, strong off
N.J. (gale force on
8/18)
result of turbulent
conditions
September
2-3
12
18
Atlantic City-
Ocean City, Monmouth/
Ocean Co.
Mud Dump, N.Y. Bight
apex
Harvey Cedars-
Barnegat Inlet,
Barnegat Bay
Atlantic City -
Ocean City
A-13
greenish water
again present
(NJDEP)
apparent red tide
bloom (EPA Heli-
copter)
light green water
in ocean near
beach, marked con-
trast in inlet
with brown water
from bay
greenish water per-
sisting in oceanj
brown water, in bay
reflected in cell
counts and chlorophyll
level, higher than
last week
species unconfirmed
partially due to differ-
ences in depth and
background water quality
last NJDEP sampling
in 1986
-------
Table 2.
Succession of major phytoplankton species found in the 1986
survey. Terras for relative abundance are defined as
follows: sub-dominant (1) = cell counts or densities 3
approaching 10 /ml; dominant (2) = densities exceeding 10
/ml (105 for Nannochloris); bloom (3) = counts exceeding
10 (10 for Nannochloris) often producing visible water
coloration. No designation indicates that the species was
either present in very low densities or was not observed.
All species are included under one of four taxonomic groups
designated as (a) diatoms = Bacillariophyceae; (b)
dinoflagellates = Dinophyceae; (c) other phytoflagellates =
Chrysophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Euglenophyceae,
Cryptophyceae; etc. (d) non-motile coccoids = Chlorophyceae.
A-14
-------
Table 2.
Late Spring (May 22 - June 11)
(a) Ifiptccylindrus sp.
Skeletonema costatum
Cyclotella sp.
Talassiosira gravida
T. nordenskioldii
Cerataulina pelagica
Chaetoceros sp.
Asterionella glacialis
Nitzschia seriata
Prorocentrum minimm
P. redfieldi
Katodiniura rotundatum
Olisthodiscus luteus
Nannochloris atcnus
Sampling
Location
(b)
(c)
(d)
01
(b)
Early Summer (June 18 - July 9)
(a) Leptocylmdrus sp-
S. costatum
Cyclotella sp.
T. gravida
T. nordenskioldii
C. pelagica
Chaetoceros sp.
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Prorocentrum means
P. minimum
P. redfieldi
Amphidinium fusiforme
K. rotundatum
.(d) N. atotnus
Mid-Summer (July 16 - August 6)
(a) P. tricornutum
Rhizoslenia delicatula
(b) Prorocentrum triangulatum
P. micans
K. rotundatum
(d) N. atonus
Late Summer (August 13 - September 18)
(a)
(b)
(d)
S. costatum
A. glacialis
P. tricornutum
P. redfieldi
K. rotundatum
N.atomus
RB32
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
3
1
2
1
3
RB15
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
2
3
1
2
1
3
JC05
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
JC11 JC21 JC30
2 1
2 1
2
2 1
1
1
2 1
1 1
111
2
1
1
1
1 1
21 1
1 1
32 1
1
2
2
31 3
JC49 JC57 JC65
212
1
2
1
2
1
111
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
213
1
1
2 1
32 2
JC75
3
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
JC83
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
3
1
2
1
3
JC93
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
3
-------
TABLE 3.
Nutrient Data For The Red Tide
Survey: NH3 + NH 4 (mg/1)
NC>2 + N03 (mg/1)
K = below detectable limits
DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION
22 May
28 May
4 June
11 June
18 June
25 June
9 July
16 July
23 July
30 July
6 Aug.
13 Aug.
RB32 RB15 JC05 JC11 JC21 JC30 JC49 JC57 JC65 JC75 JC83 JC93
.390
.18
.470
.22
.630
.25
.470
.10
.560
.20
.460
.23
.290
.26
.550
.26
.480
.27
.570
.37
.280
.43
.860
.43
.010K
.06
.060
.OIK
.020
.02
.010K
.OIK
.060
.01
.010K
.OIK
.040
.OIK
.100
.OIK
.070
.18
.210
.22
.100
.12
.110
.29
.010K
.03
.050
.OIK
.030
.03
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.01
.010K
.06
.040
.OIK
.130
.04
.020
.08
.190
.12
.070
.05
.110
.11
.010K
.02
.070
.01
.030
.04
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.01
.010K
.01
.440
.OIK
.100
.OIK
.080
.03
.650
.03
.110
.02
.090
.09
.030
.01
.030
.04
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.02
.010K
.02
.020
.OIK
.100
.02
.010K
.04
.120
.02
.110
.OIK
.120
.08
.040
.OIK
.030
.03
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.01
.010K
.OIK
.030
.OIK
.060
.OIK
.010K
.02
.070
.01
.090
.OIK
.070
.OIK
.040
.01
.030
.03
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.01
.010K
.02
.010
.OIK
.050
.OIK
.010K
.01
.110
.02
.020
.01
.050
.OIK
.050
.OIK
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.02
.010K
.03
.030
.OIK
.070
.OIK
.010K
.02
.060
.01
.030
.OIK
.030
.OIK
.040
.01
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.01
.010K
.02
.030
.OIK
.060
.OIK
.060
.01
.020
.OIK
.020
.OIK
.090
.OIK
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.01
.010K
.02
.030
.OIK
.060
.02
.010K
.01
.020
.OIK
.080
.01
.040
.OIK
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.02
.010K
.OIK
.040
.OIK
.070
.01
.010K
.02
.020
.OIK
.070
.OIK
.050
.OIK
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.OIK
.010K
.02
.010K
.OIK
.040
.01
.040
.01
.010K
.02
.010
.OIK
.050
.OIK
-------
TABLE 4.
Nutrient Data For The Red Tide
Survey: PO4 Total (mj/1)
P04 ortho (mg/1)
K = below detectable limits
DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION
RB32
RB15
JC5
JC11
JC21
JC30
JC49
JC57
JC65
JC75
JC83
JC93
22 May
28 May
4 June
11 June
18 June
25 June
9 July
16 July
23 July
30 July
6 Aug.
13 Aug.
.120
.050
.120
.060
.130
.090
.130
.030
.160
.090
.120
.120
.160
.100
.170
.150
.190
.160
.210
.140
.190
.170
.220
.200
.080
.020
.100
.020
.120
.020
.090
.020
.120
.040
.100
.070
.160
.060
.110
- .060
.210
.170
.230
.200
.150
.080
.170
.170
.060
.020
.040
.020
.020
.020
.050
.030
.050
.030
.050
.040
.050
.020
.050
.050
.080
.050
.100
.070
.060
.040
.080
.030
.060
.020
.040
.020
.030
.030
.090
.040
.060
.030
.030
.030
.050
.060
.050
.030
.070
.040
.120
.070
.060
.040
.070
.070
.030
.020
.030
.030
.050
.030
.040
.030
.030
.030
.040
.020
.050
.030
.070
.030
.060
.030
.070
.030
.060
.050
.040
.020
.020
.020
.090
.030
.030
.020
.050
.030
.030
.010
.030
.020
.070
.040
.040
.020
.060
.020
.040
.030
.030
.010
.020
.020
.080
.020
.030
.030
.020
.020
.010
.010
.030
.020
.050
.020
.030
.020
.020
.010K
.040
.020
.030
.020
.010K
.020
.050
.020
.040
.030
.020
.020
.030
.010
.020
.010
.060
.030
.030
.020
.020
.010
.030
.020
.040
.020
.020
.020
.050
.020
.050
.030
.030
.020
.040
.020
.020
.020
.050
.020
.030
.010
.020
.010
.100
.030
.080
.050
.050
.020
.040
.030
.070
.030
.040
.030
.040
.030
.070
.040
.050
.030
.060
.040
.070
.020
.020
.020
.090
.020
.050
.030
.040
.030
.040
.030
.040
.030
.070
.040
.050
.030
.040
.040
.050
.010
.020
.020
.030
.010
.060
.030
.040
.030
.030
.020
.030
.020
.060
.030
.030
.010
.040
.030
-------
N
Kilometers
NEW JERSEY COAST STATION LOCATIONS - SANDY HOOK TO
ISLAND BEACH PARK
Figure 1. New Jersey northern shore locations where phytoplankton and
nutrient samples are collected by the EPA helicopter.
A-18
-------
NEW JERSEY
BEACH
HAVEN
ATLANTIC CITY
STRATHMERE
CAPE MAY
POINT
NEW JERSEY COAST STATION LOCATIONS - BARNEGAT TO CAPE MAY POINT
Figure 2. New Jersey southern shore locations where phytoplankton and
nutrient samples are collected by the EPA helicopter.
A-19
-------
APPENDIX "B"
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
NEW YORK BIGHT
SUMMER 1986
-------
Introduction
A study of the density* of fecal coliform (FC) and enterococcus organisms
was conducted in 1986 as part of the continuing annual monitoring of the
nearshore waters off the Long Island and New Jersey Coast. Monitoring
at selected stations in the New York Bight was also conducted together
with perpendicular stations off the New Jersey and Long Island coast.
By determining the bacteriological water quality, one can estimate
potential health risks associated with the presence of sewage pollution.
Epidemiological studies have attempted to assess the incidence of illness
with bathing in water containing fecal contamination. Evidence exists
that there is a relationship between bacterial water quality and trans-
mission of certain infectious diseases (Cabelli, V.J., et al, 1979, 1980).
Investigations have shown that agents of bacterial disease, enteropatho-
genic/toxigenic E. coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Salmonella and Shigella
are excreted in large numbers in the feces of infected individuals, and
are thus potentially present in sewage. It is common practice to use an
indicator organism to detect fecal contamination because of the ease
of isolating and quantitating the microorganisms on membrane filters.
Elaborate procedures are usually required for the detection of most
pathogens in mixed populations. When numerous indicator organisms are
present, the likelihood of pathogens being isolated is far greater.
A fecal coliform bacterial guideline for primary contact recreational
waters was recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
in 1976, and subsequently adopted by most of the states. The EPA standard
stated that fecal coliforms should be used as the indicator to evaluate
the suitability of recreational waters, and recommended that fecal coli-
forms, as determined by MPN or MF procedure and based on a minimum of
not less than five samples taken over not more than a 30-day period,
shall not exceed a log mean of 200/100 ml, nor shall more than 10% of
the total samples during any 30-day period exceed 400/100 ml. Rationale
for the limits was developed using data collected from studies at the Great
Lakes, Michigan and the Inland River, Ohio which showed an epidemiological,
detectable health effect at levels of 2300-2400 coliforms/100 ml. Subsequent
investigations conducted on the Ohio River suggested that fecal coliforms
represent 18% of the total coliforms. This would indicate that detectable
health effects may occur at a fecal coliform level of approximately
400/100 ml. A limit of 200 PCs per 100 ml would therefore provide a quality
of water which should exceed that which would cause a health effect.
New York State, for its primary contact recreational coastal waters,
has adopted the log mean of 200 fecal coliforms/100 ml. New Jersey,
however, chose to adopt more stringent limits. For their coastal primary
contact recreational waters, a log mean of 50 fecal coliforms/100 ml was
established. By 1978, most of the states adopted the fecal coliform
indicator with geometric mean limits at 200 fecal coliforms/100 ml.
*Bacterial density in this study is referred to as the number of fecal
coliform and enterococcus organisms per 100 ml of water.
B-l
-------
Fecal Coliform Indicator Bacteria
Fecal coliforms comprise all of the coliform bacteria that ferment lactose
at 44.5 +_ 0.2°C. This group according to traditional theory, more accurate-
ly reflects the presence of fecal discharges from warm-blooded animals.
As indicators, the bacteria have the advantage of being less subject to
regrowth in polluted waters. Their increased specificity to fecal sources
made them the choice over other coliform organisms.
EPA has recently published the results of two research projects which com-
pared the relationship between illnesses associated with bathing waters
and ambient densities of several indicator organisms (Cabelli, 1980 and
DuFour, 1984). One study was performed on marine bathing beaches and one
on freshwater beaches. The results have caused EPA to reevaluate the
current use of fecal coliforms as indicator organisms. The studies
indicated that enterococci have a far better correlation with swimming
associated illnesses both in marine and freshwater than do fecal coliforms.
New methodology has also made it easier to detect enterococci (Levin, et
al, 1975 and Miescier & Cabelli, 1982). The studies also demonstrated
that E. coli, a specific species in the fecal coliform group, has a
correlation equal to enterococci in freshwater, but not in marine waters.
Enterococci are members of the fecal streptococci group. This group is used
to describe the streptococci which are indicative of the sanitary quality
of water and wastewater. The occurrence of fecal streptococci in water
indicates fecal contamination from warm-blooded animals. One is able to
pinpoint the source of fecal contamination by identifying the species
utilizing biochemical tests. The enterococcus group includes the following
species: S. faecalis; S. faecalis, subsp. liquefaciens; S. faecalis,
subsp. zymogenes; and S. faecium. S. faecalis, one of the group D strep-
tococcal species, grows in broth containing 6.5% NaCl, hydrolyzes arginine,
and utilizes pyruvate. S. faecium grows in 6.5% NaCl broth, hydrolyzes
arginine, but does not utilize pyruvate. S. bovis does not grow in 6.5%
NaCl broth, does not hydrolyze arginine, and does not utilize pyruvate.
These are the three most common species of group D streptococci found as
pathogens in human infection. S. durans is isolated occasionally, and
S equinus is found rarely (Facklam, 1980).
More information about both fecal coliforms and enterococci can be found in the
following references:
1. Standard Methods, 16 edition, Section 909 and 910. (1985).
2. Microbiological Methods for Monitoring the Environment, Water and
Wastewater. EPA-600/8-78-017. Part III, Section C & D. (1978).
3. Sergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume I. (1984).
EPA has proposed regulations recommending enterococci and E_._ coli for
inclusion into state water quality standards for the protection of primary
contact recreational uses in lieu of fecal coliforms. The proposed
criterion for enterococci for marine waters is 35/100 ml. This information
was published in the Federal Register on March 7, 1986.
-------
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Marine water samples were collected by helicopter from May to September
1986. The samples were collected using a Kemmerer sampler and transferred
to 500 ml sterile, wide-mouth plastic containers, and then transported
in an ice chest to the Region II Edison laboratory for analysis.
Fecal coliform determinations were conducted according to the membrane
filtration (MF) procedures described in Standard Methods t 16 edition,
1985 and Microbiological Methods for Monitoring the Environment, Water and
Wastewater, EPA-600/8-78-017. 1978.~~
Enterococci determinations were conducted according to the MF procedure
described by Levin, et a±. (1975) using the modified mE media. Confirmation
of enterococci colonies was conducted following procedures outlined in
Microbiological Methods for Monitoring the Environment, Water and Waste-
Water. EPA-600/8-78-017, 1978.
Results and Discussion
Along the New Jersey Coast, FC densities greater than 50/100 ml occurred
only twice at two different stations (Tables 1 & 2). The observations
were made at JC-75 (Atlantic City, off the Convention Center) and JC-93
(Wildwood, off Northern amusement pier). All enterococci densities
were below the standard of 35/100 ml (Table 3 & Figure 2). The highest
value of 29 was observed at station JC-75 (Atlantic City).
The FC and enterococci densities observed at the New Jersey Coast perpen-
dicular stations were all low (Tables 4 & 5).
Along the Long Island Coast, FC densities were never above 50/100 ml
(Table 6 and Figure 3). The enterococci densities along the Long Island
Coast were higher (Table 7), however, none exceeded 35/100 ml.
Both bacterial indicators were often non-detectable at the Long Island
Coast perpendicular stations (Tables 8 & 9). Enterococci were detected
more frequently than FC and were more common in bottom samples.
New York Bight
The densities of FC and enterococci found in the New York Bight are
presented in Tables 10 and 11. Elevated FC and enterococci densities
were occasionally observed at or near the 12-mile sewage sludge dumpsite
(Stations NYB-25 and NYB-26). Enterococci densities at stations NYB-26
(Center of the sewage sludge disposal site), NYB-27 (one mile east of
the sewage sludge site) and NYB-45 (one mile northwest of the sewage
sludge site) were 15, 10 and 32 respectively.
B-3
-------
Elevated counts were all observed in samples collected near the ocean
bottom (Tables 10 & 11).
The FC and enterococci counts obtained at these stations may be attributed
to recently dumped sewage sludge or resuspension of contaminated sediments
at the dump site. FC and enterococci indicator organisms are often found
in sediments. The enterococci are known to be facultative with respect
to oxygen and the FC can also remain viable at reduced oxygen levels.
This data supports the suggestion that there is survival after sedimentation
(Van Donsel, et al, 1971. Rittenburg et al, 1958). Elevated bacterial
densities outside the dump site proper may be attributable to movement
of contaminated sludge and sediments by tidal and ocean currents into
the Christiansen Basin.
A comparative media study was also undertaken to determine if FC A-l media
showed any better recoveries than FC on MF media and enterococci on m-E
media. Table 12 compares the values determined using the three media at
selected New Jersey and Long Island coast stations. The data shows that
there was no consistent difference between m-FC and A-l media. In several
cases, the values for the A-l media were substantially higher, such as
the observations at JC-03 (Sandy Hook), JC-21 (Asbury Park) and JC-61
(Barnegat). A possible explanation for this observation is that some
FC bacteria become stressed or injured when exposed to marine waters for
any length of time. Such stressed organisms may then fail to grow on
selected media (m-FC) which has many inhibitors. The bacteria are even
stressed further by immediately incubating the MF plates at 44.5;+ 0.2°C
for 24 hours. The A-l method includes a three hour resuscitation at
35°C in an air incubator followed by placement in a water bath at 44.5+^
0.2°C for 24 hours. This is a much less stressful procedure.
As a result of this comparative study, the following conclusions have
been drawn:
1. No consistent difference was found between the m-FC, and A-l media
in recovering and enumerating FC from the New Jersey Coast stations.
2. Some FC, particularly E. coli, may require a resuscitation period in
order to overcome a sublethal condition caused by exposure to ocean
waters.
3. The m-E procedure and m-FC procedures gave similar indications of
bacterial contamination in this study.
Due to the small number of total observations and the large proportion
of relatively uncontaminated samples, this study needs to be repeated at
a site with frequent bacterial contamination episodes and with a larger
number of samples. The results of this study do not support the use of
the A-l procedure in preference to the m-FC procedures.
B-4
-------
TABLE 1 -FrCftL CQLIFDRM DENSITIES >30 PER 100ML
NE«' JERSEY COAST STATIONS
SUMMER 1936
C5S 3TATIGN DATE FECCCLI
1 JC75 860625 51
2 JC93 860723 100
03
I
tn
-------
TABLE 2 -
DO
CT>
DBS
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL COLIFORM DENSITIES
NEW JERSEY COAST STATIONS
SUMMER 1986
STATION
MEAN
MINIMUM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
JC01A
JC02
JC03
JC05
JC08
JC11
JC14
JC21
JC24
JC27
JC30
JC33
JC37
JC41
JC44
JC47A
JC49
JC53
JC55
JC57
JC59
JC61
JC63
JC65
JC67
JC69
JC73
JC75
JC77
JC79
JC81
JC83
JC85
JC8T
JC89
JC91
JC93
JC95
JC97
JC99
0.41421
0.49844
0.65880
0.37701
0.49844
1.11819
0.68927
0.67277
0.27235
0.59148
0.29380
0.27235
0.25992
0.06504
0.00000
0.00000
0.38542
1.34064
0.16104
0.17605
0.00000
0.56195
0.00000
0.22109
0.20809
0.13431
0.45094
2.06548
0.73172
0.69694
0.10503
0.89353
1.42624
0.51428
1.26903
0.58626
2.63774
0.13431
1.34659
0.54531
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MAXIMUM
7
3
4
7
2
15
8
15
2
10
10
8
3
1
0
0
4
12
2
6
0
4
0
2
3
3
5
51
6
6
2
16
6
5
18
4
100
3
10
4
12
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
-------
TABLE 3 -GEOMETRIC MEANS OF ENTEROCOCCUS DENSITIES
NEW JERSEY COAST STATIONS
SUMMER 1986
OdS
STATION
MEAN
co
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
JC01A
JC02
JC03
JC05
JC08
JC11
JC14
JC21
JC24
JC27
JC30
JC33
JC37
JC41
JC44
JC47A
JC49
JC53
JC55
JC57
JC59
JC61
JC63
JC65
JC67
JC69
JC73
JC75
JC77
JC79
JC81
JC83
JC35
JC87
JC89
JC91
JC93
JC95
JC97
JC99
0.69838
0.65153
0.38954
0. 52*38
0.38954
0.68752
1.07058
0.93852
0.47724
0.73026
0.46281
0.60852
0.89614
0.25345
0.14353
0.34801
0.30322
0.38071
0.23008
0.25992
0.41349
0.56712
0.38510
0.20809
0.06504
0.33994
0.61277
1.99323
0.64582
0.48939
0.60334
0.13431
0.74191
0.73616
0.71767
0.48939
0.60334
0.67955
0.57114
1.00970
MINIMUM
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MAXIMUM
7
16
3
4
3
5
22
15
2
5
5
24
8
2
4
5
3
2
3
3
4
6
5
3
1
4
3
29
4
4
4
1
15
8
7
4
4
4
3
4
N
12
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
-------
TABLE 4 - GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL COLIFORM DENSITIES
NEW JERSEY PERPENDICULAR STATIONS
SUMMER 1986
OBS
STATION
DEPTH
MEAN
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
N
CO
i
00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
JC14E
JC14E
JC14G
JC14G
JC14I
JC14I
JC14K
JC14K
JC14M
JC14M
JC27E
JC27E
JC27G
JC27G
JC27I
JC27I
JC27K
JC27K
JC27M
JC27M
3
S
B
S
8
S
3
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
0.000000
0.291708
0.000000
0.169931
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.104090
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.104090
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.104090
0.000000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
-------
CO
I
IO
TABLE 5 - GEOMETRIC MEANS OF ENTEROCOCCUS DENSITIES
NEW JERSEY PERPENDICULAR STATIONS
SUMMER 1986
OBS
STATION
DEPTH
MEAN
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
JC14E
JC14E
JC14G
JC14G
JC14I
JC14I
JC14K
JC14K
JC14M
JC14M
JC27E
JC27E
JC27G
JC27G
JC27I
JC27I
JC27K
JC27K
JC27M
JC27M
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
0.169931
0.104090
0.291708
0.668510
0.000000
0.000000
0.219014
0.104090
0.219014
0.000000
0.219014
0.219014
0.000000
0.345900
0.000000
0.169931
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N
2
1
2
17
0
0
3
1
1
0
1
1
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
• 7
7
7
7
7
7
7
-------
TABLE 6 -GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL CCLIFORM DENSITIES
LONG ISLAND COAST STATIONS
SUMMER 1986
DBS
STATION
MEAN
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
oo
i—>
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
LIC01
LIC02
LIC03
LIC04
LIC05
LIC07
LIC08
LIC09
LIC10
LIC12
LIC13
LIC14
LIC15
LIC16
LIC17
LIC18
LIC19
LIC20
LIC21
LIC22
LIC23
LIC24
LIC25
LIC26
LIC27
LIC28
0.25316
0.82264
0.92517
0.76660
0.78180
0.57889
0.71513
0.72716
0.92848
0.51309
0.27235
0.23008
0.35409
1.57079
0.18921
0.70674
0.55394
0.22284
0.36426
0.45422
0.29684
0.45422
0.43519
0.39080
0.83401
0.80365
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
27
17
10
15
9
8
16
8
5
5
5
18
30
3
11
16
4
2
4
1
9
8
6
7
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
-------
CO
I
TABLE 7 -
OSS
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF ENTEROCOCCUS DENSITIES
LONG ISLAND COAST STATIONS
SUMMER 1986
STATION
MEAN
MINIMUM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
LIC01
LIC02
LIC03
LIC04
LIC05
LIC07
LIC08
LIC09
LIC10
LIC12
LIC13
LIC14
LIC15
LIC16
LIC17
LIC18
LIC19
LIC20
LIC21
LIC22
LIC23
LIC24
LIC25
LIC26
LIC27
LIC28
0.47260
0.70130
0.59930
1.03487
1.57079
0.93102
1.33240
1.59067
1.12556
0.57556
0.37074
0.46281
0.64195
0.61030
0.64645
0.43519
1.14611
1.33378
0.50270
0.76923
0.48774
0.51668
1.25810
0.55394
0.68827
0.43519
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MAXIMUM
N
12
48
34
19
30
6
26
20
8
12
10
7
23
18
26
17
24
21
12
5
3
13
25
16
10
8
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
-------
TABLE 8 - GEOMETRIC
LONG
OBS
STATION
MEANS OF FECAL COLIFORM DENSITIES
ISLAND PERPENDICULAR STATIONS
SUMMER 1986
DEPTH
MEAN
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
CO
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
LIC09A
LIC09A
LIC093
LIC09B
LIC09C
LIC09C
LIC09P
LIC09P
LIC14A
LIC14A
LIC14B
LIC14B
LIC14C
LIC14C
LIC14P
LIC14P
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
3
S
B
S
B
S
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.414214
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
ro
-------
CO
I
TABLE 9 -GEOMETRIC MEANS OF ENTEROCOCCUS DENSITIES
LONG ISLAND PERPENDICULAR STATIONS
SUMMER 1936
DBS
STATION
DEPTH
MEAN
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
LIC09A
LIC09A
LIC09B
LIC09B
LIC09C
LIC09C
LIC09P
LIC09P
LIC14A
LIC14A
LIC14B
LIC14B
LIC14C
LIC14C
LIC14P
LIC14P
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
3
S
0.18921
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1.44949
0.18921
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1.05977
0.18921
0.18921
0.18921
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
0
0
0
0
5
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
-------
TABLE 10 - GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL COLIFORM DENSITIES
NEW YORK BIGHT STATIONS
SUMMER 1986
oo
OBS
STATION
DEPTH
MEAN
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
NYB20
NYB20
NYB21
NYB21
NYB22
NYB22
NYB23
NYB23
NYB24
NYB24
NYB25
NYB25
NYB26
NYB26
NYB27
NYB27
NYB32
NYB32
NYB33
NYB33
NYB34
NYB34
NYB35
NYB35
NYB40
NYB40
NYB41
NYB41
NYB42
NYB42
NYB43
NYB43
NYB44
NYB44
NYB45
NYB45
NYB46
NYB46
NYB47
NYB47
B
S
B
S
B
S
3
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
a
s
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
0.00000
0.00000
0.18921
0.18921
0.00000
0.18921
0.18921
0.41421
0.00000
0.18921
2.41495
0.18921
1.11474
0.00000
0.18921
0.00000
0.81712
2.10723
0.25992
0.70998
0.00000
0.25992
0.41421
0.18921
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.25992
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1.11474
0.00000
0.00000
o.odooo
0.00000
0.00000
MINIMUM
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MAXIMUM
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
3
0
1
16
1
4
0
1
0
2.
14
1
4
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
4.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4:
-------
TABLE 11 - GEOMETRIC MEANS OF ENTEROCOCCUS DENSITIES
NEW YORK BIGHT STATIONS
SUMMER 1986
OBS
STATION
DEPTH
MEAN
CO
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
NYB20
NYB20
NYB21
NYB21
NYB22
NYB22
NYB23
NYB23
NYB24
NYB24
NYB25
NYB25
NYB26
NYB26
NYB27
NYB27
NY332
NYB32
NYB33
NYB33
NYB34
NYB34
NYB35
NYB35
MY340
NYB40
NYB41
NYB41
NYB42
NYB42
NYB43
NYB43
NYB44
NYB44
NYB45
NYB45
NYB46
NYB46
NYB47
NYB47
B
S
B
S
B
S
3
S
a
s
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
3
S
B
S
6
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
0.18921
0.00000
0.41421
0.00000
0.31607
0.18921
0.18921
0.18921
0.86121
0.00000
2.08007
0.00000
1.63215
0.00000
1.85027
0.00000
0.44225
0.25992
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.56508
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.25992
0.00000
0.81712
0.25992
1.41014
0.00000
6.16805
0.00000
0.86121
0.18921
0.77828
0.18921
MINIMUM
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MAXIMUM
1
0
1
0
2
1
1
1
2
0
5
0
15
0
10
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
1
6
0
32
0
5
1
4
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
-------
CO
I
TABLE 12 -
QBS
COMPARISON OF FECAL COLIFORM MF, FECAL COLIFORM
A-l MPN AND ENTEROCOCCUS MF RESULTS
NEW JERSEY AND LONG ISLAND COAST STATIONS
SUMMER 1986
STATION
DATE
FECCOLI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
<»0
41
42
JC01
JC01A
JC02
JC02
JC03
JC05
JC05
JC08
JC08
JC11
JC14
JC14
JC14
JC21
JC21
JC21
JC21
JC24
JC27
JC30
JC59
JC61
JC61
JC63
JC73
JC75
JC77
JC85
JC89
JC91
JC91
JC93
JC95
JC95
JC97
JC97
JC97
JC99
JC99
JC99
LIC01
LIC02
860730
860507
860507
360730
860730
860611
860730
860611
360806
860611
860611
860716
360723
860611
860716
860723
860806
860611
860611
860611
860723
860723
860813
860813
860813
860313
V60508
?60508
860716
860618
860716
860716
860618
860716
860618
860716
860806
860618
860716
860806
860512
860512
4
7
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
2
0
1
ENTERO
2
0
2
0
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
3
7
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
4
3
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
FCAONE
2
5
5
14
33
2
0
4
0
0
0
5
4
0
2
49
0
0
0
0
0
11
49
0
13
8
0
5
2
0
5
2
0
5
0
0
2
2
0
5
2
0
-------
FIGURE 1 -
PLOT Or
PLOT OF
: ••idA'-JS !)= ==C4L Cl?LI = r
-------
00
35
30
25
MEAN
20
15
10
FIGURE 2 - JF.'.-'-^
PLOT
A'-JS 3F fNT^-QCOCCUS "VMSI
JcPSf-.Y COAST STttTIQ»'S
SY*"OL iJSEO TS *
r.YM "C'L IJSiO I > U
CO
I
00
*s.
J j
J 0
1 2
Si**
J
3
x"v
J
"VX
x^
J
1
4
-,
i
NVX
s
S^
7
Vyl-X
0
X"~
7 1
4
7
A
t
,
r
c
•3
r
5
7
^x-
9
X"x
1
3
5
7
nr^
?
x^
•3,
*
•^.
1
v^x1
9
^^
I
rj
Nn^
3
x'
7.
9 1
Q
3
7
9
STATION
-------
FIGURE 3
S •:? -FC-.L
ISLAND COAST ST4T!"'JS
SUMMsR 1966
PLOT
PLCT
HflXlHUM*ST4TION
USFL1 IS A
SYM->:JL USrC IS U
SO
35
ST4TION
-------
50
45
15
10
FIGURE 4 GEOMETRIC MFANS OF ENTFCIGCOCCUS "E
LTJ& ISL«?40 COAST STATIONS
SUMMER
BLOT UF «F«N*ST£TIOM
PLOT 0= MAXIMl'MftSTATION
SY"?CL USEU 13 *
3YM50L U3ED IS U
„»--•
L
1
c
0
1
t
1
(*
•J
<;
""•»%•--•*
L
1
r
v«
0
3
, —
L
I
C
0
4
L I
T
C I
0
C
,/
L
i :
: c
1 0
r ?
L
i
c
0
9
L
I
C
1
0
L
I
C
1
2
L
I
C
1
3
,^-
L .
X
C
1
4
-•-"-•>.
L
I
C
1
5
"-<» —
L
T
C
1
6
^^~~-~
L
I
C
1
7
^tr-"
L
I
C
1
S
^^
L
I
C
1
J
*--.
L
I
C
T
0
^~»^**
L
I
C
2
1
L
I
• c-
2
2
^!f__
L
I
c
T
n
— *^"
L
I
C
2
6
-—J1*--.
L
I
C
2
e
"^*--
L
I
r
•»
6
^~-~~
L
I
C
2
7
L
I
c
2
8
STATION
-------
REFERENCES
Sergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. (1984). Volume I. N.R. Kreig, ed.
Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore, MD.
Cabelli, V.J. et al. (1979). Relationship of Microbial Indicators to
Health Effects at Marine Bathing Beaches. American Journal of Public Health. 69:690
Cabelli, V.J. (1983). Health Effects Criteria for Marine Recreational
Waters, EPA-600/1-80-031.
DuFour, A.P. (1984). Health Effects Criteria for Fresh Recreational Waters.
EPA-600/1-84-004.
Facklam, R.R. (1980). Isolation and Identification of Streptococci.
Department of Health, Education & Welfare, CDC, Rev. 1-1980.
Levin, M.A., J.K. Fisher & V.J. Cabelli. (1975). Membrane Filter Technique
for Enumeration of Enterococci in Marine Waters. Applied Micro. 30:66-71.
Miescier, J.J. & V.J. Cabelli (1982). Enterococci and Other Microbial
indicators in Municipal Wastewater Effluents. Jour. Water Poll. Control
Fed. 54, (12): 1599-1606.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. (1985)
16th ed., American Public Health Association. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1976). Quality Criteria for Water.
EPA-440/9-76-023.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1978). Microbiological Methods for
Monitoring the Environment - Water and Wastewater. EPA-600/8-78-017.
B-21
------- |