United Slates National Air and Radiation EPA-4G2-R-96-004
Environmental Protection Environmental Laboratory January 1996
Aqency 540 Soutti Morris Avenue
Montgomery AL 36115-2601
Office of Radiation and Indoor Air
&EPA Environmental
Radiation Data
Report 76
October - December 1993
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ENVIRONMENTAL
RADIATION
DATA
REPORT 76
October-December 1993
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Radiation and Indoor Air
Recycled/Recyclable • Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on 100% Recycled Paper (50% Postconsumer)
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Preface
Environmental Radiation Data (ERD) is compiled and distributed quarterly by the Of-
fice of Radiation and Indoor Air's National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory
(NAREL) in Montgomery, Alabama, and contains data from the Environmental Radiation
Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS). Data from similar networks operated by contribut-
ing States, Canada, Mexico, and the Pan American Health Organization are reported in the
ERD when available.
ERAMS was established in 1973 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
It is comprised of a nationwide network of sampling stations that provide air, surface and
drinking water, and milk samples from which environmental radiation levels are derived.
The major emphasis for ERAMS is upon identifying trends in the accumulation of long-
lived radionuclides in the environment.
Sampling locations are selected to provide optimal population coverage while functioning
to monitor fallout from nuclear devices and oiher forms of radioactive contamination of the
environment. The radiation analyses performed on these samples include gross alpha and
gross beta levels, gamma analyses for fission products, and specific analyses for uranium,
plutonium, strontium, iodine, radium, krypton, and tritium. This monitoring effort also
provides ancillary information on natural background levels and on routine and accidental
releases into the environment from stationary sources.
The radiochemical procedures used by NAREL to analyze the ERAMS samples are con-
tained in the Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility Radiochemistry Procedures Manual
(EPA 520/5-84-006). Station operation and sample collection are in accordance with pro-
cedures contained in the ERAMS Manual (EPA 520/5-84-007, 008, 009).
iii
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Contents
Page
Data Repoiting Rationale ix
ERAMS Data 1
1. Air Program 1
• Airborne Participates and Precipitation 1
• Plutonium and Uranium in Airborne Particulates and Precipitation 15
• Krypton-85 18
2: Water Program 19
• Surface Water 19
• Drinking Water 24
3. External Gamma Ambient Monitoring Program 34
4. Milk Program 35
• Pasteurized Milk 35
• Carbon-14 in Milk 43
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Tables
Table Page
1 ERAMS Reporting Increments and Minimum Detectable Levels xi
for Radionuclide Analyses
2 Gross Beta in Airborne Participates: October 1993 2
3 Gross Beta in Airborne Participates: November 1993 4
4 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates: December 1993 6
5 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: October 1993 8
6 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: November 1993 10
7 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: December 1993 12
8 Tritium in Precipitation: October-December 1993 13
9 Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates: July-December 1993 Composites 16
10 Tritium in Surface Water: October-December 1993 20
11 Surface Water Annual Gamma Analysis: January-December 1993 22
12 Tritium in Drinking Water: October-December 1993 25
13 Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations in Drinking Water: 27
January-December 1993 Composites
14 Plutonium and Uranium Analyses In Drinking Water: January-December 1993 30
15 Iodine-131 in Drinking Water: January-December 1993 31
16 Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk: October 1993 36
17 Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk: November 1993 38
18 Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk: December 1993 40
19 Strontium-90 in Pasteurized Milk: October 1993 42
vu
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Data Reporting Rationale
Frequently, there is little or no radioactivity in environmental media. Thus, the results
of laboratory analyses should show a distribution of negative and positive numbers about
zero. A negative value occurs when a previously determined background value is subtracted
from a sample value that is less than that of the background. From July 1975 to March
1991, ERAMS data were reported as calculated, whether the results were negative, zero, or
positive. Since April 1991, negative results have been denoted as "not detectable," or "ND."
For gamma analyses only, results less than the la counting error are also denoted as "not
detectable."
All data are stored in the NAREL sample database as generated, and these values are
available for statistical evaluation. However, caution should be exercised in the use of the
data in this report for statistical analysis, since the removal of negative numbers produces a
positive bias in the distribution of results.
Reported Error Terms
Each reported value for specific analyses will be accompanied by a counting error term
at the 2<7 (95%) confidence level. Error terms are therefore reported as counting errors.
At the very low levels characteristic of most ERAMS measurements, counting error is
the greatest contributor to overall error.
Significant Figures
No more than three significant figures will be reported. A datum that contains more
than three figures will be rounded off to three figures.
/
Reporting Levels
The reporting units, smallest increments for reporting, and typical minimum detectable
levels (MDL's) for each isotope are shown in Table 1. MDL is defined as the Z
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Table I
ERAMS Reporting Increments and Minimum Detectable Levels
for Radionuclide Analyses
Radionuclide
Gross Alpha
f Gross Beta
Tritium
Carbon- 14
Krypton-85
ft Plutonium-238, 239,240
I Uranium-234,235,238
Radium-226
Strontium-90
tJ Strontium-89
ft Iodine-131
Iodine- 129
Cesium-137
ft Barium- 140
Potassium
Potassium-40
Media
Water
Air
Water
Precipitation
Reporting
Units
pCi/L
pCi/m3
pCi/L
nCi/m2
Reporting
Increments
1 pCi/L
0.01 pCi/m3
1 pCi/L
0.01 nCi/m2
Minimum
Detectable
Levels
2 pCi/L
0.01 pCi/m3
1 pCi/L
0.01 nCi/m2
(specific radiochemical analyses)
Water
Milk
Milk
Ambient Air
Air
Milk
Water
Air
Milk
Water
Water
Milk
Water
Milk
Milk
Water
Water
Milk
Milk
Water
Milk
Water
Milk
Water
Water
nCi/L
nCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/m3
aCi/m3
pCi/L
pCi/L
aCi/m3
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
PCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
fCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
g/L
g/L
pCi/L
0,1 nCi/L
0.1 nCi/L
1 pCi/L
0.1 pCi/m3
0.1 aCi/m3
0.001 pCi/L
0.001 pCi/L
0.1 aCi/m3
0.001 pCi/L
0.001 pCi/L
O.lpCi/L
0.1 PCi/L
0.1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
0.1 pCi/L
0.1 fCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
0.1 g/L
0.1 g/L
1 pCi/L
0.2 nCi/L
0.2nCi/L
15 pCi/L
2 pCi/m3
0.015 pCi
0.015 pCi
0.015 pCi
0.015 pCi
0.015 pCi
0.015 pCi
0.1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
5 pCi/L
10 pCi/L
10 pCi/L
0.4 pCi/L
0.4 fCi/L
10 pCi/L
10 pCi/L
10 pCi/L
10 pCi/L
0.12 g/L
0.12 g/L
100 pCi/L
, 0
T The value of MDL for precipitation in terms of nCi/m would be dependent on precipitation (mm).
no r \ /
This value of MDL for air in terms of pCi/m would be dependent on the air volume. Measurement by alpha spectroscopy
that includes contributions of plutonium-239 and plutonium-240. MDL for all media given per sample.
i This value of MDL for air in terms of pCi/m would be dependent on the air volume. MDL for all media given per sample.
it Activity as of the day of counting.
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1. Air Program
Airborne Participates and Precipitation
Gross beta radioactivity measurements and certain specific analyses are performed on
air participates and precipitation samples as indicator measurements in assessing the general
(national) impact of all contributing sources on environmental levels of radiation.
Airborne particulates are collected continuously at field stations representing wide ge-
ographic coverage, including present and potential sources of environmental radioactivity.
Sampling sites are located throughout the United States.
Filters (10-cm diameter synthetic fiber) from air samplers are changed twice weekly
and field measurements are made with a G-M survey meterf at 5 hours and 29 hours after
collection to allow for radon and thoron daughter product decay. Field estimates are reported
to appropriate EPA officials by telephone or mail depending on the activity levels found.
The filters are sent to NAREL for more sensitive analyses in a low background beta
counter. Gamma scans are performed on all filters showing gross beta counts greater than
IpCi/m3. The laboratory obtained values are usually lower than the field estimates due to
the decay of naturally occurring radionuclides between the times of the two measurements.
Precipitation samples are collected at those field stations collecting air filters. These
samples are also sent to NAREL where they are composited monthly for gamma scans,
tritium, and gross beta activity measurements. A composite of the March, April, and May
precipitation samples is analyzed for plutonium-238, -239, -240, and uranium-234, -235, and
-238.
A compilation of individual measurements is available from the National Air and Radi-
ation Environmental Laboratory, 540 South Morris Avenue, Montgomery, AL 36115-2601.
'Tables 2-4 contain the data from airborne particulate samples for October-December
1993. Tables 5-7 contain the data from precipitation samples for October-December 1993.
Table 8 contains the data from tritium in precipitation samples for October-December 1993
at the selected sites.
J The counts at five hours for the Montgomery, Alabama, station are performed on a low background beta counter.
1
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Table 2
Gross Beta in Airborne Participates
October 1993
Location
AK : Juneau
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE : Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI : Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS:Topeka
KY: Frankfort
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
ME: August a
MI: Lansing
MN : Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC : Wilmington
ND:Bismarck
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
Number
of
Samples
7
8
7
4
9
9
7
8
7
8
9
5
8
9
9
8
9
7
1
5
3
9
8
4
9
9
8
4
3
9
8
6
8
4
9
4
L 9
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.5 0.2 0.3
0.4 0.1 0.3
1.5 0.4 0.8
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.6 0.0 0.3
1.4 0.2 0.7
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 OM 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
1.1 0.3 0.7
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.5 0.2 0.3
0.9 0.1 0.3
0.9 0.1 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.2
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.2
0.6 0.2 0.3
0.8 0.1 0.3
0.4 0.0 0 .2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.2 0.3
0.5 0.2 0.3
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.000.00 0.00
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
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Table 2 (continued)
Gross Beta in Airborne Participates
October 1993
Location
OH : Columbus
OH:Painesville
OH:Ross
OH: Toledo
OR: Portland
PA:Harrisburg
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
WA : Olympia
WA : Spokane
WI: Madison
Number
of
Samples
7
9
9
8
8
8
2
9
7
3
9
9
8
8
8
3
9
8
9
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.5 0.0 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.8 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.1 0.4
1.0 0.1 0.5
0.4 0.1 0.2
1.3 0.5 0.9
0.5 0.0 0.2
1.0 0.1 0.7
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.7 0.2 0.5
0.4 0.1 0.2
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.05 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
Minimum Detectable Limit for field estimates - 0.1 pCi/m3.
Minimum Detectable Limit for laboratory measurement - 0.01 pCi/m .
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Table 3
Gross Beta in Airborne Participates
November 1993
Location
AK : Juneau
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA:Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS:Topeka
LA: New Orleans
MA: Lawrence
ME: Augusta
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC : Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY : Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
OH: Columbus
Number
of
Samples
8
8
7
5
9
8
8
9
9
6
9
4
8
9
9
6
8
8
6
3
7
9
4
6
8
9
4
S
9
6
5
9
5
7
2
8
5
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.4 0.1 0.2
1.1 0.1 0.8
0.5 0.1 0.2
0.6 0.0 0.2
0.9 0.2 0.5
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.8 0.0 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.2
3.6 0.3 1.3
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.5 0.1 0.2
0.5 0.0 0.3
1.1 0.4 0.7
0.2 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.5 0.1 0.2
0.6 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.1 0.3
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.1 0.2
0.6 0.2 0.4
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.1
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.14 0.01 0.03
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.05 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.04 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.04 0.02 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
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Table 3 (continued)
Gross Beta in Airborne Participates
November 1993
Location
OH:Painesville
OH:Ross
OH: Toledo
OR: Portland
PA:Harrisburg
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
OT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
WA : Olympia
WA : Spokane
WI: Madison
Number
of
Samples
9
9
9
9
9
2
7
6
4
8
8
7
7
8
2
8
7
9
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.3 0.1 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.6 0.1 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.6 0.0 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.4 0.2 0.3
0.3 0.2 0.3
0.8 0.1 0.4
0.2 0.0 0.1
1.9 0.3 1.2
0.9 0.0 0.3
0.9 0.1 O.S
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.0 0.1
1.0 0.0 0.5
1.1 0.1 0.5
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.04 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.04 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.06 0.01 0.03
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.04 0.01 0.03
0.02 0.00 0.02
Minimum Detectable
Minimum Detectable
Limit for field estimates - 0.1 pCi/m .
Limit for laboratory measurement - 0.01 pCi/m3.
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Table 4
Gross Beta in Airborne Participates
December 1993
Location
AK : Anchorage
AK : Juneau
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hart ford
DE : Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS:Topeka
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
ME: August a
MI: Lansing
MN : Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE : Lincoln
NH: Concord
NJ:Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
Number
of
Samples
1
6
8
6
4
9
8
7
9
9
6
8
6
9
9
9
7
7
7
6
4
7
9
4
9
8
8
3
7
3
9
9
7
9
S
7
5
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Ayg
(pCi/m3)
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.4 0.1 0.2
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.9 0.6 0.7
0.3 0.0 0.2
0.5 0.1 0.2
1.2 0.3 0.6
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.5 0.0 0.2
0.3 0.0 0.2
2.5 0.3 0.9
0.5 0.0 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.6 0.1 0.3
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.5 0.1 0.2
0.5 0.2 0.3
0.4 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.02
0.02 ,0.02 0.02
0.04 0.00 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.00 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.07 0.00 0.03
0.05 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.04 0.03 0.03
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
-------
Table 4 (continued)
Gross Beta in Airborne Participates
December 1993
Location
NY:Yaphank
OH : Columbus
OH : Painesville
OH:Ross
OH: Toledo
OR: Portland
PA:Harrisburg
PA: Pittsburgh
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
SD: Pierre
TH:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
DT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
WA:01ympia
WA : Spokane
MI: Madison
Number
of
Samples
9
5
9
9
9
5
9
9
2
8
4
6
9
8
9
7
8
3
7
9
9
5-Hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.4 0.0 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.3 0.0 0.1
1.2 0.0 0.4
1.2 0.0 0.3
0.4 0.0 0.2
0.2 0.0 0.1
2.0 0.5 1.0
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.6 0.1 0.3
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.4 0.1 0.2
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 OiOl 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.02
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.04 0.01 0.02
0.04 0.01 0.02
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.07 0.00 0.02
0.03 0.01 0.02
Minimum Detectable Limit for field estimates - 0.1 pCi/m
Minimum Detectable Limit for laboratory measurement - 0.01 pCi/m .
-------
Table 5
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
October 1993
Location
AK : Juneau
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CO : Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
LA: New Orleans
ME: Augusta
MI: Lansing
MN : Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
NC: Wilmington
NH : Concord
NJ: Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
HY: Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OR: Portland
PA:Harrisburg
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
UT:Salt Lake City
Depth
(mm)
48.0
31.0
93.0
20.0
11.8
40.0
80.0
49.0
164.2
170.6
40.0
9.0
33.6
55.4
42.0
69.0
66.6
30.0
32.0
124.0
68.0
17.4
81.4
7.0
60.8
83.0
39.0
32.0
82.8
32.0
18.2
67.4
101.2
33.4
13.6
69.6
40.0
60.8
Gross Beta
Activity,
nCi/m2 ±2
-------
Table 5 (continued)
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
October 1993
Location
VA : Lynchburg
WA:01ympia
WI: Madison
Depth
(mm)
23.8
49.2
12.8
Gross Beta
Activity
nCi/m2 ±2
-------
Table 6
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
November 1993
Location
AK : Juneau
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CO: Denver
CT:Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
LA: New Orleans
ME: August a
MI: Lansing
MN : Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NJ: Trent on
NM: Santa Fe
NY: Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY : Yaphank
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OR: Port land
PA:Harrisburg
SC:Barnwell
SC: Columbia
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
Depth
(mm)
24.0
81.6
74.0
41.0
51.4
28.6
106.0
92.0
84.2
64.4
19.0
9.0
4.6
56.4
128.0
66.0
35.4
30.0
41.0
6.0
100.0
46.0
6.6
76.2
9.0
76.4
40.8
32.0
24.0
130.4
88.0
8.6
70.4
96.4
90.2
42.0
57.4
20.0
12.0
Gross Beta
Activity
nCi/m2 ±2cr
0.02 0.01
0.07 0.02
0.07 0.02
0.02 0.01
0.03 0.01
0.08 0.01
0,21 0.04
0.09 0.03
0.03 0.02
0.03 0.02
0.06 0.01
0.02 0.00
0.06 0.00
0 . 03 0.02
0.10 0.04
0.09 0.02
0.07 0.02
0.04 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.00 0.00
0.17 0.04
0.02 0.01
0.08 0.01
0.12 0.03
0.01 0.00
0.09 0.03
0.17 0.02
0.02 0.01
0.03 0.01
0.16 0.05
0.35 0.05
0.01 0.00
0.06 0.02
0.09 0.04
0.04 0.03
0.05 0.01
0.07 0.02
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.00
Specific Gamma
Activity
pCi/L ±20-
ND
214Bi: 12.8±5.5
7Be: 42.1±22.4
7Be: 34.7±23.6
ND
ND
ND
7Be:43.0±20.7
7Be: 38.9±24.1
ND
ND
ND
7Be: 36.0±22.9
7Be: 113±31
ND
ND
7Be: 25.3±22.7
7Be: 49.4±35.8
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
7Be: 58.6±29.5
ND
ND
7Be: 40.0±23.4
7Be: 66.6±21.7
ND
ND
7Be: 58.5±36.8
ND
7Be: 62.9±28.5
7Be: 67.7±28.2
214Bi: 8.4±5.7
ND
214Bi: 12.6±6.7
ND
ND
ND
10
-------
Table 6 (continued)
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
November 1993
Location
DT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
WA : Olympia
VI: Madison
Depth
(mm)
16.0
33.4
55.4
32.4
Gross Beta
Activity
nCi/m2 ±2
-------
Table 7
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
December 1993
Location
AK : Juneau
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
CA: Berkeley
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL: Miami
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Chicago
LA: New Orleans
MN : Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND:Bismarck
NJ:Trenton
NY: Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OR: Port land
PA:Harrisburg
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
TN: Nashville
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
WA : Olympia
WI: Madison
Depth
(nun)
8.0
90.0
105.0
79.4
56.0
67.0
9.8
3.8
20.8
86.0
8.0
31.0
119.4
98.0
60.0
12.4
70.6
195.4
50.0
8.0
16.0
51.2
40.0
29.0
72.4
168.0
94.0
97.0
36.8
25.8
59.6
145.0
5.6
Gross Beta
Activity
nCi/m2 ±2
-------
Table 8
Tritium in Precipitation
October-December 1993
Location
AK : June ail
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI: Honolulu
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL : Chicago
LA: New Orleans
ME: Augusta
MI: Lansing
MN : Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
NC : Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NH : Concord
NJ:Trehton
NM: Santa Fe
NY: Albany
NT: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OR: Portland
PA : Harrisburg
SC:Barnwell
SC : Columbia
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
UT:Salt Lake City
October 1993
nCi/L ±2
-------
Table 8 (continued)
Tritium in Precipitation
October-December 1993
Location
VA : Lynchburg
WArOlympia
WI: Madison
October 1993
nCi/L ±2<7
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
November 1993
nCi/L ±2
-------
Plutonium and Uranium in Airborne Particulates and Precipitation
Environmental radiation levels of plutonium and uranium are determined by the analysis
of semiannually composited samples (air filters) collected from the continuously operating
airborne particulate samplers.
Concentrations of the specific isotopes of plutonium-238, -239, and -240 and uranium-
234, -235, and -238 are determined by alpha spectroscopy following chemical separation. The
volume of air represented by the semiannual composite ranges from 60,000 to 250,000 cubic
meters.
Plutonium and uranium results are published when they become available.
Table 9 contains the plutonium and uranium results for the period July-December 1993.
15
-------
Table 9
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
July-December 1993 Composites
Location
AK : Anchorage
AK : Juneau
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL : Jacksonville
FL: Miami
HI : Honolulu
IA:Iowa City
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS:Topeka
KY: Frankfort
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
ME: Augusta
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
HM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Albany
NY: Niagara Falls
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2(7
ND
0.2 0.3
0.4 0.5
ND
0.3 0.7
0.1 0.4
0.3 0.5
0.3 0.4
0.1 0.1
ND
0.4 0.3
ND
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.5
0.3 0.5
0.2 0.5
ND
0.5 0.6
ND
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.3 0.3
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.2
ND
0.3 0.4
0.6 0.9
ND
0.1 0.2
0.3 0.4
ND
0.2 0.3
0.2 0.3
ND
1.8 2.5
0.7 0.6
0.2 0.3
239-240 pu
aCi/m3 ±2c7
2.8 3.1
ND
ND
ND
0.3 0.4
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.3
0.1 0.2
ND
0.2 0.4
ND
0.1 0.1
ND
ND
0.2 0.3
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.3
0.1 0.2
ND
0.4 0.3
0.1 0.1
ND
0.6 0.3
ND
0.2 0.2
ND
0.4 0.5
ND
0.1 0.1
ND
0.1 0.2
0.3 0.3
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.2
0.6 1.1
0.1 0.2
ND
234D
aCi/m3 ±2(7
34.1 11.4
3.6 0.8
12.4 1.5
25.7 3.3
40.2 5.0
9.4 1.1
20.4 2.7
24.6 2.3
2.7 0.5
15.9 2.8
13.0 1.4
15.5 1.8
2.9 0.6
16.8 2.5
22.6 3.5
21.2 2.8
27.8 3.4
23.4 3.5
13.6 1.7
12.4 2.1
13.2 1.6
8.7 1.4
8.9 1.4
8.7 1.3
11.5 1.6
13.6 1.9
18.8 3.0
19.0 2.2
11.2 1.5
14.8 1.8
15.0 2.6
8.8 1.3
5.6 0.9
22.2 2.7
184 17
14.5 2.4
26.1 2.8
235,,
aCi/m3 ±2(7
0.3 2.0
0.3 0.2
0.5 0.3
2.1 0.9
2.1 1.0
0.8 0.3
0.9 0.5
1.0 0.4
0.1 0.1
0.4 0.4
1.0 0.3
1.5 0.5
0.2 0.2
1.0 0.6
1.3 0.8
0.7 0.5
1.2 0.6
1.3 0.8
0.7 0.4
0.7 0.5
0.5 0.3
0.3 0.2
0.3 0.2
0.5 0.3
0.6 0.3
1.0 0.5
1.2 0.7
1.0 0.4
0.7 0.3
0.4 0.3
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.2
0.4 0.2
1.7 0.7
3.2 1.8
0.2 0.3
1.6 0.5
238D
aCi/m3 ±2(7
9.4 6.6
3.0 0.7
11.7 1.5
19.7 2.8
34.0 4.5
7.3 1.0
19.3 2.6
22.5 2.2
2.2 0.4
14.0 2.6
11.6 1.3
12.2 1.5
1.8 0.5
14.0 2.3
18.6 3.1
16.1 2.4
23.0 3.0
21.5 3.3
12.6 1.7
11.0 1.9
10.3 ,1,4
8.9 1.4
9.0 1.4
7.3 1.2
8.6 1.4
14.4 2.0
15.8 2.7
17.3 2.1
8.5 1.3'
13.9 1.8
14.2 2.5
7.4 1.2
5.9 0.9
22.4 2.8
105 12
12.9 2.3
26.0 2.8
16
-------
Table 9 (continued)
Plutonium and Uranium In Airborne Particulates
July-December 1993 Composites
Location
NY: Syracuse
NY:Yaphank
OH : Columbus
OH: Paine sville
OH:Ross
OH: Toledo
OR: Portland
PA:Harrisburg
PA Pittsburgh
SC:Barnwell
SC: Columbia
SD : Pierre
TN:Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX:E1 Paso
DT:Salt Lake City
VA : Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
WA : Olympia
~ WA : Spokane
HI: Madison
238pu
aCi/m3 ±2(7
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.4
0.3 0.4
0.1 0.3
0.1 0.7
ND
0.2 0.5
0.2 0.2
0.6 0.8
ND
0.5 0.4
ND
0.1 0.4
ND
ND
ND
0.6 0.7
0.3 0.3
0.3 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.1 0.5
0.1 0.2
239-240 pu
aCi/m3 ±2(7
0.1 0.2
0.4 0.3
0.1 0.2
ND
0.2 0.3
0.2 0.2
ND
0.1 0.1
0.3 0.4
0.1 0.1
ND
0.4 0.3
ND
0.6 0.5
ND
0.3 0.8
ND
0.1 0.1
ND
0.3 0.2
0.3 0.3
0.1 0.1
234D
aCi/m3 ±2(7
11.3 1.3
8.4 1.4
15.9 1.9
10.9 1.4
35.1 4.0
17.9 2.5
12.2 1.9
8.9 1.3
15.1 2.9
5.2 0.6
21.9 2.5
10.7 1.8
16.2 2.2
21.4 3.7
11.4 1.4
56.4 8.2
31.3 4.1
67.9 5.4
14.7 1.9
5.1 1.0
20.2 3.2
11.0 1.7
2350
aCi/m3 ±2
-------
Krypton-85
Krypton-85 is a long-lived noble gas with a half-life of 10.8 years. It is released into
the atmosphere by nuclear reactor operations, fuel reprocessing, weapons tests, and research
and defense related activities. Krypton-85 also occurs naturally in minor quantities primarily
from the neutron capture of stable krypton-84 as well as spontaneous fission and neutron-
induced fission of uranium. Krypton-85 in the atmosphere has been monitored to identify
and establish baseline levels and long-term trends.
Krypton-85 analysis began in January 1973 with sample collections and analyses being
performed for 12 sampling locations. These locations were selected to provide atmospheric
coverage of the United States with considerations being given to the proximity to fuel repro-
cessing plants, nuclear reactors, and wide geographic coverage.
Dry compressed air samples, collected at each location, are purchased from commercial
air suppliers and shipped to the NAREL, where the krypton-85 is cryogenically separated
and counted in a liquid scintillation system.
The last Kr-85 results were for 1976, 1977, and 1979. They were published in Environ-
mental Radiation Data: Report 30.
18
-------
2. Water Program
The ERAMS water program provides data on ambient radiation levels in the nation's
rivers, streams, and drinking water supplies.
Surface Water
Quarterly grab samples are taken downstream from operating or future nuclear facilities
at 58 stations. Surface water samples are analyzed for tritium quarterly and specific gamma
activity annually. Tritium is a primary radioactive pollutant from nuclear power plants and
weapons production activities. Tritium concentrations are determined by liquid scintillation
counting of distilled samples. Gamma scans are performed annually to determine levels of
gamma emitting radionuclides.
Table 10 contains the tritium concentration data for October-December 1993. Table 11
contains the surface water annual gamma results for January-December 1993.
19
-------
Table 10
Tritium in Surface Water
October-December 1993
Location
AL:Decatur
AL:Dothan
AL:Scottsboro
AR: Little Rock
CA:Clay Station
CA: Diablo Canyon
CA : Eureka
CA : Eureka
CO:Platteville
CT:East Haddam
CT:Waterford
FL: Crystal River
FL:Ft. Pierce
FL: Home stead
GA:Baxley
IA: Cedar Rapids
ID: Buhl
IL:E. Moline
IL: Morris
IL:Zion
IL:Zion
KS:Leroy
LA: New Orleans
MA: Plymouth
MD : Conowingo
MD : Lusby
ME:Wiscasset
MI:Bridgman
MI:Charlevoix
MI : Charlevoix
MI: Monroe
MI: South Haven
MH.-Honticello
MN:Red Wing
MS: Port Gibson
NC: Charlotte
NC : Southport
Source
Tennessee River
Chattahooch.ee River
Tennessee River
Arkansas River
Folsom S. Canal
Pacific Ocean
Humboldt Bay
Humboldt Bay
South Platte River
Connecticut River
Long Island Sound
Gulf Of Mexico
Atlantic Ocean
Biscayne Bay
Altamaha River
Cedar River
Snake River
Mississippi River
Illinois River
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan
Neosho River
Mississippi River
Cape Cod Bay
Susquehanna River
Chesapeake Bay
Mont se way Bay
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan
Lake Erie
Lake Michigan
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Catawba River
Atlantic Ocean
Date
Collected
10/05/93
10/12/93
10/05/93
10/07/93
10/26/93
12/29/93
10/12/93
12/29/93
10/15/93
10/25/93
10/25/93
10/19/93
11/07/93
10/14/93
10/06/93
11/02/93
10/19/93
10/28/93
11/07/93
12/21/93
10/01/93
12/21/93
11/08/93
10/21/93
10/19/93
10/19/93
10/05/93
10/10/93
10/14/93
12/31/93
10/10/93
10/11/93
11/09/93
10/07/93
10/12/93
10/13/93
10/05/93
5H
nCi/L ±2«r
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.1
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0.5 0.2
0.1 0.2
20
-------
Table 10 (continued)
Tritium in Surface Water
October-December 1993
Location
NErRulo
NJ:Bayside
HJ: Oyster Creek
NV: Boulder City
NY: Chelsea
NY:Ossining
NY:Oswego
NY:Oswego
OH: Toledo
OR : Bradwood
PA: Danville
PA Philadelphia
PA Philadelphia
PA Philadelphia
SC:Allendale
SC: Broad River
SC:Hartsville
TN:Daisy
TN: Kingston
TIT: Oak Ridge
TXrMatagorda
VA:Doswell
VA:Doswell
VT:Vernon
WA:Northport
WA:Richland
WA:Richland
WI:Two Creeks
WI: Victory
WV: Wheeling
Source
Missouri River
Delaware River
Oyster Creek
Colorado River
Hudson River
Hudson River
Lake Ontario
Lake Ontario
Lake Erie
Columbia River
Susquehanna River
Schuylkill R. -Baxter
Schuylkill R. -Queen
Delaware R.
Savannah River
Broad River
Lake Robinson
Tennessee River
Clinch River
Clinch River
Colorado River
North Anna River
North Anna River
Connecticut River
Columbia River
Columbia River
Columbia River
Lake Michigan
Mississippi River
Ohio River
Date
Collected
10/01/93
10/18/93
10/28/93
10/05/93
10/19/93
10/13/93
12/21/93
10/04/93
10/07/93
10/21/93
10/20/93
10/28/93
10/28/93
10/28/93
10/28/93
10/19/93
10/04/93
10/27/93
10/05/93
11/15/93
10/04/93
10/15/93
10/07/93
10/07/93
11/16/93
10/11/93
11/15/93
10/18/93
10/11/93
10/05/93
3H
nCi/L ±2
-------
Table 11
Surface Water
Annual Gamma Analysis
January-December 1993
Location
AL:Decatur
AL:Dothan
AL:Scottsboro
AR: Little Rock
CA:Clay Station
CA: Diablo Canyon
CA : Eureka
CA:San Onofre
CA:San Onofre
CO:Platteville
CT:East Haddam
CT:Waterford
FL: Crystal River
FL:Ft. Pierce
FL: Homestead
IA: Cedar Rapids
ID: Buhl
IL:E. Holine
IL: Morris
IL:Zion
KS:Leroy
KS:Leroy
LA: New Orleans
MA : Plymouth
MD:Conowingo
MD : Lusby
ME:Wiscasset
MI:Bridgman
MI : Charlevoix
MI: Monroe
MI: South Haven
MN:Monticello
MN:Red Wing
MS: Port Gibson
NC: Charlotte
NC:Southport
Source
Tennessee River
Chattahoochee River
Tennessee River
Arkansas River
Folsom S. Canal
Pacific Ocean
Humboldt Bay
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
South Platte River
Connecticut River
Long Island Sound
Gulf Of Mexico
Atlantic Ocean
Biscayne Bay
Cedar River
Snake River
Mississippi River
Illinois River
Lake Michigan
Neosho River
Neosho River
Mississippi River
Cape Cod Bay
Susquehanna River
Chesapeake Bay
Montseway Bay
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan
Lake Erie
Lake Michigan
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Catawba River
Atlantic Ocean
Date
Collected
04/01/93
04/06/93
04/01/93
04/12/93
04/07/93
03/30/93
04/01/93
03/11/93
06/22/93
04/08/93
03/30/93
03/30/93
04/07/93
04/22/93
04/19/93
04/27/93
04/22/93
04/06/93
05/20/93
06/30/93
03/30/93
06/29/93
05/31/93
04/15/93
04/05/93
03/30/93
05/13/93
03/29/93
03/25/93
03/28/93
03/30/93
05/13/93
04/21/93
04/06/93
04/15/93
04/01/93
Specific Gamma
Activity
pCi/L ±2cr
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
40K: 295±55
40K: 266±37
40K:306±48
40K: 339±46
ND
ND
40K: 207±61
ND
ND
40K: 330±46
ND
ND
ND
ND
214Pb: 19.6±6.1
214Bi: 26.4±7.2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
40K: 84.8±30.5
40K: 151±34
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
40K:49.8±32.9
22
-------
Table 11 (continued)
Surface Water
Annual Gamma Analysis
January-December 1993
Location
NE:Rulo
NJ: Bay side
NJ: Oyster Creek
NV: Boulder City
NY: Chelsea
NY:Ossining
NY:Oswego
NY:Oswego
OH: Toledo
OR:Bradwood
PA: Danville
PA Philadelphia
PA Philadelphia
PA : Philadelphia
SC : Allendale
SC: Broad River
SC:Hartsville
TN: Kingston
TX:E1 Paso
TX:Matagorda
VA:Doswell
VA: Newport News
VT : Vernon
WI:Two Creeks
WI: Victory
WV: Wheeling
Source
Missouri River
Delaware River
Oyster Creek
Colorado River
Hudson River
Hudson River
Lake Ontario
Lake Ontario
Lake Erie
Columbia River
Susquehanna River
Delaware R.
Schuylkill R. -Queen
Schuylkill R.-Belmont
Savannah River
Broad River
Lake Robinson
Clinch River
Rio Grande
Colorado River
North Anna River
James River
Connecticut River
Lake Michigan
Mississippi River
Ohio River
Date
Collected
04/22/93
04/13/93
04/22/93
03/31/93
04/02/93
04/29/93
06/24/93
03/24/93
04/06/93
04/28/93
04/07/93
04/14/93
04/14/93
04/15/93
04/30/93
04/23/93
04/19/93
04/28/93
04/02/93
04/08/93
04/07/93
04/15/93
04/09/93
03/31/93
04/06/93
04/01/93
Specific Gamma
Activity
pCi/L ±2
-------
Drinking Water
This program monitors ambient radiation levels in drinking water at 78 sites. These data
serve to assess trends and anomalies in concentrations, and to compare with standards set
forth in the EPA "National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations." These regulations
provide for approval of supplies when the combined radium-226 and radium-228 levels do not
exceed 5 pCi/L, when the gross alpha (excluding radon and uranium) levels do not exceed
15 pCi/L, when tritium levels do not exceed 20,000 pCi/L, when the strontium-90 levels do
not exceed 8 pCi/L, and when the gross beta levels do not exceed 50 pCi/L.
Grab samples are taken at the 78 sites which are either major population centers or
selected nuclear facility environs.
The analyses include (a) tritium on a quarterly basis; (b) gross alpha, gross beta,
strontium-90, and gamma on annual composites; (c) radium-226 if the gross alpha exceeds
2 pCi/L and radium-228 if the radium-226 falls between 3 and 5 pCi/L; (d) specific iodine-
131 on one quarterly sample per year for each station; and (e) an annual composite for
plutonium-238, -239, and -240 and uranium-234, -235, and -238 for stations that demon-
strate gross alpha levels greater than 2 pCi/L.
Tritium analyses are performed by scintillation counting of the distilled samples. Gross
beta and alpha are determined by evaporating an aliquot on a stainless steel planchet for
counting. Radium-226 is determined by the standard emanation technique. Strontium-90 is
determined by beta counting a strontium carbonate precipitate isolated by ion exchange.
Table 12 contains the data from drinking water samples for October-December 1993.
Table 13 contains the data on gross alpha, gross beta, strontium-90, and radium-226 in
drinking water for January-December 1993. Table 14 contains the plutonium and uranium
in drinking water data for January-December 1993. Table 15 contains the 1-131 in drinking
water results for January-December 1993.
24
-------
Table 12
Tritium in Drinking Water
October-December 1993
Location
AK: Fairbanks
AL : Dothan
AL : Montgomery
AL: Muscle Shoals
AL: Scott sboro
AR: Little Rock
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CO:Platteville
CT: Hartford
CT: Hartford
DC: Washington
DE: Dover
FL: Miami
FL : Tampa
GA:Baxley
GA : Savannah
HI: Honolulu
IA: Cedar Rapids
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Morris
IL:W. Chicago
KS : Topeka
LA: New Orleans
MA : Lawrence
MD: Baltimore
MD : Conowingo
ME: Augusta
MI: Grand Rapids
MN : Minneapolis
MN:Red Wing
MO: Jefferson City
MS : Jackson
MS: Port Gibson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
KD: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH : Concord
Date
Collected
10/05/93
10/12/93
10/08/93
10/05/93
10/05/93
10/07/93
12/23/93
10/04/93
10/14/93
10/14/93
10/01/93
12/30/93
10/14/93
10/05/93
10/04/93
10/04/93
10/06/93
11/19/93
10/04/93
11/02/93
10/12/93
10/13/93
10/07/93
11/02/93
10/04/93
10/05/93
10/14/93
10/04/93
10/19/93
10/21/93
10/18/93
10/25/93
10/21/93
10/04/93
10/13/93
10/12/93
10/13/93
10/15/93
10/01/93
11/09/93
10/14/93
3H
nCi/L ±2
-------
Table 12 (continued)
Tritium in Drinking Water
October-December 1993
Location
NJ: Trenton
NJ:Waretown
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY .-Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Niagara Falls
OH: Cincinnati
OH : Columbus
OH: East Liverpool
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Port land
PA: Columbia
PA:Harrisburg
PA : Philadelphia-Queen
PA : Philadelphia-Baxter
PA Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
PC:Corozal
RI : Providence
SC:Barnwell
SC: Columbia
SC:Hartsville
SC : Jenkins ville
SC: Seneca
TN: Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
TX: Austin
VA:Doswell
VA : Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
WA:Richland
WA:Richland
WA: Seattle
WI: Genoa City
WI: Madison
Date
Collected
10/05/93
10/28/93
12/21/93
10/05/93
10/01/93
10/05/93
10/19/93
12/22/93
10/28/93
10/28/93
10/11/93
10/05/93
11/02/93
10/19/93
10/21/93
10/21/93
10/28/93
10/28/93
10/28/93
10/28/93
10/07/93
10/05/93
10/05/93
10/04/93
10/11/93
10/14/93
10/12/93
11/08/93
10/01/93
10/06/93
12/21/93
10/04/93
10/20/93
11/15/93
10/11/93
10/05/93
10/08/93
10/04/93
3H
nCi/L ±2
-------
Table 13
Drinking Water
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations
January-December 1993 Composites
Location
AK: Fairbanks
AL:Dothan
AL: Montgomery
AL: Muscle Shoals
AL:Scottsboro
AR: Little Rock
CA:Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CO:Platteville
CT: Hartford
DC: Washington
DE:Dover
FL: Miami
FL : Tampa
GA:Baxley
GA: Savannah
HI: Honolulu
IA: Cedar Rapids
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Morris
IL:W. Chicago
KS:Topeka
LA: New Orleans
MA: Lawrence
MD: Baltimore
MD:Conowingo
ME: August a
MI:Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MN : Minneapolis
MN:Red Wing
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
Total
Solids
(mg/L)
135.0
196.0
52.8
78.6
75.0
29.8
33.0
333.0
128.0
760.0
33.8
139.0
166.0
153.0
288.0
158.0
130.0
174.0
114.0
91.0
202.0
66.0
269.0
224.0
146.0
77.8
92.5
170.0
48.5
63.0
138.0
93.0
299.0
185.0
66.5
Gross
Beta
pCi/L ±2(7
3.0 0.7
2.2 0.8
1.0 0.6
2.4 0.6
1.7 0.6
1.0 0.5
1.1 0.5
4.1 1.5
2.7 0.7
11.9 2.5
0.6 0.5
3.5 0.8
2.8 1.0
2.2 0.7
3.5 0.9
1.9 0.6
2.4 0.8
1.5 1.0
2.5 0.8
1.5 0.8
4.0 1.5
7.5 1.7
11.6 2.1
6.7 1.5
2.7 0.8
1.1 0.6
2.1 0.7
1.5 0.7
1.6 0.7
1.5 0.7
1.8 0.7
3.3 0.9
5.0 1.3
5.7 1.1
2.6 0.8
Gross
Alpha
pCi/L ±20-
0.8 1.0
1.4 1.4
0.2 0.4
0.8 0.6
NA
NA
0.3 0.4
9.6 3.5
2.3 1.2
20.8 8.1
0.2 0.4
0.2 0.8
NA
1.9 1.2
2.3 2.1
2.8 1.5
NA
0.0 1.2
0.0 0.9
0.7 0.6
1.3 1.4
2.5 1.3
7.2 3.4
1.0 1.8
1.3 1.0
0.0 0.5
0.3 0.6
0.2 0.9
0.4 0.5
0.0 0.4
0.1 0.7
NA
11.5 3.8
NA
1.6 0.9
90Sr
pCi/L ±2<7-
0.2 0.3
0.0 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.3 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.0 0.2
0.3 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.3 0.3
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.4
0.1 0.4
NA
0.1 0.4
NA
NA
0.0 0.3
NA
0.0 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.4 0.2
0.4 0.2
NA
0.0 0.2
0.8 0.7
0.2 0.2
226Ra
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 13 (continued)
Drinking Water
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations
January-December 1993 Composites
Location
MS: Port Gibson
MT: Helena
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
NJ:Waretown
NM: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY : Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
OH Cincinnati
OH : Columbus
OH: East Liverpool
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Portland
PA : Columbia
PA:Harrisburg
PA: Philadelphia
PA Philadelphia
PA: Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
PC:Corozal
RI: Providence
SC:Barnwell
SC: Columbia
SC:Hartsville
SC : Jenkinsville
SC: Seneca
Total
Solids
(mg/L)
306.0
56.0
40.7
93.8
303.0
294.0
86.2
101.0
45.7
365.0
621.0
66.5
39.8
107.0
87.0
184.0
238.0
212.0
115.0
117.0
59.2
16.6
141.0
36.2
93.8
154.0
152.0
167.0
70.2
49.8
24.0
66.4
27.0
187.0
29.5
Gross
Beta
pCi/L ±2(7
5.6 1.4
1.2 0.8
1.4 0.7
2.2 0.8
4.4 1.1
10.1 1.7
1.1 0.7
2.2 0.7
1.6 0.7
6.7 1.5
7.0 2.1
1.5 0.9
0.1 0.8
2.3 0.9
2.0 0.8
3.2 0.9
4.0 1.3
2.4 1.3
3.1 0.9
2.0 0.6
3.0 0.7
0.6 0.5
2.3 0.7
1.1 0.7
2.0 0.7
2.5 0.8
3.2 0.8
1.8 0.6
1.3 0.5
1.2 0.5
1.6 0.7
2.1 0.6
0.9 0.5
4.6 1.0
0.5 0.6
Gross
Alpha
pCi/L ±2(7
3.4 2.3
0.0 0.5
NA
NA
0.2 1.4
6.1 3.1
1.0 0.9
0.5 0.8
1.8 0.8
15.2 4.4
4.7 4.1
1.0 0.9
0.5 0.7
0.1 1.0
0.3 1.1
0.7 1.3
NA
0.6 1.7
0.3 1.1
1.1 1.1
0.8 0.7
0.4 0.4
NA
0.7 0.6
0.3 0.8
1.0 1.3
1.3 1.2
0.4 1.0
0.2 0.5
0.3 0.5
1.4 0.7
0.6 0.7
1.4 0.7
7.7 2.4
0.1 0.4
90Sr
pCi/L ±2<7
NA
0.0 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.3 0.2
0.0 0.2
0.3 0.2
0.0 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.0 0.2
NA
0.3 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.4 0.3
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.0 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.4 0.2
0.4 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.3 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.3 0.2
NA
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.3 0.2
NA
0.1 0.2
NA
226Ra
pCi/L ±2<7
0.3 0.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.3 0.0
NA
NA
0.6 0.0
0.4 0.0
0.3 0.0
NA
67.5 96.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.0 0.0
NA
Specific Gamma
Activity
pCi/L ±2(7
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
28
-------
Table 13 (continued)
Drinking Water
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sr-90, and Ra-226 Concentrations
January-December 1993 Composites
Location
TN : Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
TX: Austin
VA:Doswell
VA : Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
WA:Richland
WA: Seattle
WI: Genoa City
WI: Madison
Total
Solids
(mg/L)
72.5
94.0
147.0
192.0
45.6
96.6
94.8
30.2
135.0
193.0
Gross
Beta
pCi/L ±2(7
1.6 0.7
1.8 0.6
3.4 1.2
6.5 1.1
0.5 0.5
2.1 0.6
1.2 0.7
0.5 0.5
1.2 0.5
1.3 0.7
Gross
Alpha
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 14
Plutonium and Uranium Analyses
Selected Drinking Water Composite Samples
January-December 1993
Location
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
COrPlatteville
FL: Miami
FL : Tampa
GA:Baxley
IL: Morris
IL:W. Chicago
MN:Red Wing
MS: Jackson
MS: Port Gibson
NE : Lincoln
HJ:Waretown
NM: Santa Fe
NV:las Vegas
SC : Jenkinsville
WI: Genoa City
WI: Madison
238pu
pCi/L ±2<7
0.004 0.011
0.010 0.013
0.013 0.023
0.001 0.007
0.005 0.012
0.009 0.010
0.038 0.033
ND
0.031 0.023
0.015 0.018
0.008 0.018
0.021 0.023
0.015 0.018
0.003 0.023
0.008 0.011
0.021 0.019
0.007 0.012
0.001 0.016
239-240 pu
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 15
Iodine-131 in Drinking Water
January-December 1993
Location
AK: Fairbanks
AL:Dothan
AL : Montgomery
AL: Muscle Shoals
AL: Scott sboro
AR: Little Rock
CA: Berkeley
CA:Los Angeles
CO: Denver
CO:Platteville
CT: Hartford
DC : Washington
DE: Dover
FL: Miami
FL : Tampa
GA:Baxley
GA : Savannah
HI: Honolulu
IA: Cedar Rapids
ID:Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Morris
IL:W. Chicago
KS:Topeka
LA: New Orleans
MA: Lawrence
MD: Baltimore
MD : Conowingo
ME: Augusta
MI:Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MN: Minneapolis
MN:Red Wing
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
MS: Port Gibson
MT: Helena
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
Date
Collected
10/05/93
10/12/93
07/08/93
01/06/93
01/06/93
01/04/93
03/25/93
01/04/93
01/07/93
10/14/93
03/24/93
10/14/93
07/15/93
01/07/93
04/26/93
10/06/93
11/19/93
10/04/93
01/05/93
03/25/93
07/22/93
09/30/93
11/02/93
01/06/93
07/02/93
07/26/93
01/04/93
10/19/93
07/21/93
03/26/93
10/18/93
01/04/93
01/05/93
03/22/93
01/05/93
01/05/93
03/22/93
07/15/93
10/15/93
01/04/93
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 15 (continued)
Iodine-131 in Drinking Water
January-December 1993
Location
NE: Lincoln
NH : Concord
NJ:Trenton
NJ:Waretown
NH: Santa Fe
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
OH Cincinnati
OH: Columbus
OH: East Liverpool
OH:Painesville
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Port land
PA: Columbia
PA:Harrisburg
PA : Philadelphia
PA : Philadelphia
PA : Philadelphia-Baxter
PA : Philadelphia-Baxter
PA : Philadelphia-Queen
PA : Philadelphia-Queen
PA .-Pittsburgh
PC:Corozal
RI: Providence
RI: Providence
SC:Barnwell
SC: Columbia
SC:Hartsville
SC : Jenkinsville
SC: Seneca
TN: Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
TX: Austin
VA:Doswell
VA : Lynchburg
VA: Virginia Beach
Date
Collected
03/26/93
03/22/93
07/13/93
04/22/93
01/05/93
01/04/93
10/01/93
10/05/93
01/05/93
09/28/93
04/22/93
04/05/93
07/23/93
03/22/93
04/06/93
08/12/93
10/19/93
07/22/93
07/22/93
07/22/93
10/28/93
07/22/93
10/28/93
07/22/93
10/28/93
04/27/93
10/07/93
10/05/93
06/30/93
07/22/93
01/05/93
07/12/93
01/08/93
04/20/93
07/16/93
03/26/93
04/07/93
01/04/93
01/07/93
04/06/93
pCi/L ±2cr
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.1 0.2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.1 0.3
ND
ND
0.2 0.4
ND
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.2
ND
ND
0.3 0.3
ND
0.7 0.5
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.3 1.8
0.1 0.1
ND
ND
ND
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.3
ND
ND
ND
0.1 0.4
ND
ND
0.1 0.4
32
-------
Table 15 (continued)
Iodine-131 in Drinking Water
January-December 1993
Location
WA:Richland
WA: Seattle
WI: Genoa City
WI: Madison
Date
Collected
10/11/93
10/05/93
07/16/93
01/04/93
pCi/L ±2<7
ND
ND
ND
ND
-------
3. External Gamma Ambient Monitoring Program
The External Gamma Monitoring Program (EGAMP), which began in October 1978,
provides a continuous measurement of ambient gamma exposure rates, including cosmic, at
selected sites throughout the continental United States. Data from this program are used
to evaluate fluctuations in natural background due to variations in environmental condi-
tions and to provide a means of monitoring any significant increases in ambient gamma
levels. The program consists of approximately 22 sites representing wide geographic cover-
age throughout the country.f Although exposure measurements at these few sites are not
totally representative of nationwide exposures, they do indicate national trends.
The EGAMP program utilizes CaF2:Mn thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's). These
dosimeters are commercially available glass-bulb type dosimeters with energy compensating
shields. A group of three TLD's is located at each station or site. Dosimeters are annealed
by the station operator prior to positioning in the field. The dosimeters are returned to
NAREL for readout approximately every three months. Several dosimeters are annealed by
the station operator as controls and returned with the exposed field dosimeters to correct
for any exposures accumulated during shipment.
Publication of EGAMP data has been suspended until problems with the data are re-
solved.
Since some of these sites may not return dosimeters each period, the number of sites listed may vary slightly.
34
-------
4. Milk Program
Pasteurized Milk
This is a cooperative program with the Dairy and Lipid Products Branch, Milk Sani-
tation Section, Food and Drug Administration. Milk is a reliable indicator of the general
population's intake of radionuclides since it is consumed fresh by a large segment of the pop-
ulation and can contain several of the biologically important radionuclides that result from
environmental releases from nuclear activities. A primary function of this program is to ob-
tain reliable monitoring data relative to current radionuclide concentrations and determine
any long-term trends.
Monthly samples are collected at 65 sampling sites with at least one located in each
state, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone. The samples are composited, according
to production, from the major milk suppliers representing more than 80 percent of the milk
consumed in a given population center.
The samples are analyzed for gamma emitting nuclides, including iodine-131, barium-
140, cesium-137, and potassium. All samples collected in July are analyzed for strontium-90.
Also, for the first month of the three quarters beginning January, April, and October, 10
regional composite samples of milk made up from the states within each of EPA's 10 regions
are analyzed for strontium-90.
Iodine-131, barium-140, cesium-137, and potassium are determined by gamma spectral
analysis. Strontium-90 is determined by beta counting a total strontium precipitate that has
been chemically separated by ion exchange.
Tables 16-18 contain the concentrations of radionuclides in pasteurized milk for October-
December 1993. Table 19 contains the concentrations of strontium-90 in pasteurized milk
EPA Regional Composites for October 1993.
35
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Table 16
Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk
October 1993
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ : Phoenix
CArLos Angeles
CA: Sacramento
CA:San Francisco
CO: Denver
CT:Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL : Tampa
GA: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA:Des Moines
IL: Chicago
IN : Indianapolis
KS: Wichita
LA: New Orleans
MA: Boston
ME: Portland
MI:Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MN:St. Paul
MO: Kansas City
MS: Jackson
MT: Helena
NC: Charlotte
ND:Minot
NJ: Trenton
NM : Albuquerque
NV:Las Vegas
NY:Bufialo
NY: Syracuse
OH: Cincinnati
OH Cleveland
OR: Portland
PA : Philadelphia
PA Pittsburgh
Date
Collected
10/08/93
10/11/93
10/07/93
10/04/93
10/04/93
10/05/93
10/15/93
10/04/93
10/05/93
10/04/93
10/12/93
10/08/93
10/04/93
10/07/93
10/04/93
10/07/93
10/26/93
10/04/93
10/06/93
10/09/93
10/04/93
10/06/93
10/13/93
10/11/93
10/21/93
10/28/93
10/26/93
10/07/93
10/13/93
10/05/93
10/05/93
10/05/93
10/20/93
10/07/93
10/04/93
10/04/93
10/06/93
K
g/L ±2
-------
Table 16 (continued)
Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk
October 1993
Location
PC: Cristobal
PR: San Juan
SC: Charleston
SD: Rapid City
TN: Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
TN: Memphis
TX:Ft. Worth
VA: Norfolk
VT: Burlington
WA: Seattle
WA : Spokane
WV: Char lest on
Date
Collected
10/06/93
10/06/93
10/06/93
10/11/93
10/06/93
10/11/93
10/05/93
10/05/93
10/01/93
10/15/93
10/04/93
10/04/93
10/04/93
K
g/L ±2
-------
Table 17
Radiomiclides in Pasteurized Milk
November 1993
Location
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
CA:Los Angeles
CA: Sacramento
CA:San Francisco
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Dover
FL : Tampa
GA: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA:Des Moines
IL: Chic ago
IN : Indianapolis
KS: Wichita
KY: Louisville
LA: New Orleans
MA:Boston
MD:Baltimore
ME: Portland
MI:Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MN:St. Paul
MO:Kansas City
MS : Jackson
MT: Helena
ND:Minot
NJ: Trent on
NM : Albuquerque
NY:Buffalo
NY: Syracuse
OH Cincinnati
OH Cleveland
OR: Portland
PA Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
PC: Cristobal
Date
Collected
11/08/93
11/02/93
11/04/93
11/03/93
11/02/93
11/19/93
11/02/93
11/02/93
11/02/93
11/10/93
11/08/93
11/01/93
11/04/93
11/08/93
11/09/93
11/02/93
11/18/93
11/09/93
11/04/93
11/02/93
11/12/93
11/08/93
11/03/93
11/30/93
11/02/93
11/16/93
11/29/93
11/04/93
11/16/93
11/16/93
11/08/93
11/23/93
11/23/93
11/01/93
11/08/93
11/06/93
11/04/93
K
g/L ±2cr
1.58 0.08
1.50 0.11
1.64 0.08
1.42 0.08
1.66 0.08
1.55 0.05
1.60 0.14
1.60 0.08
1.61 0.08
1.60 0.09
1.60 0.05
1.60 0.06
1.60 0.14
1.51 0.06
1.61 0.06
1.54 0.07
1.49 0.08
1.56 0.08
1.57 0.08
1.54 0.14
1.61 0.08
1.62 0.09
1.60 0.08
1.57 0.08
1.60 0.08
1.42 0.13
1.60 0.09
1.63 0.06
1.54 0.07
1.67 0.08
1.57 0.09
1.63 0.08
1.74 0.08
1.61 0.09
1.61 0.14
1.53 0.06
1.39 0.08
137Cs
pCi/L ±2
-------
Table 17 (continued)
Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk
November 1993
Location
PR: San Juan
SC : Charleston
SD: Rapid City
TN: Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
TN: Memphis
TX: Austin
TX:Ft. Worth
VA: Norfolk
VT:Montpelier
WA: Seattle
WA : Spokane
WV: Charleston
Date
Collected
11/05/93
11/10/93
11/01/93
11/01/93
11/02/93
11/01/93
11/10/93
11/09/93
11/02/93
11/08/93
11/02/93
11/10/93
11/09/93
K
g/L ±2
-------
Table 18
Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk
December 1993
Location
AL : Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA:Los Angeles
CA: Sacramento
CO: Denver
DE:Dover
FL : Tampa
GA: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA:Des Moines
IN : Indianapolis
KS: Wichita
KY : Louisville
MA:Boston
MD: Baltimore
HE: Port land
MI:Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MN: St. Paul
MO:Kansas City
MS : Jackson
MT: Helena
ND:Minot
NJ: Trent on
NM : Albuquerque
NV:Las Vegas
NY: Buffalo
NY: Syracuse
OH Cincinnati
OR: Port land
PA Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
PC: Cristobal
PR: San Juan
SC: Charleston
SD: Rapid City
Date
Collected
12/07/93
12/02/93
12/07/93
12/13/93
12/06/93
12/20/93
12/14/93
12/06/93
12/13/93
12/06/93
12/27/93
12/06/93
12/21/93
12/07/93
12/20/93
12/03/93
12/06/93
12/15/93
12/06/93
12/01/93
12/28/93
12/09/93
12/17/93
12/10/93
\l\2/09/93
12/13/93
12/07/93
12/27/93
12/16/93
12/22/93
12/06/93
12/06/93
12/08/93
12/22/93
12/09/93
12/09/93
12/06/93
K
g/L ±2
-------
Table 18 (continued)
Radiormclides in Pasteurized Milk
December 1993
Location
IN: Chattanooga
TN:Knoxville
TN: Memphis
VA: Norfolk
VT : Montpelier
WA: Seattle
WA : Spokane
WV : Charleston
Date
Collected
12/06/93
12/06/93
12/08/93
12/03/93
12/07/93
12/08/93
12/06/93
12/06/93
K
g/L ±2
-------
Table 19
Strontium-90 in Pasteurized Milk
EPA Regional Composites
October 1993
EPA
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Collection
Date
10/07/93
10/06/93
10/04/93
10/09/93
10/08/93
10/14/93
10/08/93
10/18/93
10/06/93
10/04/93
90Sr
pCi/L ±2a-
2.0 0.4
1.2 0.5
1.1 0.5
0.9 0.5
1.2 0.4
1.3 0.4
1.4 0.4
0.8 0.4
0.5 0.3
1.1 0.4
Note:
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Carbon-14 in Milk
Nine stations, chosen for wide geographical distribution, contribute milk samples for
annual analysis of carbon-14. These samples are monitored for carbon-14 levels in the food
chain resulting from nuclear testing. The pasteurized milk is freeze-dried and the resulting
powder is pelletized for ease of combustion. Analysis consists of combusting the samples and
converting the released carbon dioxide through a series of chemical conversions to benzene,
which is then assayed for carbon-14 by liquid scintillation.
The samples undergo three main steps in the chemical conversions to benzene prior to
liquid scintillation counting. They include (1) combustion of the sample to carbon dioxide,
(2) conversion of the carbon dioxide to acetylene, and (3) trimerizations of the acetylene
to benzene. The last carbon-14 results were for samples collected during April-May 1982,
1983-1986, and March-May 1987. They were published in Environmental Radiation Data:
Report 54 and Environmental Radiation Data: Report 59.
43
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Environmental Radiation Data (ERD) is published quarterly (January, April, July, October) by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air.
Requests for information concerning publication and distribution of ERD should be directed to:
Charles M. Petko
Office of the Director
National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory
540 South Morris Avenue
Montgomery, Alabama 36115-2601
Requests for information concerning the operation of ERAMS should be directed to:
John G. Griggs, Chief
Monitoring and Analytical Services Branch
National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory
540 South Morris Avenue
Montgomery, Alabama 36115-2601
or to:
William C. Conklin
Policy and Emergency Response Branch
Criteria and Standards Division (6602J)
USEPA Waterside Mall
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
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