United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Research and Development
x-/EPA 1981
DIESEL EMISSIONS
SYMPOSIUM
Addendum
Octobers-?, 1981
The Royal Villa Hotel
Raleigh, North Carolina
Sponsored by the
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina
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General Information
GENERAL
CHAIRMAN
ORGANIZING
CHAIRMAN
ORGANIZING
COMMITTEE
SYMPOSIUM
COORDINATORS
LOCATION
REGISTRATION
LUNCHEONS
COFFEE/TEA
James Smith, Acting Director, RASSO, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711,
(919) 541-2909.
Joel!en Lewtas, Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC 27711, (919) 541-3849.
Stephen Nesnow, Larry Claxton, and Ronald Bradow,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC 27711.
01 ga Wierbicki and Barbara El kins, Northrop Services,
Inc., P.O. Box 12313, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,
(919) 549-0411. The Symposium Coordinators and their
staff will be happy to help you in case you have any
questions or problems.
The symposium is being hosted at the Royal Villa Hotel
and Convention Center, 6339 Glenwood Avenue, Raleigh,
NC 27662, (919) 782-4433.
All participants are asked to register either
Sunday, October 4, 7-9 pm, in the Main Hall or
Monday, October 5, startino at 7:30 am, also in the
Main Hall. Participants arriving after commencement
of the symposium should register on arrival.
A luncheon has been catered for all three days. Participants
are encouraged to sign up for these luncheons due to the
limits of time and available restaurants. The meal fee is
$37.00. This fee also includes your coffee/tea. Those
participating for one day only may pay $13.00 for lunch
and coffee. The meals will be in Royal King's Hall III.
Coffee, tea, and sanka will be provided for the participants.
Soda will also be available for the afternoon break. Anyone
who has not paid a meal fee but wants coffee, etc., is asked
to pay a fee of $10.00 for the three days. Those here for
only one day are asked to contribute $5.00 for coffee.
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SYMPOSIUM
PUBLICATIONS
CHECKS
An abstract book will be distributed to each attendee at the
time of the symposium. A proceedings will be published in
book form consisting of the overview presentations and
selected papers. This proceedings is available at a discount
for $35.00 if it is ordered at the time of the symposium.
Participants may order a copy at the registration table.
Please make checks for the meal or coffee fees and/or for
the proceedings out to Diesel Emissions Symposium.
MEETING ROOM Sessions 1-6 will be held in Royal King's Hall I and II.
POSTER
SESSIONS
SPECIAL
EVENTS
TOURS
MESSAGES
The poster sessions are an integral part of the program.
They will be held October 5 and 6 from 5:30-7:30 pm in
Royal King's Hall III. Poster presenters are asked to
pin up their poster during the afternoon break of the day.
Cocktails will be available on a cash basis during the
poster sessions.
A tour of selected research facilities in the Research
Triangle Park is planned for October 8. Since space in the bus
is limited, please sign up early at the registration table.
More detailed information will be announced during the
symposium.
Callers should dial (919) 782-4433, the Royal Villa Hotel
and Convention Center in Raleigh, NC. All incoming messages
will be posted near the registration table.
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Program
OCTOBER 5
SESSION 1
DIESEL EMISSIONS CHARACTERIZATION AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Chairman: Ronald Bradow, Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
8:30 am
8:45 am
9:15 am
9:45 am
10:15 am
10:45 am
11:00 am
11:15 am
11:30 am
11:45 am
Opening Remarks
Diesel Emissions, a Worldwide Concern
K. Springer, Southwest Research Institute
Diesel Particle and Organic Emissions; Engine Simulation,
Sampling, and Artifacts
R. Bradow, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
Diesel Particulate Emissions: Composition, Concentration, and
Control
R. Williams, General Motor Research Laboratories
Morning coffee break
Particulate Emissions from Spark-Ignition Engines
T. Naman, U.S. Department of Energy
Particulate Emission Characterization Studies of In-Use Diesel
Automobil es
R. Gibbs, NY State Dept. of Environmental Conservation
Diesel Exhaust Treatment Devices: Effects on Gaseous and
Particulate Emission and on Mutagenic Activity
R. Gorse, Jr., Ford Motor Company
Characterization and Oxidation of Diesel Particulate
D. Trayser, Rattelle-Columbus Laboratories
Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Emissions: Some Effects of Control
Techno! ogy
J. Perez, Caterpillar Tractor Company
12:00 pm
Lunch
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OCTOBER 5
SESSION 2 CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY CHARACTERIZATION
Chairman: Joel 1 en Lewtas, Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park
1:30 pm Methodology of Fractionation and Partition of Diesel Exhaust
Parttculate Samples
B. Petersen, Battelle-Columbus Laboratories
2:00 pm The Utility of Bacterial Mutagenesls Testino 1n the
Characterization of Mobile Source Emissions: A Review
L. Claxton, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
2:30 pm Emission Factors from Diesel- and Gasoline-Powered Vehicles;
Correlation with the Ames Test
R. Zweidinger, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park
3:00 pm Afternoon coffee break
3:30 pm Analyses of Volatile Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1n
Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust Emission
W. Eisenberg, IIT Research Institute
3:45 pm The Chemical Characterization of Diesel Particulate Matter
J. Yergey, Johns Hopkins University
4:00 pm The Analysis of Nitrated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Diesel Exhaust Particulates by MS/MS Techniques
T. Riley, Ford Motor Company
V 4:15 pm Contribution of 1-Nitropyrene to Oirect-Actino Ames Assay
Mutagenicities of Diesel Particulate Extracts
I. Salmeen, Ford Motor Company
^ 4:30 pm Dinitropyrenes: Their Probable Presence in Diesel Particle
Extracts and Conseauent Effect on Mutagen Activations by
NADPH-Dependent S9 Enzymes
T. Pederson, General Motors Research Laboratories
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OCTOBER 5
5:30-7:30 pm POSTER SESSION 1
Convener: Larry Claxton, Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Aqency, Research Triangle Park
Mutagenicity of Particle-Bound Organic Chemical Fractions from
Diesel and Comparative Emissions
A. Austin, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
Emission of Diesel Particles and Particulate Mutagens at Low
Ambient Temperature
J. Braddock, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
Chemical Characterization of Mutagenic Fractions of Diesel
Particulate Extracts
D. Choudhury, NY State Dept. of Health
Influence of Driving Cycle and Car Type on the Mutagenicity of
Diesel Exhaust Particle Extracts
C. Clark, Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute
The Rapid Analysis of Diesel Emissions Using the Taga* 6000
Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer
J. Fulford, Sciex, Canada
Compounds in City A1r Compete with 3H-2, 3,7,8-Tetrachloro-
dibenzo-p-D1oxin for Binding to the Receptor Protein
J-A Gustafsson, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
GC/MS and MS/MS Studies of Direct-Acting Mutagens in Diesel
Emissions
T. Henderson, Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research
Institute
Evaluation of the Release of Mutagens and 1-Nitropyrene
from Diesel Particles in the Presence of Lung Macrophage Cells
1n Culture
L. King, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
Bacterial Mutagenicity of a Diesel Exhaust Extract and Two
Associated Nitroarene Compounds After Metabolism and Protein
Binding
M. Kohan, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
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OCTOBER 5
5:30-7:30 pm POSTER SESSION 1 (continued)
Characterization of Participate Emissions from In-Use
Gasol i ne-Fuel ed Motor Vehicl es
J. Lang, Northrop Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park
Surface Reactivity of Diesel Particle Aerosols
M. tenner, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Effects of Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide Present During Sampling
of Genuine Particulate Matter as Detected by Two Biological
Test Systems and Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
G. Lofroth, University of Stockholm, Sweden
Alumina-Coated Wool as a Particulate Filter for Diesel-Powered
Vehicles
M. McMahon, Texaco, Inc.
Isolation and Identification of Mutagenic Nitroarenes in Diesel
Exhaust Partlculates
J. Nachtman, University of California at Berkeley
Comparison of Nitro-PNA Content and Mutagenicity of Diesel
Emissions
M. Nishioka, Rattelle-Columbus Laboratories
Capillary Column GC/MS Characterization of Diesel Exhaust
Particulate Extracts
T. Prater, Ford Motor Company
Physico-Chemical Properties of Diesel Particulate Matter
M. Ross, Johns Hopkins University
Some Factors Affecting the Quantisation of Ames Assays
I. Salmeen, Ford Motor Company
Chemical and Mutagenic Characteristics of Diesel Exhaust
Particles from Different Diesel Fuels
D. Sklarew, Battene Northwest Laboratories
Fractionation and Characterization of the Organics from Diesel
and Comparative Emissions
C. Sparacino, Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park
Trapping Gaseous Hydrocarbons
F. Stump, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
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OCTOBER 5
5:30-7:30 pm POSTER SESSION 1 (continued)
Analytical Methods for Nitroaromatic Compounds
S. Tejada, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
Total Luminescence Spectroscopy of Diesel Exhaust Particulate
R. Whitby, NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Evaluation of the Metabolic Requirements of Diesel and
Comparative Source Samples in the Salmonel 1 a Typhimuriurn Plate
Incorporation Assay
K. Williams, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
MS/MS Characterization of Diesel Particulates
K. Wood, Purdue University
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OCTOBER 6
SESSION 3
PULMONARY FUNCTION
Chairman: Donald Gardner, Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park
8:30 am
9:00 am
9:30 am
9:45 am
10:00 am
10:15 am
10:30 am
11:00 am
11:15 am
11:30 am
Inhalation Toxicology of Diesel Exhaust Particles
R. McClellan, Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research
Institute
EPA's Inhalation Toxicoloqy Study
W. Pepelko, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
C1nci nnati
Pulmonary Function Testino of Rats Chronically Exposed to
Diluted Diesel Exhaust for 612 Days
K. Gross, General Motors Research Laboratories
Pulmonary Functional Response in Cats Following Two Years of
Diesel Exhaust Exposure
W. Moorman, National Institute for Occupational Health
and Safety
Deposition and Retention of Surrogate and Actual Diesel
Particles
R. Wolff, Lovelace Inhalation Toxicolooy Research Institute
Lung Clearance of Radioactively Labelled Inhaled Diesel Exhaust
Particles
P. Lee, General Motors Research Laboratories
Morning coffee break
Compartmental Analysis of Diesel Particle Kinetics in the
Respiratory System of Exposed Animals
S. Soderholm, General Motors Research Laboratories
A Subchronic Study of the Effects of Exposure of Three Species
of Rodents to Diesel Exhaust
H. Kaplan, Southwest Research Institute
Response of Pulmonary Cellular Defenses to the Inhalation of
High Concentration of Diesel Exhaust
K. Strom, General Motors Research Laboratories
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OCTOBER 6
SESSION 4
PULMONARY TOXICOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
Chairman: Judy Graham, Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park
1:45 pm
2:15 pm
2:45 pm
3:00 pm
3:15 pm
3:45 pm
4:00 pm
4:15 pm
4:30 pm
Pulmonary Deposition, Retention, Inactivation, and Clearance of
Inhaled Diesel Particles: The Role of the Pulmonary Defense
System
J. Vostal , General Motors Research Laboratories
Investigations of Toxic and Carcinoaenic Effects of Diesel
Exhaust in Long-Term Inhalation Exposures of Rodents
W. Stbber, Fraunhofer Institute fuer Toxikoloaie und
Aerosol forschuna, West Germany
Biochemical Alterations in Bronchopulmonary Lavage Fluids After
Intratracheal Administration of Diesel Particulates to Rats
C. Eskelson, University of Arizona Health Science Center
Lipid Changes in Lungs of Rats After Intratracheal
Administration of Diesel Particulates
C. Eskelson, University of Arizona Health Science Center
Afternoon coffee break
Bioavailabil ity of Diesel Particle Bound [G-3H]-8enzo(a)pyrene
After Intratracheal Instillation
S. Dutta, Wayne State University
The Potential for Aromatic Hydroxylase Induction in the Lung by
Inhaled Diesel Particles
K. Chen, General Motors Research Laboratories
Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzyme Levels in Mice Exposed to Diesel
Exhaust or Diesel Exhaust Extract
W. Peirano, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Ci nci nnati
Morphometric Ul trastructural Analysis of Alveolar Lungs of
Guinea Pigs Chronically Exposed by Inhalation to Diesel Exhaust
M. Barnhart, Wayne State University School of Medicine
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OCTOBER 6
SESSION 3 PULMONARY FUNCTION (continued)
11:45 am The Effect of Diesel Exhaust on Cells of the Immune System
D. Dziedzic, General Motors Research Laboratories
12:00 pm The Participation of the Pulmonary Type II Cell Response to
Inhalation of Diesel Exhaust Emission: Late Sequelae
H. White, General Motors Research Laboratories
12:15 pm Lunch
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OCTOBER 6
5:30-7:30 pm POSTER SESSION 2
Convener: Joel!en Lewtas, Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Terminal Airways of Guinea Pigs
Chronically Inhaling Diesel Exhaust
M. Barnhart, Wayne State University School of Medicine
The Design of the Long-Term Inhalation Program within the CCMC's
Health Effects Research Program
J. Brightwell, Committee of Common Market Automobile
Constructors, Battelle Geneva Research Center, Switzerland
Chronic Inhalation Oncogenicity Study of Diesel Exhaust in
Sencar Mice
K. Campbell, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati
Species Differences in Deposition and Clearance of Inhaled
Diesel Exhaust Particles
T. Chan, General Motors Research Laboratories
Species Comparisons of Bronchoal veolar Lavages from Guinea Pigs
and Rats Exposed In Vivo to Diesel Exhaust
S-t. Chen, Wayne State University School of Medicine
Preliminary Report of Systemic Carcinogenic Studies on Diesel
and Gasoline Particulate Emission Extracts Applied to Mouse
Skin
M. Clapp, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
CCMC's Health Effects Research Program
Committee of Common Market Automobile Constructors
Emissions Research Committee, Belgium
Effects of Chronic Diesel Exposure on Pulmonary Protein
Synthesis in Rats
S. Dutta, Wayne State University School of Medicine
Fractionation and Identification of Organic Components in Diesel
Exhaust Particulate
M. Erickson, Research Trfangl.e Institute
Preparation of Diesel Exhaust Particles and Extracts as
Suspensions for Bloassays
J. Graf, I IT Research Institute
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OCTOBER 6
5:30-7:30 pm POSTER SESSION 2 (continued)
Research Plans for Diesel Health Effects Study
H. Kachi, Japan Automobile Research Institute, Japan
Neurodepressant Effects of Uncombusted Diesel Fuel
R. Kainz, Tulane University
The Effect of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust on Pulmonary Protein
Synthesis
R. McCauley, Wayne State University School of Medicine
Respiratory Health Effects of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust
Emissions
P. Peger, National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Heal th
SWRI-SFRE Diesel Health Effects Exposure Facility
K. Springer, Southwest Research Institute
Post-Exposure Diesel Particle Residence in the Lungs of Rats
Following Inhalation of Dilute Diesel Exhaust for Six Months
K. Strom, General Motors Research Laboratories
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OCTOBER 7
SESSION 5
MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS
Chairman: Stephen Nesnow, Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park
8:00 am
8:30 am
8:45 am
9:00 am
9:15 am
9:30 am
10:00 am
10:30 am
11:00 am
11:30 am
Mutagenic Activity of Diesel Emissions
J. Lewtas, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Mutagenicity of Diesel and Spark lanition Engine Exhaust
Particul ate Extract Components to Salmonella Typhimurium and
Human Lymph obi as ts
T. Barfknecht, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cytotoxicity, Mutagenicity, and Co-Mutagenicity of Diesel
Exhaust Particle Extracts on Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells
In Vitro
A. Li, Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute
Induction of In Vivo Sister Chromatid Exchange by Diesel
Particul ate and Diesel Extract
M. Pereira, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
C1 nci nnati
Mutagenic Activity of Diesel Particles in Alveolar Macrophages
from Rats Exposed to Diesel Engine Exhaust
J-S. Siak, General Motors Research Laboratories
Morning coffee break
Skin Carcinogenesis Studies of Emission Extracts
S. Nesnow, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
Dermal Carcinogenesis Bioassays of Diesel Particul ates and
Dichl oromethane Extract of DP
L. DePass, Bushy Run Research Center
Respiratory Carcinogenicity of Diesel Fuel Emissions:
Interim Results
A. Shefner, I IT Research Institute
Carcinogenicity of Extracts of Diesel and Related Environmental
Emissions Upon Lung Tumor Induction in Strain 'A1 Mice
R. Laurie, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati
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OCTOBER 7
SESSION 5 MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS (continued)
11:45 am The Influence of Inhaled Diesel Enqine Emissions Upon Lung Tumor
Induction in Strain 'A' Mice
W. Pepelko, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Ci nci nnati
12:00 pm Objectives and Experimental Conditions of VW/Audi Diesel Exhaust
Inhalation Study
W. Stbber, Fraunhofer Institute fuer Toxikoloqie und
Aerosol forschunq, West Germany
12:15 pm Lunch
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OCTOBER 7
SESSION 6 EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT
Chairman: Robert Jungers, Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
1:30 pm Projected Human Health Risks from Increased Use of Diesel
Light-Duty Vehicles in the United States
R. Cuddihy, Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research
Institute
2:00 pm Health Effects of Exposure to Diesel Fumes and Dust in Two
Trona Mines
M. Attfield, National Institute of Occupational Safety
and Health
2:15 pm Mutagenicity and Chemical Characterization of Carbonaceous
Particulate Matter from Vehicles on the Road
W. Pierson, Ford Motor Company
2:45 pm Afternoon coffee break
3:15 pm Emissions of Gases and Particulates from Diesel Trucks on
the Road
R. Kiyoura, Research Institute of Environmental Science,
Japan
3:30 pm Diesel Bus Terminal Study: Effects of Diesel Emission on Air
Pollutant Levels
R. Burton, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
3:40 pm Diesel Bus Terminal Study: Characterization of Volatile and
Particle-Bound Organics
R. Jungers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
3:50 pm Diesel Bus Terminal Study: Mutagenicity of the Particle-Round
Organics and Organic Fractions
J. Lewtas, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park
4:00 pm Nitro Derivatives of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1n
Airborne and Source Particulate
T. Gibson, General Motors Research Laboratories
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OCTOBER 7
SESSION 6 EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT (continued)
4:15 pm Risk Assessment of Diesel Emissions
R. Albert, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC
4:30 pm Perspectives on Diesel Emission Health Research
N. Nelson, New York University Medical Center
5:00 pm Close
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Abstracts
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SKIN CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES OF EMISSION EXTRACTS
by
S. Nesnow, C. Evans, A. Stead, and J. Creason
Carcinogenesis and Metabolism Branch
and Biostatistics Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
and
T.J. Slaga and L.L. Triplett
Biology Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Recent advances in the study of particulate emissions have shown that many
emission sources produce respirable particles that have associated organic
substances adsorbed on the particulate matrix. These complex mixtures of
organic substances contain known carcinogens and mutagens. Early studies have
compared emissions sources obtained from gasoline exhaust and diesel exhaust
using condensates and extracts. The present study was performed to examine the
tumorigem'city of the organics associated with particulate emissions from
diesel exhaust, gasoline exhaust, coke oven, roofing tar, and residential
furnace sources by use of the sensitive SENCAR mouse skin tumor initiation,
tumor promotion, and complete carcinogenesis bioassays (1,2). Automotive
emission samples were obtained by collecting the diluted and cooled exhaust on
fiberglass-coated Teflon filters. The diesel samples were collected from five
different engines, four being light-duty vehicles, and one being a heavy-duty
engine (Caterpillar). The coke oven, roofing tar, and residential furnace
samples were particulate emission samples collected by various techniques.
Organic components associated with the particles of each source were extracted
with dichloromethane and dermally applied to SENCAR mice under the tumor
initiation, complete carcinogenesis, or tumor promotion protocols. The
protocol for tumor initiation is as follows: single application followed by
twice-weekly treatment of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for
51 weeks. The protocol for complete carcinogenesis consists of weekly
applications for 52 weeks. The protocol for tumor promotion consists of a
single application of benzo(a)pyrene followed by weekly application of the test
agent. Individual animal scoring was performed under the tumor initiation
protocol at 24 to 26 weeks for papillomas and at 50 to 52 weeks for carcinomas,
and under the complete carcinogenesis protocol at 50 to 52 weeks for
carcinomas. Animals treated under the tumor promotion protocol were scored
only for papillomas. Complete dose-response studies were performed using
40 animals of each sex and five doses per agent. Analysis for benzo(a)pyrene
content was also performed.
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The qualitative results are presented in Table 1. Animals treated with
agents as tumor initiators that produced strong papilloma responses also
exhibited carcinomas when scored 1 year after treatment (benzo[a]pyrene, coke
oven, coke oven main, roofing tar, and Nissan). Animals treated with agents as
tumor initiators that produced weaker papilloma responses gave weak carcinoma
responses when scored 1 year after treatment (Oldsmobile, VW-Rabbit, Mercedes,
Caterpillar, residential furnace, and Mustang).
SENCAR mice treated with weekly applications of the benzo(a)pyrene, coke
oven main, or roofing tar samples produced carcinomas when scored after
1 year's treatment, indicating that they were complete carcinogens. Coke oven
main and roofing tar samples were also found to be tumor promoters. The Nissan
sample which produced a strong" tumor initiation response was not active as a
complete carcinogen at the doses employed (0.1 to 4 mg/mouse/week). Nissan has
not yet been tested directly for tumor promoting activity. The Oldsmobile
sample, which produced a weak tumor initiation response, was not active as a
complete carcinogen at the doses employed (0.1 to 4 mg/mouse/week). The
heavy-duty Caterpillar sample produced a very weak tumor initiation response
and was not active as a complete carcinogen at the doses employed (0.1 to
4 mg/mouse/week).
The quantitative data were analyzed by two statistical methods: 1) a
log-Poisson analysis of the tumor multiplicity data, which gives an estimate of
tumors/mouse at the 1-mg dose; and 2) a log-probit analysis of the tumor
incidence data, which gives an estimate of the dose required to produce tumors
in 50% of the animals. Both analyses ranked benzo(a)pyrene » coke oven >
roofing tar. The diesel samples varied in activity from equivalent to roofing
tar to marginal. The diesel results were attributed to differences in engine
technology since the identical fuel type and lot and collection technology was
used in the preparation of all six diesel emission samples. Benzo(a)pyrene
levels failed to correlate with the biological activity. The SENCAR mouse skin
tumorigenesis bioassay provides a quantitative short-term in vivo rodent
carcinogenesis system that is extremely well-suited to evaTuating the
tumorigenie activities of complex mixtures.
REFERENCES
1. Slaga, T.J., L.L. Triplett, and S. Nesnow. 1980. Mutagenic and
carcinogenic potency of extracts of diesel and related environmental
emissions: Two-stage carcinogenesis in skin tumor sensitive mice
(SENCAR). In: Health Effects of Diesel Engine Emissions. Proceedings
of an International Symposium, Vol. 2. W.E. Pepelko, R.M. Danner, and
N.S. Clarke, eds. EPA-600/9-80-057b. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency: Cincinnati, OH. pp. 874-987.
2. Nesnow, S., L.L. Triplett, and T.J. Slaga. (in press). Tumorigenesis of
diesel exhaust and related emission extracts on SENCAR mouse skin. In:
Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures
1980. Michael D. Waters, Shahbeg S. Sandhu, Joellen Lewtas Huisingh,
Larry Claxton, and Stephen Nesnow, eds. Plenum Press: New York.
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Table 1. SENCAR Mouse Skin Tumorigenesis3
Complete Tumor
Tumor Initiation Carcinogenesis Promotion
Sample Papillomas Carcinomas Carcinomas Papillomas
Benzo(a)pyrene
Coke oven +/+ -/+ ND ND
Coke oven main
Roofing tar
Nissan diesel +/+ +/+ -/- ND
Oldsmobile diesel +/+ -/- -/- ND
VW-Rabbit diesel +/+ -/- I ND
Mercedes diesel +/- -/- ND ND
Caterpillar diesel -/- •/- -/- ND
Residential furnace -/- -/- ND ND
Mustang (gasoline) +/+ -/+ ND ND
aMale/Female.
ND = Not Determined.
I = Incomplete.
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HEALTH EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO DIESEL FUMES AND DUST IN TWO TRONA MINES
by
M.D. Attfield and Aremita Watson
Appalachian Laboratory for Occupational Safety and Health
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
Morgantown, West Virginia
and
G.W. Weems
Mine Safety and Health Administration
Denver, Colorado
The industrial environment is often a useful situation in which to study
the effect of health hazards, as workers usually receive higher exposures than
does the general population. This is particularly so for miners exposed to
diesel fumes underground, since the restriction on ventilation acts to
concentrate the fumes. This study involves 700 workers engaged in Trona
(NagCOs • NaH CGg • 2H20) mining. These miners were given chest radiographs,
asked questions on chest symptoms, smoking and work history, and given
spirometric tests. In addition, comprehensive industrial hygiene surveys were
undertaken at the two mines which were studied. The data availabe from these
surveys is being explored for dose-response relationships between health
indices and measures of diesel engine-related pollutants. This paper reports
on some preliminary results.
The two mines were quite similar in character. Although one had opened in
1949 and the other in 1967, they were similar in size and employed just over
100 diesel units underground each. Total dust levels were high in 1976
(13 mg/nP), but NOg levels were low (0.1 ppm), probably because of the high
ventilation velocities and generally low horsepower of the units. Diesels had
been used underground for up to 10 years at the two mines.
About 680 white males were studied overall. Table 1 shows statistics .of
age and exposure. Although some workers had remained at work in the mines for
many years, the predominant duration of exposure was low. This indicates a
rapid turnover of workers; one cause of this may have been ill health arising
from exposure to dust or diesel fumes. Mechanisms such as this can bias or
obscure dose/response relationships in epidemiological studies.
In order to explore the possible effect of N02 on lung function, the data
were analyzed separately by age group, first overall, and again with the
omission of those with other dust exposure (359 workers). To do this, linear
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least squares models were fitted to forced vital capacity (FVC), forced
expiratory volume in one second (FEVj) and flow at 50% of VC (FEFso). In the
older group, both with and without those with other exposure, lung function
decline with age was unusually and significantly great in all smoking groups
(-0.50 or worse, liters/yr for smokers). Despite this, no clear deleterious
relationship between lung function and either dust of N02 exposure could be
detected. In the young group, about the only variable to be significantly
related to lung function was height.
Despite the superficially negative nature of these findings, it is
believed that caution is necessary in the interpretation of these results.
This is advised, not only because of the high rates of decline in lung
function, but also because the short duration of tenure indicates the
possibility of a powerful 'healthy worker1 effect. Further analysis needs and
will be undertaken on these data; this may show whether there is a problem in
these two mines, and whether that problem is dust or diesel. exhaust.
Table 1. Age and Exposure Statistics of Mine Workers
Age < 25 (S.D.) Age > 25 (S.D.)
Number
Age (years)
Dust exposure (years)
Dust exposure (mg years/m?)
Diesel exposure (years)
N02 exposure (ppm years)
Other dust exposure3 (years)
481
38
5
74
3
0.4
6
(12)
(16)
(104)
(2)
(0.4)
(8)
22
2
24
2
0.2
1
(2)
(1)
(23)
(1)
(0.1)
(3)
Principally in coal mining.
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