United States Eastern Environmental EPA 520/5-84-019
Environmental Protection Radiation Facility June 1984
Agency 1890 Federal Drive
Montgomery, AL 36109
Radiation
x>EPA
Environmental Radiation
Data
Report 37
January - March 1984
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL
RADIATION
DATA
REPORT 37
January - March 1984
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Radiation Programs
-------
Preface
Environmental Radiation Data (ERD) is compiled and distributed
quarterly by the Office of Radiation Programs' Eastern Environmental
Radiation Facility (EERF), Montgomery, Alabama, and contains data
from the Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS).
Data from similar networks operated by contributing States, Canada,
Mexico, and the Pan American Health Organization are reported in the
ERD when available.
ERAMS was established in 1973 by the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Office of Radiation Programs (ORP). The ERAMS is
comprised of nationwide sampling stations that provide air, surface
and drinking water, and milk samples from which environmental
radiation levels are derived. The major emphasis for ERAMS is toward
identifying trends in the accumulation of long-lived radionuclides in
the environment.
Sampling locations are selected to provide optimal population
coverage while functioning to monitor fallout from nuclear devices
and other forms of radioactive contamination of the environment. The
radiation analyses performed on these samples include gross alpha and
gross beta levels, gamma analyses for fission products, and specific
analyses for uranium, plutonium, strontium, iodine, radium, krypton,
and tritium. This monitoring effort also provides ancillary
information on natural background levels and on releases into the
environment from stationary sources such as nuclear power reactors,
fuel fabrication facilities, and reprocessing plants.
111
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION
DATA
CONTENTS
Page
DATA - Reporting Rationale and Procedures vii
- Table of Reporting Increments and Minimum ix
Detectable Levels
DATA - ERAMS
SECTION I. Air Program 1
1. Airborne Particulates 1
and Precipitation
2. Plutonium and Uranium in 13
Airborne Particulates
3. Krypton-85 16
SECTION II. Water Program 17
1. Surface Water 17
2. Drinking Water 20
SECTION III. External Gamma Ambient Monitoring Program 23
v
-------
SECTION IV. Milk Program 26
1. Pasteurized Milk 26
2. Tritium in Milk 26
3. Strontium-89 and -90 in Milk 26
4. Carbon-14 in Milk 34
DATA - CHICAGO AREA WATERWAYS MONITORING 35
vi
-------
DATA - Reporting Rationale and Procedures
The intent of EPA's Office of Radiation Programs in establishing
the Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System was to provide
continuous, accurate and usable environmental radiation data for the
public. Therefore, new data reporting procedures were developed to
allow better interpretation of the data. The most significant change
in this reporting procedure is that all specific radionuclide
analyses will be reported as the counting results indicate, whether
the number is negative, zero, or positive.
Reporting Rationale
Frequently, concentrations of a radionuclide in environmental
media are close to zero. When the actual concentration of a nuclide
is zero, the net counting results should statistically show a
distribution of negative and positive numbers about zero. This
occurs when the background count is subtracted from a sample which
has only background activity. Prior to July 1975, ERAMS data were
not reported numerically when the results were less than a specified
reporting level or minimum detectable level. The present reporting
procedure allows all the data to be reported and evaluated
statistically without an arbitrary cutoff of small or negative
numbers. This approach will facilitate estimates of bias in the
nuclide analyses and will allow better evaluation of distributions
and trends in .environmental data.
When reviewing the data in this report, caution should be
exercised in the interpretation of individual negative values.
Obviously, a negative activity value does riot have physical
significance. Such numbers, however, are significant when taken
together with other observations which indicate that the true value
of a distribution is near zero. When an average of several
measurements produces a result less than zero, this indicates a
negative bias in the measurement procedure.
(1) Reported Values
Specific Analyses - All specific radionuclide analyses will
be reported as the counting results indicate, whether the number
is negative, zero, or positive. Numerical values given are as
of sample collection date.
vii
-------
Gross Analyses - The actual value of gross radioactivity
measurements will be reported, unless the value is below the
minimum detectable level (MDL) at the 2 sigma confidence level,
then < minimum detectable level will be reported.
MDL is defined as the 3 sigma error of the background. A
tabulation of MDL's is given in the following table.
(2) Reported Error Terms
Each reported value for specific analyses will be
accompanied by a counting error term at the 2 sigma (95%)
confidence interval. Potassium concentrations are determined by
specific activity analyses. Error terms are therefore reported
as counting errors. At the very low levels characteristic of
most ERAMS measurements, counting error is the greatest
contributor to overall error.
(3) Significant Figures
All reported values will be rounded to no more than three
significant figures. The last significant figure will be
increased by one if the figure following is five or greater,
otherwise it is left unchanged.
(4) Reporting Levels
The reporting units, smallest increments for reporting, and
minimum detectable levels for each isotope are shown in table 1.
Smallest increments are sometimes considerably smaller than
minimum detectable amounts to avoid truncation errors in
averaging.
(5) Averages
Averages will be calculated along with appropriate error
terms in an annual summary and analysis of ERAMS data. In
calculating these averages, all values of individual data
including negative numbers will be utilized. Averages will not
be included in ERD quarterly reports.
viii
-------
TABLE 1
ERAMS Reporting Increments and Minimum Detectable Levels
for Radionuclide Analyses
Radionuclide
Gross alpha
Gross beta
Tritium
Carbon-14
Krypton-85
Plutonium-238,
239
Uranium-234 ,
235,238
Radium-226
Reporting
Media Units
Water
Air
Water
Precipitation
Water
Milk
Milk
Ambient Air
Air
Milk
Water
Air
Milk
Water
Water
pCi/1
pCi/m3
pCi/1
nCi/m2
nCi/1
nCi/1
pCi/1
pCi/m3
aCi/m3
pCi/1
pCi/1
aCi/m3
pCi/1
pCi/1
pCi/1
Reporting
Increments
1 pCi/1
.01 pCi/m3
1 pCi/1
.01 nCi/m2
.1 nCi/1
.1 nCi/1
1 pCi/1
.1 pCi/m3
.1 aCi/m3
.001 pCi/1
.001 pCi/1
.1 aCi/m3
.001 pCi/1
.001 pCi/1
.1 pCi/1
Minimum
Detectable
Levels
2 pCi/1
.01 pCi/m3
1 pCi/1
.01 nCi/m2(a)
.2 nCi/1
.2 nCi/1
15 pCi/1
2 pCi/m3
.015 pCi(b)
per sample
.015 pCi
per sample
.015 pCi
per sample
.015 PCiO>)
per sample
.015 pCi
per sample
.015 pCi
per sample
.1 pCi/1
IX
-------
Radionuclide
Strontium-90
Strontium-89
Iodine-131
Iodine-129
Iodine-127
Cesium-137
Barium-140
Potassium
Potass ium-40
Media
Milk
Water
Milk
Milk
Water
Water
(specific
Milk
Milk
Milk
Water
Milk
Water
Milk
Water
Water
Reporting
Units
pCi/1
pCi/1
pCi/1
pCi/1
pCi/1
pCi/1
radiochemical
fCi/1
8/1
pCi/1
pCi/1
pCi/1
pCi/1
g/1
g/1
pCi/1
Reporting
Increments
.1 pCi/1
.1 pCi/1
1 pCi/1
1 pCi/1
1 pCi/1
.1 pCi/1
analysis)
.1 fCi/1
10 g/1
1 pCi/1
1 pCi/1
1 pCi/1
1 pCi/1
.1 g/1
.1 g/1
1 pCi/1
Minimum
Detectable
Levels
1 pCi/1
1 pCi/1
5 pCi/l(O
10 pCi/l(c)
10 pCi/l(c)
.4 pCi/1
.4 fCi/1
10 g/1
10 pCi/1
10 pCi/1
10 pCi/l(c)
10 pCi/l(c)
.12 g/1
.12 g/1
100 pCi/1
(a) The value in terms of nCi/m^ would be dependent on precipitation (mm),
(b) This value in terms of pCi/m3 would be dependent on the air volume.
(c) Activity as of the day of counting.
x
-------
DATA * EPA
ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION
AMBIENT MONITORING SYSTEM (ERAMS)
SECTION I. Air Program
Airborne Particulates and Precipitation
Gross beta radioactivity measurements and certain specific
analyses are performed on air particulates and precipitation samples
as indicator measurements in assessing the general (national) impact
of all contributing sources on environmental levels of radiation.
Airborne particulates are collected continuously at field
stations representing wide geographic coverage, including present and
potential sources of environmental radioactivity. Sampling sites are
located throughout the United States, Virgin Islands, and the Panama
Canal.
Filters ( 10-cm diameter synthetic fiber ) from air samplers are
changed twice weekly and field measurements are made with a G-M
survey meter at 5 hours and 29 hours after collection to allow for
radon and thoron daughter product decay. Field estimates are
reported to appropriate EPA officials by telephone or mail depending
on the activity levels found.
The filters are sent to EERF for more sensitive analyses in a
low background beta counter. Gamma scans are performed on all
filters showing laboratory gross beta counts greater than 1
pCi/nr5. The lower gross beta values reported for laboratory
measurements are largely due to the decay of radionuclides which
occurred between the times of the field estimates and laboratory
measurements.
Precipitation samples are collected at the field stations where
air filters are collected. These samples are also sent to EERF where
they are composited monthly for tritium, gross beta activity
measurements and gamma scans. Plutonium-238, -239, and uranium-234,
-235, and »238 analyses are performed on samples which exceed 2
pCi/liter gross alpha.
-------
May.
Tables 2-4 present the monthly average gross beta
concentrations in airborne particulates for January - March 1984.
Tables 5-7 present the monthly average gross beta
concentration in precipitation January - March 1984.
The tritium in precipitation samples for January - March 1984 at
the selected stations are shown in Table 8.
A compilation of individual measurements is available from the
EPA, EERF, Montgomery, AL 36193.
-------
TABLE 2
AIRBORNE PARTICULATES
GROSS BETA CONCENTRATION
JANUARY 1984
LOCATION
# SAM
AL: MONTGOMERY
CA:BERKELEY
CA:LOS ANGELES
CT: HARTFORD
DE:WILMINGTON
FL:JACKSONVILLE
FLrMIAMI
GA:ATLANTA
HI:HONOLULU
IA:IOWA CITY
ID:BOISE
ID:IDAHO FALLS
IL:CHICAGO
ME:AUGUSTA
MI:LANSING
MN:MINNEAPOLIS
MO:JEFFERSON CITY
MS:JACKSON
ND:BISMARCK
NH: CONCORD
NV:LAS VEGAS
NY: ALBANY
NY:NEW YORK CITY
NY:NIAGARA FALLS
NY:SYRACUSE
OH:COLUMBUS
OH:PAINESVILLE
OH:TOLEDO
OR:PORTLAND
PA:HARRISBURG
RI:PROVIDENCE
SC:BARNWELL
SC:COLUMBIA
SD:PIERRE
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN:NASHVILLE
TX:EL PASO
UT:SALT LAKE CITY
5-HR FIELD
ESTIMATE
MAX MIN AVG
(pCi/m3)
EERF LAB
MEASUREMENT
MAX MIN AVG
(pCi/m3)
9
8
9
9
8
8
9
2
9
8
9
9
3
9
1
9
9
9
9
9
9
5
7
9
6
8
9
9
9
9
5
2
9
9
9
4
9
8
1.0
0.1
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.4
0.1
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.2
3.4
0.0
2.3
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.9
0.0
0.9
0.0
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
-------
TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)
AIRBORNE PARTICULATES
GROSS BETA CONCENTRATION
JANUARY 1984
LOCATION
// SAM
5-HR FIELD
ESTIMATE
MAX MIN AVG
(pCi/m3)
EERF LAB
MEASUREMENT
MAX MIN AVG
(pCi/m3)
9
7
9
9
9
5
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
VA:LYNCHBURG
VA:VIRGINIA BEACH
WA:SEATTLE
WA:SPOKANE
WI:MADISON
WV:CHARLESTON
MINIMUM DETECTABLE LIMIT FOR FIELD ESTIMATES - .1 pCi/mJ
MINIMUM DETECTABLE LIMIT FOR LAB MEASUREMENT - .01 pCi/m3
-------
TABLE 3
AIRBORNE PARTICULATES
GROSS BETA CONCENTRATION
FEBRUARY 1984
LOCATION
# SAM
AL:MONTGOMERY
CA: BERKELEY
CA:LOS ANGELES
CT:HARTFORD
DE:WILMINGTON
FL:JACKSONVILLE
FL:MIAMI
GA:ATLANTA
HI:HONOLULU
IA.-IOWA CITY
ID:BOISE
ID:IDAHO FALLS
IL:CHICAGO
KS:TOPEKA
ME:AUGUSTA
MI:LANSING
MN:MINNEAPOLIS
MO:JEFFERSON CITY
MS:JACKSON
ND:BISMARCK
NH:CONCORD
NV:LAS VEGAS
NY .-ALBANY
NY:NEW YORK CITY
NY:NIAGARA FALLS
NY:SYRACUSE
OH:COLUMBUS
OH:PAINESVILLE
OH:TOLEDO
OR:PORTLAND
PA:HARRISBURG
RI: PROVIDENCE
SC:BARNWELL
SC:COLUMBIA
SD:PIERRE
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN:NASHVILLE
TX:AUSTIN
5-HR FIELD
ESTIMATE
MAX MIN AVG
(pCi/m3)
EERF LAB
MEASUREMENT
MAX MIN AVG
(pCi/m3)
8
8
8
8
6
6
8
4
7
8
8
8
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
4
8
7
5
8
8
8
8
8
5
1
8
8
8
4
8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.6
0.1
0.0
1.3
0.4
1.2
0.7
2.9
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.2
0.7
0.6
1.2
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
-------
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
AIRBORNE PARTICULATES
GROSS BETA CONCENTRATION
FEBRUARY 1984
LOCATION
# SAM
5-HR FIELD
ESTIMATE
MAX MIN AVG
(pCi/m3)
EERF LAB
MEASUREMENT
MAX MIN AVG
(pCi/m3)
8
8
8
7
8
8
0.8
0.0
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
TX:EL PASO
UT:SALT LAKE CITY
VA:LYNCHBURG
WA:SEATTLE
WA:SPOKANE
WI:MADISON
MINIMUM DETECTABLE LIMIT FOR FIELD ESTIMATES - .1
MINIMUM DETECTABLE LIMIT FOR LAB MEASUREMENT - .01 pCi/nf
-------
TABLE 4
AIRBORNE PARTICIPATES
GROSS BETA CONCENTRATION
MARCH 1984
LOCATION
# SAM
AL: MONTGOMERY
CA:BERKELEY
CA:LOS ANGELES
CO:DENVER
CT:HARTFORD
DE:WILMINGTON
FL:JACKSONVILLE
FLrMIAMI
GA:ATLANTA
HI:HONOLULU
IA:IOWA CITY
ID:BOISE
ID:IDAHO FALLS
IL:CHICAGO
KS:TOPEKA
ME:AUGUSTA
.MI :LANSING
MN:MINNEAPOLIS
MO:JEFFERSON CITY
MS:JACKSON
ND:BISMARCK
NH:CONCORD
NM:SANTA FE
NV:LAS VEGAS
NY:ALBANY
NY:NEW YORK CITY
NY:NIAGARA FALLS
NY:SYRACUSE
NY:YAPHANK
OH:COLUMBUS
OH.-PAINESVILLE
OH:TOLEDO
OR: PORTLAND
PA:HARRISBURG
RI:PROVIDENCE
SC:BARNWELL
SC:COLUMBIA
SD:PIERRE
5-HR FIELD
ESTIMATE
MAX MEN AVG
(pCi/m3)
EERF LAB
MEASUREMENT
MAX MIN AVG
(pCi/m3)
9
8
9
6
9
9
9
9
2
8
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
6
9
4
9
9
4
2
9
9
9
9
9
5
3
9
8
0.7
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.3
1.2
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
-------
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
AIRBORNE PARTICULATES
GROSS BETA CONCENTRATION
MARCH 1984
LOCATION
# SAM
5-HR FIELD
ESTIMATE
MAX MIN AVG
(pCi/m3)
EERF LAB
MEASUREMENT
MAX MIN AVG
(pCi/m3)
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN: NASHVILLE
TX: AUSTIN
TX:EL PASO
UT:SALT LAKE CITY
VA:LYNCHBURG
WA: SEATTLE
WA: SPOKANE
WI: MAD I SON
8
5
8
10
9
9
7
9
9
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
.6
.8
.6
.5
.1
.5
.0
.1
.3
0.1
0.2
0.7
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
.3
.7
.1
.6
.0
.2
.0
.1
.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.03
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
MINIMUM DETECTABLE LIMIT FOR FIELD ESTIMATES - .1 pCi/m3
MINIMUM DETECTABLE LIMIT FOR LAB MEASUREMENT - .01 pCi/m3
-------
TABLE 5
GROSS BETA CONCENTRATION IN PRECIPITATION
JANUARY 1984
LOCATION
AL:MONTGOMERY
CA:BERKELEY
CT:HARTFORD
FL:JACKSONVILLE
FL:MIAMI
ID:BOISE
IL:CHICAGO
MN:MINNEAPOLIS
MS:JACKSON
ND:BISMARCK
NY .-ALBANY
NY:NEW YORK CITY
NY:NIAGARA FALLS
OH:PAINESVILLE
OH:TOLEDO
OR:PORTLAND
PA:HARRISBURG
SC.-BARNWELL
SC:COLUMBIA
SD:PIERRE
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN:NASHVILLE
TX:AUSTIN
TX:EL PASO
VA:LYNCHBURG
VA:VIRGINIA BEACH
WI:MADISON
DEPTH
(mm)
145.0
17.2
42.0
102.1
5.0
59.5
25.8
8.2
48.1
12.6
44.8
10.5
24.4
30.0
17.5
12.0
57.5
67.5
125.0
5.0
23.0
30.0
20.0
20.0
196.9
72.5
20.0
ACT.
± 2s
(nC±/m2)
0.23
0.01
0.06
0.20
0.01
0.10
0.17
0.07
0.14
0.02
0.08
0.03
0.08
0.14
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.10
0.02
0.03
0.19
0.02
0.08
1.57
0.14
1.50
0.07
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.19
0.04
0.05
SPECIFIC
GAMMA ACT.
(pCi/1)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND NO GAMMA ACTIVITY DETECTABLE
s SIGMA COUNTING ERROR
-------
TABLE 6
GROSS BETA CONCENTRATION IN PRECIPITATION
FEBUARY 1984
LOCATION
AL:MONTGOMERY
CA:BERKELEY
CO:DENVER
CT:HARTFORD
FL :JACKSONVILLE
FLrMIAMI
ID:BOISE
ID:IDAHO FALLS
IL:CHICAGO
MI:LANSING
MN:MINNEAPOLIS
MS:JACKSON
ND:BISMARCK
NY:ALBANY
NY:NIAGARA FALLS
OH:COLUMBUS
OH:PAINESVILLE
OH:TOLEDO
OR:PORTLAND
PA:HARRISBURG
SC:BARNWELL
SC:COLUMBIA
TN:KNOXVILLE
TX:AUSTIN
WI:MADISON
DEPTH ACT. + 2s
(mm)
SPECIFIC
GAMMA ACT.
(pCi/1)
120.0
52.9
9.0
67.7
73.2
25.0
54.5
13.8
16.0
42.3
39.5
46.3
8.9
79.8
33.9
17.5
38.1
12.5
112.3
180.0
12.5
155.0
86.3
12.5
11.3
0.20
0.02
0.01
0.14
0.11
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.11
0.32
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.07
0.36
0.01
0.16
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.06
0.11
0.01
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.01
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND NO GAMMA ACTIVITY DETECTABLE
s SIGMA COUNTING ERROR
10
-------
TABLE 7
GROSS BETA CONCENTRATION IN PRECIPITATION
MARCH 1984
LOCATION
AL:MONTGOMERY
CA:BERKELEY
CO:DENVER
CT:HARTFORD
DC:WASHINGTON
FL:JACKSONVILLE
FL:MIAMI
ID:BOISE
ID:IDAHO FALLS
IL:CHICAGO
MI:LANSING
MN:MINNEAPOLIS
MS:JACKSON
ND:BISMARCK
NY:ALBANY
NY:NEW YORK CITY
NY:NIAGARA FALLS
OH:COLUMBUS
OH:PAINESVILLE
OH:TOLEDO
OR:PORTLAND
PA:HARRISBURG
RI:PROVIDENCE
SC:BARNWELL
SC:COLUMBIA
SD:PIERRE
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN:NASHVILLE
TX:AUSTIN
TX:EL PASO
VA:LYNCHBURG
WA:SEATTLE
DEPTH
(mm)
115.0
47.3
22.0
125.5
20.0
170.2
55.0
53.8
36.0
123.1
66.8
11.9
74.4
60.0
28.3
7.4
68.4
102.0
68.1
12.5
132.3
59.8
125.0
156.0
158.8
20.0
73.6
70.0
60.0
10.0
128.8
32.5
ACT.
± 2s
(nCi/m2)
0.38
0.05
0.13
0.25
0.15
0.16
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.21
0.07
0.04
0.16
0.13
0.02
0.00
0.15
0.15
0.12
0.05
0.25
0.06
0.17
0.14
0.62
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.05
0.01
0.12
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.08
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.07
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.11
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.06
0.02
SPECIFIC
GAMMA ACT.
(pCi/1)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND NO GAMMA ACTIVITY DETECTABLE
s SIGMA COUNTING ERROR
11
-------
TABLE 8
PRECIPITATION
TRITIUM CONCENTRATION
JANUARY - MARCH 1984
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
LOCATION
AL: MONTGOMERY
CA: BERKELEY
CO:DENVER
CT:HARTFORD
DC:WASHINGTON
FL:JACKSONVILLE
FL:MIAMI
ID:BOISE
ID:IDAHO FALLS
IL:CHICAGO
MIrLANSING
MN:MINNEAPOLIS
MS:JACKSON
ND:BISMARCK
NY:ALBANY
NY:NEW YORK CITY
NY:NIAGARA FALLS
OH:COLUMBUS
OH:PAINESVILLE
OH:TOLEDO
OR:PORTLAND
PA:HARRISBURG
RI:PROVIDENCE
SC:BARNWELL
SC:COLUMBIA
SD:PIERRE
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN:NASHVILLE
TX:AUSTIN
TX:EL PASO
VA:LYNCHBURG
VA:VIRGINIA BEACH
WA:SEATTLE
WI:MADISON
nCi/1 + 2s nCi/1 + 2s nCi/1 + 2s
0.
0.
NS
0.
NS
0.
0.
0.
NS
0.
NS
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
NS
0.
0.
0.
0.
NS
3.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
NS
0.
4
1
2
4
3
1
3
5
2
2
3
2
4
3
2
1
2
5
4
1
4
2
1
1
3
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.
0.
0.
0.
NS
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
NS
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
NS
0.
0.
NS
0.
NS
0.
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
7
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
NS
0.
NS
2
1
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
3
4
4
1
2
1
1
3
5
1
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
NS NO SAMPLE
s SIGMA COUNTING ERROR
12
-------
Plutonium and Uranium in Airborne Particulates
Environmental radiation levels of plutonium and uranium are
determined by the analyses of quarterly composite samples (air
filters) collected from the 67 continuously operating airborne
particulate samplers.
Analyses of the composited filters consist of ashing, separating
by liquid ion exchange, and coprecipitation of the plutonium or
uranium.
Concentration of the specific isotopes of plutonium-238, -239,
and uranium-234, ~235, and -238 are determined by alpha spectroscopy.
The volume of air analyzed normally ranges from 25,000 to 40,000 m^
for each quarterly composite.
Plutonium and uranium in airborne particulates data for July
September 1983 are shown in Table 9.
13
-------
TABLE 9
PLUTONIUM AND URANIUM IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATES
JULY - SEPTEMBER 1983 COMPOSITES
238
Pu
239
Pu
234
U
235T
238T
LOCATION
AL:MONTGOMERY
CA:BERKELEY
CA:LOS ANGELES
CO:DENVER
CT:HARTFORD
DErWILMINGTON
FL:JACKSONVILLE
FL:MIAMI
HI:HONOLULU
LA:IOWA CITY
IDrBOISE
ID:IDAHO FALLS
IL:CHICAGO
IN:INDIANAPOLIS
ME:AUGUSTA
MIrLANSING
MN:MINNEAPOLIS
MO:JEFFERSON CITY
MS:JACKSON
ND:BISMARCK
NH:CONCORD
NJ:TRENTON
NV:LAS VEGAS
NY:ALBANY
NY:NIAGARA FALLS
NY:YAPHANK
OH:COLUMBUS
OH:PAINESVILLE
OH:TOLEDO
OK:OKLAHOMA CITY
OR:PORTLAND
PA:HARRISBURG
PA:PITTSBURGH
RI:PROVIDENCE
SC:BARNWELL
SC:COLUMBIA
SD:PIERRE
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN:NASHVILLE
TX:AUSTIN
.C±/m3+ 2s aCi/m3+ :
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
-0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
.4
.2
.9
.1
.2
.0
.2
.2
.1
.2
.7
.7
.6
.3
.1
.0
.2
.8
.6
.3
.3
.3
.5
.2
.0
.1
.8
.1
.3
.8
.3
.3
.0
.3
.3
.7
.2
.1
.8
.4
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1.
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
.6
.3
.9
.4
.4
.6
.2
.4
.3
.3
.9
.1
.8
.4
.3
.4
.3
.3
.8
.1
.4
.2
.6
.3
.6
.2
.6
.2
.4
.0
.4
.3
.2
.4
.8
.7
.7
.3
.6
.8
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
3
2
0
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
1
2
.6
.1
.7
.3
.7
.3
.3
.6
.6
.7
.6
.6
.4
.7
.1
.0
.0
.1
.4
.9
.1
.0
.8
.8
.6
.0
.9
.0
.7
.7
.7
.8
.0
.1
.2
.0
.8
.9
.3
.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
.9
.7
.8
.6
.5
.7
.4
.4
.5
.6
.9
.5
.3
.5
.6
.5
.9
.6
.8
.0
.6
.8
.1
.8
.9
.3
.6
.5
.5
.5
.5
.6
.5
.6
.1
.5
.5
.5
.7
.1
aCi/m3+
17
18
42
53
14
12
16
21
26
26
44
27
58
28
12
16
19
20
15
33
8
16
79
27
49
9
49
20
31
62
21
22
50
15
30
34
20
32
23
17
.6
.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.2
.6
.3
.9
.2
.2
.7
.5
.5
.0
.7
.7
.9
.9
.1
.5
.3
.9
.2
.4
.3
.2
.6
.4
.8
.6
.7
.4
.1
.7
.6
.8
.7
.3
3
4
7
8
2
2
2
2
4
4
7
5
10
6
2
2
3
3
2
6
1
3
10
4
7
3
6
3
5
10
3
3
9
3
6
4
3
5
4
3
2s
.2
.3
.1
.3
.7
.2
.9
.9
.7
.0
.5
.3
.0
.9
.4
.6
.5
.8
.7
.3
.8
.7
.6
.4
.4
.3
.7
.6
.1
.2
.4
.6
.2
.0
.8
.5
.3
.3
.2
.3
aCi/m3+ 2s
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
2
0
3
1
2
0
0
0
1
2
1
2
0
1
2
1
2
0
2
0
1
1
0
1
3
0
2
2
0
1
1
1
.8
.5
.5
.3
.7
.4
.6
.6
.2
.8
.2
.4
.6
.7
.7
.8
.1
.0
.2
.6
.2
.3
.2
.8
.6
.1
.1
.9
.3
.1
.6
.2
.1
.1
.1
.0
.7
.3
.1
.8
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
.6
.6
.4
.2
.8
.3
.5
.3
.1
.5
.6
.0
.7
.0
.5
.5
.7
.9
.8
.4
.3
.9
.2
.9
.2
.1
.9
.6
.8
.0
.4
.6
.5
.2
.5
.8
.5
.9
.7
.9
aCi/m3+ 2
19
7
36
45
13
9
15
18
16
30
34
30
47
29
11
16
20
19
9
30
8
18
46
26
50
9
49
20
35
63
12
22
44
15
18
32
22
31
20
16
.2
.4
.2
.5
.1
.5
.6
.9
.3
.1
.3
.6
.6
.1
.4
.9
.4
.3
.7
.1
.9
.4
.9
.7
.9
.0
.3
.9
.1
.0
.7
.2
.2
.0
.6
.0
.1
.2
.0
.5
3
2
6
7
2
1
2
2
3
4
6
5
8
6
2
2
3
3
2
5
1
3
7
4
7
3
6
3
5
10
2
3
8
3
5
4
3
5
3
3
.4
.6
.3
.3
.6
.8
.8
.6
.4
.4
.2
.7
.6
.9
.3
.7
.6
.6
.0
.8
.9
.9
.1
.3
.5
.0
.7
.7
.5
.2
.3
.5
.3
.0
.1
.3
.5
.1
.8
.2
14
-------
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED)
PLUTONIUM AND URANIUM IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATES
JULY - SEPTEMBER 1983 COMPOSITES
238pu 239pu
LOCATION aCi/m3+ 2s aCi/m3+ 2s aC±/m3+ 2s aCi/m3+ 2s aCi/m3+ 2s
UTrSALT LAKE CITY 0.6 0.7 2.2 1.0 26.7 4.1 1.1 0.6 27.9 4.2
VArLYNCHBURG 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.6 415.6 51.8 8.8 2.1 18.5 3.5
WA:SEATTLE 1.0 0.6 2.3 0.9 9.6 2.1 0.5 0.4 6.8 1.7
WA:SPOKANE 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.7 46.0 9.1 1.9 1.5 42.1 8.6
WV:CHARLESTON 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 24.2 5.6 3.1 1.7 28.1 6.3
s SIGMA COUNTING ERROR
15
-------
Krypton-85
Krypton-85 Is a long-lived noble gas with a half life of 10.8
years. It is released into the atmosphere by nuclear reactor
operations, fuel fabrication, fuel reprocessing, and nuclear
detonations. Krypton-85 also occurs naturally in minor quantities
primarily from the neutron capture of stable krypton-84 as well as
spontaneous fission and neutron-induced fission of uranium.
Monitoring of krypton-85 in the atmosphere has been conducted to
identify and establish baseline levels and long-term trends.
Krypton-85 analysis began in January 1973 with sample
collections and analyses being performed for 12 sampling locations.
These locations were selected to provide atmospheric coverage of the
United States with considerations being given to the proximity to
fuel reprocessing plants, nuclear reactors, and wide geographic
coverage.
Dry compressed air samples, collected at each location, are
purchased from commercial air suppliers annually and shipped to the
EERF where the krypton-85 is cryogenically separated and counted in a
liquid scintillation system.
The Kr-85 results will be published when they are available.
16
-------
DATA - EPA
ERAMS
SECTION II. Water Program
The ERAMS water program provides ambient radiation data to
assess the effects of nuclear fallout, the natural radiation
environment, and other nuclear sources on the nation's rivers,
streams and drinking water supplies.
Surface Water
Grab samples are taken quarterly at 58 stations located
downstream from operating or future nuclear facilities.
Surface water monitoring consists of tritium analyses quarterly
and gamma scans annually. Tritium is the primary radioactive
pollutant from nuclear power plants.
Tritium concentrations are determined by liquid scintillation
counting of distilled samples. Gamma scans are performed annually to
determine if there is a buildup of other contaminants.
Tritium concentrations for surface water samples for January
March 1984 are given in Table 10.
17
-------
TABLE 10
SURFACE WATER
TRITIUM CONCENTRATION
JANUARY - MARCH 1984
LOCATION
AL:DECATUR
AL:DOTHAN
AL:SCOTTSBORO
CA:DIABLO CANYON
CA:EUREKA
CO:GREELEY
CT:EAST HADDAM
CT:WATERFORD
FL:CRYSTAL RIVER
FL:FT. PIERCE
FL:HOMESTEAD
IA:CEDAR RAPIDS
ID:BUHL
IL:MOLINE
IL:MORRIS
IL:OREGON
IL:ZION
LA:NEW ORLEANS
MA:PLYMOUTH
MA:ROWE
MD:CONOWINGO
MD:LUSBY
ME:WISCASSET
MI:CHARLEVOIX
MI .-MONROE
MN:MONTICELLO
MN:RED WING
MS:PORT GIBSON
NC:CHARLOTTE
NC:SOUTHPORT
NE:RULO
NV:BOULDER CITY
NY:OSSINING
NY.-OSWEGO
NY:POUGHKEEPSIE
OH .'TOLEDO
OR:BRADWOOD
PA:DANVILLE
SC:ALLENDALE
SOURCE
TENNESSEE RIVER
CHATTAHOOCHEE R.
TENNESSEE RIVER
PACIFIC OCEAN
HUMBOLDT BAY
SOUTH PLATTE RIVER
CONNECTICUT RIVER
LONG ISLAND SOUND
GULF OF MEXICO
ATLANTIC OCEAN
BISCAYNE BAY
CEDAR RIVER
SNAKE RIVER
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
ILLINOIS RIVER
ROCK RIVER
LAKE MICHIGAN
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
CAPE CODE BAY
DEERFIELD RIVER
SUSQUEHANNA RIVER
CHESAPEAKE BAY
MONTSEWAY BAY
LAKE MICHIGAN
LAKE ERIE
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
CATAWBA RIVER
ATLANTIC OCEAN
MISSOURI RIVER
COLORADO RIVER
HUDSON RIVER
LAKE ONTARIO
HUDSON RIVER
LAKE ERIE
COLUMBIA RIVER
SUSQUEHANNA RIVER
SAVANNAH RIVER
DATE
COLLECTED
I/ 6/84
1/12/84
I/ 4/84
1/20/84
I/ 5/84
1/10/84
3/21/84
3/15/84
I/ 5/84
1/18/84
1/11/84
1/10/84
1/20/84
2/15/83
I/ 6/84
1/31/84
2/21/84
1/12/84
I/ 5/84
21 2/84
1/10/84
1/10/84
1/10/84
I/ 7/84
I/ 8/84
I/ 6/84
1/16/84
1/26/84
1/12/84
I/ 5/84
I/ 4/84
1/10/84
I/ 4/84
1/15/84
I/ 4/84
I/ 3/84
21 3/84
1/11/84
I/ 2/84
nCi/1
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
6.5
+ 2s
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
18
-------
TABLE 10 (CONTINUED)
SURFACE WATER
TRITIUM CONCENTRATION
JANUARY - MARCH 1984
LOCATION
SC:BROAD RIVER
SC:HARTSVILLE
TN:DAISY
TNrKINGSTON
TX:EL PASO
TXrMATAGORDA
VA:DOSWELL
WA:NORTHPORT
WA:RICHLAND
WI:TWO CREEKS
WI:VICTORY
WV-: WHEELING
SOURCE
BROAD RIVER
LAKE ROBINSON
TENNESSEE RIVER
CLINCH RIVER
RIO GRANDE
COLORADO RIVER
NORTH ANNA RIVER
COLUMBIA RIVER
COLUMBIA RIVER
LAKE MICHIGAN
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
OHIO RIVER
DATE
COLLECTED
21 8/84
I/ 3/84
2/ 9/84
I/ 6/84
1/26/84
I/ 9/84
1/12/84
1/11/84
1/20/84
1/16/84
I/ 9/84
1/24/84
nCi/1
0.3
2s
.7
.5
0.
0.
4.8
0.2
0.2
3.8
0.2
0.
0.
.3
.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
SIGMA COUNTING ERROR
19
-------
Drinking Water
The drinking water program provides ambient radiation monitoring
relevant to the effects of the nuclear power industry, natural
environmental levels, and other pertinent sources. These data serve
to assess trends and anomalies in concentrations, and to compare with
standards set forth in the EPA "National Interim Primary Drinking
Water Regulations." These regulations provide for approval of
supplies when the combined radium-226 and radium-228 levels do not
exceed 5 pCi/1, when the gross alpha (excluding radon and uranium)
levels do not exceed 15 pCi/1, when tritium levels do not exceed
20,000 pCi/1, when the strontium-90 levels do not exceed 8 pCi/1, and
when the gross beta levels do not exceed 50 pCi/1.
Grab samples are taken at 78 sites which are either major
population centers or selected nuclear facility environs.
The analyses include (a) tritium on a quarterly basis (b) gross
alpha, gross beta, strontium-90 and gamma on annual composites.
Radium-226 analyses are performed if the gross alpha exceeds 2 pCi/1;
and radium-228 analyses are performed if the radium-226 activity
falls between 3 and 5 pCi/1) (c) specific iodine-131 is performed on
one quarterly sample per year for each station (d) an annual
composite for plutonium-238, -239, uranium-234, -235, -238, for
stations which demonstrate gross alpha levels greater than 2 pCi/1.
Tritium analyses are performed by scintillation counting of the
distilled samples, gross beta, and gross alpha by evaporating an
aliquot on stainless steel planchets for counting, and radium-226 by
the standard emanation technique. Strontium-90 is determined by beta
counting a strontium carbonate precipitate isolated by ion exchange.
The results of tritium in drinking water analyses for January
March 1984 are shown in Table 11.
All samples were taken as either a single grab sample or
composite samples taken over 12 to 14 days.
20
-------
TABLE 11
DRINKING WATER
TRITIUM CONCENTRATION
JANUARY - MARCH 1984
LOCATION
AK:FAIRBANKS
AL:DOTHAN
AL:MONTGOMERY
AL:MUSCLE SHOALS
ALrSCOTTSBORO
CA:BERKELEY
CArLOS ANGELES
COrDENVER
CO:PLATTEVILLE
CTrHARTFORD
DE .-DOVER
FL:MIAMI
FL:TAMPA
GA:SAVANNAH
HI:HONOLULU
IA:CEDAR RAPIDS
ID:BOISE
ID:IDAHO FALLS
IL:MORRIS
IL:W. CHICAGO
KS:TOPEKA
LA:NEW ORLEANS
MA:LAWRENCE
MA:ROWE
MD:BALTIMORE
MD:CONOWINGO
ME:AUGUSTA
MI:DETROIT
MI:GRAND RAPIDS
MN:MINNEAPOLIS
MN:RED WING
MS:JACKSON
MS:PORT GIBSON
MT:HELENA
NC:CHARLOTTE
NC:WILMINGTON
ND:BISMARCK
NE:LINCOLN
DATE
COLLECTED
1/11/84
1/16/84
1/10/84
I/ 5/84
I/ 4/84
1/11/84
I/ 4/84
1/27/84
1/27/84
I/ 6/84
I/ 3/84
I/ 3/84
1/23/84
1/10/84
1/25/84
1/11/84
1/17/84
1/20/84
I/ 4/84
I/ 5/84
I/ 4/84
1/30/84
I/ 4/84
21 2/84
I/ 3/84
1/10/84
I/ 4/84
I/ 9/84
1/12/84
I/ 3/84
1/16/84
1/12/84
1/10/84
I/ 3/84
1/12/84
I/ 5/84
I/ 4/84
1/11/84
nCi/1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
3.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
± 2s
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
21
-------
TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)
DRINKING WATER
TRITIUM CONCENTRATION
JANUARY - MARCH 1984
LOCATION
NM:SANTA FE
NV:LAS VEGAS
NY:ALBANY
NY:NEW YORK CITY
NY:NIAGARA FALLS
NY:SYRACUSE
OH CINCINNATI
OH:COLUMBUS
OH:EAST LIVERPOOL
OH:PAINESVILLE
OH:TOLEDO
OK:OKLAHOMA CITY
OR:PORTLAND
PA:COLUMBIA
PA:HARRISBURG
PA PITTSBURGH
PC:ANCON
RI:PROVIDENCE
SC:BARNWELL
SC:COLUMBIA
SC:HARTSVILLE
SC:JENKINSVILLE
SC: SENECA
TN:CHATTANOOGA
TN:KNOXVILLE
TX:AUSTIN
VA:DOSWELL
VA:LYNCHBURG
VA:VIRGINIA BEACH
VI:ST. THOMAS
WA:RICHLAND
WA:SEATTLE
WI:GENOA CITY
WI:MADISON
DATE
COLLECTED
I/ 4/84
I/ 5/84
1/11/84
I/ 6/84
I/ 5/84
1/10/84
I/ 3/84
1/10/84
1/12/84
1/10/84
I/ 4/84
I/ 4/84
I/ 4/84
1/12/84
1/11/84
1/12/84
1/19/84
I/ 6/84
I/ 4/84
I/ 3/84
21 7/84
1/27/84
1/24/84
1/31/84
I/ 4/84
I/ 9/84
2/21/84
I/ 3/84
11 6/84
1/26/84
1/20/84
I/ 9/84
1/10/84
I/ 5/84
nCi/1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
+ 2s
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
s
SIGMA COUNTING ERROR
22
-------
SECTION III. External Gamma Ambient Monitoring Program
The external gamma monitoring program, which began in October
1978, provides a continuous measurement of ambient gamma exposure
rates, including cosmic, at selected sites throughout the continental
United States. Data from this program will be used to evaluate
fluctuations in natural background due to variations in environmental
conditions and to provide a means of monitoring any significant
increases in ambient gamma levels due to weapons fallout, reactor
operations, etc. Initially, the program will consist of
approximately 22 sites representing a wide geographic coverage
throughout the country. Hopefully, at some later date additional
sites will be added to the program. Although exposure measurements
at these few sites are not totally representative of nationwide
exposures, they will be indicative of national trends.
The monitoring program utilizes CaF2.-Mn thermo luminescent
dosimeters (TLD's). These dosimeters are commercially available
glass-bulb type dosimeters with energy compensating shields. A group
of four TLD's is located at each station or site. Dosimeters are
annealed by the station operator prior to positioning in the field.
The dosimeters are returned to EERF for readout on an approximate
one-month cycle. Several dosimeters are annealed by the station
operator as controls and returned with the exposed field dosimeters
to correct for any exposures accumulated during shipment.
Results from the period January - March 1984 are shown in Table
12.
23
-------
TABLE 12
ENVIRONMENTAL GAMMA AMBIENT MONITORING PROGRAM
INTEGRATED EXPOSURE
LOCATION DATE RANGE EXPOSURE RATE
MR
MICRO R/HR + 2 s *
AL:MONTGOMERY
AL: MONTGOMERY
AL:MONTGOMERY
CA:BERKELEY
CA:BERKELEY
CA:BERKELEY
CO :DENVER
CO:DENVER
CO :DENVER
FL: ORLANDO
FL:ORLANDO
ID:BOISE
ID:BOISE
ID:BOISE
IL:CHICAGO
IL:CHICAGO
ND:BISMARCK
ND:BISMARCK
ND:BISMARCK
ND:BISMARCK
NJ:TRENTON
NM:SANTA FE
NM:SANTA FE
NM:SANTA FE
NM:SANTA FE
NV:LAS VEGAS
NV:LAS VEGAS
NV:LAS VEGAS
NY:NEW YORK
NY:NEW YORK
OH: COLUMBUS
OH: COLUMBUS
OH:'COLUMBUS
OK:OKLAHOMA CITY
OK:OKLAHOMA CITY
OK:OKLAHOMA CITY
OR:PORTLAND
OR:PORTLAND
OR:PORTLAND
PA:HARRISBURG
PA:HARRISBURG
PA:HARRISBURG
10384- 20184
20184- 30184
30184- 40284
11384- 20184
20184- 30584
30584- 33084
11284- 20684
20684- 30284
30284- 40384
11684- 20684
20684- 32284
11284- 20984
20984- 30884
30884- 40584
10684- 30284
30284- 40584
90683-100583
11184- 13084
13084- 22884
22884- 40284
91483-100383
120783- 11784
11784- 21784
21784- 30984
30984- 41084
10984- 13184
13184- 22884
22884- 33084
121583- 22184
22184- 31284
10984- 20184
20184- 30184
30184- 40284
122083- 20284
20284- 31284
31284- 41084
11284- 13184
13184- 30584
30584- 40484
11384- 13084
13084- 30584
30584- 40284
4.9
4.4
5.4
2.7
4.5
3.5
9.2
9.0
11.5
3.1
6.1
7.5
7.8
7.8
9.9
5.9
6.3
4.1
6.8
8.4
4.5
13.9
10.7
6.9
10.8
3.8
4.2
5.1
9.4
5.1
3.7
4.7
5.2
8.2
6.8
5.3
3.6
6.1
5.7
2.6
5.1
4.3
7.0
6.6
6.8
6.0
5.9
5.8
15.3
15.7
14.5
6.2
5.8
11.1
12.0
11.3
7.5
7.0
9.1
9.1
9.8
10.2
9.8
14.2
14.4
14.4
13.6
7.2
6.2
7.1
5.8
11.2
6.6
6.9
6.6
7.7
7.4
7.4
7.9
7.7
7.7
6.5
6.2
6.1
7.0
7.1
10.5
5.5
8.5
19.0
7.1
5.1
7.1
9.2
7.9
9.3
4.9
9.4
6.7
8.1
13.6
7.6
12.3
5.1
8.0
23.9
7.1
5.1
7.4
7.1
11.3
9.6
12.8
7.2
14.3
16.8
10.5
5.6
8.0
8.2
7.7
9.1
8.6
13.6
8.0
8.3
24
-------
TABLE 12 (CONTINUED)
ENVIRONMENTAL GAMMA AMBIENT MONITORING PROGRAM
INTEGRATED EXPOSURE
LOCATION DATE RANGE EXPOSURE RATE
RI:PROVIDENCE
RI:PROVIDENCE
RI:PROVIDENCE
SCrBARNWELL
SC:BARNWELL
SC:BARNWELL
SC:COLUMBIA
SC:COLUMBIA
SC:COLUMBIA
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN:KNOXVILLE
VA:RICHMOND
VA:RICHMOND
VA:RICHMOND
VT:MONTPELIER
VT:MONTPELIER
VT:MONTPELIER
VT:MONTPELIER
MR
10684- 21584
21584- 30584
30584- 41384
11284- 13084
13084- 30184
30184- 40584
10684- 12784
12784- 22884
22884- 33084
10584- 20184
20184- 30284
30284- 40684
11184- 20284
20284- 30184
30184- 40284
121283- 12084
12084- 21084
21084- 30584
30584- 40484
9.5
4.7
10.0
3.5
6.2
6.6
4.1
6.2
6.3
6.5
7.2
8.1
3.7
5.8
6.4
7.0
3.5
4.1
4.9
MICRO R/HR + 2 s *
9.9
11.0
10.4
8.1
8.6
7.6
8.2
8.0
8.7
10.0
10.3
9.4
7.0
8.9
8.1
7.5
6.9
7.3
6.6
3.9
5.6
8.0
6.3
7.3
7.8
6.4
5.9
7.1
6.3
6.7
7.6
11.2
12.0
5.9
8.4
14.3
13.2
7.6
* s = SIGMA ERROR (IN PERCENT)
25
-------
SECTION IV. Milk Program
Pasteurized Milk
This is a cooperative program of the EPA, ORP and the Dairy and
Lipid Products Branch, Milk Sanitation Section, Food and Drug
Administration. Milk is a reliable indicator of the general
populations intake of radionuclides since it is consumed by a large
segment of the population and contains several of the biologically
important contaminants resulting from environmental releases from
nuclear activities. A primary function of this program is to obtain
reliable monitoring data relative to current radionuclide
concentrations and determine any long-term trends.
Monthly samples are collected at 65 sampling sites with one or
more located in each state, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal. These
are composite samples representing more than 80 percent of the milk
consumed in a given population center.
These samples are analyzed for iodine-131, barium-140,
cesium-137, and potassium. All 65 samples are analyzed annually in
July for strontium-89, and strontium-90. Also, for the first month
of the three quarters beginning January, April and October, 10
regional composite samples of milk made up from the states within
each of EPA's 10 regions are analyzed for strontium-89 and
strontium-90.
Iodine-131, barium-140, cesium-137 and potassium are determined
by gamma spectral analysis. Strontium-89 and strontium~90 are
determined by beta counting a total strontium precipitate which has
been chemically separated by ion-exchange.
The values from the pasteurized milk samples for January - March
1984 are shown in Tables 13-15.
Strontium values from regional composite samples collected
January - March 1984 are shown in Table 16.
Tritium in Milk
It was previously proposed to analyze all 65 milk samples for
tritium in the aqueous and organic phases, on an annual basis (on the
April sample). The EERF is currently evaluating alternative
analytical techniques anticipating that these analyses will begin
during the coming year.
26
-------
TABLE 13
CONCENTRATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES IN PASTEURIZED MILK
JANUARY 1984
LOCATION
AL:MONTGOMERY
AR:LITTLE ROCK
CA:LOS ANGELES
CA:SACRAMENTO
CA:SAN FRANCISCO
CO:DENVER
CT:HARTFORD
DC:WASHINGTON
FL:TAMPA
HI:HONOLULU
IA:DES MOINES
ID:IDAHO FALLS
IL:CHICAGO
IN:INDIANAPOLIS
KS:WICHITA
KY:LOUISVILLE
LA:NEW ORLEANS
MA:BOSTON
MD:BALTIMORE
ME:PORTLAND
MI:DETROIT
MI:GRAND RAPIDS
MNMINNEAPOLIS
MN:ST PAUL
MO:KANSAS CITY
MO:ST LOUIS
MS:JACKSON
MT: HELENA
NC:CHARLOTTE
ND:MINOT
NE:OMAHA
NH:MANCHESTER
NJ:TRENTON
NM: ALBUQUERQUE
NV:LAS VEGAS
NY:BUFFALO
NY:NEW YORK CITY
NY:SYRACUSE
DATE
COLLECTED
I/
I/
5/84
3/84
1/17/84
11
I/
I/
11
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
3/84
4/84
3/84
6/84
6/84
9/84
3/84
9/84
2/84
9/84
6/84
3/84
3/84
2/84
1/10/84
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
6/84
4/84
4/84
3/84
9/84
4/84
5/84
4/84
1/10/84
I/
I/
3/84
3/84
1/16/84
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
I/
6/84
9/84
4/84
3/84
9/84
9/84
9/84
3/84
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
K
8/1+28
.55
.51
.60
.59
.62
.52
.60
.71
.64
.67
.52
.64
.57
.49
.71
.57
.48
.68
.63
.57
.61
.59
.54
.63
.60
.59
.57
.67
.57
.72
.44
.58
.60
.58
.45
.64
.70
.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.12
.08
.12
.12
.12
.08
.12
.13
.12
.09
.12
.12
.12
.12
.13
.08
.12
.13
.08
.08
.12
.08
.12
.12
.12
.12
.12
.13
.23
.13
.08
.12
.09
.12
.12
.12
.13
.12
137
Cs
pCi/l+2s
5
2
-2
2
-4
0
-1
-1
11
0
1
5
-1
2
3
-2
5
3
0
2
2
0
1
-4
0
5
7
6
11
0
2
-2
1
-2
-2
-1
0
3
7
5
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
5
5
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
14
7
5
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
140
Ba
pCi/l+2s
-7
-2
-4
-2
1
1
-3
-5
-6
2
7
4
-5
-5
1
1
-3
"•6
0
1
0
-2
-3
-2
-8
5
-4
•••1
-2
-6
4
-5
5
1
6
-7
-4
-4
8
6
8
8
8
6
8
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
6
6
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
20
8
6
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
131]
[
pCi/l+2s
2
-1
3
-3
-3
-4
-2
2
-5
0
-6
4
-1
4
-1
-2
1
0
W.O
-6
-1
2
-L
-4.
4
-2.
4
4
-3
1
0
3
0
-2
-2
0
3
4
7
5
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
5
5
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
14
7
5
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
27
-------
TABLE 13 (CONTINUED)
CONCENTRATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES IN PASTEURIZED MILK
JANUARY 1984
LOCATION
OH:CINCINNATI
OH:CLEVELAND
OK:OKLAHOMA CITY
OR:PORTLAND
PA PHILADELPHIA
PA:PITTSBURGH
PC:CRISTOBAL
PR:SAN JUAN
SC:CHARLESTON
SD:RAPID CITY
TN:CHATTANOOGA
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN:MEMPHIS
TX:AUSTIN
UT:SALT LAKE CITY
VA:NORFOLK
VT:BURLINGTON
WA:SEATTLE
WA:SPOKANE
WI:MILWAUKEE
WV:CHARLESTON
WYiLARAMIE
DATE
COLLECTED
I/ 9/84
I/ 9/84
1/16/84
I/ 9/84
I/ 3/84
I/ 3/84
1/26/84
1/13/84
1/23/84
1/26/84
I/ 3/84
I/ 3/84
1/26/84
11 2/84
I/ 7/84
1/20/84
I/ 3/84
I/ 3/84
I/ 3/84
11 3/84
1/25/84
I/ 9/84
K
g/l±2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.64
.62
.71
.57
.67
.54
.50
.65
.77
.46
.58
.62
.57
.54
.66
.51
.52
.62
.47
.64
.59
.65
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
s
.12
.12
.13
.12
.13
.12
.12
.23
.23
.12
.12
.12
.12
.12
.13
.12
.12
.09
.12
.12
.12
.12
137
Cs
pCi/l+2s
-2
4
-4
1
~-*7
i
8
3
15
2
6
-2
-2
4
-2
3
7
2
5
» 9
-2
-4
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
14
15
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
140
Ba
pCi/l+2s
-7
-6
•fcfl
— 6
0
1
-4
-9
5
-3
•••9
-5
5
*"• S
4
4
—7
2
-5
1
1
-6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
19
20
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
131
I
pCi/l+2s
5
3
-1
-3
1
1
"-^
-1
14
1
7
2
••.O
6
2
0
1
1
5
0
-4
"•^
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
14
14
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
SIGMA COUNTING ERROR
28
-------
TABLE 14 '
CONCENTRATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES IN PASTEURIZED MILK
FEBRUARY 1984
LOCATION
AL:MONTGOMERY
AR:LITTLE ROCK
AZ:PHOENIX
CA:LOS ANGELES
CA:SACRAMENTO
CArSAN FRANCISCO
COrDENVER
CO: DENVER
CT:HARTFORD
DC:WASHINGTON
FL:TAMPA
GA:ATLANTA
HI:HONOLULU
IA:DES MOINES
ID .-IDAHO FALLS
IL:CHICAGO
IN: INDIANAPOLIS
KS:WICHITA
KY:LOUISVILLE
LA:NEW ORLEANS
MA:BOSTON
MD: BALTIMORE
ME PORTLAND
MI:DETROIT
MN: MINNEAPOLIS
MN:ST PAUL
MO:KANSAS CITY
MO:ST LOUIS
MS:JACKSON
MT:HELENA
NC:CHARLOTTE
ND:MINOT
NE:OMAHA
NH:MANCHESTER
NM:ALBUQUERQUE
NY .-BUFFALO
NY:NEW YORK CITY
NY SYRACUSE
DATE
COLLECTED
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
9/84
6/84
8/84
8/84
1/84
8/84
1/84
2/29/84
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
6/84
3/84
8/84
6/84
7/84
6/84
1/84
6/84
6/84
6/84
7/84
2/84
7/84
3/84
7/84
9/84
6/84
1/84
8/84
8/84
7/84
6/84
7/84
6/84
2/14/84
21
21
21
21
21
6/84
6/84
6/84
6/84
6/84
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
K
g/l±2s
.46
.58
.58
.65
.59
.53
.44
.51
.57
.54
.63
.58
.65
.59
.62
.57
.59
.57
.55
.59
.49
.63
.80
.63
.67
.87
.51
.62
.56
.62
.84
.57
.61
.51
.55
.52
.67
.65
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
12
12
12
12
08
12
12
12
12
12
12
08
12
08
12
12
12
12
12
08
12
12
23
12
13
24
12
12
12
12
24
12
12
12
12
12
13
12
137
Cs
pCi/l+2s
••.O
3
-1
-1
-2
2
-4
-3
-1
1
8
2
••-I
4
2
-5
-4
-1
2
5
10
5
4
3
0
9
0
4
3
™-1
1
-3
1
5
-6
-5
-1
2
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
14
7
7
14
7
7
7
7
14
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
140R_ 131T
Dei -L
pCi/l+2s
1
6
-2
1
-2
4
2
0
-9
5
1
0
-3
-4
5
-3
0
-2
-2
-5
0
0
3
0
-1
8
0
-3
1
-3
-3
-1
1
-1
0
2
5
1
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
20
8
8
20
8
8
8
8
20
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
pCi/l+2s
-1
0
4
-7
-2
-3
-3
-1
3
-4
0
0
-1
0
1
3
1
0
-1
2
-5
-5
5
-1
-1
-9.
0
1.
-3
-1
1
1
-6
-3
0
-4
-7
3
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
14
7
7
14
7
7
7
7
14
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
29
-------
TABLE 14 (CONTINUED)
CONCENTRATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES IN PASTEURIZED MILK
FEBRUARY 1984
LOCATION
OH:CINCINNATI
OH:CLEVELAND
OK:OKLAHOMA CITY
OR:PORTLAND
PA:PHILADELPHIA
PA:PITTSBURGH
PC:CRISTOBAL
PR:SAN JUAN
SD:RAPID CITY
TN:CHATTANOOGA
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN:MEMPHIS
TX:AUSTIN
UT:SALT LAKE CITY
VT:BURLINGTON
WA:SEATTLE
WI:MILWAUKEE
WY:LARAMIE
DATE
COLLECTED
11 6/84
21 7/84
2/13/84
2/14/84
2/ 6/84
21 8/84
2/23/84
2/ 2/84
2/23/84
21 7/84
21 6/84
2/23/84
21 6/84
21 6/84
21 3/84
21 1/84
21 1/84
21 7/84
K
g/l±2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.55
.53
.58
.65
.59
.40
.57
.59
.62
.53
.69
.52
.50
.53
.66
.63
.62
.57
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
s
.12
.12
.12
.09
.08
.12
.12
.16
.12
.12
.23
.12
.12
.12
.09
.12
.08
.08
u/
Cs
pCi/l+2s
-1
0
2
3
1
0
11
5
8
2
11
"•1
3
5
0
-1
2
-2
7
7
7
5
5
7
7
10
7
7
14
7
7
7
5
7
5
5
i<4U
Ba
pCi/l+2s
-7
-1
5
0
-2
3
»k1
1
5
5
9
6
•^0
-1
0
-6
"-9
0
8
8
8
6
6
8
8
14
8
8
20
8
8
8
6
8
6
6
iji
I
pCi/l+2s
-3
1
-4
0
0
5
-4
0
-2
-6
9
0
5
-4
0
1
-4
1
7
7
7
5
5
7
7
10
7
7
14
7
7
7
5
7
5
5
SIGMA COUNTING ERROR
30
-------
TABLE 15
CONCENTRATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES IN PASTEURIZED MILK
MARCH 1984
LOCATION
AL:MONTGOMERY
AR:LITTLE ROCK
AZ:PHOENIX
CArLOS ANGELES
CA:SACRAMENTO
CA:SAN FRANCISCO
CT:HARTFORD
FL:TAMPA
GA:ATLANTA
HI:HONOLULU
IA:DES MOINES
ID:IDAHO FALLS
IL:CHICAGO
KS:WICHITA
KY:LOUISVILLE
LA:NEW ORLEANS
MA:BOSTON
MD:BALTIMORE
ME:PORTLAND
MI :DETROIT
MI:GRAND RAPIDS
MN:MINNEAPOLIS
MN:ST PAUL
MO:KANSAS CITY
MO:ST LOUIS
MS:JACKSON
MT:HELENA
NC:CHARLOTTE
NDrMINOT
ND:MINOT
NE:OMAHA
NH:MANCHESTER
NJ:TRENTON
NM:ALBUQUERQUE
NV:LAS VEGAS
NY:BUFFALO
NY:NEW YORK CITY
NY:SYRACUSE
DATE
COLLECTED
3/
3/
3/
8/84
6/84
7/84
3/20/84
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
1/84
5/84
2/84
6/84
5/84
5/84
5/84
3/15/84
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
5/84
2/84
6/84
8/84
6/84
2/84
7/84
8/84
6/84
5/84
5/84
7/84
7/84
6/84
6/84
5/84
7/84
3/27/84
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
3/
9/84
5/84
7/84
5/84
6/84
5/84
5/84
5/84
K
g/l+2s
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.59
.57
.62
.52
.71
.59
.56
.58
.62
.56
.62
.55
.57
.63
.47
.61
.70
.63
.63
.64
.65
.52
.53
.67
.54
.64
.65
.69
.66
.57
.36
.49
.63
.62
.60
.56
.65
.62
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
12
12
12
12
13
08
08
12
12
12
12
12
08
08
12
12
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
12
12
12
23
09
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
0.09
137
Cs
pCl/l+2s
2
0
-5
-4
3
0
3
12
0
-5
•*!
0
i
2
0
5
2
2
5
1
2
0
-3
-3
-1
0
-1
3
-3
2
2
0
3
1
-1
1
2
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
14
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
140
Ba
pCi/l+2s
-4
-3
-2
-8
7
-2
2
-6
-3
3
2
-2
-4
-3
"1
3
-4
0
-1
-2
-6
-3
2
0
0
-4
—6
-13
-3
0
2
2
-8
-5
-7
1
-6
0
8
8
8
8
8
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
19
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
131;
[
pCi/l+2s
-2
4
-5
0
0
-4
0
3
0
-3
-3
1
0
2
5
-3
-5
5
0
0
2
3
3.
-3
-3.
-1
2
10
0
3
3
-2
-1
1
-4
0
-4
-2
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
14
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
31
-------
TABLE 15 (CONTINUED)
CONCENTRATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES IN PASTEURIZED MILK
MARCH 1984
LOCATION
OH:CINCINNATI
OH:CLEVELAND
OK:OKLAHOMA CITY
OR:PORTLAND
PA PHILADELPHIA
PA:PITTSBURGH
SC:CHARLESTON
SC:CHARLESTON
SD:RAPID CITY
TN:CHATTANOOGA
TN:KNOXVILLE
TN:MEMPHIS
UT:SALT LAKE CITY
VA:NORFOLK
VT: BURLINGTON
WA:SEATTLE
WA:SEATTLE
WA:SPOKANE
WI:MILWAUKEE
WI:MILWAUKEE
WV:CHARLESTON
WY:LARAMIE
DATE
COLLECTED
3/12/84
3/ 7/84
3/ 5/84
3/ 5/84
3/ 5/84
3/ 7/84
3/ 2/84
3/27/84
3/16/84
3/ 5/84
3/ 5/84
3/28/84
3/ 5/84
3/15/84
3/ 5/84
3/29/84
3/ 5/84
3/ 5/84
3/ 1/84
3/29/84
3/12/84
3/12/84
K
g/l+2s
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.63
.56
.60
.61
.61
.59
.59
.70
.51
.49
.57
.55
.68
.61
.59
.53
.54
.55
.60
.63
.62
.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.12
.12
.08
.12
.12
.08
.12
.23
.12
.12
.08
.12
.13
.12
.12
.12
.12
.08
.12
.12
.12
.12
137
Cs
pCi/l+2s
-1
1
0
-1
2
"*1
1
7
-2
1
-2
3
-2
4
1
1
3
2
0
3
0
0
7
7
5
7
7
5
7
14
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
140
Ba
pCi/l+2s
-2
-6
-4
-7
-1
-2
-2
-4
-1
1
5
2
2
-1
1
-6
-5
-1
1
-6
-4
-2
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
20
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
131
I
pCi/l+2s
-4
3
0
1
0
0
1
-4
-1
-1
-5
-4
-1
-2
-4
-2
-3
2
-1
4
4
-4
7
7
5
7
7
5
7
14
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
SIGMA COUNTING ERROR
32
-------
TABLE 16
STRONTIUM-90 AND STRONTIUM-89 IN PASTEURIZED MILK
EPA REGIONAL COMPOSITES
JANUARY - MARCH 1984
EPA 90Sr 89Sr
REGION pCi/1 + 2s pCi/1 + 2s*
I 2.4 0.4 1 0
II 2.4 0.6 0 1
III 2.3 0.9 1 1
IV 2.8 0.7 0 2
V 2.9 0.4 1 0
VI 2.5 0.6 0 1
VII 2.3 0.7 1 1
VIII 1.8 0.6 1 1
IX 0.8 0.6 1 1
X 1.4 0.4 0 0
SIGMA COUNTING ERROR
ANALYTICAL ERROR TERM WHICH CLOSELY APPROXIMATES
THE COUNTING ERROR
33
-------
Carbon-14 in Milk
Nine stations, chosen for wide geographical distribution,
contribute milk samples for annual analysis for carbon-14. These
samples have monitored the carbon-14 levels in the food chain
resulting from nuclear testing.
Analysis consists of combusting the samples and measuring
released carbon dioxide through liquid scintillation.
Data will be published as it becomes available.
34
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THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
100 EAST ERIE STREET
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611
RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF THE CHICAGO AREA WATERWAYS
JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1983
The three river systems of the greater Chicago area —
Chicago, Calumet, and Des Plaines — are under the jurisdiction
of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
(District). They comprise 170 miles (273.6 Km) of waterways.
The District maintains a monitoring program of the water qual-
ity of these systems with regards to the standards established
by the Illinois Pollution Control Board (IPCB) as well as for
the purpose of detecting any changes with respect to the water
quality of the past and future years. The analyses for total
alpha and beta radioactivity have been a part of this overall
monitoring program of the river systems since mid-1975. The
program is an ongoing.activity of the District and this report
presents the results for 1983.
Samples for radioactivity were collected in HCl-contain-
ing plastic bottles once a month at a predetermined number of
locations: 17 on the Chicago River, 12 on the Calumet River,
and 19 on the Des Plaines River, the latter system having an
additional sampling location, Walnut Lane, in 1983 over the
previous years.
A 500 ml aliquot of a water sample was evaporated to
approximately 20 ml, transferred into an evaporting dish,
evaporated to dryness, and flamed until no vapors were given
35
-------
off. The remaining solids were scraped loose, ground with a
pestle, and then transferred onto a counting planchet. A cou-
ple of drops of carbon tetrachloride were added to help evenly
spread the solids. Subsequently, the samples were counted 100
minutes for total alpha and 100 minutes for total beta activity
by the use of a Beckman Widebeta II proportional counter which
was previously calibrated with radium-226 and cesium-137,
respectively, for total alpha and total beta determinations.
The results of the determinations for the year 1983 are
tabulated in Tables 1-3 in terms of the number of samples
analyzed, the yearly low, high, and average (x) total alpha
and total beta concentration for each sampling location; the
reported error is given by
e = 1.96 S-
X
where S- is the standard error of the average net activity.
X
36
-------
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
TABLE 1
CHICAGO RIVER SYSTEM
TOTAL ALPHA AND BETA CONCENTRATION IN WATER
January to December 1983
STATION 4SAMPLES
ANALYZED
County Line Road* West
Fork* North Branch* 12
Chicago River
County Line Road* Middle
Fork* North Branch* 10
Chicago River
County Line Road*
Skokie River 12
Dempster St. *
North Branch* Chicago River 12
Central Ave.*
North Shore Channel 11
Touhy Avenue*
North Shore Channel 11
Wilson Ave. *
North Branch* Chicago River 11
Diversey Ave.r
North Branch* Chicago River 12
Grand Ave. *
North Brsnchr Chicago River 12
Outer Drive Bridge*
Chicago River 12
Madison St.*
South Branch* Chicago River 12
Damen Avenue*
South Branch* Chicago River 12
Cicero Ave. *
Chicago Sanitary X Ship Canal 12
Harlem Ave. *
Chicago Sanitary & Ship Canal 12
TOTAL ALPHA pCi/1 *SAMPLES TOTAL BETA pCi/1
LOW HIGH AVERAGE *ERROR ANALYZED LOW HIGH AVERAGE * ERROR
0.00 9.88 1.48 0.20 12 8.56 28.25 14.13 0.45
0.00 6.72 1.33 0.19 10 6.64 22.02 11.47 0.45
0.00 5.95 1.00 0.18 12 7.71 16.03 10.44 0.40
0.00 5.10 1.50 0.20 12 8.10 21.07 12.07 0.41
0.00 0.67 0.12 O.O8 10 0.85 6.76 5.08 0.35
0.00 0.93 0.20 0.12 12 3.74 12,12 8.81 0.38
0.00 0.85 0.32 0.13 11 6.94 14.79 9.72 0.40
0.00 1.09 0.39 0.13 12 6.58 12.76 9.81 0.39
0.00 1.64 0.38 0.13 12 4.69 15.21 8.99 0.38
0.00 3.62 0.56 0.11 12 2.97 12.30 5,29 0.34
0.00 2.47 0.67 0.12 12 4.44 8.96 6.94 0.35
0.00 1.48 0.41 0.12 12 4.61 9,50 7.15 0.35
0.00 1.01 0.29 0.11 12 4.45 11.29 7.19 0.35
0.00 1.57 0.43 0.12 12 6.25 10.77 8.38 0.36
-------
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
TABLE 1 (Continued)
CHICAGO RIVER SYSTEM
TOTAL ALPHA AND BETA CONCENTRATION IN WATER
January to December 1983
Route 83
Chicago
Stephens
Chicago
16th St.
Chicago
STATION
f
Sanitary &
St.,
Sanitaru S
r
Sanitaru S
tSAMPLES
ANALYZED
Ship Canal 12
Ship Canal 12
Ship Canal 12
LOU
0.00
0.00
0.00
TOTAL ALPHA
HIGH
.2.02
4.56
0.70
pCi/1
AVERAGE
0.48
0.88
0.36
* ERROR
0.13
0.15
0.14
tSAMPLES
ANALYZED
12
12
12
LOU
4.83
6.27
4.07
TOTAL BETA
HIGH
11.85
15.79
14.32
pCi/1
AVERAGE
8.08
10.33
9.88
* ERROR
0.37
0.39
0.39
*ERROR (e) = 1.96 S- where S- is the standard error of the average net activity.
00
-------
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
TABLE 2
CALUMET RIVER SYSTEM
TOTAL ALPHA AND BETA CONCENTRATION IN WATER
January to December 1983
STATION
Euing Ave.r
Calumet River
Wolf Laker Burnham Ave.r
(Overflow Ditch)
Indiana Harbor
Belt RR Bridget
Grand Calumet River
Wentuorth Ave.r
Little Calumet River
Joe Orr Roadr
Thorn Creek
130th St.r
Calumet River
Indians Ave. 8 135th St.r
Little Calumet River
Halsted St.r
Little Calumet River
Ashland Ave. near 135th St.r
Little Calumet River
Ashland Ave.r
Cal-Sa<3 Channel
Cicero Ave.r
Cal-Sasf Channel
Route 83 Bridser
Cal-Saa Channel
*ERROR (e) = 1.96 S- where S-
tSAMPLES TOTAL ALPHA pCi/1 tSAMPLES
ANALYZED LOW HIGH AVERAGE *ERROR ANALYZED
10
10
11
12
10
11
10
12
10
12
11
11
is the
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
standard error
1.24
0.88
5.30
1.72
10.59
1.33
1.74
3.46
2.08
1.36
2.43
0.85
of the
0.36 0.12 10
0.26 0.11 10
1.05 0.21 11
0.66 0.19 11
1.97 0.60 10
0.43 0.13 11
0.47 0.14 10
0.60 0.16 12
0.87 0.25 10
0.53 0.16 12
0.43 0.15 11
0.24 0.14 9
average net activity.
TOTAL BETA PCi/1
LOW HIGH AVERAGE * ERROR
3.04 17.83 5.83 0.36
5.82 8.73 6.88 0.37
2.48 13.55 11.13 0.43
7.22 13.12 10.50 0.41
13.46 27.60 20.03 0.62
5.01 16.04 10.11 0.41
6.50 16.53 10.70 0.43
7.14 15.62 12.43 0.42
8.46 16.08 11.93 0.46
6.20 15.95 11.86 0.42
6.81 16.85 10.98 0.42
7.20 16.90 11.22 0.47
-------
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
TABLE 3
DES PLAINEB RIVER SYSTEM
TOTAL ALPHA AND BETA CONCENTRATION IN WATER
January to December 1983
STATION
#SAMPLES
ANALYZED
LOU
TOTAL ALPHA pCi/1
HIGH AVERAGE
ERROR
*SAMPLES
ANALYZED
TOTAL BETA pCi/1
LOU HIGH AVERAGE
* ERROR
Longmeadou Laner upstream of
Hanover Park Treatment Plantp 12
Du Page River
Lake St.p downstream of
Hanover Park Treatment Plantp 12
Du Page River
Ualnut Laner downstream of
Hanover Park Treatment Plantp 7
U. Br. Du Page River
Elmhurst Roadp upstream of
O'Hare Treatment Pl'antp 12
Hiaains Creek
Uille Road p downstream of
O'Hare Treatment Plantp 12
Hiaains Creek
Hiaains Roadr upstream of
Egan Treatment Plantp 11
Salt Creek
Arlington Heights Roadp
downstream of Egan 10
Treatment PlantpSalt Creek
Devon Ave.>
Salt Creek 11
County Line Roadp
Des Plaines River 11
County Line Roadp
Buffalo Creek 12
Oakton St.p
Des Plaines River 11
Belmont Ave.p
Des Plaines River 12
0.00 1.32 0.66 0.59 12
0.00 8.84 1.57 0.26 12
0.00 2.07 0.73 0.27
0.00 3.53 0.79 0.34
0.00 3.06 0.97 0.25 12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.42
0.00
2.53
4.29
3.07
1.92
5.90
3.39
1.66
0.93
1.17
1.10
0.54
1.09
1.24
0.75
0.15
0.25
0.23
0.16
0.22
0.24
0.21
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
7.40 23.20 12.34 0.44
8.83 25.24 17.08 0.50
11.99 23.64 19.48 0.69
6.03 25.35 10.37 0.41
7.60 28.36 18.35 0.51
6.36 11.61
9.29 27.81
9.15 27.34
0.17 18.17
7.2
7.24
11.24
8.57
15.02
16.50
10.13
9.63
16.68 11.35
8.28 27.06
13.05
0.39
0.47
0.48
0.40
0.39
0.42
0.44
-------
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
TABLE 3 (Continued)
DES PLAINES RIVER SYSTEM
TOTAL ALPHA AND BETA CONCENTRATION IN WATER
to December 1983
STATION
Roosevelt Road*
DBS PLairtes River
Uolf Rosdf
Salt Creek
First Ave.r
Salt Creek
Ogden sAve » r
Des Plaines River
Willow Sp-riwSs Roadi
Des Plaines 'River
Stephens St. »
Des Plaines River
Chicaao-E lain Rd . »
Poplsr Creek
tSAMPLES TOTAL ALPHA pCi/1 *SAMPLES TOTAL BETA pCi/1
ANALYZED LOW HIGH AVERAGE * ERROR ANALYZED LOU HIGH AVERAGE * ERROR
12 O.OO 11.78 1.55 O.22 12 9.62 19.84 12.21 0.43
12 0.00 2.52 0.98 0.27 12 10.17 25.18 1A.O9 O.49
12 0.00 4.21 1.24 0.25 12 9.19 22.98 16.13 0.49
12 O.OO 1.75 0.75 0.19 12 9.67 2O.86 12.86 0.44
11 0.27 2.39 0.71 0,17 11 8.06 22.12 12.57 0.45
12 0.00 1.44 0.57 0.19 12 9.44 20.91 13.21 0.44
10 O.®0 2.33 0.66 0.14 11 4.65 17.25, 7.76 0.38
*ERROR (e) = 1.96 S- wheipe. S- is the standard error of the average net activity.
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION DATA (ERD) is published quarterly
(January, April, July, October) by the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Office of Radiation Programs.
Requests for information concerning publication and distribution
of ERD should be directed to:
Charles M. Petko
Technical Support Branch
Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility
1890 Federal Drive
Montgomery, Alabama 36109
Requests for information concerning the operation of ERAMS
should be directed to:
H. Michael Mardis, Chief
Monitoring and Analytical Services Branch
Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility
1890 Federal Drive
Montgomery, Alabama 36109
or to:
Lewis Battist, Chief
Environmental Studies and Statistics
Analysis and Support Division (ANR-461)
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Waterside Mall East
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
***
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