ŁEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Radiation Programs
National Air and Radiation
Environmental Laboratory
Montgomery, AL 36115-2601
EPA-400-R-93-019
May 1993
Radiation
Environmental
Radiation Data
Report 67
July-September 1991
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed on paper that contains
at least 50% recycled liber
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ENVIRONMENTAL
RADIATION
DATA
REPORT 67
July-September 1991
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Radiation and Indoor Air
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Preface
Environmental Radiation Data (ERD) is compiled and distributed quarterly by the Of-
fice of Radiation and Indoor Air's National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory
(NAREL) in Montgomery, Alabama, and contains data from the Environmental Radiation
Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS). Data from similar networks operated by contribut-
ing States, Canada, Mexico, and the Pan American Health Organization are reported in the
ERD when available.
ERAMS was established in 1973 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
It is comprised of a nationwide network of sampling stations that provide air, surface and
drinking water, and milk samples from which environmental radiation levels are derived.
The major emphasis for ERAMS is upon identifying trends in the accumulation of long-
lived radionuclides in the environment.
Sampling locations are selected to provide optimal population coverage while functioning
to monitor fallout from nuclear devices and other forms of radioactive contamination of the
environment. The radiation analyses performed on these samples include gross alpha and
gross beta levels, gamma analyses for fission products, and specific analyses for uranium,
plutonium, strontium, iodine, radium, krypton, and tritium. This monitoring effort also
provides ancillary information on natural background levels and on routine and accidental
releases into the environment from stationary sources.
The radiochemical procedures used by NAREL to analyze the ERAMS samples are con-
tained in the Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility Radiochemistry Procedures Manual
(EPA 520/5-84^-006). Station operation and sample collection are in accordance with pro-
cedures contained in the ERAMS Manual (EPA 520/5-84-007, 008, 009).
iii
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Contents
Page
Data Repoiting Rationale ix
ERAMS Data 1
1. Air Program 1
• Airborne Participates and Precipitation 1
• Plutonium and Uranium in Airborne Particulates and Precipitation 16
• Krypton-85 32
2. Water Program 33
• Surface Water 33
• Drinking Water 36
3. External Gamma Ambient Monitoring Program 45
4. Milk Program 46
• Pasteurized Milk 46
• Strontium-90 53
• Carbon-14 in Milk 55
-------
Tables
Table Page
I ERAMS Reporting Increments and Minimum Detectable Levels xi
for Radionuclide Analyses
2 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates: July 1991 2
3 Gross Beta in Airborne Participates: August 1991 4
4 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates: September 1991 6
5 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: July 1991 8
6 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: August 1991 10
7 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: September 1991 12
8 Tritium in Precipitation: July-September 1991 14
9 Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates: January-June 1988 Composites 17
10 Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates: July-December 1988 Composites 19
11 Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates: January-June 1989 Composites 21
12 Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates: July-December 1989 Composites 23
13 Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates: January-June 1990 Composites 25
14 Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates: July-December 1990 Composites 27
15 Plutonium and Uranium In Precipitation: January-June 1989 Composites 29
16 Plutonium and Uranium In Precipitation: January-June 1991 Composites 30
17 Tritium in Surface Water: July-September 1991 34
18 Tritium in Drinking Water: July-September 1991 37
19 Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations in Drinking Water: 39
January-December 1989 Composites
20 Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations in Drinking Water: 42
January-December 1990 Composites
vii
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21 Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk: July 1991 47
22 Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk: August 1991 49
23 Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk: September 1991 51
24 Strontium-90 in Pasteurized Milk: July 1991 53
Vlll
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Data Reporting Rationale
Frequently, there is little or no radioactivity in environmental media. Thus, the results
of laboratory analyses should show a distribution of negative and positive numbers about
zero. A negative value occurs when a previously determined background value is subtracted
from a sample value that is less than that of the background. From July 1975 to March
1991, ERAMS data were reported as calculated, whether the results were negative, zero, or
positive. In this and future reports, negative results will be denoted as "not detectable," or
"ND." For gamma analyses only, results less than the la counting error will also be denoted
as "not detectable."
All data will continue to be stored in the NAREL sample database as generated, and
these values will be available for statistical evaluation. However, caution should be exercised
in the use of the data in this report for statistical analysis, since the removal of negative
numbers produces a positive bias in the distribution of results.
Reported Error Terms
Each reported value for specific analyses will be accompanied by a counting error term
at the 2<7 (95%) confidence level. Error terms are therefore reported as counting errors.
At the very low levels characteristic of most ERAMS measurements, counting error is
the greatest contributor to overall error.
Significant Figures
No more than three significant figures will be reported. A datum that contains more
than three figures will be rounded off to three figures.
Reporting Levels
The reporting units, smallest increments for reporting, and typical minimum detectable
levels (MDL's) for each isotope are shown in Table 1. MDL is defined as the 3
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Table 1
ERAMS Reporting Increments and Minimum Detectable Levels
for Radionuclide Analyses
Radionuclide
Gioss Alpha
f Gioss Beta
Tritium
Carbon- 14
Krypton-85
ft Plutonium-238,239,240
t Uranium-234,235,238
Radium-226
Strontium-90
Jt Strontium-89
ft Iodine-131
Iodine- 129
Cesium-137
it Barium- 140
Potassium
Potassium-40
Media
Water
Air
Water
Precipitation
Reporting
Units
pCi/L
pCi/m'*
pCi/L
nCi/m2
Reporting
Increments
1 pCi/L
0.01 pCi/m3
1 pCi/L
0.01 nCi/m2
Minimum
Detectable
Levels
2 pCi/L
0.01 pCi/m*
1 pCi/L
0.01 nCi/m^
(specific radiochemical analyses)
Water
Milk
Milk
Ambient Air
Air
Milk
Water
Air
Milk
Water
Water
Milk
Water
Milk
Milk
Water
Water
Milk
Milk
Water
Milk
Water
Milk
Water
Water
nCi/L
nCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/m3
aCi/m3
pCi/L
pCi/L
aCi/m3
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
fCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
g/L
S/L
pCi/L
0.1 nCi/L
0.1 nCi/L
1 pCi/L
0.1 pCi/m3
0.1 aCi/m3
0.001 pCi/L
0.001 pCi/L
0.1 aCi/m3
0.001 pCi/L
0.001 pCi/L
0.1 pCi/L
0.1 pCi/L
0.1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
0.1 pCi/L
0.1 fCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
0.1 g/L
0.1 g/L
1 pCi/L
0.2 nCi/L
0.2 nCi/L
15 pCi/L
2 pCi/m3
0.015 pCi
0.015 pCi
0.015 pCi
0.015 pCi
0.015 pCi
0.015 pCi
0.1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
5 pCi/L
10 pCi/L
10 pCi/L
0.4 pCi/L
0.4 fCi/L
10 pCi/L
10 pCi/L
10 pCi/L
10 pCi/L
0.12 g/L
0.12 g/L
100 pCi/L
f The value of MDL for precipitation in terms of nCi/m would be dependent on precipitation (nun).
ft This value of MDL for air in terms of pCi/m would be dependent on the air volume. Measurement by alpha spectroscopy
that includes contributions of plutonium-239 and plutonium-240. MDL for all media given per sample.
A
$ This value of MDL for air in terms of pCi/m would be dependent on the air volume. MDL for all media given per sample.
it Activity as of the day of counting.
XI
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1. Air Program
Airborne Participates and Precipitation
Gross beta radioactivity measurements and certain specific analyses are performed on
air particulates and precipitation samples as indicator measurements in assessing the general
(national) impact of all contributing sources on environmental levels of radiation.
Airborne particulates are collected continuously at field stations representing wide ge-
ographic coverage, including present and potential sources of environmental radioactivity.
Sampling sites are located throughout the United States.
Filters (10-cm diameter synthetic fiber) from air samplers are changed twice weekly
and field measurements are made with a G-M survey meterf at 5 hours and 29 hours after
collection to allow for radon and thoron daughter product decay. Field estimates are reported
to appropriate EPA officials by telephone or mail depending on the activity levels found.
The filters are sent to NAREL for more sensitive analyses in a low background beta
counter. Gamma scans are performed on all filters showing gross beta counts greater than
IpCi/m3. The laboratory obtained values are usually lower than the field estimates due to
the decay of naturally occurring radionuclides between the times of the two measurements.
Precipitation samples are collected at those field stations collecting air filters. These
samples are also sent to NAREL where they are composited monthly for gamma scans,
tritium, and gross beta activity measurements. A composite of the March, April, and May
precipitation samples is analyzed for plutonium-238, -239, -240, and uranium-234, -235, and
-238.
A compilation of individual measurements is available from the National Air and Radi-
ation Environmental Laboratory, 1504 Avenue A, Montgomery, AL 36115-2601.
Tables 2-4 contain the data from airborne particulate samples for July-September 1991.
Tables 5-7 contain the data from precipitation samples for July-September 1991. Table 8
contains the data from tritium in precipitation samples for July-September 1991 at the
selected sites.
| The counti at five hours for the Montgomery, Alabama, itation are performed on a low background beta counter.
1
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Table 2
Gross Beta in Airborne Participates
July 1991
Location
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE : Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS : Topeka
KY: Frankfort
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
ME: August a
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC : Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
Number
of
Samples
8
9
8
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
8
9
8
9
8
8
8
4
8
9
8
9
7
9
8
4
8
8
7
9
9
7
9
5
9
3
9
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.5 0.3 0.4
1.2 0.3 0.7
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.8 0.3 0.4
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.5 0.0 0.3
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.6 0.2 0.3
0.5 0.0 0.3
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.8 0.0 0.3
0.4 0.0 0.2
3.1 0.6 1.3
0.6 0.1 0.4
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.6 0.0 0.2
0.7 0.2 0.3
0.4 0.0 0.2
0.8 0.2 0.5
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.9 0.2 0.6
2.2 0.1 0.9
0.5 0.1 0.2
1.1 0.3 0.6
0.6 0.1 0.3
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.7 0.1 0.2
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.2
NAREL Lab
Measurment
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.01
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.04 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.04 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
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Table 2 (continued)
Gross Beta in Airborne Participates
July 1991
Location
OH : Columbus
OH:Painesville
OHiRoss
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Portland
PA:Harrisburg
PA: Pittsburgh
RI: Providence
SCiBarnwell
SC: Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
VA:Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
WAsOlympia
WA : Spokane
WI: Madison
VV: Charleston
Number
of
Samples
8
9
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
2
8
2
9
8
9
9
9
8
4
9
9
9
9
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Hin Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.8 0.1 0.3
0.0 0.0 0.0
l.S 0.5 1.1
0.8 0.2 0.4
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.8 0.1 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.4 0.0 0.2
0.4 0.3 0.4
1.1 0.3 0.6
1.0 0.1 0.6
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.9 0.2 0.4
0.3 0.0 0.2
0.9 0.2 0.7
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.6 0.2 0.4
0.8 0.1 0.3
NAREL Lab
Heasurment
Max Hin Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.04 0.01 0.02
0.04 0.02 0.03
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
Minimum Detectable Limit for field estimates - 0.1 pCi/m3.
Minimum Detectable Limit for laboratory measurement - 0.01 pCi/m3.
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Table 3
Gross Beta in Airborne Participates
August 1991
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE : Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI : Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS:Topeka
KY: Frankfort
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
ME: August a
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MO: Jeff arson City
MS : Jackson
NC : Charlotte
NC : Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH : Concord
N J : Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
Number
of
Samples
6
9
7
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
7
9
9
9
9
9
9
2
9
9
9
9
7
9
9
9
8
8
8
9
9
6
9
4
9
1
9
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.7 0.2 0.5
1.0 0.1 0.4
0.2 0.0 0.1
2.5 0.1 0.6
1.0 0.0 0.5
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.4 0.0 0.2
0.4 0.1 0.3
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.7 0.0 0.3
1.1 0.0 0.4
4.0 0.8 2.0
0.7 0.3 0.5
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.1 0.2
0.7 0.1 0.3
0.7 0.1 0.3
1.4 0.4 0.8
0.9 0.2 0.5
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
1.5 0.2 0.9
2.4 0.0 1.2
0.3 0.1 0.2
1.1 0.2 0.7
0.6 0.2 0.4
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.6 0.1 0.3
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.6 0.0 0.2
NAREL Lab
Measurment
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.00 0.00 0.00
,0.03 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.04 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.00 0.02
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
-------
Table 3 (continued)
Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates
August 1991
Location
OH : Columbus
OH:Painesville
OH:Roas
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR : Portland
PA:Harrisburg
PA: Pittsburgh
RI : Providence
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UTrSalt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
WA:01ympia
WA : Spokane
WI: Madison
WV: Charleston
Number
of
Samples
6
9
7
9
9
9
9
9
9
2
9
7
9
9
9
9
9
9
3
9
8
9
6
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Win Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.6 0.2 0.4
0.0 0.0 0.0
2.7 0.0 1.1
0.8 0.2 0.4
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.8 0.2 0.5
1.0 0.3 0.7
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.1 0.3
0.7 0.3 0.5
1.0 0.3 0.6
2.4 0.3 1.1
0.4 0.1 0.2
1.0 0.2 0.6
0.4 0.1 0.2
1.3 0.4 0.8
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.5 0.2 0.3
1.4 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.1 0.4
NAREL Lab
Heasurment
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.03 0.00 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.01
0.07 0.01 0.03
0.06 0.02 0.03
0.04 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
Minimum Detectable
Minimum Detectable
Limit for field estimates - 0.1 pCi/m .
Limit for laboratory measurement - 0.01 pCi/m3
-------
Table 4
Gross Beta in Airborne Participates
September 1991
Location
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE : Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS:Topeka
KT: Frankfort
LA: New Orleans
MA: Lawrence
ME: August a
MI: Lansing
MN : Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC : Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH: Concord
NJ:Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY : Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
Number
of
Samples
5
9
5
7
8
8
9
9
8
9
8
9
8
9
8
6
10
3
9
7
8
9
7
8
8
5
2
8
9
8
9
7
9
4
8
5
8
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.6 0.1 0.3
0.9 0.3 0.6
0.1 0.0 0.1
1.2 0.1 0.5
1.2 0.4 0.7
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.5 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.8 0.1 0.4
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.6 0.1 0.3
0.7 0.0 0.3
2.1 0.4 1.2
0.4 0.1 0.3
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.6 0.1 0.3
0.4 0.1 0.2
1.2 0.2 0.4
0.8 0.2 0.3
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
1.4 0.2 0.7
4.8 0.0 1.8
0.2 0.1 0.1
1.4 0.2 0.6
0.6 0.2 0.3
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.1 0.2
NAREL Lab
Measurment
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.04 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
-------
Table 4 (continued)
Gross Beta in Airborne Participates
September 1991
Location
OH : Columbus
OH:Paineuville
OH: ROBS
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Portland
PA:Harriaburg
PA: Pittsburgh
RI: Providence
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
WA : Olympia
WA : Spokane
WI: Madison
WV: Charleston
Number
of
Samples
4
8
8
6
8
8
9
8
8
2
8
5
6
8
8
8
9
8
3
9
9
9
3
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.0
2.3 0.5 1.2
0.7 0.0 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.0
1.0 0.3 0.4
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.7 0.0 0.3
0.4 0.0 0.3
1.2 0.3 0.7
1.1 0.3 0.6
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.6 0.1 0.3
1.9 0.5 1.0
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.4 0.1 0.2
0.6 0.3 0.4
0.8 0.1 0.3
0.3 0.2 0.3
NAREL Lab
Measurment
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.06 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.04 0.01 0.02
0.04 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
Minimum Detectable
Minimum Detectable
Limit for field estimates - 0.1 pCi/m .
Limit for laboratory measurement - 0.01 pCi/m3.
-------
Table 5
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
July 1991
Location
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Chicago
LA: New Orleans
ME: Augusta
MI: Lansing
MN : Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
HH: Concord
NJ:Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NT: Albany
NT: Niagara Falls
NT: Syracuse
Depth
(mm)
100.0
45.0
20.2
90.0
127.4
244.4
132.2
0.8
4.2
11.0
166.0
44.0
43.8
107.0
68.0
84.0
71.0
127.4
30.2
56.6
92.0
112.0
34.4
47.0
11.0
Act . ±2
-------
Table 5 (continued)
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
July 1991
Location
NY:Yaphank
OHiPainesville
PA:Harrisburg
SC:Barnwell
SC: Columbia
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
VA : Lynchburg
VAiOlympia
WI: Madison
VV: Charleston
Depth
(mm)
63.0
18.0
50.0
41.8
184.2
42.0
16.8
50.0
54.0
43.0
7.0
76.0
38.0
Act . ±2
-------
Table 6
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
August 1991
Location
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE : Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
LA: New Orleans
ME: August a
MI: Lansing
MN : Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NH: Concord
NJ:Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY : Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OR: Portland
PA:Harrisburg
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
TN:Knoxville
TN : Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
Depth
(mm)
97.0
79.0
71.4
111.0
134.0
124.2
75.6
8.0
43.2
106.6
168.0
124.6
80.0
8.0
42.0
154.0
169.0
11.2
170.6
103.8
68.0
12.0
106.4
48.0
23.0
70.0
75.4
51.0
15.6
117.4
639.4
316.6
94.0
21.6
40.0
44.0
15.6
Act . ±2
-------
Table 6 (continued)
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
August 1991
Location
VA : Lynchburg
WA:01ympia
WI: Madison
WV: Char lea ton
Depth
(mm)
116.8
47.2
54.0
63.2
Act . ±2
-------
Table 7
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
September 1991
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL : Miami
HI: Honolulu
IL : Chicago
LA: New Orleans
ME: Augusta
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
MM: Santa Fe
NY: Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY : Yaphank
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OR: Port land
PA:Harrisburg
RI : Providence
SC : Columbia
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
Depth
(mm)
72.0
76.0
8.0
75.0
120.0
214.0
206.0
34.0
65.4
157.6
106.0
23.4
101.0
93.0
49.6
23.0
52.2
152.2
82.0
64.0
60.6
34.0
28.0
96.0
93.0
10.0
5.6
34.0
42.0
104.8
80.0
68.8
10.0
69.0
47.0
26.2
Act . ±2
-------
Table 7 (continued)
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
September 1991
Location
WA:01ympia
WA:01ympia
WI: Madison
WV: Charleston
Depth
(nun)
80.0
14.0
83.4
103.0
Act . ±2
-------
Table 8
Tritium in Precipitation
July-September 1991
Location
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CO : Denver
CT: Hartford
DE : Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
ID: Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Chicago
LA: New Orleans
ME -.Augusta
MI: Lansing
MN : Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NH : Concord
NJ: Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OR: Portland
PA:Harrisburg
RI : Providence
SC:Bamwell
SC: Columbia
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
July 1991
nCi/L ±2
-------
Table 8 (continued)
Tritium in Precipitation
July-September 1991
Location
DT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
WA : Olympia
WI: Madison
WV: Charleston
July 1991
nCi/L ±2cr
NS
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
August 1991
nCi/L ±2
-------
Plutonium and Uranium in Airborne Particulates and Precipitation
Environmental radiation levels of plutonium and uranium are determined by the analysis
of semiannually composited samples (air filters) collected from the continuously operating
airborne particulate samplers.
Concentration of the specific isotopes of plutonium-238, -239, and -240 and uranium-
234, -235, and -238 are determined by alpha spectroscopy following chemical separation.
The volume of air represented by the semiannual composite ranges from 60,000 to 250,000
cubic meters.
Plutonium and uranium results are published when they become available.
Tables 9-14 contain the plutonium and uranium results for air samples for the period
January 1988-December 1990. Tables 15-16 contain the plutonium and uranium in precipi-
tation data for 1989 and 1991. Values are based upon composites of the March, April, and
May samples. Samples from these three months only are analyzed annually because, due
to the spring rains, they usually contain the year's highest concentrations of plutonium and
uranium.
16
-------
Table 9
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
January-June 1988 Composites
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
FL: Miami
6A: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS:Topeka
KT: Frankfort
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
ME: Augusta
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NT: Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Niagara Falls
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 9 (continued)
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
January-June 1988 Composites
Location
NT: Syracuse
NY : Yaphank
OH: Columbus
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OK : Oklahoma City
OR: Portland
PA : Goldsboro
PA:Harrisburg
PA: Philadelphia
PA Pittsburgh
PA: Three Mile Island
RI: Providence
SC:Barnwell
SC: Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN:Knoxville
TN : Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
VA : Lynchburg
WA : Olympia
WA : Spokane
WI: Madison
WV: Charleston
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2ff
1.8 1.0
ND
1.0 0.9
ND
ND
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.3
0.9 0.5
0.2 0.6
3.0 1.3
0.4 0.6
1.0 0.9
1.4 1.0
3.0 2.0
1.1 1.1
1.4 1.1
ND
2.7 1.4
0.1 0.4
ND
1.4 0.8
ND
0.1 0.3
ND
0.2 0.8
239-240 pu
aCi/m3 ±2o-
0.3 0.6
1.0 0.6
0.9 0.7
ND
0.1 0.5
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.3
ND
0.3 0.4
0.5 0.4
ND
1.1 0.9
2.4 1.1
0.9 0.6
0.1 0.4
ND
0.3 0.5
0.2 0.9
0.1 0.5
0.1 0.3
0.1 0.5
ND
0.2 0.5
234n
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 10
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
July-December 1988 Composites
Location
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS : Topeka
KY: Frankfort
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
ME: Augusta
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH : Concord
NJ: Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NT: Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 10 (continued)
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
July-December 1988 Composites
Location.
NYiYaphank
OH: Columbus
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OK : Oklahoma City
OR: Portland
PA:Goldsboro
PA:Harrisburg
PA: Pittsburgh
PA: Three Mile Island
RI : Providence
SCiBarnwell
SC: Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
DT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
WA : Olympia
WA : Spokane
WI: Madison
WV: Charleston
WY : Cheyenne
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2<7
ND
0.6 0.5
0.1 0.4
0.7 0.8
0.4 0.4
0.6 0.7
0.4 0.3
0.2 0.5
ND
0.3 0.7
1.5 1.6
0.6 0.8
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.1 0.2
ND
0.1 0.4
0.2 0.3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
239-240pu
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 11
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
January-June 1989 Composites
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID -.Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN: Indianapolis
KS:Topeka
KY: Frankfort
LA: New Orleans
MA: Lawrence
ME: August a
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NT: Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 11 (continued)
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
January-June 1989 Composites
Location
NT : Yaphank
OH : Columbus
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Port land
PA : Goldsboro
PA:Harrisburg
PA Pittsburgh
PA: Three Mile Island
RI: Providence
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
SD: Pierre
TH:Knoxville
TH: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
VA:Lynchburg
WA:01ympia
WA : Spokane
WI: Madison
WV: Charleston
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2(7
ND
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.6
0.3 0.6
ND
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.5
ND
ND
0.1 0.2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.1 0.2
ND
0.5 0.9
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.3
ND
ND
0.2 0.7
239-240 pu
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 12
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
July-December 1989 Composites
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN: Indianapolis
KSiTopeka
KT: Frankfort
LA: New Orleans
ME: August a
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE : Lincoln
NH: Concord
NJ:Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NT: Albany
NT: New Tork City
NT: Niagara Falls
NT: Syracuse
NT:Taphank
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 12 (continued)
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
July-December 1989 Composites
Location
OH : Columbus
OH:Painesville
OH : Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Port land
PA:6oldsboro
PA:Harrisburg
PA: Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
PA: Three Mile Island
RI : Providence
SC:Bamwell
SC : Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
WA : Olympia
WA : Spokane
WI: Madison
WV: Charleston
WY : Cheyenne
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 13
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
January-June 1990 Composites
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CAiLos Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE : Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS:Topeka
KY: Frankfort
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
ME: Augusta
MI: Lansing
MN : Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson
MS : Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH : Concord
NJ:Trenton
NV:Las Vegas
NT: Albany
NT: New Tork City
NT: Niagara Falls
NT: Syracuse
NT:Taphank
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2a-
0.3 0.3
ND
0.2 0.4
0.1 0.4
0.1 0.2
ND
ND
0.1 0.2
0.1- 0.2
ND
0.1 0.2
ND
ND
0.2 0.3
0.2 0.3
ND
0.2 0.3
0.4 0.7
ND
ND
0.4 0.7
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.2 0.8
0.1 0.4
0.8 0.6
0.1 0.2
ND
ND
ND
0.3 0.5
ND
ND
0.7 0.9
239-240pu
aCi/m3 ±2(7
0.5 0.5
0.1 0.2
ND
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.3
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.3
2.3 0.9
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
1.0 0.8
0.1 0.2
0.6 0.5
ND
ND
ND
0.3 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.4
ND
0.5 0.6
0.3 0.3
ND
0.4 0.6
0.2 0.4
ND
0.8 0.5
0.1 0.4
0.3 0.3
ND
ND
0.2 0.3
0.5 0.6
ND
0.8 0.9
2340
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 13 (continued)
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
January-June 1990 Composites
Location
OH: Columbus
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Portland
PA:Goldsboro
PA:Harrisburg
PA: Pittsburgh
PA: Three Mile Island
RI: Providence
SC:Barnwell
SC: Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
WA:01ympia
WA : Spokane
WI: Madison
WV: Charleston
WT : Cheyenne
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 14
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
July-December 1990 Composites
Location
AL : Montgomery
AH: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CAzLos Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE : Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
IA: Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN: Indianapolis
KS:Topeka
KY: Frankfort
LA: New Orleans
ME : Augusta
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH : Concord
N J : Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
HV:Las Vegas
NT: Albany
NT: New Tork City
NT: Niagara Falls
NT: Syracuse
NT:Taphank
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2(7
ND
ND
0.6 0.6
ND
0.1 0.3
0.3 0.5
0.2 0.3
ND
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.1 0.3
ND
ND
0.4 0.5
ND
ND
0.2 0.5
0.2 0.3
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.3
ND
ND
0.5 0.9
0.2 0.4
ND
ND
ND
ND
239-240pu
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 14 (continued)
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
July-December 1990 Composites
Location
OH : Columbus
OH:Painesville
OH: Ross
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Portland
PA:Harrisburg
PA: Pittsburgh
RI: Providence
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
, VA: Virginia Beach
WA : Olympia
WA : Spokane
WI: Madison
WV: Charleston
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Table 15
Plutonium and Uranium Analyses
Selected Precipitation Composite Samples
January-June 1989
Location
CT: Hartford
HA: Lawrence
HE: Augusta
NH : Concord
NJ:Trenton
NY: Albany
NT: NOB York City
NY:Yaphank
PA:Harrisburg
PA:Hiddletown
RI : Providence
238pu
pCi/L ±2(7
0.014 0.014
0.009 0.028
0.002 0.008
0.010 0.009
0.004 0.011
ND
0.023 0.013
0.036 0.017
0.004 0.011
0.013 0.015
0.005 0.017
239-240pu
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 16
Plutonium and Uranium Analyses
Selected Precipitation Composite Samples
January-June 1991
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CO: Denver
CT: Hart ford
DE : Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Chic ago
LA: New Orleans
ME: August a
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
NC : Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NH : Concord
NJ: Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OR: Portland
PA:Harrisburg
RI : Providence
SC:Barnwell
238pu
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 16 (continued)
Plutonium and Uranium Analyses
Selected Precipitation Composite Samples
January-June 1991
Location
SC : Columbia
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
VA:Lynchburg
WA:01ympia
WI: Madison
WV: Charleston
238pu
pCi/L ±2
-------
Krypton-85
Krypton-85 is a long-lived noble gas with a half-life of 10.8 years. It is released into
the atmosphere by nuclear reactor operations, fuel reprocessing, weapons tests, and research
and defense related activities. Krypton-85 also occurs naturally in minor quantities primarily
from the neutron capture of stable krypton-84 as well as spontaneous fission and neutron-
induced fission of uranium. Krypton-85 in the atmosphere has been monitored to identify
and establish baseline levels and long-term trends.
Krypton-85 analysis began in January 1973 with sample collections and analyses being
performed for 12 sampling locations. These locations were selected to provide atmospheric
coverage of the United States with considerations being given to the proximity to fuel repro-
cessing plants, nuclear reactors, and wide geographic coverage.
Dry compressed air samples, collected at each location, are purchased from commercial
air suppliers and shipped to the NAREL, where the krypton-85 is cryogenically separated
and counted in a liquid scintillation system.
The last Kr-85 results were for 1976, 1977, and 1979. They were published in Environ-
mental Radiation Data: Report 30.
32
-------
2. Water Program
The ERAMS water program provides data on ambient radiation levels in the nation's
rivers, streams, and drinking water supplies.
Surface Water
Quarterly grab samples are taken downstream from operating or future nuclear facilities
at 58 stations. Surface water samples are analyzed for tritium quarterly and specific gamma
activity annually. Tritium is a primary radioactive pollutant from nuclear power plants and
weapons production activities. Tritium concentrations are determined by liquid scintillation
counting of distilled samples. Gamma scans are performed annually to determine levels of
gamma emitting radionuclides.
Table 17 contains the tritium concentration data for July-September 1991.
33
-------
Table 17
Tritium in Surface Water
July-September 1991
Location
AL:Decatur
AL : Gordon
AL: Scott sboro
AR: Little Rock
CA:Clay Station
CA : Eureka
CA:San Onofre
CO:Platteville
CT:East Haddam
CT:Waterford
FL: Crystal River
FL:Fort Pierce
FL: Home stead
GA:Baxley
IA: Cedar Rapids
ID: Buhl
IL:E. Moline
IL:Zion
KS:Leroy
LA: New Orleans
HA : Plymouth
MD:Conowingo
MD : Lusby
ME:Wiscasset
MI:Bridgman
MI: Monroe
MI: South Haven
MNsMonticello
MN:Red Wing
MS: Port Gibson
NC: Charlotte
NC:Southport
NE:Rulo
NJ:Bayside
NJ: Oyster Creek
NV: Boulder City
NT: Chelsea
Source
Tennessee River
Chattahooch.ee River
Tennessee River
Arkansas River
Folsom S. Canal
Humboldt Bay
Pacific Ocean
South Platte River
Connecticut River
Long Island Sound
Gulf of Mexico
Atlantic Ocean
Biscayne Bay
Altamaha River
Cedar River
Snake River
Mississippi River
Lake Michigan
Neosho River
Mississippi River
Cape Cod Bay
Susquehanna River
Chesapeake Bay
Mont se way Bay
Lake Michigan
Lake Erie
Lake Michigan
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Catawba River
Atlantic Ocean
Missouri River
Delaware River
Oyster Creek
Colorado River
Hudson River
Date
Collected
07/03/91
07/11/91
07/03/91
07/03/91
07/17/91
07/11/91
09/27/91
07/11/91
07/16/91
07/03/91
07/08/91
07/02/91
07/17/91
07/17/91
07/09/91
08/20/91
07/03/91
07/01/91
07/08/91
07/31/91
07/02/91
07/02/91
07/02/91
07/04/91
07/08/91
07/03/91
07/08/91
07/01/91
07/09/91
07/03/91
07/02/91
07/18/91
07/18/91
07/16/91
07/31/91
07/31/91
07/02/91
nCi/L ±2cr
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
1.8 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.5 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.5 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.3 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.5 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.3 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.2
34
-------
Table 17 (continued)
Tritium in Surface Water
July-September 1991
Location
NY:Ossining
OH: Toledo
OR:Bradwood
PA: Danville
PA Philadelphia
PA: Philadelphia
PA Philadelphia
SC:Allendale
SC: Broad River
SC:Hartsville
TN: Daisy
TN: Kingston
TX:E1 Paso
TX:Hatagorda
VA:Doswell
VA: Newport News
VT : Vernon
WA : Northport
WA:Richland
WI:Two Creeks
WI: Victory
WV: Wheeling
Source
Hudson River
Lake Erie
Columbia River
Susquehanna River
Schuylkill-Belmont
Schuylkill-Queen
Delaware-Baxter
Savannah River
Broad River
Lake Robinson
Tennessee River
Clinch River
Rio Grande
Colorado River
North Anna River
James River
Connecticut River
Columbia River
Columbia River
Lake Michigan
Mississippi River
Ohio River
Date
Collected
07/17/91
07/02/91
07/22/91
07/10/91
07/09/91
07/09/91
07/09/91
07/31/91
07/18/91
07/22/91
07/23/91
07/08/91
07/02/91
07/16/91
07/03/91
07/15/91
07/09/91
07/17/91
07/10/91
07/03/91
07/01/91
07/29/91
nCi/L ±2
-------
Drinking Water
This program monitors ambient radiation levels in drinking water at 78 sites. These data
serve to assess trends and anomalies in concentrations, and to compare with standards set
forth in the EPA "National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations." These regulations
provide for approval of supplies when the combined radium-226 and radium-228 levels do not
exceed 5 pCi/L, when the gross alpha (excluding radon and uranium) levels do not exceed
15 pCi/L, when tritium levels do not exceed 20,000 pCi/L, when the strontium-90 levels do
not exceed 8 pCi/L, and when the gross beta levels do not exceed 50 pCi/L.
Grab samples are taken at the 78 sites which are either major population centers or
selected nuclear facility environs.
The analyses include (a) tritium on a quarterly basis; (b) gross alpha, gross beta,
strontium-90, and gamma on annual composites; (c) radium-226 if the gross alpha exceeds
2 pCi/L and radium-228 if the radium-226 falls between 3 and 5 pCi/L; (d) specific iodine-
131 on one quarterly sample per year for each station; and (e) an annual composite for
plutonium-238, -239, and -240 and uranium-234, -235, and -238 for stations that demon-
strate gross alpha levels greater than 2 pCi/L.
Tritium analyses are performed by scintillation counting of the distilled samples. Gross
beta and alpha are determined by evaporating an aliquot on a stainless steel planchet for
counting. Radium-226 is determined by the standard emanation technique. Strontium-90 is
determined by beta counting a strontium carbonate precipitate isolated by ion exchange.
Table 18 contains the data from drinking water samples for July-September 1991. Tables
19-20 contain the data on gross alpha, gross beta, strontium-90, and radium-226 in drinking
water for 1989 and 1990.
36
-------
Table 18
Tritium in Drinking Water
July-September 1991
Location
AK: Fairbanks
AL:Dothan
AL : Montgomery
AL: Muscle Shoals
AL: Scott sboro
AH: Little Rock
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CO:Platteville
CT: Hartford
FL : Miami
FL: Tampa
GA:Baxley
HI : Honolulu
IA: Cedar Rapids
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IL: Morris
KS:Topeka
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
MD: Baltimore
ME: Augusta
MI:Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MN : Minneapolis
MN:Red Wing
MS : Jackson
MS: Port Gibson
MT: Helena
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NH : Concord
NJ: Trent on
NJ: Ware town
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Albany
Date
Collected
07/12/91
07/11/91
07/02/91
07/02/91
07/03/91
07/03/91
07/09/91
07/02/91
07/10/91
07/11/91
07/01/91
07/03/91
07/05/91
07/17/91
07/12/91
07/09/91
07/02/91
07/05/91
07/01/91
07/29/91
07/01/91
07/08/91
07/05/91
07/01/91
07/03/91
07/01/91
07/03/91
07/03/91
07/09/91
07/03/91
07/02/91
07/09/91
07/02/91
07/18/91
07/01/91
07/02/91
07/15/91
07/31/91
07/22/91
07/03/91
07/23/91
nCi/L ±2
-------
Table 18 (continued)
Tritium in Drinking Water
July-September 1991
Location
NY: New York City
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
OH: Cincinnati
OH : Columbus
OH: East Liverpool
OH :Paines villa
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Portland
PA : Columbia
PA:Harrisburg
PA :Phila. -Baxter
PA:Phila.-Belmont
PA : Phi la . -Queen
PA: Pittsburgh
PC:Corozal
RI: Providence
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
SC:Hartsville
SC : Jenkinsville
SC: Seneca
TN: Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
TX: Austin
VA:Doswell
VA: Virginia Beach
WA:Richland
WA: Seattle
WI: Genoa City
WI: Madison
Date
Collected
07/03/91
07/02/91
09/26/91
08/19/91
07/15/91
07/25/91
07/01/91
07/02/91
07/09/91
07/02/91
07/08/91
07/08/91
07/09/91
07/09/91
07/09/91
07/25/91
07/01/91
07/09/91
07/11/91
07/09/91
07/02/91
07/12/91
07/09/91
07/22/91
07/01/91
07/03/91
07/08/91
07/01/91
07/10/91
07/08/91
07/02/91
07/08/91
nCi/L ±2
-------
fable 19
Drinking Water
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations
January-December 1989 Composites
Location
AK: Fairbanks
AL:Dothan
AL: Montgomery
AL: Muscle Shoals
AL: Scott sboro
AR: Little Rock
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CO:Platteville
CT: Hartford
DC: Washington
DE: Dover
FL: Miami
FL: Tampa
GA:Baxley
6A : Savannah
HI: Honolulu
IA: Cedar Rapids
ID: Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
flL: Chicago
IL: Morris
KS:Topeka
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
MD: Baltimore
MD : Conowingo
ME: Augusta
MI: Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MB: Minneapolis
jMN:Red Wing
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
Total
Solids
(mg/L)
100.0
200.0
70.0
100.0
100.0
30.0
40.0
400.0
100.0
900.0
40.0
100.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
100.0
200.0
100.0
90.0
300.0
300.0
500.0
400.0
100.0
90.0
90.0
200.0
30.0
80.0
100.0
80.0
400.0
300.0
70.0
Gross
Beta
pCi/L ±2ff
3.5 0.9
2.0 1.2
1.9 0.9
2.1 0.7
1.4 0.9
0.9 0.7
0.3 0.7
5.2 2.3
1.8 0.9
13.3 3.8
0.8 0.7
2.5 1.0
3.3 1.0
2.0 0.9
2.8 1.1
3.3 1.3
1.8 0.8
2.0 0.9
3.4 0.9
1.1 0.8
3.5 1.4
20.1 2.3
21.1 2.4
8.6 1.7
2.5 0.9
3.3 0.9
1.1 0.8
1.7 0.8
1.4 0.8
2.3 0.9
2.8 0.9
1.7 0.9
9.2 1.5
5.3 1.1
2.4 0.9
Gross
Alpha
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 19 (continued)
Drinking Water
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations
January-December 1989 Composites
Location
MS: Port Gibson
MT: Helena
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH : Concord
NJ: Trent on
NJ:Waretown
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
OH: Cincinnati
OH : Columbus
OH: East Liverpool
OH:Painesville
OH : Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Port land
PA: Columbia
PA:Harrisburg
PA: Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
PC:Ancon
RI: Providence
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
SC:Hartsville
SC : Jenkinsville
SC: Seneca
TN: Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
Total
Solids
(mg/L)
400.0
200.0
60.0
90.0
300.0
300.0
80.0
90.0
50.0
90.0
500.0
80.0
40.0
100.0
100.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
100.0
100.0
60.0
20.0
100.0
40.0
200.0
200.0
70.0
60.0
30.0
80.0
30.0
200.0
30.0
90.0
200.0
Gross
Beta
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 19 (continued)
Drinking Water
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations
January-December 1989 Composites
Location
TX: Austin
VA:Doswell
VA : Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
VI: St. Thomas
VA:Richland
WA: Seattle
VI: Genoa City
WI: Madison
Total
Solids
(mg/L)
300.0
200.0
50.0
90.0
50.0
60.0
30. 6
100.0
200.0
Gross
Beta
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 20
Drinking Water
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations
January-December 1990 Composites
Location
AK: Fairbanks
AL:Dothan
AL : Montgomery
AL: Muscle Shoals
AL: Scott sboro
AR: Little Rock
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CO :Platte villa
CT: Hartford
DC: Washington
DE: Dover
FL: Miami
FL : Tampa
GA:Baxley
GA: Savannah
HI: Honolulu
IA: Cedar Rapids
ID: Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Morris
IL:W. Chicago
KS:Topeka
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
MD: Baltimore
MD:Conowingo
ME: August a
MI:Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MN: Minneapolis
fMN:Red Wing
MO: Jefferson City
Total
Solids
(mg/L)
100.0
200.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
30.0
30.0
400.0
100.0
800.0
40.0
100.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
100.0
200.0
100.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
200.0
300.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
200.0
SO.O
80.0
100.0
90.0
200.0
300.0
Gross
Beta
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 20 (continued)
Drinking Water
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations
January-December 1990 Composites
Location
MS : Jackson
MS: Port Gibson
NT: Helena
NC : Charlotte
NC : Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE : Lincoln
NH : Concord
NJ: Trent on
NJ:Waretown
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NT: Albany
NT: New Tork City
NT: Niagara Falls
NT : Syracuse
OH: Cincinnati
OH: Columbus
OH: East Liverpool
OH :Paines villa
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Portland
PA : Columbia
PA:Harrisburg
PA :Phila. -Baxter
PA : Phila . -Belmont
PA rPhila. -Queen
PA: Pittsburgh
PC:Ancon
Total
Solids
(mg/L)
60.0
300.0
100.0
40.0
90.0
300.0
300.0
80.0
90.0
50.0
200.0
500.0
80.0
40.0
100.0
90.0
200.0
300.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
70.0
20.0
200.0
40.0
100.0
200.0
200.0
100.0
70.0
Gross
Beta
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 20 (continued)
Drinking Water
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations
January-December 1990 Composites
Location
RI: Providence
SCiBarnwell
SC: Columbia
SC:Hartsville
SC : Jenkins ville
SC : Seneca
TN: Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
TX: Austin
VA:Doswell
VA : Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
VI: St. Thomas
WA:Richland
WA: Seattle
WI: Genoa City
WI: Madison
Total
Solids
(mg/L)
60.0
30.0
70.0
30.0
100.0
30.0
100.0
100.0
400.0
200.0
60.0
100.0
50.0
60.0
30.0
100.0
200.0
Gross
Beta
pCi/L ±20-
1.5 0.7
1.5 0.8
2.0 0.7
0.4 0.6
3.4 0.9
0.6 0.7
1.6 0.8
1.5 0.7
4.5 1.4
5.7 1.1
1.3 0.7
2.8 0.8
0.5 0.7
1.2 0.8
0.9 0.6
2.2 0.7
2.6 1.0
Gross
Alpha
pCi/L ±2
-------
3. External Gamma Ambient Monitoring Program
The External Gamma Monitoring Program (EGAMP), which began in October 1978,
provides a continuous measurement of ambient gamma exposure rates, including cosmic, at
selected sites throughout the continental United States. Data from this program are used
to evaluate fluctuations in natural background due to variations in environmental condi-
tions and to provide a means of monitoring any significant increases in ambient gamma
levels. The program consists of approximately 22 sites representing wide geographic cover-
age throughout the country, f Although exposure measurements at these few sites are not
totally representative of nationwide exposures, they do indicate national trends.
The EGAMP program utilizes CaF2:Mn thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's). These
dosimeters are commercially available glass-bulb type dosimeters with energy compensating
shields. A group of three TLD's is located at each station or site. Dosimeters are annealed
by the station operator prior to positioning in the field. The dosimeters are returned to
NAREL for readout approximately every three months. Several dosimeters are annealed by
the station operator as controls and returned with the exposed field dosimeters to correct
for any exposures accumulated during shipment.
Publication of EGAMP data has been suspended until problems with the data are re-
solved.
T Since some of these sites may not return dosimeters each period, the number of sites listed may vary slightly.
45
-------
4. Milk Program
Pasteurized Milk
This is a cooperative program with the Dairy and Lipid Products Branch, Milk Sani-
tation Section, Food and Drug Administration. Milk is a reliable indicator of the general
population's intake of radionuclides since it is consumed fresh by a large segment of the pop-
ulation and can contain several of the biologically important radionuclides that result from
environmental releases from nuclear activities. A primary function of this program is to ob-
tain reliable monitoring data relative to current radionuclide concentrations and determine
any long-term trends.
Monthly samples are collected at 65 sampling sites with one or more located in each
state, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone. The samples are composited, according
to production, from the major milk suppliers representing more than 80 percent of the milk
consumed in a given population center.
The samples are analyzed for gamma emitting nuclides, including iodine-131, barium-
140, cesium-137, and potassium. All samples collected in July are analyzed for strontium-90.
Also, for the first month of the three quarters beginning January, April, and October, 10
regional composite samples of milk made up from the states within each of EPA's 10 regions
are analyzed for strontium-90.
Iodine-131, barium-140, cesium-137, and potassium are determined by gamma spectral
analysis. Strontium-90 is determined by beta counting a total strontium precipitate that has
been chemically separated by ion exchange.
Tables 21-23 contain the concentrations of radionuclides in pasteurized milk for July-
September 1991. Table 24 contains the concentrations of strontium-90 in pasteurized milk
for July 1991.
46
-------
Table 21
Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk
July 1991
Location
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA:Los Angeles
CA: Sacramento
CA:San Francisco
DE:Dover
FL: Tampa
6A: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA:Des Moines
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS: Wichita
KT: Louisville
LA: New Orleans
MA: Boston
MD: Baltimore
ME: Portland
MI: Detroit
MI : Grand Rapids
MN:St. Paul
MO: St. Louis
MS : Jackson
MT: Helena
NC: Charlotte
ND:Minot
NE : Omaha
NJ: Trenton
NM: Albuquerque
NV:Las Vegas
NT: Buffalo
NY: New York City
NY: Syracuse
OH : Cleveland
OR: Portland
Date
Collected
07/05/91
07/10/91
07/11/91
07/16/91
07/31/91
07/08/91
07/25/91
07/01/91
07/15/91
07/18/91
07/08/91
07/14/91
07/10/91
07/09/91
07/22/91
07/01/91
07/31/91
07/09/91
07/12/91
07/02/91
07/11/91
07/10/91
07/03/91
07/03/91
07/08/91
07/26/91
07/25/91
07/31/91
07/29/91
07/03/91
07/10/91
07/17/91
07/22/91
07/01/91
07/08/91
07/16/91
07/02/91
K
g/L ±2ff
1.50 0.08
1.56 0.22
1.57 0.11
1.57 0.13
1.68 0.11
1.63 0.09
1.65 0.08
1.61 0.08
1.58 0.12
1.66 0.12
1.64 0.13
1.67 0.14
1.49 0.08
1.64 0.12
1.70 0.11
1.80 0.08
1.69 0.10
1.49 0.18
1.66 0.12
1.79 0.08
1.63 0.13
1.85 0.14
1.58 0.14
1.53 0.10
1.60 0.08
1.44 0.10
1.68 0.05
1.91 0.08
1.54 0.08
1.63 0.09
1.43 0.10
1.76 0.14
1.64 0.13
1.63 0.14
1.67 0.19
1.67 0.08
1.58 0.12
137Cs
pCi/L ±2er
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3 2
.ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
140Ba
pCi/L ±2o-
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
131j
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 21 (continued)
Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk
July 1991
Location
PA: Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
PC: Cristobal
PR: San Juan
SC: Charleston
SD: Rapid City
TN: Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
TN: Memphis
TX: Austin
TX: Dallas
VT: Burlington
WA: Seattle
WA : Spokane
WV: Charleston
WY:Riverton
Date
Collected
07/08/91
07/08/91
07/09/91
07/18/91
07/16/91
07/08/91
07/30/91
07/22/91
07/17/91
07/03/91
07/10/91
07/22/91
07/05/91
07/08/91
07/09/91
07/29/91
K
g/L ±2
-------
Table 22
Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk
August 1991
Location
AL : Montgomery
AH: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA:Los Angeles
CA:San Francisco
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Dover
FL : Tampa
IA:Des Moines
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS: Wichita
KY: Louisville
LA: New Orleans
HA:Boston
HD: Baltimore
HE: Port land
MI: Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
UN: St. Paul
MO: Kansas City
MO : St . Louis
MS : Jackson
MT: Helena
NC: Charlotte
ND:Minot
NE : Omaha
NJ: Trent on
NM : Albuquerque
NV:Las Vegas
NT: Buffalo
NT: New Tork City
NT: Syracuse
OH: Cincinnati
OH: Cleveland
Date
Collected
08/09/91
08/05/91
08/08/91
08/06/91
08/08/91
08/06/91
08/12/91
08/21/91
08/12/91
08/06/91
08/26/91
08/01/91
08/08/91
08/13/91
08/06/91
08/12/91
08/06/91
08/09/91
08/05/91
08/08/91
08/05/91
08/07/91
08/17/91
08/07/91
08/06/91
08/22/91
08/20/91
08/27/91
08/26/91
08/08/91
08/14/91
08/29/91
08/05/91
08/05/91
08/15/91
08/29/91
08/27/91
K
g/L ±2<7
1.57 0.06
1.61 0.08
1.51 0.16
1.61 0.06
1.66 0.14
1.59 0.06
1.63 0.06
1.64 0.12
1.61 0.08
1.54 0.08
1.53 0.10
1.68 0.08
1.58 0.09
1.61 0.12
1.54 0.10
1.64 0.06
1.67 0.09
1.85 0.06
1.69 0.08
1.62 0.08
1.62 0.09
1.62 0.07
1.60 0.08
1.81 0.08
1.67 0.08
1.68 0.05
1.58 0.08
1.61 0.12
1.66 0.08
1.56 0.09
1.70 0.14
2.13 0.10
1.76 0.09
1.60 0.05
1.44 0.18
1.74 0.08
1.42 0.10
137Cs
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 22 (continued)
Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk
August 1991
Location
OR: Portland
PA: Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
PC: Cristobal
PR: San Juan
SC: Charleston
SD: Rapid City
TN: Chattanooga
TNsKnoxville
TN: Memphis
TX: Austin
TX:Ft. Worth
VA: Norfolk
VT:Hontpelier
WA: Seattle
WA : Spokane
WV: Charleston
WY:Riverton
Date
Collected
08/14/91
08/05/91
08/05/91
08/28/91
08/27/91
08/06/91
08/05/91
08/19/91
08/05/91
08/26/91
08/13/91
08/30/91
08/01/91
08/12/91
08/07/91
08/05/91
08/12/91
08/15/91
K
g/L ±2er
1.62 0.08
1.67 0.08
1.70 0.09
1.47 0.08
1.57 0.09
1.58 0.14
1.64 0.10
1.69 0.09
1.67 0.12
1.56 0.08
1.54 0.12
1.54 0.08
1.68 0.06
1.78 0.08
1.64 0.08
1.61 0.08
1.81 0.09
1.55 0.14
137Cs
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 23
Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk
September 1991
Location
AK : Anchorage
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA:Los Angeles
CA: Sacramento
CA:San Francisco
CT: Hartford
DE: Dover
FL: Tampa
6A: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA:Des Noines
IL : Chicago
KS: Wichita
KT: Louisville
LA: New Orleans
MA: Boston
MD: Baltimore
MI: Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MN:St. Paul
MO: Kansas City
MO: St. Louis
MS : Jackson
MT: Helena
NC: Charlotte
ND:Minot
NE : Omaha
NJ:Trenton
NM : Albuquerque
NV:Las Vegas
NT: Buffalo
NT: New Tork City
NT: Syracuse
OH: Cincinnati
OH: Cleveland
Date
Collected
09/30/91
09/10/91
09/29/91
09/05/91
09/06/91
09/03/91
09/04/91
09/09/91
09/25/91
09/05/91
09/09/91
09/24/91
09/04/91
09/05/91
09/24/91
09/03/91
09/20/91
09/04/91
09/13/91
09/18/91
09/03/91
09/06/91
09/17/91
09/09/91
09/06/91
09/23/91
09/26/91
09/24/91
09/26/91
09/05/91
09/19/91
09/25/91
.09/17/91
09/09/91
09/05/91
09/26/91
09/18/91
K
g/L ±2
-------
Table 23 (continued)
Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk
September 1991
Location
OR: Port land
PA: Philadelphia
PA Pittsburgh
PC: Cristobal
PR: San Juan
SC: Charleston
SD: Rapid City
TN: Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
TN: Memphis
TX: Austin
TX: Dallas
VA: Norfolk
VT: Burlington
WA: Seattle
HA : Spokane
WV: Charleston
WT:Riverton
Date
Collected
09/09/91
09/03/91
09/11/91
09/11/91
09/13/91
09/17/91
09/04/91
09/16/91
09/09/91
09/18/91
09/18/91
09/05/91
09/26/91
09/06/91
09/03/91
09/04/91
09/16/91
09/16/91
K
g/L ±2<7
1.94 0.08
1.62 0.08
1.54 0.08
1.62 0.08
1.88 0.09
1.60 0.08
1.59 0.09
1.60 0.06
1.55 0.08
1.72 0.09
1.57 0.09
1.55 0.05
1.78 0.09
1.58 0.08
1.57 0.06
1.49 0.16
1.72 0.09
1.50 0.10
137Cs
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 24
Strontium-90 in Pasteurized Milk
July 1991
EPA
Location
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA:Los Angeles
CA : Sacramento
CA:San Francisco
DE: Dover
FL: Tampa
GA: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA:Des Moines
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS: Wichita
KY: Louisville
LA: New Orleans
MA: Boston
MD: Baltimore
ME: Portland
MI:Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MN:St. Paul
MO: St. Louis
MS : Jackson
MT: Helena
NC: Charlotte
ND:Minot
NE : Omaha
NJ: Trenton
NM : Albuquerque
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Buffalo
NY: New York City
NY: Syracuse
OH : Cleveland
OR: Port land
Collection
Date
07/05/91
07/10/91
07/11/91
07/16/91
07/01/91
07/08/91
07/25/91
07/01/91
07/15/91
07/18/91
07/08/91
07/14/91
07/10/91
07/09/91
07/22/91
07/01/91
07/31/91
07/09/91
07/12/91
07/02/91
07/11/91
07/10/91
07/03/91
07/03/91
07/08/91
07/26/91
07/25/91
07/31/91
07/29/91
07/03/91
07/10/91
07/17/91
07/22/91
07/01/91
07/08/91
07/16/91
07/02/91
9°Sr
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 24 (continued)
Strontium-90 in Pasteurized Milk
July 1991
EPA
Location.
PA: Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
PC: Cristobal
PR: San Juan
SC: Charleston
SD: Rapid City
TN: Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
TN: Memphis
TX: Austin
TX: Dallas
VT: Burlington
WA: Seattle
WA : Spokane
VV : Charleston
WY:Riverton
Collection
Date
07/08/91
07/08/91
07/09/91
07/18/91
07/16/91
07/08/91
07/30/91
07/22/91
07/17/91
07/03/91
07/10/91
07/22/91
07/05/91
07/08/91
07/09/91
07/29/91
90Sr
pCi/L ±2
-------
Carbon-14 in Milk
Nine stations, chosen for wide geographical distribution, contribute milk samples for
annual analysis of carbon-14. These samples are monitored for carbon-14 levels in the food
chain resulting from nuclear testing. The pasteurized milk is freeze-dried and the resulting
powder is pelletized for ease of combustion. Analysis consists of combusting the samples and
converting the released carbon dioxide through a series of chemical conversions to benzene,
which is then assayed for carbon-14 by liquid scintillation.
The samples undergo three main steps in the chemical conversions to benzene prior to
liquid scintillation counting. They include (1) combustion of the sample to carbon dioxide,
(2) conversion of the carbon dioxide to acetylene, and (3) trimerizations of the acetylene
to benzene. The last carbon-14 results were for samples collected during April-May 1982,
1983-1986, and March-May 1987. They were published in Environmental Radiation Data:
Report 54 and Environmental Radiation Data: Report 59.
55
-------
Environmental Radiation Data (ERD) is published quarterly (January, April, July, Octobei) by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Radiation and Indooi Ait.
Requests for information concerning publication and distribution of ERD should be directed to:
Charles M. Petko
Office of the Director
National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory
1504 Avenue A
Montgomery, Alabama 36115-2601
Requests for information concerning the operation of ERAMS should be directed to:
John G. Griggs, Chief
Monitoring and Analytical Services Branch
National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory
1504 Avenue A
Montgomery, Alabama 36115-2601
or to:
Robert S. Dyer, Chief
Environmental Studies and Statistics Branch
Analysis and Support Division (ANR-461)
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Waterside Mail East
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
***
&U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1993 - 721-098/80229
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