EPA-906/9-78-004
October 1978
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSION INVENTORY FOR
PULASKI COUNTY, ARKANSAS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION 6
Air and Hazardous Materials Division
Dallas, Texas 75270
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This document is available to the public through the
National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Virginia 22151.
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VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSION INVENTORY
FOR PULASKI COUNTY, ARKANSAS
by
John Dadiani
Arthur B. Nunn, III
Thomas J. Raubacher
TRW Environmental Engineering Division
800 Follin Lane, S.E., Vienna, Virginia 22180
Contract No. 68-02-2613
Task No. 11
Anita B. Turpin, Project Officer
Air Program Branch
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6
1201 Elm Street, Dallas, Texas 75270
October 1978
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This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency
by the TRW Environmental Engineering Division, Vienna, Virginia 22180, in
fulfillment of EPA Contract No. 68-02-2613, Task No. 11. This report has
been reviewed by the Air Program Branch, Region 6, EPA and approved for publi-
cation. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention
of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was performed for the Air Program Branch, Region 6
Office of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The technical direction
and assistance of Ms. Anita Turpin and Mr. Robert Clark of the Air Program
Branch in the execution of the task is gratefully acknowledged. The success-
ful completion of the study is due in large part to the excellent cooperation
extended by the staff of Mr. John Mitchell of the Air Division of the Arkansas
Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. Special thanks go to Mr. Mac
Faulkner, Mr. Wilson Tolefree, and Mr. Cecil Harrell for their assistance
during this study.
m
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IV
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgement iii
1. Introduction 1-1
2. Summary and Results 2-1
References for Section 2 2-5
3. Background for Emission Inventory 3-1
3.1 Clean Air Act 3-1
3.2 Definition of Study Area 3-2
References for Section 3 3-3
4. Methodology 4-1
4.1 General Approach to Study 4-1
4.2 Stationary and Mobile Source Emissions 4-3
4.2.1 Stationary Point Source Emissions 4-3
4.2.2 Stationary Area Source Emissions 4-6
4.2.3 Mobile Source Emissions 4-20
References for Section 4 4-40
Appendices
A. Stationary Point Source Emissions A- 1
B. Stationary Area Source Emissions B- 1
C. Mobile Source Emissions C- 1
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
An emission inventory of volatile organic compounds (VOC) has been
compiled for Pulaski County, Arkansas. This county is located in an area
which is presently not attaining the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for
photochemical oxidants. Under the requirements of the 1977 Clean Air Act
Amendments a revised State Implementation Plan (SIP) is required for non-
attainment areas, and must contain a current emission inventory. The SIP
must be submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency no later than Janu-
ary 1, 1979 and be approved by July 1, 1979. This emission inventory has in-
cluded sources in each of the three following major categories: stationary
point sources, stationary area sources, and mobile sources. The compilation
of the inventory has been in accordance with EPA approved procedures.
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1-2
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
This emission inventory was compiled by the Environmental Engineer-
ing Division of TRW, Inc., for the Air Program Branch of the U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency's Region 6 Office. The purpose of this Inventory_ts
to provide the State of Arkansas with the necessary information on volatile
organic compound (VOC) emissions to develop and implement and effective control
strategy for photochemical oxidants in Pulaski County. Under the requirements
of the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments, a revised State Implementation Plan (SIP)
is required for those portions of the state not attaining National Ambient Air
Quality Standards. As part of the revised SIP a current emission inventory is
required.
This inventory was compiled in accordance with the methodology
described in Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Vola-
tile Organic Compounds. The three major categories for which emissions were
compiled are stationary point sources, stationary area sources, and mobile
sources. The total emissions from these sources for Pulaski County is presented
in Table 2-1. A more detailed compilation of emissions from each subcategory
of emission sources is presented in Table 2-2. The significant results which
emerge from these tables are as follows:
1. Of the three major categories of emission sources,
mobile sources account for the highest amount of
emissions in Pulaski County, contributing approxi-
mately 64 percent of the total. Stationary point
sources contribute the least amount of emissions,
only 7 percent of the total.
2. Bulk gasoline terminals are the major point
sources in Pulaski County, contributing over 40
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TABLE 2-1. SUMMARY OF 1977 VOC EMISSIONS (TONS/YEAR) FOR PULASKI COUNTY^
STATIONARY POINT STATIONARY AREA MOBILE SOURCE
SOURCE EMISSIONS SOURCE EMISSIONS EMISSIONS TOTAL
1,903.5 (7) 8,597.4 (29) 18,682.7 (64) 29,183.6
^a'The number in parentheses signifies the percentage that each source
category contributes to the total county VOC emissions.
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TABLE 2-2. PULASKI COUNTY VOC EMISSIONS FOR 1977
STATIONARY SOURCES
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION
t, MARKETING OF PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
INDUSTRIAL SURFACE
COATING
111,, "inilSTRIAL SURFACE
LOAT1NGS
OTHER SOLVENT USE
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS
REFINERY FUGITIVES (LEAKS)
MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
A. PROCESS DRAINS AND WASTE 1
B. VACUUM PRODUCING SYSTEMS \
C. PROCESS UNIT SLOWDOWN J
OTHER
OIL 5 GAS PRODUCTION FIELDS
NATURAL GAS AND NATURAL GASOLINE
PROCESSING PLANTS
GASOLINE 8 CRUDE OIL STORAGE1
SHIP AND SARGE TRANSFER OF GASOLINE,
CRUDE OIL, AND CHEMICALS
BULK GASOLINE TERMINALS2
GASOLINE BULK PLANTS3
SERVICE STATION LOADING
SERVICE STATION UNLOADING
AVIATION GASOLINE HANDLING
ORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE
PAINT MANUFACTURE
VEGETABLE OIL PROCESSING
PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURE
PLASTIC PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE
RUBBER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE
TEXTILE POLYMERS MANUFACTURE
OTHERS
LARGE APPLIANCES
MAGNET WIRE
AUTOMOBILES
CAN;
METAL COILS
PAPER
FABRIC
METAL FURNITURE
WOOD FURNITURE
CLAT WOOD PRODUCTS
OTHER METAL PRODUCTS
OTHERS
ARCHITECTURAL COATINGS
AUTO REFINISHING
OTHERS
DEGREASING
DRY CLEANING
GRAPHIC ARTS
ADHESIVES
CUTBACK ASPHALT
OTHER SOLVENT USE
FUEL COMBUSTION
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
FOREST, AGRICULTURAL, AND OTHER
OPEN BURNING
TOTAL VOC EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
MOBILE SOURCES
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES
RAIL
AIRCRAFT
VESSELS AND PLEASURE CRAFT
TOTAL VOC EMISSIONS FROM MOBILE SOURCES
TOTAL VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS
VOC EMISSIONS (TONS/YEAR)
STATIONARY
POINT
SOURCE
EMISSIONS
829.0
120.7
7.0
151.2
335.6
62.8
43.6
1.9
22.4
144.0
1.2
135.6
1.2
7.4
5.7
34.2
1,903.5
1,903.5
STATIONARY
AREA
SOURCE
EMISSIONS
0.2
987.1
7G6.0
110.8
5.7
182.4
41.2
14.1
358.0
163.7
44.1
51.1
200.0
352.8
113.0
90.7
182.1
152.2
950.6
0.0
3,726.5
105.1
8,597.4
8,597.4
MOBILE
SOURCE
EMISSIONS
16,657.3
195.5
74.0
749.0
1 ,006.9
13,682.7
18,632.7
TOTAL
BASE YEAR
EMISSIONS
1977
0.2
829.0
120.7
987.1
766.0
110.8
7.0
151.2
335.6
62.8
43.6
1.9
5.7
182.4
41.2
14.1
380.4
163.7
188.1
52.3
335.6
354.0
113.0
98.1
187.8
152.2
984.8
0.0
3,726.5
105.1
10,500.9
16,657.3
195.5
74.0
749.0
1,006.9
29,183.6
'INCLUDES ALL STORAGE FACILITIES EXCEPT THOSE AT SERVICE STATIONS AND BULK PLANTS
EMISSIONS FROM LOADING TANK TRUCKS ANO RAIL CARS
EMISSIONS FROM STORAGE AND TRANSFER OPERATIONS.
2-3
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percent of the stationary point source emissions.
There are several of these terminals located within
the county, and the emissions from each of these are
listed in Table A-l in the appendix. There are a
total of 27 sources in Pulaski County which emit more
than one ton per year of volatile organic compounds.
Emissions for these sources were calculated from
information provided by the sources in a survey
questionnaire. Since not all sources responded to
the survey, the number of point sources may not
necessarily be representative of Pulaski County.
3. Point sources in adjacent counties do not appear to
be a major contributor to point source emissions in
Pulaski County. Only Jefferson County was found to
have any significant point sources, and of these, one
has emissions greater than 100 tons per year. The
sources in Jefferson County contribute a total of 256.7
tons per year, and are listed in Table A-2.
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SECTION 2
REFERENCES
1. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile Organic
Compounds, Volume 1, EPA-450/2-77-028, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, December, 1977.
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SECTION 3
BACKGROUND FOR EMISSION INVENTORY
3.1 CLEAN AIR ACT
Under the mandate of the 1970 Clean Air Act, the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated primary and secondary National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six criteria air pollutants. ' Each state and
territory was then required to submit to the Administrator of the EPA a plan
for implementation, maintenance and enforcement of the air quality standards
in each air quality control region (AQCR) within the state. Also included
in the plans were attainment dates for the air quality standards in each AQCR.
In those states that did not meet their attainment date, a revised State
Implementation Plan (SIP) was required which demonstrated attainment of the
standards. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 retained the fundamental
approach to air pollution control and also retained the State Implementation
Plan as the mechanism for implementing this approach. Under the 1977 amend-
ments, each state is required to submit to the EPA Administrator a list of
air quality control regions which have attained standards, those which have
not attained standards, and those for which there are insufficient data for
classification.
For the air quality control regions not attaining the standards,
the respective states must submit a revised SIP by January 1, 1979, which
demonstrates attainment of the standards as expeditiously as practicable, but
not later than December 31, 1982. For photochemical oxidants and carbon
monoxide, an extension to 1987 is available if the state demonstrates that
attainment by 1982 is not possible with reasonably available control measures.
In the State of Arkansas, Pulaski County has been declared a non-attainment
area for photochemical oxidants, based on an air quality monitoring project
conducted during a three month period in the summer of 1977. A revised SIP
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will, therefore, be required for Pulaski County. The 1977 Amendments specify
that the revised SIP include a comprehensive, accurate, current inventory of
actual emissions from all sources. To satisfy this requirement, an inventory
of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions has been compiled for Pulaski
County. Since volatile organic compounds are precursors to the formation of
photochemical oxidants in the atmosphere, the sources of VOC emissions must be
determined before an effective control strategy can be developed and imple-
mented.
3.2 DEFINITION OF STUDY AREA
Pulaski County is located in the Central Arkansas Intrastate air
quality control region and is also a part of the Little Rock/North Little
Rock Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (S.M.S.A.). The county has a 1977
estimated population of 330,000 persons of which approximately 240,000 are
(2)
located in the cities of Little Rock and North Little Rock.v ' Industrial
activity in Pulaski County includes steel production, metal fabrication,
furniture making, textile production, and a wide range of other manufacturing
processes.
3-2
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SECTION 3
REFERENCES
1. Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7401 et. seq., as amended by the Air Quality
Act of 1967; Clean Air Amendments of 1970. PL 91-604; Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977. PL 95-95. August 7. 1977.
2. The Metropolitan Economy, Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce, Little Rock
and North Little Rock, 1978.
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SECTION 4
METHODOLOGY
This section describes the general approach and methodology that
was utilized in compiling the volatile organic compound emission inventory
for Pulaski County, Arkansas. The specific techniques and assumptions used
in determining the emissions are presented for each category of emission
sources.
4.1 GENERAL APPROACH TO STUDY
The data presented in this document are the result of utilizing
several techniques for collecting and analyzing information dealing with the
operation of sources that are known and potential emitters of volatile organic
compounds. The procedures followed in preparing this inventory are based on
a recent EPA publication, Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inven-
tories for Volatile Organic Compounds.' In a few cases it was found that the
procedures recommended in this document were either not applicable to a
particular source category, or that the information needed to compile the
emissions was unavailable. In these cases, either a modified or revised
procedure was utilized which is described in the following sections which
discuss each of the emission source categories. The baseline year for the
emissions presented in this document is 1977.
In determining which compounds to exempt from the emission inven-
tory, the EPA recommended policy on control of volatile organic compounds
(0\
described in the Federal Register of July 8, 1977, was followed) ' The com-
pounds listed in Table 4-1 were not included in the inventory, since they
are exempt from future regulation as stated by the EPA policy. The compounds
listed in Table 4-2 are of low photochemical reactivity, but do contribute to
oxidant formation during periods of multiday stagnations and were, therefore,
included in the inventory.
4-1
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TABLE 4-1. VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS EXEMPT FROM REGULATION
UNDER STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
METHANE
ETHANE
1,1,1- TRICHLOROETHANE (METHYL CHLOROFORM)
TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE (FREON 113)
TABLE 4-2. VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF LOVJ REACTIVITY
PROPANE TERTIARY ALKYL ALCOHOLS
ACETONE METHYL ACETATE
METHYL ETHYL KETONE PHENYL ACETATE
METHANOL ETHYL AMINES
ISOPROPANOL ACETYLENE
METHYL BENZOATE N, N - DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
The emission calculations presented in this inventory are based on
emission factors found in the most recent issue of AP-42, Compilation of Air
Pollution Emission Factors? } In a few cases, emission factors were not avail-
able in this document, therefore, other sources were used which are described
in the following sections. A specific example is the Mobile Source Emission
Model developed by EPA, which was used to obtain the emission factors for
highway vehicles.^ '
The emission factors presented in AP-42 are for the most part for
total hydrocarbons, rather than for volatile organic hydrocarbons. In order
to determine the reactive fraction of the total hydrocarbon emission, a reac-
tivity factor was utilized. The reactivity factors for motor vehicles were
obtained from the EPA Model, while for most of the remaining sources a recent
TRW study sponsored by EPA was utilized.(5) The Monitoring and Data Analysis
Division of the EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards was contacted
to determine if hydrocarbon reactivity factors for stationary sources were
available, and since none were, this report was utilized. The reactivity
factors vary for each source category as explained in the following sections
4-2
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which describe the specific methodology utilized in compiling the emission
inventory.
4.2 STATIONARY AND MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS
4.2.1 Stationary Point Source Emissions
Volatile organic compound emissions have been compiled for both
stationary point and area sources. Point sources are usually defined as
having a specified level of emissions such as 100 tons per year or greater.
In addition, these sources usually have individual records of plant opera-
tions, including emissions data which are part of an operating permit system.
At the start of this inventory, there was no existing inventory of
hydrocarbon emission sources in Pulaski County. A listing of potential
sources in Pulaski County as well as some in the surrounding counties was
developed by the State of Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology.
A total of 249 sources comprised this list and each was mailed a questionnaire
requesting data on the type and quantity of hydrocarbon material used, type
of emission control equipment and efficiency, stack parameters where available,
storage tank specifications, and an estimate of hydrocarbon emissions. In
most cases, the emissions estimate did not appear on the questionnaire, there-
fore, they were calculated for all volatile organic compounds with the excep-
tion of those previously listed in Table 4-1. The emission factors used for
the calculations for all sources were obtained from AP-42.
In calculating emissions from point sources, a basic assumption
was made regarding the reactivity of hydrocarbon emissions. Emissions from
all fuel combustion sources such as industrial and power plant boilers were
assumed to be all methane on the basis of a previous TRW report and since
AP-42 lists a negligible amount of hydrocarbon emissions for fuel combustion. '
The majority of the emission calculations that were made were for petroleum
product handling and storage and also for surface coating. An example of the
methodology used for determining petroleum product handling emissions is as
follows:
4-3
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Example 1 - Calculation of breathing losses from a fixed
roof storage tank.
The following general equation is used for this calculation:
LB = 2.21 x 10-%[^f6V73 H°-51 AT0'60 Fp C Kc
where:
LD = Fixed roof breathing loss (Ib/day)
D
M = Molecular weight of vapor in storage tank (Ib/lb mole)
P = True vapor pressure at bulk liquid conditions (psia)
D = Tank diameter (ft)
H = Average vapor space height, including roof volume
correction (ft); see note (1)
AT = Average ambient temperature change from day to night (°F)
F = Paint factor (dimensionless)
C = Adjustment factor for small diameter tanks (dimensionless)
K = Crude oil factor (dimensionless); see note (2)
V*
Note: (1) The vapor space in a cone roof is equivalent in
volume to a cylinder which has the same base
diameter as the cone and is one-third the height
of the cone.
(2) KC = (0.65) for crude oil, KC = (1.0) for gasoline
and all other liquids.
Assume the following hypothetical design basis for a storage tank:
Tank capacity - 100,000 bbl.
Tank diameter - 125 ft.
Tank height - 46 ft.
Average diurnal temperature change - 23.3°F
Gasoline RVP - 9 psia
Gasoline temperature - 70°F
4.4
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Specular aluminum painted tank
Roof slope is 0.1 ft/ft.
Substituting in the fixed roof tank breathing loss equation the
following values:
where:
M = Molecular weight of gasoline vapors - 66.
P = True vapor of gasoline =5.6 psia.
D = Tank diameter = 125 ft.
AT = Average diurnal temperature change = 23.3°F^'
F = Paint factor =1.20
C = Tank diameter adjustment factor = 1.0
K = Crude oil factor =1.0
c
H = Average vapor space height. For a tank which is filled
completely and emptied, the average liquid level is 1/2
the tank rim height, or 23 ft. The effective cone height
is 1/3 of the cone height. The roof slope is 0.1 ft/ft
and the tank radius is 62.5 ft. Effective cone height =
(62.5 ft) (0.1 ft/ft) (1/3) = 2.08 ft.
H = Average vapor space height = 23 ft + 2 ft = 25 ft.
Therefore:
LD = 2.21 x 10"4 (66)
•B
°'68
14.7 _
1 9-3
(23.
(1.2) (1.0) (1.0)
LB = 1,328 Ib/day or 242 tons/year.
Example 2 - Calculation of emissions from gasoline loading at bulk
terminals.
Given the following parameters:
Annual throughput of gasoline - 15,000,000 gallons
Type of loading - submerged fill
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Emission factor - 5 lb/103 gal transferred
VOC emissions (tons/year) = 15,000 x 5 ^ 2000#/ton = 37.5
4.2.2 Stationary Area Source Emissions
Those sources which are either too small or too numerous to be
inventoried on an individual basis are termed "area sources," and their
emissions are aggregated for the total source category. A total of eleven
categories of area sources have been included in this emission inventory and
are described in the following subsections. Excluded from this inventory
are emissions from commercial and residential space heating for the reasons
discussed earlier regarding fuel combustion.
4.2.2.1 Service Station Gasoline Handling
Service station gasoline handling emissions involve losses incurred
during the filling of underground storage tanks, underground tank breathing,
and filling of automobile tanks. Emission estimates for all facets are based
upon the amount of gasoline handled during 1977 in Pulaski County. State
total gasoline sales data were obtained from the Arkansas Department of
Revenue. This figure was then apportioned to Pulaski County on the basis of
(8)
vehicle miles traveled (VMT).V ; The emission factors utilized are as
follows:
Filling Underground Tanks 11.5 lb/103 gal.
o
Underground Tank Breathing - 1.0 lb/10 gal.
Vehicle Refueling - 9.0 lb/103 gal.
Spillage - 0.7 lb/103 gal.
The emission factor for the filling of underground tanks is based on splash
filling. Hydrocarbon emissions from service station gasoline handling are
assumed to be 100% photochemically reactive.
Gasoline sales were apportioned to Pulaski County as follows:
Sales (gal) - (5,400.2 x 103/42,294.5 x 103) (1,236,936.3 x 103) =
157,933.6 x 103 gal
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where:
5,400.2 x 103 = 1977 Pulaski County VMT
42,294.5 x 103 = 1977 Arkansas VMT
1,236,933.6 x 103 = 1977 Arkansas Gasoline Sales (gal)
VOC emissions were calculated for Pulaski county as shown below:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = A + B + C + D = 1,753.1
where:
A = Emissions from Filling Underground Tanks (tons/year) =
(11.5 lb/103 gal)(157,933.6214 x 103 gal)/(2000 Ib/ton) =
908.1 tons/year
B = Emissions from Underground Tank Breathing (tons/year) =
(1.0 lb/103 gal)(157,933.6214 x 103 gal)/(2000 Ib/ton) =
79.0 tons/year
C = Emissions from Vehicle Refueling (tons/year) =
(9.0 lb/103 gal)(157,933.6214 x 103 gal)/(2000 Ib/ton) =
710.7 tons/year
D = Emissions from Gasoline Spillage (tons/year) =
(0.7 lb/103 gal)(157,933.6214 x 103 gal)/(2000 Ib/ton) =
55.3
4.2.2.2 Aviation Fuel Handling
Aviation fuel handling was divided into the three major categories
of military, commercial, and non-commercial airports. For Adams Field and
Little Rock Air Force Base, actual fuel use data were obtained by personal
contact with airport personnel. Aviation gasoline and jet naptha (JP-4) were
the only fuels for which emissions were calculated in view of the fact that
jet kerosene emissions were considered to be negligible, based on preliminary
calculations. Aviation gasoline is the only fuel for which aircraft refueling
emissions were calculated because JP-4 refueling is done in a closed system.
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The emission factor used 1s the same as that for refueling automobiles. The
emission factors used for aviation fuel handling are shown below:
On Field Storage of JP-4 - 2.5 lb/103 gal
3
On Field Storage of Gasoline - 10.0 lb/10 gal
3
Aircraft Refueling - 9.7 lb/10 gal
3
Filling Underground Tanks 11.5 lb/10 gal
3
Underground Tank Breathing - 1.0 lb/10 gal
Little Rock Air Force Base reported consumption of 46,200,000 gal
of JP-4 and 1,008,000 gal of aviation gasoline during 1977. Emissions were
then calculated as follows:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) - J + G = 67.7
where:
J = JP-4 Storage Emissions (tons/year) =
(46,200 x 103 gal)(2.5 lb/103 gal)/(2000 Ib/ton) =
57.8 tons/year
G = Aviation Gasoline Storage and Aircraft Refueling Emissions
(tons/year) = (1,008 x TO3 gal) ((10.0 lb/103 gal) +
(9.7 lb/103 gal)) /(2000 Ib/ton) = 9.9 tons/year
Adams field reported consumption of 8,592,452 gal. of aviation
gasoline during 1977. There are no bulk storage facilities on the field,
therefore, emissions were calculated for aircraft refueling only. The
calculation is as follows:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = (8,592.452 x 103 gal) x
(9.7 lb/103 gal)/(2000 Ib/ton) - 41.7
State total non-commercial airport aviation gasoline consumption
for 1975 was obtained from Highway Statistics.^ A growth factor was applied
to this to bring the total to the 1977 level.^10^ This was calculated as
follows:
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1977 Aviation Gasoline Consumption = (8,408,000 gal)(1.057)2 =
9,393,830 gal
This total figure was apportioned to Pulaski County on the basis of Landing
and Take Off (LTO) cycles. State total data for 1975 were derived from
Census of U. S. Civil Aircraft^ ' and multiplied by the growth factor to
obtain a 1977 estimate. Landing and Take Offs for 1974 at North Little Rock
Municipal Airport were obtained from the Arkansas Department of Pollution
Control and Ecology. This figure was also multiplied by the growth factor
to yield a 1977 value. State aviation gasoline consumption was then appor-
tioned to this airport as follows:
Aviation Gasoline Consumption (gal) = (10,776/849,439)(9,393,830) =
119,170
VOC emissions from non-commercial Aviation Gasoline handling were then cal-
culated as shown below:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = A + B + C = 1.4
where:
A = Emissions from Underground Tank Filling (tons/year) =
(11.5 lb/103 gal)(119.17 x 103 gal)/(2000 Ib/ton) =
0.7 tons/year
B = Emissions from Underground Tank Breathing (tons/year) =
(1.0 lb/103 gal)(119.17 x 103 gal) / (2000 Ib/ton) =
0.1 tons/year
C = Emissions from Aircraft Refueling, Including Spillage (tons/year)
(9.7 lb/103 gal)(119.17 x 103 gal)/(2000 Ib/ton) = 0.6 tons/year
The total VOC emissions from aviation fuel consumption are equal
to the sum of those emissions from Little Rock Air Force Base, Adams Field,
and North Little Rock Municipal Airport. This total value is 110.8 tons/year
which is considered to be 100% photochemically reactive.
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4.2.2.3 Barge Loading
Barge loading emissions were calculated for the petroleum products
handled at the Port of Little Rock, The tonnage of petroleum products handled
during 1977 were obtained from the Little Rock Port Authority. This was a
total figure for all petroleum products, therefore, it was necessary to
separate it into it's constituents. This was accomplished by assuming that
the percentage of each constituent is the same for the Port of Little Rock
as it is for the Little Rock U. S. Army Engineer District as published in
(]?}
Waterborne Commerce of the United States. ' The percentages of each of
the petroleum products are shown below:
Crude oil - 2.5%
Gasoline - 0.5%
Distillate Fuel Oil - 13.5%
Residual Fuel Oil _ 83.5%
The Little Rock Port Authority reported that 39,398 tons of petroleum products
were handled during 1977. This was broken-down as follows:
Crude Oil = 39,398 x 0.025 - 985.0 tons
Gasoline = 39,398 x 0.005 = 197.0 tons
Distillate Fuel Oil = 39,398 x 0.135 = 5,318.7 tons
Residual Fuel Oil = 39,398 x 0.835 - 32,897.3 tons
Densities and emission factors of the four products were obtained from AP-42,
and are shown below.
, EMISSION FACTOR
DENSITY (tons/10^ gal) (lb/103 gal)
CRUDE OIL 3.55 1.7
GASOLINE 2.80 4.0
DISTILLATE FUEL OIL 3.55 0.012
RESIDUAL FUEL OIL 3.95 0.00009
4-10
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Emissions are calculated using the following equations:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = P * D x Ef * 2000 Ib/ton
whe re:
P = tons of product handled
D = density of product
E.p = emission factor
VOC emissions from crude oil handling are:
(985.0 tons/3.55 tons/103 gal)(1.7 lb/103 gal/2000 Ib ton) =
0.2 tons/year
The emissions from gasoline, distillate oil, and residual oil are 0.1, 0.0, and
0.0 tons/year, respectively; therefore, total VOC emission (tons/year = 0.3).
4.2.2.4 Dry Cleaning Emissions
Dry cleaning emission factors are usually based on the weight of
clothes cleaned. Data pertaining to the amount of clothes cleaned per estab-
lishment, however, are extremely difficult to obtain and using this approach
would not take into account varying levels of emission controls at the dif-
ferent establishments. It was decided, therefore, to calculate emissions on
the basis of solvent consumption assuming that all solvent purchased for dry
cleaning is eventually evaporated to the atmosphere.
The three types of solvents most commonly used for dry cleaning
are perchloroethylene, stoddard, and Freon-113. Perch!oroethylene is used
primarily by commercial establishments. Industrial dry cleaners usually use
(13)
stoddard and coin-operated dry cleaners most often use Freon-113. ; Since
Freon-113 is photochemically non-reactive, coin-operated dry cleaning estab-
lishments were not included in this inventory. The assumption was made that
all commercial dry cleaners use perchloroethylene and all industrial dry
cleaners use stoddard solvent.
Several solvent distributers in the Pulaski County area were
contacted and an estimate of 18,720 gallons per year of perchloroethylene
and 6,000 gal per year of stoddard consumption were obtained. Densities of
4-11
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13.6 Ib/gal for perchloroethylene and 8.3 Ib/gal for stoddard solvent were
obtained and emissions were calculated as follows:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = P + S = 152.2
where:
P = Perchloroethylene Emissions (tons/year) =
(18,720 gal)(13.6 Ib/gal)/(2000 Ib/ton) = 127.3 tons/year
S = Stoddard Solvent Emissions (tons/year) =
(6,000 gal)(8.3 Ib/gal)/(2000 Ib/ton) = 24.9 tons/year.
4.2.2.5 Degreasing
Degreasing emissions were calculated on the basis of solvent con-
sumption with the assumption that all solvent used in degreasing operations
is eventually evaporated into the atmosphere. Perchloroethylene, trichloro-
ethylene, 1,1, 1-Trichloroethane, and methylene chloride are the four major
solvents used in degreasing operations. Emissions from 1,1,1- Trichloro-
ethane are excluded from the inventory due to the fact that they are photo-
chemically non-reactive.
The figure for 1975 national sales of degreasing solvents was
obtained from Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales,
1975.*• ' Methodologies for Countywide Estimation of Coal, Gas, and Organic
-
Solvent Consumption^ ' estimates that 15% of all perchloroethylene, 87% of
all trichloroethylene, and 11% of all methylene chloride consumption is used
in degreasing operations. This solvent use figure was then apportioned to
Pulaski County on the basis of employment in Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) codes 34 through 39. Pulaski County employment figures were obtained
from Arkansas County Business Patterns, 1975. ' United States employment
figures were taken from the 1967 and 1972 Census of Selected Services' ' using
historical growth rates as a basis for projection to 1975. After emissions
based on 1975 solvent consumption were calculated, they were projected to 1977
on the basis of historical growth trends of employment in SIC codes 34 through
39 in the State of Arkansas. The emissions calculation is shown below:
4-12
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VOC Emissions (tons/year) = (0.64)(71^^7LQ)(388>656,110 lb/year)/
\/5 bo/91c y/
(2000 Ib/ton) = 182.1
where:
0.64 = 1975 to 1977 Arkansas Growth Factor
11,077 = 1975 Pulaski County Employment in SIC Codes 34-39
7,567,129 = 1975 United States Employment in SIC Codes 34-39
388,656,110 lb/year = 1975 United States Degreasing Solvent Consumption
minus 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
All degreasing solvents are considered to be 100% photochemically
reactive.
4.2.2.6 Surface Coating Emissions
Surface Coating emissions are the most complex of the area sources.
There are a large number of different types of operations involved in surface
coating and a large number of different solvents involved. Emissions were
separated into the industrial and non-industrial categories recommended in the
guideline document. These categories and their SIC codes are listed in
Table 4-3. Listed in Table 4-4 are the eleven major solvents used in surface
coating activities. Listed also are the percentage of the national consumption
of each solvent which is used for surface coating.
TABLE 4-3. SURFACE COATING PROCESSES
SIC CODE PROCESS
15 ARCHITECTURAL COATING
22,23 FABRIC
24 FLAT WOOD PRODUCTS
25 WOOD FURNITURE
26, 27 PAPER
3411 CANS
4-13
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TABLE 4-3. (CONCLUDED)
SIC CODE PROCESS
358 LARGE APPLIANCES
36 MAGNETIC WIRE
37 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
75 AUTO REFINISHING
34, 35 OTHER METAL PRODUCTS
31, 32, 38, 39 OTHERS
TABLE 4-4. SURFACE COATING SOLVENT USE
SOLVENT % USED FOR SURFACE COATING
SPECIAL NAPTHAS 26.0%
ETHANOL 4.0%
TOLUENE 5.0%
ACETONE 9.0%
XYLENE 6.0%
METHYL ETHYL KETONE 65.0%
METHYLENE CHLORIDE 31.0%
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE 0.3%
ETHYL ACETATE 70.0%
CYCLOHEXANE 2.0%
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE 65.0%
By applying the above percentage figures to national consumption
data for the solvents, taken from references 14 and 18, a figure for national
consumption of surface coating solvents is obtained. Solvent consumption is
apportioned to Pulaski County on the basis of employment within the specific
4-14
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SIC codes. National employment figures are based on the total of all SIC
codes listed in Table 4-3. County employment is divided into the specific
processes by way of the applicable SIC codes. This breakdown was carried out
for each of the twelve processes.
It is assumed that all volatile solvents used in surface coating
evaporate into the atmosphere; therefore, emissions are based directly on sol-
vent consumption. As previously delineated, employment data were derived
from references 16 and 17. Growth factors for 1975 to 1977 were calculated
for each surface coating category separately.
Using surface coating of paper products as an example, the general
equation used to calculate VOC emissions is as follows:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) - (1.02657) L^ 55^661
(3,156,065,900 Ib/year) ± (2000 Ib/ton) = 358.0
where:
1.02657 = Arkansas Growth Factor (1975 to 1977) for
SIC Codes 26 and 27
3,444 = Pulaski County Employment in SIC Codes 26 & 27
15,551,661 = United States Employment in All Surface
Coating SIC Codes
3,156,065,900 Ib/year - 1975 United States Consumption of Surface
Coating Solvents
This calculation is repeated for each surface coating category.
The only figures which vary are the county employment and growth factors for
each surface coating SIC. All other figures remain constant. Emissions are
considered to be 100% photochemically reactive.
A complete listing of surface coating emissions is found in Table
B-l.
4-15
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4.2.2.7 Printing and Publishing
Emissions from printing and publishing operations are due primarily
to solvent usage for the cleaning of presses. Some volatile organics are
present in ink, however, those vary greatly with different types of ink and
their contribution to the overall emissions from printing and publishing are
minimal. Emissions, therefore, are based on consumption of these cleaning
solvents. Reference 15 estimates that 8% of all special naptha consumption,
5% of all toluene consumption, and 8% of all ethyl acetate consumption are
used for printing and publishing operations. National consumption figures for
these solvents were taken from references 14 and 18. Solvent consumption was
apportioned to the county on the basis of employment in SIC codes 264, 265,
and 27- As in previous methodologies, these data were taken from references
16 and 17.
The equation used to calculate VOC emissions from printing and
publishing is shown below:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = (1.02657) (7-439^77
(771,469,040 Ib/year) ^ (2000 Ib/ton) - 950.6
where:
1.02657 = 1975 to 1977 Arkansas Growth Factor
3,575 = Pulaski County Employment in SIC Codes 264,
265, and 27
1,489,177 = 1975 United States Employment in SIC Codes
264, 265, and 27
771,469,040 Ib/year = 1975 United States Printing and Publishing
Solvent Consumption
All emissions are considered to be 100% photochemically reactive.
4.2.2.8 Other Solvent Use
A large amount of solvent is consumed each year by areas other than
those described in the previous sections. These have been grouped into the
classification of "other" solvent use. Table 4-5 lists the solvents that are
4-16
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used in this category. Listed also is the percent of the total consumption of
each solvent that is used in this area.
TABLE 4-5. "OTHER" SOLVENT USE
SOLVENT
SPECIAL NAPTHAS
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
ETHANOL
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
ACETONE
XYLENE
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
METHANOL
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
% OF TOTAL CONSUMPTION USED
IN "OTHER" CATEGORY
60.0%
10.0%
35.0%
3.0%
16.0%
7.0%
7.0%
37.0%
9.0%
2.7%
25.0%
Not included in this listing are Freon 113 and 1,1,1- Trichloroethane
because of their non-reactivity.
Solvent consumption is apportioned to the county level on the
basis of population and employment in SIC codes 19-39. The apportioning
percentage is the average of the percentages derived from these two variables.
Employment figures were obtained from references 16 and 17- National popula-
tion statistics were obtained from Current Population Reports as published
(19)
by the Bureau of Census/ ' County level population statistics for Arkansas
were obtained from the University of Arkansas/ ' Growth factors for the
1975 to 1977 period were based equally upon state population growth and
employment growth in the applicable SIC codes.
The equation used to calculate VOC emissions from "other" solvent
use is as follows:
4-17
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/ 316,600 _^ 25.088 \
/ rt,n«x ?1?-748.000 18.108,419
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = (0.8789) \ f /
(5,901,981,800) v (2000 Ib/ton) = 3,726.5
where:
0.87890 = 1975 to 1977 Growth Rate
316,600 = Pulaski County Population
212,748,000 - 1975 United States Population
25,088 = 1975 Pulaski County Employment in SIC Codes
19-39
18,108,419 = 1975 United States Employment in SIC Codes
19-39
5,901,981,800 Ib/year = 1975 United States Solvent Consumption
Emissions are considered to be 100% photochemically reactive.
4.2.2.9 Cutback Asphalt Paving
The highway departments of the County of Pulaski, City of Little
Rock, and City of North Little Rock were contacted for estimates of the amount
of cutback asphalt used in their jurisdictions during 1977. All three agencies
reported that none was used; therefore, no emissions are reported.
4.2.2.10 Forest Fires
Forest fire emissions are based on data provided by the Arkansas
Forestry Commission pertaining to the acreage of forest land burned in Pulaski
County during 1977. Using AP-42 fuel loading and emission factors, total
hydrocarbon emissions were calculated. Of these emissions, 38% were consid-
ered to be photochemically reactive. '
VOC emissions were calculated as shown below:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) - (THC) (0.38) = 80.6
4-18
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where:
THC = Total Hydrocarbon Emissions (tons/year) =
(1,965 acres)(216 lb/acre)/(2000 Ib/ton) = 212.2 tons/year
Note: 1,965 = Acres of Forest Land Burned in Pulaski County
(1977)
216 = Emission Factor
0.38 = Reactivity Factor
4.2.2.11 Agricultural Burning
Agricultural burning emissions were calculated on the assumption
that all rice fields are burned off once each year. The number of acres of
rice grown in Pul<
Economic Profile.
rice grown in Pulaski County was obtained from Arkansas Counties Social and
(21)
Total hydrocarbon emissions were calculated using AP-42 fuel loading
and emission factors. A reactivity factor of 0.38 was applied to yield VOC
emissions. '
The equation used to calculate VOC emissions from agricultural
burning is shown below:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = (0.38)(4,290 acres)(3.0 tons/acre)
(10.0 lb/ton)/(2000 Ib/ton) = 24.5
where:
4,290 = Number of Acres of Rice Crops in Pulaski County
3.0 tons/acre = Fuel Loading Factor
10.0 Ib/ton = Emission Factor
4.2.2.12 Pesticide Application Emissions
Some commonly used pesticides are suspended in a solvent base for
ease of application. This solvent evaporates upon application leaving the
pesticide residue on the crops. Volatile organic emissions can be estimated
using the quantity of these pesticides applied and percent of which is solvent.
Several attempts were made to obtain these data; however, it was unavailable
4-19
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from either state or Federal sources. These emissions, therefore, are omitted
from this inventory.
4.2.3 Mobile Source Emissions
VOC emissions from mobile sources are categorized into the follow-
ing areas:
• Highway motor vehicles
• Aircraft
• Vessels and pleasure craft
• Railroads
• Other off-high fuel use
The methodologies used in compiling the inventory for the above
categories are discussed in the following subsections. Also, the calculations
to obtain VOC emissions for Pulaski County are shown throughout. All perti-
nent data and results used and tabulated in the inventory for mobile sources
can be found in Appendix C.
4.2.3.1 Highway Motor Vehicles
Highway motor vehicles were classified into the following catego-
ries:
• Light-duty automobiles (LDV)
• Light-duty trucks 1 (LDT1)
• Light-duty trucks 2 (LDT2)
• Heavy-duty gasoline powered vehicles (HDG)
• Heavy-duty diesel powered vehicles (HDD)
• Motorcycles (MC)
In the above classification, light-duty trucks 1 are those trucks weighing
6,000 Ibs. (gross vehicle weight) and less, light-duty trucks 2 weigh between
6,001-8,500 Ibs., and heavy duty vehicles weigh over 8,500 Ibs.
In order to estimate VOC emissions from highway motor vehicles,
vehicle miles of travel (VMT) data were collected, and emission factors
4-20
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calculated for Pulaski County. Emissions were then calculated by multiplying
the VMT data by the appropriate emission factor.
VMT data were collected by roadway type from the Arkansas State
(8)
Highway and Transportation Department. The roadways were classified
according to the state highway system and are as follows:
• Interstate
• Federal Aid Primary
• Federal Aid Secondary
• Non-federal Aid System
These were further separated to distinguish between VMT in rural, municipal,
and urban areas. This allows for greater sensitivity, since mobile source
emission factors vary appreciably with speed. VMT from local roads, not
included in the state highway system were also obtained from the Arkansas
State Highway and Transportation Department. The local roads were classified
as follows:
• County Federal Aid
• County Non-Federal Aid
• Forest highways, Federal Aid Secondary
t Forest development, Federal Aid Secondary
• Forest development, Non-federal Aid System
• Federal reservation
• City streets, Federal Aid Secondary, extensions
• City streets, Non-Federal Aid Secondary
t Other city streets
Emission Factors—Emission factors were calculated for the six
highway motor vehicle classes (light-duty automobile, light-duty truck 1,
light-duty truck 2, heavy-duty gas, heavy-duty diesel and motorcycle) for
exhaust, evaporative and crankase hydrocarbon emissions by the Mobile Source
Emissions Model. This model follows the procedures outlined in the document
4-21
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Mobile Source Emission Factors(22) (latest update to AP-42, including supple-
ments 1-7, for calculating emission factors for highway motor vehicles).
The emission factors for each vehicle category were weighted
according to the percent of the total VMT each contributed. Since the VMT
mix for Arkansas highways was not available, the nationwide VMT mix was
used;(4) LDV = 80.3%, LDT1 = 5.8%, LDT2 = 5.8%, HDG = 4.5%, HDD = 3.1%, and
MC = 0.5%. Emission factors are dependent upon vehicle population by model
year, average vehicle speed, ambient temperature, and percent cold/hot start
operations. Input data into the mobile source emissions model will be dis-
cussed in the following paragraphs.
Light-duty automobile registration data by model year for Pulaski
County were obtained from the Motor Statistical Division of the R. L. Polk
Company/23^ Using the state highway system and local roadtype classifications,
the average speeds assumed for calculation of emission factors were:*
URBAN (mph) RURAL (mph)
INTERSTATE 55.8 60.3
FEDERAL AID PRIMARY 45.0 57.8
FEDERAL AID SECONDARY 45.0 53.5
NON-FEDERAL AID 40.0 45.0
COUNTY FEDERAL AID 45.0 45.0
COUNTY NON-FEDERAL AID 40.0 40.0
FEDERAL RESERVATION 25.0 25.0
CITY STREETS, NON- 30.0
FEDERAL AID SECONDARY
OTHER CITY STREETS 30.0
Temperature data for Pulaski county was obtained from the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).^ ' The percent cold/hot start
*Based on data obtained from the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation
Department.
4-22
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operations used were 20.6, 27.3, and 20.6%; these represent the national aver-
(4)
ages. An air conditioning correction factor (1.03) for light-duty vehicles
(automobiles) was used, by assuming air conditioners in automobiles are in use
50% of the time for seven months of the year. The non-methane hydrocarbon
emissions were computed using the reactivity factors in the Mobile Source
(A\
Emissions Model. v '
Therefore, a total of eight computer runs were made, corresponding
to the eight different roadway speeds. These emission factors (Table C-l)
were then multiplied by the corresponding VMT to obtain VOC emissions.
The general equation to calculate motor vehicle VOC emissions (tons/
year) is:
VOC Emissions = Ef x VMT x 365 days/year -; 907,180 grams/ton
where:
Ef = Emission factor from Mobile Source Emissions Model (Table C-l)
VMT = Vehicle miles of travel (Table C-l)
Pulaski county VOC emissions (tons/year) from highway motor vehicles
are;
1. For 25 mph average speed =
9.38 x 167 x 365 -f 907,180 = 0.63
2. For 30 mph average speed =
8.59 x 1,690,122 x 365 * 907,180 = 5841.3
3. For 40 mph average speed =
7.61 x 564,700 x 365 f 907,180 = 1729.0
4. For 45 mph average speed =
7.36 x 1,380,418 x 365 T 907,180 = 4087.8
5. For 53.5 mph average speed =
7.18 x 45,373 x 365 T 907,180 = 131.1
6. For 55.8 mph average speed =
7.09 x 1,200,971 x 365 -J 907,180 = 3425.9
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7. For 57.8 mph average speed =
7.00 x 246,041 x 365 * 907,180 = 693.0
8. For 60.3 mph average speed =
6.83 x 272,423 x 365 * 907,180 = 748.6
TOTAL 16,657.3
VOC emissions (tons/year) from highway motor vehicles can be found in Table
C-l.
4.2.3.2 Aircraft
Aircraft VOC emissions were based on the number of landing and
takeoff (LTO) cycles performed by each type of aircraft. Aircraft were
categorized into the following four general classes:
• Commercial air carrier
• General aviation
0 Military
» Helicopter
These four classes were further subdivided by the type of power supply: (1)
jet, (2) turboprop, or (3) piston. Since the emission factors in AP-42 were
based on a per engine basis, the actual aircraft model or the number of
engines on each aircraft that comprised a class were found. If different
aircraft with varying numbers of engines made up a particular category, each
was weighted by the number of LTO cycles.
There are three airports with active airstrips in Pulaski county.
They are:
• Adams Field
® North Little Rock Municipal Airport
i Little Rock Air Force Base
Data for 1977 LTO cycles were obtained from Adams field by personal contact.
The aircraft fleet mix for this airport as well as for North Little Rock
Municipal Airport was obtained from a 1974 Emissions Inventory by the Arkansas
Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. 4' The 1977 LTO cycles were
4-24
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projected using annual growth factors from the FAA report Aviation Forecasts -
Fiscal Years 1978-1989/10) Aircraft operations for Little Rock AFB were
obtained for the years 1973-1976 from the FAA report Military Air Traffic
(25)
Activity Report. The 1977 LTO cycles were obtained by projecting the 1977
operations from the 1973-1976 data and then by dividing the 1977 operations in
half. The aircraft fleet mix was obtained from the Arkansas Department of
Pollution Control and Ecology.
The emission and reactivity factors were taken from AP-42 and the
Los Angeles Study, respectively. ' The general equation used to calculate
VOC emissions (tons/year) for each aircraft type is as follows:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = LTO x NOE(enqines) x
Ef(lbs/engine) x R * 2000 Ibs/ton
where:
LTO = 1977 landing-takeoff cycles (Table C-2)
(5)
R = Reactivity factor from Los Angeles Studyv '
NOE = Number of engines
Ef = Emission factor from AP-42
For Pulaski County, VOC emissions (tons/year) are:
1. Medium Range Jet =
9,262 x 2.5 x 4.9 x 0.93 * 2,000 = 52.8
2. Air Carrier Turboprop =
2,997 x 2 x 2.9 x 0.93 * 2,000 = 8.1
3. Business Jet =
1,260 x 2 x 3.6 x 0.93 * 2,000 = 4.2
4. General Aviation (1 engine) =
44,083 x 1 x 0.40 x 0.80 * 2,000 = 7.1
(2 engines) =
29,811 x 2 x 0.40 x 0.80 * 2,000 = 9.5
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5. Military Jet =
70,674 x 4 x 5.075 x 0.93 * 2,000 = 667.1
6. Helicopter (turbine) =
673 x 1 x 0.52 x 0.93 * 2,000 = - 5^1
TOTAL 749.0
VOC emissions from aircraft can be found in Table C-2.
4.2.3.3 Vessels and Pleasure Craft
Total VOC emissions from waterborne activity includes emissions
from both vessels and pleasure craft, however, the methodologies used to
calculate emissions from each are different and will be discussed separately
in the following subsections.
4.2.3.3.1 Vessels
This category includes large cargo and passenger ships, oil tankers,
tugboats and all other steamships and motorships that use fuel oil. Since
there are no vessels that operate their engines while in port, only underway
emissions were calculated.
VOC emissions were estimated according to the guideline document,
usinq vessel movement data from the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne
(12)
Commerce of the United States v ' and fuel consumption data from the Department
of Energy's, Energy Data Reports. ' Average annual growth factors based
upon historical growth in freight tonnage between 1963 and 1976 were used to
(12)
project 1977 vessel VOC emissions. '
Underway VOC Emissions
Underway VOC emissions were calculated by estimating the amount of
distillate* fuel oil burned underway, apportioning the fuel to the port of
Little Rock and Pulaski county, and multiplying by the appropriate emission
factor from AP-42.
Since there were no in port emissions, the state total for distillate
oil consumption from the Energy Data Reports, ' is the amount of fuel
*According to the procedures document/'' underway emissions were based
solely on diesel fuel consumption data.
4-26
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consumed underway. This fuel oil use was distributed to the ports according
to tonnage handled; it was then divided among the counties along the waterways
by the amount of shoreline mileage.
The general equation used to calculate underway VOC emissions (tons/
year) from vessels is:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = FUEL (gals.) * TM (miles) x 1.06 x
M (miles) T 1,000 x Ef (lbs/103 gals.) x R * 2,000 Ibs/ton
where:
FUEL = Total gallons of fuel apportioned to respective port
TM = Total miles of shoreline for all counties along waterway
in respective port area
1 .06 = Growth factor
M = Miles of shoreline for Pulaski County
Ef = Emission factor from AP-42 (50 lbs/103 gals)
R = Reactivity factor (0.15
1,000 = Converts fuel usage data to 1,000 gal. units
Underway VOC emissions (tons/year) for Pulaski County are:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = 8,559,175 * 336 x 1.06 x 52
v 1,000 x 50 x 0.15 T 2,000 = 5.3
Underway VOC emissions (tons/year) from vessels for Pulaski County
can be found in Table C-3.
4.2.3.3.2 Pleasure Craft
Emissions from smaller vessels (pleasure and small commercial boats)
were estimated from registration data for motorboats, obtained from the boat
registration office of the Motor Vehicle Department, State Game and Fish
Commission, and U. S. Coast Guard. Registration for Pulaski County for boats
five tons and less were generated by the State Game and Fish Commission;
boats that had a gross weight of greater than five tons were obtained from
the U. S. Coast Guard by district. Registrations (for boats greater than
4-27
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5 tons) for Pulaski county were found by checking owners addresses for boats
registered in the Little Rock district.
All boats registered with the U. S. Coast Guard were assumed to
operate on diesel fuel. All other inboard and outboard boats were distributed
in the following manner:
(1) all inboards 28' and less and all outboards were
assumed to use gasoline and*
(2) all inboards greater than 28' were assumed to use
diesel fuel*
Emissions from diesel powered boats were calculated assuming the
national average for annual usage and a fuel consumption rate of 10 gal/hr.**
Also, the national averages for annual usage and fuel consumption were used
in calculating VOC emissions from gasoline powered boats. All outboard
engines were assumed to be 2-stroke; the reactivity factor for two-stroke
(??)
motorcycles from Mobile Source Emission Factors^ was used. The reactivity
factors for diesel and gasoline automobile engines from the Los Angeles
Study^ ' were used for diesel and gasoline inboard engines, respectively.
The general equations for fuel usage are given below:
Inboard gasoline consumption - Number of registered inboards x
3 gals/hr x 10 hrs/mo x C (mo/yr)
Inboard gasoline consumption = Number of registered inboards x
10 gals/hr x 10 hrs/mo x C (mo/yr)
Outboard gasoline consumption = Number of registered outboards x
1.5 gals/hr x 10 hrs/mo x C (mo/yr)
*This information was obtained from personal contact with local marinas
and from the staff of the Boating Industry Magazine.
**
Obtained from personal contact with local marinas.
4-28
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where:
C = Number of months during which the monthly mean temperature
exceeds 55°F for counties south of 37° latitude
Fuel consumption (gals/year) for Pulaski county is:
1. Inboard gasoline consumption =
368 x 3 x 10 x 8 = 88,320
2. Inboard diesel consumption =
89 x 10 x 10 x 8 = 71,200
3. Outboard gasoline consumption =
15,191 x 1.5 x 10 x 8 = 1,822,920
The general equation used to calculate VOC emissions (tons/year)
from pleasure craft is:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = FUEL (gals/year) * 1,000 x
Ef (lbs/103 gals) x R - 2,000 Ibs/ton
where:
FUEL = Fuel used by each engine and fuel type in gals/year
1,000 - Converts fuel usage to 1,000 gallon units
R = Reactivity factor^5'22)
Ef = Emission factor by engine and fuel type from AP-42
VOC emissions (tons/year) for Pulaski county from pleasure and
small commercial boats are:
1. Inboard (gasoline) =
88,320 * 1,000 x 86 x 0.86 * 2,000 = 3.3
2. Inboard (diesel) =
71,200 * 1,000 x 180 x 0.89 * 2,000 = 5.7
3. Outboard (gasoline) =
1,822,920 * 1,000 x 1,100 x 0.99 * 2,000 = 992.6
TOTAL 1,001.6
VOC emissions from pleasure craft can be found in Table C-3.
4-29
-------
4.2.3.4 Railroads
Railroad activities are classified into two general areas: (1) road
haul service and (2) railyard switching. VOC emissions are estimated based on
the amount of fuel oil used by locomotives, which is multiplied by the appro-
priate emission factor from AP-42. Locomotive engines were assumed to have
the following mix:
Road-Haul Service
* 2-stroke supercharged (47%)
• 2-stroke turbocharged (47%)
t 4-stroke turbocharged (6%)
Railyard Switching
• 2-stroke supercharged (100%)
Statewide fuel consumption data and type of locomotive engine mix
were obtained from the 1977 annual reports and personal contact with railroad
(27}
companies operating in Arkansas. ' These statewide totals (for each rail
company) were then apportioned to the inventory areas by the amount of rail
mileage each company operated in Pulaski County. This assumes that all miles
of rail for each company were travelled over equally. The miles of rail for
each company by county were estimated or measured from a railroad transporta-
tion map of Arkansas. '
The general equation to calculate VOC emissions (tons/year) from
locomotives is:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = FC x M v 1,000 x
Ef x R * 2,000 Ibs/ton
where:
FC = Fuel oil consumption (gals/year) for road haul service
and or railyard switching
M = Percent (in fraction form) of total population each engine
category contributed
1,000 = Converts fuel usage data to 1,000 gal units
4-30
-------
Ef = Emission factor from AP-42 in lbs/1,000 gal.
R = Reactivity factor (used reactivity factor for motor vehicle
diesel engines, 0.89r5^
VOC emissions (tons/year) from locomotives for Pulaski county are:
Road Haul Service
1. 4-stroke turbocharged =
1,848,576 gals/year x 0.06 * 1,000 x
99 lbs/103 gals x 0.89 * 2,000 Ibs/ton = 4.9
2. 2-stroke supercharged =
1,848,576 gals/yr x 0.47 * 1,000 x
148 lbs/103 gals x 0.89 * 2,000 Ibs/ton = 57.2
3. 2-stroke turbocharged =
1,848,576 gals/year x 0.47 * 1,000 x
28 lbs/103 gals x 0.89 * 2,000 Ibs/ton = 10.8
Railyard - Switching
1. 2-stroke supercharged =
12,680 gals/year x 1.00 * 1,000 x
190 lbs/103 gals x 0.89 * 2,000 Ibs/ton = 1.1
TOTAL 74.0
4.2.3.5 Other Off-Highway Fuel Use
Other off-highway fuel user's are classified into the following
categories:
» Farm equipment
• Construction equipment
• Industrial equipment
• Lawn and garden equipment
The methodologies used for each of these are discussed in the following sub-
sections.
4-31
-------
4.2.3.5.1 Farm Equipment
Farm equipment was subdivided into the five following areas:
0 Combines
t Balers
• Harvesters
• Tractors
• General purpose
VOC emissions were based on the population of equipment in each
of the above categories for Pulaski County. This information was obtained
from the Census of Agriculture for the years 1969 and 1974. 9' Population
figures for 1977 were estimated by growth factors, which were based on
historical growth trends. National figures, which were available in the
guideline document^ ' were used for:
1. the percentages of each type of equipment that
were either gasoline or diesel powered,
2. fuel consumption rates (gals/hour) and
3. annual usage (hours/year)
The general equation for fuel consumption is:
Fuel Consumption (gals/year) = EPOP x USAGE (hour/year) x
FUEL RATE (gals/hour)
where:
EPOP = Equipment population for each category
USAGE = Annual usage for each category (from the
guideline document)
FUEL RATE = Fuel consumption rate for each type of
equipment (from the reference guideline)
Fuel consumption by each type of farm equipment for Pulaski County
is as follows:
4-32
-------
GASOLINE POWERED EQUIPMENT
1. COMBINES = 60 x 71 x 2.34 = 9,968.4
2. BALERS = 67 x 24 x 2.34 = 3,762.7
3. HARVESTERS = 0 x 120 x 2.34 = 0.0
4. TRACTORS = 458 x 291 x 2.28 = 303,873.8
5. GENERAL PURPOSE = 515 x 50 x 3.51 = 90,382.5
DIESEL POWERED EQUIPMENT
1. COMBINES = 46 x 71 x 1.5 = 4,899.0
2. BALERS = 0 x 24 x 1.5 = 0.0
3. HARVESTERS = 10x120x1.5 = 1,800.0
4. TRACTORS = 212 x 490 x 2.98 = 309,562.4
5. GENERAL PURPOSE - 514 x 50 x 1.94 - 49,858.0
The general equation for calculating VOC emissions from agricultural
equipment is:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = FC (gals) T 1,000 x
[E-Obs/lO3 gals) x R + E (lbs/103 gals) x Rj * 2,000 Ibs/ton
T a a
where:
FC = Fuel consumption by fuel type (gasoline or diesel) for each
category
1,000 = Converts fuel consumption date, into 1,000 gallon units
Ef = Emission factor for hydrocarbons from AP-42
R- = Reactivity factor for hydrocarbon emissions (gasoline = 0.86
f tc\
and diesel = 0.89)^
E = Emission factor for aldehydes from AP-42
a
R = Reactivity factor for aldehydes (1.0)
a
VOC emissions (tons/year) from combines are:
4-33
-------
VOC (gasoline) =
9,968.4 . 1,000 [(165.63)(0.86) + 4.14] * 2,000 = 0.7
VOC (diesel) =
4,899.0 v 1,000 [(57.1)(0.89) + 10.2] * 2,000 = OJ.
TOTAL 0.8
This procedure is repeated for the other four categories then summed to obtain
total farm equipment VOC emissions.
VOC emissions from farm equipment for Pulaski County can be found
in Table C-4.
4.2.3.5.2 Construction Equipment
VOC emissions from construction equipment were estimated using fuel
usage data. Off-highway gasoline fuel consumption for the year 1975
(24,434,000 gals) was obtained from the Federal Highway Administration's
I Q\
Highway Statistics report. ' Also, in Highway Statistics, it is estimated
that of the total off-highway gasoline used, 1.46% is by construction equip-
ment (356,736 gals). The guideline document^ ' indicates that 10.5 times
as much diesel fuel is used for construction purposes as gasoline (3,745,288
gals).
These statewide fuel usage figures were then apportioned to Pulaski
County on the basis of employment in SIC 16 (heavy construction).' ' VOC
emissions for 1975 were calculated by multiplying the gasoline and diesel fuel
consumption data by the emission and reactivity factor for construction equip-
ment. These emissions were projected to 1977 VOC emissions on the basis of
OBERS^ ' earnings projections for the years 1968-1975.
Emission factors from AP-42 that were used for construction equip-
ment are as follows:
Gasoline Powered Equipment -
1. HC = 130.168 lbs/103 gals
2. Aldehydes = 4.44 lbs/103 gals
4-34
-------
Diesel Powered Equipment
1. HC = 34.7 lbs/103 gals
2. Aldehydes = 6.78 lbs/103 gals
The reactivity factors were assumed to be 0.86 for gasoline and 0.89 for diesel
powered equipment, and 1.00 for aldehydes. '
The general equation for calculation of VOC emissions (tons/year)
from construction equipment is:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = FC (gals) * 1,000 x EMPc *
EMP,. x [E (lbs/103 gals) x R + E,(lbs/103 gals) x R-] * 2,000 Ibs/ton
s a a T T
where:
FC = Gasoline or diesel fuel consumption for construction
equipment in gallons
1,000 - Convert fuel consumption data into 1,000 gallon units
EMP = County employment in SIC 16
EMP = State employment in SIC 16
E = Emission factor for aldehydes from AP-42
a
R = Reactivity factor for aldehydes
a
Ef = Emission factor for hydrocarbons from AP-42
Rf = Reactivity factor for hydrocarbon emissions
VOC emissions (tons/year) for Pulaski County from construction
equipment for 1975 are:
1. Gasoline powered equipment =
356,736 * 1,000 x 1,750 * 5,011 x
[130.168 x 0.86 + 4.44] * 2,000 = 7.3
4-35
-------
2. Diesel powered equipment =
3,745,288 * 1,000 x 1,750 * 5,011 x
[34.7 x 0.89 + 6.78] * 2,000 =
TOTAL 31.9
VOC Emissions for 1977 = 31 .9 x 1 .084 = 34.6
VOC emissions from construction equipment can be found in Table C-4.
4.2.3.5.3 Industrial Equipment
VOC emissions from industrial equipment (forklifts, generators,
pumps, and miscellaneous machinery) were based on 1975 statewide fuel consump-
tion data obtained from the Federal Highway Administration's publication,
Federal Highway Statistics. ^ Of the total off-highway use for gasoline
(24,434,000 gals), 5.65% was used by Industrial equipment (1,380,521 gals).
From national fuel estimates for 1973 it is shown that 1.13 times as much
diesel fuel is used for industrial purposes as gasoline (1,559,988 gals diesel)
These state totals for gasoline and diesel fuel consumption were
distributed to Pulaski County on the basis of employment in SICs 10-14, 20-39,
50 and 51 (found in County Business Patterns). ' The emission factors from
AP-42 used were:
Gasoline Powered Equipment
1. HC = 132.2 lbs/103 gals
2. Aldehydes = 4.36 lbs/103 gals
Diesel Pov/ered Equipment
1. HC - 37.5 lbs/103 gals
2. Aldehydes = 7.04 lbs/103 gals
The reactivity factors used for HC emissions were: (1) 0.86 for gasoline fuel
and (2) 0.89 for diesel fuel/ ' All aldehyde emissions were assumed to be
100% reactive.
VOC emissions for 1975 were calculated by multiplying the gasoline
and diesel fuel consumption data by the emission and reactivity factors for
4-36
-------
industrial equipment. These emissions were projected to 1977 VOC emissions
on the basis of OBERS^30' earnings projections for the years 1968 - 1975.
The general equation for calculation of VOC emissions (tons/year)
from industrial equipment is:
VOC Emissions (tons/year) = FC(gals) x EMP *
L»
EMP [E,(lbs/103 gals) x Rf + Ea (lbs/103 gals) x R 1 * 2,000 Ibs/ton
S T la a
where:
FC = Fuel consumption in 1,000 gal units for either gasoline or
diesel fuel
EMP = County employment in SICs 10-14, 20-39, 50 and 51
\*
EMP = State employment in SICs 10-14, 20-39, 50 and 51
Ef = Emission factor for HC emissions from either gasoline or
diesel powered equipment
Rf = Reactivity factor for HC emissions
E = Emission factor aldehyde emissions
cl
R = Reactivity factor for aldehyde emissions
a
VOC emissions (tons/year) from industrial equipment for Pulaski
County are:
1. Gasoline =
1,380.521 x 34,821 * 201,149 [132.2 x 0.86 +
4.36 x 1.00] * 2,000 = 14.1
2. Diesel =
1,559.988 x 34,821 * 201,149 [37.5 x 0.89 +
7.04 x 1.00] * 2,000 = 5.5
1975 TOTAL 19.6
VOC Emissions for 1977 = 19.6 x 1.085 = 21.3
VOC emissions from industrial equipment for Pulaski County can be
found in Table C-4.
4-37
-------
4.2.3.5.4 Lawn and Garden Equipment
Lawn and garden equipment VOC emissions were based on the number of
owner occupied houses in Pulaski County; this assumes that each housing unit
has one lawnmower. Owner occupied housing data were taken from the Census of
Housing.^ '
Assuming that all the engines used in lawn and garden equipment
are four stroke, the emission factors from AP-42 are:
1. Hydrocarbon exhaust and evaporative combined =
3.76 Ib/unit year
2. Aldehydes =
0.07 Ib/unit year
Hydrocarbon emissions were assumed to be 95% (from Mobile Source Emission
Factorsv ' for four-stroke motorcycle engines) and aldehydes 100% reactive,
respectively.
The general equation to calculate VOC emissions from lawn and
garden equipment is:
VOC (tons/year) = H x [Ef(lbs/103 gals) x R. + E (lbs/103 gals) x R ] *
• T Q cl
2,000 Ibs/ton
where:
H = Owner occupied housing units
E.p = Hydrocarbon emission factor from AP-42
Rf = Reactivity factor for hydrocarbon emissions
E, = Aldehyde emission factor from AP-42
a
Ra = Reactivity factor for aldehyde emissions
VOC emissions (tons/year) from lawn and garden equipment for Pulaski
County are:
VOC Emissions = 52,049 x [3.76 x 0.95 + 0.07 x 1.00] *
2,000 = 94.8
4-38
-------
VOC emissions (tons/year) from lawn and garden equipment can be
found in Table C-4.
4-39
-------
SECTION 4
REFERENCES
1 Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds, Volume 1, EPA-450/2-77-028, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
December, 1977.
2. "Recommended Policy on Control of Volatile Organic Compounds, "Federal
Register. Vol. 42, No. 131, July 8, 1977. pp. 35314-35316.
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Third Edition, Publica-
tion AP-42, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, August, 1977. (Also includes supplements 1
through 7).
4. "Mobile Source Emissions Model," U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Transportation and Land Use Policy, January, 1978.
5. Reactive Hydrocarbon Control Costs for Los Angeles, Final Report to
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, by TRW Environmental Engineering
Division, under Contract No. 68-02-2445, June, 1977.
6. Analysis of Data for Hydrocarbon Sources in Non-Attainment Areas in
Louisiana, Volume 1, Final Report to U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, by TRW Environmental Engineering Division, under Contract No.
68-01-3152, November 12, 1976.
7. "Local Climatological Data," Monthly Summary, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Center, 1977.
8. "Road and Street Mileages," Arkansas State Highway and Transportation
Department, Division of Planning and Research, January, 1978.
9. Highway Statistics, Section 1 and 4, FHWA-HP-HS-75-01R, U. S. Department
of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D. C.t
I •/ / sJ •
10. Aviation Forecast- Fiscal Years 1978-1979. Department of Transportation,
FAA, September, 1977.
11. Census of U. S. Civil Aircraft—Calendar Year 1975, Department of Trans-
portation, FAA, 1975.
4-40
-------
12. "Waterways and Harbors, Gulf Coast, Mississippi River System and
Antilles," Waterborne Commerce of the United States. Part 2, U. S.
Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, 1976.
13. Study to Support New Source Performance Standards for the Dry Cleaning
Industry, Final Report to U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, by TRW
Environmental Engineering Division, under Contract No. 68-02-1412, May 7,
1976.
14. "United States Production and Sales, 1975," Synthetic Organic Chemicals,
USITC Publication 804, United States International Trade Commission,
1977.
15. Methodologies for Countywide Estimation of Coal, Gas, and Organic Solvent
Consumption, EPA-450/3-75-086, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, December, 1975.
16. County Business Patterns 1975, Arkansas, CPD-75-5, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, September, 1977.
17. 1972 Census of Selected Services. Volume 1, Summary and Subject Statis-
tics, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, July, 1976.
18. "Crude Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Natural Gas Liquids: 1975,"
Mineral Industry Surveys, U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Mines, February 24, 1977.
19. "Estimates of the Population of U. S.: July 1, 1977 (Revised) and 1976
Provisional)," Current Population Reports. Series P-26, No. 76-4, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, August, 1977.
20. "State and County Economic Data for Arkansas," University of Arkansas,
College of Business Administration, Industrial Research and Extension
Center, December, 1977.
21. Arkansas Counties Social and Economic Profile, Arkansas State Highway
and Transportation Department, Planning and Research Division, Finance
and Economics Section, October, 1977.
22. Mobile Source Emission Factors, Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Transportation and Land Use Policy, January, 1978.
23. National Vehicle Registration Service, R. L. Polk and Company, March, 1978
24. "1974 Emission Inventory From Aircraft," Arkansas Department of Pollution
Control and Ecology, 1974.
25. "Military Air Traffic Report," 1976, 1975, 1974, 1973, U. S. Department
of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Annual.
26. "Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosine in 1976," Energy Data Reports. Department
of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1976.
4-41
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27. Class I and II Railroad Annual Reports. 1977, 1976, 1975, and 1974, U. S.
Interstate Commerce Commission, Rail Section.
28. "Transportation Map of Arkansas," U. S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, 1975.
29. Census of Agriculture. County Data, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
of the Census, 1974.
30. 1972 OBERS Projections, Volume 5, Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Research, and
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, April, 1974.
31. "1970 Census of Population and Housing," Little Rock—North Little
Rock, Arkansas, Census Tracts. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
the Census, 1972.
4-42
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APPENDIX A
STATIONARY POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
A-l
-------
TABLE A-1. POINT SOURCE VOC EMISSIONS FOR PULASKI COUNTY(a)
1977 EMISSIONS
SOURCE (TONS/YEAR)
AFCO STEEL, INC. 12.3
AGL CORP. 1.3
A. 0. SMITH-INLAND, INC. 335.6
ARMSTRONG RUBBER CO. 62.8
BUCKEYE CELLULOSE CORP. 151.2
DIMAC MANUFACTURING CO., INC. 1.6
ECONO AUTO PAINTING 7.4
EXXON, INC. 313.5
FRANKLIN ELECTRIC CO. 99.7
GULF OIL, INC. 151.9
HERMAN BINZ AND SONS 2.5
INTERNATIONAL GRAPHICS 34.2
LA GLORIA OIL AND GAS CO. 363.6
LITTLE ROCK FURNITURE MFG. CO. 144.0
MASONITE CORP. 22.4
MOBIL OIL CORP. 31.3
MURPHY OIL CORP. 42.2
ROL-LIFT CORP. 11.6
SOUTHERN SCREW MACHINE PRODUCTS 4.1
STAUFFER CHEMICAL CO. l.g
(a)ONLY THOSE SOURCES REPORTING EMISSIONS GREATER THAN ONE TON/YEAR
ARE LISTED.
A-2
-------
TABLE A-1. (CONCLUDED)
SOURCE
STEBBINS AND ROBERTS, INC.
SUPERWOOD CORP.
TELETYPE CORP.
TEXACO, INC.
TRIANGLE ENGINEERING
W. R. GRACE AND CO.
WACO MANUFACTURING CO.
1977 EMISSIONS
(TONS/YEAR)
7.0
1.2
1.2
47.2
6.6
43.6
1.6
TOTAL 1,940.4
THOSE SOURCES REPORTING EMISSIONS GREATER THAN ONE TON/YEAR
ARE LISTED.
A-3
-------
TABLE A-2. POINT SOURCE VOC EMISSIONS FROM JEFFERSON COUNTY^
SOURCE
CENTRAL MOLONEY, INC.
FLORIDA DRUM DELTA CO., INC.
HOOVER UNIVERSAL, INC.
ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS, INC.
PINE BLUFF ARSENAL
W AND A MANUFACTURING CO.
WAFFORD MANUFACTURING CO.
TOTAL
1977 EMISSIONS
(TONS/YEAR)
120.0
31.3
17.8
22.1
35.9
21.6
8.0
256.7
JEFFERSON IS THE ONLY CONTY ADJACENT TO PULASKI COUNTY THAT HAS
EMISSION SOURCES GREATER THAN ONE TON/YEAR.
A-4
-------
APPENDIX B
STATIONARY AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
B-l
-------
TABLE B-l. PULASKI COUNTY SURFACE COATING EMISSIONS
CATEGORY
VOC EMISSIONS
(TONS/YEARS)
INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
LARGE APPLICANCES
MAGNETIC WIRE
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
CANS
PAPER
FABRIC
WOOD FURNITURE
FLAT WOOD PRODUCTS
OTHER METAL PRODUCTS
OTHERS
NON-INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
ARCHITECTURAL COATINGS
AUTO REFINISHING
5.7
182.4
41.2
14.1
358.0
163.7
44.1
51.1
200.0
352.8
TOTAL
113.0
90.7
1,616.8
B-2
-------
APPENDIX C
MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS
C-l
-------
TABLE C-1. 1977 VOC EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES
AVERAGE SPEED
(MPH)
25.0
30.0
40.0
45.0
53.5
55.8
57.8
60.3
EMISSION FACTOR
(GRAMS/MILE)
9.38
8.59
7.61
7.36
7.18
7.09
7.00
6.83
VMT
167
1,690,122
564,700
1,380,418
45,373
1,200,971
246,041
272,423
VOC EMISSIONS
(TONS/YEAR)
0.63
5,841.3
1,729.0
4,087.8
131.1
3,425.9
693.0
748.6
TOTAL 16,657.3
C-2
-------
TABLE C-2. 1977 VOC EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
TYPE
MEDIUM RANGE JET
AIR CARRIER TURBOPROP
BUSINESS JET
GENERAL AVIATION
MILITARY
HELICOPTER
1977 LTO
CYCLES
9,262
2,997
1,260
73,894
70,674
673
VOC EMISSIONS
(TONS/YEAR)
52.8
8.1
4.2
16.6
667.1
0.2
TOTAL 158,760 749.0
C-3
-------
TABLE C-3. 1977 VOC EMISSIONS FROM VESSELS AND PLEASURE CRAFT
VOC EMISSIONS
CATEGORY (TONS/YEAR)
VESSELS
INPORT 0.0
UNDERWAY 5.3
TOTAL 5.3
PLEASURE CRAFT
INBOARD (GASOLINE) 3.3
INBOARD (DIESEL) 5.7
OUTBOARD (GASOLINE) 992.6
TOTAL 1,001.6
GRAND TOTAL 1,006.9
C-4
-------
TABLE C-4. 1977 VOC EMISSIONS FROM OTHER OFF-HIGHWAY FUEL USE
VOC EMISSIONS
CATEGORY (TONS/YEAR)
FARM EQUIPMENT
COMBINES 0.8
BALERS 0.3
HARVESTERS 0.1
TRACTORS 35.4
GENERAL PURPOSE 8.2
TOTAL 44.8
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT 34.6
INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT 21.3
LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT 94.8
GRAND TOTAL 195.5
C-5
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA 9Q6/9-
-QCV
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Volatile Organic Compound Emission Inventory for
Pulaski County, Arkansas
5. REPORT DATE
October 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
John Dadiani, Arthur B. Nunn, III, and Thomas J.
Raubacher
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIOI-.
TRW 68-02-2613-11-1
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW Environmental Engineering Division
800 Follin Lane, S.E.
Vienna, Virginia 22180
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11 CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Contract No. 68-02-2613
Task No. 11
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA Region 6
Air and Hazardous Materials Division
1201 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75270
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Supplements additional work for developing a control strategy to attain the national
standard for photochemical oxidants in Pulaski County.
16. ABSTRACT
This project includes the development of a volatile organic compound emission
inventory for Pulaski County, Arkansas which includes the Little Rock metropolitan
area. The inventory was compiled in accordance with the methodology described in
Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile Organic Compounds
(EPA-450/2-77-028).The inventory consists of emissions from stationary point sources,
stationary area sources, and mobile sources. Emissions from mobile sources account
for approximately 66 percent of total emissions. Stationary point source emissions
account for only about 7 percent of the total, and point source emissions from
adjacent counties do not appear to make a significant contribution. The volatile
organic compound emission inventory represents calendar year 1977.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Arkansas
Emissions
Hydrocarbons
Point sources
Mobile emission sources
Pulaski County
Emission Inventories
Volatile organic com-
pounds
Vehicles
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited.
19, SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
None
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
None
21. NO. OF PAGES
ZL
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77)
PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE
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