WORK ASSIGNMENT 31 A-3
Contract No. 68-0-3319
106-MILE DEEPWATER SLUDGE DUMPSITE
SURVEY-SUMMER 1986

-------
          INITIAL SURVEY REPORT
                   For
          WORK ASSIGNMENT 31 A-3
          Contract No. 68-0-3319
    106-MILE DEEPWATER SLUDGE DUMPSITE
            SURVEY-SUMMER 1986
               Prepared By:
         Battelle Ocean Sciences
                   for
   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection
               23 June 1987

-------
                        TABLE OF CONTENTS


1. 0  INTRODUCTION	 1

2.0  SURVEY OBJECTIVES	 1

3.0  ACHIEVEMENT OF OBJECTIVES	 3

     3 .1  NORTHERN ARRAY	 3
     3 . 2  SOUTHERN ARRAY	 8

4.0  SURVEY LOG	 8

5.0  SUMMARY	 10


                         LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.   MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE 106-MILE
            DUMPSITE MOORINGS DEPLOYED FOR 6 MONTHS
            BEGINNING MID-SEPTEMBER 1986 . . .	 2

FIGURE 2.   NORTHERN CURRENT METER MOORING DEPLOYED AT
            STATION A-9	 4

FIGURE 3.   NORTHERN CURRENT METER MOORING DESIGN SHOWING
            LOCATION OF DAMAGE	 5

FIGURE 4A.  PHOTOGRAPH OF AANDERAA CURRENT METER SPINDLE
            SHOWING BREAK (LOWER LEFT END) AT THE BEARING
            SUPPORT, RESULTING IN LOSS OF METER	 6

FIGURE 4B.  PHOTOGRAPH OF AN UNBROKEN AANDERAA SPINDLE.
            THE BEARING SUPPORT COLLAR (CENTER) IS WELDED
            INTO THE ROD SECTION AT MID-LENGTH	 6

FIGURE 5.   SOUTHERN CURRENT METER MOORING DEPLOYED AT
            STATION A-5	 9

-------
                        1.0  INTRODUCTION

     On  April 23, 1987,  the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)  conducted  a  survey aboard the R/V Cape Henlopen (owned by
the  university  of Delaware) to recover two current meter mooring
arrays.    The  arrays were recovered from selected locations (one
deployed   along   the   northwestern  and  the  other  along  the
southeastern  border  of  the 106-Mile Municipal Dumpsite-stations
A-9  and  A-5,  respectively) along the 2500-m isobath (Figure 1).
The  arrays  were  deployed on September 19, 1986 (under Task 4 of
Work  Assignment 31 (WA 31), by EPA representatives aboard the OSV
Peter W. Anderson.
     The  arrays  were  deployed  to gather surface and deep ocean
current  data  from  the selected locations in the vicinity of the
dumps!te  at  depths  ranging  from  50  m  to  1000  m.  The data
recovered  from the instruments will provide information about the
physical  processes  that affect the dispersion of sludge material
in the vicinity of the dumpsite during a six-month period (current
meters  were set for six months).  This information will allow EPA
to  accurately  interpret  nearfield  (within the site) monitoring
data  and  aid  EPA  in  properly designing further studies in the
farfield (outside of the site).  The final current meter data will
be incorporated into the final report for WA 46.  This report will
address  the  physical  oceanographic  component of the monitoring
plan  for  determining  the transport and fate of sewage sludge at
the 106-Mile Dumpsite.
                      2.0  SURVEY OBJECTIVES

     The  objective  of  the  survey was to locate and recover two
current meter mooring arrays that were deployed in the vicinity of
the 106-Mile Dumpsite.

-------
    NAUTICAL MILES
I—  I   I   I
O   10   ZO  JO  "0  50 -.-,<'/
   OCPTXS IN FATHOMS .'''•'
    NEW JERSEY   .;
                                        Southern
                                         Site
DELAWARE
                                                     ATLANTIC
                                                       OCEAN
     75"
                    74
73
72
71
   FIGURE 1. NAP SHOWING THE  LOCATION OF THE 106-MILE  DUMPSITE
             MOORINGS DEPLOYED FOR 6 MONTHS BEGINNING  MID-SEPTEMBER
             1986

-------
                  3.0  ACHIEVEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

     Two  current  meter mooring arrays were located and recovered
in  the  vicinity  of  the  106-Mile  Dumpsite  at  the  following
coordinates:
        1. NORTHERN ARRAY (STA. A-9)  - LATITUDE   38°54.49'N
                                       LONGITUDE  71°51.67'W
        2. SOUTHERN ARRAY (STA. A-5) - LATITUDE   38°34.49'N
                                       LONGITUDE  72°36.63'W
                        3.1 NORTHERN ARRAY

     The  northern  array (Figure 2) was only partially recovered.
The upper section of the array was lost because the spindle rod of
the  Aanderaa  current  meter  (Serial Number (SN) 7581), set at a
depth  of  97 meters, parted in the middle at the weld (Figure 3).
The  design  strength  of  the spindle rod of the current meter is
approximately  12,000  Ibs.  and the design tension of the mooring
(due  to  the buoyancy caused by the array flotation) is less than
2000  Ibs.    A  photograph of the damaged spindle rod is shown in
Figure  4a.    An  unbroken spindle rod is shown in Figure 4b. The
following  list  of equipment and instrumentation on the array was
lost due to the parted spindle rod.

                    INSTRUMENT                     DEPLOYMENT
                                                     DEPTH
          1.  37-INCH FLOAT                           48 m
          2.  AANDERAA CURRENT METER (SN 7587)        50m
          3.  GENERAL OCEANICS (GO) CURRENT METER     51 m
              (SN 306)

-------
                6' Chain.
               1571 Wire _
             Wire Stop 3* —
             Btlow Shackle
                           D- X777A-
                6* Chain
               482* Wire
                6* Chain
               787' Wirt
             1640' Kevlar
            2273* Ktvlar
            2572' Ktvlar.
                  Swivel.
                30' Wire.
                           Q. JM/A	Aanderaa Current Meter
                                        . Rasher

                                        . 37' Root
                                        . Aanderaa Current Meter
. 60 MKII
                                        . Fairing
                                         B* Root
                                        28' Root
                                        Aanderaa Current Meter
                                       -Three Glass Roots
                                       . Six Glass Roots
                                       , Aanderaa Current Meter
                                       . Three Glass Roots
                                       , Four Glass Roots
                                       . Release
                                                                 48m
                          U8m
                          240m
                          500m
                          693m
                          784m
                                       . Anchor
FIGURE  2.  NORTHERN CURRENT METER MOORING DEPLOYED  AT
              STATION  A-9       /,

-------
        TOP DEPTH
            '  -tire
           k
          u
          D
MOORING	
SEPARATION ft
PERTH - 97n,
     B 0 T.T-0 M
DEPTH = £500rn
               D
                                                  LEGEND
                                                   O
                                                  Dfcn
                                                           G I aee
                                                           Float*
                                                           G * n & r
                                                           Oc*an i
                                                   ^ ^~     Par a I 1*1
                                                           R r I * a w t <5
                                                           anchor
       FIGURE 3. NORTHERN CURRENT METER MOORING DESIGN SHOWING
                 LOCATION OF DAMAGE

-------
             Broken Inside
FIGURE 4a.  PHOTOGRAPH OF AANDERAA CURRENT METER  SPINDLE  SHOWING
           BREAK (LOWER LEFT END) AT THE BEARING SUPPORT,
           RESULTING IN LOSS OF METER.
                         Normal  Structure
FIGURE 4b. PHOTOGRAPH OF AN UNBROKEN AANDERAA SPINDLE.   THE
           BEARING SUPPORT COLLAR (CENTER)  IS WELDED ONTO  THE
           ROD SECTION AT MID-LENGTH.

-------
          4.  48-INCH FLOAT .                          95 m
          5.  AANDERAA CURRENT METER (SN 7581)        97 m

     Although  it  is  possible that the lost portion of the array
floated  to  the  surface, it is very unlikely that the floats and
instruments  attached  to  lost  portion  of  the  array  will  be
recovered.    The  following  hypotheses are submitted as possible
explanations  for  the  loss  of the upper portion of the northern
mooring.    These  hypotheses  are  purely speculative and are not
intended as definitive answers at this time.

          1.  The  mooring  may  have  been  snagged  by a passing
              fishing  vessel,  putting to much stress on the weld
              of the broken spindle.
          2.  The  weld  of  the broken spindle may have been weak
              and  parted due to the normal tension exerted by the
              floats.

     The  following  list  of instrumentation (floats and acoustic
releases  not listed) was recovered from the intact portion of the
parted array.

                 INSTRUMENT                       DEPLOYMENT
                                                    DEPTH
          1.  AANDERAA CURRENT NETER               250 m
          2.  AANDERAA CURRENT METER              1000 m

     The  data  tapes  of the recovered current meters were almost
completely  expended,  indicating  that the data recording systems
were  operational  throughout the six-month deployment.  Each data
tape  for the Aanderaa current meters was approximately 95 percent
expended.

-------
                          3.2  SOUTHERN ARRAY

     The   entire   array   including   all   floats,   analytical
instrumentation,  and  acoustic  releases  was  recovered from the
southern  site on Friday, April 24, 1987.  The design of the array
is  shown in Figure 5.  The types and approximate depths in meters
of  each  instrument (floats and acoustic releases are not listed)
recovered  from  the  array  at  the  southern  site  include  the
following:

                  INSTRUMENT                      DEPTH
          1.  AANDERAA CURRENT METER                50 m
          2.  GO CURRENT METER                      75 m
          3.  AANDERAA CURRENT METER               100 m
          4.  SEA DATA TEMPERATURE SENSOR          125 m
          5.  SEA DATA TEMPERATURE SENSOR          150 m
          6.  SEA DATA TEMPERATURE SENSOR          200 m
          7.  AANDERAA CURRENT METER               250 m
          8.  AANDERAA CURRENT METER              1000 m

     The  data  tapes for all instrumentation were almost entirely
expended,  indicating  that  the  data  recording  systems were in
operation throughout the the six-month deployment.  The data tapes
from  the  Aanderaa  current  meters were approximately 95 percent
expended, and the data tapes from the sea data temperature sensors
and GO current meters were 100 percent expended.

                         4.0  SURVEY LOG

     The  following  Chief  Scientist's  Survey  Log describes the
sequence   of   events   during   the  recovery  of  the  two  EPA
106-Mile-Site moorings:
                             8

-------
                             6* Chain .


                   82* Wire and Fairing .
             Wire Stop 2' Below Shackle.
                   59* Wire and Fairing.
                             6' Chain
    89* Wire.
    82* Wire
                            157' Wire
    148* Wire
                             6* Chain.
                           787' Wire
                         1640' K»vlar
 2273' Kevtar


345',
                       2210''
                              Kevlor.
                              Swivel.
                            30* Wire.
                0- -EZ2-
                                          B
, Flasher
_ 37' Root



- Aanderaa Current Meter




.48* Root




. Aanderaa Current Meter


.Sea Data Temperature Sensor


_ Sea Data Temperature Sensor




-Sea Data Temperature Sensor


. 28* Root



.Aanderaa Current Meter




-Three Glass Roots
                                                      25m

                                                      18m
                                                                              27m.
                                                                               25m
                                                                              48m
                                                                               45m
                                                      240m
                                                      500m
                                                    . Six Glass Roots
                                                    . Aanderaa Current Meter
                                                     Three Glass Roots
                                                                              693m
                                                      784m
                                                  __ Four Glass Roots
                                                    . Release
                                                    .Anchor
FIGURE  5.  SOUTHERN  CURRENT  METER MOORING DEPLOYED AT STATION  A-5

-------
     R/V Cape Henlopen Cruise to Site 106
               23-25 April 1987
     4/23
     1610
     4/24
     0405
     0432
     0456
     0553

     0555
     0811

     1140
     1145
     1155
     1218
     1318

     4/25
     0600

     1200
     1700
Depart Lewes, DE for southern site
Weather update: good Fri., bad Sat.
Should be able to recover both moors
if steam at 12 kts or better

Arrived at southern site
Both releases reply. Awaiting daylight
Drift 300 deg @ 1 kt
Code 4A did not release function
Released on Code 6C
Sighted top float 600 ft from ship
Mooring on board
Enroute to northern site
Arrived at northern site
Released mooring. Ascend SLOW
Sighted two sets of glass floats
Aanderaa rod broken; SN 7581
Lost: CM SNs 7587, 7581, 306
Lost: float SNs 721, 475
Mooring on board. Return to Lewes
At entrance Delaware Bay. FULL GALE.
USCG asks assistance for S&R
Unable to lock due to wind/sea conditions
Docked at Lewes. Gear will be offloaded
by Univ of Del on Monday.

            5.0  SUMMARY
     The  two  current  meter moorings were successfully retrieved

although  part  of  one mooring and the associated instrumentation

were  lost  at  sea prior to retrieval.  The data will be analyzed

and  interpreted  and will be reported under a deliverable of Work

Assignment 46.
                            10

-------
                          Final Report of Analytical
                                  Results of
                                 THE  106-MILE
                          DEEPWATER SLUDGE DUMPSITE
                             SURVEY - SUMMER 1986

                           Contract No.  68-03-3319
                             Work Assignment 1-31

                                April 25, 1988

                                 Prepared for

                     U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                           Region II, New York, NY,
                                      and
                   Office of Marine and  Estuarine Protection
                                Washington, DC
                                  Prepared by

               Wayne Trulli, William Steinhauer, Carl ton Hunt,
                        Paul  Boehm, and Christine Werme
                                   BATTELLE
                           Ocean Sciences Department
                             397 Washington Street
                              Duxbury, MA  02332

          The registered trademarks and  material  suppliers are  referenced  for
reader convenience in replicating experiments and do  not represent endorsement
by the U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency.

-------
                               TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                         Page

1.0   INTRODUCTION	     1-1

      1.1 Background	     1-1

      1.2 Survey Objectives	     1-4

      1.3 Scope of the Report	     1-6

2.0   STUDY AREA	     2-1

      2.1 Site Description	     2-1

      2.2 Station Locations	     2-1

3.0   SURVEY ACTIVITIES FIELD METHODS FOR SAMPLE AND DATA
      COLLECTION, AND LABORATORY METHODS FOR SAMPLE
      PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS	     3-1

      3.1 Survey Sampling Activities	     3-1

      3.2 Methods for Field Sample Collection, Sample
          Processing, and Data Acquisition	     3-3

          3.2.1  Field Sampling and Data Acquisition During
                 Leg I of the Survey	     3-4

                 3.2.1.1  XBT Deployment and Recording Procedures...     3-4
                 3.2.1.2  Satellite Imagery Data Acquisition	     3-4
                 3.2.1.3  Drogue and Plume-Tracking Procedures	     3-5
                 3.2.1.4  Water Sampling at DBR Stations for
                          SIudge Tracers	     3-7
                 3.2.1.5  Water Sampling at Selected Reference
                          Stations	     3-9
                 3.2.1.6  Cetacean, Marine Turtle, and Seabird
                          Observations	     3-13

          3.2.2  Field Sampling and Data Acquisition During
                 Leg II of the 106-Mile Site Survey	     3-14

      3.3 Methods for Laboratory Sample Preparation and Analysis....     3-14

          3.3.1  Analysis of Selected Organic Compounds	     3-15

                 3.3.1.1  Preparation of Samples	     3-15
                 3.3.1.2  Analysis of Samples	     3-15

          3.3.2  Analysis of Water Quality and Biochemical
                 Parameters	.	     3-16

                 3.3.2.1  Water Quality Parameters	     3-16
                 3.3.2.2  Biochemical Parameters	     3-18

-------
                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                  (Continued)

                                                                         Page

          3.3.3  Analysis of Clostridium perfringens	      3-18

          3.3.4  Analysis of Trace Metals	      3-19

                 3.3.4.1  Silver	      3-19
                 3.3.4.2  Cadmium, Silver, Copper, Iron, Lead,
                          and Zinc	      3-20
                 3.3.4.3  Chromium	      3-20

          3.3.5  Analysis of Cetaceans, Marine Turtles, and
                 Seabi rds	      3-20

4.0   QUALITY CONTROL	    4-1

      4.1 Data Quality Requirements and Quality Assurance
          Objectives	    4-1

      4.2 Quality Control Results	    4-3

          4.2.1  Water Quality	    4-3

                 4.2.1.1  Total Suspended Solids (TSS)	    4-3
                 4.2.1.2  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	    4-3

          4.2.2  Trace Metals	    4-3

          4.2.3  Organic Compounds	    4-9

5.0   RESULTS	    5-1

      5.1 Satellite Imagery	    5-1

      5.2 DBR Study	    5-1

          5.2.1  Drogues and Plume Tracking within the Dumpsite	    5-1

          5.2.2  Sewage Sludge Tracers (TSS and C. perfringens)	    5-2

      5.3 Reference Stations	    5-4

          5.3.1  Drogue Tracking at the Reference Stations	    5-4

          5.3.2  Organic Constitutents	    5-10

                 5.3.2.1  Seawater	    5-10
                 5.3.2.2  Filter Wipes	    5-10
                                     ^^

-------
                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                  (Continued)
                                                                         Page


          5.3.3  Water Column Profiling -  Expendable Bathythermo-
                 graph (XBT)	      5-10

          5.3.4  Water Quality and Biochemical  Parameters, and
                 C. perfrlngens	      5-16

          5.3.5  Trace Metal	      5-16

      5.4 Cetacean, Marine Turtle, and Seablrd  Observations
          (Legs I and II)	      5-16

6.0   DISCUSSION	   6-1

      6.1 DBR Study	   6-1

      6.2 Reference Station Study	   6-2

          6.2.1  Drogue Tracking	      6-2

          6.2.2  XBT Traces	      6-2

          6.2.3  Organic Constituents	      6-3

                 6.2.3.1  Filtrate Analysis	      6-3
                 6.2.3.2  Particulate Analysis	      6-4
                 6.2.3.3  Filter Wipe Analysis	   6-4

          6.2.4  Water Quality and Biochemical  Parameters	      6-5

          6.2.5  Trace Metals	      6-6

      6.3 Cetacean, Marine Turtle, and Seabird  Observations	      6-7

7.0   REFERENCES	,	      7-1

-------
                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                  (Continued)

                                LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.  Parameters Analyzed in Baseline  Samples  for the  106-Mile
          Site Monitoring Program	     1-3

Table 2.  Coordinates for Stations Sampled During  the 106-Mile
          Site 1986 Summer Survey	     2-3

Table 3.  Summary of All Samples and Data  Collected During the
          Plume Tracking and DBR Phases of the 106-Mile Site 1986
          Summer Survey	     3-8

Table 4.  Summary of All Samples and Data  Collected During the
          Reference Sampling and Mooring Deployment Phases of
          the 106-Mile Site Survey—Summer 1986	     3-11

Table 5.  Objectives for Analytical Measurements of Seawater
          Sampl es	     4-2

Table 6.  Analysis of Procedural Blanks for ATP	     4-4

Table 7.  Determination of Precision, Duplicate Weighings  of TSS
          Filters	     4-5

Table 8.  Determination of Precision, Duplicate Analysis of
          Selected ATP Sample Extracts From Seawater Samples	     4-6

Table 9.  Determination of Precision, Duplicate Analysis of
          Trace Metals From Seawater Samples	     4-7

Table 10. Determination of Accuracy, Trace Metal Matrix Spike
          Recovery, Seawater Analysis	     4-8

Table 11. Determination of Accuracy From Recoveries of Surrogate
          Organic Compounds in Seawater Filtrate and Particulate
          Extracts	     4-10

Table 12. Summary of Sludge Tracer Data for TSS Concentrations
          From Seawater Samples Collected  as Part  of the DBR
          Acti vi ties	     5-5
                                                    ^
Table 13. Summary of Sludge Tracer Data for C_. perfringens Samples
          Collected as Part of the DBR Activities	     5-6

Table 14. Summary of GC/MS Scan Analysis of Water  Sample
          Particulates for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
          (ng/L)	     5-11
                                       ^v

-------
                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                  (Continued)

                                LIST OF TABLES
                                  (Continued)
Table 15. Summary of GC/MS Scan Analysis of Water Sample
          Filtrates for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons  in
          ng/L (Includes Water Quality Criteria)	      5-12

Table 16. Summary of the Analysis of Water Sample Filtrates for
          Pesticides, PCBs, and Coprostanol in ng/L (Includes
          Water Quality Criteria)	      5-13

Table 17. Summary of the Analysis of Water Sample Particulates
          for Pesticides, PCBs, and Coprostanol  in ng/L	      5-14

Table 18. Summary of Water Quality Data From Seawater Samples
          Collected From Reference Stations in the Vicinity
          of the 106-Mile Site	      5-17

Table 19. Summary of C. perfringens (Colonies/100 mL) Data for
          All Reference Stations....,	      5-18

Table 20. Concentration in yg/L of Trace Metals in Whole Seawater
          (Includes Water Quality Criteria)	      5-19

Table 21. Densities ( + S.D.) of Seabirds by Species Groups
          Observed While in Slope Waters or Within the 106-Mile
          Site From the OSV Peter W. Anderson, August 22 through 27
          and September 15 through 20, 1986	      5-21

-------
                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                  (Continued)
                                LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1.   Location of the 106-Mile Site Deepwater Sewage
            Sludge Site	    1-2
Figure 2.   Stations Occupied at the 106-Mile Site During the
            1986 Summer Survey	    2-2
Figure 3.   Survey Track Followed During the 106-Mile  Site
            1986 Summer Survey	    3-2
Figure 4.   Schematic Diagram of the Drogue	    3-6
Figure 5.   Drogue Deployment and Tracking Before and  During the
            Sewage Sludge Dump	    5-3
Figure 6.   Expanded Drogue Track at Station A-3	    5-7
Figure 7.   Expanded Drogue Track at Station A-7	     5-8
Figure 8.   Dumpsite and Reference Stations Showing Drogue  Tracks	    5-9
Figure 9.   XBT Traces for Reference Stations A-3, A-5,  and A-7  for
            the 1986 Summer Survey	    5-15

-------
                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                  (Continued)

                              LIST OF APPENDICES


                                  APPENDIX A

Cruise Report, OSV Peter W. Anderson, August 22 through 27
and September 15 through 20, 1986	     A-l
                                       y^^

-------
                               1.0 INTRODUCTION

                                1.1 BACKGROUND

          The U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency  (EPA),  under  the  Marine
Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries  Act of 1972  (MPRSA,  PL  92-532),  is
responsible for regulating the disposal  of sewage  sludges  in  the oceans.  Part
of the strategy for regulating sludge  disposal  includes  the preparation and
implementation of an effective monitoring program  for  the  106-Mile Deepwater
Municipal Sewage Sludge Site (Battelle,  1987a).
          Data collected under the monitoring program  will be used in  making
decisions about continued designation  of the site,  status  of  ocean dumping
permits, and continuation or alteration  of the monitoring  program.   The sludge
site is located approximately 120 nautical miles  (nmi) southeast of  Ambrose
Light, New York, and beyond the edge of  the  continental  shelf in water depths
ranging from 2250 to 2750 meters  (Figure 1).  The  site lies within the
boundaries of a larger site designated for interim  disposal of aqueous
industrial wastes and municipal sludge.
          The 106-Mile Site monitoring program is  being  implemented  according
to a tiered approach (Zeller and  Wastler, 1987).   The  conceptual basis of the
approach is that data collected in each  of a hierarchy of  tiers  are  required as
the foundation for the design and extent of  monitoring activities in the  next
tier.  Such an approach also ensures that only information needed for  making
decisions will be collected.  The 106-Mile Site monitoring program includes
four tiers:

          Tier l--Sludge Characteristics and Disposal  Operations
          Tier 2--Nearfield Fate  and Short-Term Effects
          Tier 3—Farfield Fate
          Tier 4--Long-Term Effects
Using  this  approach,  a series of parameters (Table 1) may be monitored  in the
water  column in Tiers 2 and 4.  Monitoring  results will be compare  to baseline

                                      1-1

-------
                                                  106—Mile Deepwcrter

                                                  Municipal Sludge Site  ^
     73°
72°
FIGURE 1.  LOCATIONS  OF   THE  106-MILE  DEEPWATER   SEWAGE   SLUDGE  SITE
           (INDICATED) ABOVE  AND BY SHADED  AREA IN INSERT

                                 1-2

-------
   TABLE 1.   PARAMETERS ANALYZED  IN BASELINE  WATER  SAMPLES  FOR  THE 106-
              MILE SITE MONITORING PROGRAM
Water Samples

1. Trace metals:  Silver (Ag), Cadmium  (Cd),  Chromium (Cr), Copper  (Cu),
   Iron (Fe), Mercury (Hg), Lead  (Pb),  Zinc  (Zn)

2. Priority    pollutant   Polycyclic   Aromatic    Hydrocarbons    (PAH):
   acenaphthene,    acenaphthylene,     anthracene,     benzo(a)anthracene,
   benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene,  benzo(k)-
   fluoranthene,    chrysene,    dibenzo(a,h)anthracene,     fluoranthene,
   fluorene, indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene, naphthalene,  phenanthrene, pyrene

3. Priority  pollutant   organochlorine  compounds:   aldrin,     a-benzene
   hexachloride  (BHC),  B-BHC, Y-BHC,   6-BHC,  chlordane,  4,4'  dichloro-
   diphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT),   4,4' dichlorodiphenylethane  (4,4'-
   DDE), 4,4'  dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane  (4,4'-ODD), dieldrin,  endo-
   sulfan  I, endosulfan II,  endosulfan sulfate, endrin, endrin  aldehyde,
   heptachlor,   heptachlor  epoxide,  toxaphene,  polychlorinated  biphenyls
   (PCB) (total)

4. Other organics: Bis  (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate  (BEPH), coprostanol

5. Clostridium perfringens

6. Water quality  parameters:  Total  suspended  solids  (TSS),  chlorophyll jj,
   adenosine     triphosphate   (ATP),  dissolved  oxygen,   pH,   salinity,
   turbidity, and temperature
                                    1-3

-------
conditions to determine whether ocean dumping of  sludge  is  adversely impacting
the marine environment.
          To initiate  preliminary studies on sludge  transport  in  the nearfield
and to collect  baseline  data  at selected stations,  EPA  conducted a  survey  at
the 106-Mile Site  during  the  summer of 1986.  The  survey was  conducted aboard
the EPA Ocean Survey Vessel  (OSV)  Peter VJ. Anderson.   At that time,  disposal
rates  for  sewage  sludge  were approximately  30  percent  of  the  anticipated
annual disposal  rate  (Battelle, 1986a).   Although the dumping rate  during  the
survey  was  low relative  to   the  projected 1988  rate  (100 percent),  sludge
components  could  be  distributed over a  wide  area.   As  a  result, the  station
locations  were  selected  in  areas  thought to  be  free  of  contamination  from
sludge disposal.   Sludge  dumping  activities  at  the site  and  the  strategic
location of  the reference  stations  permitted the  collection  of plume transport
data  and  baseline data from  the  water mass  at and  near  the site  (Battelle,
1986b,c).
          The survey was divided into two legs.   Leg I was  conducted from 21
to 28 August 1986, and Leg II  was  conducted from 14 to 20 September 1986.
Activities during Leg  I of the survey were designed to track an actual sewage
sludge plume and to provide water  column data for specific  sludge tracers to
determine if sewage sludge was transported in detectable concentrations to the
dumpsite boundary.  In addition, Leg I activities were designed to provide
baseline water column  data for a variety of parameters at selected stations
within the vicinity of the site.  The activities conducted  during Leg II were
designed to  deploy current meters  which would provide six-month data on
oceanographic currents in the vicinity of the 106-Mile Site.   These data will
be presented in a separate report.

                             1.2 SURVEY OBJECTIVES

          The August/September 1986 survey at the 106-Mile Site focused on
preliminary  implementation of the  overall 106-Mile Site monitoring plan
(Battelle,  1987a).   Although the plan was still under development during the
survey, studies during the survey were designed for two purposes:  1) to
collect baseline data, and 2)  to make preliminary observations on the
transport of sludge plumes, which  could be used as guidance for developing a
                                      1-4

-------
nearfield monitoring strategy for tracking plumes.   All  major objectives,
summarized below, were completed during the two legs of the survey.
          1. To conduct a preliminary study of a sludge plume from
             the point of disposal  to the site boundary.
          2. To assess water quality conditions during the summer at
             selected reference stations.
          3. To collect hydrographic and current data in the
             vicinity of the site.
          4. To document the occurrence and abundance of endangered
             species (birds, turtles, and marine mammals) in the
             vicinity of the site.
          Objectives 1 and 2 were concerned with examining the movement of the
sludge to and beyond the dumpsite boundary.  Information on short-term surface
water movement was obtained by tracking surface drogues.  This information
permitted the field party to designate stations along the upcurrent  boundary
of the site for the collection of specific sludge tracer samples from an
actual sludge plume.  The plume-tracking study and the collection of sludge
tracer samples at the site boundary are referred to as Dumpsite Boundary
Reconnaissance (DBR).  Water quality data for specific tracers (total
suspended solids (TSS), Clostridium perfringens, and trace metals) were
obtained at the site boundary and at selected reference stations. Trace
metals samples collected as part of the DBR study were not analyzed.  The
results obtained at the site boundary are compared with data from reference
stations and historical baseline data to determine the potential transport of
detectable quantities of sludge beyond the site boundary.
          Objective 3 was concerned with characterizing the structure of the
water column and determining current measurements over a six-month period.
The moored current meters provide data on the long-term movement (speed and
direction) of surface (from 50 to  150 m) and subpycnoline (from 500 to 2450
m) water.  These data have been lacking at the site, although models
describing sludge movement have assumed a net southwesterly flow.  Data on the
movement of water masses at the site were needed to understand the transport
of disposed sludge and to address issues related to a) the design of

                                      1-5

-------
monitoring program activities, b) the potential  direction of movement of the
sludge (i.e., towards the shoreline), and c)  the flow of water through the
site.  The results of the current meter measurements are presented and
discussed in a separate report (Battelle, 1987b).
          Data collected to meet the requirements  of Objective 4 will be used
to assess seasonal distributions and abundances  of marine mammals, turtles,
and birds at the site,  to assess seasonal  distributions.  Data on summer
abundances were sparse.

                            1.3 SCOPE OF THE  REPORT

          This report discusses all  survey activities completed during Legs I
and II of the 1986 summer survey at the 106-Mile Site.  In addition, this
document presents the results and interpretation of the laboratory analysis
and survey data within the framework of the monitoring program for the 106-
Mile Site.  Chapter 2 describes the dumpsite  and the location of all DBR,
reference water quality, and current meter mooring stations.  Chapter 3
describes the field and laboratory methods used  to collect and analyze all
survey data.  All survey results are presented in Chapter 4.  In Chapter 5,
the results are discussed, conclusions are drawn,  and appropriate
recommendations are made.
                                      1-6

-------
                                2.0 STUDY AREA

                             2.1 SITE DESCRIPTION

          The area designated by EPA for  disposal  of  sewage  sludge  is  the
eastern portion of the Interim 106-Mile Site,  located near the  2500-m  isobath
approximately 120 nmi  southeast of Ambrose  Light,  New York,  and 115  nmi  east
of Atlantic City, New  Jersey.  The area of  the site is approximately 100 nmi2;
the site is bounded by latitudes 38°40'N  to 39°00'N and longitudes  72°00'W  to
72°05'W.  The location of the site is shown in Figure 1.
          The 106-Mile Site is a designated  U.S.  deepwater  dumpsite for the
ocean disposal of sewage sludge.  EPA designated  this site because  it  meets
all specified requirements of the MPRSA of  1972 for site designation.   The
site is not located in an area of significant  commercial  or  recreational fish
or shellfish harvesting.  The currents near the site, the deep  permanent
pycnocline, and the great distance from  shore  ensure  that impacts  associated
with ocean dumping at  the site will be minimal.

                             2.2 STATION  LOCATIONS

          The locations of all stations occupied  at the 106-Mile Site  during
both legs of the 1986  summer survey are  shown  in  Figure 2.   The coordinates
for each station are presented in Table  2.   During Leg I of  the survey,
sampling activities were completed at Stations D10-1, DBR-1, DBR-2,  and DBR-3
(DBR stations) and  A-3, A-5, and A-7 (reference  water quality  stations).
During Leg II, current meter moorings were  deployed at Stations A-5  and A-9.
          Sampling activities for the DBR study were  originally planned
(Battelle, 1986b) at 10 DBR stations spaced at 0.5-nmi intervals along the
dumpsite boundary.  The specific locations  at these  DBR stations were
determined by tracking drogues (at 10, 30,  and 75 m)  to determine  the  speed
and direction of the water mass.
                                      2-1

-------
    74°
40°-
39°-
 38°-
73°'
 I	
72'
 I
                                   ...••""  	••%i2"'
                                  .'  .   .-•'      A.-8
                                                            A-3
                              v
71°
                            I
                           73°
                       72°
                           • DBR Station  Locations
                           • Detailed Water  Column Sampling
                             Mooring
                             Water Column Sampling and Mooring
                       71°
      FIGURE 2.  STATIONS OCCUPIED AT THE  106-MILE SITE DURING THE 1986 SUMMER
                SURVEY   (SHADED AREA  INDICATES THE  106-MILE  SEWAGE  SLUDGE
                DISPOSAL SITE)
                                    2-2

-------
   TABLE  2.    COORDINATES FOR STATIONS SAMPLED DURING THE 106-MILE
              SITE  1986 SUMMER SURVEY
Station
DIO-ll
OBR-11
DBR-21
DBR-31
A-3l
A-5*
A-52
A-7l
A-92
Latitude/
Longitude
-
-
-
-
39°01'N
71039'W
38°36 'N
72°35'W
38°34.49'N
72°36.63'W
38022 'N
72055'W
38°54.39'N
71051. 67'W
LORAN C
Time Delays
26080.8
42811.7
26078.4
42834.1
26080.0
42832.8
26079.5
42830.7
25927.0
42845.0
26260.4
42605.2
26273.4
42586.0
26374.4
42501.1
26005.4
42783.1
- indicates that latitude/longitude  is  not  available
  for the designated stations.
Iwater column station coordinates.
^Current meter mooring stations
                                   2-3

-------
          The results of this short-term DBR study,  discussed  in  detail  in
Chapter 4, indicated that the water mass at the  site was  traveling  to  the
north at a speed of approximately 1 nautical  mile per hour,  or 1  knot.   Before
initiating the DBR study, the EPA chief scientist and the Battelle  second
scientist decided that because of time constraints and the flow speed  of the
plume, it would be difficult to collect samples  from 10 stations  at the
dumpsite boundary.  As a result, the number of DBR stations  (DBR-1, DBR-2,  and
DBR-3) along the northern boundary of the dumpsite was reduced from 10 to  3
(Figure 2).  A fourth station (D10-1) marked the location of the  start of  the
sludge plume tracking activity and was included  as part of the DBR  study.
          Stations A-3, A-5, and A-7 were selected as reference stations for
acquiring additional background data on water quality near the site.   These
stations were established 'by EPA and were sampled during previous baseline
studies.  All three stations lie on the 2500-m isobath.  Station  A-3  is
located approximately 10 nmi upcurrent (northeast) of the actual  dumpsite.
Station A-5 (a reference and current meter mooring station)  is approximately
20 nmi downcurrent (southwest) of the dumpsite.   Station A-7 is located
approximately 40 nmi downcurrent (southwest) of  the dumpsite.
                                      2-4

-------
     3.0  SURVEY ACTIVITIES FIELD METHODS FOR SAMPLE AND DATA COLLECTION,
            AND LABORATORY METHODS FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS
          This chapter has been divided into three sections.  Section 3.1
discusses all sampling and data collection activities conducted during the
survey.  Section 3.2 discusses the methods used to acquire and collect samples
during the survey at the 106-Mile Site.  Section 3.3 briefly describes all
laboratory preparation and analytical  procedures used to analyze samples
collected during the survey.  Many of the sampling and analytical  procedures
discussed below are detailed in EPA Standard Operating Procedures  (SOPs)
(Battelle, 1987b,c).

                        3.1  SURVEY SAMPLING ACTIVITIES

          During Leg 1 of the survey at the 106-Mile Site, activities were
conducted to collect nearfield sludge tracer data (from actual sewage sludge
plume) at the dumpsite and to collect reference (baseline) water quality data
at selected stations outside the dumpsite boundary.  During Leg 2  of the
survey, two current meter mooring arrays were deployed at selected stations
outside the dumpsite.  The arrays were positioned to acquire long-term (over a
six-month period) current meter data in the vicinity of the sludge disposal
site.  The tracks for each leg of the survey are shown in Figure 3.  With
minor exceptions, all survey activities were completed.  The activities are
briefly summarized below, with respect to each objective (Section  1.2).
          To accomplish Objective 1 (Preliminary Study of the Movement of the
Sludge Plume:  Dumpsite Boundary Reconnaissance (DBR)), activities were
designed to track an actual sewage sludge plume from the point of disposal
(Station D10-1) to the dumpsite boundary  (Stations DBR-1, DBR-2, and DBR-3).
In addition, activities were designed to collect samples for analysis of
specific sludge tracers (total suspended solids (TSS), Clostridium
perfringens, and trace metals) from each of the DBR stations (D10-1, DBR-1,
DBR-2, and DBR-3).  The following activities were completed as part of the DBR
study:

          Before sludge was dumped by a preselected barge, drogues
          set at depths of 10, 30, and 75 m were tracked to
                                      3-1

-------
    NAUTICAL MILES
I    1
0   10   20  30  40  50 4j
    NEW JERSEY   !?
                                                                                    4!
                                                              ATLANTIC
                                                                OCEAN
                                                                       40
                                                                                     39
                                                                                     38
                                                                                    37"
                                                             1
      75°
          74               73

    ©  CURRENT METER MOORING STATION

    ®  CURRENT METER MOORING AND
       REFERENCE STATION
72
7f
                                                  •-»... TRACK FOR LEG1

                                                  —•—' TRACK FOR LEG 2

                                                   •  REFERENCE STATIONS
  FIGURE 3.
    •  OBR STATIONS
SURVEY  TRACK  FOLLOWED DURING THE  106-MILE SITE 1986 SUMMER
SURVEY
                            3-2

-------
          determine the  direction  and  speed  of the  surface  water  mass  at
          the site, in order to establish the locations  of  the DBR
          stations (D10-1,  DBR-1,  DBR-2,  and DBR-3).   After the sludge
          was dumped, seawater samples were  collected from  each. DBR
          station as the sludge plume  proceeded from  the point of
          disposal (D10-1)  and crossed the dumpsite boundary.   Samples
          were collected at three  depths, 10, 30,  and 75 m, for analysis
          of sludge tracers.

          To accomplish Objective  2 (Assessment of Water Quality at Selected
Reference Stations), activities were designed to assess  baseline water quality
data from selected reference stations.  High-volume surface (10 m) and
subpycnocline (250 m) water samples were  collected at three reference  stations
(A-3, A-5, and A-7) for analysis of a  suite  of organic constituents (see
Table 1).  In addition, surface (10 m) and subpycnocline (250 m)  water samples
were collected for the analysis of the water quality, £. perfringens,  and
trace metals also listed in Table  1.
          To accomplish Objective  3 (Water Column Structure and Currents),
expendable bathythermograph (XBT)  and  conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD)
profiles were taken to determine water column structure.  Current meter
moorings were deployed to determine current  direction and speed over a six-
month period and to determine long-term water mass movement around the site.
In addition, large-scale water mass movement was observed at the site  using
satellite imagery prior to and during the survey.
          To accomplish Objective  4 (Endangered Species  Observations), a
certified observer for endangered  species of whales, marine turtles, and
seabirds noted the occurrences of such species at the site  and along the
survey track.

                3.2  METHODS FOR FIELD SAMPLE COLLECTION. SAMPLE
                          PROCESSING, AND DATA AQUISITION

          This section  briefly discusses the methods used  for the shipboard
collection and processing of data and water  samples obtained during both  legs
                                      3-3

-------
of the survey.  The first part of this section describes  the  collection  of
data and samples during Leg I.   The second part briefly  describes  procedures
used to deploy the current meter moorings during Leg II.
          For Leg 1 activities, methods for collecting XBT data  are described
first, followed by a discussion of drogue and plume tracking  methods.   In
addition, this section presents methods used for collecting and  processing
sludge tracer (DBR) and reference station water samples (for  analysis  of
organic compounds, trace metals, water quality parameters, and C_.
perfringens).  This section also describes the techniques used to monitor  the
presence and determine the abundance of cetaceans,  turtles, and  seabirds in
the 106-Mile Site and vicinity.  For Leg II activities, methods  for locating
the 2500-m isobath are initially discussed, followed by a discussion of  the
methods for assembling and deploying the current meter mooring at  selected
stations.

                   3.2.1   Field Sampling  and  Data Acquisition
                              During Leg I of the Survey

3.2.1.1  XBT DEPLOYMENT AND RECORDING PROCEDURES

          At the location of initial dumping of sewage sludge (start of  the
DBR study), and upon arrival at each reference station, an expendable
bathythermograph (XBT) was released to record temperature vs. depth profiles.
Profiles were recorded from the surface to a depth  of 2000 m. This activity
was done to determine the location of the thermocline and to  obtain
information on the vertical structure of the water  column in  the dumpsite  and
vicinity.  The XBT equipment, including probe release gun, the recording
instrument,  and software, was provided by the OSV  Peter  W. Anderson.

3.2.1.2  SATELLITE IMAGERY DATA ACQUISITION

          Before and during the survey, satellite imagery data showing surface
water temperatures were obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric
                                      3-4

-------
Administration (NOAA) to help determine the characteristics of the surface
water at the site.

3.2.1.3 DROGUE AND PLUME TRACKING PROCEDURES

          Drogues set at depths of 10, 30, and 75 m were deployed and tracked
within the boundaries of the 106-Mile Site to determine the direction and
speed of the currents at the site.  The drogues were deployed near the center
of the site and tracked until rendezvous with the sludge barge.  The drogues
were retrieved and a 10-m drogue was redeployed and tracked until it crossed
the northern site boundary.  Based on the results of the preliminary drogue
tracking study, appropriate locations for the DBR stations (for collecting
sludge tracer samples) were selected.  In addition, surface (10-m) drogues
were tracked at reference Stations A-3 and A-7 to confirm the results obtained
during the DBR study (discussed in Section 4.0).
          The drogues consisted of four canvas panels stretched between 4'x 4'
perpendicular frames (connected in the center by cross pieces) constructed
from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing.  A schematic of the drogue is shown in
Figure 4.  Piano wire cut to the desired length  (10, 30, oY 75 m) was used to
attach the drogue to a surface float.  A weight was attached to the bottom of
the drogue frame to  submerge the drogue to the desired depth.
          The drogues were tracked using radio direction finding (RDF)
transmitting and receiving equipment supplied by the OSV Peter W. Anderson.  A
battery operated transmitter of a specific frequency was attached to the
surface float of each drogue.  The RDF receiving equipment was capable of
independently detecting and locating the bearing of each specific transmitter
frequency.
          Each drogue was deployed float first to prevent possible breakage of
the piano wire and subsequent loss of the drogues.  After the entire length of
piano wire for each  drogue was deployed, the drogue and weight were dropped
from the fantail of  the ship.  The drogues were  tracked by sight and RDF.
Drogue coordinates (for DBR and reference stations) were marked at specific
time intervals, generally every 15 minutes from  the time of deployment (T=0).

                                      3-5

-------
                 BOUY
WATER LINE
RDF TRANSMITTER
        PVC PIPE
                WEIGHT
                                       PIANO WIRE
                                               CANVAS
             FIGURE 4   SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE DROGUE
                              3-6

-------
The series of drogue coordinates acquired from each station (DBR + reference

station) were complied to produce drogue or plume tracks for those stations.


3.2.1.4 WATER SAMPLING  AT DBR STATIONS FOR SLUDGE TRACERS


          At each of the DBR stations (D10-1, DBR-1, DBR-2, and DBR-3) water

samples were collected from a sewage sludge plume at depths of 10, 30, and 75

m.  The samples were processed for analysis of selected sludge tracers (TSS

and £. perfringens).  In addition, trace metals samples were collected at each

DBR station. Table 3 indicates the type and number of samples collected at
each DBR station.  The following discusses the methods for collecting and

processing TSS, C. perfringens, and trace metals samples.


          •  Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

             Samples for total suspended solids were collected using
             30-L GO-FLO bottles at depths of 10, 30, and 75 m.  At
             Station DBR-1, TSS samples were processed and analyzed
             in triplicate.  At Stations D10-1, DBR-2, and DBR-3,
             only one sample from each depth was processed and
             analyzed.  A 4-L subsample was taken from each GO-FLO
             bottle designated for TSS analysis.  Each 4-L subsample
             was filtered through a preweighed 0.45-um membrane
             filter (or until the pores clogged).

          •  Clostrldium perfringens

             Samples for C. perfringens analysis were collected
             using a 30-L GO-FLO bottle sterilized with ethanol.
             Subsamples of 1.0, 0.5 and 0.1 L were filtered through
             presterilized, 0.45-um filters.  Filters were placed
             onto petri dishes containing sterile mCP media and
             incubated anaerobically at 44.5°C for 18-24 hours.

          •  Trace Metals

             Surface water samples were collected in the visible
             sludge  plume at each DBR station (D10-1, DBR-1, DBR-2,
             and DBR-3) and analyzed for trace metals.  Two samples
             were collected at D10-1 using an acid-cleaned bucket to
             prevent possible high-level contamination of the
             specially treated (acid-cleaned and Teflon-lined) GO-
                                      3-7

-------
               TABLE 3.  SUMMARY OF  ALL SAMPLES  AND DATA  COLLECTED DURING  THE PLUME  TRACKING AND  DBR
                         PHASES OF THE 106-MILE SITE 1986 SUMMER SURVEY







CO
1
CO




Parameters
TSS
Micro
Metals


XBT
CTD



10 ID
3
3
2


1
1


D10-1* DBR-l^
30 ra 75 m 10 m 30 m
1133
1133
1



1
Stations


75 m 10 ra
3 1
3 1
1



1


DBR-2 DBR- 3
30 ra 75 m 10 m 30 m
-c.l 1 1
1 1 1
1



1

Total DBR
Sarapl es
75 m Collected
1 19
1 19
5


1
4
aD10-l = Plume/drogue tracking station.
bDBR = Dumpsite boundary reconnaissance  stations.

c- Indicates that sample collections  were  attempted,  but
   no samples were obtained.

-------
             FLO bottles  by the  concentrated  sludge  plume.   A
             specially treated GO-FLO  bottle  was  used  to  collect
             trace  metal  samples from  stations  (DBR-1,  DBR-2,  and
             DBR-3) in the more  dilute sludge plume  at  the  dumpsite
             boundary.  The bottle was attached to a clean  nylon
             line and deployed from the fantail of the  ship.   When
             the bottle was lowered to 15  meters, it was  opened by a
             pressure sensing trigger.  The bottle was  triggered to
             the closed position using a brass messanger.   A single
             surface water sample was  collected at each of  the three
             DBR stations (DBR-1, DBR-2, and  DBR-3)  using the  GO-FLO
             bottle.

             The samples  were transported  into  a  specially
             constructed  clean room for processing.  The  sludge
             water  samples were  drained from  the  GO-FLO bottle into
             acid-cleaned 2-L polyethylene bottles for  subsequent
             analysis of selected trace metals  (Ag,  Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb,
             and Zn), and into acid-cleaned 1-L glass  bottles  for Hg
             analysis.  Teflon fitting and tubing were  used to
             connect the vent at the top of the GO-FLO to a cylinder
             of purified nitrogen.  The nitrogen  was filtered
             through a 0.4-ym in-line  membrane  filter.  The nitrogen
             applied a slight positive pressure  (2-3 psi) to the GO-
             FLO bottle during subsample transfer to prevent
             possible contaminants from entering  the bottle.  All
             subsamples were acidified with double-distilled nitric
             acid immediately after collection.   Trace  metal samples
             collected during the DBR  study were  not analyzed.

3.2.1.5 WATER SAMPLING AT SELECTED REFERENCE  STATIONS


          At each of three reference stations (A-3,  A-5,  and A-7,)  in  the

vicinity of the 106-Mile Site,  seawater samples were collected from  the
surface (10 m) and below the pycnocline (250  m) using  two techniques:  1)  high-

volume water sampling using a stainless steel pumping  system and 2)  hydrocasts
using GO-FLO sample bottles. A  high-volume water sampler (Battelle,  1987b)
was used to sample surface and  subpycnocline  water  for selected organic
compounds.   The high-volume water sampler was  used  in conjunction  with  a

water-solvent extraction system  on board the  vessel.  This  system processed,
at sea, large volumes of water  for the analysis of  selected organic

constituents.  Using 30-L GO-FLO sample bottles,  hydrocasts were conducted to
collect surface and subpycnocline water samples  for  a  variety  of parameters.


                                      3-9

-------
These parameters included water quality and biochemical  parameters, trace

metals, and C_.  perfringens.  A summary of samples collected at each reference

station is listed in Table 4.
•
          t  Sampling and Processing for Organic Compounds

             Seawater analyzed for organic constituents  was sampled
             from depths of 10 m (surface) and 250 m (subpycnocline)
             using a high-volume water sampling system.   The system
             consists of an intake line composed of 1 inch O.D.
             stainless steel (SS) tubing (enough to sample below the
             pycnocline), a stainless steel centrifugal  pump, a
             0.3-um in-line filter held in place with a  293-mm
             filter holder, and a 1000-L extraction container.  The
             stainless steel tubing for sample intake was composed
             of alternating sections of 20' straight tubing and 4'
             flex tubing.

             At each selected reference station, the tubing was
             assembled and deployed to a depth of 250 m  for
             subpycnocline sampling.  The tubing was secured with
             clamps to the ship's trawl cable.

             Sample water was pumped with a centrifugal  pump into
             the extraction container.  As the sample water traveled
             to the container, it was filtered through a 0.3-ym pre-
             combusted (400°C) glass-fiber filter.  Sampling
             operations were continued until the container was
             filled with 900 to 950 L of filtered seawater at a rate
             of 16 to 20 L/min.  After sampling operations for
             subpycnocline seawater were completed, the  intake
             tubing  was disassembled and retreived until the nozzle
             extended 10 m below the seasurface (for surface
             sampling).  The 10-m high-volume sample was collected
             in the same manner as the subpycnocline sample.

             Each sample was processed in a high-volume  extraction
             container as briefly described below:

             a. A spike solution was added to the filtered water of
                selected samples immediately after the extraction
                container was filled.  Spiked water was  agitated
                with two mixers for 30 minutes.

             b. Twelve liters of methylene chloride (DCM) were added
                to the seawater samples (spiked or unspiked) to the
                saturation point.
                                      3-10

-------
                         TABLE 4. SUMMARY  OF  ALL  SAMPLES  AND  DATA COLLECTED  DURING THE  REFERENCE  SAMPLING AND
                                  MOORING DEPLOYMENT PHASES OF THE 106-MILE SITE SURVEY—SUMMER 1986.
CO
I
Station
A- 3
Parameter
TSS
Microbiology
ATP
Chlorophyll a^
Turbidity
PH
Salinity
Dissolved
Oxygen
Organics
Dissolved
Organics
Particulate
Metals
CTD
XBT
Moorings
Deployed
10 m
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1


1
-
1
1


250 m
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1


1
-




A-7
10 m
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1


1
3
-
1


250 m
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1


1
3




10 m
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
_a

1


1
-
1
1


A- 5
250 m
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
.

1


1
2




Total
Reference
A- 9 Samples
2500 m 2500 m Collected
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
4

6


6
8
2
1 1 5
1 1 2

Total DBR
Samples Total
Collected Samples
(From Table 3) Collected
19 37
19 37
18
18
18
18
18
4

6


6
5 13
4 6
1 6
2

          a-  Indicates that sample collections were attempted, but no samples were obtained.

-------
   c.  An additional  4L of DCM was  added  and the  water was
      agitated for 25  minutes with both  mixers.   The
      phases  were  allowed to  separate  for 45 minutes.  The
      solvent was  decanted through the T-valve at the
      bottom  of the container into a 4-L amber-glass
      bottle.

   d.  Step C  was repeated two times.

      Each extract volume (three  per  sample) was decanted
      into separate bottles for storage.  The cap of each
      bottle  was wrapped with Teflon tape followed by
      electrical tape.

   One sample blank (collected as  the  fourth extract) was
   taken to determine  potential sample contaminants
   contributed during  the extraction process.  In
   addition,  one solvent trip blank was  collected to
   determine  possible  contaminants contributed during
   addition of the extraction solvents to the samples.
   However, neither sample was analyzed.

   Three filter wipe samples for analysis of organic
   constituents were collected from different locations on
   the research vessel.  The samples were taken to
   identify possible ship-produced organic contaminants
   that may be present in the sample.

   Wipe samples were taken with a  muffled 293-mm filter
   for filtering particulates from water samples for
   organic constituents.  A 6" x 6" area was wiped from
   each sampled surface.  These surfaces included 1) the
   deck in the vicinity of the extraction tank (W-l),  2)
   the top of the extraction container (W-2) and 3) the
   processing laboratory  (W-3).  The samples were placed
   in solvent-rinsed and muffled glass jars, and stored in
   the freezer until analysis.
                                       ^
•  Water Quality and Biochemical Parameters, and
   C. perfrlngens

   To acquire additional baseline  data,   water quality and
   biochemical parameters were sampled at each of the
   reference stations.  Samples were analyzed on the ship
   for the following water quality parameters:
   temperature, salinity dissolved oxygen, pH, and
   turbidity.  In addition, the biochemical parameter
   chlorophyll "a" was analyzed aboard the survey vessel.
   The water quality parameter, TSS, and the biochemical
                            3-12

-------
             parameter, ATP, were processed aboard ship and stored
             frozen for analysis at a shore-based laboratory.

             Hydrocasts were conducted to collect surface (10  m)  and
             subpycnocline (250 m) seawater for water quality  and
             biochemical  parameters.  The hydrocasts were conducted
             during the high-volume sampling operations. Two 30-L
             GO-FLO sample bottles were sterilized with ethanol
             (required for  C.   perfringens and ATP samples) and
             lowered, using the rosette sampler, to the desired
             depths (10 and 250 m).  The bottles were triggered
             electronically from the survey center aboard the  ship.
             Samples were collected in triplicate from each depth.
             Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles were
             obtained during this activity but the data will not  be
             reported.

          •  Trace Metals

             Surface and subpynocline water samples for trace  metal
             analysis were collected at each reference station
             during the hydrocasts for water quality samples.   Two
             GO-FLO sample bottles for collecting trace metal
             samples were acid  cleaned for a period of 24 hours  in a
             10 percent HC1 solution.  The acid-cleaned GO-FLO
             bottles were attached to a Kevlar hydrowire (supporting
             the rosette samples), 15 meters above the rosette
             sampler.  The trace metal bottles were lowered to the
             appropriate depth  and mechanically triggered using  a
             brass messenger.  The sample bottles were retrieved  and
             transported to the clean room for final at-sea
             processing (see Section 3.2.1.4.)  These samples  were
             processed and analyzed for the appropriate metals at a
             shore-based laboratory.


3.2.1.6 CETACEAN. MARINE TURTLE, AND SEABIRD OBSERVATIONS


          The daytime presence  of species of cetaceans, turtles,  and seabirds

along the survey track was noted by a qualified observer from   the Manomet
Bird Observatory, Manomet, Massachusetts.   The observer was present during
both legs of the survey.  The program was designed to allow one  observer to

collect all information on cetaceans and turtles (Power et al.,  1980).
Seabird, cetacean, and turtle observations were recorded along predetermined
survey paths in 15-min periods, where each period represented  a  transect
(Payne et al., 1984).
                                      3-13

-------
          Data were recorded into two major categories:  location/   environment
and species/behavior.   Each category was  recorded  for each  15-min  period,  and
both categories were identified by a unique survey and observation number.
Location/environmental  data included latitude-longitude  (deg-min); start  time
(yr-mo-day-h-min); elapsed time (min); vessel  speed (kn)  and  course (deg  N);
water depth (m) and temperature (° C); barometric  pressure  trend;  visibility;
and wind direction (deg N) and speed (kn).   Species/behavior  data  included
species group (mammal,  turtle, or bird),  species  identification, numbers  seen,
age color phase (bird  only), oil  (bird only),  distance and  angle to sightings
(mammals and turtles only), heading, animal association,  debris association,
and behavior (Miller et al., 1980).

            3.2.2  Field Sampling and Data  Aquisition During  Leg II
                              of  the  106-Mile Site Survey

          During Leg II of the survey, two  mooring arrays for current meters
were deployed at Stations A-5 and A-9 (south and  north,  respectively).
Because the current meter data will not be  presented in this  report, the
methods for deploying the moorings will not be discussed  in this  report.   All
data and methods for deploying the mooring  are detailed in  Battelle, 1987b.

          3.3  METHODS  FOR LABORATORY SAMPLE PREPARATION  AND ANALYSIS

          Methods for the preparation and analysis of water samples collected
during the survey are briefly summarized below.  All DBR  seawater  samples were
analyzed for TSS and £. perfringens.  The analyses performed  on  all seawater
samples from the three reference stations (A-3, A-5, and  A-7) included 1)
determination of total  (unfiltered) trace metals,  2) determination of organic
constituents (particulate and filtrate), 3) determination of water quality
constituents (salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH,  TSS, and
temperature), 4) determination of biochemical  parameters  (chlorophyll a_ and
ATP), and 5) enumeration of £. perfringens.  Samples were analyzed  for the
following parameters at a shore-based laboratory:  organic compounds, trace
                                      3-14

-------
metals, TSS, and ATP .   Sample analysis for the rest of the water quality
parameters (salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, and temperature),
chlorophyll a, and C.  perfringens were conducted at sea aboard the CSV Peter
W.  Anderson.

                  3.3.1  Analysis of Selected Organic Compounds

          Samples of surface and subpycnocline seawater were collected using
the high-volume water sampler.  Samples were collected from three reference
stations for analysis of particulate and dissolved organic constituents.  To
initiate sample processing, a preliminary high-volume extraction was performed
on each dissolved fraction in a 1000-L extraction container.

3.3.1.1 PREPARATION OF SAMPLES

          Filtrate Extracts.  Seawater sample extracts were partially
processed aboard ship.  The extracts were returned to the laboratory for
further processing and analysis of trace organic constituents.  The DCM
extracts were combined using Kuderna-Danish evaporative techniques.  The
concentrated extracts were processed through silica-alumina column
chromatography and separate fractions were collected for PAH/pesticides/PCB
and coprostanol analyses.
          Filters.   Filters were extracted in the laboratory with DCM.  The
DCM extracts of the  filters and the large volumes of seawater filtrates were
concentrated using Kuderna-Danish apparatus.  The concentrated extracts were
then processed through  silica-alumina column chromatography to remove
interfering substances  and to separate fractions for PAH/pesticide/PCB and
coprostanol analysis.

3.3.1.2 ANALYSIS OF  SAMPLES

           The  following section briefly describes the methods used for
analysis  of coprostanol, PCBs and pesticides, PAHs and BEPH.

                                      3-15

-------
          •   Coprostanol

             The polar fraction (f3)  from the  column chromatography
             procedure was  analyzed  for coprostanol  by gas
             chromatography using flame ionization detection
             (GC/FID). A  calibration  curve  was  determined by
             analyzing standards  over a range  of concentrations.
             During analysis,  the routine calibration was  performed
             every eight  hours by analyzing one  of the calibration
             standards.

          •   Pesticides and PCBs

             A subsample  of the neutral (non-polar)  fraction
             including the  combined  fj and f2  fractions from the
             column chromatography procedure was analyzed  for
             pesticides and PCB chlorination by  gas  chromatography
             using capillary column  electron capture detection
             (GC/ECD)  with  a DB-5 capillary column (J&W Scientific,
             Inc.).  Confirmation analysis for pesticides  was
             performed using GC/ECD  with a DB-17 capillary column
             (J&W Scientific,  Inc.)   Quantification was performed by
             adding an internal standard (dibromooctafluorobiphenyl)
             to each sample.  Response factors for each compound
             relative  to  the internal standard were determined
             before the start  of  analysis.

          t   PAHs and  Phthalate

             A subsample  of the neutral fraction was analyzed for
             pblycyclic aromatic  hydrocarbons  (PAH)  and bis(2-
             ethylhexyl)  phthalate (BEPH) by capillary WCOT column
             gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS).  PAHs  and
             phthalate were identified by comparing retention times
             and mass  spectra  of  unknown compounds to those
             compounds.   A calibration curve  was established by
             analyzing calibration standards of known compounds and
             calculating  response factors relative to an internal
             standard  (di2-chrysene).  The internal  standard was
             added to  each  sample before sample  preparation and
             carried through all  phases of sample work up.
          3.3.2 Analysis of Water Quality and Biochemical Parameters


3.3.2.1 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS


          Samples collected by the hydrocasts at each reference station were

processed and analyzed aboard the OSV Peter W.  Anderson for the water quality

and biochemical  parameters (salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity,

temperature, chlorophyll a^, and phaeophytin).  ATP and TSS were the only

                                      3-16

-------
parameters for which samples were processed aboard ship and  later analyzed in

an onshore laboratory.  Samples collected for TSS analysis at each DBR station

were processed aboard the survey vessel  and analyzed at an on-shore

laboratory.

          All water quality samples were processed and analyzed in triplicate.

The instruments and most of the supplies used to analyze these water quality

and biochemical parameters aboard ship are part of the equipment and supply

inventory of the OSV Peter W.  Anderson.  The following methods for the

shipboard processing and analysis of water samples for salinity, dissolved

oxygen, pH, turbidity, and TSS are briefly described.


          •  Salinity

             Salinity was determined in discrete water samples with
             the Beckman Model RS-7C Induction Salinometer.
             Copenhagen water was used to calibrate the instrument
             at the start of the survey and as a control sample with
             each set of samples analyzed.

          •  Dissolved Oxygen

             Dissolved oxygen  (DO) in seawater was measured with the
             YSI Model 57 Dissolved Oxygen Meter.   DO aliquots were
             taken from the GO-FLO sample bottles before other
             samples.  Analysis was conducted within 15 minutes of
             sample collection.  Deionized water and seawater were
             used as controls; air calibrations were also made.

          •  pH

             Seawater pH was determined with the Beckman Model 4500
             pH Meter.  Subsamples for pH were taken from the GO-FLO
             bottles for each depth (10 and 250 m).  Performance
             check and calibration of the pH meter were conducted at
             the start of the survey and before each set of samples.

          •  Turbidity

             The seawater turidity was determined with the Hach
             Model 2100 Turbidometer.  The instrument was calibrated
             before each set of samples using a commercial turbidity
             standard.
                                      3-17

-------
          •  Total  Suspended Solids (TSS)

             Total  suspended solids (TSS) samples were collected by
             filtering 4L of seawater through 0.45-ym membrane
             filters.  The filters were stored at -20°C until
             analysis.  In the laboratory, the filters were air
             dried for 24 hours and weighed on a Mettler analytical
             balance.

3.3.2.2 BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
          The procedures for processing and analyzing ATP and chlorophyll £

samples are briefly discussed below.

          •  ATP

             Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) samples were collected by
             filtering 4L of seawater through sterile glass fiber
             filters.  The filters were then extracted with boiling
             Tris-Buffer and the extracts were frozen (20°C) until
             analysis.  After thawing, luciferin was added to the
             extracts.  ATP was quantified by liquid scintillation
             counting of the light emission from the preparation
             complex of the ATP-enzyme.

             ATP filter blanks or procedural blanks  (no deionized
             water was processed through the filters) were processed
             and treated as sample filters.  A volume of 4L was
             assumed for the sample blanks.

          •  Chlorophyll a and Phaeophytin

             Sample preparation, extraction, and the analysis of
             chlorophyll a and phaeophytin, using the Turner Model
             1000 Fluorometer, were conducted at sea.  Water samples
             were filtered on a 47-mm GF/C glass-fiber filter.  The
             cells were disintegrated by freezing the filters in
             acetone.  After thawing, the slurry was centrifuged,
             and the supernatant decanted into a clean culture tube
             for analysis.  By obtaining fluorometer readings before
             and after acidification of the samples, both
             chlorophyll £ and phaeophytin were determined.
             Analytical standards were prepared from a commercial
             chlorophyll a_ stock solution.  The linearity curve and
             r calibration factor of the working standards were
             analyzed with each set of samples.


                   3.3.3 Analysis of Clostridium perfringens


          The number of £. perfringens spores in seawater was determined  for
samples collected from reference and DBR stations.   Spores were collected by
                                      3-18

-------
filtering aliquots of seawater (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 L) through 0.45-ym membrane
filters.  The filters were placed in petri dishes containing modified £.
perfringens (m-CP) media and incubated at 44.5°C (+ 0.2) for 18-24 hours.
Confirmation was performed by exposing the incubated plates to ammonium
hydroxide vapors, causing C.perfingens colonies to turn a magenta color.  The
bacterial colonies were enumerated under a dissection microscope and the
numbers were recorded for each sample aliquot.  The colony counts for each
aliquot are reported as counts/100 ml and calculated by the following formula;
                   .,„„       Number of Plate Colonies      ......
          Colomes/100 m = 	 x 100
                             Volume of Seawater Filtered
                         3.3.4  Analysis of Trace Metals

          Seawater samples for analysis of trace metals were collected in
triplicate from the surface and below the pycnocline at reference Station A-7.
Two subpycnocline samples were collected at reference Station A-5.  Five
samples were collected for trace metals analysis during the DBR phase of the
survey, but the analysis of those samples was not funded.  The reference
station samples analyzed for trace metals were collected using an acid-
cleaned, Teflon-lined GO-FLO bottle.

3.3.4.1 SILVER

          Silver  (Ag) was analyzed by direct injection of the unfiltered
seawater sample into a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry
(GFAAS).  The standard additions method was used to quantify the silver in
each sample.  This method compares the reading obtained from a sample with no
addition, to readings obtained when known amounts of silver are added to the
sample.
                                      3-19

-------
3.3.4.2 CADMIUM, SILVER. COPPER, IRON,  LEAD,  AND ZINC


          Unfiltered seawater samples were extracted at pH 4 using a  1  percent
solution of purified ammonium-1-pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-diethyl ammonium

diethyldithiocarbamate (APDC-DDDC)  and  20 ml  of freon.   The metals were back

extracted into hot nitric acid.  The nitric acid solutions were then  analyzed

for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) by 6FAAS.


3.3.4.3 CHROMIUM


          The procedure for the determination of total  dissolved chromium (Cr)

is a modification of the methods described by Cranston  and Murray (1977).  Cr

was coprecipitated with 0.01N Fe(OH)2 in aliquots of unfiltered seawater at pH

8.  The precipitate was filtered, then digested with 6N hydrochloric  acid.

After dilution with deionized water, the acid digests were analyzed by GFAAS.


           3.3.5 Analysis of Cetaceans, Marine Turtles, and Seablrds


          From the observation data collected on the 106-Mile Site 1986 summer

survey, the following determinations were made:


          0  Behavior and directional movements of cetaceans.

          •  Distribution and abundance of cetaceans and turtles.

          •  Correlation of physical oceanographic parameters,
             principally salinity, temperature, and depth, with
             cetacean and turtle distributions and abundance.

          0  Comparison of seasonal distribution and abundance
             (sightings per unit-effort and individuals per unit-
             effort), and densities  (individuals per unit-area) of
             marine mammals and turtles in the site area.

          Estimates of cetacean and  turtle abundance were derived from the

number  of individuals/linear  km.  During the survey, the initial point of each

animal  sighting, a  radial distance to the sighting, and an angle measurement
                                      3-20

-------
were determined relative to the transect line.  Distance measurements up to 1
km were determined with a hand-held rangefinder (Heinemann, 1981).   Sighting
distances beyond 1 km were estimated.  The ship's radar was used in
determining distances to objects near the sighting (e.g., ships, buoys).
Angles were estimated from the compass on the  bridge of the ship.   Right-
angle distances were calculated for each sighting from the sighting data.
Because sightings of marine mammals and turtles decrease significantly when
wind speeds are greater than 17 mph, only data collected when wind  speeds were
less than 17 mph were examined for this survey.
          Estimates of seabird density (birds/km?) were derived from shipboard
data using a strip transect procedure (Powers, 1982; 1983).  The sample strip
width is determined with a hand-held fixed-interval rangefinder and is defined
as 300 m from the designated observation side of the ship and from  midship
forward to the end of the transect (Heinemann, 1981).  Birds passing through
the strip for the first time are counted; all transect passes thereafter are
considered recounts.  Recounts are tallied separately and are not included in
the density estimates; however, this method does minimize the inflationary
effect on these estimates (Powers, 1982).'
          Estimates of seabird density were calculated by dividing  bird counts
from the sampling strip by the area sampled for.each transect.  Area sampled
(A) per transect was calculated as follows:
          A = sPeed  x 15 min x 1852 m x 300 m x
               60 min/h                1 nm            1 x 106m2
                                      3-21

-------
                             4.0  QUALITY CONTROL

        4.1  DATA QUALITY REQUIREMENTS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE OBJECTIVES

          Summaries of the data requirements for the targeted analytes in
water samples are presented in Table 5.  To verify the accuracy and precision
of analytical measurements, method and field blanks were collected and
processed.  The field blanks were used to determine any background
contamination present during field processing and shipping.  In addition to
blanks, samples spiked with external and internal standards were used to
identify any systematic method or operator error.  Whenever possible, standard
reference materials (SRMs) were included with each set of samples analyzed to
confirm the validity of the method used.
          Analytical results of spiked samples were used to assess the
accuracy of the measurements for the following analytes: PAHs, PCBs,
pesticides, coprostanol, and trace metals (Table 5).  The accuracy and
precision of some measurements (TSS, ATP, chlorophyll a, water quality
                                    »                  ~~"
parameters, and C. perfringens) could not be estimated using SRMs or spiked
samples.  Surrogate materials added to water samples during sample preparation
were used to evaluate the accuracy of sample preparation procedures.  The
spikes added immediately before analysis were used to determine the accuracy
of the analytical method.
          Precision of the analytical measurements was estimated from
variation of the results of duplicate, triplicate, or quadruplicate sample
analyses.  The precision (or standard deviation) was calculated using the
following equation:
          Standard deviation (absolute units) =
             1/2
 n
 z
1=1
                                                  n-1
where xi is the experimentally determined value for the ith measurement, n is
the number of measurements performed, and x is the mean of the experimentally
determined values.  As with the accuracy determinations, spikes added during
sample  preparation provide an estimate of sample preparation error, and spikes
added immediately before analysis determine the analytical precision.

                                      4-1

-------
TABLE 5.  OBJECTIVES FOR ANALYTICAL MEASUREMENTS OF SEAWATER SAMPLES.
Parameter
Seawater Filtrate or Particulate,
Organic Compounds
Aromatic hydrocarbons, BEHP
PCB isomers, pesticides
Coprostanol
Seawater Metals
Ag
Cd, Zn
Cr, Pb, Cu
Fe
Seawater TSS
Seawater ATP
C. perfringens
Units

M9/I-
P9/L
|ig/L

ng/L
M9/L
M9/L
P9/L
mg/L
M9/L
Spores/100 ml
Detection
Limit

.001
.0001-. 005
.001

.015
.015
.030
.050
.01
.01
NA
Accuracy

50
50
50

50
50
50
50
30
30
50
Precision

100
100
100

30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Method

Solvent extraction, GC/MS
Solvent extraction, GC-ECD
Solvent extraction, GC-FID

Direct injection
Chelation-extraction, GFAA
Chelation-extraction, GFAA
Chelation-extraction, GFAA
Filtration, gravimetric determination
Filtration, extraction, LSC
Filtration, direct enumeration

-------
                         4.2  QUALITY CONTROL RESULTS

                             4.2.1  Water Quality

4.2.1.1  TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)

          The results of the analysis of five blank filters and the reweighing
of selected filters are presented in Tables 6 and 7.  The standard deviation
(S.D.) demonstrates that the precision of the duplicate weighings is within
the limits indicated in Table 5.  The blank values are well above the
recommended detection limit of 0.01 ng/L, but, in general, below the amounts
found in the samples.

4.2.1.2  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

          The results of the analysis of procedural blanks and the duplicate
analysis, (precision) of individual samples are presented in Table 6 and 8.
The highest blank value of 0.052 ng/L was well below the recommended detection
limit of 10.0 ng/L (0.010 yg/L), indicating that the field and analytical
processing did not contribute to ATP levels found in the field.  The procedure
was very precise, well below the 30 percent precision.

                              4.2.2  Trace Metals

          The results of the analysis of duplicate aliquots   (precision) of
seawater samples are given in Table 9.  The precision of the  duplicates was
very  good for all metals (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn), and the results
were  well within the precision limits given in Table 5.  The  accuracy of the
methods is shown in Table 10 with matrix spike solutions.  Spiked
concentrations varied from 82 to 115 percent, depending on the metal.  These
recoveries were well above the 50 percent requirement.
          The detection limit objectives for Ag and Pb were not met. Detection
limit for Pb was 50 percent higher than the objective.  However, the detection
limits  achieved for all of the elements are several orders of magnitude less
than  the water quality criteria concentrations.
                                      4-3

-------
           TABLE 6.  ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURAL BLANKS FOR TSS AND ATPa
    Sample                          TSS                      ATP
    Number                         (mg/L)                    (ng/L)
     1                             0.37                     0.024

     2                             0.34                     0.042

     3                             0.10                     0.052

     4                             0.17                     0.048

     xb                            0.24                     0.042

     S.D.c                         0.13                     0.012
aAssumed volume of 4 L for ATP.
bx = Mean.
CS.D. = Standard Deviation.
                                    4-4

-------
   TABLE 7.  DETERMINATION OF PRECISION, DUPLICATE WEIGHINGS OF TSS FILTERS
TSS Concentration (mg/L)
Station
DBR-1
DBR-1
DBR-1
A- 3
A-5
A-5
A-7
Depth
(meters)
75
75
10
10
10
250
10
Replicate
1
2
3
2
3
1
2
1
0.86
0.96
0.78
0.30
0.92
0.70
0.16
2
0.79
0.92
0.85
0.32
0.92
0.69
0.20
x»
0.82
0.94
0.82
0.31
0.92
0.70
0.18
S.D.b
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
ax = Mean.
bS.D. = Standard Deviation.
                                     4-5

-------
   TABLE 8.    DETERMINATION   OF   PRECISION,   DUPLICATE   ANALYSIS  OF
              SELECTED ATP SAMPLE  EXTRACTS  FROM SEAWATER SAMPLES
Station
A- 3
A-3
A-3
A-3
A-5
A-5
BLK
ATP std.c
ATP std.
Replicate
3
2
1
3
3
3
2
1
4
Depth
(meters)
10
250
250
250
10
250
-
-
-
x«
nMol/L
99.07
129.6
12.89
12.27
25.22
0.47
0.08
195.5
204.2
S.E.b
nMol/L
1.52
0.41
0.06
0.35
0.24
0.02
0.01
5.45
3.25
ax = Mean.
bS.E. = Standard Error.
CATP std. = ATP standard solution.
                                   4-6

-------
     TABLE 9.    DETERMINATION  OF PRECISION,  DUPLICATE ANALYSIS OF
                TRACE METALS FROM SEAWATER SAMPLES3
Aliquot
1
2
xc
RPDd
Silver
(yg/L)
0.056 ub
0.056 u
0.056 u
0.000
Cadmium
(yg/L)
0.023
0.020
0.022
13.6
Chromium
(yg/L)
0.30
0.25
0.28
17.9
Copper
(yg/L)
0.15
0.20
0.18
27.8
Iron
(yg/L)
0.57
0.34
0.46
50.0
Lead
(yg/L)
0.029 u
0.029 u
0.029 u
0.000
Zinc
(yg/L)
0.40
0.49
0.44
20.5
aSeawater samples from Station A-7,  Replicate  3,  depth  10  m
bu = Detection limit.
cx = Mean.
dRPD = Relative Percent Difference..
                                        4-7

-------
     TABLE  10.   DETERMINATION  OF  ACCURACY,  TRACE METAL MATRIX SPIKE RECOVERY,
                SEAWATER ANALYSIS3
Spiking
Solution
Amount
Expected
Amount
Recovered
Spike No. 1
Amount
Recovered
Spike No. 2
x Recovery^
Percent
Recovery
Silver
(yg/L)
20
19
20
19.5
97.5
Cadmium
(yg/L)
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
116.7
Chromium
(yg/L)
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
88.9
Copper
(yg/L)
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.05
105.0
Iron
(yg/L)
5.0
5.1
5.3
5.2
104.0
Lead
(yg/L)
1.0
0.87
1.0
0.94
93.5
Zinc
(yg/L)
5.0
5.5
5.0
5.25
105.0
aSeawater from Station A-7,  Replicate  3, depth 10 m.
bx = Mean.
                                        4-8

-------
                           4.2.3  Organic Compounds

          The effects of sample handling and preparation on the accuracy of
trace organic analysis of filtrate and participate samples was assessed by
spiking representative samples with surrogate PAH and PCB, and native
androstanol.  Table 11 presents the recoveries of the spike compounds from
both filtrate and particulate samples.
          Filtrate samples were spiked in the field and in the laboratory with
trichloromethyl-xylene (TCMX) which is used to accurately quantify
dibromuoctofluorobiphenyl (DBOFB), the Quantitative Internal  Standard (QIS).
Because the TCMX must be added to the samples just before analysis only, this
procedure is a deviation from standard protocol.  As a result, no percent
recoveries of DBOFB were calculated for the filtrate fraction (Table 11) of
the samples.  Percent recoveries of DBOFB for the filters (Table 11), however,
were accurate because all appropriate protocols were followed.
          Recovery of all spike analytes from filtrate samples were
acceptable, with the exception of perylene-di2.  Recovery of the PCB
decachlorobiphenyl averaged 41 percent, whereas the PAH compound recoveries
ranged from 13 percent (perylene-di2 recovery was sytematically low, likely a
result of the analyte precipitating from solution prior to analysis) to 50
percent (Phenanthrene).  Androstanol recovery was good, with an average of 65
percent over six analyses.
          Recovery of spike analytes from particulate samples was consistently
better for all analytes with the exception of androstanol.  The PCB
dibromooctafluorobiphenyl was recovered with an average 73 percent efficiency,
whereas the four PAH surrogate compounds were recovered with a 53 percent
average.  Androstanol recoveries were poor and variable, ranging from 2 to
118 percent.  This was caused by severe interferences in the gas
chromatographic determination of androstanol, where coeluting peaks in the
region of the quantisation internal standard resulted in artificially low
recoveries.
          Analysis of procedural blanks of filtrate and particulate samples
showed no presence of compounds that would interfere in the determination of
any analytes of interest, thus demonstrating that sample integrity was
maintained during handling and preparation.
                                      4-9

-------
                        TABLE 11.  DETERMINATION  OF ACCURACY  FROM  RECOVERIES
                                   SEAWATER FILTRATE AND PARTICULATE EXTRACTS*
OF  SURROGATE  ORGANIC  COMPOUNDS  IN
 I
I—»
o
Station
A-3
Analytes
Uecachlorobiphenyl
Naphthalene-ds
Phenanthrene-diQ
Anthracene-dig
Perylene-di2
Androstanol
300 m

40
26
51
23
9
40.9
10 m

73
32
50
26
5
51.8
A- 7
250 m

18
26
43
21
4
26.9
10 m

39
21
56
26
22
105.9
250
Fil
33
26
51
32
18
65
A- 5
m 10 m F043» Wic W2d W3e
tratesf
45
30
51
5
18
.4 98.8
Filters
Di bromooctaf 1 uorobi phenyl
Naphthalene- d8
Phenanthrene-djQ
Anthracene-dig
Androstanol
61
45
47
48
2.1
95
75
100
87
2.2
95
48
48
37
118
61
51
67
51
7.5
65
49
59
51
13
51 78
51 35
60 36
44 31
.6 5.2 4.7 7.5 17.5 1.4
         aPercent recovery.
         ^Procedural blank.
         CW1 = Wipe sample from deck of ship.
         dw2 = Wipe sample from top of extraction sample.
         eW3 = Wipe sample from laboratory.
         fDibromooctaf1uorobiphenyl (DBOFB)  was  added to  both  fractions appropriately.   However,  trichloromethylxylene (used  to
          quantify DBOFB) was added to the  filtrate  fraction  both in the field and  just  before  analysis.   This procedure made  it
          impossible to quantify DBOFB in the filtrate fraction.

-------
                                  5.0 RESULTS

          This chapter discusses results from  the  analysis  of samples
collected for the acquisition of preliminary data  on  the  physical  behavior  of
a sewage sludge plume at the 106-Mile Site.   In  addition,  the results  of
samples collected as background data from selected reference  stations  are
discussed.  The chapter is divided into the  following four  sections:
Satellite Imagery; DBR Study; Reference Stations;  and Cetacean,  Marine Turtle,
and Seabird Observations (Legs I and II). The DBR study  section includes  the
results of drogue tracking, plume tracking,  and  sludge tracer.  The reference
station section includes drogue tracking, and  organic constituents, XBT, water
quality/biochemical, and trace metal results.

                             5.1 SATELLITE IMAGERY

          According to the preliminary evaluation  of  satellite imagery data, a
large warm-core eddy (approximately 150 km in  diameter) was observed in the
area of the dumpsite during the surveys of 21-28 August and 14-20 September.
The eddy was centered at coordinates 39°00'N and 71°30'W  east of the northern
boundary of the site and remained stationary until 29 August  1986.  Surface
water currents were expected to flow north.   According to the track followed
by the drogues, the northward movement of the  surface current supported the
satellite data.  At the beginning of September,  the eddy  began to move to  the
southwest along the slope.  By 10 September, the northeast quadrant of the
eddy was within the site boundaries.  At that  time, surface current velocities
were anticipated to be vigorous and to flow toward the southeast.  By 22
September, the eddy was completely clear of the site  and  continued to move
south.

                                 5.2 DBR STUDY
              5.2.1 Drogue and Plume Tracking within the Dumpsite

          Before sludge was dumped by the preselected barge, the locations of
 sampling stations for monitoring the sludge plume as it crossed the dumpsite
                                      5-1

-------
boundary (DBR) were determined by studying the movements of drogues deployed
within the site.  Because the current speed and direction were unknown at the
time of deployment, the drogues were deployed as close as possible to the
center of the dumpsite.  The drogues, set to depths of 10, 30, and 75 m, were
tracked for a period of approximately four hours to determine the speed and
direction of the currents at various depths in the mixed layer.  The tracks
that the drogues followed are presented in Figure 5.  The northern boundaries
of the site are delineated by diamond-shaped marks at the corners of the site.
The drogue track is composed of a series of coordinates (indicated by the "X"s
in Figure 5) plotted within  specific time intervals (generally every 15
minutes).  Time zero (T=0 in Figure 5) indicates the point of deployment for
all drogues during the DBR activities.
          Because all three drogues remained in close proximity to one another
(within a quarter of a mile), the LORAN plotter could not resolve the distance
between them.  The positions marking the track of the 10-m drogue represent
the drift direction for all three drogues.  The drogues were carried initially
to the north-northwest, at a rate of approximately 1 nmi/h.  The track then
shifted toward the north and continued in that direction until EPA requested
that the sludge barge dump its contents at the location of the 10-m drogue
(five miles from the northern boundary on the western edge of the dumpsite,
Station D10-1).  Throughout the DBR study, the plume (or drogue track after
the sludge dump), indicated by the "Y"s in Figure 5, continued to drift to the
north.

                          5.2.2 Sewage  Sludge  Tracers
                            (TSS  and  C. Perfringens)

          The initiation of the dump marked the beginning of a limited plume
sampling activity to determine basic dispersion characteristics of sewage
sludge as the plume spread from the point of disposal (Station D10-1) to the
dumpsite boundary.  The plume boundaries at the surface were clearly visible
throughout the DBR activities.  Samples were collected for sludge tracers,
including  collections  for  total  suspended  solids (TSS)  and
                                      5-2

-------
39° oo\
38° so-.
       72° 20'
              Deepwater sludgt sitt
              North boundaries marked

              by diamonds.
72°  10-
                                      ?
                                      ?
                                     X
                                     X
                                      X
                                      X
              X
              X
                                       T=0
72°  oo'
71° 50'
            Y = DROGUE (PLUME) TRACK AFTER CONTACT WITH PLUME

            X = DROGUE TRACK BEFORE CONTACT WITH PLUME

            TIME OF DROGUE DEPLOYMENT IS T=0.
   FIGURE 5.  DROGUE DEPLOYMENT AND  TRACKING BEFORE AND DURING THE SEWAGE
             SLUDGE DUMP
                                  5-3

-------
C. perfringens at Station D10-1  (the  site  of  the  dump).   The  results  of  the
TSS analysis are presented in Table  12.  Microbiology  samples were  analyzed
for the presence and abundance of C.  perfringens.   These  data are  presented  in
Table 13, along with the sludge tracer data  from  the three  DBR  stations
(discussed below).  After sampling activities at  the point  of disposal were
completed, DBR sampling was initiated.  Results of TSS  and  C. perfringens
analyses for Stations DBR-1, DBR-2,  and  DBR-3 are given in  Tables  12  and 13,
respectively.

                             5.3 REFERENCE STATIONS

                5.3.1 Drogue Tracking at the  Reference Stations

          At Stations A-3 and A-7, a  drogue,  set  to a  depth of  10  m,  was
deployed and tracked for a short time.  This  activity  was done  to  determine
the direction of the surface currents at these stations and the extent of  the
influence of the ring (discussed in Section  5.1.1). The  drogue tracks  (marked
by the "X"s) at Stations A-3 and A-7, presented  in Figures  6 and 7, depict a
northerly movement for each drogue relative  to its respective  point of release
(T=0).  Drift rates of the drogues were not  determined during these
activities.  These data, coupled with the  data from the DBR drogue tracking
within the site, indicate the northerly flow of  surface water in the  vicinity
of the dumpsite.  This assessment is further supported by satellite imagery
data that indicated the presence of the warm-core ring on the current
movements at the site.  Figure 8 presents  a  composite  of  all  drogue tracking
activities.  The scale of the drogue-tracking composite (Figure 8) for
Stations A-3, A-5, and A-7 covered a large area  (in excess  of 3600 nmi2).  The
scale of Figure 7 for the drogue tracking  activity at  Station A-7  covered  a
considerably smaller area (approximately 4 nmi'2).  As  a result, the drogue
track for Station A-7 was small with respect to  those  at  Stations  A-3 and  A-5,
and was not resolved in Figure 8.
                                      5-4

-------
                    TABLE 12.  SUMMARY OF  SLUDGE  TRACER DATA  FOR TSS  CONCENTRATIONS  FROM  SEAWATER  SAMPLES
                               COLLECTED AS PART OF THE DBR ACTIVITIES
in
i
en
TSS Concentrations (mg/L) at Stations
D10-ia
Replicate 10 m 30 n 75 m 10 me
1 32.5 0.588
0.888
0.775
x 0.750
SD 0.152
29 0 0.627 0.120
3h 2.46
DBR-lb
30 me
2.40
1.10
0.45
1.32
0.99


DBR-2C DBR-3<*
75 me 10 n 30 n 75 m 10 m 30 m 75 m
0.857 2.62 -f 0.592 0.343 0.184 0.236
0.964
0.928
0.916
0.054


     aE1apsed time (ET)  =  0.

     bE1apsed time (ET)  after  collection of D10-1 =  1 h,  35 min.

     cElapsed time (ET)  after  collection of D10-1 =  1 h,  52 min.

     dElapsed time (ET)  after  collection of D10-1 =  2 h,  14 min.
     eSamples collected  in triplicate.
     f- = Sample lost.
     9Sample collected 10  min  after Rep 1, 10-m data point probably  not  accurate.
     "Sample collected 30  min  after Rep 1.

-------
              TABLE  13.  SUMMARY  OF SLUDGE TRACER  DATA FOR C. perfrlngens SAMPLES  COLLECTED AS PART OF
                        THE DBR  ACTIVITIES. COLONY COUNTS/100 mL OF SAMPLE FOR EACH DILUTION
I
en


Replicate
1





2




3


Sample
Volume
Filtered3
(L)
0.01
0.1
0.25
0.5
0.9
1.0
0.1
0.175
0.25
0.5
1.0
0.1
0.5
1.0

Station
DlO-lb DBR-1C DBR-2d DBR-36
10 m 30 m 75 m IQ m 30 m 75 m 10 m 30 m 75 m 10 m 30 m 75 m
*f --g - -- - - - 	
* * • * * * -- 19 * 5 22
**h
* * * * — 26 15 0.2 *
*
* * * *i __ * * o.2
* * * * * *
*
*
* ** * xj * *
***** *
* * * . *
* * * *
* * * *
    aThese  volumes  represent the dilutions for each replicate.
    bElapsed  Time  (ET)  = 0.
    cE1apsed  Time  (ET)  after collection of D10-1 = 1 h, 35 min.
    dElapsed  Time  (ET)  after collection of D10-1 = 1 h, 52 min.
    eElapsed  Time  (ET)  after collection of D10-1 = 2 h, 14 min.
    f*   = Too numerous  to  count ( greater than 300 (colonies/plate).
    g--  Samples  not collected  for that aliquot volume.
    n**  = 20-30  isolated colonies, smeared growth.
    iCounts made from  two  plates (750 mL filtered for 1 plate, 250 mL for the other) to equal 1 L.
     NOTE:  10- and  30-m samples not taken directly in visible plume at DBR-3.
    Jx   = Positive  magneta color not visible on colonies after exposure to ammonium hydroxide.

-------
39°  10'.
39°  oo-
           71°  so-
71° 40'
       x
      T=0
                                           REFERENCE
                                            STATION
71°  30
                  X = DROGUE TRACK

                  TIME OF DROGUE DEPLOYMENT IS T=0.



               FIGURE  6.  EXPANDED DROGUE TRACK AT STATION A-3
                                   5-7

-------
38° 27.
                                *
                                 x
REFERENCE

 STATION
                              T=0
      72° 59'              72°  58'


                  X = DROGUE TRACK


                  TIME OF DROGUE DEPLOYMENT IS T=0.
              72° 57
            FIGURE 7.  EXPANDED DROGUE TRACK AT STATION A-7
                                5-8

-------
39*30'.
39°oo-.
38°30\
38*00-.










REFEREN
STATIOI
D1
REFERENCE
ST<
73°
ITION
oo- 72°

I
V
T=(
CE A
„ ${



so- 72°

*
X
Tsf
I
, Deepwat*
boundarie


•
oo- 71°




• sludge sit*
s. marked by



30' 71°
1



diamonds.



00'
                 Y = PLUME (DROGUE) TRACK AFTER DUMPING

                 X = DROGUE TRACK

                 TIME OF DROGUE DEPLOYMENT IS T=0.

                 1 SCALE NOT EXPANDED ENOUGH TO SHOW DROGUE TRACK
                   IN THE VICINITY OF STATION A-7


      FIGURE 8.   DUMPSITE AND REFERENCE STATIONS SHOWING DROGUE TRACKS
                                5-9

-------
                          5.3.2 Organic Constituents

5.3.2.1  SEAWATER

          The participate and dissolved fractions  of three  surface  (10m)  water
samples and three subpycnocline (250 m) water samples collected  from  reference
Stations A-3, A-5, and A-7 were analyzed for PAH,  pesticide compounds,  and
coprostanol.  The results of the PAH analysis for  the dissolved  sample
fraction (filtrate) and the particulate fraction are shown  in  Tables  14 and
15, respectively.  Results of PCB, pesticide, and  coprostanol  analysis  for
filtrate samples are shown in Table 16; the results  of the  particulate  samples
are presented in Table 17.

5.3.2.2  FILTER WIPES

          Three wipe samples were taken from the deck of the ship in  the
vicinity of the extraction container (sample W-l),  the top of the  extraction
container (sample W-2), and in the laboratory of the ship (sample W-3).  These
wipe samples were analyzed for PCB, PAH, pesticide compounds,  and coprostanol.
The data are reported in Tables 14 (PAH particulates), and  17  (PCB, pesticide,
and coprostanol particulates).

        5.3.3 Water Column Profiling  -  Expendable  Bathythermograph  (XBT)

          Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data (Figure 9) were collected  at
each station to determine the depth of the pycnocline.   Based on XBT data,
subpycnocline water sampling depths were determined for each station.  At
Station A-3, XBT data (Figure 9A) indicated the existence of three  separate
gradients at approximate depths of 50, 200, and 500 m, possibly confirming  the
presence a warm-core ring in the vicinity.  Based  on historical  physical
oceanographic data  indicating the presence of a permanent pycnocline  in the
area,  at approximately 200 m, provisions were made for pumping seawater for
organic analyses from no deeper than 300 m.  Consequently,  all water  column

                                      5-10

-------
                            TABLE 14.  SUMMARY OF GC/MS  SCAN  ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLE  FILTERS  FOR  POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC
                                       HYDOCARBONS  AND PHTHALATES  IN  ng/L
LTI
I
Station
A- 3
Analyte
Naphthalene
Cj-N
C2-N
C.3-N
C4-N
Acenaphthylene
Biphenyl
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Cj-F
C2-F

C4-F
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Cj-P
Ci-Anthracene
C2-P
C2-Anthracene
C3-P

Dibenzothiophene
Cj-DBT
C2-DBT
C3-DBT
C4-DBT
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benz(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Triphenylene
Benzof 1 uoranthene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Perylene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl Jphthalate
Indeno(l,2,3-C0)pyrene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
300 m»
0.21
0.25
0.17
0.21
0.21
0.16
0.22
0.24
0.14
0.18
0.17
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.29
0.29
0.25
0.18
0.94
0.16
0.16
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.21
0.18
0.13
0.10
0.10
0.18
0.22
0.22
0.19
0.19
0.40
0.40
ud
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
10 roc
0.20
0.24
0.16
0.20
0.20
0.16
0.21
0.23
0.13
0.17
0.16
0.13
0.13
0.16
0.24
0.27
0.24
0.17
0.89
0.16
0.16
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.20
0.18
0.13
0.09
0.09
0.17
0.20
0.21
0.18
0.18
0.38
0.38
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
A- 7
250 mb
0.21 u
0.25 u
0.17 u
0.21 u
0.21 u
0.16 u
0.22 u
0.24 u
0.14 u
0.18 u
0.17 u
0.14 u
0.14 u
0.16 u
0.29 u
0.29 u
0.25 u
0.18 u
0.94 u
0.16 u
0.16 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.21 u
0.18 u
0.13 u
0.10 u
0.10 u
0.18 u
0.22 u
0.22 u
0.19 u
0.19 u
0.40 u
0.40 u
10 mb
0.21 u
0.25 u
0.17 u
0.21 u
0.21 u
0.16 u
0.22 u
0.24 u
0.14 u
0.18 u
0.17 u
0.14 u
0.14 u
0.16 u
0.29 u
0.29 u
0.25 u
0.18 u
0.94 u
0.16 u
0.16 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.21 u
0.18 u
0.13 u
0.10 u
0.10 u
0.18 u
0.22 u
0.22 u
0.19 u
0.19 u
0.40 u
0.40 u
A- 5
250 m">
0.21 u
0.25 u
0.17 u
0.21 u
0.21 u
0.16 u
0.22 u
0.24 u
0.14 u
0.18 u
0.17 u
0.14 u
0.14 u
0.16 u
0.29 u
0.29 u
0.25 u
0.18 u
0.94 u
0.16 u
0.16 u
0.25 u
0.25 U
0.25 U
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.21 u
0.18 u
0.13 U
0.10 u
0.10 u
0.18 u
0.22 u
0.22 u
0.19 u
0.19 u
0.40 u
0.40 u
10 m"
0.21
0.25 u
0.17 u
0.21 u
0.21 u
0.16 u
0.22 u
0.24 u
0.14 u
0.18 u
0.17 u
0.14 u
0.14 u
0.16 u
0.29 u
0.29 u
0.25 u
0.18 u
0.94 u
0.16 u
0.16 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.21 u
0.18 u
0.13 u
0.10 u
0.10 u
0.18 u
0.22 u
0.22 u
0.19 u
0.19 u
0.40 u
0.40 u
Wipe Samples*
W-l
1.0
0.25 u
0.17 u
0.21 u
0.21 u
0.16 u
0.22 u
0.24 u
0.14 u
0.18 u
0.17 u
0.14 u
0.14 u
1.0
0.29 u
0.29 u
0.25 u
0.18 u
0.94 u
0.16 u
0.16 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.21 u
0.18 u
1.0
1.0
0.10 u
0.18 u
1.0
0.22 u
0.19 u
1.0
0.40 u
0.40 u
W-2
0.21 u
0.25 u
0.17 u
0.21 u
0.21 u
0.16 u
0.22 u
0.24 u
0.14 u
0.18 u
0.17 u
0.14 u
0.14 u
0.16 u
0.29 u
0.29 u
0.25 u
0.18 u
0.94 u
0.16 u
0.16 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.21 u
0.18 u
0.13 u
0.10 u
0.10 u
0.18 u
0.22 u
0.22 u
0.19 u
0.19 u
0.40 u
0.40 u
W-3
0.21 u
0.25 u
0.17 u
0.21 u
0.21 u
0.16 u
0.22 u
0.24 u
0.14 u
0.18 u
0.17 u
0.14 u
0.14 u
0.16 u
0.29 u
0.29 u
0.25 u
0.18 u
0.94 u
0.16 u
0.16 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.21 u
0.18 u
0.13 u
0.10 u
0.10 u
0.18 u
0.22 u
0.22 u
0.19 u
0.19 u
0.40 u
0.40 U
                 aAssumed volume = 950L.
                 hSample volume = 900 L.
                 C5ainple volume = 950 I..
                 du = Method detection limit.

-------
         TABLE 15.  SUMMARY OF  GC/MS SCAN ANALYSIS OF WATER  SAMPLE FILTRATES FOR
                    POLYNUCLEAR  AROMATIC  HYDROCARBONS  AND  PHTHALATES  IN  ng/L
                    (INCLUDES WATER QUALITY CRITERIA)
Station
A-3
Analyte
Naphthalene
CI-N
C2-N
C3-N
C4-N
Acenaphthylene
Biphenyl
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
CI-F
C2-F
C3-F
C4-F
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
C^-P
Ci-Anthracene
C2-P
C2-Anthracene
C3-P
C4-P
Dibenzothiophene
Ci-OBT
C2-DBT
C3-DBT
C4-DBT
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benz(a)anthr3cene
Chrysene
Triphenylene
Benzofluoranthene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Perylene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-
phthalate
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)-
pyrene
Benzo(g,h,i)-
perylene
300 aft
1.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
0.21 uc
0.16 u
0.22 u
0.24 u
0.14 u
0.18 u
0.17 u
0.14 u
0.14 u
0.16 u
0.29 u
1.0
0.25 u
0.18 u
0.94 u
0.16 u
0.16 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.25 u
0.21 u
0.18 u
0.13 u
0.10 u
0.10 u
0.18 u
0.22 u
0.22 u
0.19 u
0.19 u

0.40 u

0.40 u

10 m°
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
0.20 u
0.16 u
0.21 u
0.23 u
0.13 u
0.17 u
0.16 u
0.13 u
0.13 u
0.16 u
0.24 u
0.27 u
0.24 u
0.17 u
0.89 u
0.16 u
0.16 u
0.23 u
0.23 u
0.23 u
0.23 u
0.23 u
0.20 u
0.18 u
0.13 u
0.09 u
0.09 u
0.17 u
0.20 u
0.21 u
0.18 u
0.18 u

0.38 u

0.38 u

A-7
250 aft
1.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
0.42 u
0.33 u
0.45 u
0.48 u
0.27 u
0.36 u
0.35 u
0.27 u
0.27 u
0.33 u
0.57 u
0.57 u
0.50 u
0.35 u
1.87 u
0.33 u
0.33 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.42 u
0.37 u
0.27 u
0.20 u
0.20 u
0.36 u
0.43 u
0.44 u
0.39 u
0.39 u

0.80 u

0.80 u

10 aft
1.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
0.42 u
0.33 u
0.45 u
0.48 u
0.27 u
0.36 u
0.35 u
0.27 u
0.27 u
0.33 u
0.57 u
1.0
0.50 u
0.35 u
1.87 u
0.33 u
0.33 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.42 u
0.37 u
0.27 u
0.20 u
0.20 u
0.36 u
0.43 u
0.44 u
0.39 u
0.39 u

0.80 u

0.80 u

Water*
Quality
A-5 Criteria
250 m*
4.0
8.0
9.0
5.0
1.0
0.33 u
1.0
0.48 u
0.27 u
1.0
0.35 u
0.27 u
0.27 u
1.0
0.57 u
2.0
0.50 u
0.35 u
1.87 u
0.33 u
0.33 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.42 u
0.37 u
0.27 u
0.20 u
0.20 u
0.36 u
0.43 u
0.44 u
0.39 u
0.39 u

0.80 u

0.80 u

10 m* (pg/L)
2.0 7.5
5.0
5.0
2.0
0.42 u
0.33 u
0.45 u
0.48 u
0.27 u
0.36 u
0.35 u
0.27 u
0.27 u
0.33 u
0.57 u
1.0
0.50 u
0.35 u
1.87 u
0.33 u
0.33 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.50 u
0.42 u 16
0.37 u
0.27 u
0.20 u
0.20 u
0.36 u
0.43 u
0.44 u
0.39 u
0.39 u

0.80 u

0.80 u

''Sample volume = 900 L.
bSample volume = 950 L.
cu = Method detection limit.
*U.S.EPA 1986.
                                       5-12

-------
                       TABLE 16. SUMMARY  OF THE  ANALYSIS OF  HATER  SAMPLE  FILTRATES  FOR  PESTICIDES,  PCBs,  AND
                                 COPROSTANOL IN ng/L (INCLUDES WATER QUALITY CRITERIA)
ui
i
Station
A-3
Analyte
Pesticides
a-BHCC
B-BHC
Y-BIICf
,S-BHC
Heptachlor
Aldrin9
Heptachlorepoxide
a-Endosulfan
Dieldrin
4,4'-DDE
Endrin
B-Endosul fan
4,4'-DDD
Endrin aldehyde
Endosul fan sulfate
4,4'-DDT
Mi rex
Methoxychlor
Chlordane
Toxaphene
Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCBs)
Aroclor 1242
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1260
Coprostanol k
300 ma

0.170d
0.021
0.030d
0.00148
0.019
0.00106
0.00083
0.00105
0.017
0.013
0.021
0.00104
0.008
0.00217
0.00199
0.022
0.00118
0.00160
0.222
0.444


0.178
0.178
0.178
0.000





u

u
u
u



u

u
u

u
u
u
u


u
u
u

10 m"

0.228d
0.00092
0.031d
0.00140
0.00095
0.00100
0.008dh
0.00099
0.0231
0.00114
0.031J
0.00098
0.00172
0.00205
0.00188
0.00097
0.00111
0.00152
0.211
0.421


0.168
0.168
0.168
0.000
1


ue

u
u
u

u

u

u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u


u
u
u

250 ma

0.017
-------
                         TABLE  17.   SUMMARY  OF  THE  ANALYSIS  OF WATER  SAMPLE FILTERS FOR PESTICIDES, PCBs, AND COPROSTANOL IN ng/L
en
i
Station
Analyte
Pesticides
a-BHC
B-BIIC
Y-BIIC
6-BIIC
Heptachlor
AldrinQ
Heptachlorepoxide
a-Endosul fan
Dieldrin
4,4'-ODE
Endrin
B-Endosul fan
4,4'-DDD
Endrin aldehyde
Endosulfan sulfate
4,4'-DDT
Mi rex
Methoxychlor
Chlordane
Toxaphene
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Aroclor 1242
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1260
Coprostano1h
A-:
300 mb

0.00022 ud
0.00024 u
0.00031 u
0.00037 u
0.00025 u
0.00026 u
0.00021 u
0.00026 u
0.00025 u
0.00030 u
0.00070 u
0.00026 u
0.00045 u
0.00054 u
0.00050 u
0.00025 u
0.00029 u
0.00040 U
0.05556 u
0.11111 u

0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.000
ja A- 7
10 me

0.00021
0.00023
0.00030
0.00035
0.005^
0.00025
0.00020
0.00025
0.00024
0.00028
0.00066
0.00025
0.00043
0.00051
0.00047
0.00024
0.00028
0.00039
0.05263
0.10526

0.04211
0.04211
0.04211
0.000


u
u
u
u

u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u

u
u
u

250 mD

0.00022 u
0.00024 u
0.00031 u
0.00037 u
0.00025 u
0.00026 u
0.00021 u
0.00026 u
0.00025 u
0.00030 u
0.00070 u
0.00026 u
0.00045 u
0.00054 u
0.00050 u
0.00025 u
0.00029 u
0.00040 u
0.05556 u
0.11111 u

0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.000
10 rob

O.OOie
0.002
0.00031 u
0.00037 u
0.00025 u
0.00026 u
0.00021 u
0.00026 u
0.00025 u
0.00030 u
0.00070 u
0.00026 u
0.00045 u
0.00054 u
0.00050 u
0.00025 u
0.00029 u
0.00040 u
0.00056 u
0.11111 u

0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.000
A- 5
250 mb

O.OOie
0.00024 u
0.00031 u
0.00037 u
0.00025 u
0.00026 u
0.00021 u
0.00026 u
0.00025 u
0.00030 u
0.00070 u
0.00026 u
0.00045 u
0.00054 u
0.00050 u
0.00025 u
0.00029 u
0.00040 u
0.00056 u
0.11111 u

0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.000
10 mb

O.OOie
0.002
0.00031 u
0.00037 u
0.004
0.00026 u
0.00021 u
0.00026 u
0.00025 u
0.00030 u
0.00070 u
0.00026 u
0.00045 U
0.00054 u
0.00050 U
0.00025 u
0.00029 U
0.00040 U
0.00056 u
0.11111 u

0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.000
W10

0.00022 u
0.00024 u
0.00031 u
0.00037 u
0.002
0.00026 u
0.00021 u
0.00026 u
0.00025 u
0.00030 u
0.00070 u
0.00026 u
0.00045 u
0.00054 u
0.00050 u
0.00025 u
0.00029 u
0.00040 u
0.00056 u
0.11111 u

0.04444 u
0.04444 u
'0.04444 u
0.000
Wipe Samples
W2

0.00022 u
0.00024 u
0.00031 u
0.00037 u
0.001
0.00026 u
0.00021 u
0.00026 u
0.00025 u
0.00030 u
0.00070 u
0.00026 u
0.00045 u
0.00054 u
0.00050 u
0.00025 u
0.00029 u
0.00040 u
0.00056 u
0.11111 u

0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.04444 u
0.000

W3

0.00022
0.00024
0.00031
0.00037
0.003
0.00026
0.00021
0.00026
0.00025
0.00030
0.00070
0.00026
0.00045
0.00054
0.00050
0.00025
0.00029
0.00040
0.00056
0.11111

0.04444
0.04444
0.04444
0.000


u
u
u
u

u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u

u
u
u

   aAssumed volume - 950L
   bSample volume = 900 L.
   cSample volume = 950 L.
   ^u = Method Detection Limit.
   econfinned by second column.
   ^Detection limit for 950-L sample--Station A-3 (10 m) = 6.00095.
   9Not confirmed by confirmatory analysis due to presence of contamination peak.
   ^Concentrations given in ug/L.  Detection limit not determined.

-------
• XBT 'STATION A-3 A
c
0 -
200-
400-
600 •
(ml
1000-
1200 -
UOO •
1600-
1800-
2000-
c
0 -
200-
400-
600 -
Ufplt) ono _
ouu
(ml
1000 -
1200 -
1400-
1600-
1800-
2000-
e
0 -
200-
400 •
600 -
800 -
.(ml
1000 -
1200 •
UOO-
1600-
1800-
2000-
Ttmptroturt *C
5 10 IS 20 25 30
i i i i i i
,..../'"
J
/*"*'
t





XBT STATION A-5 n
T«mp«ratur» *C
1 5 10 IS 20 25 30
t 1 t 1 I i
• • • H
.••"''
i
1



.
\
XBT STATION A-7 Q
T«mp*raturt *C
1 5 10 15 20 25 30

X
/

I




FIGURE 9.   XBT TRACES FOR REFERENCE STATIONS A-3, A-5,  AND A-7 FOR
            THE 1986 SUMMER SURVEY
                                  5-15

-------
samples were collected from a depth of 250 m.   The XBT profiles  for
Stations A-5 and A-7 (Figures 9B and 9C)  were  typical  of the 106-Mile Site  and
vicinity indicating a strong seasonal thermocline overlying a more gradual
permanent pycnocline.  At these stations, subpycnocline samples  were  pumped
from a depth of 250 m.

       5.3.4 Water  Quality  and Biochemical  Parameters, and C. perfringens

          Results of the water quality and biochemical measurements on surface
(10m) and subpycnocline (250m) samples collected from reference  Stations A-3,
A-5, and A-7 are presented in Table 18.  In addition, results from the
shipboard analysis of C. perfringens are shown in Table 19.

                               5.3.5 Trace Metal
          Trace metal samples, analyzed for Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn,
were collected in duplicate from subpycnocline water at Station A-5.  Surface
trace metal samples at Station A-5 were not collected because of unfavorable
weather.  Surface and subpycnocline samples were also collected in triplicate
at Station A- 7.  The results for each analyte are presented in Table 20.

     5.4  CETACEAN,  MARINE  TURTLE,  AND SEABIRD  OBSERVATIONS  (LEGS  I  AND II)

          During each leg of the survey, the Manomet Bird Observatory provided
an observer to collect data on the distribution and abundance of whaleSjbirds,
and marine turtles.   These observations are discussed below.  The full report
is included as Appendix A.
          During both legs of the survey, 13 species of seabirds were recorded
along the shelf-break or in slope water within and near the 106-Mile Site.
These species were  combined into four species groups:  petrels, shearwaters,
skuas/Jaegers, and  gulls.  The mean density for the combined species groups is
presented in Table  21.  Shearwaters were the most abundant species group
observed in the vicinity of the dumpsite with 1.346 birds/kn^, although
                                      5-16

-------
                   TABLE  18.  SUMMARY  OF  WATER QUALITY DATA FROM SEAWATER SAMPLES  COLLECTED FROM REFERENCE STATIONS IN THE VICINITY  OF  THE
                             106-MILE SITE
en
i


Station Replicate
A3 1
2
3
xb
S.O.c
1
2
3
X
S.D.
A5 1
2
3
X
S.D.
1
2
3
X
S.D.
A7 1
2
3
X
S.D.
1
2
3
X
S.D.

Depth
(m)
10
10
10


250
250
250


10
10
10


250
250
250


10
10
10


250
250
250



Temperature
(°C)
16.4
16.8
17.5
16.9
0.6
16.1
16.8
17.5
16.8
0.7
25.3
24.8
24.5
24.9
0.4
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
0.0
20.6
18.3
23.7
20.9
2.7
15.4
14.7
15.4
15.2
0.4

Salinity
(ppt)
36.40
36.49
,36.48
36.46
0.05
36.41
36.47
36.37
36.42
0.05
36.15
36.07
36.07
36.10
0.05
36.03
36.02
36.03
36.03
0.01
35.47
35.74
35.62
35.61
0.14
35.83
35.76
35.91
35.83
0.08
Dissolved
Oxygen
(mg/L)
6.75
7.35
7.25
7.12
0.32
6.65
6.55
6.60
6.60
0.05
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6.80
7.13
6.65
6.86
0.25
4.65
5.30
4.88
4.94
0.33


pH
7.95
8.13
8.19
8.09
0.12
7.95
7.83
8.08
7.95
0.13
8.31
8.31
8.31
8.31
0.00
8.14
8.12
8.12
8.13
0.01
8.04
8.18
7.98
8.07
0.10
7.86
7.79
7.77
7.81
0.05

Turbidity
(NTU)
2.9
4.5
2.5
3.3
1.1
5.2
2.8
1.9
3.3
1.7
4.0
4.0
4.4
4.1
0.2
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.1

Chlorophyll a
(ug/L)
0.003
0.065
0.004
0.024
0.036
0.002
0.070
0.187
0.086
0.094
0.093
0.093
0.087
0.091
0.003
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.003
0.063
0.096
0.082
0.080
0.017
0.003
0.003
Nfld
0.003
0.000

Phaeophytin
(pg/L)
0.006
0.043
o.ooe
0.019
0.021
0.008
0.061
0.064
0.044
0.032
0.027
0.027
0.032
0.029
0.003
0.025
0.020
0.020
0.022
0.003
0.024
0.043
0.032
0.033
0.010
0.017
0.021
NA
0.019
0.003

C/P
Ratio
0.50
1.51
0.50
0.84
0.58
0.25
1.15
2.92
1.44
1.36
3.44
3.44
2.72
3.20
0.42
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.14
2.62
2.23
2.56
2.47
0.21
0.18
0.14
NA
0.16
0.03

TSS
(mg/L)
0.516
0.300
1.180
0.665
0.459
0.212
0.187
0.100
0.166
0.059
0.320
1.23
0.92
0.823
0.463
0.700
0.488
0.638
0.609
0.109
0.244
0.164
0.392
0.267
0.116
0.362
0.190
0.688
0.413
0.253

ATP
(ng/L)
110.013
93.590
72.74ia
92.115
18.680
7.062
71.381
6.720
28.388
37.234
30.864
11.317
13.857
18.679
10.628
2.709
0.977
0.219
1.302
1.276
31.658
83.009
54.903
56.523
25.714
12.320 ,
-0.034
0.648
4.311
6.944
    aSample  volume  filtered = 3
    bj<  =  Mean.
    CS.D.  =  Standard Deviation.
    dNA =  Not analyzed.

-------
     TABLE 19.   SUMMARY  OF  C.  perfrlngens  (COLONIES/100 mL)  DATA  FOR  ALL
REFERENCE STATIONS
Vol times
Filtered
Replicate (liters)
0.1
0.15*
1
0.5
1.0
0.1
0.35a
2
0.5
1.0
0.1
3 0.5
1.0
Stations
A- 3
10 m
0
0

0.4
N
0
_

0
0.1
0
0
0
250 m
0
_b

0
0
0
0

0
N
0
0
0
A-7
10 m
0
_

0
0
0
.

0
0
0
0
0
250 m
0
—

0
0
0
_

0
0
0
0
0
A-5
10 m
0
—

0
0
0
„.

0
0
0
0
0
250 m
0
_

0
0
0
_

0
0
0
0
0
aAliquot volume not originally planned, decided upon while on station.
b- Indicates sample collection not planned for that volume.
CN = Sample planned, but not collected.
                                         5-18

-------
                   TABLE 20.  CONCENTRATION OF TRACE METALS IN pg/L IN WHOLE SEAWATER3  (INCLUDES WATER QUALITY  CRITERIA)
en
i—»
10
Trace Metals
Station
A- 5
A- 5
A-7
A-7
A-7
A-7
A-7
A-7
A-7
Water Quality Criteria*
GO-FLO Blank (FMB)
Procedural Method Blank
Sample Detection Limit
for Each Analyte
Replicate
Rl
R2
Rl
R2
R3A
R3B
Rl
R2
R3





Depth
(m)
250
250
10
10
10
10
250
250
250





Ag
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
NA
0.072
0.002
0.03


ub
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u

u
u
u

Cd
0.036
0.046
0.026
0.023
0.023
0.020
0.057
0.053
0.051
9300
0.003 u
0.003 u
0.006 u

Cr
0.25
0.29
0.24
0.24
0.30
0.25
0.23
0.28
0.25
5QC
0.10
0.16
0.024 u

Cu
0.29
0.34
0.21
0.25
0.15
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.30
2.9
0.14
0.12
0.026 u

Fe
0.79
1.0
0.49
0.60
0.57
0.34
1.7
1.5
2.0
NA
2.1
0.47
0.09 u

Pb
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
5.6
0.38
0.015
0.029


u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u


u
u

Zn
0.65
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.40
0.49
0.56
0.51
0.55
86
1.3
0.67
0.044 u

         aUncorrected Data (blank values not subtracted),
         bu = Sample Detection Limit.
         CHexavalent Cr.
         *U.S.EPA  1986/.

-------
densities were generally very low for all  seabird  species.   Audubon's
shearwater, Puffinus Iherminieri, was the  most  abundant  shearwater  species,
with individual  patch densities (within a  15  minute count)  as  high  as  32.28
birds/km2 (at 38°38'N latitude, 72°31'W longitude).  Greater shearwaters  (£.
gravis), manx shearwater (£.   puffinus), and  Cory's shearwaters  (Calonectris
diomedea) were also observed.
          Petrels and storm-petrels were the  second most frequently observed
species group (0.625 birds/km2). Wilson's  storm-petrel  (Oceam'tes oceanicus),
Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), and  band-rumped  storm-petrels
(0.  castro) were observed in flock densities ranging from  0.79  to   22.49
birds/kn2.  No cetaceans or marine turtles were observed at or in the  vicinity
of the 106-Mile Site on either of the two  legs.
                                     5-20

-------
   TABLE 21.  DENSITIES  (+  S.D.)  OF SEABIRDS  BY  SPECIES  GROUPS  OBSERVED
              WHILE IN  SLOPE  WATERS OR  WITHIN  THE  106-MILE  SITE  FROM  THE
              OSV Peter W. Anderson, AUGUST  22  THROUGH 27 AND  SEPTEMBER 15
              THROUGH 20, 1986
Species Group                                            Density
Storin-Petrels                                          0.625  (2.433)

   Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanltes oceanicus
   Leach's storm-petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa
   Band-rumped storm-petrel, 0. castro
Shearwaters                                            1.346  (5.054)

   Greater shearwater, Puffinus gravis
   Manx shearwater, _P. puffinus
   Audubon's shearwater, P. Iherminieri
   Cory's shearwater, Calonectris dlomedea
Skuas/Jaegers                                          0.043  (0.227)

   Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
   Long-tailed jaeger, ^. longicaudus
   Skua, Skua sp.
Gulls                                                  0.025  (0.194)

   Hering gull, Larus argentatus
   Great black-backed gull, L_. marinus
                                        5-21

-------
                                6.0  DISCUSSION


          This  chapter is divided into three sections similar to the results

chapter.  The DBR section discusses the drogue/plume tracking and sludge

tracer analyses.  The reference station section discusses the results of the

drogue tracking XBT organic constituents, water quality (including XBT), and

trace metals.  The last section discusses the endangered species data.


                                 6.1 DBR STUDY


          The DBR study provided preliminary nearfield  data on the transport

of sludge material to the dumpsite boundary.  Some observations  about the

site include the following:


          1. Based on drogue tracking data and satellite imagery during
             Leg I of the survey, currents in the mixed layer of the
             disposal site flowed north because of the presence of a
             warm-core eddy in the vicinity of the 106-Mile Site.-

          2. Visual observations of the plume boundaries and data from
             the analysis of sludge tracers, collected at all DBR
             stations, confirm that sludge was carried in detectable  •
             concentrations to and beyond the boundary of the dumpsite.

          3. Sludge tracer data (Tables 12 and 13 for TSS and £.
             perfringens spores) appear to indicate temporal dispersion
             of the plume.  As the elapsed time (ET) increased, the
             concentration of particulates (mg/L) from TSS samples
             appears to decrease with time.  These data however are
             considerably variable and cannot be used to estimate
             dispersion and dilution rates.


Microbiological data indicate a similar trend.  With time, £. perfringens
colony counts dropped at all depths from values "too numerous to count" (TNTC)
at D10-1 to countable numbers at Stations DBR-2 and DBR-3.  A strong summer
thermocline influenced by a warm-core eddy at 20 m was present at the DBR

study area.   It is probable that the thermocline was a barrier to settling
sludge particles and that the sludge dumped from the preselected barge did not
                                      6-1

-------
penetrate below 20 m.   Because of these conditions,  it is  possible  that  TNTC
values from depths of  30 and 75 m were  caused  by contamination  of the  sample
bottle.  All  bottles were in the open configuration  when they passed through
the sludge plume.
          This information is being used to design and implement  an effective
monitoring study for determining the dynamics  of nearfield plume  transport  and
for accurately quantifying the dispersion and  dilution characteristics of
sludge particles over  time.  An extensive plume tracking exercise was
conducted in September 1987 and additional  work is planned for  Tier 2
(Nearfield Fate and Short-Term effects) of the monitoring  plan.

                          6.2 REFERENCE STATION STUDY

                             6.2.1 Drogue Tracking

          The results  of the drogue tracking studies at reference stations  A-3
and A-7 are presented  in Figures 6 and 7.  As  indicated by the  tracks  at each
stations the water mass traveled north and confirmed the presence of an  eddy
in the vicinity of the site.
          This eddy information may be useful  in developing a strategy for
conducting monitoring  surveys.  Because the 106-Mile Site  is a  dynamic area
with regard to influences by three different water masses  (shelf water,  Gulf
Stream water, and slope water), it may be important  to develop  a  monitoring
strategy that will address influences from all major water masses.  Continued
monitoring will add considerably to our limited knowledge  of surface currents
near the 106-Mile Site and their impact on the transport of sludge  in  the
nearfield and farfield.

                                6.2.2 XBT Traces

          At Station A-3, the XBT traces (Figure 9)  indicate that perhaps two
water masses were strongly influencing the temperature profiles.   It appears
that the warm-core ring was disrupting the strong seasonal pycnocline  normally

                                      6-2

-------
apparent in the deep ocean during the late summer.   The data presented in
Figure 9 confirm satellite imagery information (Section 5.1), indicating that
a warm-core eddy present at the 106-Mile Site.  Stations A-5 (Figures 9B and
9C) and A-7 also  appeared to be affected by the ring.  The influences by the
eddy at these stations were considerably less than at Station A-3.

                           6.2.3  Organic  Constituents

          The particulate and dissolved fractions from three surface waters
(10 m) and three subpycnocline waters (>250 m) were collected from reference
Stations A-3, A-5, and A-7 and analyzed for selected PAH, PCB, and pesticide
compounds.  The results of these analyses are strictly baseline data.
Monitoring results obtained from future studies at the site may be compared to
the data in this report to determine trends in the loading and dispersion of
the reported compounds.

6.2.3.1  FILTRATE ANALYSIS

          The results of the filtrate sample analyses for PAH are reported in
Table 15.  Almost all compounds were below the detection limit at all
stations.  However, naphthalene and alkylated (Cj-C3) naphthalenes were found
at all stations at both depths, at levels ranging from 1 to 9 ng/L.
Station A-5 (250 m) showed the highest levels of total naphthalenes.  At
Stations A-3 and A-7, no trend between depth and/or station versus total
naphthalenes was evident.
          The only other PAH detected, Cj-phenanthrene, was found above the
detection limit (1-2 ng/L) at the 300-m level of Station A-3, at the 10-m
level of Station A-7, and at both the 10- and 300-m levels of Station A-5.
          The results of pesticide and PCB analysis of the filtrate samples
are presented in Table 16.  No PCB (reported as aroclors) were found in any
samples.  In addition, no PCB isomers peaks were detected.  Most pesticides
(analyzed on a DB-5 capillary column and confirmed on a DB-17 capillary
column) were below detection limits at all stations.  Notable pesticides found

                                      6-3

-------
above the detection limits at trace levels were a-BHC, 3-BHC, y -BHC, 6 -BHC,
4,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDT, and heptachlor.   No coprostanol  was detected in any water
samples.

6.2.3.2  PARTICULATE ANALYSIS

          The results from particulate material analysis for PAH are presented
in Table 17.  All PAH were below the detection limits in samples from all
stations from surface and subpycnocline depths.  The detection limits for
particulate organic samples were lower than those for the dissolved fraction
because the particulate fraction was more concentrated.
          The results of the PCB, pesticides, and coprostanol analysis of
particulate material samples are presented in Table 18.  No PCBs (reported as
aroclors) were found in any particulate or wipe samples.  No coprostanol was
determined in any particulate or wipe samples.
          Only six occurrences of pesticides can be reported for any of the
particulate material samples.  Two occurrences of trace levels of a-BHC in the
surface particulate (10 m) at Stations A-7 and A-5, and one of a-BHC in a
subpycnocline particulate sample at Station A-5 were found.  3-BHC was found
in surface particulate samples from Stations A-5 and A-7.  Finally, heptachlor
was detected in  surface particulate material from Station A-5.

6.2.3.3  FILTER WIPE ANALYSIS

          Wipe samples from the surface of the ship were very clean, with only
an occasional compound detected.  The results of the analyses are based on an
assumed  filtration volume of 950L.  Naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene,
triphenylene, benzo(e)pyrene, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate were found in
Sample W-l at the  1 ng/L  level.  Samples W-2 and W-3 were free from any PAH
contaminants.
          Wipe samples from the surface of the sampling ship were free of
pesticide and PCB  contaminants, with the exception of trace levels of
heptachlor.  Heptachlor was found in all three wipe samples at an average
level of 0.002 ng/L.
                                      6-4

-------
                6.2.4 Water Quality and Biochemical Parameters

          Examination of the water quality (Table 18)  data for reference
Stations A-3, A-5, and A-7 indicates that Stations A-3 and A-5 were possibly
influenced by the warm-core ring.  Discrete temperature values for surface and
subpycnocline samples were not consistent with XBT data, possibly due to
mishandling of the samples before analysis.  Temperature profiles from the
XBTs suggest that a warm-core ring was present at the  site.  Surface (XBT)
temperatures did not indicate the presence of a ring.   However,  subpycnocline
(XBT) temperatures from Stations A-3 and A-5 were considerably higher than the
subpycnocline temperature at Station A-7. (9°C).  These findings reinforce
evidence that a ring was influencing the water mass near the site.
          Surface salinity values at Stations A-3 and  A-5 ranged from 36.10
parts per thousand (ppt) to 36.50 ppt.  These values are indicative of the
salinities found in the Gulf Stream.  At Station A-7 surface salinities range
from 35.47 to 35.74 which is indicative of open-ocean  water.  Many water
quality values appear to be consistent with the data from the area (Battelle,
1987d,e).  Surface pH values range from 7.98 at Station A-7 to 8.31 at Station
A-5 and subpycnocline values range from 7.77 at Station A-7 to 8.14 at Station
A-5.  Dissolved oxygen values from surface and subpycnocline samples were
consistent throughout the area.  Surface TSS values ranged from 0.267 mg/L at
Station A-7 to 0.82 mg/L at Station A-5.  Subpycnocline values ranged from
0.166 mg/L at Station A-3 to 0.609 mg/L at Station A-5.  These values are
consistent with other TSS data from the 106-Mile Site (Battelle, 1987e).
          The results of chlorophyll a^ (Table 18) analyses show considerable
variation from station to station and from surface to subpycnocline depths.
At Station A-3, chlorophyll values show the greatest inconsistency between
surface and subpycnocline measurements.  Surface values of 0.003 and 0.004 are
more representative of subpycnocline values found at Stations A-5 and A-7
(Table  18) and Station A-5T (thermocline depth) (Battelle, 1987e).
Conversely, subpycnocline values of 0.070 and 0.187 at Station A-3 are
indicative of the surface measurements at Stations A-5 and A-7.  It is
possible that samples were mislabeled during shipboard processing and
analysis.
                                      6-5

-------
          Surface and subpycnocline data at Stations A-5 and A-7 are more
consistent with baseline data from the area.  However, surface values appear
to be somewhat lower (up to an order of magnitude in some cases) than reported
values (Battelle, 1987d,e) for the site and vicinity.  Conversely,
chlorophyll/phaeophytin (C/P) ratios from surface samples indicate chlorophyll
concentrations above normal (normal C/P ratios = 1.4 to 1.7).  Possible
interference from another biological source (bacteria) that fluoresces in the
frequency range of chlorophyll ^ could explain the discrepancy.  These values
may also be influenced by the ring activity in the area.
          Surface ATP concentrations are considerably higher at Station A-3
(86.653 mg/L) than at Stations A-5 (18.68 mg/L) and A-7 (56.52 mg/L).
Subpycnocline values range from 1.30 mg/L at Station A-5 to 28.37 mg/L at
Station A-3.  Higher ATP values at Station A-3 may be partially influenced by
the presence of a warm-core ring.
          Microbiological data (Table 19), from surface waters collected at
the reference stations, indicate the presence of £. perfringens in background
levels at Station A-3.  This occurrence may have resulted from bottle
contamination or ring activity in the area.  Subpycnocline samples show no
bacterial growth.

                               6.2.5  Trace Metals

          Metal results from the August 1986 106-Mile Site survey vary.
Silver and lead were not detected in any of the samples (detection limit
0.056 yg/L and 0.029 yg/L, respectively).  All other metals measured were at
detectable concentrations.  Quality control samples indicate probable
contamination of samples for chromium, copper and lead, iron, and zinc during
processing.  Procedural blanks contributed at least 50 percent of the reported
values in Table 20, with the procedural blank for zinc being at least equal to
the reported concentrations in the field samples.  Furthermore, the blanks for
the GO-FLO bottles also indicate potential significant contribution to the
reported results.  In spite of these difficulties, the replicability between
field and procedural replicates is good.  Recovery of field spikes appears to
be low,  probably reflecting the contamination during sampling or processing.
                                      6-6

-------
          The reported concentrations for cadmium are higher than
oceanographically accepted values for this area of the northwest, but they do
indicate an increase with depth as is commonly found for this element.   The
concentrations of the other metals also are higher than accepted oceanographic
concentrations for this region.  The reported results for copper are
consistent with previously reported values.
          Even with potential contamination artifacts in the samples, all
metal concentrations are less than EPA marine water quality criteria
(Table 20).  Because of the inability to accurately quantify the degree of
sample contamination, it is impossible to compare this data with data from the
literature or from the 106-Mile Site monitoring program to determine if there
is a long-term change in the trace metal concentrations.

             6.3   CETACEAN,  MARINE TURTLE.  AND SEABIRD OBSERVATIONS

          No sightings of cetaceans and marine turtles were made during the
survey.  These data will be added to existing data to assess seasonal
distributions and densities of marine mammals and turtles in areas of the
106-Mile Site.
                                      6-7

-------
                                7.0  REFERENCES

Battelle.   1986a.   Draft  Summary  Proposal  for  106-Mile  Deepwater  Dumpsite
          Survey - Summer  1986.   A report submitted to  the  U.S.  Environmental
          Protection Agency  (U.S. EPA)  under Contract  No.  68-03-3319.    Work
          Assignment 31.  14 pp.

Battelle.   1986b.    Survey Plan for the  106-Mile  Deepwater Dumpsite  Survey  -
          Summer 1986.   A Final  Survey  Plan  submitted  to  the  U.S. EPA  under
          Contract No. 68-03-3319.  Work Assignment 31.  42  pp.

Battelle.  1986c.  Site Condition  Report  on Deepwater  Sludge  Dumpsite  Survey  -
          Summer 1986.   A report submitted to the  U.S.  EPA  under Contract No.
          68-03-3319.  Work Assignment 31.  29 pp.

Battelle. 1987a. Draft 106-Mile Site Monitoring Plan.  A report  submitted  to
          the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency  under Contract No. 68-03-
          3319.  Work Assignment 22. 78 pp.

Battelle. 1987b. Physical Oceanographic Component of the 106-Mile Site
          Monitoring Program.  A report submitted to the U.S. EPA under
          Contract No. 68-03-3319.  Work Assignment 45.

Battelle. 1987c. Analytical Procedures in Support of the 106-Mile Dumpwater
          Municipal Sludge Site Monitoring Program.  A quality assurance plan
          submitted to the U.S. EPA under Contract  No. 68-03-3319.  Work
          Assignment 21.  19 pp.

Battelle.   1987d.   Final  Report on Analytical Results of  Samples Collected
          During the  1985 North Atlantic  Incineration Site (NAIS)  Survey.   A
          report   submitted  to   EPA  under   Contract   No.  68-03-3319.    Work
          Assignment 5.  184 pp.

Battelle.   1987e.   Final Report  on  Analysis  of  Baseline Seawater and Sediment
          Samples  From  the  106-Mile  Deepwater  Municipal  Sludge  Site.  A report
          submitted  to  EPA under Contract No.  68-03-3319.   Work Assignment 21.
          80 pp.

Heinemann, D.   1981. A  rangefinder for pelagic bird censusing.  J.Wildl.
          Manage.  45:489-493.

Powers,  K.D. 1982.  A comparison of two methods of counting birds at sea.
          J. Field Ornith.  53:209-222.

Powers;  K.D.    1983.  Pelagic Distribution of Marine Birds off the
          Northeastern United States.  NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-F/NEC-27.  199 pp.

Zeller,  R.W.  and T.A.  Wastler.   1986.   Tiered  Ocean  Disposal  Monitoring Will
          Minimize   Data   Requirements.     Oceans    '86,  Vol.   3,  Monitoring
          Strategies Symposium.  6 pp.

U.S.  EPA  1986.   Quality Criteria  for  Water  1986.   U.S.  EPA  Office  of  Water
          Regulations and  Standards.  EPA 440/5-86-001.

                                      7-1

-------