PARTICULATE  EMISSION
 CONTROL COSTS FOR
 INTERMEDIATE-SIZED
         BOILERS
 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
 Strategies and Air Standards Division
      Economic Analysis Branch
      Research Triangle Park,
       North Carolina  27711

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           IGCI
INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING INSTITUTE. INC./THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OP HAwupAcniREas OF INDUSTRIAL AM POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
THE CLEAN AIR PEOPLE
  President

 ROBERT J. WRIGHT
  Fuller Co.

  Vice President

 FRANK R. CULHANE
  Wheelabrator-Frye. Inc.

  Secretary-Treasurer

 JACK E. MARTIE
  Air Correction Divn.. u.O.P.




                          PARTICULATE EMISSION  CONTROL COSTS
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS

 EUGENE P. STASTNY
  Past President                                    FOR
  Environmental Elements Corp.

 ROBERT W. ARNOLD

                               INTERMEDIATE-SIZED BOILERS
  Carborundum Env'fl. Sys.. Inc.
 MICHAEL NEUMANN. JR.
  Fisher-Klosterman, Inc.
 ROBERT G. HUNTINGTON
  American Air Filter Co.
 JOSEPH P. KAISER
  Gallagher-Kaiser Corp.
 WILLIAM W. MOORE
  Belco Pollution Control Co.
 HARRY J. NOVICK
  Research-Cottrell. Inc.
 JOSEPH H. POVEY
  Matthey Bishop. Inc.
 THOMAS V. REINAUER

 HAROLPDW.WE,SGERBER                      Prepared by:
  Kirk & Blum Mfg. Co.

                           Industrial Gas Cleaning  Institute

                                   Stamford,  Connecticut
 CARROLL A. GREATHOUSE
  Executive Director
 SIDNEY R. OREM
  Technical Director
 JONATHAN T. DYER

                                 Contract No.  68-02-1473

                                         Task  No.  18
                                        Prepared  fors


                        U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION AGENCY
                        Strategies  and  Air  Standards  Division
                                Economic  Analysis Branch
                                 Research Triangle  Park,
                                   North Carolina  27711
                                        February 1977
                  P.O. BOX  1333 • STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT 06904 • TEL. 203/323-3143

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                       Page

1.0  INTRODUCTION                                      1-1

2.0  PROCESS DESCRIPTION                               2-1

     2.1  Mechanical Collectors                        2-1

     2.2  Fabric Filters                               2-3

     2.3  Electrostatic Precipitators                  2-4

3.0  CONTROL DEVICES                                   3-1

     3.1  Specifications                               3-1

     3.2  Capital Investment Costs                     3-1

     3.3  Annualized Operating Costs                   3-6

APPENDIX       ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR              A-2
               SPECIFICATIONS
               FABRIC FILTER SPECIFICATIONS            A-8
               MECHANICAL COLLECTOR SPECIFICATIONS     A-15
                              ii

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                       LIST OF FIGURES


No.                                                    Page

2-1  Tubular Centrifugal Collector                     2-2

2-2  Fabric Filter Cleaning Mechanisms                 2-5

2-3  Typical ESP Arrangement                           2-6

3-1  Capital Cost of Electrostatic Precipitators       3-3

3-2  Capital Cost of Fabric Filters                    3-4

3-3  Capital Cost of Mechanical Collectors             3-5

3-4  Annualized Operating Costs of Electrostatic       3-8
     Precipitators

3-5  Annualized Operating Costs of Fabric Filters  '    3-9

3-6  Annualized Operating Costs For Mechanical         3-10
     Collectors
                             111

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                       LIST OF TABLES






No.                                                    Page



3-1  Capital Investment Costs of Control Devices       3-2



3-2  Annualized Operating Costs of Control Devices     3-7
                             IV

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                      1.0  INTRODUCTION


     The purpose of this task was to determine the capital

and annualized operating costs incurred for particulate-

emissions-control systems used on new solid-fuel fired

intermediate-sized boilers.  Electrostatic precipitators,

fabric filters, and mechanical collectors were the emission-

control devices evaluated.  Boiler size, particle size

distribution, flue gas temperature, and emission control

regulation limits were the variables in these cost esti-

mates .

     The scope of the task was limited to a single type of

coal of the following analysis:

     Ash                 7.5%
     Heating value       29.78 megajoules/kg  (12,800 Btu/lb)
     Sulfur              0.8%
     Moisture            5.0%

The sulfur content of this coal will meet New Source Per-

formance Standards.
                            1-1

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     Specifications were prepared for the following options:

                                                  Boiler size, g
                       Emission limit,  Inlet  megajoules/   (10
                      nanograms/  (lb/   temp.,    sec.      BTU/
Control device          joule  10^ Btu) °F       or MW      hr.)

Mechanical collector      129   (0.3)    600        3      (10.2)
Mechanical collector      129   (0.3)    600       40     (136.5)
Mechanical collector      110   (0.25)   350       73     (249.0)
Electrostatic pre-
 cipitator                 43   (0.1)    600       15      (51.2)
Electrostatic pre-
 cipitator                 43   (0.1)    600       45     (153.6)
Electrostatic pre-
 cipitator                 43   (0.1)    350       73     (249.0)
Fabric filter               4.3 (0.01)   600        3      (10.2)
Fabric filter               4.3 (0.01)   600       25      (85.3)
Fabric filter               4.3 (0.01)   450       55     (187.7)
Fabric filter               4.3 (0.01)   350       73     (249.0)

Prepared specifications are given in the Appendix.

     The specifications for each control device were sent to

three IGCI members who manufacture the device.  The bidders

furnished quotations of capital investment costs and direct

operating costs for each of the specifications.

     The cost data were tabulated and averaged for each

control device.  Duct and stack costs were estimated and

added to the capital cost data furnished by IGCI members.

     It should be understood that the efficiency data pro-

vided in this study is the normal design value.  This value

should be obtained when the collection equipment is in good

operating condition and within the design flow specifica-

tions.  There is no assurance, however, that these specifi-
                             1-2

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cations will be in effect 100 percent of the time, due to



unforeseen upsets of process gas flows or conditions.  These



upsets include, but are not limited to, changes of process



chemistry or size distribution of suspended particulate



matter, or excessive dust load.  Normal, good maintenance



procedures must be employed to meet the continuous high



level efficiency requirements.
                            1-3

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                  2.0  PROCESS DESCRIPTION






     When coal is burned in a boiler, a portion of the ash



produced by combustion is entrained in the flue gas to the



stack.  The particulate emissions can be reduced by mechani-



cal collectors, fabric filters, or by electrostatic pre-



cipitators.  A brief description of each device is given in



the following sections.



2.1  MECHANICAL COLLECTORS



     All types of mechanical collectors utilize the mass or



inertia of particles for their removal from the dust-laden



gas stream.  Cyclone and multiple-cyclone collectors are



examples of the type commonly used at industrial boiler



installations.  The tubular centrifugal collector  (Figure 2-



1) is a cylindrical chamber whose design enables the in-



coming gas stream to form a vortex flow pattern.  The dust



particles are thrown by inertia against the collector wall



and fall into a collecting hopper.  The vortex action causes



the "cleaned" air to exit through the center of the collector.



Multiple tubular collectors, as the name implies, are a



cluster of small collectors used in a parallel-flow arrange-



ment for better efficiency.
                            2-1

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              CLEAN GAS
to
I
to
                   CLEAN GAS
                   OUTLET
                       TUBE
INTER

SPIRAL FLOW
                                                                       OUTLET
                                                                       TUBE SHEET
                                                                                        DUST DISCHARGE
                                                                                        TO STORAGE
                     Cyclone Type
                                                                  Multi-Tube Type
                          Figure 2-1.   Tubular  Centrifugal Collector

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     Mechanical collectors are most efficient when used to



collect particles with diameters of 10 microns or larger.



Collection efficiency decreases markedly for particle sizes



less than 10 microns because the inertial separating force



is much less.  Experience has shown that a well-maintained



mechanical collector can attain an efficiency of 85 to 90



percent for particles over 10 microns; with fly ash particles



efficiencies of 75 to 85 percent per stage is considered



good.  Multiple stage collectors are used to obtain removal



efficiencies up to 98 percent.



2.2  FABRIC FILTERS



     Particles captured by a fabric filter system are



collected mainly by direct interception and inertial impac-



tion.  Fabric selection is important because of the various



parameters to be considered for a particular operation



(e.g., operating temperature, abrasion resistance, acid



resistance, cost); however, the main function of the fabric



is to provide a semirigid filtering medium on which the



initial cake can form.  This dust layer then acts as a fine



filter, which is capable of obtaining high collection effi-



ciencies.



     Fabric filters are classified according to the method



used for dislodging the built-up dust layer; the methods



include shaking, reverse-flow, reverse-jet, and pulse-jet
                            2-3

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 (Figure 2-2).  Filter fabrics are classified as woven or



felt.  Felt, unlike woven fabric, is a genuine filter medium



and is more efficient in collection of the dust layer; it is



also more expensive than woven fabric.



     Fabric filters can attain efficiencies of greater than



99 percent if properly maintained.  The efficiency is not



hampered by changes in fly ash properties and boiler loads.



The principal limitation of fabric filters is the inability



of the filter fabric to withstand temperatures above 550°F.



Glass bags or Teflon-coated fabric can be used in this



higher temperature range, but they are costly.  Cooling the



flue gas to permit use of less expensive filter media is an



alternative.  Normal life expectancy of the fabric is 1 to 2



years depending on ash characteristics, temperature varia-



tions, and the cleaning mechanism.



2.3  ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR



     Another common particulate emission control device



available for industrial boilers is the plate-type electro-



static precipitator (ESP).  This type of ESP consists of



alternate parallel banks of discharge electrodes and collect-



ing plates (Figure 2-3).  A corona formed on the discharge



electrodes causes gas molecules to form ions.  These ionized



gas particles then collide with dust particles (e.g., fly



ash), giving them a charge.  The charged particles migrate
                            2-4

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          TUBULAR TYPE
   SHAKER SYSTEM DUST COLLECTOR
MECHANICAL SHAKER. CONTINUOUS SERVICE
T_A A \ Mr



/





/



_..
>\


/

/



/
V
y






^
/
/

\
ir
1

VUw
/



\

X


/ ~'

1
\
\
>+**•
if
ii

f


h




REVERSE FLOW CLEANING PULSE JET
      Figure  2-2.   Fabric  filter  cleaning  mechanisms.
                                 2-5

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tat
                  Figure 2-3.  Typical  ESP arrangement.

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toward the oppositely-charged plates, which are periodically


or continuously rapped so the dust can be dislodged and fall


into the collecting hoppers.
                                                    \

     ESP's can obtain efficiencies greater than 99 percent.


According to the Deutsch-Anderson equation (used most often


for ESP design), the main parameters that affect ESP effi-


ciency are the collecting plate area, particle migration


velocity, and the volume of gas to be treated.  The effi-


ciency of an ESP with a given plate area and constant gas


volume can vary widely, depending on the particle migration


velocity, which is a function of fly ash resistivity.  The


chemical composition of the ash has a profound effect on fly


ash resistivity, and thus on precipitator performance.


     One basic advantage of the precipitator is that its


force is applied only to the particles to be collected,


permitting large volumes of gas to be handled with very low


pressure drop and minimum power requirement.
                            2-7

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                    3.0  CONTROL DEVICES






3.1  SPECIFICATIONS



     The specifications that were developed for each of the



control devices are presented in the Appendix.  These spec-



ifications describe the process design conditions under



which the control device will operate; they also furnish de-



tails for construction and for the auxiliary equipment to be



included.



     These specifications were sent to the various selected



IGCI members to obtain quotations of capital and direct



operating costs.



3.2  CAPITAL INVESTMENT COSTS



     The investment costs for the various particulate con-



trol devices are given in Table 3-1 and are presented graph-



ically in Figures 3-1 through 3-3.



     With the exception of the duct and stack costs, all



cost components represent values obtained by computing



averages of costs submitted by IGCI members.  The costs for



ductwork and the stack were calculated based upon a common



equipment lay-out arrangement.  The duct and stack diameters



were sized for nominal gas velocities, and installed costs



were developed by use of Mean's Cost Data, 1976 Edition.
                            3-1

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          Table 3-1.   CAPITAL INVESTMENT  COSTS  OF  CONTROL DEVICES FOR INTERMEDIATE-



                                SIZED COAL-FIRED BOILERS  (DEC.  1976)
Control device
Boiler sire, meqaioules/sec . or MW
ClO6 Btu/hr)
Inlet and Outlet Gas Plow
ACFM
op
SCFM
Particulate Loading
Inlet, gr/acf
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/acf
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning Efficiency, %
Equipment Costs
Device
Auxiliary equipment
Total
Installation Costs - Direct
Foundation and supports
Stack*
Ducts3
Piping
Painting
Insulation
Electric
Other
Total
Installation Costs - Indirect
Engineering
Construction and field expenses
Construction fees
Start up
Performance tests
Contingencies
Total
Total Turnkey Cost
Electrostatic Precipitator
15
(51.2)

27,500
600
13,700

0.82
194
0.02
5.1
97.3

$138,750
52,710
191,460

6,750
5,800
25,380
None
1,570
29,410
29,820
60,300
159,030

11,850
21,590
670
5,180
7,020
11,830.
58,140
$408,630
45
(153.6)

83,100
600
41,600

0.82
587
6.02
15.4
97.3

$206,860
75,510
282,370

12,860
9,490
59,150
None
2,030
56,530
33,080
94,970
268,110

13,130
27,500
900
5,180
7,020
18,430
72,160
$622,640
73
(249.0)

115,800
350
75,800

0.96
952
0.025
25
97.3

$248,450
96,360
344,810

15,810
10,950
71,250
None
2,640
66,500
35,050
113,710
315,910

14,720
33,090
1,010
5,180
7,020
22,630
83,650
$744,370
Fabric Filters
3
(10.2)

5,400
600
2,700

0.82
38
0.002
0.1
99.7

$25,690
5,890
31,580

2,180
3,360
3,960
1,240
250
7,510
4,640
5,040
28,180

1,990
1,350
380
830
3,000
770
8,320
$68,080
25
(85.3)

45,960
600
23,000

0.84
330
0.002
0.85
99.7

$122,300
24,390
146,690

8,980
7,310
41,800
2,280
1,300
32,650
9,890
18,680
122,890

8,240
6,430
1,800
2,150
4,500
3,450
26,570
$296,150
55
(187.7)

87,100
450
50,700

0.96
716
0.002
1.9
99.7

$198,770
40,720
239,490

15,420
9,500
59,150
4,010
2,700
55,720
15,610
31,090
193,200

15,310
11,650
3,730
3,550
4,500
7,130
45,870
$478,560
73
(249.0)

115,800
350
75,800

0.96
952
0.0025
2.5
99.7

$262,860
62,740
325,600

19,040
10,950
71,250
4,990
3,500
80,820
18,240
41,900
250,690

19,670
15,150
4,870
4,950
4,500
9,330
58,470
$634,760
Mechanical Collectors
3
(10.2)

5,400
600
2,700

0.46b
21.3
0.07
3.2
85.

$ 6,340
1,950
8,290

1,600
3,360
3,960
None
20
860
200
600
10,600

1,000
4,500
1,500
1,000
2,000
-
10,000
$28,890
40
(136.5)

73,400
600
36,700

2.3
1,447
0.07
43.4
97.

$ 51,050
10,250
61,300

9,000
8,760
53,210
None
120
6,840
8,000
3,900
89,830

2,000
4,500
1,900
1,000
2,000
-
11,400
$162,530
73
(249.0)

115,800
350
75,800

3.0
2,978
0.075
74.4
97.5

$ 88,530
17,150
105,680

13,000
10,950
71,250
None
200
11,370
10,000
5,800
122,570

2,000
6,000
2,400
1,000
2,000
-
13,400
$241,650
I
to
          Costs estimated from Mean's Cost Data, 1976 Edition.

          Low value based upon a chain grate type boiler.

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VO
U)
Q
3
o
a
     10"

      9

      8

      7


      6


      5
     10"
                                   LEGEND:
                                        O COLLECTOR
                                        D COLLECTOR PLUS MK. EQPMT.
                                        A TURNKEY COST
                                                           t   L  i
       ig*                2          3       4     5    6   7   8  9  10a

                              GAS FLOW (SCFM)

     Figure 3-1„  Capital cost of electrostatic precipitators

                  used on intermediate-sized boilers.
                                3-3

-------
     10
VO
o
U4
O
cc
3
to
o
o
    10"
                                                I      I
       10J
                                   LEGEND:
                                         O COLLECTOR
                                         D COLLECTOR PLUS AUX.  EQPMT.
                                         A TURNKEY COST
                      L   L  L
345        1Q        2

       GAS FLOW (SCFM)
345
      Figure 3-2.   Capital cost  of fabric  filters used  on

                         intermediate-sized  boilers.
                                 3-4

-------
     10'
VO


 ft
o
UJ
a


CO
oc

g


s
CO
o
o
10'
     10*
      10*
         2    345
                                  1    T
                                                   i   i   i
                                    LEGEND:

                                         O  COLLECTOR

                                         D  COLLECTOR PLUS AUX.  EQPMT.

                                         A  TURNKEY COST
                                         I	I
                                                   I	 i
*    2345     10


 GAS FLOW  (SCFM)
                                                  5
2   345
       Figure 3-3.   Capital cost  of mechanical collectors


                used on  intermediate-sized boilers.
                               3-5

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3.3  ANNUALIZED OPERATING COSTS



     The annual costs for operation of the control devices



are furnished in Table 3-2 and Figures 3-4 through 3-6.



     The direct operating costs are predicated upon opera-



tion at a capacity factor of 65 percent.  The cost data



shown are the averages of those submitted by IGCI members.



     The total operating cost is the sum of direct costs and



indirect costs.  The indirect costs consist of overhead and



capitalization charges, which were estimated.
                            3-6

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          Table 3-2„   ANWUALIZED OPERATING COSTS  OF CONTROL  DEVICES FOR  INTERMEDIATE-




                              SIZED  COAL-FIRED BOILERS  (DEC-  1976)




                Basis:  Continuous  operation at  65 percent of capacity factor.
Control device
Boiler size, mega joules/sec . or MW
(106 Btu/hr)
Inlet and Outlet Gas Flow
ACFM
op
SCFM
Particulate Loading
Inlet, gr/acf
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/acf
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning Efficiency, 8
Direct Operating Costs Unit Cost
Operation:
Operator 510/manhour
Supervision $12/manhour
Total
Maintenance :
Labor $10/manhour
Materials
Total
Replacement parts
Electricity $0.03/kWh
Total Direct Cost
Indirect Costs
Overhead Charges :
Payroll 20% op. labor
Plant 500 lab. 6 mtce.
Total
Capitalization 17% investment
Total Indirect Cost
Total Annual! zed Cost
Electrostatic Precipitator
15
(51.2)

27,500
600
13,700

0.82
194
0.02.
5.1
97.3


$ 1,780
390
2,170

1,295
75
1,370
490
11,170
15,200


430
1,770
2,200
69,470
71,670
$86,870
45
(153.6)

83,100
600
41,600

0.82
587
0.02
15.4
97.3


$ 1,950
390
2,340

2,380
150
2,530
770
24,200
29,840


470
2,440
2,910
105,820
108,730
$138,570
73
(249.0)

115,800
350
75,800

0.96
952
0.025
25
97.3


$ 2,000
390
2,390

2,990
210
3,200
950
32,490
39,030


480
2,800
3,280
126,540
129,820
$168,850
Fabric Filters
3
(10.2)

5,400
600
2,700

0.82
38
0.002
0.1
99.7


$ 4,025
335
4,360

435
265
700
1,790
1,560
8,410


870
2,530
3,400
11,580
14,980
$23,390
25
(85.3)

45,960
600
23,000

0.84
330
0.002
0.85
99.7


$ 6,240
335
6,575

2,650
1,245
3,895
13,930
12,750
37,150


1,320
5,230
6,550
50,350
56,900
$94,050
55
(187.7)

87,100
450
50,700

0.96
716
0.002
1.9
99.7


$ 8,030
335
8,365

3,940
2,385
6,325
23,910
23,700
62,300


1,675
7,345
9,020
81,350
90,370
$152,670
(249..0)

115,800
350
75,8.00

0.96
952
0.0025
2.5
99.7


$ 8,940
350
9,290

5,170
3,030
8,200
32,220
31,200
80,910


1,860
8,750
10,610
107,910
118,520
$199,430
Mechanical Collectors
(10.2)

5,400
600
2,700

0.463
21.3
0.07
3.2
85.


-
-
None

190
None
190
400
650
1,240


None
30
30
4,910
4,940
$ 6,180
40
(136.5)

73,400
600
36,700

2.3
1,447
0.07
43.4
97.


$ 100
30
130

240
None
240
730
16,830
17,930


30
140
170
27,630
27,800
$45,730
73
(249.0)

115,800
350
75, 800

3.0
2,978
0.075
74.4
97.5


$ 200
60
260

260
None
260
730
26,790
28,040


50
260
310
41,080
41,390
$69,430
U)
         Low value based upon a chain grate type boiler.

-------
vo
O
a
                                                    I    I   I
           o
I    I   I
                        LEGEND:
                             O DIRECT COSTS
                             A TOTAL COSTS
                                                    L    t   i
                         45        ICT       Z

                                GAS FLOW (SCFM)
3   4  5
                                             lit
    Figure 3-4.  Annualized operating costs  of electrostatic

         precipitators used on intermediate-sized boilers.
                               3-8

-------
o
LU
a


oo

•f.
o
a
CO
t-
oo
O
o
    10
      5
    10"
      5

      4

      3
    10
                 i   i  r
                                                      '    I   I I
             I    111
                                        L IL
LEGEND:

     O DIRECT COSTS

     A TOTAL COSTS


  i      i    i  i i	
       10°    2   3 4  5     10^     2   3  4 5    105    5432


                               GAS FLOW  (SCFM)




    Figure 3-5.   Annualized operating costs of  fabric filters


                used  on intermediate-sized boilers.
                                3-9

-------
UD
UJ
o
C£

3
_J
O
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to
o
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      10'
                           I	I
                                              LEGEND:
                                                   O DIRECT COSTS
                                                   A TOTAL COSTS
                                                         I	I
                      345        10*


                             GAS FLOW (SCFM)
                                                         4   5
10a
     Figure  3-6.   Annualized operating costs for  mechanical

        collectors used on intermediate-sized boilers.
                              3-10

-------
                APPENDIX




ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR SPECIFICATIONS




      FABRIC FILTER SPECIFICATIONS




   MECHANICAL COLLECTOR SPECIFICATIONS
                  A-l

-------
                                        Company:  IGCI
                                        Project:  68-02-1473
                                        Task No.:  18
                                        Date:  November 1976
          ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR SPECIFICATION '


     An electrostatic precipitator is to remove solid par-

ticulate matter from the exhaust gas of an intermediate

sized coal-fired boiler.  Systems shall be quoted complete,

including the following:
     1.   Electrostatic precipitator

     2.   Inlet and outlet plenums

     3.   Air distribution turning vanes

     4.   Structural steel for installation of the pre-
          cipitator at grade

     5.   Insulation, 2" thick, to match temperature ser-
          vices

     6.   Induced draft fan with a head equal to the pres-
          sure drop across the precipitator selected to
          show differential pressure

     7.   Other necessary auxiliary equipment

     8.   Electrical installation work.
                                                /   i
Ash handling equipment and controls are not included in this

specification.

Details

     1.   The material of construction of all parts of the
          system shall be mild A-36 steel, 3/16" minimum
          thickness.

     2.   Electrical power at 460v, 3 phase, 60 cycle; and
          llOv, 1 phase, 60 cycle is available in sufficient
          quantity at the site.  Automatic voltage controls
          shall be provided so that no access to high vol-
          tage equipment is possible without first de-
          energizing all fields.
                            A-2

-------
System Requirements;


     1.   The attached data sheets outline the system varia-
          tions on which quotations will be received, and
          provides inlet and outlet flow rates and particu-
          late loadings.  The gas cleaning device is to
          reduce the solids content of the gas to the levels
          specified.

     2.   The coal being fired in the boiler has the follow-
          ing analysis?

                    Sulfur         0.8%
                    Ash            7=5%
                    Moisture       500%
                    Megajoules/Kg 29,78
                   (Btu/lb         12,800)

     3.   Size distribution of particles in the inlet gas is
          as follows;

          Particle Size                 Percent by weight

          Above 100 microns                    35
          40 to 100 microns                    30
          20 to 40 microns                     14
          10 to 20 microns                     11
          Below 10 microns                     10

4.   Only spreader stoker type boilers are considered.
                            A-3

-------
CAPITAL COST  DATA
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
FOR INTERMEDIATE
SIZED BOILERS
Data Sheet No.
18-3
Project No.  68-02-1473
Task No.           18
Mega joules/sec .
BOILER SIZE or MW
Inlet and outlet gas flow
ACFM
°F
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency
Gas cleaning equipment cost
Cost of auxiliaries


Total equipment cost
Installation costs, direct*
Foundation and supports
Duct work
Stack
Piping
Insulation
Painting
Electrical

Total direct costs
Installation costs, indirect
Engineering
Constr. and field expense
Construction fees
Start-up
Performance test

Contingencies
Total Indirect costs
Turnkey cost
15
27,500
600
13,700
0.82
194
0.02
5.1
97.3%

























45
83,100
' 600
41,600
0.82
587
0.02
15.4
97.3%

























* Where  specified
                             A-4

-------
ANNUAL OPERATING  COST DATA
ELECTROSTATIC  PRECIPITATOR
Data Sheet No.
18-3A
                                    Project No. G8-02-147'3

                                    Task No.          18
Megajoule
BOILER SIZE or MW
Inlet & outlet gas flo
ACFM
oF
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency
Operating cost item
Direct costs:
Operating labor
Operator
Supervisor
Total
Maintenance
Labor
Materials
Total
Replacement parts
Utilities
Electricity


Total
Total Direct costs
Capital charges
Total annual cost
2S/S6C.
w
Unit cost


$10/manhour
$12/manhour


$10/manhour




$0.03/kWh






15
27,500
600
13,700
0.82
194
0.02
5.1
97.3%



















45
83,100
600
'41,600
0.82
587
0.02
15.4
97.3%



















Operating  costs to be based on annual  operation of 8760 hours
per year % 65% capacity factor.
                              A-5

-------
CAPITAL COST  DATA
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
FOR INTERMEDIATE
SIZED BOILERS
Data Sheet No.      18-4
Project No. 68-02-1473
Task No. 	18
Mega joules/sec .
BOILER SIZE or MW
Inlet and outlet gas flow
ACFM
°F
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency
Gas cleaning equipment cost
Cost of auxiliaries


Total equipment cost
.Installation costs, direct*
Foundation and supports
Duct work
Stack
Piping
Insulation
Painting
Electrical

Total direct costs
Installation costs, indirect
Engineering
Constr. and field expense
Construction fees
Start-up
Performance test

Contingencies
Total Indirect costs
Turnkey cost
73
115,800
350
75,800
0.96
952
0.025
25
97.3%




















































* Where  specified
                             A-6

-------
ANNUAL OPERATING COST DATA
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Data Sheet No.
18-4A
                                    Project No. 68-02-147'3

                                    Task No. 	18
Megajou]
BOILER SIZE or
Inlet & outlet gas flo
ACFM
oF
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency
.es/sec.
MW
w










73

115,800
350
75,800


0.96
952
0.025
25
97.3%




1







Operating cost item
Direct costs:
Operating labor
Operator
Supervisor
Total
Maintenance
Labor
Materials
Total
Replacement parts
Utilities
Electricity


Total
Total Direct costs
Capital charges
Total annual cost
Unit cost


$10/manhour
$12/manhour


$10/manhour




$0. 03/kWh





































,






Operating costs to be based on annual  operation of 8760 hours
per  year @ 65% capacity factor.
                              A-7

-------
                                        Company:  IGCI
                                        Project:  68-02-1473
                                        Task No.:  18
                                        Date:  November 1976
                 FABRIC FILTER SPECIFICATION

                                                    i
     A fabric filter is to remove solid particulate matter

from the exhaust gas of an intermediate sized coal-fired

boiler.  Systems shall be quoted complete, including the

following:

     1.   Fabric filters

     2.   Structural steel for installation of the fabric
          filter at grade

     3.   Insulation, 2" thick, to match temperature ser-
          vices

     4.   Air pulse-jet cleaning equipment

     5.   Slide gates

     6.   Dust collection hoppers

     7.   Induced draft fan with a head equal to the pres-
          sure drop across the fabric filter installation
          selected to show differential pressure.

     8.   Other necessary auxiliary equipment.

Ash handling equipment is not included in this specifica-
                                                   I
tion.


Details:

     1.   The fabric filter shall be of compartmental con-
          struction to allow isolation of a single compart-
          ment for cleaning or maintenance.

     2.   Slide gates shall be provided to isolate com-
          partments, and ductwork shall be provided to allow
          for a single inlet and a single outlet connection
          to and from the fabric filter.
                            A-8

-------
3.   Construction shall allow for vacuum operation of
     the fabric filter; the draft fan will be attached
     to the fabric filter outlet.  The connecting
     ductwork will be supplied by others.

4.   Housings, slide gates and ductwork shall be of
     carbon steel construction.  Fabric shall be
     selected to match the temperature of the gas
     stream.

5.   Air pulse jet bag cleaning equipment shall be pro-
     vided for system cleaning (compressed air will be
     supplied by others).  Automatic time cycled con-
     trols shall be provided for the air pulse equip-
     ment.
                       A-9

-------
System Requirements;
     1.   The attached data sheets outline the system varia-
          tions on which quotations will be received, and
          provides inlet and outlet flow rates and particu-
          late loadingso  The gas cleaning device is to
          reduce the solids content of the gas to the levels
          specified.

     2.   The coal being fired in the boiler has the follow-
          ing analysis:

                    Sulfur         0»8%
                    Ash            7.5%
                    Moisture       500%
                    Megajoules/Kg 29.78
                   (Btu/lb         12,800)

     3.   Size distribution of particles in the inlet gas is
          as follows:

          Particle Size                 Percent by weight

          Above 100 microns                    35
          40 to 100 microns                    30
          20 to 40 microns                     14
          10 to 20 microns                     11
          Below 10 microns                     10

4.   Only spreader stoker type boilers are considered.
                           A-10

-------
CAPITAL COST DATA
FABRIC FILTER
FOR INTERMEDIATE
SIZED BOILERS
Data Sheet No.
18-5
Project No.  68-02-1473
Task No.           18
Mega joules/sec .
BOILER SIZE or MW
Inlet and outlet gas flow
ACFM
op
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
.Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency
Gas cleaning equipment cost
Cost of auxiliaries


Total equipment cost
Installation costs, direct*
Foundation and supports
Duct work
Stack
Piping
Insulation
Painting
Electrical

Total direct costs
Installation costs, indirect
Engineering
Constr. and field expense
Construction fees
Start-up
Performance test

Contingencies
Total Indirect costs
Turnkey cost
3
5400
600
2700
0.82
38
0.002
0.1
99.7%

























25
45,900
' 600
23,000
0.84
330
0.002
0.85
99.7%

























* Where  specified
                            A-ll

-------
ANNUAL OPERATING  COST DATA
FABRIC FILTERS
Data Sheet No.
18-5A
                                    Project No. 68-02-147'3

                                    Task No.           18
Megajou]
BOILER SIZE or MV
Inlet & outlet gas flo
ACFM
op
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency
Les/sec.
¥
w










3

5400
600
- 2700


0.82
38
0.002
0.1
99.7%
25

45,900
600 •
23,000


0.84
330
0.002
0.85
99.7%
Operating cost item
Direct costs:
Operating labor
Operator
Supervisor
Total
Maintenance
Labor
Materials
Total
Replacement parts
Utilities
Electricity


Total
Total Direct costs
Capital charges
Total annual cost
Unit cost


$10/manhour
$12/manhour


$10/manhour




$0. 03/kWh





































1






Operating costs to be based on annual  operation of 8760 hours
per year  @ 65% capacity factor.
                            A-12

-------
CAPITAL  COST DATA
FABRIC FILTERS
FOR INTERMEDIATE
SIZED BOILERS
Data Sheet No.      18-6
Project No. 68-02-147*3
Task No.           18
Mega joules/sec .
BOILER SIZE or MW
Inlet and outlet gas flow
ACFM
°F -
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency
C-as cleaning equipment cost
Cost of auxiliaries


Total equipment cost
Installation costs, direct*
Foundation and supports
Duct work
Stack
Piping
Insulation
Painting
Electrical

Total direct costs
Installation costs, indirect
Engineering
Constr. and field expense
Construction fees
Start-up
Performance test

Contingencies'
Total Indirect costs
Turnkey cost
55
87,100
450
50,700
0.96
716
0.002
1.9
99.7%

























73
115,800
350
75,800
0.96
952
0.0025
2.5
99.7%

























* Where specified
                            A-13

-------
ANNUAL OPERATING  COST DATA
FABRIC FILTERS
Data Shoot No.
                 18-6A
                                    Project No. G8-02-147'3

                                    Task No. 	18
Megajou:
BOILER SIZE or MW
Inlet & outlet gas flo
ACFM
op
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency
Les/sec.
w










55

87,100
450
50,700


0.96
716
0.002
1.9
99.7%
73

115,800
350
75,800


0.96
952
0.0025
2.5
99.7%
Operating cost item
Direct costs:
Operating labor
Operator
Supervisor
fetal
Maintenance
Labor
Materials
Total .
Replacement parts
Utilities
Electricity


Total
Total Direct costs
Capital charges
Total annual cost
Unit cost


$10/manhour
$12/manhour


$10/manhour




$0. 03/kWh






































-





Operating  costs to be based on annual  operation of 8760 hours
per year @ 65% capacity factor.
                             A-14

-------
                                   Company:  IGCI
                                   Contract No.: 68-02-1473
                                   Task No. 18
                                   Date:  November 1976
             MECHANICAL COLLECTOR SPECIFICATION


     A mechanical collector is to remove solid particulate

matter from the exhaust gas of an intermediate-sized coal

fired boiler.  Collector systems shall be quoted complete

including the following items:


     1.   Tubular centrifugal collector

     2.   Structural steel framework, as required to support
          equipment

     3.   Insulation, 2" thick, to match temperature ser-
          vices

     4.   Induced draft fan with a head equal to the pressure
          drop across the mechanical collectors selected to
          show differential pressure.

     Duct work and ash collection and handling equipment and
controls are not included in this specification.


System Requirements;

1.   The attached data sheets outline the system variations
     on which quotations will be made, and provide gas flow
     rates and particulate loadings.  Solids content of the
     gas will be reduced by the collectors to the levels
     specified.

2.   Coal being fired in the boiler has the following analysis:

          Sulfur         0.8% by weight
          Ash            7.5%
          Moisture       5.0%
          Megajoules/Kg 29.78
          (Btu/lb       12,800)
                          A-15

-------
3.   Particle size distribution in the inlet gas to the
     collectors is as follows:

                                         Percent
          Particle Size                 By Weight

          Above 100 microns                 44
          40 to 100 microns                 10
          20 to 40 microns                   7
          10 to 20 microns                   9
           5 to 10 microns                   6
          Below 5 microns                   24

4.   Type collector required:  single stage.

5.   Type boiler:  chain grate.
                           A-16

-------
 CAPITAL COST DATA
 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR FOR
 INTERMEDIATE SIZED BOILERS
Data Sheet No.   18-1-A
Project No.  68-02-1473
Task No.    18
BOILER SIZE,
Mega joules/sec, or MW
Inlet and outlet gas flow
ACFM
op
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency %
Gas cleaning equipment cost
Cost of auxiliaries


Total equipment cost
Installation costs, direct*
Foundation and supports
Duct work
Stack
Piping
Insulation
Painting
Electrical

Total direct costs
Installation costs, indirect
Engineering
Constr. and field expense
Construction fees
Start-up
Performance test

Contingencies
Total Indirect costs
Turnkey cost



























3
5400
600
2700
0.46
21.3
0.07
3.2
85

























* Where specified
                              A-17

-------
 ANNUAL OPERATING COST DATA

 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR FOR
 INTERMEDIATE SIZED BOILERS
Data Sheet No.  18-1-B
Project No.  68-02-147'3

Task No.    18
Boiler size,
Mega joules/sec, or MW
Inlet & outlet gas flc
ACFM
OF
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency %
Operating cost item
Direct costs:
Operating labor
Operator
Supervisor
Total
Maintenance
Labor
Materials
Total
Replacement parts
Utilities
Electricity


Total
Total Direct costs
Capital charges
Total annual cost

w
Unit cost


$10/manhour
$12/manhours


$10/manhour




$0.03/kWh






3
5400
600
2700
0.46
21.3
0.07
3.2
85



















Operating costs  to  be based on annual operation of  8760  hours
per year @65% capacity factor.
                               A-18

-------
                                   Company:  IGCI
                                   Contract No.: 68-02-1473
                                   Task No. 18
                                   Date:  November 1976


             MECHANICAL COLLECTOR SPECIFICATION


     A mechanical collector is to remove solid particulate

matter from the exhaust gas of an intermediate-sized coal

fired boiler.  Collector systems shall be quoted complete

including the following items:


     1.   Tubular centrifugal collector

     2.   Structural steel framework, as required to support
          equipment

     3.   Insulation, 2" thick, to match temperature ser-
          vices

     4.   Induced draft fan with a head equal to the pressure
          drop across the mechanical collectors selected to
          show differential pressure.

     Duct work and ash collection and handling equipment and

controls are not included in this specification.


System Requirements;


1.   The attached data sheets outline the system variations
     on which quotations will be made, and provide gas flow
     rates and particulate loadings.  Solids content of the
     gas will be reduced by the collectors to the levels
     specified.

2.   Coal being fired in the boiler has the following analysis;

          Sulfur         0.8% by weight
          Ash            7.5%
          Moisture       5.0%
          Megajoules/Kg 29.78
          (Btu/lb       12,800)
                            A-19

-------
3.   Particle size distribution in the inlet gas to the
     collectors is as follows:

                                         Percent
          Particle Size                 By Weight

          Above 100 microns                  35
          40 to 100 microns                  30
          20 to 40 microns                   1.4
          10 to 20 microns                   11
          Below 10 microns                   10

4.   Type collector required: Dual stage.

5.   Type boiler:  Spreader stoker.
                            A-20

-------
 CAPITAL COST DATA
 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR FOR
 INTERMEDIATE SIZED BOILERS
Data Sheet No.    18-2-A
Project No. 68-02-1473
Task No.    18
Boiler Size,
Mega joules/sec, or MW
Inlet and outlet gas flow
'ACFM
OF
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency, %
Gas cleaning equipment cost
Cost of auxiliaries


Total equipment cost
Installation costs, direct*
Foundation and supports
Duct work
Stack
Piping
Insulation
Painting
Electrical

Total direct costs
Installation costs, indirect
Engineering
Constr. and field expense
Construction fees
Start-up
Performance test

Contingencies
Total Indirect costs
Turnkey cost



























40
73,400
600
* 36,700
2.3
1,447
0.07
43.4
97











•













* Where specified
                              A-21

-------
 ANNUAL OPERATING COST DATA
 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR FOR
 INTERMEDIATE SIZED BOILERS
                                                    18-2-B
Data Sheet No. 	

Project No.  68-02-147'3

Task No.    18
Boiler Size,
Megajoules/sec. or MW
Inlet & outlet gas flo
ACFM
oF
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr .
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency
Operating cost item
Direct costs:
Operating labor
Operator
Supervisor .
Total
Maintenance
Labor
Materials
Total
Replacement parts
Utilities
Electricity


Total
Total Direct costs
Capital charges
Total annual cost

w
Unit cost


$10/manhour
$12/manhours


$10/manhour




$0.03/kWh






40
73,400
600 '
36,700
2.3
1,447
0.07
43.4
97



















Operating costs  to  be based on annual operation of  8760 hours
per year @65% capacity factor.
                              A-22

-------
 CAPITAL COST DATA
 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR  FOR
 INTERMEDIATE SIZED  BOILERS
Data  Sheet No.     18-3-A
Project No. 68-02-147'3
Task  No.      18	
Boiler Size,
Mega joules/sec, or MW
Inlet and outlet gas flow
ACFM
op
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant 'loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency %
Gas cleaning equipment cost
Cost of auxiliaries


Total equipment cost
Installation costs, direct*
Foundation and supports
Duct work
Stack
Piping
Insulation
Painting
Electrical

Total direct costs
Installation costs, indirect
Engineering
Constr. and field expense
. Construction fees
Start-up
Performance test

Contingencies
Total Indirect costs
Turnkey cost



























73
115,800
350
75,800
3.0
2,978
0.075
74.4
97.5

























* Where specified
                               A-23

-------
 ANNUAL OPERATING COST  DATA

 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR FOR
 INTERMEDIATE  SIZED BOILERS
Data Sheet No.
                 18-3-R
Project No.  G8-02-147'3

Task No.    18
Boiler Size,
Mega joules/sec, or MW
Inlet & outlet gas flo
ACFM
OF
SCFM
Moisture, Vol. %
Contaminant loading
Inlet, gr/ACF
Inlet, Ib/hr
Outlet, gr/ACF
Outlet, Ib/hr
Cleaning efficiency %
Operating cost item
Direct costs:
Operating labor
Operator
Supervisor
Total
Maintenance
Labor
Materials
Total
Replacement parts
Utilities
Electricity


Total
Total Direct costs
Capital charges
Total annual cost

w
Unit cost


$10/manhour
$12/manhours


$10/manhour




$0.03/kWh





0
73
115,800
350 '
75,800
3.0
2,978
0.075
74.4
97.5



















Operating costs  to  be based on annual operation of 8760 hours.
per year @65%  capacity factor.
                               A-24

-------
          B.  INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUBMITTING COST DATA
Two forms which are attached have been designed for the
purpose of reporting the cost estimate prepared for each
specification.  The forms are titled;

     A.   Estimated Capital Cost Data

     B.   Annual Operating Cost Data

These forms will also be used to exhibit, in the final
report for this study, averages of the three cost estimates
for each process and equipment type..  Because your costs
will be averaged with those of other IGCI members, it is
necessary to prepare them in accordance with instructions
given in the following paragraphs.

A.   Estimated Capital Cost Data

The upper part of this form should already be filled out for
the particular application when you receive it.  This infor-
mation on operating conditions should be identical to that
in the specification and is repeated only for the convenience
of those reading the form.

You should fill in the estimated dollar amounts in the
appropriate spaces on the bottom half of the form.  It
should not be necessary to add any information other than
the dollar amounts.  If you wish to provide a description of
the equipment proposed, please do so on one or more separate
sheets of paper, and attach it to the form.  If any item is
not involved in the equipment  you are proposing, please
indicate this by writing "none" in the space rather than
leaving it blank or using a zero.

     1.   The "gas cleaning device" cost should be reported
          just as you would report a flange-to-flange equip-
          ment sale to the IGCI.  That is, a complete
          device including necessary auxiliaries such as
          power supplies, mist eliminators, etc.  Do NOT
          include such items as fans, solids handling equip-
          ment, etc., unless these are an integral part of
          your gas cleaning device.
                          A-25

-------
     2.   "Auxiliaries" are those items of equipment which
          are frequently supplied with the gas cleaning
          device.  There is a purely arbitrary distinction
          between those items included here and those in-
          cluded in the "Installation" costs.   Do NOT include
          any of the cost of erecting or installing auxiliaries
          in this category.

     3.   "Installation Cost" should include the field labor
          required to complete a turnkey installation as
          well as all of the material not in 1. or 2.  In
          cases where the equipment supplier ordinarily
          erects the equipment but does not supply labor for
          foundations, etc., it is necessary to include an
          estimated cost for these items.  General tradework,
          including rigging, erection, etc., should be
          included in the "Other" category.

The installation should be estimated for a new plant, or one
in which there are no limitations imposed by the arrangement
of existing equipment.  Installation labor should be esti-
mated on the basis that the erection will take place in an
area where labor rates are near the U.S. average, and the
distance from your plant is no more than 500 miles.  Milwaukee,
Wisconsin is an example of a city with near-average labor rates,

B.   Annual Operating Cost Data

Some of the information will be supplied by PEDCo-Environ-
mental such as unit costs for labor and utilities, and
annualized capital charges.  You should fill in the usage
figures for the complete abatement system IN THE UNITS
INDICATED BELOW:

          Labor                         hrs/year
          Maintenance Materials         Dollars/year
          Replacement Parts             Dollars/year
          Electric Power                kw-hr/year

PEDCo will average the consumption figures reported, and
convert them to dollar values for inclusion in the final
report, using standard unit prices.

Be sure that the operating factor, indicated on the form in
hours per year, is used for estimating the utility and labor
requirements.

Guidelines for operating Cost Estimates
                           A-26

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 The  estimates of  labor involved for operating and maintaining
 air  pollution control systems are less likely to be based on
 first-hand  knowledge than are the estimates of capital cost
 for  the  gas cleaning equipment and system installation.  In
 order  to make comparable and consistent estimates of these
 costs, some general rules should be used by all of the
 participants in the program.  This section describes the
 rules  which should be followed in making the estimates, and
 for  describing the estimating basis in the reports prepared
 for  the  EPA.

 Three  alternative bases may be used for estimating the labor
 cost for operation and maintenance of air pollution systems:

     1.   Direct  first-hand knowledge of similar systems.

     2.   Detailed analysis of incremental labor requirements,

     3.   Percentage of first cost.

When using this method,  it is important to define clearly
the assumptions made with regard to the circumstances  of
system operation.   Some of these assumptions are indicated
in a general way below:

     1.   Operating labor.

          a.   Will the abatement system be operated by the
               same crew charged with operation of the pro-
               duction equipment?  If yes, operator time
               should be allocated to the new abatement
               system.

          b.   Are regular logs of operation likely to be
               helpful in obtaining best operation of the
               abatement equipment?

          c.   Is additional supervisory time required?  If
               yes, some supervisor time should be allocated
               to the abatement system.

          d.   Will any special operator skill be required
               which would limit the ability of production
               equipment operators to serve as abatement
               system operators?

     2.   Maintenance labor.

          a.   Will maintenance functions be performed
               routinely throughout the year, or at annual
               or semi-annual equipment maintenance shutdown
                           A-27

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          period? !

     b.   Have routine maintenance and inspection
          procedures been recommended?

     c.   Will there by any special requirements for
          labor to  purchase or inventory spare'parts?

3.   Can there be any labor credit for improvements in
     production equipment operation due to the installa-
     tion of the abatement system?
                      A-28

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