U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NEW YORK BIGHT WATER QUALITY
SUMMER OF 1987
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION
REGION 2
NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10278
-------
NEW YORK BIGHT WATER QUALITY
SUMMER OF 1987
Report Prepared By: United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region II - Surveillance and Monitoring Branch
Edison, New Jersey 08837
_
Randy Br^jTn, Physical Scientis/t
KVu^JL^ ?/?/g8
Mulcahy, Environmental Scientist
Kevin Petrus, Environmental Scientist
-------
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this report is to disseminate technical information
gathered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 2, during
the 1987 New York Bight Water.Quality Monitoring Program. The monitoring
program was conducted using the EPA helicopter for water quality sample
collection. During the period from May 18 to October 26, 1987, approximately
140 stations were sampled each week, weather permitting. The Bight sampling
program consisted of five separate sampling networks. Sampling was conducted
5 days a week and extended to 6 days a week in July and August.
Bacteriological data indicated that fecal coliform densities at the
beaches along both the New Jersey and Long Island coasts were well within
the acceptable Federal limits for primary contact recreation (200 fecal
coliforms/100ml). A total of 542 samples were collected for fecal
coliform and enterococcus analysis along the New Jersey coast. Except for
four occasions, fecal coliform densities along the New Jersey coast were
all below the New Jersey water quality standard of 50 fecal coliforms/I00ml.
A total of 310 samples were collected for fecal coliform and enterococcus
analysis along the Long Island coast. The highest density recorded was
only 38 fecal coliforms/100ml. Enterococcus densities exceeded EPA's
criterion of 35 enterococci/100ml only three times during the summer
along the New Jersey coast, and only once along the Long Island coast.
Dissolved oxygen concentrations were excellent along the New Jersey
perpendiculars, the Long Island perpendiculars and in the New York Bight
Apex. Dissolved oxygen levels in 1987 were higher than in any previous
year, since our intensive New York Bight monitoring program began in 1977.
-------
The average dissolved oxygen level in the Bight Apex and along the coasts
of New Jersey and Long Island did not fall below 5 mg/1. This is in sharp
contrast to the summer of 1985, when in mid to late summer approximately
1600 square miles of ocean bottom off New Jersey were plagued with low
dissolved oxygen concentrations for extended periods of time.
During the summer, phytoplankton blooms were observed over extensive
areas (Appendix A). At some point during the summer, most beaches along
New Jersey were affected by blooms of short duration. Algal blooms of
longer duration occurred in the intercoastal bays of New Jersey and Long
Island. A major bloom caused by a brown alga, Aureococcus anorexefferens,
persisted throughout most of the summer in many of the bays of western
Long Island (Flanders Bay, Great Peconic Bay, Shinnecock Bay, Moriches
Bay, and the western portion of Great South Bay). Red and green algal
blooms occurred to a lesser degree in many of the bays and coastal beaches
in New Jersey. Red algal blooms were predominant in Raritan and Sandy Hook
Bays. The green tide, which occurred along the southern New Jersey coast
in 1984 and 1985, did not recur in 1987. The 1984 and 1985 blooms were
caused by the organism Gyrodinium aureolum.
While the summer of 1987 was the best in terms of bacteriological
and dissolved oxygen water quality (since EPA has been monitoring the near
coastal waters), it was not uneventful. The summer began with a sewage
related wash-up on the beaches of northern New Jersey in late May. This
was attributed to sewage sludge digestor material from an unknown source,
possibily the sewage sludge dump site or a shore municipality sewage
treatment facility. An estimated 40 percent of the bottlenose dolphin
ii
-------
population from Maine to Florida died from an apparent respiratory disease
from which they are normally immune. Floating garbage, including; paper,
bottles, cans, all types of plastics, wood, household garbage and medical
waste, washed up on New Jersey beaches on several occasions. The most
notable incident was a 50-mile long slick of garbage that washed up onto
central and southern New Jersey beaches in mid-August. Reports of floating
garbage, many substantiated and many of which could not be verified, were
a favorite topic of the news media, environmental groups and politicians.
EPA investigated the problem during the winter months (November 1987 through
January 1988). The findings are presented in a separate report entitled
"Floatables Investigation", which is available upon request.
iii
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. SAMPLE COLLECTION PROGRAM 5
III. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLIMG STATIONS 11
Beach Stations .............. 11
New York Bight Stations 11
Perpendicular Stations 19
New York Bight Contingency Plan Stations 19
Phytoplankton Stations 22
IV. DISSOLVED OXYGEN RESULTS AM> DISCUSSION .... 23
Normal Trends in the Ocean ..... 23
Dissolved Oxygen Criteria 26
Surface Dissolved Oxygen, 1987 26
Bottom Dissolved Oxygen, 1987 27
Long Island Coast 27
New York Bight Apex 27
New Jersey Coast ............. 30
Dissolved Oxygen Trends 36
V. BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS 49
FECAL COLIFORMS 49
New Jersey 49
Long Island 52
New York Bight Apex 55
ENTEROCOCCI 56
New Jersey 56
Long Island 59
New York Bight Apex 62
BIBLIOGRAPHY 63
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A - Summary of Phytoplankton Blooms and Related
Conditions in New Jersey Coastal Waters
Summer of 1987
APPENDIX B - Microbiological Water Quality New York Bight
Summer 1987
iv
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
No. Title Page
1 The New York Bight 2
2 Bight Apex and existing dump sites 3
3 Long Island coast station locations 13
4 New Jersey coast station locations - Sandy Hook 16
to Island Beach Park
5 New Jersey coast station locations - Barnegat 17
to Cape May Point
6 New York Bight station locations 18
7 Long Island perpendicular stations and New Jersey 20
perpendicular stations from Sandy Hook to Seaside Heights
8 New Jersey perpendicular stations from Barnegat to 21
Strathmere
9 Generalized annual marine dissolved oxygen cycle off the 25
northeast U.S. (From NOAA)
10 New York Bight bottom dissolved oxygen, 1987 semi-monthly 28
average of all New York Bight stations
11 New Jersey coast bottom dissolved oxygen, 1987 31
semi-monthly averages of all northern (JC 14-JC 53)
and southern (JC 61-JC 85) perpendicular stations
12 Shore to seaward distribution of bottom dissolved oxygen, 34
1987 semi-monthly averages of all northern New Jersey
perpendicular stations (JC 14-JC 53), at fixed distances
from shore
13 Shore to seaward distribution of bottom dissolved oxygen, 35
1987 semi-monthly averages of all southern New Jersey
perpendicular stations (JC 61-JC 85), at fixed distances
from shore
14 Dissolved oxygen concentrations below 4 mg/1, New Jersey 37
coast, July
15 Dissolved oxygen concentrations below 4 mg/1, New Jersey 38
coast, August
16 Dissolved oxygen concentrations below 4 mg/1, New Jersey 39
coast, September
-------
17 Northern New Jersey coast bottom dissolved oxygen, five 40
year average of the individual semi-monthly averages,
1983 to 1987
18 Southern New Jersey coast bottom dissolved oxygen, five 41
year average of the individual semi-monthly averages,
1983 to 1987
19 Northern New Jersey coast bottom dissolved oxygen, 43
1983-1987 comparison, semi-monthly averages of all
JC 14-JC 53 perpendicular stations
20 Southern New Jersey coast bottom dissolved oxygen, 44
1983-1987 comparison, semi-monthly averages of all
JC 61-JC 85 perpendicular stations
21 Percent of bottom dissolved oxygen values below 4 mg/1 46
off the New Jersey coast over the last five years
22 New York Bight bottom dissolved oxygen, 1983-1987 47
comparison, semi-monthly average of all New York
Bight stations
23 Geometric means of fecal coliform data collected 51
along the coast of New Jersey, May 21, 1987 to
October 5, 1987
24 Geometric means of fecal coliform data collected 54
along the coast of Long Island, May 18, 1987 to
October 6, 1987
25 Geometric means of enterococci data collected 58
along the coast of New Jersey, May 21, 1987 to
October 5, 1987
26 Geometric means of enterococci data collected 61
along the coast of Long Island, May 18, 1987 to
October 6, 1987
vi
-------
LIST OF TABLES
No. Title Page
1 Outline of 1987 sampling program 6
2 Parameters evaluated for each station group 7
3 Long Island coast "station locations 12
4 New Jersey^ coast station locations 14
5 1987 New Jersey dissolved oxygen distribution 32
(bottom values)
6 Summary of fecal coliform data collected along the 50
New Jersey coast May 21, 1987 through
October 5, 1987
7 Summary of fecal colifora data collected along the 53
Long Island coast May 18, 1987 through
October 6, 1987
8 Summary of enterococci data collected along the 57
New Jersey coast May 21, 1987 through
October 5, 1987
9 Summary of enterococci data collected along the 60
Long Island coast May 18, 1987 through
October 6, 1987
vii
-------
I. INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has prepared this report to
disseminate environmental data for the New York Bight Apex and the shore-
lines of New York and New Jersey. The New York Bight is an area of ocean
bounded on the northwest by Sandy Hook, the northeast by Montauk Point,
the southeast by the 2000 meter contour line, and the southwest by Cape
May. Figure 1 shows the limits of the New York Bight. The New York Bight
Apex, which contains the sewage sludge, dredged material, acid waste, and
cellar dirt disposal sites, is shown in Figure 2.
This report is the fourteenth in a series and reflects the monitoring
period between May 18, 1987 and October 26, 1987. The New York Bight
monitoring program is EPA's response to its mandated responsibilities as
defined under the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972,
the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 and 1977, and the
Water Quality Act of 1987.
Since its initiation in 1974, the New York Bight ocean monitoring
program has been modified several times to be more responsive to the needs
of the general public, the states, the counties, and EPA; and to concen-
trate on specific areas of concern during the critical summer period.
Most of these changes occurred after the summer of 1976, when anoxic con-
ditions caused a fishkill in the Bight and an unusually heavy wash-up of
debris occurred on Long Island beaches. It was clear that summer conditions
in the Bight called for more intensive monitoring in order to predict
environmental crises, to investigate the origins of these crises, and to
direct any decisions regarding protection of the Bight's water quality.
-------
BIGHT APEX LIMITS
NAUTICAL MILES
CHEMICAL
WASTES
DUMP SITE
THE NEW YORK BIGHT
Figure 1
-------
LONG ISLAND
OUTER HARBOR
SANDY HOOK-
ROCKAWAY POINT
TRANSECT
NEW JERSEY
DREDGED MATERIAL
CELLAR SEWAGE
.DIRT SLUDGE
WRECK
o
LTV
O
o
-3-
o
i*0°20'
—ACID
WASTES
Q_
<
CD
J»0°10'
o
CO
0
Figure 2
BIGHT APEX AND EXISTING DUMP SITES
10
20
30
KILOMETERS
5 10
15
NAUTICAL MILES
-------
In recent years, monitoring has been expanded to include analyses of
Bight sediments for heavy metals and organics; collection of benthic organisms
for species diversity and number; and analyses of water in the sewage
sludge disposal site area for viruses and pathogens. The sediment and
benthic organism samplings were conducted from EPA's ocean survey vessels
"Anderson" and "Clean Waters". These data will be presented in separate
reports. Ongoing revisions to the program are intended to improve the
<
EPA's ability to track pollution sources and to protect New York Bight
water quality.
In 1986 the monitoring program was revised to intensify sampling
activities along the southern New Jersey beaches. During mid to late
summer in 1985, beaches along the southern New Jersey coast were affected
by green algal blooms, causing green tide, and high bacterial counts which
resulted in beach closings. To improve monitoring coverage, four additional
beach stations between Long Beach Island and Wildwood were sampled weekly
for phytoplankton and nutrients. In addition, bacteria samples were
collected weekly rather than bimonthly along the southern New Jersey
beaches. These revisions were continued in 1987. Also, in 1987, four
additional stations, between Atlantic City and Strathmere out to a distance
of nine miles offshore, were sampled for phytoplankton and nutrients.
Phytoplankton and nutrient samples were collected at all Long Island
beach stations and Long Island perpendicular stations for the first time
in 1987.
-------
II. SAMPLE COLLECTION PROGRAM
During the period of May 1987 through October 1987, water quality moni-
toring was carried out primarily using the EPA Huey helicopter. Under the
established protocol, sampling normally occurred 5 days a week and was extended
to 6 days a week during July and August. Table 1 outlines the 1987 sampling
program. Table 2 lists the parameters analyzed for each group of stations.
The monitoring program was composed of five separate sampling networks;
The beach station network was sampled to gather bacteriological water quality
information at 26 Long Island coast stations and 40 New Jersey coast stations.
The New York Bight station network was sampled to gather chemical and bacterio-
logical information at 20 stations in the inner New York Bight. The perpendic-
ular station network consisted of 12 transects extending from the New Jersey
and Long Island coasts. Three transects extended south from the Long Island
coast, with 4 stations in each transect and 9 transects extended east from
the New Jersey coast, with 5 stations in each transect. The transects covered
the inner Bight from Jones Beach on Long Island to Strathmere, on the New
Jersey coast. Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen and temperature.
The New York Bight Contingency Network consisted of 24 stations which were
sampled for dissolved-oxygen, temperature, and fecal coliform and enterococcus
densities. The phytoplankton sampling network consisted of 54 stations.
Samples for phytoplankton identification and nutrient analysis were collected
along the New Jersey coast and in Raritan Bay at 12 stations, at 4 New Jersey
perpendicular stations, along the Long Island coast at 26 stations, and at
the 12 Long Island perpendicular stations. The weekly sampling program
-------
Table 1
Outline of 1987 sampling program
Station Group
Frequency
per Week
Bimonthly
Long Island Beaches
(Rockaway Pt. to Fire
Island Inlet)
Long Island Beaches -
(Fire Island Inlet to
Shinnecock Inlet}
New Jersey Beaches
(Sandy Hook to Cape May)'
Long Island Perpendiculars 1
North Jersey Perpendiculars 1
(Long Branch to Seaside)
South Jersey Perpendic- Bimonthly
ulars (Barnegat to
Strathmere)
Bight Contingency 2
Bight Contingency 1
Phytoplankton 1
Inner New York Bight 1
1 One meter below the surface
2 One meter above the ocean floor
3 Long Island stations only
4 New Jersey stations only
Parameter
Bacteriological
Phytoplankton
Chlorophyll
Bacteriological
Phytoplankton
Chlorophyll
Bacteriological
Dissolved Oxygen
Phytoplankton
Chlorophyll
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature
Bacteriological
Phytoplankton
Chlorophyll^
Nutrients^
Bacteriological
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature
Sample Depth
Top1
Top1
Top1
Top1, Bottom2
Top1, Bottom2
Top1 , Bottom2
Top1, Bottom2
Top1, Bottom2
Top1
Top1, Bottom2
-------
Table 2
Parameters evaluated for each station group
Parameters
Fecal Coliform
Enterococcus
Salinity
Chlorinity
Temperature
Dissolved
Oxygen (DO)
Total
Phosphorus
(TP)
Phosphate
Phosphorus
(POA-P)
Ammonia
Nitrogen
(NH3-N)
Nitrite
Nitrogen
Nitrate
Nitrogen
(N03-N)
Silica (Si02)
Plankton
Chlorophyll
L.I. &
N.J. L.I. & N.J.
Beaches 1 Perpendiculars2
N.Y.
Bight2
X
X
Bight
Contingency2 Phytoplankton1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1Sample Depth: 1 meter below the surface
^Sample Depth: 1 meter below the surface and 1 meter above the ocean floor
Island beaches only
Island perpendiculars only
-------
averaged approximately 140 stations.
Beach stations along New York and New Jersey were sampled once a week
for fecal coliform and enterococcus bacteria densities. This portion of the
sampling program totaled 66 stations per week. At the beach stations, samples
were collected just offshore in the surf zone while the helicopter hovered
approximately 3 meters from the surface. Sampling was accomplished by
lowering a 1-liter Kemmerer sampler approximately i meter below the water
surface. The sample was transferred to a sterile plastic container, iced
and subsequently transported (within 6 hours) to the Edison Laboratory for
fecal coliform and enterococcus analyses.
The twenty stations in the Bight Apex were sampled once a week. Depending
upon sea conditions, the EPA helicopter hovered or landed at the designated
station and a 1-liter Kemmerer sampler was used to obtain water samples at 1
meter below the surface and 1 meter above the ocean bottom. After collection,
portions of the water sample were transferred to a BOD bottle for dissolved
oxygen analysis, and a sterile plastic bottle for fecal coliform and entero-
coccus analyses. The dissolved oxygen sample was immediately fixed at the
station by the addition of 2 ml of manganous sulfate followed by 2 ml of
alkali-iodide-azide reagent. The sample was shaken to facilitate floe for-
mation and then placed in a metal rack. The samples were held for less than
6 hours before returning to the laboratory, where 2 ml of sulfuric acid was
added and the samples were titrated with 0.0375M sodium thiosulfate.
The third scheduled sampling portion of the program consisted of
sampling perpendicular stations once a week for dissolved oxygen and
-------
temperature. Again, as with the inner Bight stations, samples were col-
lected while hovering or landing, at 1 meter below the surface and 1 meter
above the bottom.
As part of the "Environmental Impact Statement on Ocean Dumping of
Sewage Sludge in the New York Bight", a Bight Contingency Plan was developed
in which criteria were established for the relocation of the sewage sludge
dumpsite, if necessary. This necessitated the establishment of a fourth samp-
ling component. Therefore, a 24-station network was developed and sampled
twice a week for dissolved oxygen and once a week for fecal coliform and
enterococcus densities. Part of the sampling requirements for the New York
Bight contingency plan was satisfied by the regularly scheduled Bight and
perpendicular sampling runs. Bacteriological samples for 18 of the stations
were collected during the perpendicular sampling runs for dissolved oxygen.
The bacteriological requirements for 6 of the stations were met by the
regular Bight sampling since bacteriological assays were performed for all
Bight stations. An additional sampling of dissolved oxygen for the 24
stations was carried out once a week.
The fifth routinely scheduled sampling component involved the collect-
ion of water samples for phytoplankton identification and quantification,
nutrient analysis and chlorophyll analysis. Phytoplankton samples collected
along the New .Jersey coast were identified and quantified by the New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) and the nutrient analyses
were conducted by EPA. Phytoplankton and chlorophyll samples collected
along the Long Island coast were analyzed by the Nassau County Health
Department. The samples were collected as close to the surface as possible,
-------
using 1-liter Kemmerer samplers. A 1-liter plastic cubitainer was filled
for phytoplankton analysis. The phytoplankton samples for NJDEP were
preserved with Lugols solution and kept at 4°C. The phytoplankton samples
for the Nassau County Health Department were not preserved. At the New
Jersey beach stations a 1-liter plastic cubitainer was filled for nutrient
analysis and kept at 4°C. The NJDEP picked up their phytoplankton samples
at our Edison laboratory within 24 hours of collection. Along the Long
Island beaches a 500 ml dark brown plastic bottle was filled for chloro-
phyll analysis. The Nassau County Health Department samples were delivered
to the Health Department's laboratory within 4 hours of collection. The
results of NJDEP's analyses are contained in Appendix A. A report from
the Nassau County Health Department has not yet been completed.
10
-------
III. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING STATIONS
Beach Stations
A total of 66 bathing beach areas were sampled routinely for
bacteriological water quality along the Long Island and New Jersey coastlines.
The Long Island sampling stations extend from the western tip of Rockaway.
Point 130 km eastward to Shinnecock Inlet for a total of 26 stations
(LIC 01-LIC 28). Sample station locations, nomenclature, and descriptions
are given in Table 3 and Figure 3. Forty New Jersey coast stations, from
Sandy Hook at the north to Cape May Point at the south (JC 01A through JC
99), are described and identified in Table 4 and in Figures 4 and 5.
New York Bight Stations
The New York Bight stations, established as part of the original ocean
monitoring program, cover the inner Bight area in approximately 3 km inter-
vals via three transects as follows: New Jersey Transect (NYB 20-NYB 27),
extending from Sandy Hook 20 km eastward to the sewage sludge dump site;
Raritan Bay Transect (NYB 32-NYB 35), projecting along the Ambrose Channel
from the mouth of Raritan Bay southeast to the sewage sludge dump site;
and the Long Island Transect (NYB 40-NYB 47), extending from Atlantic Beach,
Long Island southward to just beyond the sewage sludge dump site. The
locations of the New York Bight stations are shown in Figure 6.
11
-------
Table 3
Long Island coast station locations
Station No. Location
LIC 01 Rockaway Point, Breezy Point Surf Club
LIC 02 Rockaway, off foot of B169 Road
LIC 03 Rockaway, off foot of B129 Road
LIC 04 Rockaway, off foot of B92 Road
LIC 05 Far Rockaway, off foot of B41 Road
LIC 07 Atlantic Beach, Silver Point Beach Club
LIC 08 Long Beach, off foot of Grand Avenue
LIC 09 Long Beach, off foot of Pacific Boulevard
LIC 10 Point Lookout, off Hempstead public beach
LIC 12 Short Beach (Jones Beach), off "West End 2'
parking lot
LIC 13 Jones Beach
LIC 14 East Overlook
LIC 15 Gilgo Beach
LIC 16 Cedar Island Beach
LIC 17 Robert Moses State Park
LIC 18 Great South Beach
LIC 19 Cherry Grove
LIC 20 Water Island
LIC 21 Bellport Beach
LIC 22 Smith Point County Park
LIC 23 Moriches Inlet West
LIC 24 Moriches Inlet East
LIC 25 West Hampton Beach
LIC 26 Tiana Beach
LIC 27 Shinnecock Inlet West
LIC 28 Shinnecock Inlet East
12
-------
U)
NASSAU CO.
NEW JERSEY
/ SUFFOLK CO,
LONG ISLAND
LIC13-
LIC14 —
LIC15 —
LIC16 —
LIC17 —
LIC18-
LIC19-
- LIC28
- LIC27
- LIC26
- LIC25
- UC24
— LIC 23
-LIC22
FIGURE 3
LONG ISLAND COAST STATION LOCATIONS
-------
Table 4
New Jersey coast station locations
Station No. Location
JC 01A Sandy Hook, 1.2 km south of tip
JC 02 Sandy Hook, off large radome
JC 03 Sandy Hook, off Nature Center building
(tower)
JC 05 Sandy Hook, just north of Park entrance
JC 08 Sea Bright, at public beach
JC 11 Monmouth Beach Bath & Tennis Club
JC 14 Long Branch, off foot of S. Bath Avenue
JC 21 Asbury Park, off building north of
Convention Hall
JC 24 Bradley Beach, off foot of Cliff Avenue
JC 27 Belmar, off the "White House" near fishing
club pier
JC 30 Spring Lake, south of yellow brick building
on beach
JC 33 Sea Girt, off foot of Chicago Avenue
JC 37 Point Pleasant, south of Manasquan Inlet
JC 41 Bay Head, off foot of Johnson Street
JC 44 Mantoloking, off foot of Albertson Street
JC 47A Silver Beach, off foot of Colony Road
JC 49 Lavallette, off foot of Washington Avenue
JC 53 Seaside Heights, between the amusement piers
JC 55 Island Beach State Park, off white building
north of Park Headquarters
JC 57 Island Beach State Park, between two main
parking lots in center of park
JC 59 Island Beach State Park, off white house
next to the lookout tower
14
-------
Table 4 (continued)
Station No. Location
JC 61 Barnegat, first rock jetty south of
Barnegat Inlet
JC 63 Harvey Cedars, opposite Harvey Cedars
standpipe
JC 65 Ship Bottom, opposite Ship Bottom water
tower
JC 67 Beach Haven Terrace, opposite standpipe
JC 69 Beach Haven Heights, opposite the most
southern water tower on Long Beach Island
JC 73 Brigantine, off large hotel on beach
JC 75 Atlantic City, off the Convention Center
JC 77 Ventnor City, just north of fishing pier
JC 79 Longport, off water tower
JC 81 Ocean City, opposite large apartment
building
JC 83 Peck Beach, opposite large blue water tower
JC 85 Strathmere, off blue standpipe
JC 87 Sea Isle City, opposite blue water tower
with bridge in the background
JC 89 Avalon, off beige building on the beach
JC 91 Stone Harbor, off large blue water tower
JC 93 Wildwood, off northern amusement pier
JC 95 Two mile beach, opposite radio tower
JC 97 Cape May, off white house with red roof on
the beach
JC 99 Cape May Point, opposite lighthouse
15
-------
N
JC59
10
Kilometers
!-IGURE 4
NEW JERSEY COAST STATION LOCATIONS - SANDY HOOK TO
SLAND BEACH PARK
16
-------
NEW JERSEY
BEACH
HAVEN
ATLANTIC CITY
STRATH MERE
CAPE MAY
POINT ^— JC95
JC97
JC99 FIGURE 5
NEW JERSEY COAST STATION LOCATIONS - BARNEGAT TO CAPE MAY POINT
17
-------
SANDY HOOK
(42)
(43)
(20) (2_f) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27)
NYB (g)
(4?)
N
FIGURE 6
NEW YORK BIGHT STATION LOCATIONS
10
Kilometers
18
-------
Perpendicular Stations
Sampling stations perpendicular to the Long Island coastline are 5.4
kilometers (km), 12.6 km, 19.8 km, and 27 km (3, 7, 11, and 15 nautical
miles) offshore. Sampling stations perpendicular to the New Jersey coast-
line start at 1.8 km and are spaced every 1.8 km out to 18 km (1 nautical
mile with 1 nm increments to 10 nm) offshore. These stations are identified
by suffixes E through M, with the exception of the Manasquan (MAS) perpendic-
ular stations which have corresponding suffixes 1 through 9. Normally,
only every other New Jersey perpendicular station (3.6 km intervals) was
sampled; the intermediate stations remained available should dissolved
oxygen conditions warrant more intensive sampling.
The perpendicular stations were established to gather near-surface and
near-bottom dissolved oxygen values in the critical areas of the New York
Bight nearshore waters. Previous agreements had been made with the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to provide dissolved oxygen
profiles from stations further out in the Bight in conjunction with their
Northeast Monitoring Program (NEMP) and Marine Fisheries Laboratory activities,
The perpendicular stations described above are plotted in Figures 7
and 8. Tables 3 and 4 describe the shore station locations from which the
perpendicular stations originate.
New York Bight Contingency Plan Stations
The 24 stations sampled are:
NYB 20, 22, 24, 40, 42, 44,
LIC 09P, A, B, and C
LIC 14P, A, B, and C
JC 14E, G, I, K, and M
JC 27E, G, I, K, and M
Their locations are shown in Figures 6 and 7.
19
-------
MANASQUAN INLET
BAY HEAD
SEASIDE HEIGHTS
JC53
N
10
Kilometers
'FIGURE 7
LONG ISLAND PERPENDICULAR STATIONS AND NEW JERSEY
PERPENDICULAR STATIONS FROM SANDY HOOK TO SEASIDE HEIGHTS
20
-------
NEW JERSEY
JC61
HODS EH
JC69
N
JC75
10
STRATH MERE
JC85
FIGURE 8
NEW JERSEY PERPENDICULAR STATIONS FROM BARNEGATTO STRATHMERE
21
-------
Phytoplankton Stations
Phytoplankton samples were collected once a week along the New Jersey
coast at the following stations;
JC 05 JC 49 JC 65. JC 751 deep
JC 11 JC 57 JC 75 JC 75M deep
JC 21 RB 32 JC 83 JC 851 deep
JC 30 RB 15 JC 93 JC 85M deep
A discussion of phytoplankton dynamics and bloom incidence in New
Jersey waters is presented, in Appendix A.
Phytoplankton samples were collected at all Long Island beach and
Long Island perpendicular stations once a week. A report on these samples
is currently pending from the Nassau County Health Department.
22
-------
IV. DISSOLVED OXYGEN RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Normal Trends in the Ocean
Two major processes act to replenish dissolved oxygen in the water
column of the New York Bight area. These are: the photosynthetic conver-
sion of carbon dioxide to molecular oxygen, and the mechanical reaeration
of oxygen across the air-water interface. Subsequent turbulent diffusion
then distributes the dissolved oxygen throughout the water column or
into the upper wanner surface layer when stratified conditions prevail.
Concurrent oxygen utilization (depletion) processes, such as bacterial
respiration and sediment oxygen demand, act to influence the amount of
oxygen in the water column at any one time or location.
A general description of the oxygen cycle during a calendar year is
as follows:
In early January, the waters of the Bight are completely
mixed throughout the water column with temperatures
ranging from A°C to 10°C while dissolved oxygen values
are between 8 and 10 mg/1 with slightly depressed values
at the sediment-water interface. The warm spring air
temperatures and solar heating increase the temperature
of the upper water layer and, in the absence of high
energy input from local storms or tropical hurricanes,
a thermally stratified water column develops. This
stratification effectively blocks the free transport
of the oxygen-rich upper layer into the cool oxygen-poor
bottom waters.
23
-------
As hot summer weather conditions set in, the
warmer upper layer of water remains completely mixed
and rich in oxygen (7 to 9 mg/1). This upper layer
ranges from 20 to 60 meters in depth depending on
time and location./ The cooler bottom water is effec-
tively isolated from the upper layer by a 10°C temper-
ature gradient. Respiration of bottom organisms,
bacterial action on algal remains and detritus, and
sediment oxygen demand depress the residual dissolved
oxygen values in the bottom waters. In a typical
year, the dissolved oxygen concentration in the
bottom waters of the Bight reaches a minimum in mid
to late summer of approximately 4 mg/1. At this time,
cool evenings and reduced solar input cause the upper
waters to cool, decreasing the temperature gradient
between the two water masses. As the two masses become
closer and closer in temperature, the energy required
to break down the thermocline becomes less and less
until finally, in many instances after a local storm,
there is a complete mixing of the water column with
concomitant reoxygenation of the bottom waters. The
annual cycle begins again. Figure 9 depicts a repre-
sentative history of dissolved oxygen concentration in
the general ocean area off of New Jersey, New York, and
New England.
24
-------
10
8
^ 7
x 5
-<
en
m
Z 4
"i"
OQ
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV
MONTH
FIGURE 9
GENERALIZED ANNUAL MARINE DISSOLVED OXYGEN CYCLE OFF THE
NORTHEAST U.S. (FROM NOAA)
-------
Dissolved Oxygen Criteria
The dissolved oxygen levels necessary for survival and/or reproduc-
tion vary among biological species. Sufficient data have not been accumu-
lated to assign definitive limits or lower levels of tolerance for
each species at various growth stages. Rough guidelines are available
for aquatic species for purposes of surveillance and monitoring. These
are as follows:
5 mg/1 and greater - healthy
4-5 .mg/1 - borderline to healthy
3-4 mg/1 - stressful if prolonged
2-3 mg/1 - lethal if prolonged
less than 2 mg/1 - lethal in a relatively
short time.
These criteria are consistent with biological information recorded
in the New York Bight over the past 10-15 years. Most data concerning
the lower tolerance levels were recorded during the summer of 1976. In
1976, widespread and persistent dissolved oxygen levels between 0.0 and
2.0 mg/1 occurred over a large area of the Bight. This resulted in
extensive fish kills and benthic organism mortality.
Surface Dissolved Oxygen - 1987
The completely mixed upper water layer had dissolved oxygen levels
at or near saturation during the entire sampling period, May 22, 1987
through October 26, 1987, therefore no further discussion of surface
dissolved oxygen will be presented in this report.
26
-------
Bottom Dissolved Oxygen - 1987
Long Island Coast
The Long Island perpendiculars were sampled only four times during
the 1987 sampling period. A total of 46 bottom samples were collected
for dissolved oxygen. None were below the 4 mg/1 "borderline to
healthy" guideline. Based on these data, dissolved oxygen remained
well above the concentrations considered stressful to aquatic life.
The dissolved oxygen average remained in the 6-8 mg/1 range. No samples
were collected in July or September, therefore, it is possible that
dissolved oxygen concentrations may have been lower than 6 mg/1 in
July or September. However, no fishkills in the ocean off Long Island
were reported, therefore, no prolonged periods of very low dissolved
oxygen concentrations probably occurred. Additionally, data from
previous years indicate that the dissolved oxygen averages off Long
Island generally remain well above 4 mg/1, and there is no reason to
suspect that 1987 was any different.
New York Bight Apex
Figure 10 illustrates the semi-monthly dissolved oxygen averages
at the New York Bight Apex stations from June through October, 1987.
A double minima was observed. The dissolved oxygen average increased
slightly from 7.1 mg/1 in June to 7.5 mg/1 in mid-July. The dissolved
oxygen subsequently declined to a first minima of 6.1 mg/1 in mid-August,
increased to 7.0 mg/1 in early September, and declined to a second low
of 5.2 mg/1 in mid-September. The dissolved oxygen average began to
recover in October.
27
-------
FIGURE 10
tf) NUMBER OF SAUPLES
7 •
J •
4 •
§>
t •
(20)
(36)
MAY
JUN
AIL
MJ6
SEP
ocr
KOV
NEW YORK BIGOT BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN. 1987 SEM1MONTO AVERAGE
OF ALL NEW YORK BIGHT STATIONS,
28
-------
Out of 139 samples collected in the New York Bight Apex from May 18
to October 13 and measured for dissolved oxygen, 1 sample, or 0.7 percent,
was between the 3-4 mg/1 level considered "stressful if prolonged" for
aquatic life. This one low dissolved oxygen value occurred at station
NYB 44 on September 10, 1987. Eight dissolved oxygen values, or 5.8
percent were between 4-5 mg/1.
29
-------
New Jersey Coast
Figure 11 illustrates the semi-monthly dissolved oxygen average off
the New Jersey coast during the summer of 1987, with separate lines for the
northern (JC 14-JC 53) perpendiculars and the southern (JC 61-JC 85) perpen-
diculars. Both lines show a dissolved oxygen double minima. The dissolved
oxygen average along j:he northern perpendiculars was approximately 8.6
mg/1 in late May, declined steadily throughout June, July and August,
until mid-August when a low of 5.6 mg/1 was reached. Between mid-August
and early September the dissolved oxygen average rose sharply to 6.5 mg/1
and then decreased in mid-September and early October to 5.0 mg/1. The
dissolved oxygen average recovered in late October. Along the southern
New Jersey perpendiculars, the dissolved oxygen average was 7.4 mg/1 in
late June and decreased to 6.0 mg/1 in early July. The dissolved oxygen
increased to 6.6 mg/1 in late July, then decreased substantially to a
low of 4.6 mg/1 in late August. This was followed by a dissolved oxygen
recovery in September and October.
Table 5 summarizes the bottom dissolved oxygen values for the New
Jersey coast perpendiculars. There were 431 samples collected along the
New Jersey perpendiculars between May 22 and October 26, 1987 and analyzed
for dissolved oxygen. Of these samples, 60 values (13.9 percent) were
below 5 mg/1. Of the 60 samples, 44 values (10.2 percent of all samples
collected) were between 4-5 mg/1, 16 values (3.7 percent) were between 2-4
mg/1. There were no values between 0-2 mg/1. In comparison, during the
summer of 1986, 598 samples were collected. Of these, 161 values (26.9
30
-------
FIGURE 11
LEGEND
O.JC14-JC53
o - JC61 - JC85
MAY
JUN
JUL
AU6
SEP OCT NOV DEC
NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, SEMIMONTHLY
AVERAGES OF All NORTHERN (JCW-JC53) AND SOUTHERN (JC61-JC85)
PERPENDICULAR STATIONS.
31
-------
TABLE 5
1987 NJ DO DISTRIBUTION (BOTTOM VALUES)
«§§
C 8 S 2 S K
Jessy
JC85K
JC&51
JC856
JC85E
JC75U
JC75K
JC75I
JC75C
JC75E
JC6SU
JC6&K
JC69G
JC69E
JC6UI
JC61K
JC616
JC53M
JCS3K
JCS31
JC536
JC53E
JC4IUI
JC41K
JC4fl
OC41G
JC41E
MASS
MAS4
MAS3
UAS2*
UAS1*
JC27M
JC27K
JC271
OC276
JC27E
JCHM
JCHK
JCMi
JCM6
JCUE
= 2-4mg/l ««0-2mg/l
32
-------
percent) were between 4-5 mg/1, 105 values (17.6 percent) were between 2-4
mg/1, and 2 values (0.3 percent) were between 0-2 mg/1. Dissolved oxygen
values in 1987 were higher than those encountered in 1986.
Figures 12 and 13 compare the shore to seaward distribution of dis-
solved oxygen along the northern New Jersey perpendiculars and the southern
New Jersey perpendiculars, respectively. Generally, along northern New
Jersey, Figure 12, the dissolved oxygen values increase with distance
offshore. This trend is not evident along southern New Jersey, Figure 13.
The lower dissolved oxygen values found at the nearshore stations along
northern New Jersey are attributed to the influence of river discharges,
treatment plant effluents, stormwater runoff, benthic oxygen demand from
inlet dredged material disposal sites, and the Hudson-Raritan River Estuary
system.
33
-------
§
FIGURE 12
LEGEND
OB 1 MILE
o=3 MILES
A - 5 MILES
+ = 7 MILES
x- 9 MILES
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
MOV
DEC
SHORE-70-SEAWARD DISTRIBUTION OF BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, 1987
SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGES OF ALL NORTHERN PERPENDICULAR STATIONS
6JC14-JC53), AT FIXED DISTANCES FROM SHORE.
34
-------
FIGURE 13
LEGEND
0-1MILE
o = 3 MILES
A = 5 MILES
+ - 7 MILES
X. 9 MILES
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
SHORE-TO-SEAWARD DISTRIBUTION OF BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, 1987
SEMIMONJHff AVERAGES OF ALL SOUWERN PERPENDICULAR STATIONS
(JC61-JC85), AT FIXED DISTANCES FROM SHORE.
35
-------
Dissolved Oxygen Trends
Figures 14, 15 and 16 display the number of dissolved oxygen obser-
vations below 4 mg/1 during July, August and September 1983-1987, for each
perpendicular. The graphs indicate that, similar to 1984 and 1986, the
dissolved oxygen concentrations from July to September 1987 were generally
.•
good with few values below 4 mg/1, as contrasted with 1983 and 1985 which
had numerous dissolved oxygen values below 4 mg/1. In July 1987, 1 dis-
solved oxygen value below 4 mg/1 was observed along the New Jersey perpen-
diculars, Figure 14, as compared with 132 during the same period in 1985.
In 1987, the largest number of dissolved oxygen values below 4 mg/1, 9
observations, occurred in August, as shown in Figure 15. This is contrasted
with 108 dissolved oxygen values below 4 mg/1 during August in 1985. In
September 1987, 2 dissolved oxygen values were below 4 mg/1, and in 1985
there were 81 values below 4 mg/1, Figure 16.
Figure 17 displays the five year dissolved oxygen arithmetic mean
of all semi-monthly averages for the northern New Jersey perpendicular
stations. The average dissolved oxygen in early May was 8 mg/1. From
May through late July the dissolved oxygen gradually decreased to approx-
imately 4.8 mg/1. The dissolved oxygen remained at this level in early
August and then decreased to a low of approximately 4.2 mg/1 in late
August. During September, October and November there was a rapid dissolved
oxygen recovery.
Figure 18 displays the five year dissolved oxygen arithmetic mean of
36
-------
FIGURE 14
DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS
BELOW 4 MG/L
NEW JERSEY COAST
JULY
KS JCH
JC27
MAS
JC41
JC53
JC61
KS JC69
KZ JC85
30
25
20
15
10
o
I
UJ
CO
CD
o
u_
o
QL
UI
CD
12
14
1983
11
EH
1984
1
S3
1985
1986
1987
-------
FIGURE 15
DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS
BEUOW 4 MG/L
NEW JERSEY COAST
AUGUST
eza JC14
JC27
MAS
JC41
JC53
E§2 JC61
CSS JC69
ffiH JC75
GS9 JC85
12.5
00
CO
o
I
en
CQ
o
u_
o
0£
Ul
CD
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
-------
FIGURE 16
DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS
BELOW 4 MG/L
NEW JERSEY COAST
SEPTEMBER
ES JCU
JC27
MAS
JC41
JC53
&25»0 JC61
KSS tiC€9
SSJ JC85
15
VD
O
I
UJ
-------
FIGURE 17
LEGEND
Dm 1983-1987
APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
•
NORTHERN NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN,
FIVE YEAR AVERAGE OF THE INDIVID UAL SEM1MONTHUT
AVERAGESJ983 TO 1987.
40
-------
FIGURE 18
LEGEND
n-1983-1987
APR UAY JUN JUL AU6 SEP OCT NOV DEC
SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM DISSOIVED OXYGEN,
FIVE YEAR AVERAGE OF THE INDIVID UAL SEMIMONTHUT
AVERAGES. 1983 TO 1987,
41
-------
all semi-monthly averages for the southern New Jersey perpendicular stations.
In early May, the dissolved oxygen average was 8.2 mg/1. From May through
July, the dissolved oxygen gradually decreased to 4.8 mg/1. The dissolved
oxygen rose slightly in late August, then decreased to a low of 4.7 mg/1
in mid-September. During late September and October the dissolved oxygen
increased substantially.
Figures 19 and 20 illustrate the five year dissolved oxygen trends
for the northern New Jersey perpendicular stations and the southern New
Jersey perpendicular stations, respectively. Figure 19 shows that in 1983
and 1984 a dissolved oxygen "double minima" occurred. During 1983, the
first low occurred in late July, followed by a second low in early September.
The "double minima" in 1984 was not as prominent as in 1983, with the
first low occurring in early July and the second in early August. During
the last five years, the dissolved oxygen values were lowest from July
through September 1985. In late August 1985, the average dissolved oxygen
concentration dropped to a low of 2.5 mg/1. During June through September
of 1986, the dissolved oxygen levels were approximately 1-2 mg/1 greater
than the same time period in 1985. With the exception of early October,
the dissolved oxygen averages along northern New Jersey were higher than
any of the previous four years.
Figure 20 illustrates that, for the most part, the lowest dissolved
oxygen levels along the southern New Jersey perpendicular stations during
the last five years occurred in 1985. With the exception of late August,
the dissolved oxygen levels along the southern New Jersey perpendiculars
in 1987 were equal to or above the dissolved oxygen averages of the previous
42
-------
FIGURE 19
l£GCNO
a m 1983
O = 1984
A = 1985
+ «= 1986
x-1987
\ \y ^
\ V ^
v
APR UAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
NORTHERN NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM DISSOU/ED OXYGEN. 1983-1987
COMPARISON. SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGES OF ALL JC14-JC53 PERPENDICULAR
STAHONS.
43
-------
»r
7 •
o
8 •
4 •
a -
i •
FIGOKE 20
APR
UAY
JUfl
dUl
AtTC
SEP
OCT
LEGEND
0.1983
0 = 1984
A = 1985
+ m 1986
X-1987
MOV
SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY COAST BOTTOM DISSOIVED OXYGEN,
1983-1987 COMPARISON. SEMIMONTHLY AVERAGES OF ALL
JC61-JC85 PERPENDICULAR STATIONS.
DEC
44
-------
four years.
Figure 21 displays the percentages of bottom dissolved oxygen samples
with concentrations below 4 mg/1 along the New Jersey perpendiculars over
the last five years. The highest percentage of low dissolved oxygen
values, 44.4 percent, occurred in 1985. In 1987, the percentage of low
dissolved oxygen values was lower than any of the previous four years,
only 3.7 percent. The graph indicates that the percentage of dissolved
oxygen values below 4 mg/1 fluctuates considerably from year to year.
In 1983 and 1985, the percentage of dissolved oxygen concentrations below
4 mg/1 was significantly greater than in the other three years.
Figure 22 shows a five year comparison of the semi-monthly averages
for the New York Bight Apex stations for the years 1983-1987. The aver-
age dissolved oxygen concentrations remained above 4 mg/1 throughout the
five year period, except for early September in 1985 when the dissolved
oxygen average fell to 3.5 mg/1. A dissolved oxygen "double minima" was
observed in 1983, 1985 and 1987. In general, the New York Bight Apex
dissolved oxygen levels improved from 1985 to 1987. The highest dissolved
oxygen averages in the Apex occurred in 1987.
All of the dissolved oxygen trend graphs presented of the New Jersey
perpendicular stations show that after an unusually large number of low
dissolved oxygen concentrations in 1985, there was considerable improve-
ment in 1986 and 1987. The prolonged depressed dissolved oxygen levels in
1985 were attributed to the decomposition of the organisms responsible
for the numerous algal blooms that occurred, the lack of meteorological
45
-------
CTl
9
\L
9
Q.
PERCENT OF BOTTOM DO VALUES BELOW 4mg/l
60
50 -
40 -
30 -
20
10 -
1983
OFF THE NJ COAST OVER THE LAST 5 YEARS
1987
-------
7 •
I •
4 •
i>
MAY
FIGURE 22
LEOEHO
o» 1983
0 = 1884
A - 1985
+ = 1986
x.1987
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NEW YORK BIGHT BOTTOM DISSOLVED OXYGEN, 1983-1957
COMPARISON. SEMIMONTHCT AVERAGE OF ALLNEWYORK
BIGHT STATIONS.
NOV
DEC
47
-------
events favoring reaeration, such as substantial winds and storm activity,
and the presence of a strong thermocline. During the summers of 1986
and 1987 fewer algal blooms were observed, higher winds occurred, and
there were numerous storms promoting reaeration. However, 1987 was
plagued with dead dolphins, floating garbage and sewage sludge digester
material washing up on New Jersey beaches.
48
-------
V. BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS
FECAL COLIFORMS
New Jersey
Table 6 presents a summary of the fecal coliform data collected along
the coast of New Jersey between May 21, 1987 and October 5, 1987. The
geometric mean for each station is plotted in Figure 23. The overall State
water quality standard for New Jersey is 50 fecal coliforms/100ml. The
State standard for primary contact recreation along the New Jersey coast
is a geometric mean of 200 fecal coliforms/100 ml based on five or more
samples analyzed within a 30 day period. Due to the low values found and
the relatively small number of samples collected, only one geometric mean
was calculated for each station over the entire summer. The highest geo-
metric mean, 4.5, was at station JC 93 at Wildwood. The second highest
geometric mean, 3.1, was at station JC 27 at Belmar. All of the geometric
means are very low. Figure 23 clearly shows that the New Jersey coastal
stations are well below the bacteriological standard. Based on fecal
coliform data, New Jersey coastal waters have excellent water quality.
Throughout the summer sampling period, a total of 542 samples were
collected for fecal coliform analysis along the New Jersey Coast. Of the
542 samples, four or 0.7 percent were above 50 fecal coliforms/I00ml.
These samples were:
Station Date Sampled Fecal Coliforms/lOOml
JC 21 8/5/87 . 216
JC 24 8/12/87 75
JC 59 7/29/87 53
JC 85 7/8/87 56
49
-------
TABLE 6
Summary of fecal coliform data
collected along the New Jersey coast
May 21, 1987 through October 5, 1987
Number of
Station Samples Collected
JC 01A
JC 02
JC 03
JC 05
JC 08
JC 11
JC 14
JC 21
JC 24
JC 27
JC 30
JC 33
JC 37
JC 41
JC 44
JC 47A
JC 49
JC 53
JC 55
JC 57
JC 59
JC 61
JC 63
JC 65
JC 67
JC 69
JC 73
JC 75
JC 77
JC 79
JC 81
JC 83
JC 85
JC 87
JC 89
JC 91
JC 93
JC 95
JC 97
JC 99
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
16
16
16
16
16
15
16
17
17
17
16
16
14
14
14
14
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
Maximum Value
Fecal Coliform/lOOml
2
2
2
12
3
6
34
216
75
31
24
3
8
8
6
2
12
17
6
4
53
6
7
10
12
4
17
9
12
5
40
3
56
1
20
2
49
8
20
4
Geometric Mean
Fecal Coliform/lOOml
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
4.
1.
1.
1.
2
1
1
4
1
3
6
9
0
1
5
2
0
5
3
1
5
0
3
2
4
4
1
2
3
4
4
4
5
2
5
2
1
0
4
3
5
4
7
4
50
-------
23
STANDARD
SO
*
IS
4
t
o
o
-
L4
x
X
X
X
X
'
1
t.1
X
X
X
X
X
'
-
1
L3
7
x
X
X
X
X
-
...
4
u
/
X
X
X
^
xi
3
X
X*
X
^
-
L!
X
X
X
x
/
x!
x}
{x<
3
>
UJI 1
U
F
|x
f
8
H
x
/
X
x
^
.1
^
/
(*
/
/
^
/
J1J5
1
/ /
/ X
/ /
/ /
f /
4 rf
---
z
f
t
u2/
/ t
S t
s f
/ t
/ /
^
0
^
^
'L5
' r
1
> ,
(
u
x
X
/
x
i/
-
>
X
X
X
--
1
LJ
/
/
/
/
—
2.(
j
'
'
/
x
x
/
'
L3
m
X
X
X
X
X
X
'
-
L2
X
X
X
X
X
X
'
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
'
-
V
>
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
....
1.1
7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
12
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
L:
X
X
X
X
X
X
4
i
K
X
X
X
X
1
u
t
x
J
^
X
X
X
I
M
X
X
J
14
1
J
•-
i
u
/
f
r
X
x
X
X
X
;
IX
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
I
u
x.
X
X
X
X
X
X
-•
-
L
X
X
X
X
X
X
-•
4
1.C
x
X
X
X
X
x
--
? 4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
^
X
X
X
'
4
• —
t
L3
7] I/
X
X
X
X
X
X
>
A
t
t
t
t
/
f
t
t
f
t
t
i
t
''r
' X
f X
''X
• X
< X
/ X
< X
< X
' '
—
~-w^M
f 1
7
X 1 J
x r
X /
X /
X /
X /
X /
X X
X X
X X
X t
;^^
NEW JERSEY COAST SlfflONS
KOMETHIC MEANS OF FECAL COUFORM DATA COLUECT10N AUDNG THE
COAST OF NEW JERSEY, MAY 21, 1987 TO OCT 5, 1987.
(ACTUAL VAUJES PRINTED ABOVE BARS)
51
-------
Long Island
Table 7 presents a summary of the fecal coliform data collected
along the coast of Long Island from May 18, 1987 through October 6, 1987.
The geometric mean for each station is plotted in Figure 24. The New York
State standard for primary contact recreation along the Long Island coast
is 200 fecal coliforms/100 ml. This value is a monthly geometric mean of
five or more samples. As with the New Jersey data, due to the low values
found and the relatively small number of samples collected, only one geome-
tric mean was calculated for each station over the entire summer. The
highest geometric mean was 2.6, which occurred at station LIC 05, Far
Rockaway Beach. The second highest geometric mean was 2.1, which occurred
at LIC 10, Hempstead Beach. From Figure 24, it is apparent that the standard
was not approached. Based on fecal coliform data, the New York coastal
waters along Long Island are of excellent quality.
A total of 310 samples were collected during the summer along the
coast of Long Island and analyzed for fecal coliform bacteria. The highest
density found all summer, 38 fecal coliforms/100 ml, was at station LIC 16.
This value is well below the New York State standard.
52
-------
TABLE 7
Summary of fecal coliform data
collected along the Long Island coast
May 18, 1987 through October 6, 1987
Number of
Station Samples collected
Lie 01
LIC 02
LIC 03
LIC 04
LIC 05
LIC 07
LIC 08
LIC 09
LIC 10
LIC 12
LIC 13
LIC 14
LIC 15
LIC 16
LIC 17
LIC 18
LIC 19
LIC 20
LIC 21
LIC 22
LIC 23
LIC 24
LIC 25
LIC 26
LIC 27
LIC 28
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
15
16
15
16
15
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Maximum Value Geometric Mean
Fecal Coliform/lOOml Fecal Coliform/lOOml
4
23
8
8
16
7
7
4
9
1
3
4
4
38
2
4
2
3
3
12
10
0
6
4
5
0
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2
4
4
6
6
5
2
6
4
0
1
2
2
8
1
3
3
2
3
6
1
0
4
2
5
0
53
-------
FIGOKE 24
200
STANDARD
^^
I
2
8
LONG SUND COAST STATIONS
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF PECAL COUFORW DATA COLLECTION AUDNG THE
COAST OF UDNG ISLAND, MAY 18,1987 TO OCT 6.1987.
PRINTED ABOVE BARS)
54
-------
New York Bight Apex
During the summer of 1987, a total of 366 samples were collected in
the inner New York Bight (NYB) for fecal coliform analysis. The stations
sampled were the 20 inner NYB series stations, the LIC 09 and LIC 14
perpendicular stations, and the JC 14 and JC 27 perpendicular stations.
None of the fecal coliform densities exceeded 50 fecal coliforms/100ml.
The highest fecal coliform count, 38/100ml, occurred at station NYB 25
on June 18. There is no fecal coliform standard for the New York Bight
Apex waters. The value of 50 fecal coliforms/100 ml was chosen for use in
comparison with previous years. In 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985 and 1986, the
percentage of samples having densities above 50/100 ml was 2.1, 0.9, 0.4,
1.3 and 0.0 respectively. Fecal coliform levels in the New York Bight
Apex have declined over the last five years.
55
-------
ENTEROCOCCI
The 1987 sampling program marked the third year that samples were col-
lected for enterococcus bacteria. Baterococcus bacteria are members of the
fecal streptococci group. The occurrence of fecal streptococci in bathing
waters indicates the presence of fecal contamination from warm-blooded animals.
The enterococcus group of bacteria includes the following species: Strepto-
coccus faecales; S. faecalis, subsp. liquefaciens; S. faecalis, subsp. zyogenes;
and j>^ faecium. Recent research (Cabelli 1982, 1983) has demonstrated that
enterococcus bacteria show a better correlation than fecal coliforms to gastro-
enteritis caused by swimming in contaminated water. The EPA criterion for
marine waters, a geometric mean of 35 enterococcus bacteria/lOOml, was
published in the Federal Register on March 7, 1986.
New Jersey
Table 8 presents a summary of the enterococcus data collected along the
New Jersey coast from May 21 to October 5, 1987. The State of New Jersey
does not have a water quality standard for enterococcus bacteria. The EPA
criterion for enterococci in marine waters is 35 bacteria/lOOml. This criter-
ion is based on a geometric mean of a statistically sufficient number of
samples, generally not less than five samples equally spaced over a thirty
day period. Due to the low values found and the relatively small number of
samples collected, only one geometric mean was calculated for each station
over the entire summer. The geometric mean for each station is plotted in
Figure 25. Figure 25 shows that the geometric mean of enterococcus densities
at each station is well below the EPA criterion. All the geometric means
56
-------
TABLE 8
Summary of enterococci data
collected along the New Jersey coast
May 21, 1987 through October 5, 1987
Number of
Station Samples Collected
JC 01A
JC 02
JC 03
JC 05
JC 08
JC 11
JC 14
JC 21
JC 24
JC 27
JC 30
JC 33
JC 37
JC 41
JC 44
JC 47A
JC 49
JC 53
JC 55
JC 57
JC 59
JC 61
JC 63
JC 65
JC 67
JC 69
JC 73
JC 75
JC 77
JC 79
JC 81
JC 83
JC 85
JC 87
JC 89
JC 91
JC 93
JC 95
JC 97
JC 99
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
16
16
14
14
14
14
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
Maximum Value
Enterococci/lOOml
6
3
44
6
6
6
92
620
18
11
4
5
32
8
6
4
5
14
6
3
17
6
11
3
9
5
3
8
4
2
4
5
11
3
12
1
4
9
6
3
Geometric Mean
Enterococci/lOOml
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
.3
.1
.5
.4
.6
.3
.1
.9
.8
.6
.4
.4
.3
.4
.3
.1
.2
.2
.4
.2
.4
.5
.3
.2
.4
.4
.2
.3
.4
.1
.8
.2
.8
.1
.6
.0
.8
.4
.0
.4
57
-------
FIGURE 25
STANDARD
V C
3
us
B.5
D
• • a
2.1
.3
p
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1.1
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
x
I.S
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
'
1.4
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
!.(
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1.3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
7
x
/
x
f
f
/
X
/
/
x1
x
x
x
x
v • — • — •" - • - -1-1 '"- —
I*
^
«
(1
^
^
^
*"
/ ,
^ '
^
/
^
X
'1.8
' n
* X
/ /
* /
x x
* x
* x
< X
i< X
x X
XT X
/ X
/ X
^ X
!.(
X
X
X
X
'
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
J
2.3
1.4
r
X
X
X
X
X
X
J
1.4
7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
f
7
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
y
2.2
D
X
<
X
X
1.2
7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1.1
r
X
X
X
X
X
X
1.2
7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
J
1J 1.8 1J
l.<
x
1.2
X
X
X
X
x
•4
?
X <
X /
X >
X
X
X
X
X
x
te
* x
•• x
' X
* x
x
i* x
/ x
* x
^ ^
* x1
— «
1.2
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.4
7
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
?1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
^
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
J
l.<
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
y
1.1
ri
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
y
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1.2
r
X
X
X
X
X
7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
1.1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
I.I
'
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
'
1.0
X
X
X
X
X
X
'
'
X
X
X
X
X
'
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
'
X
X
X
x
X
/
E
7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
/
:y3£S3!a^^2^^
NEW JERSEY COAST STATIONS
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF EtfTEROCQCCl DATA COLLECTION AUDNG THE
COAST OF NEW JERSEY. MAY 21, 1987 TO OCT 5, 1987.
(ACTUAL VALUES PRINTED ABOVE BARS)
58
-------
are low. The highest mean, 3.9, occurred at station JC 21, Asbury Park.
A total of 543 samples were analyzed for enterococcus bacteria along
the New Jersey coast. Three enterococcus densities were above the criterion
of 35/100ml. These samples were:
Station Date Enterococci/lOOml
JC 03 8/5/87 44
JC 14 7/8/87 92
JC 21 8/5/87 620
The cause of the elevated value at JC 21 was probably poorly treated
sewage from the Asbury Park Sewage Treatment Plant.
Long Island
Table 9 presents a summary of the enterococcus data collected along the
Long Island coast from May 18, 1987 to October 6, 1987. The geometric mean
for each station is plotted in Figure 26. New York State does not have a
water quality standard for enterococcus bacteria. As with the New Jersey
data, the enterococcus data along the Long Island coast are compared to the
EPA criterion of 35 enterococci/lOOml. Due to the low values found and the
relatively small number of samples collected per station, only one geometric
mean was calculated for each station over the summer. The highest geometric
mean, 3.3, occurred at station LIC 05, Far Rockaway Beach. Figure 26 shows
that all of the geometric means are well below the EPA criterion.
A total of 315 enterococcus samples were collected along the coast of
59
-------
TABLE 9
Summary of enterococci data
collected along the Long Island coast
May 18, 1987 through October 6, 1987
Number of
Station Samples collected
LIC 01
LIC 02
LIC 03
LIC 04
LIC 05
LIC 07
LIC 08
LIC 09
LIC 10
LIC 12
LIC 13
LIC 14
LIC 15
LIC 16
LIC 17
LIC 18
LIC 19
LIC 20
LIC 21
LIC 22
LIC 23
LIC 24
LIC 25
LIC 26
LIC 27
LIC 28
15
15
15
15-
15
15
16
16
16
15
16
15
16
15
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Maximum Value
Enterococci/lOOml
2
13
6
5
40
16
4
8
10
5
3
4
6
13
2
6
3
7
10
7
5
1
3
2
4
3
Geometric Mean
Enterococci/lOOml
1.
1.
1.
1.
3.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1
4
5
3
3
6
1
8
7
1
2
2
3
1
2
5
1
4
8
7
5
0
1
1
4
1
60
-------
FIGUEE 26
STANDARD
u
3.3
i
) i
I
ul
t
u
1
OJ
»
••- •»
11
/
/
/
/
/
u"
/
I
4^.
7
/
\
\
1.3
/
/
/'
/,
7
/
/
/
s
/
/
;/
/
/
__. —
16
^
/
/
/
/
/
11
^
^
^
18
/
/
/.
/
/
2J
/
/
/
X
/
/
\
11
?
\
,,/
12
^
/
r*
/
/
/
'',
13
X
/
/
/
/
^1
/
\
'',,
•BM-^
12
\
/
/
'',
15
7
f
\
11
/
w
#
\
18
/
^
I
U
/
/
/
/
/
4A
/
/
/
/
/
•
1.0
/
/
/
11
/
/
/
11
/
/
A
/
14
/
/
/
V
/
/f
_-_ t
• •«!•
1 — •
t.1
^
r
LOKG ISLAND COAST STATIONS
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF ENTEROCOCd DATA COLLECTION ALONG THE
COAST OF LONG ISLAND. MAY 18,1987 TO OCT 6,1987.
(ACTUAL VAUJES PRINTED ABOVE BARS)
61
-------
Long Island during the summer. Only one sample exceeded 35 enterococci/
100ml. On August 26, a count of 40 enterococci/lOOml occurred at Far
Rockaway Beach, station LIC 05.
Based on the enterococcus densities, the water quality of the Long
Island coast is excellent.
New York Bight Apex
During the summer of 1987 a total of 366 samples were collected in the
inner New York Bight for enterococcus analysis. The stations sampled were
the same as those sampled for fecal coliforms. One sample had an enterococcus
density above the EPA criterion of 35/100ml. On August 17, a count of 36
enterococci/100ml was detected at station NYB 25. The cause of this elevated
value was a recent sewage sludge dump at the sewage sludge disposal site.
A further discussion of the bacteriological data prepared by the EPA
Regional laboratory, which includes a discussion of the standards, indicator
bacteria, materials, methods, and results, is presented in Appendix B.
62
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Cabelli, V. J., A. P. Dufour, L. J. McCabe, M. A. Levin, "A Marine
Recreational Water Quality Criterion Consistent with Indicator Concepts
and Risk Analysis", Journal WPCF, Volume 55, November 10, 1983.
2. Cabelli, V. J., A. P. Dufour, L. J. McCabe, M. A. Levin, "Swimming-
Associated Gastroenteritis and Water Quality", American Journal of
Epidemiology, Volume 115, No. 4, 1982.
3. National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere, "The Role of the
Ocean in a Waste Management Strategy", Washington, D.C., January 1981.
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1982", Environmental Services Division, Region 2, Edison,
New Jersey, May 1984.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1983", Environmental Services Division, Region 2, Edison,
New Jersey, February 1985.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1984", Environmental Services Division, Region 2, Edison,
New Jersey, August 1985.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1985", Environmental Services Division, Region 2, Edison,
New Jersey, August 1986.
63
-------
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; "New York Bight Water Quality
Summer of 1986", Environmental Services Division, Region 2, Edison,
New Jersey, July 1987.
64
-------
APPENDIX "A"
-------
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
APPHSIDIX "A"
SUMMARY OF PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS
AND RELATED CONDITIONS
IN NEW JERSEY COASTAL WATERS
SUMMER OF 1987
U.S, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AQENCY
-------
Summary of Phytoplankton Blooms
and Related Conditions
in New Jersey Coastal Waters
Summer of 1987
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
Division of Water Resources
Bureau of Monitoring Management
Biological Services Unit
-------
Summary of Phytoplankton Blooms and Related Conditions
in New Jersey Coastal Waters, Summer of 1987
Introduction
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (DEP)
annually examines marine phytoplankton assemblages with regard to
coastal water quality conditions. This information, obtained
cooperatively with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), Region II, is summarized for the 1987 season. These
results compliment the physio-chemical and sanitary
bacteriological data also gathered during their annual New York
Bight Water Quality survey (USEPA, 1978-1988 inc.) and the
Coastal Cooperative Monitoring Program involving DEP and the New
Jersey shore county health agencies (NJDEP, 1987). Routine
helicopter surveillance by the EPA in the New York Bight has been
conducted since 1977.
We have observed recurring red tides of a few phytoflagellate
species in the Hudson/Raritan estuary and adjacent New Jersey
waters for over 25 years. While none of these have been of the
acutely toxic varieties, some have caused minor discomfort to
bathers (Mahoney and McLaughlin, 1977). A serious bloom of the
dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum micans, along the Monmouth County
shore in 1968 first aroused the DEP to investigate the problem.
In 1969, the Interagency Committee on Marine Plankton Blooms was
formed including the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) at
Sandy Hook, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as well as
the EPA, NJDEP and the Long Island, New York county health
agencies. The committee has functioned to the present to
coordinate government response in the event of serious blooms.
In 1973, the NJDEP and NMFS cooperatively instituted a long-term,
intensive phytoplankton study of Lower New York Bay and adjacent
New Jersey estuarine and coastal waters (see Olsen and Conn,
1979). Our methods, based on recommendations of the Scientific
Committee on Oceanic Research (1974) and the American Public
Health Association (1976), essentially employed the
Sedgewick/Rafter and Palmer/Maloney counting techniques; they
have been incorporated by the DEP laboratory presently as
Standard Operating Procedures.
Helicopter surveillance by the USEPA commenced following the
catastrophic, Bight-wide Ceratium tripos bloom of 1976, which
caused extensive anoxia and consequent fish kills in bottom
waters (in Swanson and Sindermann ,eds. , 1979). An additional
interagency group, the New York Bight Advisory Committee, was
formed then, primarily to respond to hypoxia problems. Routine
helicopter sampling along New Jersey for phytoplankton and
nutrients was done initially at nine stations from Raritan Bay to
Island Beach. Red tides rarely occurred in the southern New
Jersey shore; however, in 1984-85, extensive "green tides" of
-------
Gyrodinium aureolum occurred primarily from Long Beach Island to
Cape May County (Mahoney et al, unpublished). Although these
were associated with some incidents of mild sickness in bathers
and localized kills of mussels and lady crabs, their most obvious
consequence was diminished aesthetic value of the affected
beaches. Following this, in 1986, three stations were added to
include south Jersey in the phytoplankton sampling scheme (see
Figures 1 and 2).
The events of 1984-1985 were the last major phytoflagellate
blooms observed in New Jersey coastal waters. Red tides have
generally been less extensive along the oceanfront (USEPA
1977-1986, inc.); however, blooms (especially of Katodinium
rotundatum) have continued to develop in late spring/early summer
in the Sandy Hook Bay vicinity. Other localized phytoflagellate
blooms, such as in Delaware Bay have occurred just outside our
areas of routine surveillance. Yellowish-brown water caused by a
chlorophyte (Nannochloris sp.) normally dominant in summer has
pervaded much of our intra-coastal system from Barnegat Bay
southward, being somewhat less extensive in 1987 than the
previous years. The same species has caused light green
coloration in late summer from Raritan Bay southward along-most——
of the New Jersey coast. Diatoms normally dominate the
phytoplankton throughout the cooler months (October through May)
with some pulses during summer. In 1987, several species of
diatoms predominated through most of the summer season (Table 1);
heavy blooms of Cerataulina pelagica and Cyclotella sp. caused
brownish water discoloration in our northern sampling area early
and late in the season, respectively. The summer of 1987 was
also characterized by the presence of very clear and warm,
apparently oceanic or shelf slope water in our nearshore areas
despite the incidence of domestic floatable materials and the
abundance of macro flora (sea lettuce) and fauna (salps,
amphipods, etc.). Perhaps the most significant red tide in our
region was somewhat removed from the Bight area; this was an
extensive bloom of Prorocentrum triestinum (redfieldi) with some
consequent fish kills, in Long Island Sound.
-------
Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows the predominance of several diatoms, generally
neritic species especialy Cerataulina pelagica, Thalassiosira
spp. and Cyclotella sp., with frequent blooms during the 1987
summer season. These species are normally abundant periodically
in New Jersey coastal waters from October to May (Olsen and Cohn,
1979) with occasional summer pulses. While phytoflagellate
blooms were apparently minimal in 1987, the number of
frequently-occurring species was about double the number of
dominant diatom species for the summer period. This is indicated
in Table 2, which shows a tendency toward greater phytoflagellate
activity at certain locations (particularly RB15, JC30, and JC83)
over others. A few species notably Olisthodiscus luteus,
Katodinium rotundatum, and especialy Prorocentrum triestinum
(redfieldi) which caused red tide in Long Island Sound, were more
frequent spatially and temporally than others. The appearance of
the green tide species, Gyrodinium aureolum in late August-early
September at several locations, especially RB15 and JC83 (Tables
1 and 4) is notable in view of the blooms about this time in
previous years (Mahoney et al, unpublished).
Following early season diatom blooms, and aside from conditions
incidental (Table 4), ocean waters remained generally clear
through mid-summer of 1987. The minute chlorophyte, Nannochloris
atomus, was not quite as abundant at most coastal stations as in
previous years (USEPA 1977-1986, inc.). The N. atomus bloom
which caused yellowish-brown water in Barnegat Bay and other
intracoastal areas developed a few weeks later and was somewhat
less extensive than in previous years (see Table 4). The
mid-August event where several thousand blue claw crabs were
found dead in Barnegat Bay near the inlet was associated with a
bloom of the dinoflagellate, Exuviaella marina, which apparently
occluded crab gills. The presence of the brown tide species,
"Aureococcus anorexefferens" which caused mortalities of bay
scallop in eastern Long Island embayments (Bricelj and Siddall,
1987), was suspected in Barnegat Bay, but it has thus far not
been identified in New Jersey. A pulse of N. atomus with
resultant greenish water occurred from early to mid-August
adjacent to the coast, possibly augmented by wash-out from tidal
inlets (Table 4); several diatom species were also abundant
around this time (Table 1). This was followed by increased
turbidity, due possibly to weather and localized upwellings and,
subsequently, to diatom blooms again in early September.
Historically, the phytoflagellate blooms in Lower New York Bay
and adjacent New Jersey waters have been associated with
hypertrophication (Mahoney and McLaughlin, 1977) in this highly
urbanized region. Extensive red tides, particularly of
Olisthodiscus luteus, have been less frequent in recent years
-------
(USEPA 1977-1986 inc.); growth suppression, possibly by certain
trace metals " (Mahoney, 1982), may partially account for
this. Available nutrient supplies are greatest in spring toward
the inner estuary before being assimilated by phytoplankton
growth in the lower estuary (Jeffries, 1962) and in the N.Y.
Bight apex (Malone et al, 1985). Table 3 shows a general
decrease in nutrient concentrations, especially nitrogen, from
north to south; phosphorus is seen to be generally more available
than nitrogen. However, some periods of concentration peaks are
probably missed since sampling was done only in late spring and
summer, and sampling frequency was lower at southern N.J.
stations. With ambient nutrients depleted, summer phytoplankton
blooms could be sustained by regeneration within the water
column, by replenishment from external sources via drainage or
discharge, or from upwelling of deeper bottom waters.
The bays and estuaries form natural basins concentrating
nutrients and phytoplankton, thus the tendency for red tides to
develop within their confines, often to wash out with current and
wind to adjacent coastal areas. In our northern coastal area,
phytoplankton assemblages found between Sandy Hook and Island
Beach often resemble those in Lower New York Bay (Olsen and Cohn,
1979) suggesting the southward influence of the Hudson/Raritan
estuary. Conversely, the plume of Delaware Bay at New Jersey's
southern extreme can flow northward during periods of low runnoff
and southerly winds (Bumpus, 1969). This is suggested in the
abundance at station JC83 of Amphidinum fusiforme (Table 1), a
dominant species in Delaware Bay providing sustenance for the
oyster fishery, and at times causing patches of red water
(Pomeroy et al, 1956). The green tides of 1984-85, caused by
Gyrodinium aureolum, in the south-central New Jersey coast appear
to have developed in the neritic waters of the region; similar
green tides were not observed in either of the major estuaries or
locally in the smaller coastal estuaries and back bays in the
areas where the blooms were most intense. (Mahoney et al,
unpublished).
Development of blooms in the New York Bight along our coast
appears to be strongly dependent on weather and inner shelf
circulation patterns (USEPA, 1986, 1987), optimally to
concentrate phytoplankton and/or bring them in contact with
nutrient-rich water. In European waters, where G. aureolum is
the most important bloom species, red tides have resulted from
vertical movement of the dinoflagellates in combination with
wind-driven upwelling, or convergence of different water masses,
especially near a coastline (Tangen, 1977). In the western north
Atlantic, net flow alongshore from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras is
from northeast to southwest. This is often reversed toward the
northeast in summer by prevailing southwesterly winds (Bumpus,
1973), which can result in offshore transport of surface water
and upwelling of cooler bottom waters in the nearshore zone
(Ingham and Eberwine, 1984). In the New York Bight, this may
result in some degree of stagnation and accumulation of
phytoplankton and other decomposing materials, with consequent
-------
hypoxia, in nearshore bottom areas (Han et al., 1979).
Conversely, winds from a more easterly direction could cause
retention of surface waters with resultant accumulations of
phytoplankton and other materials along the coast. Maximum
convergence onshore by northeast winds can result in downwelling
of oxygenated surface water with corresponding increases in
bottom dissolved oxygen in nearshore areas (NOAA data).
The latter situation was in evidence in 1987 with a predominance
of easterly breezes (NOAA'data, Table 4) and minimal hypoxia in
bottom waters (USEPA data). Winds probably exacerbated the
incidence of domestic floatable materials in our coastal waters
(see Table 4). The onshore flow was apparently reinforced or
influenced by offshore circulation patterns, evidenced in the
presence of very clear and warm, Gulfstream-like surface waters
in our nearshore areas through most of summer (Table 4 and 5).
Table 5 shows periods of unusually warm water around July 10-11,
July 23 and August 20 (NOAA, EPA data); accompanying atmospheric
conditions were possibly associated with incidents of respiratory
difficulty in bathers around these times (Table 4). The deaths
of several hundred bottlenose dolphins, a species normally
inhabiting inshore areas of the Mid-Atlantic Bight, was apparently
due to an epidemic among the dolphins (see NJDEP, 1988) rather
than to water conditions. The presence of nutrient-poor offshore
water, plus the small, pelagic salps which are plankton feeders,
may have been factors limiting phytoflagellate populations in
1987.
-------
References
American Public Health Association. 1916, Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 14th Ed. Washington,
D.C., part 1002.
Bricelj, V.M. and Siddall, S.E., 1987. Impact of the "brown
tide" on shellfish, pp. 12-13 in New York State Interagency
Committee on Aquatic Resources Development (sponsor).
Proceedings of the Emergency Conference on "Brown Tide" and Other
Unusual Algal Blooms. Hauppauge, New York.
Bumpus, D.P. 1973. A Description of the circulation on the
continental shelf of the east coast of the United States. Progr.
Oceanogr., 6:111-157
Han, G.; Hansen, D.V.; and Cantillo, A.; 1979. Diagnostic model
of water and oxygen transport. Chapter 8 in R.L. Swanson and
C.J. Sinderman (eds.)f Oxygen depletion and associated benthic
mortalities in the New York Bight, 1976. NOAA Prof. Pap. No.11.
Rockville, MD.
Ingham, M.C. and Eberwine, J. 1984. Evidence of nearshore summer
upwelling off Atlantic City, New Jersey. NOAA Tech. Memo.
NMFS-F/NEC-31. U.S. Dept. of Comm. lOp.
Jeffries, R.E. 1962. Environmental characteristics of Raritan
Bay, a polluted estuary. Limnol. and Oceanogr., 7:21-30.
Mahoney, J.B. 1982. The Effects of trace metals on growth of a
phytoflagellate, Olisthodiscus luteus, which blooms in Lower New
York Bay. Bull. N.J. Acad. Sci., 27:53-57.
Mahoney, J.B. and Mclaughlin, J.J.A. 1977. The Association of
phytoflagellate blooms in Lower New York Bay with
hypertrophication. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 28:53-65.
Mahoney, J.B.; Olsen, P .; and Cohn, M.S. (unpublished). The
Occurrence and effects of blooms of the dinoflagellate,
Gyrodinium aureolum. (1988).
Malone, T.C.; Chervin, M.D.; Stepien, J.P.; Garside, C.;
Litchfield, C.D.; and Thomas, J.P. 1985. Synoptic investigation
of nutrient cycling in the coastal plume of the Hudson and
Raritan Rivers: plankton dynamics. NOAA Grant. Rep. to Ocean
Assessment Div., Rockville, MD. 119 p.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) report.
1987. The Cooperative Coastal Monitoring Program, 1985 and 1986.
NJDEP Division of Water Resources, Bureau of Monitoring
Management. Trenton. N.J. 5Op.
-------
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection report. 1988.
New Jersey's Coastal Ocean. NJDEP Planning Group, Office of the
Commissioner. Trenton, N.J. 29p.
Olsen, P. and Cohn, M. 1979. Phytoplankton in Lower New York Bay
and adjacent New Jersey estuarine and coastal areas. Bull. N.J.
Acad. Sci., 24:59-70.
Pomeroy, L.R.; Haskin, H.H.; and Ragotzkie, R.A. 1956.
Observations on dinoflagellate blooms, Limnol. and Oceanogr.,
1:54-60.
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), Working Group
33. 1974. A Review of methods used for quantitative
phytoplankton studies. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine
Science. No. 18. 27p.
Tangen, K. 1977. Blooms of Gyrodinium aureolum (Dinophyceae) in
north European waters accompanied by mortalities in marine
organisms. Sarsia, 63:123-133.
Swanson , R.L. and Sindermann (eds.). 1979. Oxygen depletion and
associated benthic mortalities in the New York Bight, 1976.
NOAA Prof. Pap. No. 11. Rockville, MD. 345p.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data.
National Weather Service, Atlantic City; National Marine
Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook, N.J.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) annual report.
1978-1988 inclusive. New York Bight water quality summer of
1977-1987 (inc.). USEPA, Region II, Surveillance and Monitoring
Branch. Edison, N.J.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986. An Environmental
inventory of the New Jersey coast/New York Bight relevant to
green tide occurrence. Prepared by Science Applications
International Corp. for USEPA, Region II, 26 Federal Plaza, New
York, N.Y. 156p.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Green tide
monitoring survey for 1986 - results. Prepared by Science
Applications International Corp. for USEPA, Region II, 26 Federal
Plaza, New York, N.Y. 54p.
-------
TABLE 1. Succession of dominant phytoplankton species found in the 1987 survey. Relative abundance is defined
as follows: frequent (.^concentrations of 100-1000 cells/ml; dominant (+) = cell counts exceeding
1000/ml. Blooms (*) occurred where counts approached or exceeded 10,000/ml, often imparting visible
coloration to the water. Ma designation indicates that the species either was present in very low
concentrations or was not olbserved. For Nannochloris, because of its minute size ( 5um), the cri-
terion is increased by a factor of ten (e.g. 10,000 for dominance, 100,000 for blooms). All species
are listed under one of four taxonoraic groups: (1) diatoms = Bacillariophyceae, (2) dinoflagellates -
Dinophyceae; (3) other phytoflagellates = Chrysophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Cryptophyceae,
etc..,.(4) non-motile coccoids = Chlorophyceae.
Species/Dates
Sampling Location
RB32 RB15 JC05 JC11 JC21 JC30 JCA9 JC57 JC65 JC75 JC83 JC93
May 30 - June 3
1 ) Leptocylindrus danicus
Skeietonema costatum
Cerataulina pelagica
3) Eutreptia lanowii
Chroomonas sp.
A) Chlorella sp.
June 8a
1) Cyclotella sp.
C. pelagica
2) Prorocentrum minimum
Gymnodinium sp.
3) Olisthodiscus luteus
Calycomonas gracilis
4) Chlorella sp.
Nannochloris atomus
June 2k - July 1b
1) L. danicus
S. costatum
Thalassiosira gravida
T. nordenskioldii
C. pelagica
Chaetoceros sp.
Nitzschia sp.
N. seriata
3) Calycomonas ovalis
A) N. atomus
« «
July 8-15
1) L. danicus
S. costatum
T. nordenskioldii
C. pelagica
Chaetoceros sp.
N. seriata
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Cylindrotheca closterium
2) P.minimum (triangulatum)
P. redfleldi
Amphidinium fusi forme
Katodinium rotundatum
Oblea rotunda
3) Olisthodiscus luteus
Ca. ovalis
Pyramimonas obovata
Eutreptia lanowii
Chroomonas sp.
A) Chlorella sp.
N. atomus
Footnotes:
a - no samples from JC65 - 93 for the period
bb- no samples from JC75 - 93 for the period
-------
TABLE 1.
Species/Dates Sampling Location
RB32 BB15 XOS JC11 JC21 JC30 JCA9 JC57 JC65 JC75 JC83 JC93
July 23-29
1) Leptocylindrus sp.
S. costatum * + « + +
T. nordenskioldii + * + +
Chaetoceros sp. * + +
Ch. sociale +
Thalassionema nitzschioides
2) P. redfieldi
3) 0. luteus
Py. obovata
Euglena sp. . . +
Chroomonas sp. . .
A) Chlorella sp.
N. atc«nus . + . + +
August 5-12
1) Leptocylindrus minimus
S. costatum « . + +
Cyclotella sp. + +
T. gravida + + + +
T. nordenskioldii * +
Biddulphia aurita + +
Chaetoceros sp. +
Tn. nitzschioides
Ph. tricornutum +
Cy. closterium
3) Py. obovata
Euglena sp. +
Chroomonas sp. +
A) N. atomus » « + + + '+
August 19-25
1) S. costatum + + +
Thalassiosira sp. . +
T. nordenskioldii + +
B. aurita +.+...
Ch. sociale + . . +
Asterionella glacialis
2) P. redfieldi . .
Gyrodinium aureolum . + .
A) N. atomus « + +
September 2-9
1) L. minimus +
S. costatum +
Cyclotella sp. + «
T. nordenskioldii
B. aurita
Chaetoceros sp. .
Rhizososenia alata
A..glacialis
Cy. closterium +
2) P. redfieldi
G. aureolum +-....
3) 0. luteus +
A) N. atomus +»++.»
Ulva sp. (zoospores) +
October 5a "
1) L. danicus + +
L. minimus + +
S. costatum
A) N. atomus ^ ^ ' ' '.
-------
JAL'LE 2. Frequency of occurrence in our samples of common phytoflagellate species at selected locatio:.::
along the New Jersey coast for the period July 8 to September 9, 1987. Letters indicate tines
of dominance as follows: a- early sunnier (July 8-15), b- midsummer (July 29-August 5), c- mid/
late sunnier (August 19-25), d- late summer (September 2-9).
Chrysophyceae
Olisthodiscus luteus
Calycomonas gracilis
C. ovalis
Prasinophyceae
Bipedinotnbnas sp.
Pyramitnonas sp.
Py. micron
Py. obovata
Tetraselmis sp.
Euglenophyceae
Euglena sp. .
Eutreptia sp.
E. lanowii
Dinophyceae ^
Prorccentrum micans
P. minimum
P. minimum (triangulatum),
P. triestinum (red field i)J
Amphidiniuro fusifonne^
Gymnodiniiro sp. c
Gyrodinium aureolun
G. estuariale 1
Katodinium rotundatum
Heterocapsa triquetra
Oblea rotunda
Diplopsalis lenticula
Peridinium sp.
P. brevipes
Scripsiella trochoidea
(Peridinium trochoideum)
Gonyaulax diegensis
G. tamarensis (excavata)6
Cryptophyceae
Chroomonas sp.
C. minuta
Cryptoroonas sp.
RB15
?a
2b
1
2a
1
2
3b
5a
3d
3a
1C
1
4a
2
2
2
2
2
2
3b
2
JC11
3a
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3d
2
2
r
1
4a
JC30
5a
2a
1
2a
2a
5a
1
2
1
1
1
1
A
1
3a
1
1
4a
2a
2
1
3a
1
JC57
3
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
JC65
4
2b
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
2
JC83
4b
4ab
2
2
2
2a
8
4
4
1a
3b
2c
7
1
2
1
3b
1C
Footnotes:
1. caused previous red tides in Lower New York Bay and adjacent New Jersey estuarine and coastal waters
2. caused previous red tides in Long Island (NY) south shore embayments
3. caused red tides in 1987 in Long Island Sound
A. caused previous red tides in Delaware Bay
5. caused green tides in southern NJ coastal waters in 1984-85
6. responsible for recurring red tides causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in New England and
Canadian waters .
-------
Table 3. Nutrient concentrations (mg/1) for New Jersey coast stations; mean, maximum and minimum values for
twelve sampling dates, except where noted. Sampling period from June 3 to September 2, 1987.
NH.-HW,
3 4
NOyHK),
2 3
Total P
Ortho P
mean
max.
min.
mean
max.
min.
mean
max.
min.
mean
max.
min.
RB32
.30
.73
.08
.42
.92
.22
.12
.25
.05
.16
.20
.07
RBI5
.18
.51
.05
.08
.20
.05
.11
.20
.07
.10
.20
.05
JC05
.09
.26
.05
.05
.07
.05
.06
•09.
.05
.07
.09
.03
JQ1.
.06
.14
.02
.05
.05
'.05
.06
.04
.05
.08
.05
JC21
.06
.12
.05
/•05
:05
.06
.08
.05
.06
.08
• .03
JC30
.06
,16
.05
.05
.05
.06
.08
.05
.06
.09
.05
JC492
,06
.12
.05
.05
.05
.05
.08
.04
.05
.07
.05
JC572
.06
.10
.05
.05
.05
.06
.08
.04
.05
.07
.05
J0653
.05
.06
.05
.05
.05
.06
.08
.05
.05
.08
.05
JC75*
.05
.05
.05
.05
.06
.08
.05
.06
.08
.05
JC834
.05
.05
.05
.05
.06
.08
.05
.06
.08
.05
JC935
.05
.05
.05
.05
.06
.10
.05
.06
.08
.05
Footnotes:
1. Most of the values given in this table are either approximate, or they are actually less than shown since
.05 mg/1 is apparently the lower detection "limit (USEPA data).
2. Mean of eleven sampling dates.
3. Mean of nine sampling dates.
4. Mean of seven sampling dates.
5. Mean of six sampling dates.
-------
TABLE 4. New Jersey coastal water conditions, summer of 1987, highlights and events
reported to NJDEP.
Date
May 26
27
28
29
30
31
June 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
July • 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Weather1
Sandy Hook Atlantic City
Wind
WSW15
NW18
ENE18
ENE8
NW14
NW17
SE14
W35
WSW23
NW23
SSW19
SSW21
SSW10
SSW18
W23
S10
N17
SSW21
SSW21
WSW17
E13
ESE12
E17
NE13
SE14
ENE19
WNW21
W23
SSW25
WSH19
E13
E15
Wl?
W19
SE14
E15
SE13
SE10
W12
W14
ppt.
.01
.27
.26
.82
.02
.38
.03
.52
.05
.06
.07
.53
.05
.07
.44
.08
.11
1.04
.97
1.01
.51
.25
Wind
522
E13
ENE16
ENE9
S13
NNE15
SSW25
SW23
NE15
NE23
S22
SSW21
S17
S13
SW10
NE21
NE18
SSE12
ESE14
E14
WNW17
S23
S23
S17
S23
S17
SW17
NE17
SE14
ESE10
SSW15
N16
N12
ppt.
0.4
.19
.01
.02
.01
.18
0
.15
.01
.10
.38
1.41
.03
.20
.01
Surface
Water
Locale Temp. Observation/Condition
°F
Hudsoii/fiaritan
estuary; New 56-60
York
Bight apex
Upper Barnegat 63-65
Bay (Toms River
to Bay Head)
Seaside Heights 62-66
to Barnegat
Delaware Bay
Raritan/Sandy 64-68
Hook Bay
Long Island NY ,
southwestern
shore
Manasquan to
Seaside Heights;
Sandy Hook Bay; 68-72
Shrewsbury River
brown flocculent material washing in, especially
heavy in the estuary and adjacent coastal areas;
brown water continuous in patches from 1-2 miles off
Sandy Hook to 9 miles off Bay Head2; probable bloom
die-off of the diatom.Cerataulina sp. (See Table 1):
simultaneous narrow band of "sludge" and floatable
materials present along beaches from Seaside Heights
to Beach Haven, apparently unrelated to the diatom
bloom.
clumps of brown slime floating in bay and adjacent
lagoons , clogging crab traps; likely diatom bloom
reanants or decomposing vegetation (eelgrass, etc.).
in the ocean, brown water remnant of the above
Cerataulina bloom observed southward of the previous
area; brown material already dissipated to the north.
red tide bloom (of the dinoflagellate, Amphidinium
fusiforme) mid-bay on the New Jersey side, in vicinity
of Fortescue and oyster seed beds; reported fish kill
on Delaware side (unconfirmed) apparently not related
to the Amphidinium bloom.
red water in the estuary; elsewhere clear, except
for a smaller area of yellow water in the ocean south
of Sandy Hook2; diatom bloom of Thalassiosira sp.
in bay and adjacent Bight (Table 1).
small invertebrates (isopods, Idotea sp.) becoming
abundant in surf at Nassau County and Queens.5
seaweed and trash in surf.
brown water in bay2: ohytof lagella tes. Katodinium
sp., plus a few diatoms abundant (Table 1); apparent
red tide in river (Oceanport vicinity) 6 and local
11 W10 • E10
12 SE15 .08 S17
13 SSW18 .17 SSE14
14 NW25 SSE18
15 NW21 1.38 N16
.87
Belmar - Seaside
Heights 72-76
Long Beach
Island
Seaside Heights 75-77
to Atlantic City
Barnegat Bay
fish kill, probably caused by hypoxia from decomposing
algae.
small jelly-like invertebrates(salps, Thetys sp.) ?
abundant in surf, causing nuisance to bathers; small
invertebrates (isopods or amphipods) also abundant,
creating nuisance condition in surf.
several incidents of respiratory difficulty experienced
by bathers, especially at Long Beach Island8; water in
in surf very clear and warm, no red tide present.
water in bay, previously clear, becoming yellowish-
brown due to blooms
-------
TABLE 4. (cont.)
uly 16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2k
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Aug. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
SSE11
SW17
WSW17
W15
SSE12
W16
SSW12
N10
W16
SW16
WSW25
WSW15
NNW13
NNE15
SSW16
NNE13
SSW17
SSE20
S18
SSW17
E19
ENE21
SSE15
W17
ESE12
NW23
ENE16
NE17
SE12
SE10
SSW18
SSE17
SSE15
W17
S17
.16
.12
.40
.55
.41
.07
.16
.38
2.90
ENE14
E13
SSW17
SE15
WSW18
NNE13
S14
S18
SSW18
SW15
NE14
NE18
NE18
SE20
NEis
ENE14
SSE18
S20
SSE14
NE18
NE23
S17
SSW18
SSW21
NNE18
NNE14
NE16
NE18
NE14
SSE15
SE12
S16
NNE12
ENE10
.04
.17
.42
2.27
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Sept. 1
2
WNW17
SSW19
SW28
NNW24
WNW20
WNW15
S12
ESE17
ENE20
WNW26
SSE13
SSE18
WNW21
WSW17
.10
.61
.30
.24
NNE14
E14
S23
N20
N16
SSW14
SE9
NE14
NE14
N14
NNE15
S16
SW16
SSW16
.17
.01
3 NNE13
4 NNE12
5 ESE10
NE17
E14
E14
{behind Long
Beach Island
and
Toms River to
Bay Head)
Long Island
Sound
(New York)
New Jersey
eastern
Long Island
NY ,
Flanders Bay
southern NJ
to Virginia
Manasquan to
Seaside Heights
78-80
77-79
75-77
69-72
Ocean County
(Bay Head to
Beach Haven)
Atlantic City
Ocean City
Barnegat Bay
Ocean City
74-77
78-82
Long Beach
Island
Sandy Hook Bay 70-73
Manasquan River ;
Barnegat Light
of minutecoccoid algae (Nannochloris sp.);
this condition prevalent here in recent years,
persisting until autumn; this year apparently
concentrated towards the southern and northern extremes.
dense red tide of the dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum
triestinum (redfieldi) in western sound across to
Connecticut shore; some fish kills reported^.
more incidents of bather respiratory difficulty
reported; possible result of hot, humid weather, very
warm water and atmospheric ozone°.
brown tide bloom (Aureococcus anorexefferens)
redeveloping"; this species caused bay scallop
mortality here (Peconic system) in recent years.
reports received of dead and dying bottlenose
dolphin coming ashore; began in early July,
occurrences becoming more frequent; condition
apparently endemic among the dolphins".
small invertebrates (salps) previously abundant, now
dying and thick in surf; seaweed (Ulva sp.) also heavy
in surf, fcom a distance giving the appearance of
green tide .
floatable debris (domestic materials and lumber)
concentrated along the shore; all beaches in county
temporarily closed; a line of floating debris
subsequently sighted several miles off Long Beach
IslandS.
a small segment of beach temporarily closed due to
high fecal coliform bacteria counts.
water light green in surf due to minute coccoid alga
(Nannochloris sp.), normally dominant in summer
(Table 1); the green tide dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium
aureolum, also abundant but no bloom materialized;
heavy deposits of Ulva and aluminum cans (many partially
incinerated) on beaches at low tide.
crab kill, localized in vicinity of Barnegat Inlet;
pinkish patches seen on submerged sandbar and on
crab gills;1U the dinoflagellate, Exuviaella marina,
abundant in water sample.
chlorophyll levels high both in the surf and in the
bay (Great Egg Harbor); change in surf conditions from
clear/green to turbid/brown and slightly cooler
temperature, apparent onwelling of deeper water;
much seaweed and jellyfish remnants in suspension.
Sandy Hook to
Bay Head
69-70
oil slick (about 15 miles long x 1/4 mile wide)
sighted several miles out, moving
offshore?
water reddish-brown; diatoms, especially Cyclotella sp.
dominating the phytoplankton (Table 1).
red water sighted; not confirmed.2
brownish water from the inlet plume, extending
southward about 2 miles.
brown water from the beach out at least 3 miles'^;
extensive diatom bloom of Cyclotella sp. (see Table 1).
-------
TABLE 4.
Footnotes: 1. Wind (fastest measured one minute) direction and speed (mph), and precipitation (inches)
from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NMFS Sandy Hook Laboratory
and National Weather Service, Atlantic City
2. EPA helicopter
3. R. Kantor, HEP Division of Coastal Resources
4. H. Haskin, Rutgers U. Shellfish Research Laboratory
5. A. Freudenthal, Nassau County Dept. of Health
6. Red tides caused by _K. rotundatum have occurred previously in this locale
7. J. Tiedemann, N.J. Sea Grant Extension Service
8. DEP Press Office or citizen call
9. R. Nuzzi, Suffolk Co. Dept. of Health
10. DEP, Bureau of Marine Fisheries
-------
TABLE 5. Summer of 1987 ocean temperature data ( C) for New Jersey coast EPA
perpendicular stations, one and nine miles off; NOAA infrared satellite surface
contours, nearahore to mid-shelf and offshore.
Northern Transects
Sampling date
May 22 surface
bottom
May 31 surface
June 1 surface
botton
June 15 surface
bottom
June 29 surface
July 10-11 surface
bottom
July 17 surface
bottom
July 23 surface
July 27 surface
July 30 bottom
August 13 surface
bottom
August 17 surface
August 20 surface
bottom
August 30 surface
September 4 surface
bottom
September 15 surface
September 24-28 surface
October 2 surface
bottom
October 22 surface
bottom
Southern Transects
Sampling date
May 31 surface
June 15-19 surface
bottom
June 28-29 surface
July 11 surface
bottom
July 17 surface
July 18 surface
bottoH
July 23 Surface
botton
August 8 bottom
August 13 surface
August 21 surface
botton
August 30
September surface
JQA E,M
1 mi 9 mi
13.9 12.1
13.8 11.2
20.1 19-9
14.7 11.8
17.2 19.0
14.6 11.6
23.4 22^2
20.6 13.6
19.4 21.2
17.9 14.7
17.9 15.8
22.5 17.6
24.0 23.9
20.1 16.5
21.1 20.9
20.3 14.0
18.7 18.4
19.0 14.6
13.1 13.7
14.2 14.3
JC61 E,M
, 1 mi 9 mi
1B.1 17.6
15.1 13.3
24.1 24.8
19.3 14.4
22.7 22.7
20.7 14.9
22.0 15.3
23.6 23.8
22.1 16.3
JC27 E,M
1 mi 9 mi
13.7 12.5
12.6 11.2
19.5 20.5
14.0
17.6 19.0
13.8 11.5
22.9 22.7
14.4 18.0
21.7 21.1
17.8 15.3
15.6 15.2
21.3 19.4
23.3 23/T
18.0 15.3
20.7 20.8
19.6 15.6
17.0 18.4
17.8 16.0
13.8 13.8
14.3 14.7
JC69 E.M
1 mi 9 mi
15.9 17.5
13.1 12.2
23.3 24.4
19.5 15.5
22.4 22.5
21.6 16.3
22.3 17^6
22.3 24.1
23.7 18.6
JC41 E,M
1 mi f mi
18.7 18.9
14.4 12.0
16.3 18.0
12.7 11.1
23.3
15.5 15.8
21.6 20.8
16.4 14.7
14^9 14.7
21.4 16.6
23.5 24^1
19.8 16.3
21.1 20.7
19.8 17.5
18.9 18.4
18.8 18.3
13.5 13.7
14.1 14.7
JC75 E,M
1 ml 9 mi
18.6 17.4
16.4 13.1
25.2 25.1
21.0 17.1
22.5 22.2
21.6 16.8
24.4 24.0
21.6 18.8
22.3 ISU
24.4 24.2
24.4 20.8
JC53 E,M
1 mi 9 mi
18.0 19.3
14.0 13.6
15.6 18.0
13.4 11.1
24.4 24.2
17.0 14.6
21.2 21.2
18.0 15.5
16.7 17.4
21.9 18.2
23.4 24.1
18.9 17.6
20.9 21.1
18.1 16.6
14.7 14.2
14.0 14.4
JC85 E,M
, 1 mi 9 mi
18.2
14.2 13.9
25.0 25.2
18.7 16.4
22.4 21.B
21.2 18.6
24.9 24.2
22.6 18.8
21.4 20.1
25.1 14.3
24.3 19.9
NOAA Satellite
inner outer shelf
shelf shelf slope
17-18 15-16 17-18
18-19 17-18 19-20
19 19-20 20-22
20-21 21-22 22-23
25-26 23-24 24-25
21-22 23-24 23-24
22-23 23-24 23-24
23-24 24 24-25
?2-23 22-23 23-24
21-22 21-23 23-24
20 20-21 21-23
NOAA Satellite
inner outer shelf
shelf shelf4 slope
17-19 16-17 16-20
19-20 20-21 20-22
19-20 21-22 20-22
19-21 21-22 22-23
25 24-26 23-25
22-23 23-25 24-25
22-23 23-25 24-25
20-22 19-21 20-23
-------
HUDSON/RARITAN ESTUARY
(LOWER NEW YORK BAY)
NEW JERSEY
LONG BRANCH
BELMAR
MONMOUTH COUNTY
'OCEAN 'COUNT*
BAY HEAD
TOMS RIVER
BARNEGAT BAY
— JC05
- -SHREWSBURY RIVER
JC11
JC21
JC30
MANASQUAN INLET
JC49
SEASIDE
HEIGHTS
N
ISLAND
BEACH
JC57
BARNEGAT INLET
NEW JERSEY COAST STATION LOCATIONS - SANDY HOOK TO
ISLAND BEACH PARK
FIGURE 1.
-------
NEW JERSEY
J.C65
LONG
BEACH
ISLAND
BEACH
HAVEN
OCEAN COUNTY
ATLANTIC COUNTY
LITTLE EGG INLET
ATLANTIC CITY
ATLANTIC COUNTY
CAPE MAY COUNTY
OCEAN CITY
GREAT EGG INLET
STRATHMERE
DELAWAR
BAY
REFORD INLET
JC93
CAPE MAY
POINT
NEW JERSEY COAST STATION LOCATIONS - BARNEGAT TO CAPE MAY POINT
FIGURE 2.
-------
APPENDIX "Br
-------
APPENDIX "B1
MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
NEW ^OM. RIGHT
SUMMER 1987
-------
Introduction
A study of the density* of fecal coliform (FC) and enteroc.occus organisms
was conducted in 1987 as part of the continuing annual monitoring of the
nearshore waters off the Long IsJand and New Jersey coasts. Monitoring
at selected stations in the New York Bight was also conducted together
with stations perpendicular to the New Jersey and Long Island coast.
By determining the bacteriological water quality, one can estimate
potential health risks associated with the presence of sewage pollution.
Epidemiological studies have attempted to assess the incidence of illness
with bathing in water containing fecal contamination. Evidence exists
that there is a relationship between bacterial water quality and trans-
mission of certain infectious diseases (Cabelli, V.J., et al, 1979, 1980).
Investigations have shown that agents of bacterial disease, enteropatho-
genic/toxigenic E. coli , heterogeneous group of Pseudomonas spp., KJ.ebsleJ.la,
Salmonella and Shigella are excreted in large numbers in the feces of
infected individuals, and are thus potentially present in sewage. It is
common practice to use an indicator organism to detect fecal contamination
because of the ease of isolating and quantitating certain microorganisms on
membrane filters. Elaborate procedures are usually required for the
detection of most pathogens in mixed populations. When numerous indicator
organisms are present, the likelihood of pathogens being isolated is also
far greater.
A fecal coliform bacterial guideline for primary contact recreational
waters was recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
in 1976, and subsequently adopted by most of the states. The EPA standard
stated that fecal coliforms should be used as the indicator to evaluate
the suitability of recreational waters, and recommended that fecal coli-
forms, as determined by MPN or MF procedure and based on a minimum of
not less than five samples taken over not more than a 30-day period,
shall not exceed a log mean of 200/100 ml, nor shall more than 10% of
the total samples during any 30-day period exceed 400/100 ml. Rationale
for the limits was developed using data collected from studies at the Great
Lakes, Michigan and the Inland River, Ohio which showed an epidemiological
detectable health effect at levels of 2300-2400 coliforms/100 ml. Subsequent
investigations conducted on the Ohio River suggested that fecal coliforms
represent 18% of the total coliforms. This would indicate that detectable
health effects may occur at a fecal coliform level of approximately
400/100 ml. A limit of 200 FCs per 100 ml would therefore provide a quality
of water which should exceed that which would cause a detectable health
effect.
New York State, for its primary contact recreational coastal waters,
adopted the log mean of 200 fecal coliforms/100 ml. New Jersey, however,
chose to adopt more stringent limits. Fecal coliform levels shall not
exceed a geometric average of 50/100 ml, within 1500 feet of shore line
in (SC) general surface water classification applied to coastal saline
waters. By 1978, most of the states adopted the fecal coliform indicator
with geometric mean limits at 200 fecal coliforms/100 ml.
*Bacterial density in this study is referred to as the number of fecal
coliforms and enterococci per 100 ml of water.
-------
-2-
Fecal Coliform Indicator Bacteria
Fecal coliforais comprise all of the coliform bacteria that ferment lactose
at 44.5 +^0.2aC. This gtoxip according to traditional theory, more accurate-
ly reflects the presence of fecal discharges from warnr-blooded animals.
As indicators, fecal coliforms have the advantage of being less subject to
regrowth in polluted waters. Their increased specificity to fecal sources
made them the choice over other coliform organisms.
EPA has recently published the results of two research projects which com-
pared the relationship between illnesses associated with bathing in re-
creational waters and ambient densities of several indicator organisms
(Cabelli, 1980 and DuFoux, 1984). One study was performed on marine
bathing beaches and one on freshwater beaches. The results caused EPA
to reevaluate the current use of fecal coliforms as indicator organisms.
The studies indicated that enterococci have a far better correlation
with swimming associated illnesses both in marine and freshwater than do
fecal coliforms. New methodology has also made it easier to detect
enterococci (Levin, et_ al, 1975 and Miescier & Cabelli, 1982). The
studies also demonstrated that E. coli, a specific species in the fecal
coliform group, has a correlation equal to enterococci in freshwater,
but not in marine waters. Enterococci are members of the fecal streptococci
group. This group is used to describe the streptococci which are indicative
of the sanitary quality of water and wastewater. The occurrence of fecal
streptococci in water indicates fecal contamination from warm-blooded
animals. One is able to pinpoint the source of fecal contamination (such
as human, equine, bovine, avian) by identifying the species utilizing
biochemical tests. The enterococcus group include the following species:
_§_. faec.alis; £. faecalis, subsp. liquefaciens; S. faiecalis, subsp.
zymogenes; and £. faecium. _S_. faecalis, one of the group D strep-
tococcal species, grows in broth containing 6.5% Nad, hydrolyzes arglnine
and utilizes pyruvate. J>. faecium grows in 6.5% NaCl broth, hydrolyzes
arginine, but does not utilize pyruvate. S. bovls does not grow in 6.5%
NaCl broth, does not hydrolyze arginine, and does not utilize pyruvate.
These are the three most common species of group D streptococci found as
pathogens in human infection. S. durans is located occasionally, and
S. equinus is found rarely (Facklam 1980).
More information about both fecal coliforms and enterococci can be found
in the following references:
1. Standard Methods, 16 edition, Section 909 and 910. (1985).
2. Microbiological Methods for Monitoring the Environment, Water and
Wastewater. EPA-600/8-78-017. Part III, Section C & D. (1978).
3. Sergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume I. (1984).
-------
-3-
EPA has issued a criteria guidance document recommending enteroc.oc.ci and
E. c.oli for inclusion into state water quality standards for the protection
of primary contact recreational uses in lieu of fecal coliforms. The
(EPA, 1986) recommended criterion for enterococci for marine waters is
35/100 ml. This information was published in the Federal Register on
March 7, 1986.
Materials and Mathods
Marine water samples were collected by helicopter from May to September
1987. The samples were collected using a Kemmerer sampler and transfered
to 500 ml sterile, wide-mouthed plastic containers, and then transported
in an ice chest to Region II Edison laboratory for analysis.
Fecal coliform determinations were conducted according to the membrane
filtration (MF) procedures described in Standard Methods, 16 edition,
1985 and Microbiological Methods for Monitoring the Environment, Water and
Wastewater, EPA-600/8-78-0 17 , 1987. Enterococci determinations were
conducted according to the MF procedure described by Levin, et_ al^. (1975)
and Dufour (1980), using the modified mE media. Confirmation of enterococci
colonies was conducted following procedures outlined in Microbiological
Methods for Monitoring the Environment, Water and Wastewater, EPA-600/8-78-0 17 ,
1978.
Results and Discussion
Along the New Jersey Coast, FC densities greater than 50/100 ml occurred
on four occasions at four different stations (Tables 1 & 2). The observations
were made at stations JC-21 (Asbury Park, off building north of Convention
Hall), JC-24 (Bradley Beach, off foot of Cliff Avenue), JC-59 (Island
Beach State Park) and JC-85 (Strathmore off Blue standpipe). Enterococci
densities exceeding the standard of 35/100 ml (Tables 3 & 4 and Figure 2),
were observed on three occasions at station JC-03 (Sandy Hook, off Nature
Center Building), JC-14 (Long Branch, off foot of S. Bath Avenue) and
JC-21 (Asbury Park, off Building north of Convention Hall).
The FC and enterococci densities observed at the New Jersey coast perpen-
dicular stations were all low (Tables 5 & 6).
Along the Long Island coast, FC densities were never above 50/100 ml
(Tables 7 and Figure 3). The enterococci densities along the Long Island
coast were slightly higher (Table 8 and Figure 4), however only one
exceeded 35/100 ml, at station LIC-05 (Far Rockaway, off foot of B41 St.
Road).
Both bacterial indicators were often non-detectable at the Long Island
coast perpendicular stations (Tables 9 & 10). Enterococci were detected
more frequently than fecal coliforms and were only found in bottom samples.
-------
-4-
New York Bight
The densities of FC and enterococci found in the New York Bight are
presented in Tables 11 & 12. Elevated fecal coliforms and enterococ.ci
densities were occasionally observed at or near the 12-mile sewage sludge
dumpsite (Station NYB-25). Enterococci densities at stations NYB-23 (3
miles west of the sewage sludge disposal site), NYB-25 (1 mile west of
the sewage sludge disposal site), NYB-44 (2 miles northwest of the sewage
sludge dispodal site) and NYB-45 (1 mile northwest of the sewage sludge
disposal site) were 10.. 36, 10 and 20 respectively. Elevated counts
were all observed in samples collected near the ocean bottom (Tables 11
& 12), except at station NYB-23, which was a surface sample.
The fecal coliforms and enterococci counts obtained at these stations
may be attributed to recently dumped sewage sludge or resuspension of
contaminated sediments at the dump site. Fecal coliforms and enterococci
indicator organisms are often found in sediments. The enterococci are
known to be facultative with respect to oxygen and the fecal coliforms
can also remain viable at reduced oxygen levels. This data supports
the suggestion that there is survival after sedimentation (Van Donsel,
et al, 1971. Rittenburg et al, 1958). Elevated bacterial densities
outside the dump site proper may be attributable to movement of contaminated
sludge and sediments by tidal and ocean currents into the Christiansen
Basin.
REFERENCES
Sergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. (1984). Volume I. N.R. Kreig, ed.
Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore, MD.
Cabelli, V.J. et al. (1979). Relationship of Microbial Indicators to
Health Effects at Marine Bathing Beaches. American Journal of Public Health. 69:690
Cabeilli, V.J. (1983). Health Effects Criteria for Marine Recreational
Waters, EPA-600/I-80-031.
DuFour, A.P. (1984). Health Effects Criteria for Fresh Recreational Waters.
EPA-600/1-84-004.
Facklam, R.R. (1980). Isolation and Identification of Streptococci.
Department of Health, Education & Welfare, CDC, Rev. 1-1980.
Levin, M.A., J.K. Fisher & V.J. Cabelli. (1975). Membrane Filter Technique
for Enumeration of Enterococci in Marine Waters. Applied Micro. 30:66-71.
Dufour, A.P. (1980), Abstracts Annual Meeting American Society for
Microbiology, Q69.
Miescier, J.J. & V.J. Cabelli (1982). Enterococ.ci and Other Microbial
Indications in Municipal Wastewater Effluents. Jour. Water Poll. Control
Fed. 54, (12): 1599-1606.
-------
-5-
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. (1985)
16th ed., American Publish Health Association. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1976). Quality Criteria for Water.
EPA-440/9-76-023.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1978). Microbiological Methods for
Monitoring the Environment - Water and Wastewater. EPA-600/8-78-017.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1978). Ambient Water Quality
Criteria for Bacteria. EPA 440/5-84-002.
-------
TaFle
FD?M DENSITIES >SD.P=
JERSEY C3HST STftTIDNS
1987
IODIL
35
1
2
3
4
STATION
JC21
JC59,
JC35
DATE
370805
370812
870729
370708
FECCOLI
216
75
53
56
-------
T,hlp ? GE34ETUC 1EANS Qf SECAL COLIF3RM DENSITIES
e "= • 'ERSSf.C.OAST STATIONS
DBS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
ID
11
12
13
IV
15
15
17
13
23
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
33
31
32
33
34
35
35
37
38
39
STATIDN
JCOU!
JC32
JC03
JC05'
JC03
JC11
JC14
JC21
JC24
JC27 .
JC33
. JC33 ..
JC37
JC41
JC44
J C 4 7 4 '.
JC49
. JC53
JC55
JC57
JC59
JC611
JC53
JC65
JCS7
JC59
JC73
JC75
JC77
JC79
JC3i
JC83
JC35
JCB7
JC39
JC91
JC93
JC95
JC97
JC93
SU^'IER 1987
MEAN MIN
0.555D^
0.306+2
0.36426
0.52525
0.^5051
0.75452
1.98775
2.55817
1.51457:
2*52633
0.35223
0.54221
1.5077D
0.76923
0.*96D9
0.36425
0.553^3
..... 1.52164. _
0.^5233
0.35725 „ ..
0.53^38
.. 0.50891 . _
0.16013
0.34835
0.46412'
0.53312
1.54857.
1.21435
0.35494
0.4235D
2.28231
0.31793
1.31059
0.16653
2.31533
0.38243
4.16693
0.53357
1.7*339
0.37633
IMU1 MAXIMUM
0 2
0 I
3 2
0 12
0 3
0 5
0 34.
3 216
0 75
0 31
0 24
0 .. 3 . _
0 3
0 3
0. 5
0 . 2
0 12
0 _1.7 .1
0 5
0 4
0 53
0 ... 5'
3 7
o.._ . . 10.
3 12
0 _ . . 4
0 17'
3 9
0 12
0 5
0 43
0 3
0 55
D 1
0 23
0- 2
D 49
3 3
0 23
3 4
M
is
16
15
15
15
16
15
17
17
17
16
15
15
15 _
15
15
15
17
15
17
is
15
14
14 _ ...
14
14
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
ID
13
13
-------
EN'TEROCQCC'US'DENSITIES >'35>ER IOOML
NEW JERSEY COAST STATIONS
SUMMER 1987
DBS STATION . DATE ENTERO
1 JC03 870805 44
2 JC14 870708 92
3 JC21 870805 620
-------
Table 4
DBS
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF ENTEROCOCCUS DENSITIES
NEW JERSEY COAST STATIONS
SUMMER 1987
STATION
MEAN .
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
JC01A
JC02
JC03
JC05
JC08
JC11
JC14
JC21
JC24
JC27
JC30
JC33
JC37
JC41
JC44
JC47A
JC49
JC53
JC55
JC57
JC59
JC61
JC63
JC65
JC67
JC69
JC73
JC75
JC77
JC79
JC81
JC83
JC85
JC87
JC89
JC91
JC93
JC95
JC97
JC99
0.76612
0.47683
0.58706
0.83220
0.68014
0.71062
1.69435
3.60864
1.46960
2.14164
0.97091
0.92936
1.96451
0.73770
0.54069
0.43408
0.55361
1.59659
0.72326
0.33956
0.63438
0.73599
0.51514
0.52966
0.59991
0.62088
0.42350
0.73707
0.78068
0.31798
1.15443
0.22028
1.19852
0.25992
1.20813
0.25992
1.48396
0.68084
1.26336
0.83463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N
6
3
44
6
6
6
92
620
18
11
4
5
32
8
6
4
5
14
6
3
17
6
11
3
9
5
3
8
4
2
4
5
11
3
12
1
4
9
6
3
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
16
17
16
16
14
14
14
14
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
-------
Table 5
OSS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14:
15
16
17
18
19
20
GEOMETRIC MEANS
NE
-------
TableS GEDMEnlC BEAMS' OF ENTEROCOCCUS DENSITIES
N = U Jc.RScr PERPENDICULAR STATI3NS
SUMMER 1987 ~
33S STATION D = »TH MEAM MINIMUM MSX I
1 JC14E ' 3
2 JC14E S
3 JC143 3
4 JC143 S
5 JC14I 3
6 JC14I S
7 JC14< 3
8 JC14< S
9 JCl'*^- 3
10 JC14^ S
11 JC27E 3
12 JC27? S
13 JC273 3
14 JC273 S
15 JC27I 3
16 JC27I S
17 JC27< 3
18 JC27< S
19 JC27M 3
20 JC271 S
3.259921
0.000000
0.122*62
3.000000
0.000000
0.515717 '
0. 122462
0.000000
0.348006
0.148598
0.34&306
0.000300
0.259921
3.14BS96
0.259921
3.319508
3.203937
0.148S98
0.000000
0.245731
- - o
0
• o
0
0
0
... .. Q
0
0
0
0
0
.... Q
0
o
0
0
0
. .. g.
0
0
1
0
... Q
1
"1
0
"2
1
~ 2
0
1
1
"• 1
3
' ' 2
1
o
2
"" r "" 6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
-.„ £
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
-------
Table 7
GEOMETRIC MEA
L3MS
IBS STATION
1 LIC31
2 '_ IC 0 2
3 -1C 33
4 LIC 0 4
5 '-1 C 0 ?
5 .1C 3 7
7 LI CO 3
8 L 1: 0 9
9 LIC 1 3
10 LIC 1 2.
11 LI C 1 3
12 -1C 14
13 LIC15
14 LIC1S
15 LIC17
16 LIC13
17 LlCl?"
13 LIC20.
19 '. IC 2 I
20 LIC22
21" LIC23
22 LIC24
23 -IC25
24 LIC 2 S
25 LIC 2 7"
2S .1C 23
NS OF =E
I S L A >J D
SUMME
MEAN
0.34954
0.33732
0.64375
0.95153
2.42572
0.37341
0.48774:
0.92653
2.33421"
0.14b73
0.48774
0.31334
0.36775
1.34253
0.^2350
0.5760S
0 .44225
0.31798
0.43774
0.33757
1.17133
0.00003
0.59553
0.22234:
O.S6823
0.00033
rftL COLIF
CDftST STA
R 1987
MIMIMU
0 .
0
Q
0
o
0
. "0
0
o "
0
o~
0
" 0
0
- o
0
o
0
Q -
0
.. ..p.. .
0
- • g -
0
o
0
ORM 3ENSI
TIONS
M - MAX i
4
23
3
3
15
7
4
9
1
4
33
4
3
12
._ _j j
3
"" " 5
4
- • • - 5
3
TIES" ' ' . " - •'-.
MUM M
15
15
•~ 15
15
15
15
16
15
1&
15
15
15
9
9
9
9
8
8
i
3
8
B
-------
Table 8
D3S
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
IS
17
IS
19
20
21
2 '
23
24
25
25
= DMET?IC
STATION
.1C 31
-IC32 '
'- 1 C 3 3
LIC04
LIC3J
LIC07
.IC03
L1C09
LI: 13
LlClZ
.1C 13
LICU
LI: i s
L I C 1 6
. I C 1 7 '
L i : 1 3
.IC19
L I C 2 2
-IC23
. 1 C 2 '+ '
L I C 2 5
L 1 : 2 S
L I C 2 7
IIC23
MEANS Or ENTEROCOCCJS DsNSITIES
ISLAND C
SUMMER
MEAN
0.21251
0.35485
0.76855
3.13877
D2393
29152
3*652
38447
23599
59422
34984
50214
30453
0.^8910
0.31144
36079
V6973
34805
98393
SJ1927
18921
54221
25103
58533
0.41421
ST STATION:
987
MIMIMUM
0
0
o
0
o
0
0 " ' " ""
0
o
0
0 •" '
0
0
0
0 ••- •• -
0
o
0
0
0
0 "
0
o
0
'0
>
MAX I
2
1 3
5
"5
40
"15
4
10
. ..5
3
- - ^
5
13
2
• - • 5
3
7
10
"7
5
I
3
2
3
MUM M
15
' 15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
. •"'•' 15 " ~'J
15
15
9
9
9
9
3
8
8 . .
8
8
3
3
i
-------
Table y
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL COLIFORM DENSITIES
L3MG ISLAMD PERPENDICULAR STATIONS
1987
STATIDN DEPTH MEAM 1INHUM M/UIMJI N
1 LI CO 94 3 0.000000 0 0 3
2 LIC054 S 0.000000 0 02
3 '.1C 093 3 0.000000 0 0 3
4 LIC093 5 0.000000 0 02
5 LIC09C 3 0.000000 0 03
f> _TC09: S 0.000000 0 0 2
7 LTC090 3 0.000000 0 03
8 .ICQ93 S 0.732D51 0 22
9 LIC14S 3 0.000000 0 0 3
10 LIC141 S 0.000000 0 .0 2
11 LIC143 3 0.000000 0 0 3
12 .IC143 S 0.000000 0 02
13 LIC14C 3 0.000000 0 03
14 -IC14C S 0.000000 0 02
15 LIC143 3 0.000000 0 0 3
16 LIC140 S 0.000000 0 02
-------
Table 10
DBS
1
2
3
4
5
c,
7
8
3
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
GEDMST3IC
L DMG I
STATIDN DE
L I C 0 9 5
LlC09ft
LIC093
LIC093
LIC09:
LIC09:'
LIC093
.IC09'
. I C 1 4 V
LIC143
LIC14:
L I C 1 4 =
LIC143
1EA
SLA
PTH
3
!>
3
b
3
3
i
3
3
b
3
b
3
b
MS OF ENTEROCOCC
ND PrRPSND ICUL AR
SUMMER 1987
MEAM
o.oooooo
0.000000
0.259921
0.000000
0.259921
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
"0.000000
0.000000
o.oooooo •• • •
0.259921
0. 000000
0.000000
0.000000 '
JS DENSITIES
STATIONS'
HINI.MJM MA
0
0
0
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
' "0 "
0
• o ~~ ' "~ ~
0
o- -•"
-------
GPQMenIC MrANS OF FECAL COLlrDKM DsffSIflTS
Table 11 M=gyDRK3IGHTSTATI3MS
SUMMER 1987 - ' ~
j^S STATION Dc°TH MEAN MIMIMJM MAXIMUM \j - --
1 MYB23 B 0.00030 0 3 6 — -- -
2 MY320 • 5 0.58489 0 45
3 MYB21 3 0.00000 0 0 - 5 -
4 MY221 S 0.00000 0 05
5 MYB22 3 0.12246 0 1 5 '—:~
6 VJYB22 S 0.14870 0 15
7 NYB23 5 0.00000 0 3 5-
9 MY323 S 0.00000 0 3 5
9 MYB24 3 0.12246 "0 .... j-.. . -s
10 MY324 S 0.00030 0 35
11 MY? 2 5 3 4.19496 0 39 6
12 \IY325 S 0.00000 0 3 5
13 MY32S 3 0.00000 0 ' 3 -• 51'"
14 MY62S S 0.00000 0 0 5
15 MYB27 3 3.00030 0 0 S *
16 MYB27 5' 3.00000 0 0 ^
17 MYB32 B 0.00000 0 3 5" ~-
18 >JY332 S 0.31951 0 35
19 \IY533 3 0.00030 0 3' 5 •
20 MY333 S 0.43097 0 25
21 MYB34 3 0.00000 0- 3 -5
22 MYB34 S 0.00030 0 35
23 VJY335 3 3.24573 "0 - 2 " 5
24 \1YE35 5 0.00030 0 3 5
25 MYB40 3 0.12246 0 1 6
26 MY843 S 3.00000 0 3 5
27 MY<541 3 0.12246 0 - 1 - ~S
2S MY341 S 0.00030 0 3 5
29 MYB42 3 3.00000 0 0 -S •-
30 \JY342 S 0.00000 0 35
31 MY343 3 0.00000 0 3 S ' -
32 MYR43 S 0.00030 0 3 5
33 v|YB4'< 3 0.34831 0 2 - 5
34 MYB44 5 0.00030 0 05
35 MYB45 3 0.12246 0 1 5 -
36 MYB45 S 0.00000 0 05
37 'IYB4S 3 0.00000 0 3 S
28 MYB45 S 0.00030 0 05
39 MYE47 3 0.12246 0 1 5
40 VJYF47 S 0.24573 0 25
-------
Table 12 35DM5r*IC 1EAMS Or ENT-RO:OCCUS DENSITIES
MEW fDRK 3ISHT STATIONS
SUMMER 1987
)2S STATIDN D = PTH M£ft>J MINIMJM
1 MY623 3 3.12246 ' 0 1 5
2 MYS23 S 0.00030 0 0 5
3 MYP21 3 3.122^6 0 - • 1 S~
4 MY321 S 0.37973 0 45
5 MYB22 3 0.00000 0 - 3 - 5
6 VJYB22 S 0.00000 0 0 5
7 MYE'23 3 0.24573 0 2 5
8 MYB23 S 0.61539 0 10 5
9 NY32; 3 0.69838 0 5 " ""S
10 ^YB2; S 0.24573 0 2 5
11 VJYB25 3 9.63332 1 36 6
12 VJY525 S 0.00000 0 3 5
13 MYB2S 3 0.69838 0 5 5
m ^325 5 3.00030 0 3 5
15 MYB27 3 - 0.25992 0 "" 1 5
16 MYB27 S 3.00030 0 04
17 \IYR32 3 0.00000 - 0 - 3 -5
13 MY332 S 0.14870 0 1 5
19 MYB33 3 0.00000 0 3 5
20 YY633 5 0.00000 0 05
21 MYB34 3 0.00000 0 • - • 0 5
22 MY534- S 3.00030 0 0 5
Z3 MYB35 3 0.31951 0 1 " 5
24 MYB35 S 3.14370 0 15
25 MYB43 3 3.12246 0 15
26 MYB40 S 3.00000 0 35
27 MYP41 3 3.74258 0 5 5
23 MYB41 S 3.00030 0 35
29 VJY342 3 0.12246 0 1 5
30 MYB42 5 0.00000 0 3.5
31 MY343 3 0.12246 0 1 6
32 MY343 5 3.00000 0 05
33 MYR44 5 1.45699 0 13 5
3* MYE44 S 3.00000 0 35
35 MYB45 3 0.61837 0 26
?6 MY345 5 0.00000 0 35
?? viY?45 3 1.10902 0 13^5
39 -JYB4S S , 3.31951 0 1 5
39 MYB47 3 3.30756 0 4. . . . . &.
40 MY?47 5 3.00030 0 35
-------
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL COLIFORM DENSITIES
NEW JERSEY COAST STATIONS
SUMMER 1987
PLOT OF MEAN*STATION
PLOT OF MAXIMUM*STATION
SYMBOL USED IS *
SYMBOL USED IS U
250
225
200
175
150
MEAN
125
100
75
50
25
__+__ + — + __+__ + __ + __ + __+ — + -- + — + -- + — -f—+ — + — -f—-f — + — + --*—•»— + — •» — -f — + — + — + --•»— * — * — * — •»-- +— + __ + __^.__4.__^__
J
c
0
1
A
J
c
0
2
C
0
3
C
0
5
C C
0 1
a i
1222
4147
3
0
3
3
3
7
4
1
4
4
4
7
A
4
9
5
3
5
5
5
7
5
9
6 6
1 3
6
5
6
7
6
9
7
3
7
5
J
7
7
C
7
9
8
1
8
3
8
5
8
7
8
9
9
1
9
3
9
5
9
7
9
9
STATION
-------
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF ENTEROCOCCUS DENSITIES
NEW JERSEY COAST STATIONS
SUMMER 1987
PLOT OF MEAN*STATION
PLOT OF MAXIMUM*STATION
SYMBOL USED IS *
SYMBOL USED IS U
50
45
40
35
J
c
1
•*
•v—
J
C
L.
— ¥
c
3
C
5
C
d
C
1
1
4
1 4 7
0
3
C C
7 1
m M
4 7
A
9 3
5
v
7
9
1
**—
3
^
5
*
7
9
7
3
7
5
7
7
9
1
3
5
c
7
9
TT
1
3
5
7
9
STATION
NOTE:
C5S HAO MlSSIiJ'i VALUES OR WERE OUT OF RANGE
-------
P i C-'.' /'f - "i
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF FECAL COL1FORM DENSITIES
LONG ISLAND COAST STATIONS
SUMMER 1987
PLOT OF MEAN*STATION
PLOT OF MAXIMUM*STATION
SYMBOL USED IS *
SYMBOL USED IS U
50
35
STATION
-------
GEOMETRIC MEANS OF ENTEROCOCCUS DENSITIES
LONG ISLAND COAST STATIONS
SUMMER ise?
PLOT OF MEAN*STATION
PLOT OF MAXIMUM*STATION
SYMBOL USED IS *
SYMBOL USED IS U
10
STATION
-------
SANDY HOOK (32)
(35)
NYB
(46)
(*7)
FIGURE
NEW YORK BIGHT STATION LOCATIONS
N
------- |