NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
MONITORING HAZARDOUS
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN AIR
Agenda
Abstracts
Attendee List
Raleigh, North Carolina April 28 to May 1, 1981
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AGENDA FOR NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MONITORING HAZARDOUS
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN AIR 1
SPEAKERS ABSTRACTS 9
SESSION I—SAMPLING TECHNIQUES FOR VAPOR-PHASE
ORGANICS 11
SESSION II—SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR
VAPOR-PHASE ORGANICS 17
SESSION HI—GAS CHROMATOGRAPH/MASS SPECTROMETER
TECHNIQUES FOR VAPOR-PHASE ORGANICS 33
SESSION IV—SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR
SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANICS 45.
SESSION V—ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR VAPOR-PHASE ORGANICS 55
SESSION VI—SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR
ORGANIC AEROSOLS 63
SESSION VII—PERSONAL MONITORS 75
ATTENDEES LIST 89
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AGENDA FOR
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
ON
MONITORING HAZARDOUS ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN AIR
APRIL 28, 1981
9:00 to 9:15 a.m. OPENING REMARKS
Dr. Thomas Mauser, Director, Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory/RTP
U.S. EPA
9:15 to 10:00 a.m. KEYNOTE ADDRESS
Speaker: Dr. Richard Dowd—Acting Assistant
Administrator, Office of Research and
Development, U.S. EPA
10:00 to 10:15 a.m. BREAK
SESSION I
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES FOR VAPOR-PHASE ORGANICS
10:15 to 10:30 a.m. OPENING REMARKS
Speaker: Dr. Edo D. Pellizzari—Session Leader
Director of Analytical Sciences Division
Research Triangle Institute
10:30 to 11:00 a.m. THE USE OF POROUS POLYMERS AS ABSORBENTS AND
CONCENTRATION MEDIA FOR TRACE LEVEL VOLATILE
COMPOUNDS IN THE AIR ENVIRONMENT
Speaker: Dr. Robert Krotoszynski
NT Research Institute
11:00 to 11:30 a.m. DISTRIBUTION OF HAZARDOUS GASEOUS ORGANIC
CHEMICALS IN THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT
Speaker: Dr. Hanwant B. Singh
SRI International
11:30 to 12 noon CONTINUOUS AND UNATTENDED MONITORING OF
ORGANICS IN AIR-INSTRUMENT DESIGN
Speaker: Dr. Randy Hall
Radian Corporation
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12:00 to 12:15 p.m. SESSION I QUESTIONS
12:15 to 1:30 p.m. LUNCH
SESSION II
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR
VAPOR-PHASE ORCANICS
1:30 to 1:15 p.m. OPENING REMARKS
Speaker: Dr. Edo D. Pellizzari—Session Leader
1:45 to 2:15 p.m. CONTINUOUS AND UNATTENDED MONITORING OF
ORGANICS IN AIR-ANALYTICAL APPROACHES
Speaker: Dr. Randy Hall
Radian Corporation
2:15 to 2:45 p.m. CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING TECHNIQUE WITH
AN MS AND AN MS/MS SYSTEM IN A MOBILE LABORATORY
Speaker: Dr. Bruce A. Thomson
SCIEX, Inc.
2:45 to 3:15 p.m. ARTIFACT PROBLEMS IN ATMOSPHERIC ANALYSIS
OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND STRATEGIES FOR
MINIMIZATION
Speaker: Dr. Robert E. Sievers
Cooperative Institute for Research
and Environmental Science
University of Colorado
3:15 to 3:30 p.m. BREAK
3:30 to 4:00 p.m. GLASS CAPILLARY COLUMN GC/MS OF ORGANIC AIR
POLLUTANTS
Speaker: Dr. Wolfgang Bertsch
University of Alabama
4:00 to 4:30 p.m. EVALUATION OF COLLECTION METHODS FOR
VAPOR-PHASE ORGANICS IN AMBIENT AIR
Speaker: Dr. Edo D. Pellizzari
4:30 to 4:45 p.m. SESSION II QUESTIONS
4:45 p.m. END SESSIONS I AND II
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APRIL 29, 1981
SESSION III
CAS CHROMATOGRAPH/MASS SPECTROMETER
TECHNIQUES FOR VAPOR-PHASE ORCANICS
8:30 to 8:45 a.m. OPENING REMARKS
Speaker: Mr. James D. Mulik—Session Leader
Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory/RTP U.S. EPA
8:45 to 9:15 a.m. DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE MULTIPLE SORBENT
AMBIENT AIR SAMPLER
Speaker: Dr. Carl R. McMillin
Monsanto Research Corporation
9:15 to 9:45 a.m. COMPARISON OF CC/MS AND CC/FTIR FOR
ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE ORCANICS
Speaker: Mr. Robert J. Jakobsen
Battelle-Columbus Laboratories
9:45 to 10:15 a.m. MEASUREMENT OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
IN AMBIENT AIR BY CC/MS
Speaker: Mr. Curt M. White
Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center
U.S. Department of Energy
10:15 to 10:30 a.m. BREAK
10:30 to 11:00 a.m. CC/MS CHARACTERIZATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS IN AMBIENT AIR
Speaker: Dr. Sydney M. Gordon
NT Research Institute
11:00 to 11:30 a.m. USE OF CC/MS TECHNIQUES IN MONITORING DIRECT
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Speaker: Dr. Lance Wallace
U.S. EPA
11:30 to 12 noon THE USE OF A DEUTERATED ANALOGUE IN THE
CC/MS QUANTIFICATION OF DIMETHYLNITROSOAMINE
IN GAS STREAMS
Speaker: Dr. Bruce A. Peterson
Battelle-Columbus Laboratories
12:00 to 12:15 p.m. SESSION III QUESTIONS
12:15 to 1:30 p.m. LUNCH
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SESSION IV
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR
SEMI-VOLATILE ORCANICS
1:30 to 1:45 p.m. OPENING REMARKS
Speaker: Dr. Robert G. Lewis—Session Leader
Health Effects Research Laboratory/RTP
U.S. EPA
1:45 to 2:15 p.m. SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANOCHLORINES USING SOLID ADSORBENTS
Speaker: Dr. Terry F. Bidleman
Department of Chemistry
University of South Carolina
2:15 to 2:45 p.m. PESTICIDES AND SIMILAR TOXIC ORGANICS IN
AMBIENT AND INDOOR AIR
Speaker: Dr. Douglas W. Bristol
U.S. EPA
2:45 to 3:15 p.m. AIRBORNE PESTICIDES AND OTHER TOXICANTS
FROM AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS
Speaker: Dr. James R. Seiber
Department of Environmental Toxicology
University of California
3:15 to 3:30 p.m. BREAK
3:30 to 4:00 p.m. A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO MONITORING HAZARDOUS
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN AIR
Speaker: Mr. David P. Rounbehler
Thermo Electron Corporation
4:00 to 4:30 p.m. SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF DIPHENYLMETHANE-4.4'
-DIISOCYANATE IN AIR
Speaker: Dr. Samuel P. Tucker
National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health
4:30 to 4:45 p.m. SESSION IV QUESTIONS
4:45 p.m. END SESSIONS III AND IV
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APRIL 30, 1981
SESSION V
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR VAPOR-PHASE ORCANICS
9:00 to 9:15 a.m. OPENING REMARKS
Speaker: Dr. Charles H. Lochmuller—Session Leader
Duke University
9:15 to 9:45 a.m. TUNABLE ATOMIC LINE MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
Speaker: Dr. Tetsuo Hadeishi
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
and
Dr. Donald Scott
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory/RTP
U.S. EPA
9:45 to 10:15 a.m. ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF TRIPLE QUADRUPOLE
MASS SPECTROMETRY
Speaker: Dr. Donald Hunt
University of Virginia
10:15 to 10:30 a.m. BREAK
10:30 to 11:00 a.m. SENSITIZED FLUORESCENCE: LAB AND FIELD EXPERIENCE
Speaker: Dr. Raymond G. Merrill
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory/RTP
U.S. EPA
11:00 to 11:30 a.m. HIGH RESOLUTION LIQUID CHROMATOCRAPHY—THE FUTURE
Speaker: Dr. James Jorgensen
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
11:30 to 12:00 noon TRACE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE
REMOTE MARINE ATMOSPHERE
Speakers: Dr. Elliot Atlas
Dr. C.S. Giam
Texas A&M University
12:00 to 12:15 p.m. SESSION V QUESTIONS
12:15 to 1:30 p.m. LUNCH
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SESSION VI
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
FOR ORGANIC AEROSOLS
1:30 to 1:45 p.m. OPENING REMARKS
Speaker: Dr. Harry S. Hertz—Session Leader
Organic Analytical Research Division
Center for Analytical Chemistry
National Bureau of Standards
1:45 to 2:15 p.m. QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF VAPOR AND PARTICULATE
PHASE ORGANIC ANALYSIS
Speaker: Dr. Wayne Griest
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2:15 to 2:45 p.m. PROBLEMS IN SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF TRACE
AMOUNTS OF ORGANIC COMPONENTS
Speaker: Dr. Gregor Junk
Ames Laboratory
Iowa State University
2:45 to 3:15 p.m. ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ATMOSPHERIC
PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON
Speaker: Dr. Jarvis Moyers
University of Arizona
3:15 to 3:30 p.m. BREAK
3:30 to 4:00 p.m. ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS IN AIR PARTICULATES
Speaker: Dr. Stephen Wise
National Bureau of Standards
4:00 to 4:30 p.m. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS RESULTING FROM SO AND NO
CHEMISTRY IN PARTICULATE EMISSIONS x
FROM FOSSIL FUEL BURNING STEAM PLANTS
Speaker: Dr.DelbertJ. Eatough
Brigham Young University
4:30 to 4:45 p.m. SESSION VI QUESTIONS
4:45 p.m. END SESSIONS V AND VI
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MAY 1, 1981
SESSION VII
PERSONAL MONITORS
8:30 to 8:45 a.m. OPENING REMARKS
Speaker: Dr. David T. Mage
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory/RTP
U.S. EPA
8:45 to 9:15 a.m. DEVELOPMENT OF PASSIVE DOSIMETER FOR
AMBIENT AIR MONITORING
Speaker: Dr. Carl McMillin
Monsanto Research Corporation
9:15 to 9:45 a.m. DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PERSONAL SAMPLING
DEVICES FOR HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS
Speaker: Dr. Jimmie Hodgeson
National Bureau of Standards
9:45 to 10:15 a.m. PRACTICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW
FORMALDEHYDE CONCENTRATION LEVELS: APPLI-
CATION TO PERSONNEL MONITORING NEEDS
Speaker: Dr. Thomas Matthews
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
10:15 to 10:30 a.m. BREAK
10:30 to 11:00 a.m. DEVELOPMENT Ol= A NEW PASSIVE MONITOR
FOR POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC VAPORS
Speaker: Dr. Tuan Vo-Dinh
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
11:00 to 11:30 a.m. LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF PERSONAL
SAMPLING BADGES AND CHARCOAL TUBES
Speaker: Dr. William Gutknecht
Research Triangle Institute
11:30 to 12:00 noon EVALUATION OF PASSIVE DOSIMETERS FOR
AMBIENT AIR MONITORING
Speaker: Dr. Robert Coutant
Battelle-Columbus Laboratories
12:00 to 12:15 p.m. SESSION VII QUESTIONS
12:15 p.m. ADJOURNMENT
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SPEAKERS ABSTRACTS
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SESSION I
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES FOR VAPOR-PHASE ORGANICS
Dr. Edo D. Pellizzari
Session Leader
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THE USE OF POROUS POLYMERS AS ADSORBENT AND CONCENTRATION MEDIA
FOR TRACE-LEVEL VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN THE AIR ENVIRONMENT
B.K. Krotoszynski
NT Research Institute, Chicago, IL
The collection of ambient air components by preconcentration
techniques on porous organic polymers has been employed at IIT
since 19.64. Initial procedures involved the collection of
trace-ambient air components by a fluidized bed technique and
progressed to the standard sorption-type procedures currently in
use. During this period of collector development, numerous
designs, configurations, and media, ranging in quantities from
100 mg to 100 g of sorption material, were used.
Presently, three basic geometries have been developed for
specific applications. A needle collector-injector is employed
as a "grab" sampler for ambient air collections employing a
sampling rate of 40 ml/miri and a total sampling volume of 2 1.
This collector serves both as a sample collector and as a
direct-sample injector into the gas chromatograph. The prin-
cipal part of the collector is a 1/8-in (3.1 mm) OD, 0.085-in
(2.16 mm) ID, stainless steel tubing 8 in (200 mm) long, packed
with approximately 100 mg of 60/80 mesh preconditioned Tenax GC
adsorbent, kept in place by two silanized Pyrex glass wool
plugs. The ends of the collector are equipped with 1/16 in
(1.6 mm) OD, 0.030-in (0.75 mm) ID, brazed-in stainless steel
tubing. One end is 2-1/2 in (62.5 mm) long and serves as the
sample inlet during the sampling step and to reach through the
GC port to the front end of the GC column when connected to a
gas chromatograph. The other end is 1 in (25 mm) and serves
to apply suction during sampling and to connect the needle
collector to an alternate carrier gas path during the sample
transfer into the gas chromatograph. This needle collector-
injector also is employed as an interface collector between the
large integrated sample collector and the GC or GC/MS. This
technique minimizes the problems associated with the commonly
used cryogenic preconcentrator interface.
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In conjunction with this sampler, a specially designed sample
injection device was designed and constructed at IIT for trans-
ferring the preconcentrated sample from the collector into the
injection port of the gas chromatograph. The pneumatic and
electrical features of this device will be discussed in detail
as will the efficiency in sample injection.
A second collector configuration, used for time integrated
sampling, is represented by a glass collector, 30 cm long and
0.6 cm ID and 0.8 cm OD, packed with 1.2 g of Tenax GC (60/80
mesh), which is retained inside the collector by means of
silanized glass wool plugs. The collector is closed by means
of specially designed Teflon caps. A special stainless steel
envelope was developed to accommodate the glass collector to
provide thermal desorption of the sample constituents.
A third type of sample configuration consists of a metal car-
tridge with the adsorbent enclosed between two stainless steel
screens. The essential feature of this collector, also a time
integrated sampler, is a design that employs a spring to main-
tain a uniform volume of the adsorbent medium and, hence, to
decrease channeling and to ensure collection reproducibility.
Application of the above collectors have been directed toward
total body effluents, breath analysis, indoor/outdoor air
quality, and upper atmosphere exploration. These applications
will be illustrated with specific examples. Also to be dis-
cussed will be the necessity for resolving uncertainties associ-
ated with the construction material (metal vs. glass) and
establishing standard adsorbent amounts and optimum sampling
geometries for general applicability and use.
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DISTRIBUTION OF HAZARDOUS CASEOUS ORGANIC
CHEMICALS IN THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT
Dr. Hanwant B. Singh, with L.J. Salas and R. Stiles
Atmospheric Science Center
SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
An instrumental mobile environmental laboratory has been em-
ployed for the on-site measurement of a large number of poten-
tially toxic chemicals at the following selected locations:
• Los Angeles, CA
• Phoenix, AZ
• Oakland, CA
• Houston, TX
• St. Louis, MO
• Denver, CO
• Riverside, CA
Over 40 chemicals were measured at these sites and about 25 of
these are known to be bacterial mutagens or suspect carcinogens.
The categories of chemicals measured included halomethanes,
haloethanes, chloropropanes, chloroalkenes, chloroaromatics,
aromatic hydrocarbons, and oxygenated chemicals. Instrumenta-
tion employed included EC-GC, FID-GC, gas phase coulometry, and
to a limited extent GC/MS. Primary calibrations were performed
by developing and utilizing an extensive variety of permeation
tubes.
The on-site measurements have been processed to characterize
the atmospheric abundance, short term and mean diurnal vari-
ability, fate and extent of human exposure to this potentially
harmful group of chemicals. Results of this analysis will be
presented emphasizing the distribution of measured gaseous
organic mutagens and carcinogens.
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These studies showed a significant contamination of the urban
environment from chemicals that are suspected to exhibit muta-
genic or carcinogenic potential. In the cleanest environments,
the present atmospheric exposure to gaseous chemical mutagens is
more than twice the natural preindustrial background, while in
U.S. cities it is at least 20 to 50 times as much. Given the
reported mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of these chemi-
cals and their interpretation in the context of global sources
and sinks, it is apparent that oceans and the atmosphere provide
a globally-distributed natural background of atmospheric organic
mutagens and suspect carcinogens. The identification of ubiqui-
tous natural mutagens in the air and the ocean suggests that
these chemicals may have played a role similar to that attrib-
uted to radiation in the processes of biological evolution.
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SESSION II
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR
VAPOR-PHASE ORGANICS
Dr. Edo D. Pellizzari
Session Leader
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CONTINUOUS AND UNATTENDED MONITORING OF
ORGANICS IN AIR - INSTRUMENT DESIGN
Dr. Randy C. Hall
Radian Corporation, Austin, TX
A dual gas chromatographic analysis system, the Radian 110A, has
been specifically developed for the continuous and unattended
monitoring of trace organic compounds in ambient air. This
computer-controlled system contains two chromatographic modules
that can be used as totally independent gas chromatographs.
If so desired, the modules can be combined to perform two-
dimensional or phase-programmed separations.
Each chromatographic module has a built-in sample concentrator
consisting of a sample pump, a thermal desorption unit, and a
mass flow meter for measuring sample volumes. A novel column
oven design allows ultra-pure hydrogen to be used as a carrier
gas and enables the oven to be temperature programmed at 30°/min
from ambient to 250°C using only 370 watts of electric power.
The column oven can contain two glass-lined stainless steel
columns and is compatible with fused silica capillary columns.
The chromatographic modules can be equipped with a wide range of
detectors including FID, HECD, BCD and N-PD.
An integral part of the 110A Analysis System is the DART III
Computer. This Radian computer performs all chromatograph
control and data reduction operations and enables the system
to be remotely interrogated/controlled over standard dial-up
telephone lines. The DART III uses the Motorola 6809 processor
and can contain up to 256,000 bytes of 1C memory, two APU's,
and four floppy disk drives. The dual-sided, double-density
floppy disc drives provide a total data storage capacity in
excess of 4 million bytes. The floppy disc system is used to
implement a variety of sophisticated control and data reduction
operations via methods stored on 8-inch flexible discs.
The DART III Computer performs autocalibrations and provides
analysis run reports, and hourly and daily reports of monitoring
results. In addition to chromatographic control, the computer
also monitors and interprets meteorological instrumentation and
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other air quality analyzers. This information is incorporated
in the hourly and daily reports. Custom procedures are user
programmable in either Fortran, Fourth, Flex, or Basic lan-
guages.
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CONTINUOUS AND UNATTENDED MONITORING OF ORCANICS
IN AIR - ANALYTICAL APPROACHES
Randy C. Hall
Radian Corporation, Austin, TX
Analytical procedures for monitoring a wide variety of organic
compounds have been developed using the Radian 110A Analysis
System. Organic compounds are automatically concentrated by
absorbent techniques and analyzed by multiple-column chroma-
tography using element specific detectors where possible.
Samples are concentrated on solid absorbents contained in
glass-lined stainless steel tubes and are injected into glass-
lined stainless steel columns by thermal desorption - back-
flushing. Absorbent tubes are usually packed with two to four
different absorbents so that a wide range of compounds can be
analyzed. These techniques allow sample volumes of up to 10
liters to be concentrated, which enables most compounds to be
monitored at PPB to PPT levels.
The specificity required for monitoring halogen, sulfur or
nitrogen compounds at trace ambient levels is achieved by using
the Hall Electrolytic Conductivity Detector with dual column
analysis for confirmation. The required specificity for hydro-
carbons, which must be detected with the nonselective FID, is
achieved by two-dimensional chromatography. Other techniques,
such as column isolation, are used for hydrocarbon speciation
for ozone modeling. New Radian detector systems, such as the
thermally modulated electron affinity detector, can also be
implemented for the selective detection and confirmation of
certain compound classes.
Spurious contaminants from absorbents and carrier gases do not
appear to be a problem in the 110A Analysis System. Contami-
nants from absorbents do not build up to interfering levels
since they are cleaned by thermal bakeout every analysis cycle.
Problems from carrier gas contaminants are eliminated by using
electrolytic hydrogen cleaned by diffusion through palladium.
Other carrier gases that must be used are cleaned by catalytic
oxidation.
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CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING TECHNIQUES WITH AN MS
AND AN MS/MS SYSTEM IN A MOBILE LABORATORY
Dr. Bruce A. Thomson
SCIEX INC., Thornhill, Ontario, Canada
It is clear that most air monitoring programs would benefit
significantly if the analysis could be performed on-site with
the results available instantaneously, as long as manpower and
cost constraints could be satisfied at the same time. Indeed,
there are many situations where the use of a single, sophisti-
cated, mobile analytical system, which is capable of real-time,
sensitive, and highly specific detection of organics and
inorganics in air, is actually more efficient and effective
than a battery of collectors that requires complex workup and
analysis in a remote laboratory with results available only
days or weeks after the sampling.
Over the past several years, SCIEX INC. has obtained extensive
experience in techniques of continuous air monitoring with a
mass spectrometer system (the TAGA™) in a mobile laboratory.
The TAGA™ 3000 is a digitally-controlled single quadrupole mass
spectrometer system that can be coupled with an atmospheric
pressure chemical ionization source to provide direct mass
spectrometric analysis of ambient air in real time. The combi-
nation of soft chemical ionization, along with selective reagent
gases, allows continuous air analysis of targeted compounds with
good specificity.
Compound identification is based on molecular weight; known
or estimated chemical properties, such as acidity, basicity,
ionization potential, and electron affinity; and on the context
of the monitoring situation. Ambient air monitoring applica-
tions have ranged from emergency response to chemical spills,
fingerprinting of emissions from manufacturing plants, plume
tracking at ground level, studies of temporal and spatial
variations in concentrations, and characterization of contamina-
tion levels in unknown situations. All of these applications
have benefited from system mobility and from the immediate re-
ceipt of the results, allowing the operator to respond rapidly
to changing conditions.
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The recently introduced TAGA™ 6000 is a triple quadrupole mass
spectrometer system that is also completely computer-controlled
and is available in a mobile laboratory. Highly specific
analysis is provided by the system's ability to perform mass
selected collision-induced-dissociation with detection of
specific daughter ions. Therefore, the system performs real-
time analysis of ambient air with unambiguous detection and
identification of unknown compounds. Chemical noise and inter-
ference problems are greatly reduced or eliminated. Software
control of scan functions, such as constant parent ion, constant
daughter ion, and constant neutral loss, allows great flexi-
bility in choosing the optimum analytical protocol for the
situation at hand.
Various inlet systems and ionization sources can be coupled with
either the TAGA™ 3000 or the TAGA™ 6000. The direct air sam-
pling inlet allows air to be sampled directly through a port in
the vehicle roof or wall and analyzed in real time. A wide
variety of organic and inorganic vapors can be detected at the
parts-per-billion to parts-per-trillion level. The elimination
of chemical noise by the MS/MS technique allows the ultimate
detection limits to be reached, limited only by system noise of
less than 1 ion per second. An inlet system has recently been
developed for the detection of sulfuric acid aerosol in real
time, with a detection limit of a few micrograms per cubic
meter. This technique, which does not involve the troublesome
sample collection and workup procedure, appears to be uniquely
promising from the point of view of high specificity and avoid-
ance of artifacts.
Another inlet system, which has been developed and used in the
field, is a short-term adsorber. This adsorber traps involatile
organics from a high volume flow of air over a 1- to 2-minute
interval, and then is rapidly thermally desorbed into a flowing
carrier gas leading to the ion source. This inlet is also
available as a remote sampler and has been used for detecting
PCBs in air and in stack gas and for detecting illicit drugs and
explosives. Repetitive 2-minute measurements can be obtained
approximately every 4 minutes.
Other inlets and ion sources that can be interfaced with the
TAGA™ include an elemental analysis ion source that potentially
can be used for detecting elements on air particulates on a
continuous basis, a direct insertion probe that can be used for
on-site or laboratory analysis of organic extracts or thermal
readout of Tenax traps, and a gas chromatograph for analytical
situations that requires chromatographic separation of isomeric
or closely related species.
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ARTIFACT PROBLEMS IN ATMOSPHERIC ANALYSIS
OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND STRATEGIES FOR MINIMIZATION
Dr. Robert E. Sievers
Dept. of Chemistry and CIRES, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO
Advocates of various methods for atmospheric analysis of trace
constituents tend to overlook or downplay the deficiencies of
their favorite technique. In spite of the large number of
studies of the inorganic and organic constituents of the ambient
atmosphere, the state of the measurement art is relatively
primitive, and much remains to be learned before substantial
confidence can be attached to the analyses.
Advocates of in-site spectroscopic methods tend to ignore the
intrinsic interferences attendant to the analyses of complex
mixtures without prior separation. Those who prefer cryogenic
sampling often do not recognize or acknowledge the possibility
of irreversible adsorption of trace constituents on container
walls and lines, to say nothing of reaction between collected
concentrated analytes as the sample is heated to transfer it for
analysis. Analysts using porous polymers or other sorbents for
sample collection and preconcentration are sometimes unaware
that a few of the compounds subsequently identified are largely,
if not entirely, products of reactions of oxidants in air with
the polymeric sorbent or with sorbed analytes, rather than
having been present in the air sampled. With the widely used
polymer, Tenax GC, artifacts such as benzaldehyde, acetophenone,
and other organic oxidation products are produced. With other
polymers, different artifacts may result. Use of more than one
polymer may allow better discrimination of artifacts from
compounds actually present in ambient air.
If one examines the nature of the problem of sampling and
analyzing the hundreds of trace constituents in ambient air,
it becomes clear that no one single collection or measurement
technique will be clearly superior to all others.
The key to confidence that analyses are correct appears to be
redundancy of independent sampling and measurement techniques.
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Furthermore, there are certain strategies one can adopt to
minimize interferences and artifact formation. Since all
surfaces have active sites, attention must be paid to selection
of materials and to deactivation, where possible, as well as
minimizing contact of analytes with surfaces. Surfaces serve as
sites for irreversible adsorption, catalysis of reactions, and
as sources of artifacts. Any time a sample is being concen-
trated at a surface (whether stainless steel or a polymeric
sorbent) the potential for reaction or loss is increased.
Consequently, as a general rule, any technique that reduces the
time and amount of sample collection concomitantly reduces the
likelihood of sample loss and artifact generation. Therefore,
we must continue the quest for even more sensitive/selective
measurement techniques. The ideal would be when each con-
stituent could be measured in whole air samples without any
preconcentration.
Examples of studies of selective electron capture sensitization,
by which this has been achieved for vinyl chloride and other
analytes, will be reviewed. Equally important to increasing
sensitivity are studies of increasing selectivity. New selec-
tive sorbents are being examined, and class separations by these
will be discussed. Some of these sorbents contain lanthanide
chelates that selectively retain oxygenates and compounds
capable of forming complexes, thus achieving compound class pre-
separation in advance of high resolution chromatographic separa-
tions. To minimize artifact formation, more chemically and
oxidatively inert polymeric sorbents also should be developed.
In summary, the best of several independent sampling and meas-
urement techniques should be combined redundantly to minimize
inaccuracies caused by sample losses and transformations,
interferences, etc. Simultaneously, new approaches for increas-
ing sensitivity and selectivity of detectors and improving the
selectivity and inertness of sorbents should be pursued.
Improvements in separations science will produce better method-
ology, with fewer interferences and greater confidence in iden-
tifications and accuracy of measurements. So-called advanced
methods will become even more powerful and less susceptible to
interferences by judicious coupling with the best in separations
technology.
25
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GLASS CAPILLARY COLUMN CC/MS OF ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
Dr. Wolfgang Bertsch
Dept. of Chemistry, University of Alabama, University, AL
Gas chromatography is the primary tool for analyzing organic
pollutants in the intermediate molecular weight range. The
technique is particularly powerful in conjunction with a uni-
versal/specific detector of tuneable selectivity, such as the
mass spectrometer, which is emphasized by the number of presen-
tations at this meeting dealing with this particular aspect. It
is quite clear that sampling methodology remains one of the most
critical steps for obtaining accurate and reproducible data.
The gas chromatographic separation step, however, also must be
carefully evaluated for optimization of overall performance.
Until fairly recently, capillary columns have rarely been
applied in air analysis. The advantages of capillary columns,
such as improved resolution, lower detection limit, and in-
creased speed, are often presented in a favorable light without
discussing the potential disadvantages. One of the more serious
shortcomings of glass capillary columns for air analysis is the
problem of coping with the water that is accumulated during
sampling with most sample collection methods. Another potential
difficulty is that there are wide differences in capillary
column quality, but few users take the trouble of evaluating
system performance with critical and meaningful standards. In
other words, inertness is often sacrificed for efficiency.
Another point of practical importance is the technical expertise
required to operate capillary columns to their full potential.
This is no small point if capillary GC is to be used in routine
situations.
Realistic evaluation procedures for the assessment of capillary
columns will be presented. Capillary column performance will be
compared to packed columns. Parameters that determine trapping
efficiencies of compounds that are directly desorbed from
adsorbents into capillary column will be discussed. Air analy-
ses conducted from a variety of environments will be shown and
qualitative and quantitative data will be presented. Examples
of using the mass spectrometer as a selective detector will be
shown.
27
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EVALUATION OF COLLECTION METHODS FOR VAPOR PHASE ORCANICS
IN AMBIENT AIR
E.D. Pellizzari and W.F. Cutknecht
Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC
Tenax GC, charcoal and cryogenic traps, Tedlar, Teflon™, and
five-layered aluminized mylar bags, and glass and stainless
steel containers were evaluated for collection and analysis of
selected organic compounds. Parameters studied were (a) com-
pound stability/recovery in the collection device as a function
of storage time, and (b) potential interferences from inorganic
gases (03, NO , S02, H~0) during sampling of synthetic air/vapor
mixtures. Fourteen test compounds spanning several chemical
classes and a wide range of vapor pressures were used.
The storage/stability test parameters were: sampling volume -
30 1, relative humidity - 30 percent, ozone - 0 ppb, N0? - 0
ppb, and S02 - 0 ppb; storage times - 0, 3, and 7 days.
Levels of test substances ranged 1 to 100 ppb. Results for the
storage/stability study are shown in Table 1-4.
Potential interferences from inorganic gases were studied for
the Tenax GC sampling cartridge for a fixed sampling rate
(1 1/min) and time (30 min). Two levels of inorganic gases were
employed: High - 380 ppb 0~, 380 ppb NO , 190 ppb S02 and
90 percent relative humidity; Low - 60 p$b 0~, 60 ppb NO ,
12 ppb S02 and 30 percent relative humidity. A complete
disappearance of furan and chloroprene and a 50 percent loss of
benzene were observed at high levels of inorganic gases. Sodium
thiosulfate impregnated ( -5 mg) glass fiber filters prior
to Tenax cartridges allowed a quantitative recovery for benzine;
however, no recovery for furan and chloroprene was evident. It
was concluded that these compounds had been completely depleted
in the permeation/dilution system by 0.,. Recoveries of 42, 48
and 47 percent were found for furan, chloroprene and benzene
respectively, but a sodium thiosulfate impregnated glass fiber
filter allowed a quantitative recovery for all three compounds
at low concentrations of inorganic gases. These and other data
indicated that 0^ is responsible for artifactual processes
28
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NJ
Table 1. PERCENT ACCURACY AND PRECISION FOR SEVERAL SAMPLING SYSTEMS: STORAGE TIME- 0 DAYS
Compound
Vinyl chloride
Methyl bromide
Furan
Acrylonitrile
Chloroprene
Chloroform
Benzene
Tcnax
Cartridges
52
51
90
112
80
111
65
(58)
(14)
(8)
(15)
(15)
(19)
(14)
Charcoal
Cartridges
ND
.ND
NL>
ND
ND
ND
ND
Electropolished
Containers
98
94
^
} 94
j
97
66
97
(2)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(6)
(7)
Sumroa Pol.
Containers
101
100
"1
\ 98
/
95
73
98
(2)
(0)
(4)
(4)
(5)
(8)
Glass
Bulbs
97 (2)
99 (2)
"1
> 98 (4)
J
94 (6)
77 (0)
87
Tedlar
Bags
99
101
^
> 100
/
100
66
94
(2)
(2)
(0)
(9)
(2)
(4)
Teflon
Bags
95 (4)
101 (1)
^
> 99 (2)
J
85 (20)
74 (7)
102 (11)
Table 2. PERCENT ACCURACY AND PRECISION FOR SEVERAL SAMPLING SYSTEMS: STORAGE TIME - 0 DAYS (CONT'D.)
Compound
1.2-Dichloropropanc
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrach lorocthane
Bis-(2-chloroethyl)ether
m- Di ch loroben zene
Tenax
Cartridges
101
91
97
105
93
106
103
(14)
(11)
(7)
(7)
(4)
(5)
(4)
Charcoal
Cartridges
49 (21)
72 (13)
BI
43 (22)
BI
BI
51 (12)
Elcctropolishcd
Containers
57
87
93
87
49
81
47
(8)
(3)
(7)
(0)
(51)
(23)
(47)
Summa Pol .
Containers
51
91
91
91
75
107
71
(8)
(3)
(5)
(8)
(2)
(10)
(4)
Glass
Bulbs
34
85 (3)
79 (0)
75 (0)
66 (3)
79 .(4)
63 (5)
Tedlar
Bags
32
88
82
82
72
76
70
(7)
(0)
(3)
(0)
(3) -
(4)
(0)
Teflon
Bags
38
85 (3)
79 (0)
75 (0)
72 (3)
72 (7)
70 (8)
-------
Table 3. PERCENT ACCURACY AND PRECISION FOR SEVERAL SAMPLING SYSTEMS: STORAGE TIME - 7 DAYS
Compound
Vinyl chloride
Methyl bromide
Furan
Acrylonitrile
Chloroprene
Chloroform
Benzene
Tenax
Cartridges
SO
79
89
165
88
142
71
(14)
(3)
(4)
(11)
(3)
(20)
(4)
Charcoal
Cartridges
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
Electropolished
Containers
95 (7)
86 (8)
"^
\ 82 (12)
70 (8)
70 (16)
94 (11)
Sununa Pol.
Containers
98 (2)
97 (2)
•\
> 87 (6)
82 (8)
75 (5)
95 (7)
Glass
Bulbs
97 (2)
99 (1)
•\
> 99 (5)
91 (1)
70
84
Tcdlar
Bags
110
98
*\
S99
467
71
95
(S)
(6)
(5)
(69)
(10)
(7)
Teflon
Bags
79 (18)
66 (22)
^
>69 (27)
136 (63)
266 (71)
79 (20)
Table 4. PERCENT ACCURACY AND PRECISION FOR SEVERAL SAMPLING SYSTEMS: STORAGE TIME - 7 DAYS (CONT'D.)
Compound
1 ,2-Dichloropropane
Toluene
Tctrachlorocthy lenc
Chlorobcnzene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroe thane
Bis-(2-chloroethyl)ethcr
m-Dichlorobenzcne
Tcnax
Cartridges
113
95
96
106
97
97
131
(6)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(4)
Charcoal
Cartridges
63 (6:.)
89
111
78
BI
BI
32 (14)
Electropolished
Containers
57
84
94
87
37
88
35
(12)
(7)
(17)
(11)
(67)
(8)
(30)
Suiiuna Pol.
Containers
53
88
89
88
72
102
56
(6)
(6)
(6)
(10)
(6)
(11)
(12)
Glass
Bulbs
32
86
81
77
69
78
69
(4)
(3)
(5)
(3)
(0)
(5)
Tcdlar
Bags
33
85
80
74
68
61
65
(0)
(5)
(5)
(3)
(5)
(8)
Teflon
Bags
31
65
50
44
78
36
67
(17)
(11)
(19)
(38)
(14)
(39)
-------
during the collection of ethers and olefinic compounds. A mild
reducing agent eliminates their destruction while sampling
ambient air.
Quality assurance included: gravimetric calibration of per-
meation tubes for synthesizing air/vapor mixtures, calibra-
tion of instruments with permeation tubes, and verification of
calibrations with independent methods and sources of air/vapor
mixtures. All data were statistically analyzed.
31
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SESSION III
GAS CHROMATOCRAPH/MASS SPECTROMETER TECHNIQUES
FOR VAPOR-PHASE ORGANICS
Mr. James D. Mulik
Session Leader
33
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DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE MULTIPLE SORBENT AMBIENT AIR SAMPLER
Dr. Carl R. McMillin, with Joseph J. Brooks, Diana S. West,
F. Neil Hodgson, and James D. Mulik (EPA)
Monsanto Research Corporation
The general population, particularly in urban areas, is exposed
to a wide variety of atmospheric pollutants. The health hazard
posed by this situation cannot be adequately defined currently
because of the complexity of the problem and the lack of suffi-
cient, reliable, data. One of the needs in assessing this
exposure problem is a reliable screening technique for determin-
ing what substances at what concentration are present in the
ambient atmosphere. Although the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency has a concern for a wide range of pollutants that appear
in the environment, those materials that pose special concerns
owing to their potentially adverse health effects are generally
found at very low levels.
The ability to assess the extent of potentially hazardous chemi-
cals in ambient air requires at least three things:
• Knowledge of the materials that pose the hazard,
• A reliable sampling technique for collecting these
materials
• Adequate technology for accurate analyses of these
materials.
In order to provide a reliable method of sampling ambient atmos-
pheres, EPA sponsored a program for the development of a port-
able miniature collection system that could be used to assess
the exposure of an individual to a wide range of organic pol-
lutants. The sampler was designed to collect organic compounds
ranging from volatile hydrocarbons (e.g., methane) to high
molecular weight phthalates (plasticizers), polychlorinated
biphenyls, pesticides, and the polynuclear aromatics that may
be present within the atmosphere.
35
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Following a laboratory evaluation of capacity, desorption
efficiency, background properties, decomposition products, and
pressure drop characteristics for a variety of sorbent materi-
als, a three-sorbent system was selected that was judged to be
most suitable for the collection of a broad range of organics
from ambient air.
The three sorbents selected were Tenax-GC, Porapak R, and
Ambersorb XE-340. They were chosen for the collection of low,
intermediate, and high volatility compounds, respectively. The
sorbent materials were placed in glass tubes and connected in
series with a portable battery powered sampling pump. Air was
drawn through the Tenax-GC, Porapak R, and Ambersorb XE-340
tubes in sequence in actual field sampling applications.
Typical sampling parameters were 1 1/min for 8 hours for a total
of 480 1 of air. Both indoor and outdoor environments were
sampled in field tests of the portable collection system at Los
Angeles and Houston (outdoors) and Niagara Falls and Research
Triangle Park (indoors).
The samples were analyzed using thermal desorption techniques
and capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A group of
20 organic compounds was identified, which represented a wide
variety of chemical types. The test compounds also were reason-
ably high volume chemicals, many of which were of interest to
EPA due to adverse health effects data. This limited number of
chemicals was specifically quantitated in the analyses along
with the identification of other major components.
There appears to be some intrinsic difference in sampling indoor
and outdoor environments with the portable collection system.
Both Los Angeles and Houston samples (outdoor) showed signifi-
cant breakthrough of organic compounds to the Porapak R and
Ambersorb XE-340 sorbents, while the Niagara Falls and Research
Triangle Park (indoor) samples showed little, if any, organics
past the Tenax-GC sorbent material. This is most likely due to
matrix effects (e.g., humidity or oxidant levels) that are found
in indoor environments. Samples collected under high humidity
conditions (Houston) presented particular problems in the
analysis phase owing to high concentrations of water on Porapak
and Ambersorb sorbents. Further details of the sampling and
analysis systems and the field evaluation results will be pre-
sented.
This research was conducted by Monsanto Research Corporation
under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (Contract No. 68-02-2774).
36
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COMPARISON OF GC/MS AND GC/FTIR
FOR ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE ORGANICS
Robert J.. Jakobsen
Battelle^Columbus Laboratories
The combined data of high resolution chromatography GC/FT-IR and
GC/MS are used to identify a standard solution of priority
pollutants. Identifications made by the individual library
search routines are compared and an improvement is demonstrated
in the number of identifications with the combined GC/FT-IR and
GC/MS data. Both GC/FT-IR and GC/MS separations are performed
on WCOT capillary columns. This provides the best separation
possible and also permits fast and efficient comparison of
spectral data when separations are performed on the same type of
column. GC/FT-IR shows more selectivity for polar compounds
while GC/MS selectivity favors non-polar compounds. These
selectivity differences emphasize the complementary nature of
(and the needs for) both GC/FT-IR and GC/MS information.
37
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MEASUREMENT OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS IN AMBIENT AIR BY CC-MS
Mr. Curt M. White, with C.A. Gibbon and H.L. Retcofsky
U.S. Dept. of Energy, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, Pittsburgh, PA
Coal and coal conversion products contain known or suspected
carcinogens, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
These materials could enter into the workplace atmosphere of
coal conversion plants. Concern about exposure to PAH has
prompted the development of quantitative methods for sampling
and analysis of some select PAH in workplace atmospheres.
Quantitative sampling methodologies, sample recovery techniques
using Soxhlet extraction, sample concentration by solvent evapo-
ration, and the gas chromatographic resolution of complex
mixtures of PAH will be briefly discussed. Emphasis will be
placed on describing methods for the quantitation of individual
PAH.
Previously, individual PAH in complex mixtures have been quan-
titated by fractionating the sample into compound classes.
Internal standards were then added to the aromatic fraction,
and the spiked fraction was analyzed by high resolution gas
chromatography using either flame ionization detection or mass
fragmentography. The use of the internal standard technique
requires (1) a chromatographic window into which the standard
will elute and (2) a knowledge of the relative response factors
between the internal standard and the PAH being quantitated.
Unfortunately, the relative response factors between compounds
can change as a function of (I) sample introduction method
(split or splitless), (2) injection technique, (3) column flow
rate, and (4) inertness of the column. In the past, these fac-
tors have contributed to larger errors in the quantitation of
individual PAH. These problems are eliminated by the simultane-
ous use of the combined GC-MS technique of mass fragmentography
and the method of standard addition. When used together, mass
fragmentography and the method of standard addition lead to
reliable quantitative information concerning individual PAH.
These techniques will be discussed in detail.
38
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As a test of the accuracy of these methods, a liquid sample of
material from the SRC-II coal liquefaction process was analyzed
for dibenzothiophene and pyrene. Other laboratores also anal-
yzed this sample for these components. Dibenzothiophene was
present at 1.18 +; 0.07 mg/g and pyrene was present at 6.02 +
0.31 mg/g. The NBS values on these same compounds were 1.02 ±
0.07 mg/g and 6+0.2 mg/g, respectively.
The precision of the mass fragmentographic experiment was
determined by analyzing a sample 5 consecutive times and deter-
mining the peak areas of 11 PAH. The sample, 2 pi, was injected
by hand and the peak areas of 11 PAH of interest was determined.
The average relative standard deviation of the peak areas of the
11 components was 4.11 percent.
The results of PAH measurements made on air samples collected in
the workplace atmosphere of a 1000 Ib coal per day liquefaction
plant at PETC will be discussed.
39
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CC/MS CHARACTERIZATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
IN AMBIENT AIR
Dr. Sydney M. Cordon
I IT Research Institute, Chicago, IL
The analysis of organic pollutants in ambient air is greatly
complicated by two factors. Not only are the components always
present in very complex mixtures, but they also occur only at
the ppb or sub-ppb level. Of the various methods available for
such analyses, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer
(GC-MS-COMP) techniques offer one of the most effective solu-
tions to the analytical problems. Whether the information
sought concerns a broad range or a few specific compounds, the
basic GC-MS-COMP instrumentation remains the same. The sample
collection techniques, however, and the choice of GC-MS-COMP and
data processing methods vary. Recent work carried out at IIT
and elsewhere illustrates the broad scope and effectiveness of
the GC-MS-COMP approach.
The analysis of volatile organics at trace levels requires
special methods of sample collection and transfer into the
GC-MS-COMP system. Of the several possible sampling techniques,
those that trap the vapors by adsorption on Tenax GC porous
sorbent and then thermally desorb the sample have found wide-
spread acceptance.
Two basic types of Tenax cartridges have been developed. The
first is a glass or metal tubular cartridge that is used for
time-integrated sampling. The cartridge can hold 1 to 3 grams
of Tenax through which large volumes of air (20-200 1) are drawn
over extended periods. The Tenax is desorbed by rapid heating
in an inert gas stream, and the volatiles are cryogenically
trapped. Flash heating of the trap allows the contents to be
transferred to the GC column.
The second type of cartridge is a needle collector-injector for
"grab" sampling. This system permits direct thermal desorption
into a GC without cryogenic trapping. The sampler holds about
100 mg of Tenax and samples a volume of about 2 liters. For
both types of cartridge, quantitative data may be obtained as
40
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long as the breakthrough volume of a component is not exceeded
during sampling.
After thermal desorption, the sample is analyzed by operating
the GC-MS system in the cyclic scan mode. The volume and
complexity of the data produced in this way necessitate an
automated processing scheme so that neither the scope nor the
depth of the analysis is limited. The identification and
quantification of components are markedly aided by subjecting
the raw data to a computer-based spectrum enhancement algorithm.
The program automatically locates components and produces a set
of "clean" spectra, free of contributions from background and
neighboring components. The "clean" spectra are then used for
characterization purposes.
Ideally, quantitation should be carried out by first preparing
calibration curves for each compound of interest. This approach
is clearly impractical in the case of complex samples. Instead,
the fully resolved "clean" spectra are used to calculate rela-
tive concentrations of the component based on designated stand-
ards. Retention data also are generated and serve as an excel-
lent aid in compound identification. Relative molar response
(RMR) factors are used to establish the relationship between the
relative concentration and the actual amount of material present
in the sample. The generation of RMR factors requires that a
concentration of component and standard be known accurately and
that peak areas be determined by the above methods. Repro-
ducible RMR factors are obtained by spiking Tenax cartridges
with authentic compounds and standards in replicate experiments.
The compounds of interest in a sample are sought and quantitated
by means of an automated matching program. The compounds are
located in relative retention time frames and their identity is
confirmed by comparing both retention indices and "clean" mass
spectra with standard data. Once its occurrence is established,
the compound is quantitated by reference to external standards
and the corresponding RMR factors. (Since the sample volume is
acurately known, external standards are added to the Tenax
cartridges immediately before GC-MS analysis. The amount of
standard present in each sample is determined independently from
calibration curves.)
The usefulness of this approach for ambient air analysis will be
illustrated with examples taken from recent work that relied on
these sample collection and data reduction techniques.
41
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USE OF CC-MS TECHNIQUES IN MONITORING
DIRECT HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Dr. Lance Wallace
Environmental Protection Agency
The United States Environmental Protection Agency is presently
developing and field-testing methods for collecting and analy-
zing breathing-zone air and exhaled breath of human subjects.
The sampling methods include five types of portable monitors:
(1) low-flow pumps (25-100 cc/min.) with Tenax cartridge for
collecting volatile organics from breathing-zone air and from
exhaled breath; (2) medium-flow pumps (2-4 1/m) with poly-
urethane foam for airborne pesticides and PCB's; (3) low-flow
pumps with three different absorbents (Tenax, Porapak R, Amber-
sorb XE-340) to collect different groups of organic vapors;
(4) badges utilizing charcoal for vinyl chloride vapors; and
(5) medium-flow pumps (4-6 1/m) employing filters to collect
metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
Four of these have been field-tested in Phase I of the Total
Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study.
A number of analytical protocols were also tested in the TEAM
Pilot Study. These include protocols for analyzing:
(1) volatile organic compounds from air and exhaled breath,
(2) semivolatile organics (pesticides and PCB's), (3) metals,
(4) polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and (5) vinyl chloride.
The performance of the monitors and the analytical protocols
will be discussed in relation to preliminary results from the
TEAM Study.
42
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THE USE OF A DEUTERATED ANALOGUE IN
THE CC/MS QUANTIFICATION OF
DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE IN CAS STREAMS
Dr. Bruce A. Petersen and Bruce J. Hidy
Battelle-Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH
A GC/MS method has been developed to measure and characterize
dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) in gas streams. The technical
approach is to identify and quantify the native dimethylnitro-
samine (d.-DMNA) using perdeutero-dimethylnitrosamine (dg-DMNA)
as an internal standard. This method can be divided into two
sections; (1) GC/MS procedures and (2) sampling system.
In the GC/MS procedure, the mass spectrometer is operated in the
chemical ionization (CI) mode using ammonia as the reagent gas.
Ammonia CI of DMNA gives a stable, protonated molecular adduct
ion (M+H) at m/e 75 and a stable collision induced adduct
of the type M+NH.) at m/e 92. These ions do not fragment to
any significant extent. The ammonia CI properties of the
dfi-DMNA were identical to d^-DMNA, and the adduct ions at (M+H)
and M+NH.) appear at m/e 81 and 98. The technique of selected
ion monitoring (SIM) was used for the analysis of DMNA. Since
the gas chromatographic properties of the non-deuterated and
deuterated DMNA are similar, they co-elute into the mass spec-
trometer. By concurrently monitoring their (M+H) and (M+NH.)
ions at their GC retention time, the DMNA can be unequivocally
identified. Quantification is accomplished by comparison of the
integrated ion current response of DMNA to that of the dfi-DMNA
and relating to the standard curve.
A Tenax-GC adsorbent trap system was used to collect DMNA in gas
streams. After sample collection and prior to analysis, traps
are spiked with 30 ng of d--DMNA. The procedure for spiking
is as follows: a 6 in x 1/4 in OD glass tube is connected to
the outlet of the trap and the tube then inserted into a gas
chromatographic injector (250°C). The oven of the gas chromato-
graph, which houses the cartridge, is maintained at room temper-
ature. The d -DMNA internal standard in 10 ul of methanol is
then injected into the injector and the vaporized solution is
swept onto the trap with a helium flow. Immediately after
spiking, the trap is analyzed by GC/MS. Organic vapors that are
43
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trapped by the Tenax are removed and transferred to the GC/MS
system using a Nutech thermal desorption system. Recovery of
d,-DMNA is 79 + 6 percent.
b —
In this report, the GC/MS procedures are desribed, experimental
verification of the use of the internal standard is presented,
and experimental data showing the influence of the cleanliness
of Tenax on the production of artifacts is discussed.
44
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SESSION IV
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR
SEMI-VOLATILE ORCANICS
Dr. Robert G. Lewis
Session Leader
45
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SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANOCHLORINES USING SOLID ADSORBENTS
Prof. Terry F. Bidleman, with W. Neil Billings,
Nydia F. Burdick, and Charles G. Simon
Dept. of Chemistry and Belle W. Baruch Institute
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
Effective collection of trace organic vapors on solid adsor-
bents depends on a number of factors, including the weight
of adsorbent/ sample volatility, and the total volume of air
passed through the sampling train. Over the past 5 years, the
University of South Carolina has been evaluating solid adsor-
bents for collecting airborne PCS and organochlorine pesticides
and measuring these pollutants in urban air and over the oceans.
In this report, three aspects of this work will be discussed:
• The comparative collection efficiency of three adsor-
bents—porous polyurethane foam (PPF), Tenax-GC resin,
and XAD-2 resin—have been evaluated under a variety of
sample loading and temperature conditions. Sites chosen
for this work were Columbia, South Carolina; Denver,
Colorado; and a landfill in New Bedford, Massachusetts.
PCB (Aroclors 1016 and 1254) and most organochlorine
pesticides were well retained by all three adsorbents in
a 24-hour period (600 m air). Hexachlorobenzene
(HCB) was poorly collected by PPF in Columbia and New
Bedford, but effectively trapped by Tenax and XAD-2. In
Denver, where temperatures fell near or below freezing
during the sampling periods, even PPF trapped HCB
effectively. Relative standard deviations for collec-
tions made with a single adsorbent ranged from about
10 to 20 percent, with the precision being limited
mainly by the analytical procedure.
• Details of PCB vapor movement through a solid adsorbent
bed were investigated by high-volume elution and frontal
chromatography in the laboratory. PCB isomers move
through a PPF bed in distinct bands (elution mode) or
fronts (frontal mode), with the band or front penetra-
tion depth directly related to the total air volume.
This work permitted accurate prediction of the bed
47
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thickness needed to quantitatively retain PCB isomers of
differing volatilities over a range of air volumes.
Between 1977-78 we carried out a comparative study of
airborne pesticides over the North Atlantic and the
northern Indian Ocean. Samples in the North Atlan-
tic were taken at the southern tip of Newfoundland,
Barbados, and on a cruise across the trades region.
Indian Ocean collections were made from the Woods
Hole ship Atlantis II in the Arabian Sea, the Persian
Gulf, and the Red Sea. The most remarkable difference
between the two oceans was the much higher levels of
p,p'-DDT over the eastern seas. Concentrations of
p,p'-DDT over the Arabian Sea-Persian -Gulf-lied Sea area
averaged 20-40 times the 3.0 x 10 g/m background
value found in the North Atlantic. This difference is
most likely due to the heavy continued usage of DDT in
the countries surrounding the northern Indian Ocean. By
contrast, DDT use in the United Sates, Canada, and
northern Europe had been discontinued in the early
1970's. Other pesticides found over the oceans were
dieldrin, endosulfan I, hexachlorocyclohexane, and
chlordane. A clear chloroterpene (toxaphene) pattern
was obtained for all of the Newfoundland samples taken
during the 1977 summer. Apparently toxaphene is being
air transported from high use areas in the cotton belt
northward by prevailing southwesterly winds. By con-
trast, only a few of the Indian Ocean samples contained
toxaphene residues.
48
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PESTICIDES AND SIMILAR TOXIC ORGANICS
IN AMBIENT AND INDOOR AIR
Dr. Douglas W. Bristol, with Ms. Kathryn E. MacLeod,
Mr. Merrill D. Jackson, and Dr. Robert G. Lewis
U.S. EPA
As part of a research program designed to assess human exposure
to hazardous organic pollutants, methodology has been developed
for the analysis of pesticides and similar toxic organics in
air. Original efforts were directed toward measuring low
concentrations of these compounds in ambient air. However,
indoor air represents a much more significant route of human
exposure; consequently, more recent work has concentrated on the
measurement of personal exposure resulting from breathing air on
the job and at home.
After collection efficiencies for various pesticides on a
variety of solid sorbents were evaluated, polyether-type poly-
urethane foam (PUP) was found to be efficient, convenient, and
inexpensive. In addition, a granular sorbent can be sandwiched
between PUF plugs to provide for greater collection efficiency
in specific sampling situations. PUF plugs have been used to
detect pesticides and .similar toxic compounds at concentrations
ranging from sub-pg/m to high-ug/m . Sampling systems have
been developed for use in both ambient (high volume, 50 to 500
m ), and personal (low volume, 0.5 to 5m ) sampling situ-
ations. Details of the construction and use of both the high
and low volume systems will be presented.
The extraction, retention, and collection efficiencies of PUF
plugs toward a variety of hazardous organic pollutants have been
determined. The sampling systems have been validated for use in
the analysis of organochlorine, organophosphorus, phenoxyacid
ester, carbamate, triazine, and urea pesticides; polychlorinated
biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes; chlorinated phenols;
and pentachlorobenzene. The results of a number of field
studies conducted with the high- and low-volume sampling systems
will be presented to illustrate their applications to human
exposure assessment. The organization and preliminary results
of a limited, nation-wide residential air survey that has been
initiated recently also will be presented.
49
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AIRBORNE PESTICIDES AND OTHER TOXICANTS FROM
AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS
James N. Seiber and James E. Woodrow
Dept. of Environmental Toxicology
University of California, Davis, CA
A proportion of virtually all pesticides enters the air by drift
during application, volatilization and wind erosion of surface
residues, and during harvesting and processing of agricultural
products. In addition, pesticide residues and other organic
toxicants may be emitted to the air during the combustion of
crop wastes. Airborne residues may be a source of human expo-
sure, may also injure sensitive plant and animal species down-
wind from the source and, through atmospheric circulation, may
move with the winds over long distances. It is the purpose of
this paper to describe sampling and analysis techniques for
airborne residues, and their application to gathering informa-
tion on the behavior of these residues in the agricultural
environment.
Sampling and Analysis. A number of pesticides, including
paraquat and salts of cacodylic acid and phenoxy acid herbi-
cides, are associated primarily with small particles in the air.
For paraquat, a determination method was based on high-volume
sampling through glass fiber filters, reduction of extracted
paraquat, and N-selective GLC of the reduced product. For
cacodylic acid, filter extracts were subjected to weak anion-
exchange HPLC followed by flameless AA detection. For amine
salts of MCPA, sampling was through XAD-4, followed by Cl-
selective GLC of the methyl ester.
The majority of airborne residues of non-ionic pesticides exist
as vap-ors; sampling generally involves accumulation through
impingers and macroreticular or foam resins, with analysis of
solvent-extracted residues proceeding by electron capture on
element selective GLC. Examples will be presented for organo-
chlorine, orgahophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.
Multiple stage sampling may be useful for some applications.
Examples include filter-sorbent two-stage sampling for simul-
taneous trapping of particulate and vaporized pesticide
50
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residues, and the use of mercuric acetate-impregnated silica gel
downstream from XAD-4 resin for trapping combined residues of
DBF defoliant and associated disulfide and mercaptan products.
In characterizing the mutagenic components of smoke from agri-
cultural burning, a sampling train with glass cyclone, filters,
and XAD-4 in series was used. Organics extracted from the
filter were fractionated on Sephedex and analyzed by GC/MS.
Field Results. Experimental design, sampling, and analytical
results from field studies will be discussed for the following
examples: paraquat and MCPA, in relation to residue dissipation
with downwind distance near a pesticide-treated field; toxa-
phene, in relation to volatilization of surface residues follow-
ing pesticide application; parathion, in relation to chemical
conversion of residues in the air; paraquat and DBF, in relation
to release of pesticide residues during the harvesting and
processing of crop material; and MCPA and PAH's, in relation to
emissions from burning of rice straw. Opportunities for im-
provement in experimental design, sampling, and analysis will be
discussed, based on experience gained from these examples and
others in the literature [See J.N. Seiber, G.A. Ferreira, B.
Hermann, and J.E. Woodrow, Analysis of pesticidal residues in
the air near agricultural treatment sites, In: Pesticide
Analytical Methodology, J. Harvey, Jr. and G. Zweig (eds), ACS
Symposium Series 136, 1980].
51
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A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO MONITORING HAZARDOUS
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN AIR
David P. Rounbehler
Thermo Electron Corp.
A new air sampling cartridge system (ThermoSorb111 air sampling
cartridges, Thermo Electron Corp., Waltham, Massachusetts) has
been developed. The operation of the cartridge is analogous to
GC trapping of airborne compounds followed by LC desorption.
The ThermoSorb consists of a nylon cartridge equipped with
standard luer fittings on the entrance and exit. The cartridges
contain a stainless steel screen at the entrance and a porous
glass plug at the exit. The sorbent bed is 1.3 cm ID by 2 cm
long and can be filled with any sorbent normally used in air
sampling cartridges. These cartridges operate by having air
samples pulled through the sorbent bed using standard battery
operated air sampling pumps. The air flow rates through these
cartridges can be varied from the low cc/min of. air to 4 1/min
depending upon the mesh size of the selected sorbent. The luer
fitting, male fitting at the air entrance and female at the
exit, allow two or more of these cartridges to be operated in
series for either sample breakthrough control or selective
adsorption on various adsorbents. For sample desorption, the
cartridge is backflushed with the selected desorption solvent
using a standard syringe and if needed a standard Swinny filter
can be attached to the air entrance to remove particulates.
This GC collection method followed by LC desorption minimizes
the amount of solvent needed to extract the adsorbed compounds
and maximizes the available sorbent for compound trapping. This
air sampling system has been designed to be flexible in choice
of adsorbants and to be automatable in analysis. In most
instances, the cartridges can be solvent flushed, gas dried, and
reused.
These cartridges have been used to sample air for N-nitroso
compounds, amines, air nitrosation capacity, explosives, nitro-
propanes, and general organic compounds. The first use of these
cartridges was the development of the ThermoSorb/N N-nitroso
compound sampler. This device, which is not reusable, was
developed because of the need to .make artifact-free measurements
52
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SESSION V
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR VAPOR-PHASE ORGANICS
Dr. Charles H. Lochmuller
Session Leader
55
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of airborne levels of nitrosamines in industrial atmospheres,
atmospheres in which the precursor amines and oxides of nitrogen
are also likely to be present. The ThermoSorb/N air samplers
have been demonstrated to be capable of retaining all expected
airborne nitrosamins, and under test conditions of added nitro-
satable amine and sample air containing 4 ppm of equal amounts
of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide, they are artifact free.
The unique backflushing method for desorbing the sample from
the cartridge was utilized'in constructing the ThermoSorb/N
N-nitroso compound sampler. It contains an amine trap at the
entrance, a nitrosamine sorbent in the center, and a built-in
chemical system for preventing nitrosation reactions that other-
wise may occur both during and after desorption of the trapped
compounds. The system operates by first trapping any incoming
airborne amines in an adsorbant that prevents nitrosation by
airborne nitrosating agents. This is followed by an efficient
nitrosamine sorbent that contains 5 percent by weight of a
nitrosation inhibition chemical system which, upon backflushing,
desolves in the eluting solvent before either the nitrosamines
or amines are desorbed.
The amine air collector, ThermoSorb/A air sample cartridges,
operates like the ThermoSorb/N cartridges. However, it is
composed of only one sorbent without any added chemicals. The
amines collected on this cartridge can be removed by desorbing
with 2 to 3 ml of 0. IN KOH. In principle, any sorbent and/or
chemical system can be incorporated into these cartridges and
any serial combination of them can be incorporated in an air
stream. When the ThermoSorb/A sorbent is coated with a nitro-
satable amine, such as thiomorpholine, the cartridges can be
used as an amine collector and an indicator of atmospheric
levels of nitrogen dioxide. The formation of N-nitrosothio-
morpholine on the cartridges is directly dependent on the
concentration of airborne nitrogen dioxide.
These cartridges have been used in several factories and exam-
ples of the data derived from their use will be discussed.
53
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SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF
DIPHENYLMETHANE-*M'-DIISOCYANATE IN AIR
Dr. Samuel P. Tucker
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
A sampling and analytical method for diphenylmethane-4,4'-
diisocyanate (MDI) in air has been developed and tested. The
sampler contains a 13-mm glass fiber filter that has been
impregnated with a reagent, N-p_-nitrobenzyl-N-propylamine. MDI
reacts with the reagent to form a urea derivative, MDIU. The
sampling rate is 1 1/min. The impregnated filter is treated
with 1 ml of dichloromethane to recover the derivative anc
analysis of a 50- 1 aliquot of solution is accomplished by high
pressure liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector set
at 254 nm. The analytical column is packed with Partisil 10 and
the mobile phase is 1.4:98.6 2-propanol-dichloromethane (v/v).
Controlled atmospheres of MDI were generated in a laboratory.
The pooled relative standard deviation of measurement for.3-hr
samples at concentrations ranging from 168 to 802 yg/m was
0.0602. MDI existed in air in aerosol form and in vapor form.
In one experiment in which the total concentration of MDI was
ca. 500 wg/m , the mass median diameter of particles was ca.
0.6 pro and the geometric standard deviation, 0 , was ca. 2.2.
N-p_-Nitrobenzyl-N-propylamine when on glass fiber filters is
unstable in the presence of light and is unstable to a smaller
degree in the dark at room temperature. Impregnated filters may
be stored for 21 days in the dark at room temperature and for at
least 6 weeks at -21°C. The urea derivative is stable at room
temperature in the dark for at least 15 days.
The method is useful for measuring MDI at concentrations ranging
from 80 to at least 1000 ug/m for 10-1 air samples collected
in 10-min periods and at concentrations ranging from 2.2 to at
least 800 ug/m for 360-1 air samples collected in 6-hr periods.
The method is useful for measuring MDI at the NIOSH recommended
standards of 50 ug/m as a time-weighted average, for up to a
10-hr work shift of a 40-hr workweek and 200 ug/m as a ceiling
concentration for any 10-min sampling period.
54
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TUNABLE ATOMIC LINE MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
Dr. Tetsuo Hadeishi, University of California,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and Dr. Donald
Scott, EMSL/RTP, U.S. EPA
Tunable Atomic Line Molecular Spectrosocpy (TALMS) will be
described as 'an analytical method for the qualitative and
quantitative analysis of toxic organic compounds in the vapor
phase. The Environmental Protection Agency requires sensitive
and highly selective analytical methods for toxic organics for
its monitoring needs. Other desirable features include low
cost, ease of operation, compactness of equipment, and easily
interpretable information.
Since all organic compounds absorb light in the ultraviolet
and/or vacuum ultraviolet, optical absorption spectroscopy is
a candidate technique for identification and quantitation of
toxic organic compounds. Because there is very strong over-
lapping of the optical absorption spectra of the organic com-
pound, usual low resolution spectroscopy is not adequate to
eliminate the interferences from compounds other than the one
sought. Therefore, it is necessary to use high resolution
spectroscopy to provide the selectivity required. TALMS pro-
vides an optical resolution exceeding 500,000 in the gas phase.
TALMS is basically a very high resolution optical molecular
absorption spectroscopic technique. It was originally developed
at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to determine low concentra-
tions of inorganic diatomic and triatomic compounds, e.g., NO,
SO2, and N02. It has been extended to small organics, such
as formaldehyde, and larger compounds, such as benzene. The
technique is based upon the exploitation of the intrinsic
vibrational-rotational fine structure existing in the optical
absorption spectra of.organic compounds in the gas phase. An
atomic line emitted from a lamp placed in a magnetic field is
split into two components that have different polarizations. If
one component is tuned into a molecular rotational absorption
line or other sharp feature in the spectrum by using the mag-
netic field strength (Zeeman Effect) and the other component is
not tuned to an absorption line, a polarization selector and
57
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proper detector will obtain a differential absorbance signal
(TALMS signal). The wavelength of this signal is very ac-
curately known, is unique to a given compound, and serves as a
qualitative identifier for the compounds.
The TALMS instrument has been designed and a prototype has been
constructed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The design and
operation of the instrument will be described. The TALMS
spectrum of the 3390A absorption band of formaldehyde, which is
the highest resolution yet obtained, will be discussed. Results
on benzene and other toxic organic compounds will also be
discussed. ;
58
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ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF TRIPLE QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETRY
Dr. Donald F. Hunt
Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer facilitates the direct
analysis of many complex mixtures without prior separation of
the components. Total sample analysis time is often less than
15 minutes, and most molecules are readily detected at the 100
ppb level. All mixture components are volatilized into the ion
source simultaneously and are converted to ions characteristic
of sample molecular weight by a soft ionization technique like
chemical ionization. Quadrupole 1 is then used to select a
particular ion in the ion source and to transmit it to quadru-
pole 2 where it collides with molecular nitrogen and dissociates
to a collection of fragment ions. These are all transmitted to
quadrupole 3 and mass analyzed to produce a conventional mass
spectrum for each ion (mixture component) in the ion source.
Alternately, the instrument can be operated with quadrupoles 1
and 3 scanning at a fixed mass separation. Detection of all
sample ions that lose the same neutral is achieved in this mode.
The latter approach is ideally suited for performing functional
group analysis on complex mixtures.
The utility of the above instrumentation for analysis of diesel
particulates and for the analysis of polynuclear aromatics,
phenols, and phthalates in industrial sludge will be described.
59
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SENSITIZED FLUORESCENCE: LAB AND FIELD EXPERIENCE
Dr. Raymond C. Merrill
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA
Research Triangle Park, NC
Organic analysis needs for most of today's environmentally
related projects may be placed into one of three major cate-
gories: methods which are compound specific but not useful for
more than one or two classes of compounds, methods which are
comprehensive for many classes but not compound specific,
and methods which are specific for a single class of compounds
and comprehensive for all or most members of that class. Much
effort in recent years has been devoted to approaches which are
very specific, and some effort has been made to develop compre-
hensive approaches. Both of these approaches have been applied
to environmental assessment projects or other broad brush
sampling and analysis programs. Unfortunately, when either of
these two types of schemes is correctly and fully applied the
cost tends to be quite expensive. Therefore, the need exists
for rapid, inexpensive tests to screen large numbers of samples
for certain compound classes such as polycyclic organic material
(POM), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and dioxins. Such tests
would be useful to prove or disprove the presence of a certain
group of toxic chemicals in a given sample and to thereby
possibly obviate the need to perform more specific and costly
analysis procedures.
Development and application of a rapid, sensitive, and inexpen-
sive test based on sensitized fluorescence for polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was described by Smith and Levins.
The basic work on the test was adequate and -sound and the test
has continued to function as a valuable tool.
Development and status of the test is briefly reviewed and data
from further laboratory and field investigation is presented. A
series of aromatic hydrocarbon heterocyclic compounds and
related substituted compounds has been subjected to the test to
further define its limitations. Data from application of the
test to a series of industrial and energy sources are also
presented. The test is rapid, very inexpensive, quite sensi-
tive, and has proven to be reliable.
60
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HIGH RESOLUTION LIQUID CHROMATOCRAPHY - THE FUTURE
Dr. James Jorgenson
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
For separation and analysis of organic pollutants in air, the
natural choice of methods is gas chromatography (GC). The
generally superior separation efficiency and sensitivity of
existing GC techniques precludes much use of the typically
inferior liquid chromatography (LC) methods. However, LC does
have a role to play in at least three areas of air pollution
analysis. First, it is useful for the analysis of high molecu-
lar weight substances of extremely limited volatility. Second,
it is preferred for the analysis of thermally labile substances.
And third, it is helpful in the prefractionation or "group
separation" of samples prior to GC analysis. Although it
appears unlikely that LC will become the method of choice in
air pollution analysis, it does have utility in thj.s area of
research.
State-of-the-art high performance LC (HPLC) consists of columns
in the neighborhood of 10 to 30 cm long, packed with spherical
particles of 5 to 10- pm in diameter. By using pressures of a
few thousand pounds per square inch, mobile phases may be pumped
through these columns at reasonable velocities. Efficiencies of
between 5,000 and 20,000 theoretical plates may be realized from
these columns, a very good number when compared to the LC
columns of a decade ago, and yet somewhat modest by comparison
to the quarter-million plates routinely available by capillary
GC. Current development efforts in HPLC are concentrated in two
main areas: improvements in column efficiencies and improve-
ments in detection sensitivity.
One route to higher column efficiency, which utilizes present-
day technology, is to connect several columns together in se-
ries. This is a fairly predictable way of generating additional
plates, although rather expensive and limited in total length by
the available pressure. "Box car chromatography" is a sophisti-
cated approach to recycle chromatography which also offers the
prospect of high efficiency using available column technology.
61
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Reductions in particle diameter are not likely to continue much
below 2 or 3 urn. Difficulties in construction and operation
of these columns leads to an insufficient improvement in col-
umn efficiency to justify the effort expended in developing
this technology. Open-tubular capillary LC and packed micro-
capillaries are an area of rapidly expanding research. Efforts
to develop these new technologies are sustained by the promise
of efficiencies in excess of a million theoretical plates,
although great practical problems of column construction and
sample injection and detection are yet to be solved effectively.
HPLC suffers from a lack of sensitive detection devices. Fluo-
rescence and electrochemical detectors certainly are examples of
highly sensitive detectors, but their applicability is quite
limited. A sensitive general-purpose detector capable of
detecting most solutes is still a dream in LC. Variable wave-
length UV-absorption detectors capable of measurements down to
200 nanometers have alleviated this problem somewhat. Simul-
taneous multichannel uv-absorption detectors also will have some
impact on this problem. Combined LC-MS is under intense devel-
opment. Although not as straightforward a combination as GC-MS,
the approach is promising. The low solvent flow rates in
capillary LC may be a distinct advantage for this type of column
in LC-MS.
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SESSION VI
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
FOR ORGANIC AEROSOLS
Dr. Harry S. Hertz
Session Leader
63
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QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF VAPOR AND PARTICULATE PHASE ORGANIC ANALYSIS*
Dr. Wayne H. Criest, with C.E. Higgins, B.D. Barkenbus,
J.E. Caton, and C.S. MacDougall
Analytical Chemistry Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
Organic air pollutants partition between the vapor and particu-
late phase mainly according to their vapor pressures. As a
consequence, both phases must be sampled and analyzed for a
full examination of their presence. This paper focuses upon
the quantitation of these species.
Particulate organics must be quantitatively extracted, or else
the extraction recoveries must be measurable. Liquid scintilla-
tion counting of radio-labeled tracers applied to the filter
pads prior to extraction is a convenient means of routinely
monitoring extraction recoveries. Both Soxhlet and ultrasonic
solvent extraction can produce high extraction recoveries,
but proper choice of solvent is important. Direct gas chromato-
graphic (GC) examination of the concentrated solvent extracts
allows identification and quantification of relatively nonpolar
organics with retention indices from less than 1000 to more than
3800, such an n-paraffins, phthalates, and some polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons. Preparation of a trimethylsilyl or
methyl derivative of the extract allows some polar organics,
such as carboxylic acids, to be included in this determination
of the chromatographable major particulate organics.
Measurement of trace particulate organics usually requires
chemical class isolation, and acid/base extraction or organic
solvent partitioning and adsorption column chromatography are
widely employed.
*Research sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
under Interagency Agreement DOE No. 40-1014-79, EPA No. 79-D-
X0601 under Union Carbide Corporation contract W-7405-eng-26
with the U.S. Department of Energy.
65
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Semi-preparative scale, normal phase high .performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) has been found to be a very useful tool
for separating complex air particulate organic extracts into
simpler chemical fractions for identification and quantification
by GC or HPLC. Separate fractions enriched in saturated hydro-
carbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrogen hetero-
cyclics are obtained, and it appears that additional fractions
corresponding to phenols and intractables also are generated.
Recoveries are monitored by liquid scintillation counting radio-
labeled tracers appearing in the fractions.
Vapor-phase organics collected on sorbent resins, such as Tenax,
are readily identified and measured by thermal desorption GC.
The sorbent resin from the trap, or a portion of the resin from
a large trap, is loaded into a glass tube, and an internal
standard is added. The vapor-phase organics then are thermally
desorbed from the resin and are cryogenically trapped at the
head of a glass capillary GC column for separation during the
GC oven temperature program and detection by flame ionization.
Moderately polar GC stationary phases, such as UCON 660, provide
excellent resolution of organics with retention indices from
less than 800 to 2000, such as 1-2 ring aromatics, their alkyl
derivatives, phenol, and the cresols. Recovery of organics
spiked on the Tenax from ug to mg levels ranges upwards from
80 percent, with precision of approximately +10 percent.
The two procedures applied together to particulate and vapor
phase samples allow a very detailed quantitative assessment of
the organics present.
66
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PROBLEMS IN SAMPLING AND ANALYSES OF
TRACE AMOUNTS OF ORGANIC COMPONENTS
Dr. Gregor Junk
Ames Laboratory-USDOE
Iowa State University, Ames, IA
The problems in the determination of organic components on fly
ash, grate ash, and suspended particles and in the vapor efflu-
ents from power plants are discussed in relation to the sequen-
tial steps in the analytical protocol of sample collection,
extraction, separation, identification, and quantification.
Sample collection devices, such as the source assessment sam-
pling system (SASS) and modifications of the EPA-Method 5 along
with 14 other systems used to collect particles and organic
vapors from stack zones, have been categorized into the four
collection modes. The fundamental and practical problems of
sampling in the more popular combined and series modes to
collect sufficient amounts of valid particle and vapor samples
for subsequent extraction and analyses are described. The
absence of any devices for the most desirable parallel sampling
and compromising nature of the hybrid mode are highlighted.
Sublimation, sorption, and reactions as well as other subtle
effects are considered.
Extraction of organic material from four kinds of particles
expected to be present in stack effluents are discussed. The
influencing factors in the efficiency of the extraction of
organic components from the collected particles are identified
to be: (1) elemental composition of the particle; (2) the
components being extracted; (3) the amount being extracted;
(4) the solvent employed; and (5) the extraction methods includ-
ing Soxhlet, batch sonication, probe sonication, solvent,
reflux, and column extractions. Uncertain efficiencies are
obtained because the chemist has very little control over
conditions that change the first three factors. The solvent
used and the extraction method are controlled, but no universal
recommendation can be made.
Separations into chemical classes present problems because the
traditional schemes were developed for macro amounts of sample
67
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and are inadequate for trace amounts. Separation of individual
components becomes a severe problem as the detection limit
decreases and the sample complexity and the number of components
to be measured increases.
Identification problems exist, because the very small amount of
organic material normally collected is not sufficient for
accumulating the instrumental data required for positive iden-
tifications. An immediate, though only partial, solution to
this problem would be an extensive listing of probable compo-
nents along with appropriate mass spectral and chromatography
data. Such a listing is not available as will be illustrated by
a summary of the limited number of organic components reported
in the literature as effluents from combustion of coal.
Quantification problems are expected to be rare if the problems
in the prior analytical steps are resolved.
Conclusions based on the interpretation of the itemized list of
general and specific problems in the analyses of organic efflu-
ents from stationary sources are used to: (1) emphasize the
need for long-term support of fundamental studies of all parts
of the analytical protocol for the determination of trace
amounts of organic constituents, (2) awaken the chemist to the
responsibility to advertise the inherent limitations of applied
procedures,, and (3) recommend a more realistic and reasonable
approach to requests for analytical data.
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ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION
OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON
Dr. Jarvis Movers
University of Arizona
Procedures for measuring and characterizing the carbon contained
in atmospheric aerosols are presented and discussed. Our labor-
atory has been developing procedures for the analysis of carbon
and classes of aerosol carbon found in both urban and remote
locations. A major objective of this work is to develop a
hierarchical analysis scheme which can be used to measure total
carbon and types of organic compounds collected with high volume
samplers (glass or quartz filters) and dichotomous samplers
(teflon filters).
High temperature oxidation techniques followed by CO- measure-
ment is used to make reliable and precise measurement of total
carbon on glass or quartz substrates. A solution oxidation
procedure using 0^ saturated acidic peroxydisulfate at 105°C
in a sealed vial is used to measure "organic" carbon on glass,
quartz or teflon filters. The "soot" or graphitic content of
atmospheric aerosol is estimated by visible light transmission
and absorption measurements as well as using differential
heating techniques. Organic carbon is further classified by the
polar-non polar extractable fractions and the acidic-basic
extractable fractions. Chromatographic (liquid and gas) tech-
niques are being used and developed for the further character-
ization of the different extraction fractions.
While these techniques provide operational definitions of carbon
type in atmospheric aerosol samples, they are reproducible and
suited for the routine application to large numbers of samples.
It is suggested that measurement techniques similar to those
discussed here will be useful in longer term monitoring programs
and source-receptor type studies. The information available
from this analysis scheme should aid in the selection of samples
for the detailed analysis of individual species by the use of
more expensive and time-consuming procedures and equipment.
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ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS IN AIR PARTICULATES
Dr. Stephen A. Wise, with S.N. Chesler, W.E. May, L.R. Hilpert,
R.M. Parris, S.L. Bowie, and W. Cuthrell
Center for Analytical Chemistry
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are the largest known
group of chemical carcinogens found in airborne particulates.
PAH are widespread environmental pollutants produced by incom-
plete combustion and pyrolysis of fossil fuels and other organic
materials. At the National Bureau of Standards, two samples of
urban air particulate materials [Standard Reference Material
(SRM) 1648, Urban Air Particulate Matter, and Washington, D.C.
urban dust] have been used for the development of analytical
methods for the characterization and quantitation of PAH on air
particulates.
The extraction of air particulates with an organic solvent
results in a complex mixture of organic constituents from which
the PAH must be isolated prior to identification and quantita-
tion. After extraction of the organic constituents from the air
particulates, a solvent-solvent partition of dimethyl-formamide
(DMF) and water was used to isolate and concentrate the PAH
and aza-arenes from the complex-mixture of organic compounds
present. After the DMF/water partition, a high performance
liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was employed to further
isolate the PAH from the aza-arenes.
High resolution capillary gas chromatography (GC), mass spectro-
metry (MS), and HPLC were used to characterize the complex
mixture of PAH isolated from the air particulates. The major
PAH constituents on the particulates were found to be the
unsubstituted PAH with smaller amounts of the alkyl substituted
PAH. In order to isolate and identify the numerous minor PAH
components in the complex mixture, a normal-phase HPLC procedure
on an aminosilane column was used to separate the PAH according
to the number of condensed aromatic rings. The alkyl substi-
tuted PAH eluted in the same region as the parent PAH. These
normal-phase fractions were then analyzed by GC/MS and reverse-
phase HPLC with fluorescence detection for the identification of
the PAH. The combination of these two complimentary techniques,
70
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GC and HPLC, provides a useful method for the identification and
quantitation of numerous PAH on the air particulates.
These GC and HPLC methods are being used to quantitate the major
PAH on the Washington, D.C. dust. The values obtained from
these two techniques will be evaluated to determine the feasi-
bility of the use of this material as a Standard Reference
Material.
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS RESULTING FROM SO AND NO CHEMISTRY
IN PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM FOSSIL FUE^ BURNING^ STEAM PLANTS
Dr. Delbert J. Eatough, with Milton L. Lee, and Lee D. Hansen
Therfnochemical Institute and Dept. of Chemistry
Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
Anthropogenic activities, such as the smelting of ores or
combustion of coal or oil, result in release of large quantities
of sulfur and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere. Epidemiolog-
ical and toxicological studies have indicated that reactions of
SO2(g) and N0x(g) with aerosols result in the formation of
compounds with respiratory irritant or toxicological effects
greater than the reactants. These studies point out the import-
ance of understanding in detail the chemical species formed by
such interactions. In addition, the effects of prolonged
exposure of humans to these pollutants at concentrations below
those that cause acute observable effects may be of greater
importance and can only be studied when the specific chemical
compounds in particulate matter resulting from SO (g) and
NO (g) chemistry are known. The identification of such S and
N 'compounds has been the objective of the program at Brigham
Young University. As a result of this reearch, three classes of
organic compounds have been identified.
Dimethyl and monomethyl sulfate have been identified in particu-
late matter resulting from the combustion of both coal and oil.
Methylated sulfates can only be extracted from particulate
matter by very polar solvents, such as alcohols or water.
Dimethyl sulfate can be determined in alcoholic extracts of
basic or neutral particulate matter. In acidic particulate
matter dimethyl sulfate cannot be determined directly in alco-
holic extracts because of artifact formation. Dimethyl and
monomethyl sulfate can be determined in acidic samples after
neutralization of the strong mineral acid by trimethylamine,
followed by methanolic extraction and analysis of the resulting
extractable material by GC-MS and ion chromatographic (1C)
procedures. Alternatively, the reaction of dimethyl sulfate in
the sample with gaseous ammonia or a primary amine converts the
dimethyl sulfate to stable products that can be analyzed by
GC-MS, 1C, or fluorescence spectrometry.
72
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A labile organic S(IV) compound(s) has been identified in plumes
of cities and coal and oil fired power plants. The formation of
the S(IV) compound can compete favorably with the formation of
sulfate under conditions of low humidity and high photochemical
activity. The organic S(IV) has been characterized by GC-MS,
NMR, 1C, calorimetric, West-Gaeke, thermal degradation, and
various wet chemical analytical procedures. The compound is
polar, readily soluble in water and methanol, sparingly soluble
in acetone, and not extractable from particulates by ether or
dichloromethane. The compound can be oxidized to sulfate and
oxalate by Ag 0 in basic aqueous solution. Thermal decomposi-
tion of the compound occurs during hot port GC or direct probe
MS analysis to produce ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol.
The compound can be hydrolyzed in acidic solutions to give
sulfurous acid and evolves S02(g) in the temperature range of
75 to 100°C. The results indicate the compound contains S(IV)
and an 0-C-C-O fragment in a 1:1 ratio. The compound appears to
be similar to ethylene sulfite, which has been identified in the
gas phase in urban atmospheres. Attempts are now underway to
synthesize related compounds for comparison with the spectral
data on the organic S(IV) compound found in particulate matter.
A size fractionated particulate sample from the flue line of a
large coal fired power plant has been shown to contain compounds
that are mutagenic in the Ames test. The mutagens are weakly
acidic, polar, organic compounds that decompose at 150 to 200°C
and 250 to 300°C to nonmutagenic products. The compounds have
been shown by TLC, fluorescence spectroscopy, and nitrite
specific wet chemical analysis to be polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons containing base hydrolyzable nitro substituents.
The mutagenic activity of the sample can be accounted for by two
TLC separable materials. The concentation of the mutagenic
compounds in the small particle (<3vim) fly ash appears to be
less than 100 ppb. Insufficient material is available for
structural identification by conventional GC or MS analysis.
Attempts are now underway to identify the compounds by deriviti-
zation to produce products analyzable by GC.
The analytical procedures used in analysis and structural
identification of these compounds will be discussed with em-
phasis on analytical problems encountered in analysis and
identification of these reactive, polar products of S02(g)
and NO (g) chemistry.
X
73
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SESSION VII
PERSONAL MONITORS
Dr. David T. Mage
Session Leader
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DEVELOPMENT OF A PASSIVE DOSIMETER FOR AMBIENT AIR MONITORING
Dr. Carl R. McMillin, with George W. Wooten, John E. Strobel,
John V. Pustinger, and James D. Mulik (EPA)
Monsanto Research Corporation
The purpose of this study is to develop and demonstrate a
passive dosimeter that will meet the critical, multi-component,
ambient air monitoring needs of the Environmental Protection
Agency. Of particular interest are devices providing:
• Multi-vapor capability
• Sensitivity to ppb levels
• Convenience, simplicity, and reliability in use
The first need arises from the large number of chemicals that
are likely to be of interest as adverse health effects are
studied in more detail. The second is important because
generally low levels of the compounds of interest must be
considered. The third are characteristics contributing to
cost-effectiveness and confidence in data collected.
To demonstrate feasibility, a program has been formulated and is
being conducted that addresses the following basic elements
leading to passive simultaneous sampling and analysis of multi-
organic vapors:
• Design of a dosimeter to yield a high equivalent
sampling rate.
• Selection of the sorbent(s) to give a broad sampling
capability.
• Determination of desorption parameters and chromato-
graphic analysis requirements.
• Identification of interferences by other compounds.
• Determination of dosimeter performance parameters.
77
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Compounds studied in this program as a multi-component mixture
are benzene, vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene, tetrachloro-
ethylene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene,
dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and trichloroethane.
Work on this program is directed toward the development and
evaluation of an ambient air, passive, personal dosimeter based
on diffusion principles and porous polymer sorbents. Thermal
desorption techniques are employed in conjunction with gas
chromatographic procedures for dosimeter quantification. It is
anticipated that the final device will have multi-vapor adsorp-
tion capability and a collection rate equivalent to 1 to 10
1/min pumped sampling. These features should ensure sensitivity
to parts per billion (ppb) levels for some chemicals. Since the
device will depend on diffusion rather than pumping of air, it
should be relatively free from the effects of humidity, con-
venient to use, reliable in the field, simple in design, and
inexpensive to manufacture.
Preliminary efforts on this program have resulted in the formu-
lation of a gas chromatographic approach for quantifyig the
compounds of interest with acceptable sensitivity, reproduci-
bility, and precision and have led to the selection of a porous
polymer sorbent (Porapak R) that shows promise as a candidate
sorbent for passive dosimetry applications. Laboratory studies
with this sorbent material indicate that high sample recoveries
(>83 percent) are achieved under direct sample spiking ex-
periments as well as with gas sample exposures. A linear
concentration/time relationship can be reasonably predicted from
the 1- and 2-hour sorbent element exposure studies and, again,
data gained under these exposure conditions show good replica-
tion. Extrapolation of data gained at the sample concentration
level/sample desorption mode employed for this program phase
indicates that the Porapak R loaded sorbent element should serve
in the low ppb range with proper scale-up and thermal desorp-
tion.
Elements comprising the dosimeter, analytical technique used to
quantify the compounds studied, and data describing the per-
formance of the dosimeter will be discussed.
This research was conducted by Monsanto Research Corporation
under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (Contract No. 68-02-2773).
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DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PERSONAL
SAMPLING DEVICES FOR HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS
Dr. Jimmie Hodgeson, with David S. Bright,
Barry C. Cadoff, and Robert A. Fletcher
Center for Analytical Chemistry
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC
A summary is presented of activities by the National Bureau of
Standards (NBS) on development and evaluation of personal
samplers for ambient air pollutants. Work has continued on
passive personal samplers for inorganic pollutants, e.g.,
nitrogen dioxide and active samplers for atmospheric particu-
lates. In addition, a laboratory program was initiated on the
evaluation of available samplers for toxic organic compounds.
The static evaluation of the Palmes diffusion tube device for
NO was completed and a report prepared. Wind tunnel evalu-
ations of this sampler will be performed as soon as the NBS wind
tunnel facility is available. Work was also performed on higher
sampling rate passive devices. This presentation describes
preliminary results obtained with three types of samplers, a
West-type silicone membrane sampler, an NBS filter-barrier
sampler and a modified Dupont sampler. Present efforts are
concentrated on the filter barrier sampler. This device has a
diffusion limited sampling rate of approximately 48 cm /min,
a rate which is a factor of 50 greater than that of the Palmes
device. Studies are being made of those parameters which may
affect collection and analysis, in particular variable relative
humidity and variable NO/NO- ratios.
Activities in persdnal samplers for particulates include the
design, fabrication, and characterization of a wind tunnel test
facility and the testing of an NBS-designed personal sampler.
For the NBS sampler, a stack filter arrangement was chosen and
its efficiencies and cut characteristics are described. A
description is given of wind tunnel performance for particle
injection, including velocity and particle concentration pro-
files and particle loss mechanisms. From an evaluation of
eight different sampling pumps, a pump has been selected that
provides 5-6 liters per minute for periods greater than 8 hours
and has low power consumption (Bendix BDXX55). Results are
given on mechanisms for determining mass loading on filters,
humidity and charge effects on mass determination, and lower
79
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limits and precision of mass determination. Cut tests have been
performed on the 6 vm nuclepore filter (used to collect the
larger particles in the NBS sampler) and the shape of the cut
compared to the REC definition of the "respirable cut." In
addition, the sampler inlet has been characterized in the wind
tunnel. Present activities include the wind tunnel evaluations
of the Harvard cyclone sampler, the NBS sampler and a mini-
ature cyclone made by a Canadian firm.
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PRACTICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW FORMALDEHYDE
CONCENTRATION LEVELS: APPLICATIONS TO PERSONNEL MONITORING NEEDS*
Dr. Tom G. Matthews, with T.C. Howell and A.R. Hawthorne
Monitoring Technology and Instrumentation Group, Health and Safety Research Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
A formaldehyde (CH20) monitoring program has been developed
at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to assist the Consumer Product
Safety Commission in its deliberations concerning the use of
urea-formaldehyde foam insulation materials and the possible
development of an indoor air quality standard for formaldehyde.
Low-cost monitoring technology for large-scale screening anal-
ysis of CH20 levels in domestic dwellings and near real-time
instrumentation for inspectorate purposes has been developed.
The applicability of the new methodologies to personnel monitor-
ing needs, including area monitors, personnel badges, and near
real-time measurement techniques, is now under investigation.
Rapid air sampling methodology and near real-time instrumenta-
tion have been developed that may serve as interrogative tools
for CH20 source identification and the profiling of CH-O
levels in work areas. A modified form of the CEA Instruments
Inc. Model 555 Analyzer has a demonstrated 3o detection limit of
-10 ppb with a 25-minute analysis period. A pumped air sampling
unit (molecular sieve CH^O adsorbent) has been developed with
a linear dynamic range or 0.025 to 10 ppm using a collection
period of <15 minutes.
A cost-effective CH_0 adsorbent methodology using 13X molecular
sieve has been deveT-oped with applications to both passive and
pumped air sampling devices. The water-rinse desorption and
colorimetric analysis methodology employed eliminates the need
for complex thermal desorption and GC or GC/MS analysis. On-
*Research sponsored jointly by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety
Commission under Interagency Agreement 79-1558 and the Office
of Health and Environmental Research, U.S. Department of
Energy, under contract W-7405-eng-26 with the Union Carbide
Corporation.
81
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going experimentation indicates that CH20-exposed sieves are
stable in a sealed container at <38°C for a minimun of one week.
Formaldehyde collection efficiencies of >99.9 percent have been
demonstrated in pumped air sampling units.
A visual colorimetric analysis scheme has been developed for
screening CH 0 concentration levels below, near, or in excess
of a 100 ppb standard. The method also may be used at higher
CH-O concentration levels for industrial applications. The
analysis can be performed using solid reagents that may be
transported in the field with months of chemical stability. A
passive semipermeab^e membrane unit has been used for air
sampling, with water as the CH 0 adsorbent medium. The combina-
tion of the passive sampler and visual colorimetric CH o
analysis represents a very cost-effective screening methodology.
It has been applied as an area monitor in domestic environments
and shows potential as a CH o personnel monitor.
Preliminary field tests of the new CH20 monitoring methodologies
have been completed. Tests were conducted in four domestic
atmospheres ranging from - 25 to 600 ppb CH20. Formaldehyde-
and aldehyde-selective analysis methods were used to test the
degree of aldehyde interference in domestic and mobile home
environments. The results show low aldehyde interference and
excellent agreement between the new methodologies and a refer-
ence, CH 0, measurement technique.
£*
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DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW PASSIVE DOSIMETER
FOR POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC VAPORS*
T. Vo-Dinh
Health and Safety Research Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Polynuclear aromatic (PNA) compounds in the atmosphere are of
particular interest in environmental analysis research and human
exposure studies because of their potentially carcinogenic
nature. Although these compounds are found in the atmosphere as
vapors, they are difficult to detect by simple means because
their low vapor concentrations require greater sensitivity than
has been available. In contrast to the extensive development of
passive dosimeters for low molecular weight toxic gases, no
simple monitoring device for PNA vapors presently exists.
Current techniques for monitoring high-boiling PNA vapors
involve sampling procedures that require long periods of time
and involve solid adsorbents (charcoal, Tenax-GC polymer),
thermal or chemical desorption, fractionation, and analysis by
chromatographic techniques.
This paper reports on preliminary results concerning the devel-
opment of a new type of passive dosimeter for direct charac-
terization of select high-molecular weight PNA vapors. The
dosimeter is a small badge containing a paper filter impregnated
with heavy-atom agents, such as thallium acetate or lead ace-
tate. The PNA vapors are directly collected on the paper
substrate by adsorption. After an exposure period from 1 hour
to 1 day, the dosimeter is inserted into a spectrometer. The
time-weighted average exposure of the PNA compounds is deter-
mined by a direct reading of the room temperature phosphores-
cence produced by the sample and the heavy-atom agent. The
measurement of vapor concentrations of select PNA compounds,
such as pyrene, fluorene, and phenanthrene, in laboratory
experiments and in field measurements will be discussed.
*Research sponsored by the Office of Health and Environmental
Research, U.S. Department of Energy, under contract W-7405-eng-
26 with the Union Carbide Corporation.
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LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION
OF PERSONAL SAMPLING BADGES AND CHARCOAL TUBES
Dr. William F. Gutknecht, with C.E. Decker,
G.B. Howe, and R.K.M. Jayanty
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, NC
Passive organic vapor monitors, that is, badges, offer a number
of advantages as devices for sampling organic compounds in
ambient air. The badges are lightweight, easy to use, do not
require tubes or pumps for operation, and provide integrated
sampling at a constant rate over extended periods of time. Such
badges have been used by RTI chemists along with charcoal-type,
air sampling tubes in several field studies. In some of these
studies, badges have, however, indicated lower concentrations
than air sampling tubes. A number of variables were considered
in search of an explanation for these results. Adsorption
capacity, recovery efficiency, and relative humidity, though
important variables, did not seem to be responsible for the low
results. The low concentration values appear to result from low
collection efficiency.
The badges operate on the premise that organic vapors in the
environment are reaching the sorbent at a constant rate.
Several types of badges control this rate of mass transfer by
means of some form of physical barrier between the environment
and the sorbent material. Badges by 3M and DuPont use open
tubes of particular diameter and length to serve as this bar-
rier. The effective sampling rate for these devices is D x
(D/L), where D is the diffusion coefficient for the substance of
interest, A is the total cross-sectional area of the tubes, and
L is their length. The concentration of the pollutants of
interest at the interface between this barrier and the environ-
ment is assumed to be constant and representative of the
overall environmental concentration. If the movement of air at
this interface is slight, this air will be depleted of the
pollutants by the badge and the pollutant will no longer be
sampled at a constant rate. 3M and DuPont report the air flow
across their badges must be a minimum of approximately 25 feet
per minute in order to avoid this depletion. Movement of air in
outdoor and in most laboratory areas should be greater than this
minimum value, though stagnant air may be found in corners,
84
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along walls, and at bench areas where shelves, equipment, etc.
restrict air movement. A group of experiments have been per-
formed to evaluate practical aspects of this flow limitation,
including parallel tube and badge measurements in various
environments. The results of these experiments will be dis-
cussed.
85
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EVALUATION OF PASSIVE DOSIMETERS
FOR AMBIENT AIR MONITORING
Dr. Robert W. Coutant
Battelle-Columbus Laboratories
A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine the
potential utility and limitations for the use of commercially
available passive dosimeters for monitoring volatile organic
compounds at ambient levels. Test compounds included chloro-
form, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbontetra-
chloride, bromodichloromethane, trichloroethylene, benzene,
tetrachloroethylene, and chlorobenzene. Devices examined
included passive dosimeters manufactured by 3M, DuPont, and
Abcor.
The use of passive dosimeters for multiple compound collection
at ambient levels requires sensitivity and accuracy from the
combined collection and analytical system at concentrations
several orders of magnitude lower than the originally intended
use of these devices. With normal background levels of chlori-
nated hydrocarbons, for example, the expected 24-hr samples
would be of the order of a few tens of nanograms. This implies
the need for device and solvent blanks of no more than a few
nanograms per compound, and analytical sensitivity as low as
picograms, depending on the desorption method.
In the current work, solvent desorption using 5 percent CS
in methanol was used, and the required sensitivity was attained
using a series combination of electron capture and photoioniza-
tion detectors. The complimentary selectivities of this detec-
tor pair yield additional benefits in identification of chroma-
tographic peaks. Desorption efficiencies were relatively
constant over the range of concentrations of interest, but
varied from about 85 percent for carbon tetrachloride to about
15 percent for chlorobenzene.
Blank levels for trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
tetrachloroethylene, and carbontetrachloride were generally high
for all three devices, ranging from tens of nanograms for the
DuPont badge to micrograms for some compounds on the Abcor
86
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badge. Other compounds were found with particular badges, and
the blank levels were generally quite variable. Tests of
packaging integrity generally indicate good protection of the
devices from contamination prior to use, but one case of a poor
seal was found with a 3M badge.
Results show clearly that the polymeric badge holders can serve
as both sinks and sources for many of the volatile organic
compounds. Badge holders therefore must be subject to the same
quality control procedures as the sorbent strips, and the
holders should not be reused.
It is concluded that currently available passive monitors may be
useful for monitoring of ambient level volatile organics, but
improvements in quality control by the manufacturers will be
needed to insure consistently low device blanks before further
evaluation can be made with the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
analytical methodology currently recommended for use with these
devices is adequate for many compounds, but may be marginal for
some, and some further consideration of analysis alternatives is
suggested. Assuming that reliably low blank levels can be
achieved, detailed evaluation of device performance in the
laboratory and under a variety of field conditions will be
required before these devices can be recommended for routine
ambient level monitoring.
87
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ATTENDEES LIST
89
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Adamek, E.G., Dr.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
Resources Board
Rexdale, Ontario
Canada M9W 5L1
Allen, Eric R., Dr.
Environmental Engineering
Sciences Dept.
A. P. Black Hall
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
Adams, Kent D.
Environmental Engineer
Naval Civil Engineering Lab.
U.S. Navy
Port Hueneme, CA 93043
Amberg, Alan R., Group Leader
Ambient Air Projects
Environmental Research Group, Inc.
117 N. First Street
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Adams, Robert P.
President
Robert P. Adams Company
R.D. 2, Box 592
Walden, NY 12586
Andrews, Diana
Chief, laboratory
KY Div. Air Pollution Control
West Frankfort Office Complex
1050 US 127 South Bypass
Frankfort, KY 40601
Aldous, Kenneth M., Dr.
Research Scientist
New York St. Dept. of Health
Toxicology Institute
Empire State Plaza
Albany, NY 12201
Atlas, Elliot, Dr.
Research Scientist
Department of Chemistry
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843
Alexandra, Peter J.
Aerospace Corporation
20030 Century Blvd.
Germantown, MD 20767
Baasel, William D.
Professor, Chemical Engr. Dept.
Ohio University
Athens, OH 45701
Allen, C. Malcolm
Consultant
Energy/Environment Systems
2380 Zollinger Road
Columbus, OH 43221
Babos, Michael C.
Assistant Engineer
Merck & Co. Inc.
P.O. Box 2000, R7-30
Rahway, NJ 07065
91
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Ballard, Lewis F., Dr.
President
Nutech Corporation
2806 Cheek R>ad
Durham, NC 27704
Beasley, Ronald K.
Research Specialist
Monsanto Co. U3I
800 N. Lindbergh Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63166
Ballsilic, David
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
880 Bay Street, 4th Floor
Toronto, Ontario
Canada M5S 1Z8
Benson, Scott L.
Research Literature Analyst
Northwest Coastal Information
Center
Marine Science Center
Newport, OR 97365
Barnett, D.L.
Anal./IH Chemist
Monsanto Co.
Plant Rd.
Nitro, WV 25159
Berry, Robert A., Dr.
Asst. Prof. Microbiology
Coll. Osteopathic Med/Surg.
3200 Grand Avenue
Des Moines, IA 50312
Bartholomew, P.S.
Group Leader, Air Sciences Dept.
Ecological Analysts, Inc.
1500 Frontage Road
Northbrook, IL 60062
Beyer, Donald L.
Research Chemist
Champion International
Khightsbridge Lab
Hamilton, OH 45020
Baskin, Roger M.
Chief Chemist
City of Jacksonville Air
Pollution Control
515 W. 6th St.
Jacksonville, FL 32206
Bhardwaja, Prem S., Dr.
Sr. Environment Analyst
Salt River Project
P.O. Box 1980
Phoenix, AZ 85202
Baturay, Omar, Dr.
Vice President
Technion testing & Research
Laboratories
681 Main Street
Belleville, NJ 07109
Black, Henry D.
Manager Air Quality
PEPCO
105 N. Van Buren St.
Rockville, MD 20850
92
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Blewitt, Doug
Air Pollution Meteorologist
Standard Oil (Indiana)
200 E. Randolph Drive
Chicago, IL 60601
Boone, Patricia M.
Washington Univ. in St. Louis
Dept. of Chemistry - Box 1134
St. Louis, MO 63130
Blowers, Mark A.
Environmental Engineer
Alcolac, Inc.
P.O. Box 816, Randall Road
Sedalia, MO 65301
Bozzelli, Joseph W., Dr.
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Newark, NJ 07102
Body, Steven K.
Chief, Environ. Analysis Section
EPA Region 9
215 Fremont St
San Francisco, CA 94105
Bradley, Marvin T.
Chemist II
Bureau of Pollution Control
Unit 121 Turn Powe Plaza
Pearl, MS 39209
Boksleitner, Rudolph
Reg'l Liaison Officer
Environmental Protection Agency/ORD
Regional Services Staff (MD-5)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Breda, Ernest J.
Division Chemist
E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co.
P.O. Box 3269
Beaumont, TX 77704
Boley, C. R.
Ind. Hygienist
Bechtel Group, Inc.
50 Beale Street
San Francisco, CA 94119
Bolt, Dennis P.
Chemist
Md. Dept. of Health and
Mental Hygiene
201 W. Preston St.
2nd Floor, O1Conner Bldg.
Baltimore, MD 21201
Brodovicz, Ben A.
Chief, Division of Technical
Services and Monitoring
Pennsylvania Department of
Environmental Resources
200 N. Third St.
P.O. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Brooks, Patricia L.
Sr. Environmental Engineer
American Natural Service Company
One Woodward Avenue
Detroit, MI 48226
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Bryan, Robert J.
Supervising Engr.
Engineering - Science, Inc.
125 W. Huntington Drive
Arcadia, CA 91006
Cardinale, Tom
Chemist
Hillsborough Cty. Env. .Prot. Comm.
1900 - 9th Avenue
Tampa, FL 33605
Bufalini, Marijon
Chemist
EPA/ESRL
Research Triangle Park, NC
27711
Carlstrom, A. Aner
Supervisor, Analytical Services
Chevron Chemical Company
940 Hensley Street
Richmond, CA 94804
Burgess, Richard A.
Assistant Manager
Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory
850 Poplar Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15220
Caton, Robert Dr.
Concord Scientific Corp.
2 Tippett Road
Downsview, Ontario
Canada M3H 2V2
Burnett, Donald E., Jr.
Senior Associate Chemist
Environmental Science and
Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box ESE
Gainesville, FL 32602
Cha, Samuel
Mgr., Chemistry Laboratory
TRC Environmental Consultants
125 Silas Deane Highway
Wethersfield, CT 06109
Bursey, Joan T.
Sr. Chemist
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Chambers, CarIon C.
Pres ident
Technology Management, Inc.
526 20-1/4 Road
Grand Junction, CO 81503
Campbell, Jake
Supervisor of Testing
John Zink Company
4401 South Peoria
Tulsa, OK 74105
Chan, H.
Research Chemist
Hiillips Research Center
240 PL
Bartlesville, OK 74004
94
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Chaplin, Anton S.
Sr. Environmental Eng.
Union Oil Company of Calif.
461 S. Boylston St., RM MM-N
Los Angeles, CA 90017
Chu, Mark
Facility Engineer
Signetics Corporation
811 E. Arques Avenue, M/S 2558
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Chasz, Edward
City of Philadelphia
Air Management Services lab.
1501 East Lycoming St.
Philadelphia, PA 19124
Chuan, Raymond L., Dr.
Staff Scientist
Brunswick Corporation
3333 Harbor Blvd.
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
Chehaske, John T.
Mgr. Engineering & Monitoring
Eng ineer ing-Sc ience
7903 Westpark Dr.
McLean, VA 22102
Cianciarelli, Dominic
Project Engineer
Environment Canada
Air Pollution "technology Center
River Road
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada K1A 1C8
Cheong-Hoi, Chan
Environment Canada
P.O. Box 5050, Lakeshore Blvd.
Burlington, Ontario
Canada L7M 1J5
Clewell, Harvey, Capt.
Research Chemist
Air Force Engineering and
Services Center/RDVS
Tyndall AFB, FL 32403
Chips, Mark D.
Project Chemist
Acurex Corp. (SEA Division)
485 Clyde Ave., Mail Stop 2-2260
Mt. View, CA 94042
Cline, Raymond A., Jr., P.E.
Principal Consultant
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380
Chopra, O. P.
Sr. Environmental Engineer
IBM Corporation
540 White Plains Road
Tarrytown, NY 10591
Cole, Bert
Environmental Engineer
US EPA Region IV
TN/SC Sect., Compliance Br.
Enf. Div.
345 Courtland St., N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30565
95
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Collins, J. Gerald
Principal Industrial Hygienist
The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Go.
1144 East Market St.
Akron, OH 44316
Cuinmings, Jim
EPA/Program Eval. Div.
3438 N. Emerson
Arlington, VA 22207
Colovos, George, Dr.
Manager, Technical Operations
Rockwell International - Environ.
Monitoring & Services Center
2421 W. Hillcrest Drive
Newbury Park, CA 91320
Cupitt, larry T., Dr.
Research Chemist
Environmental Protection Agcy
MD-84, U.S. EPA
Research Triangle Pk, NC 27711
Cooney, Walter W.
Head, Technical Services Section
Maryland Dept. of Health and
Mental Hygiene
Air Management Administration
201 W. Preston St.
2nd Floor O'Connor
Baltimore, MD 21201
Cooper, Frederick I.
Manager, Air Quality Studies
Environmental Research Group, Inc.
117 N. First Street
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Dann, Thomas F.
Project Coordinator
Air Pollution Measurements
Environment Canada, EPS
RM 105A, APTC, River Road
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada K1A 1C8
Daughertyr Joseph D.
Sr. Research Chemist
.Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
142 Goodyear Blvd.
Akron, OH 44316
Cosgrove, Thomas J.
Manager/OA
Enviroplan, Inc.
59 Main St.
West Orange, NJ 07648
Attn: Ronni Frucci
Davies, David
Environmental Engineer
U.S. EPA
MD 82
Research Triangle Park, NC
27711
Cravey, Larry E.
Technical Specialist
Duke Power Company
Training & Technology Center
Physical Sciences Building
Rt. 4, Box 531
Huntersville, NC 28078
Dallinger, Barry, Dr.
Senior Project Scientist
Northrop Services, Inc.
Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
96
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Demian, Barbu A., Dr.
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Dollar, John R.
Proj. Mgr.
Post, Buckley, Schuh & Jernigan,Inc.
3191 Maguire Blvd., Suite 101
Orlando, FL 32803
de Souza, Thomas L. C.
Assoc. Scientist
Pulp & Paper Res. Inst. of Canada
570 St. John's Blvd.
Pointe Claire, Quebec
CANADA
H9R3J9
Cowling, Fred B.
Business Manager
KEMRON Environmental Services
16550 Highland Rd.
Baton Rouge, IA 70808
Dickens, Wade H.
Hercules, Inc.
Radford Army Ammunition Plant
Radford, VA 24141
Dunavant, Billy G., Ph.D.
Prof, and Director
Environmental Health & Safety
University of Florida
317 Nuclear Sciences Center
Gainesville, FL 32611
Dietz, Edward A.
Sr. Anal. Chem.
Hooker Chemical
Research Complex - Long Road
Grand Island, NY 14072
Dunbar, David
Associate Branch Manager
PedCo Environmental, Inc.
505 S. Duke St.
Durham, NC 27701
Dillon, H. Kenneth, Dr.
Head, Indus. Chemistry Section
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue South
Birmingham, AL 35255
Earle, James B.
Biologist - Environ. Health
501 Solar Isle
Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33301
Diver, Fred L.
Supvr., Ambient Monitoring
Kansas Dept. of Health & Environ.
Bldg. 740, Forbes Field
Topeka, KS 66620
Eaton, Harold G. (Code 6180)
Research Chemist
Naval Research Laboratory
4555 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, DC 20375
97
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Eichler, Donald L.
Manager, Central Sciences
Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp.
Long Road
Grand Island, NY 14072
Ewald, Fred, Dr.
Res. Supervisor
PPG Ind. Inc.
Box 31
Barberton, OH 44203
Eiser, Daniel N.
Industrial Hygienist
Western Electric Co.
3300 Lexington Rd., Dept. 313380
Winston-Salem, NC 27102
Fans, Robert
Chairman Toxic Comm.
Labor Action Coalition-U.A.W.
191 Center Street
Lockport, NY 14094
Ekmann, James M.
Supervisory Chemical Engineer
U.S. Department of Energy
P.O. Box 10940
Pittsburgh, PA 15236
Feairheller, William R.
Research Specialist
Monsanto Research Corporation
1515 Nicholas Road
Dayton, OH 45418
Engler, Joseph B.
Indus. Hygiene Tech.
Uniroyal Chemical Co.
P.O. Box 397
Geismar, LA 70734
Ferman, Martin A.
Senior Research Engineer
General Motors Research
Laboratories
Environmental Science Dept.
12 Mile and Mound Roads
Warren, MI 48090
Erickson, Mitch
Chemist
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Fischer, Dwayne p., Dr.
Laboratory Supervisor
L.A. County Sanitation Districts
Joint Water Pollution Control Plant
Water Quality laboratory
24501 S. Figueroa St.
Carson, CA 90745
Esposito, Pat S.
PedCo Environmental
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246
Fisher, Curtis
Jr. Assoc. Scientist
Environmental Science and
Engineering
P.O. Box ESE
Gainesville, FL 32602
98
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Fisher, Thomas S.
Staff Research Associate
Statewide Air Pollution
Research Center
University of California, Riverside
Riverside, CA 92521
Frye, Gilbert
Chemist
U.S. EPA, Central Reg'1 Lab
536 S. Clark Street
Chicago, IL 60605
Fitchett, Arthur W., Dr.
Environmental Specialist
Dionex Corp.
104 Alnick Ct.
Durham, NC 27712
Fulton, Kent
Commercial Market Manager
Mead CompuChem
P.O. Box 12652
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
FitzGerald, Daniel J.
Regional Mgr., Env. Svcs. Div.
Scott Environmental
Technology, Inc.
Plumsteadville, PA 18949
Fung, Kochy, Dr.
Technical Director/Western Labs
Environmental Research
& Technology, Inc. (ERT)
2625 Townsgate Rd., Suite 360
Westlake Village, CA 91361
Flournoy, R.W.
Director, Monitoring
VA State Air Pollution Con.
5324 Distributor Drive
Richmond, VA 23225
Bd.
Gagnon, James
Adv. Environ. Chemist
3M Company
Box 33331 - Bldg. 2-3E
St. Paul, MN 55133
Folsom, Max
ITT Rayonier Inc.
409 E. Harvard Avenue
Shelton, WA 98584
Ganz, Charles, Dr.
Pres. & Tech. Director
EN-CAS Analytical Laboratories
1409-J S. Stratford Rd.
Winston-Salem, NC 27103
Fox, Donald L.
Associate Professor
University of North Carolina
At Chapel Hill
Environmental Sciences and
Engineering SPH-201H
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Gasperecz, Greg J.
Env. .Engineer
Air Quality Div./IA Dept. Nat. Res.
P.O. Box 44066
Baton Rouge, LA 70804
99
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Gay, Bruce W., Jr.
Sen. Res. Chem.
U.S. EPA
ESRL-ORD, MD 84
Research Triangle Pk, NC 27711
Glotfelty, Dwight E.
Research Chemist
USDA-SEA-AR
Room 207, B007-BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20705
Geisler, Tom
Proj. Chemist
I.T. Enviroscience
9041 Executive Park Drive
Khoxville, TN 37923
Goldstein, George M., Ph.D.
Coordinator, Clinical Operations
U.S. EPA
Human Studies Division/MD-58
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Gibbon, Gerst A., Chief
Process Monitoring & Anal. Br.
U.S. Dapt. of Energy
Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center
P.O. Box 10940
Pittsburgh, PA 15236
Gordon, Sydney J.
Program Manager
Northrop Services, Inc.
1293 E. Patrick Lane
Las Vegas, NV 89119
Gibian, Christine C., Dr.
Research Chemist in Methods Dev.
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.
P.O. Box 427
Marcus Hook, PA 19061
Gorry, Frank
Environmental Engineer
U.S. EPA
60 Westview Street
Lexington, MA 02173
Gilmore, F. C., Dr.
Supt. Environmental Control
Mobay Chem. Corp.
New Martinsville, WV 26155
Gravatt, C.C., Dr.
Deputy Director for Programs, NML
National Bureau of Standards
Rxsm B-354 Materials Bldg.
Washington, DC 20234
Glaser, Ken
City of Philadelphia
Air Management Services Lab.
1501 East Lycoming St.
Philadelphia, PA 19124
Green, B. David
Principal Scientist
Physical Sciences, Inc.
30 Commerce Way
Woburn, MA 01801
100
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Groom, Theodore/ Dr.
Re search Associate
01in Corporation
275 Winchester Avenue
New Haven, CT 06511
Hahne, Rolf, Dr.
Assistant Director
University Hygiene Laboratory
University of Iowa
Iowa City, IA 52242
Gschweng, Fred R.
Sales Manager, Occupational &
Environ. Health Products
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
Applied Technology Div.
200 Clayton Bldg., Concord Plaza
Wilmington, DE 19898
Hairston, Janes E., Dr.
Assistant Professor
Mississippi State University
P.O. Box 5248
Agronomy Dept.
Mississippi State, MS 39762
Guertin, Jacques P., Dr.
Scientist
EPRI
3412 Hillview Ave.
Palo Alto, CA 94303
Hall, Kenneth F.
Air Pollution Chemist
Jefferson County Health Dept.
1400 Sixth Avenue South
Birmingham, AL 35202
Guinivan, Thomas L.
Chemist
U.S. Army Environmental
Hygiene Agency
Bldg. E1675
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
21010
Hamilton, Mark
Chemist, Analyst
USAF
USAF OEHC/ SA Brooks AFB
San Antonio, TX 78223
Guira, Jose M., Ph.D.
Director, Laboratory Services
Sarasota Co. Pollution Control
1301 Cattlemen Road
Sarasota, FL 33582
Hanneman, W.W.
Sec. Hd. Org. Analytical
Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Corp.
P.O. Box 877
Pleasanton, CA 94566
Haehl, John
Co-Chair Toxic Contn.
Labor Action Coalition-U.A.W.
281 Ontario Street
Lockport, NY 14094
Hanson, Ray L., Dr.
Research Chemist
Lovelace - ITRI
P.O. Box 5890
Albuquerque, NM 87115
101
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Hanzevack, K. M.
Senior Staff Engineer
Exxon Research and
Engineering Company
P.O. Box 101
Florham Park, NJ 07932
Hearn, John
R&D Manager
S.I.D., Hewlett Packard
1601 California Ave.
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Hargrave, E.G.
DEM Laboratory Services
NC Dept. of Natural Resources
and Community Development
950 E. Chatham Street
Gary, NC 27511
Heavner, David L.
Jr. R&D Chemist
R.J. Reynolds Tab. Co., Res. Dept.
115 Chestnut Street
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
Harris, Judith C., Dr.
Senior Scientist
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
15-311 Acorn Park
Cambridge, MA 02140
Hebert, Michael J.
Envir. Resource Specialist
LA. Air Quality Div.
5790 Florida Blvd., Rm 215
Baton Rouge, LA 70816
Harris, William C.
Laboratory Supervisor
Technical Department
Union Camp Corp.
Franklin, VA 23851
Hicks, John
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
880 Bay St., 4th Floor
Toronto, Ontario
M5S1Z8
Harrison, Paul R.
Director of Research
Engineering Sciences
125 W. Huntington Dr.
Arcadia, CA 91006
Hill, David R.
laboratory Supvr.
O'Brien & Gere Engineers, Inc.
Box 4873, 1304 Buckley Rd.
Syracuse, NY 13221
Hayes, Dwight R., Jr.
Senior Chemist
PEDCo Environmental
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246
Hiteshew, Michael E.
Scientist
HERL-ITB, Northrop Services, Inc.
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
102
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Hoffmann, Ronald M.
Research Chemist
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Petrochemicals Dept., Bldg. 336/40
Experimental Station
Wilmington, DE 19898
Huggins, James S.
Northrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
Hornig, Arthur W.
Principal Staff Scientist
Baird Corporation
125 Middlesex Turnpike
Bedford, MA 01730
Hunt, Gary T.
Staff Scientist/Hd. Org. Sec.
QCA/Technology Division
213 Burlington Road
Bedford, MA 01730
Horstman, David
Beckman Instruments Inc.
2500 Harbor Blvd.
Fullerton, CA 92634
Insalaco, Sam
lab Manager
O.K. Materials Company
16406 St. Rt. 224 East
P.O. Box 551
Findlay, OH 45840
Howes, James E., Jr.
Senior Researcher
Battelle-Columbus Lab.
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201
Iten, Robert T.
Res. & Dev. Chemist
E.I. DuPont DeNemours & Co.,
Experimental Station B-336
Wilmington, DE 19898
Inc.
Hubbard, Sarah A.
Scientist
Northrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Ivy, Benjamin F,
Chemist
Memphis-Shelby County Health Dept.
814 Jefferson Ave.
Memphis, TN 38105
Hudson, Roamless, Jr.
Chairman, Dept. of Chemistry
St. Augustine's College
P.O. Box 14
Raleigh, NC 27611
Jacko, Robert B., Dr.
Assoc. Prof., Environ. Engineering
Purdue thiversity
School of Civil Engineering
West Lafayette, IN 47906
103
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Jackson, Meryl R.
Vice President
The Almega Corporation
607C Country Club Drive
Bensenville, IL 60106
Joshi, Surendra B.
Sr. Research Engineer
Northrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
Jacobs, Bruce W.
Senior Chemist
U.S. Army Environmental
Hygiene Agency
436 Hillcrest Drive
Aberdeen, MD 21001
Kaphish, Janet B.
Assistant Director
State of Conn. Health Lab.
10 Clinton Street
Hartford, CT 06101
James, Robert E., Dr.
Senior Scientist
Eng ineer ing-Sc ience
3109 N. IH 35
Austin, TX 78722
Raith, Lawrence H.
Manager, Analytical Chem.
Radian Corporation
8501 Mopac Blvd.
Austin, TX 78758
Div.
Jarrett, John H.
Lab Supv.
E.I. DuEbnt & Co.
901 W. DuPont Avenue
Belle, WV 25015
Kelley, Paul E.
Sr. Applications Engineer
Finnigan - MAT
845 W. Maude Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Jess, Harry William
Organic Group Leader
PEDCo Environmental Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246
Kelty, Jim
Chemist .
Illinois EPA
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, IL 62706
Johnson, Donald E., Dr.
Director
Southwest Research Institute
P.O. Drawer 28510
San Antonio, TX 78284
Kim, Stephen M.
Executive Vice President
Radiation Management Corp.
P.O. Box 7940
Philadelphia, PA 19101
104
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Kirchhoff, William H., Dr.
Chief, Off. of Env. Measurements
National Bureau of Standards
A261/220
Washington, DC 20234
Krasowski, Joseph A.
Research Chanist
Westvaco Corp.
Johns Hopkins Road
Laurel, MD 20810
Kleopfer, Robert D., Chief
Organic Analysis Section
US Environmental Protection Agency
25 Funston Road
Kansas City, KS 66115
Kricks, Robert
Vice President,
Environmental Monitoring
Enviroplan
59 Main Street
West Orange, NJ 07052
Attn: Ronni Frucci
Kliment, Joseph J.
Resources Chemist
State of Delaware
Dept. of Natural Resources
and Environmental Control
14 Ashley Place
Wilmington, DE 19804
Kring, E., Dr.
Research Associate
Applied Technology Center
P.O. Box 10
North Walnut Road
Kennett Square, PA 19348
Koch, Robert C.
Sr. Research Scientist
GEOMET Technologies, Inc.
1801 Research Blvd.
Rockville, MD 20850
Kutys, Donald E.
Environmental Engineer
Certainteed Corp.
P.O. Box 1100
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Kbpczynski, Stanley
Acting Chief, Organic
Pollutants Analysis Branch
EPA Environmental Research Center
Mail Drop 47
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Kyles, Alan
Senior Biologist
Enviro-Sciencees, Inc.
19 Copeland Road
Danville, NJ 07834
Kormanik, Michael
Assoc. APC Engineer
N.Y.S. Dept. of
Environmental Conservation
2 World Trade Center
New York, NY 10047
Lafleur, Roger J.
Head, Ambient Monitoring Section
Environment Canada
Air Pollution Technology Center
River Road laboratories
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada K1A 1C8
105
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Landreth, Ronald R., Dr.
Sr. Research Engineer
Inland Steel Company
3001 East Columbus Drive
East Chicago, IN 46312
Levins, Riilip L., Dr.
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, MA 02173
Lao, Robert C., Dr.
Acting Chief, Chemistry Div.
Air Pollution Cont. Directorate
Environment Canada
River Road Laboratory
Ottawa, Canada KlA 1C8
Lin, Ada, Dr.
Research Chemist
Applied Technology Center
P.O. Box 10
North Walnut Road
Rennett Square, PA 19348
Lautenberger, William J., PhD.
Research Supervisor
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.,
Applied Technology Center
N. Walnut Road, P.O. Box 10
ffennett Square, PA 19348
Lindgren, James L.
Chemist
Inc. Texas Air Control Board
6330 Hwy. 290 E.
Austin, TX 78723
Lee, Chris C., Dr.
Research Chemist
Global Geochemistry Corp.
6919 Eton Avenue
Canoga Park, CA 91303
Linville, Donald
Industrial Hygienist
University of Alabama
P.O. Box 6005
University, AL 35453
- Safe State
Lee, George H., II
Ph.D.
Southwest Research Institute
6220 Culebra Road
San Antonio, TX 78284
Longacre, Lloyd A.
Research Chemist
Hercules, Incorporated
Hercules Research Center
Wilmington, DE 19899
Lentzen, D. E., Dr.
Environmental Scientist
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC
Loos, Karl R., Dr.
Shell Development Co.
P.O. Box 1380
Houston, TX 77001
106
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loucks, T. L.
President
ETC Corporation
203 Deepwood Road
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Mathamel, Martin S.
Chemist/Ibxicologist
Ecology and Environment
223 West Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, IL 60606
Lynch, David G.
Laboratory Director
Essex Chemical Corp.
Black Horse lane
Monmouth Junction, NJ
08852
Mathews, Rod G.
Sr. Research Chemist
Pennzoil Products
P.O. Box 6199
Shreveport, IA 71106
MacClarence, Bill
Sr. Environmental Scientist
Envirodyne Engineers
12161 Lackland Rd.
St. Louis, MO 63141
Mayo, Richard D.
Chemist
State of Maine D.E.P
Bureau of Air Quality
State House Sta. No. 17
Augusta, ME 04333
MacLeod, Kathryn E.
Research Chemist
U.S. EPA
HERL MD-69
Research Triangle Park, NC
27711
McCarthy, John J.
Mgr. Environmental Control
and Compliance
Johns-Manville Sales Corp.
Ken Caryl Ranch Box 5108
Denver, CO 80217
MacWaters, John T.
Sr. Research Scientist
GEOMET Technologies, Inc.
1900 Folsom St., Suite 101
Boulder, CO 80302
McConnaghy, Kevin
Government Market Manager
Mead CompuChem
P.O. Box 12652
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
Maichuk, David T.
Manager, Environmental Analysis
Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc.
340 Kingsland Street
Nutley, NJ 07110
McGinnity, Jack
Senior Technical Advisor
Environmental Protection Agency,
OAQPS-SASD (MD-12)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
107
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McGovern, Edward P.
Senior Research Chemist
Southwest Research Institute
6220 Culebra Road
San Antonio, TX 78284
Messina, Robert C. Jr., Ph.D.
Dean of Instruction
Nassau Community College
Stewart Avenue
Garden City, NY 11530
McGregor, Rsn
Manager, Lab. Analysis Dept.
GCA/Technology Division
213 Burlington Road
Bedford, MA 01730
Meyerrose, Henry
Chief, Air Pollution Lab.
State of Tennessee
Cordell Hull Bldg., Roan 716
Nashville, TN 37219
McGrillies, Linda M.
Manager, Eastern Operations
Environmental Measurements, Inc.
1445 Old Annapolis Road
Arnold, MD 21012
Mikolajczyk, Lou
Principal Environ. Specialist
New Jersey Bureau of Air
Pollution Control
65 Prospect Street
Trenton, NJ 08618
Means, Richard E.
Associate Scientist
Northrop Services, Inc.
Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
Miller, Herbert C., Dr.
Head, Analytical and Physical
Chemistry Division
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue S.
Birmingham, AL 35255
Medal, Leonard
Mngr. Air Quality Analysis
LA Dept. of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 60630
New Orleans, LA 70160
Mindrup, Raymond
Supelco Inc.
Supelco Park
Bellefonte, PA 16823
Menasha, Zaky
Sr. Sanitary Engineer
N.Y.S. Dept. of
Environmental Conservation
2 World Trade Center
New York, NY 10047
Minns, Charlotte L.
Instrument Scientist
Ministry of the Environment
Government of Ontario
Downsview, Ontario
Canada M3J 2C2
108
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Miseo, Helen .
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, MA 02140
Nielsen, Julian M.
Mgr. Physical Sciences Dept.
Battelle-Northwest
1611 Sunset St.
Richland, WA 99352
Morello, Joe A.
Technical Service Engineer
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Engineering Dept., Test Center
Wilmington, DE 19898
Nuhn, Albert C.
Engineer
Metro Waste Control Comm.
388 Margaret Circle
Wayzota, MN 55391
Morrissey, Kevin M.
Chemist, CLSG
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
O'Neill, Hugh J.
Manager
IIT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, IL 60616
Murschell, Dale L.
Test Engineer
E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co.
Engineering Test Center
Wilmington, DE 19898
Inc.
Ode, Richard H., Dr.
Group Leader, Environ. Research
Mobay Chemical Corporation
New Martinsville, WV 26155
Myerson, Albert L., Dr.
Senior Staff Scientist
Mote Marine Laboratory
1600 City Island Park
Sarasota, FL 33577
Ohno, Eishi
Asst. Mgr., Engine & Emission
Toyota Motor Co., Ltd.
One Harmon Plaza
Secaucus, NJ 07094
Meal, John L.
Occupational Health
Laboratory Supervisor
North Carolina Division of
Health Services
P.O. Box 28047
Raleigh, NC 27611
Ollison, Will
American Petroleum Institute
2101 L Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20037
109
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Olm, Dale D.
Eastman Kodak Company
Ind. Lab., Bldg. 34, KP
1669 take Avenue
Rochester, NY 14650
Parks, Sandy
Scientist
Northrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
Ormand, William L.
Principal Chemist
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
380 Scotch Road
West Trenton, NJ 08628
Parry, Edward P., Ph.D.
Director
Rockwell International
Environ. Monitoring & Serv. Ctr.
2421 West Hillcrest Dr.
Newbury Park, CA 91320
Osborne, Michael C.
Environmental Engineer
EPA/IERL-RTP MD 65
Research Triangle Park, NC
27711
Parsons, James S., Dr.
Principal Research Chemist
American Cyanamid Co.
Chemical Research Div.
Building 4C
Bound Brook, NJ 08805
Osman, Fred P.
Chief, Air Quality Section
Pennsylvania Dept. of Environ. Res.
200 N. Third Street
P.O. Box 2063
17th Floor Fulton Building
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Patel, Balvant R.
Chemist
Indiana St. Board of Health
Air Pollution Control
1330 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis, IN 46206
Pangaro, Nicholas
Senior Scientist
GCA Corp./Technology Div.
213 Burlington Road
Bedford, MA 01730
Pelton, Douglas J.
Research Scientist
GEOMET Technologies, Inc.
1801 Research Boulevard
Rockville, MD 20850
Pankow, James F.
Asst. Professor
Oregon Graduate Center
19600 N.W. Walker Rd.
Beaverton, OR 97006
Pfaffenberger, Carl D., Dr.
Director, Div. Chemical Epidemiology
University of Miami
School of Medicine
15655 S.W. 127th Avenue
Miami, FL 33177
110
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Phelps, Richard
Tennessee Eastman CO.
Bldg. 54
Kingsport, TN 37662
Prokopetz, Andrew T.
Chemist
National Toxicology Program
Progress Center
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Phillips, Allison
Effluent Guidelines (WH 552)
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20460
Quitter, Carlton
Mgr., Analyt. & Env. Serv.
Emery Industries, Inc.
4900 Este Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45232
Pilewski, Joseph W.
Environmental Scientist
Enviro-Sciences, Inc.
19 Copeland Road
Denville, NJ 07834
Rasmussen, R.A., Dr.
Professor
Oregon Graduate Center
19600 N.W. Walker toad
Beaverton, OR 97006
Plock, Eugene V.
Sr. Research Engr.
Univ. of Louisville
7311 Glen Arbor Rd.
Louisville, KY 40222
Reckner, Louis R.
General Manager, Env. Svcs. Div.
Scott Environmental Technology, Inc.
Plumsteadville, PA 18949
Pollard, Daniel
Chemist
University of California
Overlook Branch
P.O. Box 3067
Dayton, OH 45431
Rector, Harry E.
Research Associate
GEOMET Technologies, Inc.
1801 Research Blvd.
Rockville, MD 20850
Proctor, Bertha, Dr.
Assistant Professor
University of Texas at Dallas
Environmental Sciences Program
P.O. Box 688
Richardson, TX 75080
Reynolds, Stan L.
Member of Scientific Staff
Systems, Science & Software
P.O. Box 1620
La Jolla, CA 92038
111
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Richter, Harold G.
Chemist
EPA, MDAD/OAQPS, MD 14
Research Triangle Park, NC
27711
Russell, John, Dr.
Director of Technical Affairs
Mead CompuChem
P.O. Box 12652
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Rimberg, M.
Asst. Chief Engr.
Consolidated Eng. Co.
Dept. 602
205 W. 34th Street
New York, NY 10001
Sander, Timothy
Senior Chemist
PEDCo Environmental
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246
Robinson, David
Group Leader, Instrumental
Pollution Control Science, Inc.
6015 Manning Road
Miamisburg, OH 45342
Sanderson, Debra K.
Sr. Environmental Scientist
Hillsborough County
Environmental Protection Commission
1900 9th Avenue
Tampa, FL 33605
Rogers, Sharron E.
Principal Environ. Scientist
Battelle Columbus Laboratories
P.O. Box 12056, 200 Park Dr.
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Schmid, Daniel
Field Testing Coordinator
3M - Environmental Lab
935 Bush Ave., Bldg. 2-3E-09
St. Paul, MN 55144
Romano, David J.
Associate A. P.C. Engineer
New York State Dept. of
Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
Scott, Michael R.
Director^Analytical
High Point Chemical
P.O. Box 2316
High Point, NC 27261
Russell, Donald K.
Env. Control Engr., Sr.
Ford SSECO
Suite 628 West Parklane
One Parkland Blvd.
Dearborn, MI 48126
Scoville, Laura
Student/Consultant
Uhiv. of North Carolina
School of Public Health
902 Canterbury Rd.
Raleigh, NC 27607
112
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Serum, Jim
Marketing Manager
S.I.D., Hewlett-Packard
1601 California Ave.
Palo Alto, CA 94022
Simes, Guy
Quality Assurance Officer
Tech. Oper. Staff, IERL-CI
EPA
26 W. St. Clair Street
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Shapiro, William .
Manager, Regulatory Affairs
\folvo of America Corp.
PPD #D
Rockleigh, NJ 07647
Simon, Charles G.
Research Chemist
NCASI
P.O. Box 14483
Gainesville, FL 32604
Shaub, Walter
Chem.-A-147
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, DC 20234
Sims, Judy
Environmental Biologist
L.W. Little Associates
1312 Annapolis Dr., Suite 214
Raleigh, NC 27608
Sheats, John C.
Env. Sciences Lab. Supervisor
N. C. Div. of Health Services
P.O. Box 28047
Raleigh, NC 27611
Singer, Eugene
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
880 Bay Street, 4th Floor
Toronto, Ontario
Canada M5S 1Z8
Sides, Gary D., Dr.
Head, Physical Chemistry Section
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, AL 35255
Singh, Jag J., Dr.
Staff Scientist
NASA Langley Research Center
M/S 235
Hampton, VA 23665
Sievers, Robert E.
Director
Cooperative Inst. for Research
in Environmental Sciences
Uhiv. of Colorado, Campus Box 449
Boulder, CO 80309
Smith, David E.
Product Manager
Finnigan Corporation
845 W. Maude Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
113
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Smith, Doris, Mrs.
Chemist
Research Triangle Inst.
Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
Smithson, G. Ray Jr.
Manager, RTF Environmental
Programs Office
Battelle—-Columbia Division
200 Park Drive, P.O. Box 12056
Research Triangle Pk, NC 27709
Smith, John H.
Chemist
USEPA/OPTS
401 M St., SW (T3-798)
Washington, DC 20460
Smith, Michael L.
Exec. V.P.
Andersen Samplers, Inc.
4215 Wendell Drive
Atlanta, GA 30336
Snodgrass, Charles E.
Principal Chemist
Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection
Air Pollution Control
U.S. 127 Bypass South
West Frankfort Office Complex
Frankfort, KY 40601
Snow, Robert H.
Chemist
Western Electric Co.
3300 Lexington Rd., Dept. 313380
Winston-Salem, NC 27102
Smith, W.W., Director
Environmental Control
National Steel Corporation
2800 Grant Building
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Sosna, Dennis
City of Philadelphia
Air Management Services Lab.
1501 East Lycoming St.
Philadelphia, PA 19124
Smith, Walter S.
President
Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.
P.O. Box 12291
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Sovocool, G. Wayne, Dr.
Research Chemist
U.S. EPA/ACB/ETD/HERL
MD-69
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Smith, Willard J.
Sr. Sanitary Engineer
New York State Dept. of Environ.
Conservation - Div. of Air
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
Sparacino, Charles
Senior Chemist
RTI
Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27514
114
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Speis, David N.
Analytical Chemist
U.S. EPA - ERT
Raritan Depot, Bldg. 10
Edison, NJ 08837
Stuermer, Daniel H., Dr.
Environmental Scientist
Lawrence Livermore National
laboratory
L-453, P.O. Box 5507
Livermore, CA 94550
Spence, John
Reg'l Liaison Officer
Environmental Protection Agency/OKD
Regional Services Staff (MD-5)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Tannahill, Gary K.
Sr. Program Manager
Radian Corporation
8501 Mo-Pac Blvd., P.O. Box 9948
Austin, TX 78766
Stakes, F. Loyd
Associate Environmental
Chemists
01in Corporation
P.O. Box 2896
Lake Charles, IA 70602
Teller, James H.
Remcom Inc.
P.O. Box 4039
Virginia Beach,
23454
Stallings, Robert L., Dr.
Chemical Engineer
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27514
Terraso, Michael F.
Staff Environmentalist
Texas Eastern Transmission
Corporation
P.O. Box 2521
Houston, TX 77001
Stamulis, Aris
Chem. Engr.
Naval Research Laboratory
Code 6072
Washington, DC 20375
Tew, Jerry G.
Lab Director
Amer. Assoc. of Text. Chem. &
Colorists
P.O. Box 12215
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Strattan, Laurence W.
Chemist
EPA-NEIC
Bldg. 53, Denver Federal Center
Box 25227
Denver, CO 80225
Tindall, William
Tennessee Eastman Co.
Bldg. 54
Kingsport, TN 37662
115
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Tomer, Kenneth, Dr.
Sr. Chemist
Research Triangle Institute
Chem. and Life Sciences Group
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Tuepker, J.L.
V.P. Production
St. Louis County Water Co.
8390 Dalmar Blvd.
University City, MO 63124
Totton, Ezra L., Dr.
Professor, Chemistry Dept.
North Carolina Central Univ.
Durham, NC 22707
Tuinenga, Jim
Supvr. of Laboratory Services
Air Resources, Inc.
600 N. First Bank Drive
Palatine, IL 60067
Trautmann, Martin G.
Chemical Engineer
US Environmental Protection Agency
25089 Center Ridge Road
Westlake, OH 44145
Turner, Alvis G., Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Univ. of NC at Chapel Hill
ESE Dept. School of Public Health
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Trautmann, William
394 So. Troy St.
Aurora, CO 80012
Tyer, Norris W., Jr., Dr.
Laboratory Director
Harris County Pollution
Control Department
P.O. Box 6031
Pasadena, TX 77506
Tseng, Paul K.
Research Chemist
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc.
Biochemicals Dept., Bldg. 324/335
Experimental Station
Wilmington, DE 19898
Vigo, Francesco M.
Research Associate
Owens Corning Fiberglas
P.O. Box 415
Granville, OH 43055
Tsou, George, Dr.
Sr. Air Pollution Specialist
State of CA, Air Resources Board
9528 Telstar Avenue
El Monte, CA 91731
Bodungen, Gustave
Program Administrator
Air Quality Div./IA Dept. Nat. Res,
P.O. Box 44066
Baton Rouge, IA 70804
116
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Wade, Terry L., Dr.
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Oceanography
Old Dominion University
Norfolk, VA 23508
Webber, David
Research Assistant
Institute of Oceanography
Old Dominion University
Norfolk, VA 23508
Wahl, George H., Jr., Dr.
Professor
NC State University
Dept. of Chemistry, Box 5247
Raleigh, NC 27650
Weiskircher, Roy J.
Environment Engineer
United States Steel Corporation
600 Grant St., Rn. 1876
Pittsburgh, PA 15230
Wait, Dallas, Dr.
Organic Lab Director
Energy Resources Co. (ERCO)
185 Alewife Brook Parkway
Cambridge, MA 02138
Werner, Arthur S., Dr.
Manager, Chapel Hill Office
GCA/Ttecnnology Division
500 Eastowne Drive
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Walburn, Stephen G.
Scientist
Northrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
West, Jeffrey L.
Senior Associate Engineer
E S E Inc.
P.O. Box 31528
Raleigh, NC 27612
Walker, Stephen J., Jr., Captain
Envir. Eng., U.S. Army
Johns Hopkins School of Hyg. &
Public Health
602 Falconbridge Dr.
Joppatowne, MD 21085
Wigger, David I.
Chemist III
Alabama Air Pollution Control Comrn.
645 South McDonough St.
Montgomery, AL 36116
Watts, Randall R.
Chief, Quality Assurance Section,
ETD, HERL
EPA, MD-69
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Williams, Annie P.
Lab Analyst
NDrthrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
117
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Williams, David
Acting Chief, Monitoring Criteria
Tunneys Pasture
Health & Welfare
Ottawa, Canada KlA OL2
Woj inski, Stan
Laboratory Manager
Mead CompuChera
P.O. Box 12652
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
Williams, Joe
Chemist
Northrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC
27709
Wood, John A.
Principal A. Q. Chemist
South Coast Air Quality Mgmt.
9150 Flair Drive
El Monte, CA 91731
Dist.
Williams, Norman J.
Chemist
Union Carbide Nuclear Division
P.O. Box Y, Bldg. 9995
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
Woodis, Terry C. Jr.
Research Chemist
Tennessee Valley Authority
National Fertilizer Development
Center, Analytical Svcs. Gp. T102
Muscle Shoals, AL 35660
Williams, Tom, Dr.
Project Scientist
HERL-Northrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Worf, Douglas L., Eh.D.
Consultant
109 Eerth Ct.
Gary, NC 27511
Wilson, William Gary
Sr. Research Chemist
Environmental Research & Tech.
696 Virginia Road
Concord, MA 01742
Wummer, Carl J.
Supervisor
Gilbert Associates, Inc.
P.O. Box 1498
Reading, PA 19603
Windsor, John G., Jr., Dr.
Senior Project Scientist
Northrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Wurtemberger, Fred
Adm. Director
Rensselaer County Sewer Dist.
County Office Building
Troy, NY 12180
118
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