DCN 84-240-016-44-06
Radian Project No. 240-016-44
TASK 2 TECHNICAL NOTE
(Revised)
POTENTIAL SOURCES OF
TOXIC AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
IN VIRGINIA
TASK 2 OF EPA CONTRACT 68-02-3513
ASSISTANCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
VIRGINIA AIR TOXICS PROGRAM
Prepared by:
Jeffrey L. Meling
Robert J. Davis
Radian Corporation
3200 Progress Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Submitted to:
Mr. Harold A. Frankford Mr. John Daniel, Jr.
U.S. EPA Region III State Air Pollution Control Board
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Richmond, Virginia
April 18, 1984
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1-1
1.1 Purpose of Study 1-1
1.2 Objective of Task 2 1-1
1.3 Approach 1-1
1.4 Summary of Results 1-2
1.5 Study Limitations 1-5
2.0 POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF THE SELECTED NONCRITERIA
POLLUTANTS 2-1
3.0 POTENTIAL SOURCES OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS IN
VIRGINIA 3-1
3.1 Industrial and Manufacturing Sources 3-2
3.1.1 Virginia Industrial Profile 3-2
3.1.2 Typical Emission Points 3-5
3.1.3 Potential Toxic Emissions from Common Processes. 3-5
3.1.4 Potential Toxic Emissions from Specific Sources
by Major SIC Category 3-18
3.2 Utility and Municipal Sources 3-36
3.2.1 Potential Toxic Emissions from Utility Sources . 3-36
3.2.2 Potential Toxic Emissions from Municipal
Sources 3-41
3.3 Miscellaneous Sources and Source Categories 3-45
\
3.3.1 Potential Toxic Emissions from Gasoline
Marketing 3-45
3.3.2 Potential Toxic Emissions from Military
Establishments 3-47
3.3.3 Potential Toxic Emissions from Residential Fuel
Combustion 3-47
3.3.4 Potential Toxic Emissions from Hazardous Waste
Disposal 3-49
4.0 REFERENCES 4-1
APPENDIX - MAJOR EMITTERS LISTED IN THE VIRGINIA EMISSIONS INVENTORY . A-l
ii
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Number
1-1
1-2
2-1
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-11
3-12
3-13
3-14
LIST OF TABLES
Title
Emission Source Categories Associated with Selected
Typical Industrial and Manufacturing Emission Processes and
Estimated Total Virginia State Emissions of Selected
Noncriteria Pollutants from Industrial Combustion of Coal. .
Estimated Total Virginia State Emissions of Selected
Noncriteria Pollutants from Industrial Combustion of Oil . .
Partial List of Individual Industrial Coal Users in
Estimated Population of Large Incinerators by Industrial
Summary of U.S. Consumption and Emissions of Eight Solvents
U.S. Degreasing Unit Population by Type and Industrial
Sector
"\
Population of Degreasing Units in Virginia by Type, and
Industries Significant to Surface Coating Operations ....
Summary of Potential Industrial Emitters of Selected
Specific Virginia Emitters of Selected Noncriteria
Potential Noncriteria Pollutants Emitted from the Amoco
Page
1-3
1-7
2-2
3-3
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-10
3-11
3-14
3-15
3-16
3-17
3-19
3-20
3-31
3-33
iii
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LIST OF TABLES
(Continued)
Number Title Page
3-15 Estimated Total Virginia State Emissions of Selected
Noncriteria Pollutants from Utility Combustion of Coal . . . 3-37
3-16 Estimated Total Virginia State Emissions of Selected
Noncriteria Pollutants from Utility Combustion of Oil. . . . 3-38
3-17 Emissions of Selected Noncriteria Pollutants from Individual
Coal- and Oil-Fired Power Plants 3-40
3-18 Estimated Uncontrolled Emission Factors for Utility Cooling
Towers 3-42
3-19 Estimated Emissions of Selected Noncriteria Pollutants from
Utility Cooling Towers in Virginia 3-43
3-20 Emission Concentrations and Emission Rates for Selected
Noncriteria Pollutants Emitted from Municipal Waste
Incinerators 3-44
3-21 Range of Potential Emissions of Trace Metals from Sewage
Sludge Incinerators 3-46
3-22 Estimated Total Virginia State Emissions of Selected
Noncriteria Pollutants from Residential Combustion of
Bituminous Coal 3-48
3-23 Estimated Total Virginia State Emissions of Selected
Noncriteria Pollutants from Residential Combustion of
Wood 3-50
3-24 Estimated Emissions of Selected Noncriteria Pollutants from
Two Lagoons and a Landfill 3-51
3-25 Estimated Nationwide 1980 Hazardous Waste Generation by
Industry ...; 3-52
3-26 Commercial Waste Disposal Facilities in Virginia 3-54
iv
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Title Page
1-1 "Use Tree" for Chlorobenzene 1-8
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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
1.1 Purpose of Study
The Virginia State Air Pollution Control Board is considering revi-
sions to its current regulations for control of potentially toxic air pollu-
tants. In this regard, the Board is interested in identifying emissions
sources and air pollutants that should be given priority concern in an air
toxics control program. Radian Corporation, and its subcontractor SCJ, Inc.,
are under contract to EPA Region III to provide technical services to support
Virginia in these efforts. This program of assistance consists of five tasks.
The first task is an analysis of Virginia's proposed revision to regulation
HP-2 (air toxics control). Task 2 is a study to identify source categories
and specific sources of selected potential toxic air pollutants. Task 3
addresses a prioritization of emissions sources, pollutants, and geographic
areas. Task 4 reviews the list of noncriteria pollutants* that other states
and the Federal government consider to be of priority concern for purposes of
instituting emission controls or monitoring. Task 5 includes technical sup-
port in modeling, monitoring, or controlling air toxics. This report presents
the results of Task 2.
1.2 Objective of-Task 2
The objective of Task 2 is to identify a candidate list of possible
sources of emissions of toxic air pollutants in Virginia. In Task 3, this
list will be further refined to provide guidance to the Virginia SAPCB in its
efforts to effect compliance with its hazardous air pollutant regulations.
1.3 Approach
Task 2 was accomplished in three steps:
*The term "noncriteria pollutants" in this report is used synonymously with
"potential toxic air pollutants" and "potential hazardous air pollutants."
1-1
-------
1) Review of the literature discussing general emissions
sources of toxic air pollutants.
A substantial body of information exists that links emissions of
various toxic compounds with specific source categories. The U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA), in particular, has generated a significant
number of reports dealing with air emissions of selected toxic pollutants.
The literature reviewed was confined, for the most part, to these EPA reports.
These reports provided useful information on possible source categories of
toxic air emissions, specific emitting facilities and their emission rates,
and other data needed to evaluate the potential level of toxic emissions from
selected sources.
2) Characterization of air emissions sources in Virginia.
This step examined the types of emissions sources that are present
in Virginia. Published references such as the Virginia Industrial Directory
along with Virginia Emissions Inventory data provided by the SAPCB were used
to identify significant source categories.
3) Matching of specific sources present in Virginia (from
Step 2) with toxic pollutants (and their emission rates,
if possible) that they potentially emit (from Step 1).
Knowledge of which pollutants may be emitted from which sources, and
of what types of sources are present in Virginia was used to identify the
toxic pollutants that may be emitted in the state.
1.4 Summary of Results
Approximately 100 literature sources were reviewed to compile a
generic list of potential emission sources of 61 selected noncriteria pol-
lutants listed in Table 1-1. These pollutants were selected in Task 4 as a
result of an examination of compounds that are of priority concern to other
air pollution control agencies. The literature sources cited in this task
report are presented in Section 4.0.
1-2
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TABLE 1-1. SIXTY-ONE SELECTED NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
Arsenic
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzidine
Benzyl chloride
BerryIlium
Bis(chloromethyl)ether
Cadmium
Carbon tetrachloride
CFC 113 (Freon 113)
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Chromium
Coke oven emissions
m-Cresol
o-Cresol
p-Cresol
Dibromoethane (ethylene
dibromide)
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine
Dichloroethane (ethylene
dichloride)
Dichloromethane (methylene
chloride)
Dimethyl sulfate
Dioxane ^
Dioxins
Epichlorohydrin
Ethyleneimine (Aziridine)
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hydraz ine
Lead arsenate
Maleic anhydride
Manganese
Mercury
B-Napthylamine
Nickel
Nitrobenzene
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Nitrosomorpholine
Parathion
Phenol
Phosgene
Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs)
Polycyclic Organic Matter
(includes Benzo(a)pyrene)
Propylene oxide
Radionuclides
Tetrachloroethylene
(perchloroethylene)
Toluene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
(methyl chloroform)
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
1-3
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The generic list of source categories for each of the 61 pollutants
is presented in Section 2.0 in two columns: sources for which emissions of
the noncriteria pollutant in question have been documented in the literature,
and sources that may be suspected or possible sources of the pollutant. The
appearance of a source category on the list in Section 2.0 does not mean that
all facilities in that category are known or suspected to emit the pollutant,
only that some do or may emit the pollutant. In total, several hundred source
categories are listed together with the appropriate literature references.
The categories are listed in descending rank order of total national estimated
emissions.
The source listing in Section 2.0 is generic for the nation. To
determine which source categories and specific facilities in Virginia may emit
the selected noncriteria pollutants, an effort was made to determine the
extent to which the sources listed in Section 2.0 are present in Virginia.
The Virginia Industrial Directory and the SAPCB emission inventory were used
as a basis for this assessment. Section 3.0 presents the source categories,
and, to a limited extent, specific facilities and activities in Virginia that
are potential sources of one or more of the selected noncriteria pollutants.
The sources are presented in three general areas: (1) industrial and manufac-
turing, which includes the more "traditional" sources such as the various seg-
ments of the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry; (2) utility
and municipal, such as steam electric boilers and sewage treatment plants; and
(3) miscellaneous, such as residential wood burning and hazardous waste
storage, treatment, and disposal facilities.
It is important to note that the listed sources are potential rather
than confirmed emitters of the noncriteria pollutants. Confirmation may re-
quire site-specific information on fuels, feedstocks, processes, or source
emission measurements.
The review of the literature indicates that there are significant
gaps., inconsistencies, .and conflicts in emission data for many individual com-
pounds. Noncriteria pollutants are emitted in the manufacture of chemicals or
1-4
-------
as a by-product of an industrial process such as iron and steel production, as
a trace constituent in combustion (e.g., heavy metals from coal-fired power
plants), and as a fugitive emission from the use or disposal of a substance.
In general, the most significant data gaps appear to be associated with end
use and disposal activities. Also, published emission estimates for different
compounds and within source categories sometimes differ by several orders of
magnitude. For these reasons, results of this assessment should be treated
with caution.
In the next task under this contract, Radian will identify which of
the sources, pollutants, and geographic areas should be accorded a higher pri-
ority in the SAFCB's efforts to assure compliance with Virginia's hazardous
air pollutant regulations.
1.5 Study Limitations
There are several limitations that were encountered in the develop-
ment of the material presented in this report, and, consequently, limit the
reliability and usefulness of the results.
Potential Rather than Actual Sources
As noted earlier, the industries and activities identified in this
report are potential, rather than actual, sources of emissions of the selected
61 noncriteria pollutants. More specific information on manufacturing pro-
cesses, fuel contents, feedstock types, and existing controls would be re-
quired on a facility-specific basis in order to state with confidence that a
particular source in Virginia is a probable or actual emitter of a given pol-
lutant. Quantitative data on fuel use, plant throughput, and pollutant con-
trol efficiency would be required in order to estimate emisson levels. For
example, trichloroethylene can be emitted from metal degreasing operations,
which are used in a number of industrial sectors. To quantify trichloro-
ethylene emissions from individual facilities in Virginia, the required
information would include:
1-5
-------
o facilities using degreaser units,
o type of degreaser,
o type of solvent,
o level of use or solvent consumption, and
o emission controls.
',,
Instead, a more general approach is taken here. That is, the types of indus-
trial facilities that commonly use degreasers are identified and presented
along with other relevant data regarding toxic emissions potential.
Lack of Reliable Data on Trace Releases. End Uses, and Disposal
Another major limitation affecting any assessment of noncriteria
pollutant emissions is the general scarcity of reliable data on emissions
occurring as the result of the end use or the disposal of a substance. Table
1-2 indicates five means by which noncriteria pollutants are generated and
released. Because there are relatively less reliable data available for emis-
sions resulting from trace releases, end uses, and disposal activities, there
is a tendency to either overlook or understate the emission of a given pol-
lutant emitted in these areas. Figure 1-1 is a chemical use tree that illus-
trates the complexity of attempting to identify or quantify emissions of
chlorobenzene, a compound whose use tree typifies the variety of potential
\
releases that may occur during production, use, or disposal.
1-6
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TABLE 1-2. MEANS BY WHICH TOXIC POLLUTANT EMISSIONS MAY OCCUR
General Emissions
Source Categories
Brief Description
Examples
Production
Intermediate use
Trace release
End-use
Disposal
Emissions of a substance
during its production
Emission of a substance
during its use as a
feedstock or intermediate
or as the by-product in
the manufacture of
another substance
Release of substance
present as a trace
constituent or impurity
End-use emission of a
substance or product
containing it
Release of a substance
during its disposal or
during the disposal of a
material containing it
Acrolein emissions from
acrolein production
Nickel emissions from
nickel refining
Chloroform emissions
during production of
Fluorocarbon 22 from
chloroform
Chromium emissions from the
production of chromium
chemicals
Emissions of beryllium,
mercury, and other trace
elements during the combus-
tion of coal
Emissions of toluene and
other volatile organics
during the combustion of
gasoline
Volatilization of trichloro-
ethylene used as a metal
degreaser
Volatilization of toxic
organics during the applica-
tion of pesticides
PCB emissions from PCB
incineration
Volatilization of chloroform
during treatment of waste-
water at pulp and paper
mills
1-7
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CHLOtOtENZENK
I
oo
• a-AWINOPHENOL-p-SULFONIC ACID
• ANILINE
o-CIILOROHITROtEHZtHE
p.CIILOKONITROIENiltNE
DIPHENVL OXIDE
rilENOL
DROAMIC D
• POLISHES k SANITATION COOPS
• SVMTIIETIC OUCANIC ARCICULTUKAL CHEMICALS
• HEDICINAL CHEMICALS t PHARMACEUTICALS
• ORGANIC DYES & PjCHENTS
L- •• DICMLOUUENZElUt
• l.l.i-TBICHLOROBENZENE
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS
I.2.1.S-TCTRACHLOROIENZENS
METAL TREATING COMPOUNDS
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS
SOLVENTS
Figure l-l. "Use Tree" for Chlorobenzene
Source: Reference 47.
Note: Underlining indicates a major end-use industrial category.
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2.0 POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF THE SELECTED NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS
Information contained in the literature on potential emissions
source categories of the 61 selected noncriteria pollutants is summarized in
Table 2-1. Approximately 100 reports, books, and journal articles were re-
viewed to compile the lists of potential emitters. References cited in the
table are presented in Section 4.0.
An attempt was made to rank the identified emissions source cate-
gories for each of the compounds in decreasing order based on total U.S. emis-
sions of each pollutant. Given the present problems and discrepancies asso-
ciated with estimating emissions of noncriteria pollutants, these rankings are
subject to uncertainty— especially for the minor source categories (i.e.,
nearer the bottom of each list). In addition, for a few pollutants no esti-
mates of nationwide emissions from various emissions sources were found in the
literature. For others, there are conflicting estimates, sometimes varying by
several orders of magnitude.
2-1
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TABLE 2-1. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS
Pollutant
Identified Eniaiion* Source*'
Reference*
Other Potential Emiiaione Source!2
Reference*
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
to
AUyl chloride
Arteaic
Acetic acid prod. 68
Pentaerythrltol prod.
Peracetic acid prod.
Pyridene* »fg.
Acetaldehyde prod.
Glyoxal prod.
Prod, of refined acrolein 63,68
and glycerin
HetbioDioe analog* (poultry
feed lupplenent*) prod.
Prod, of acrylic acid
intermediate
Acrylonitrile prod. S5.69.74
Acrylic, nodacrylic fiber prod.
Prod, of AtS and SAM reain*
Nitrile rubber and late* prod.
Adiponitrile prod.
Aerylamide prod.
Prod, of nitrile barrier reain*
Prod, of allyl chloride, epichloro- 68
hydrin, and glycerin (usually at the
aaae plant)
End-uie in peiticidea. herbicidea. 5,58,62
and fungicide*
Primary copper and line fuelling
Claa* mfg.
Coal combuation
Primary and leeondary lead melting
Prod, of chemical* containing araenie
(including inaecticidea, herbicide*,
and vood preservative*)
Sewtge iludge incineratora
Gray iron foundry
Cotton ginning
Prod, of acetic anhydride, acrolein, aldol, 63
butamol, chloral, and paraldehyde
Mfg. of disinfectant*, druga, dyea, exploiivei,
flavoring*, lacquer>, mirror* (ailvering),
perfume, photographic chemical*, phenolic and
urea reaina, rubber acceleratora and antioxi-
danta, varniahea, vinegar, and yeaat.
Peaticide* mfg. (a* an intermediate)
End-uae* a*: liquid fuel, antimicrobial agent, 63
algaecide, aquatic herbicide, and alimicide
(paper mfg.)
End-uae a* peiticide 63,67
Mfg. of dye*
Prod, of variou* plaatic* and reiin* 19
Pigment prod. 63
Textile printing
Tanning and taxidermy
(Continued)
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TABLE 2-1. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED
NONCRITER1A POLLUTANTS (Continued)
Pollutant
Aebeatoa
Identified Emissions Source*'
Mining and Billing of asbestos
References
6,62
Other Potential Emissions Sources2
Reference!
Benzene
NJ
I
U>
Benzidlne
Benzyl chloride
Prod, of asbestos-containing products
(including brake linings, shingles
and siding, textiles, paper and felt,
floor tile, and cement pipe and sheet)
Installation of asbestos construction
materials
Roadway surfacing j
Building demolition and renovation
Automobile exhaust 23,41,83
Gasoline evaporation
Benzene prod.
Prod, of ethylbenzene, styrene, phenol,
cyclohexane, nalelc anhydride,
aniline, chlorobenzenes, nitrobenzene,
ethylene, and linear alkyl benzene
Solvent usage ID textile nfg., '
degreasing, organic synthesis, pharaa-
ceutical synthesis, aluninua alkyla,
alcohols, and consumer products
Coke prod./coke ovens
Waste disposal of benzene (including
landfills,' lagoons, Isndspresdlng',
and incineration)
Benzidine prod. 7,85
Prod, of commercial dyes (prinarily
aso, mordant, and direct dyes)
Mfg. of rubber cbenicals
End-use of dyes (siainly in textile,
paper, and leather industries)
Benxyl chloride prod. 68
Butyl benzyl phthalate prod.
Quaternary ammonium compounds prod.
Benzyl alcohol prod.
Mfg. of detergents, explosives, and dyeatuffa
Daed in photogravure printing
Various petroleum refining processes
13,63
Mfg. of plastic films
63
Prod, of benzyl aldehyde
Mfg. of plastics, dyes, synthetic tanlns,
perfumes, resins, and phanaaceuticals
22,63
(Continued)
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TABLE 2-1. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS (Continued)
Pollutant
Identified Emiaaions Source*1
Reference*
Other Potential Emiaaions Sources^
References
Beryllium
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Cadmium
Si
Carbon tetrachloride
Co*l combustion
Oil combuition
Cray iron foundry
Beryl Hun metal and alloy prod.
Coke prod./coke oven*
Waite incineration
Cement prod.
Ceramic plant*
Rocket motor firing*
Hone documented^
62.68
Refractorie* mfg.
Anion-exchange re*in prod.
Textile mfg. (segment uiing formaldehyde-
containing reactanta and resins in fabric
finiahing and aa adhetivei)
Ronwoven induatry (uaing themoietting acrylic
emlaion polymers)
21.63
Primary cadmium smelting 62
Primary tine and copper sueIting
Iron and steel mfg.
Secondary copper smelting
Prioary lead smelting
Coal combustion
Waste incineration
Prod, of cadmium paint pigments
Prod, of cadmium-barium plastic stabiliser*
Hi-Cd battery mfg.
Cement prod.
Misc. solvent applications (as an oil, 4,68
wax, and fat extractant; in rubber
cement; in shoe and furniture polishes;
in paints and lacquers; in printing ink;
in floor vaxea; and in stains)
Csrbon tetrachloride prod.
Fluorocarbon gaa prod.
(F-ll and F-12)
Misc. uses (pharmaceutical* mfg.,
pesticide formulation, carbon tetra-
faromide mfg., chlorine prod.)
(Continued)
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TABLE 2-1. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS (Continued)
Pollutant
CFC 113 (Freon 113)
Identified Emissions Sources'
Critical cleaning of electrical and
Referencea
77
Other Potential Eaieaione Sourcea*
Referencea
Chlorobeniene (nono)
Chloroform
Cn
Cbloroprene
Chromium
Coke oven emissions*
mechanical aaaenbliea
Solvent applicationa (primarily
degreasing, cleaning and drying)
Solder flux removal
Dry cleaning
End-uaea a> degreaaing aolvent (cold 68
cleaners) and intermediate in pesti-
cides nfg.
Chlorobeniene prod.
Nitrochlorobensene prod.
Misc. aolvent end-uses (mfg. of 2,20,41,
artificial silk, plastics, floor 63,68
polishes, fluorocarbona, dyea,
pesticides)
Evaporation from pulp/paper bleaching
waatevater
Pharmaceuticals prod.
Chloroform prod.
EDC prod.
Cooling towers
F-22 prod.
Chloroprene prod, and captive use 63,68
in polychloroprene synthetic rubber
mfg. (neoprene, duprene)
Steel prod. 41,56.62
Coal combustion
Chromium chemicals prod, (primarily
sodium chronate and aodium di-
chromate and sodium dichromat*)
Refractory prod.
Oil combustion
Waste and aevage sludge incineration
Cement prod.
Cooling towers
Electroplating
Coke prod./coke ovens 63
Mfg. of analine and phenol
Intermediate in mfg. of dyestuffs
63,67
Various petroleum refining processes
15
(Continued)
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TABLE 2-1. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS (Continued)
Pollutant
Creaola'
Identified Ernie i!oni Source*'
End-use •• wire enamel *olvent
References
68
Other Potent!*! Enitsions Sources'
Mfg. of dye*
References
15,63,67
Dibronoethane (ethylene
dibroBide)
1,4-Dlchlorobeniene
(p-Dichlorobenxene)
3,3-Dlchlorobensidine
Dlchloroethine (Ethylene
dichlorlde)
End-use* a* disinfectant/cleaning
compound, »nd ore flotation agent
Coke prod./coke oven*
Cresol prod.
Creiylic acid prod.
Phenolic resins prod.
Hisc. prod. (BBT, antioxidants, pesti-
cide*, tricretyl photphate)
Evaporation of leaded automotive fuel
End-uses as apace deodorant and for
noth control
1,4-Dichlorobenxene prod.
Pesticide prod, (as an intermediate)
Finishing of woven fabrica
Hone documented-*
Various petroleum refining processes
63
46,68
Methyl chlorofom prod.
Dichloroethane prod.
Ethyl chloride prod.
Ethylene*mine* prod.
Vinylidene chloride prod.
Triehloroethylene prod.
Vinyl chloride prod.
Evaporation of leaded automotive fuel
End-uie a* an extraction aolvent (anioal
fat*, pharnaceuticala)
Bnd-u*e a* a cleaning (olvent (plaitics,
textile*, (pparel)
3,26.68
Dibronoethane prod.
End-uae as soil and grain funigant
Intenediate in *ynthe*i* of dye* and pharaaeeu-
ticala
Solvent for resin*, guai, waxes, celluloid, fat*,
and oil*
Intermediate in prod, of dye*, pharmaceutical*,
and polyphenylene acid*
Catalyst for »fg. of nercapto acids
Mfg. of pigment* for printing ink, textiles,
plastic*, and crayon*
Curing agent for solid urethan* plastics
Mfg. of ethylene glycol, nylon, rayon, rubber,
and plastic*
Solvent for realm, aaphalt, bituain, rubber,
celluloie acetate and eater, and paint
21,63,67
22.67
63
63
(Continued)
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TABLE 2-1. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS (Continued)
Pollutant
Identified Emieaione Source*'
Reference*
Other Potential Emiaaion* Source**
Reference*
Dichloroaethint (Methylene
chloride)
Formulation *nd uae of houiehold p*int
and varniih remover*
Knd-u»e •• « metal degrea*ing tolvent
(primarily cold cleaner*)
Aerotol vapor deprenant
Flaitic* preceding
Intermediate in dye and pharmaceu-
tical prod.
Extraction advent for oil*, fat*, and
wait*
63.66
Solvent in textile industry (rayon yarn mfg., PVC 20
fiber prod.)
Dimethyl lulfate
Diozan*
NJ
I
Dloxlo*
Epichlorohydrin
Rone documented1
Rone documented^
Haiardoui and municipal vaite incin- 59,68
eratori, wire reclanation incineratora,
industrial boiler*, vood itovea, fire-
place*, reaidential furnace*, foreat
fire*, transformer fire*, charcoal
prod., and internal combu*tion engine*
End-uie of pentachlorophenol (vood)
preaervative)
Prod, of pentachlorophenol, tricbloro-
phenol trichlorophenol, and 2,4,5-T
End-uie of 2,4,5-T (herbicide)
Epoxy re*in prod.
Epichlorohydrin and glycerin prod.
Prod, of aiic. epichlorohydrin product*
(polyamide-epichlorohydrin retina,
epichlorohydrin elaetoaera, and aurf
actant*)
41,64,68
Mfg. of methyl eater*, ether* and aminea, dyea,
drug*, perfume, phenol derivative*, and
peaticidea
Solvent in the aeparation of mineral oila
Solvent for cellulo*e acetate, dye*, fat*,
greaiei, lacquer*, mineral oil, paint*, poly-
vinyl polymer*, re*in*, varniibe*, and vaxea
Paint and varniab (tripping
Vetting/diiperting agent in textile preceding,
dye bath*, and itain and printing compoaition*
Intermediate in mfg. of cellulose eater* and
ethera, paint*, varniahea, nail enamel*, drug*,
and lacquera
63
63
63
(Continued)
-------
TABLE 2-1. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS (Continued)
Pollutant
Identified Emissions Sources'
Reference*
Other Potential Emissions Sources'
Reference!
ho
I
00
Ethylenelmlne (Axlrldine)
Etbylane oxide
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Rydratine
Lead araenate
Haleic anhydride
None documented^
Ethylene oxide prod.
Prod, of ethylene glycol, di-, tri-,
and polyethylene glycol, aurface
active agenta, and ethanolaminea
63,68
Prod, of urea, phenolic, and melamlne 27,48,68
reaina
Prod, of pentaerythritol, butanediol,
acetal reain*, and hexamethylenetet-
raalne
Formaldehyde prod.
Reain application* (primarily in
conatruction nateriala Industries)
End-use* in textile (textile treating),
paper, and coating* induatriea
Fuel conbustion
Catalytic cracking (refineriea)
Bexaehloroeyclopentadiene prod. 68
Mfg. of flame retardanta, peaticidea,
and flame-retardant reaina
Rone documented'
Rone documented'
Haleic anhydride prod. ' 28
Prod, of phthalic anhydride and unaatu-
rated polyeater reain*
Textile induatry (uaed for flameproofing, shrlnk-
proofing, stiffening, and waterproofing)
Uaed a* fuoigant for foodatuffa and textilea
Intermediate in ayntheai* of druga and pesticides
Died in «fg. of dyea, inka, eelluloae eaters,
•irrors, explosives, drug*, and peaticidea
Daed in chemical ayntheaia (anticorroaivea,
dyea, textile agenta, peaticidea, pharaa-
ceutieala)
Used a* a rocket fuel
63
63
63,67
63.67
Mfg., formulation, and application of lead araenate 63
insecticide
Mfg. of fumaric acid, alkyd reain, and peaticidea 63
(Continued)
-------
TABLE 2-1. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED
NONCRITER1A POLLUTANTS (Continued)
Pollutant
Manganese
Identified Emissions Source*' Beference* Other Potential Emissions Source*2 Reference*
Ferroalloy, ferromanganeae, and 41,62,68 Mfg. of paint*, varnlihei, ink*, dye*, matche* 63
Mercury
-Naphthylamine
Rickel
Hitrobeniene
(ilicoaanganeie prod.
Iron and *teel prod.
Gray iron foundry
Coal combustion
Coke prod./coke oven*
Chemical application* and battery prod.
Solid v**te and. aewage incineration
Cooling tower*
Oil combustion .
Mercury mining and proce**ing 62
Chloralkali mfg.
Coal eombuition
Copper and line melting
Paint application
Incineration
Coke prod./coke oven*
Done documented*
Oil combmtion (Including dieiel fuel) 41.57,68
Ferroalloy*, iron and iteel, and non-
ferroalloy prod.
Coal combuation
Rickel matte refining
Rickel mining and melting
Secondary nickel melting
Gray iron foundry
Coke prod./coke oven*
Cement prod.
Cooling tower*
Municipal and aevage aludge incinerator*
Electroplating
Ri-Cd battery mfg.
and firework*
End-uie a* solvent in cellulose ether
mfg. (petroleum induatry)
Ritrobenxene prod, and captive u*e to
produce aniline
16,68
Died only for research purpose*
Variou* petroleum refining precede*
63
IS
Mfg. of expletive*
Died in ihoe and floor polishes, dye*,
leather dressings, and paint solvents
63,67
(Continued)
-------
TABLE 2-1. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS (Continued)
Pollutant
Identified Emiaaiona Source!1
Reference!
Other Potential Emiaaion* Sources*
Reference!
B-Hitro*odiaethylamine
Nitroioaorpholine
N>
I
Parathion
Phenol
Phoigene
Polychlorinated biphenyla
(PCBi)
N-Hitroiodimethylanine prod. 68
Die! as intermediate in prod, of dimethyl
formnnide and dimethyl acetamide
(induatrial lolveote), lauryl dimethyl-
anine oxide, dimethyl hydrasine pesti-
cide!, and rubber chemical accelerator!
End-uie aa a corroaion inhibitor in 68
boiler lyatemi
Poliih and vax formulating
Hitroaomorpholine prod.
Prod, of rubber procening chemical!
Hfg. of optical brightenera (aoap and
detergent induatry)
Mfg., formulation, and application of 63
parathion iniecticide
Phenol prod. 68
Prod, of phenolic reaina
Caprolactaa and adipie acid prod.
Biiphenol-A prod.
Prod, of nonylphenol, lalicylic acid, and
dodecylphenol
Phoigene prod. 68
Prod, of toluene diiiocyanate, polyneric
iiocyanatea, and polycarbonate!
Diipooal by incineration or burning of 24,68
tranafoner! and capacitora containing
PCBi
Tranaforner leak!
Hfg. of diaethylhydrazine
Plasticirer for acrylonitrile polymer*
Conatituent in rocket fuela and aynthetic cutting
fluid!
63
Mfg. of exploaivea, fertiliser, coke, illuminating
gas, lampblack, painta, paint remover*, rubber,
asbestos good!, vood preservatives, pharma-
ceutical! and perfume!
Used aa a diainfectant in the petroleum, leather,
paper, aoap, toy, tanning, dye, and agriculture
induatriea
Mfg. of dyeatuffi, insecticide*, and pharma-
ceutical*
Oaed in insulation for electric cable! and virea,
and at • coating in foundry uae
63,67
63
63
(Continued)
-------
TABLE 2-1. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS (Continued)
Pollutant
Identified Eminiom Source*1
Reference!
Other Potential Eaidioo* Source*2
Reference*
Polycyclie Organic Hatter7
Propylene oxide
Radionuclide*
Tetrachloroethylene
(Perchloroethylene)
Reiidential fuel conbuition (primarily 8,13,42,49,
vood and coal)8 62,63
Motor vehicle*
Prescribed burning and wildfire*
Municipal and industrial incineration'
Coke prod./coke oven*
Other fuel co»bu«tion (burning coal
refuie pile*, power plant*,
induitrial boiler*, catalytic
cracking)"
Carbon black and charcoal prod.
Alphalt prod.
Dye plgnent «fg.
Propylene oxide prod. 68
Prod, of uretbane polyol*
Prod, of aurfactant polyol*, propylene
glycol, di and tri-propylena glyeol*.
and glycol ether*
Fonil fuel conbuition 62
Uraniun aining and proceuing
Unclear fuel fabrication, nuclear
reactor operation, and (pent fuel
reproceiiing
Elenental phoiphorou* plant*
Dry cleaning 19.23,63
Textile proceoing and refinUbing
Metal cleaning and degreaaing (aolvent)
Tetrachloroethylene prod.
Mi*c. cheaicala prod, (interaediate)
Mi»c. aolveot application* (nagnetie
tape*, plaitic*. rubber aolutioni,
paint remover*, ink*, aolvent *o*p*,
fat*, and oil*)
(Continued)
-------
TABLE 2-1. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS (Continued)
Pollutant
Identified Eniaaiooi Scarce*1
Reference*
Other Potential Eaidion* Source*2
Reference*
Toluene
N)
1,1 ,l-Trichloroeth»ne
(Methyl cblorofora)
Triehloroethylene
t
Vinyl chloride
Vlnylidene chloride
Xyleae*9
Automobile exhautt 68,84
Mfg. and application of paint and
coating*
Mfg. and uie of adhe*ive«, ink*, and
pharmaceutical*
Evaporation of gaioline
Coke prod./coke oven*
Toluene prod. '
Bentene prod.
Toluene diiiocyanate prod.
Bensoic acid prod.
Prod, of vinyl toluene, benxyl chloride,
zylene, p-ereaol, and bensaldehyde
Metal cleaning (degreaiing) 20,68,76
Variou* other lolvent and cleaning
application*
End-uie in aeroiol fonralationa
1,1,1-Trichloroethane prod.
Prod, of vinyl chloride, vinylidene
chloride, and ethane
Metal degreadng (vapor degreaier* and 19,51,68
cold cleaner*)
Variou* other iclvent and cleaning
applicationa
Trichloroethylen* prod.
PVC prod.
Vinyl chloride and PVC prod. 63
Ethylene dichloride prod.
Prod, of copolymer coating reain* 19,39,41,
(•aran, cellophane, latex) 70
Mfg. of DOdacrylic fiber*
Vinylidene chloride prod.
Methyl chloroform prod.
Mixed xylene (olvent uiage (primarily 29,68
in paint* and coating*)
Automobile exhauit
Caroline evaporation
Zylene prod.
Terephthalic acid prod.
Solvent in the mfg. of rubber and plaatlca 1J.38.S2,
Various petroleim refining procene* 67,87
Mfg. of dye* and exploalve*
Prod, of peaticidea, vaxea, gun*, reiini, tar*, 63
paint* and varni*be*
Prod, of copolymera daran)
87
Binder in aortara and eoncretea, paint*, and non- 63
voven fabric*
Variou* petroleum refining proce**e*
Pe*ticide *fg.
15,52
-------
3.0 POTENTIAL SOURCES OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS IN VIRGINIA
In the previous section, a profile of source categories associated
with the emissions of 61 noncriteria pollutants was presented. These data
were obtained from studies and surveys conducted at a generic or national
level. This section addresses the extent to which the source categories iden-
tified in the previous section are present in Virginia and what quantities of
noncriteria pollutants those sources may be emitting. In some cases, it is
possible to estimate statewide emissions where the number of facilities is
known, and where emission factor data are available.
Because of the great number of sources involved (there are approxi-
mately 2,500 stationary sources in Virginia), emphasis has been placed on
larger facilities. Since virtually all of the noncriteria pollutants selected
for this study are in the form of either volatile organic compounds (VOC) or
particulate matter (PM) emissions, it is assumed that facilities listed in the
Virginia Emissions Inventory as having PM or VOC emissions greater than 100
tons per year are potentially major emitters of noncriteria pollutants. This
does not mean that all facilities emitting less than 100 tons per year of
either PM or VOC have been excluded in this report. Some facilities emitting
minute quantities may pose higher risks than the so-called "major" emitters.
The 100 ton per year cutoff merely provides a convenient breakpoint for iden-
tifying possible major emitters.
\
This section divides potential emissions sources into three cate-
gories:
o industrial and manufacturing,
o utility and municipal,
o and miscellaneous.
3-1
-------
3.1 Industrial and Manufacturing Sources
Industrial and manufaturing facilities generally include all those
assigned Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes of 10-14 and 20-39.
This section addresses potential emissions of selected noncriteria pollutants
from these sources. First, a profile of Virginia industry is presented, fol-
lowed by a brief discussion of typical emission points from industrial
sources. Potential emissions are discussed with respect to common process
types, and then specific SIC categories and specific facilities in Virginia.
3.1.1 Virginia Industrial Profile
An overview of industrial and manufacturing facilities in Virginia
is shown in Table 3-1. Table 3-1 shows the total number of facilities in each
SIC category as well as indications of size, both in terms of employment and
in PM and VOC emissions.
Table 3-1 shows that a broad range of industries is present in
Virginia. In terms of total number of facilities, lumber and wood leads the
way, followed by printing and publishing, and food. Facilities employing 600
or more persons are concentrated in textiles, chemicals, electrical machinery,
food, and furniture. In terms of emissions, the furniture, chemicals, and
paper industries appear to predominate.
\
With respect to emissions of toxic substances, the chemical and pri-
mary metal industries are important—chemicals for emissions of toxic volatile
organics and primary metals for toxic trace metals. As will be shown later,
there are several chemical plants in Virginia that may pose problems as
emitters of toxic organics. However, relative to states such as Texas,
Louisiana, and New Jersey, the chemical industry in Virginia is small. Re-
garding primary metals, the big emitters of toxic metals are copper, lead, and
zinc smelters, none of which are present in Virginia.
3-2
-------
TABLE 3-1. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES IN VIRGINIA
Major SIC
Category
12
14
20
21
22
23
24
UJ
1
to 25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
No. of
Brief Description in
Bituminous coal
and lignite mining
Mining and quarrying
of nonmetallic mineral* ,
except fuel*
s
Food and kindred product!
Tobacco manufacturer*
Textile mill product*
Apparel and other finished
product* made from fabric*
and similar material*
Lumber and wood products,
except furniture
Furniture and fixture*
Paper and allied product*
Printing, publishing, and
allied industries
Chemical* and allied
product*
Petroleum refining end
related industries
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastic* product*
Leather and leather
product*
Stone, clay, glass, and
concrete product*
No. of Facilities
Employing More Than:1
Facilities 100 600
Virginia1 Person*. Persons
203
167
457
21
114
246
736
206
100
689
181
32
128
27
294
22
18
93
14
61
101
58
47
39
47
42
10
36
15
39
5
1
13
5
IB
7
3
11
5
6
14
0
5
1
3
No. of Facilities
Emitting More Than
100 tons/vr of:2
PM
2
37
2
0
1
0
4
3
7
0
12
2
0
0
15
voc
1
0
1
5
3
0
5
31
11
7
13
1
6
0
4
No. of Facilities
Emitting More Than
500 tons/vr of:2
PM
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
4
1
0
0
4
VOC
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
9
4
3
9
1
4
0
4
(Continued)
-------
TABLE 3-1. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRAL FACILITIES IN VIRGINIA (Continued)
Ho. of Facilities
Employing More Than:1
Major SIC
Category
33
34
35
36
37
38
UJ 39
1
Ho. of
Brief Description in
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products,
except machinery and trans-
portation equipment
Machinery, except electrical
Electrical and electronic
machinery, equipment and
supplies
Transportation equipment
Instruments; photographic.
medical and optical goods;
watches and clocks
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries
Facilities
Virginia1
71
363
/
435
155
111
105
108
100
Persons
23
51
57
59
35
22
17
600
Persons
6
1
4
14
7
4
1
Mo. of Facilities
Emitting More Than
100 tons/yr of:2
PM
4
0
0
0
2
0
0
VOC
4
6
0
1
4
0
0
Ho. of Facilities
Emitting More Than
500 tons/yr of:2
PM
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
VOC
1
3
0
0
3
0
0
1 Source: Reference 81.
^Source: Reference 80.
-------
All of the major emitters identified in Table 3-1 are listed in the
Appendix by major SIC category. SIC 14, however, is not included due to the
large number of facilities (37) and the fact that little probability of sig-
nificant toxic air emissions from this category exists.
3.1.2 Typical Emission Points
Pollutants from industrial and manufacturing facilities may be
emitted to the atmosphere from a number of different types of processes and
emission points. Some of the typical ones are shown in Table 3-2. Fuel com-
bustion, waste incineration, VOC storage and handling, solvent degreasing, and
industrial surface coatings are common to a number of the industrial and manu-
facturing SIC categories. Toxic emissions from these sources are discussed
next in Section 3.1.3. Chemical processing, metal processing, solvent uses
other than degreasing and industrial coatings, and other emissions that are
unique to a given source or SIC category are discussed in Section 3.1.4.
Cooling towers, which are found in both the utility and industrial sectors,
will be dealt with in Section 3.2.1. It should be noted that toxic emissions
from industrial sector cooling towers may be more significant than from the
utility sector due to their greater numbers and possible greater use of bio-
cides. However, it was not possible to evaluate this further.
3.1.3 Potential Toxic Emissions from Common Processes
\ ' -
Fuel Combustion
Coal and oil are used widely in Virginia's industrial sector. In
1981, the most recent year for which data are available, industry in Virginia
consumed approximately 4 million tons of bituminous coal (3.1 percent of total
U.S. industrial coal consumption), 3.8 million barrels of distillate oil (1.6
percent), and 2.7 million barrels of residual oil (1.6 percent).72 Based on
these figures, Tables 3-3 and 3-4 present estimated state total emissions of
selected noncriteria pollutants emitted by industrial coal and oil combustion.
For coal combustion a range of emissions is given. The actual figure probably
3-5
-------
TABLE 3-2. TYPICAL INDUSTRIAL AND MANUFACTURING EMISSION PROCESSES AND
EMISSION POINTS
Emission Process
Emission Point
Fuel combustion
Waste incineration
VOC storage
VOC handling, leaks, spills and evaporation
Solvent degreasing
Industrial surface coatings
Other solvent use
Chemical processing
Metal processing
Cooling towers
Stack
Stack
Tank vent
Fugitive
Vent or fugitive
Vent or fugitive
Vent or fugitive
Process vent
Stack, process vent,
or fugitive
Stack or fugitive
3-6
-------
TABLE 3-3. ESTIMATED TOTAL VIRGINIA STATE EMISSIONS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA
POLLUTANTS FROM INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION OF COAL
Emission Factors
(Ib/ton)1 —
Pollutant
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Di ox ins ^
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
POM2
Radionuclides
Uncontrolled
O.OA
0.005
0.002
0.052
0.000001
0.03
0.072
0.0004
0.036
0.0000763
NA
ESP
0.004
0.0001
<0.0001
0.004
NA
0.002
0.002
0.0003
0.005
0.000007
NA
Range of Emissions
(tons/yr)
Uncontrolled
80
10
4
104
0.003
60
144
0.8
72
0.153
—
ESP
8
0.2
<0.2
8
—
4
4
0.6
10
0.02
—
1Emission factors based on References 41, 42, 48, 59, 61, and 86.
^Based on limited data.
3Multicyclone control device.
NA - Not Available.
3-7
-------
TABLE 3-4. ESTIMATED TOTAL VIRGINIA STATE EMISSIONS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA
POLLUTANTS FROM INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION OF OIL
Pollutant
Beryllium
Chromium
Dioxins
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Nickel
POM
Radionuclides
Emission Factor
(lb/103 gal)1
NA
0.007
NA
0.033
0.004
0.14
0.000175
NA
Emissions Estimate
(tons/yr)
—
1.0
—
4.5
0.5
19
0.02
—
*No controls assumed. Emission factors from Reference 41 (except for POM
(Reference 42); assumed to be the same for distillate and residual oil.
NA - Not Available.
3-8
-------
falls within this range, based on the mix of pollution controls employed by
industrial sources.
A partial list of individual industrial coal users in Virginia was
documented in the Keystone Coal Manual. These users are listed in Table 3-5.
Finally, another potentially important industrial fuel with respect
to toxic emissions is fuel derived from refuse, waste, or hazardous materials.
No data were found on emission factors for selected noncriteria pollutants or
on the extent of the use of waste fuels use in Virginia. However, indications
are that the use of waste fuels in industrial boilers is becoming more wide-
spread throughout the U.S. ^
Waste Incineration
Incinerators are used in industry for volume reduction (solid pro-
cess waste and trash disposal), toxicity reduction of solid and liquid process
wastes and sludge, and resource recovery (e.g., electric motors and copper
wire). The total U.S. population of industrial incinerators used for these
purposes has been estimated at 3,800.1 Estimates of the number of large
incinerators used in the major industrial sectors are shown in Table 3-6.
The industries estimated to make the widest use of incinerators, SIC cate-
gories 35, 34, 20, and 36, are well represented in Virginia, as was shown
earlier in Table 3-1. s
Little data were found that specifically addressed emissions from
industrial incinerators. One report did indicate that dioxins have been found
in emissions from chemical waste and scrap wire incinerators." Another iden-
tified industrial incinerators and industrial boilers firing refuse derived or
waste fuels as significant sources of POM emissions.^ In addition, benzene
emissions reportedly result from the incineration of waste benzene. * Incin-
eration of other spent or waste toxic VOC species presumably also results in
3-9
-------
TABLE 3-5. PARTIAL LIST OF INDIVIDUAL INDUSTRIAL COAL USERS
IN VIRGINIA1
Coal Consumption
Company Location (tons/yr)
Allied Corporation
Avtex Fibers
Basset Furniture
Burlington Industries
(Lee Division)
Celanese Fibers
Dan River Inc.
Federal Paper Board
Fieldcrest Mills
Lane Co.
M.W. Manufacturers
Mead Paperboard
National Gypsum
Olin Corporation
Owens Illinois
Hercules Inc.
Union Camp
U.S. Gypsum
Hop ewe 11
Front Royal
Bassett
Glasgow
Narrows
Danville
Richmond
Fieldale
Franklin
Rocky Mount
Lynchburg
Kimbalton
Saltville
Big Island
Radford
Franklin
Plasterco
NA
NA
NA
NA
400,000
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
140,000
175,000
NA
1Source: Reference 50.
NA - Not Available.
3-10
-------
TABLE 3-6. ESTIMATED POPULATION OF LARGE INCINERATORS BY INDUSTRIAL SECTOR1
No. of Incinerators Projected U.S.
Major SIC Category in Sample States^ Incinerator Population
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Food
Tobacco
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Rubber, plastics
Leather
Stone, glass, clay
Primary metals
Fabricated metal
Machinery
Electrical machinery
Transportation equipment
Instruments x
Miscellaneous manufacturing
TOTAL
64
1
11
11
19
15
14
29
53
4
20
0
13
57
93
94
66
26
11
32
633
338
5
30
88
113
78
54
194
190
16
77
0
58
180
366
475
313
167
46
255
3,0433
1Source: Reference 1.
2Sample States: North Carolina, Georgia, Illinois, and Ohio.
^Not a true national estimate because smaller units are not adequately
represented.
3-11
-------
toxic air releases of that and possibly other VOC species. Other toxic pol-
lutants emitted by industrial incinerators are likely to be those documented
in Section 3.2.2 for municipal waste and sewage sludge incinerators.
Hazardous waste disposal, including disposal by incineration, is a
subject somewhat independent of waste incineration since other options (land-
filling, chemical treatment, etc.) must also be considered. In addition, some
hazardous waste disposal is done off-site by commercial handlers. Additional
discussion on hazardous waste disposal is included in Section 3.3.4.
VOC Storage and Handling
Facilities using significant volumes of VOC species probably require
storage and handling equipment. Examples include chemical plants, petroleum
refineries, and fuel terminals, which are discussed in Section 3.3.1. VOC
emissions may result from storage tank filling and breathing losses, which
have been well documented by EPA in EPA publication AP-42, and leaks, spills,
and other accidental releases. Fugitive emissions from piping flanges and
other fittings have also been documented for the synthetic organic chemicals
manufacturing industry (SOCMI).^
In general the extent of emissions from this category in Virginia is
unknown. Additional data on what substances are stored and handled, what vol-
umes they are stored and handled in, and what equipment and controls are used
would be necessary before an estimate of emissions could be made. Any addi-
tional information for specific industries will be presented next (solvent
degreasing and industrial surface coatings) or in Section 3.1.4.
Solvent Degreesina
A significant quantity of solvents is used in industry to clean or
degrease metal, plastic, fiberglass, and other materials. U.S. industry con-
sumes roughly 800,000 tons/yr of various solvents. "»''»** Among the solvents
used for degreasing, and a portion of which are subsequently emitted to the
3-12
-------
atmosphere, are eight that are included on the list of selected noncriteria
pollutants. The nationwide use and emissions of the eight are summarized in
Table 3-7 (1974 data).
The units that perform the degressing operations include cold
cleaners, open top vapor degreasers, and conveyorized vapor degreasers. VOC
emission points for each of the three unit-types are listed in Table 3-8. On
average, annual emissions from typical degreasers vary considerably with the
type of unit. A typical cold cleaner emits 0.19 tons/yr of solvent, based on
an emission factor of 430 g/kg of solvent consumed (or 43 percent). Vapor
degreasers emit considerably more. Open top vapor degreasers typically emit
7.9 tons/yr (775 g/kg), while conveyorized vapor degreasers emit 21 tons/yr
(850 g/kg) per unit.37
Numerous manufacturing and service industries involve the use of
degreasing operations. Table 3-9 presents a summary of estimated degreaser
population in the U.S. and a breakdown of where degreasers are used (1976
data).
Table 3-10 presents an estimate of degreaser population in Virginia
by degreaser type (1974 data). No data were available that breaks down
degreaser population by industrial sector at the state level. Table 3-10 also
shows estimates of total state VOC and toxic VOC (those listed in Table 3-7)
emissions from degreasers. Additional unit-specific data would be needed to
more fully evaluate potential toxic emissions from degreasers.
Industrial Surface Coatings
The coating of fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces with rubber,
paint, lacquer, and other solvent-based coatings is common to a number of
industries. Approximately 2 million tons of various solvents are consumed per
year in industrial surface coatings. Ultimately, a large portion of the
solvent evaporates into the atmosphere, either during or soon after the appli-
cation of the coating.
3-13
-------
U)
TABLE 3-7. SUMMARY OF U.S. CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS (BOTH IN 103 TONS/YR) OF EIGHT
SOLVENTS FROM DECREASING OPERATIONS (1974 DATA)1
Cold
Solvent Consump
Benzene
Carbon
Tetrachloride
Dichloromethane
(Methylene chloride)
Tetrachloroethy lene
(Perchloroethylene)
Toluene
1,1,1-Trichloro-
ethane (Methyl
chloroform)
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes
TOTAL
7.7
0.8
51
13
15
86
48
12
234
Cleaning
Emissions2
3.3
0.3
tt
22
5.4
6.6
37
21
5.2
101
Open
Consump .
o:
5.5
8.0
35
0
72
90
0
211
Top Vapor
Emissions3
0
4.3
6.2
27
0
56
70
0
164
Conveyor ized
Consump.
0
0
3.0
13
0
27
34
0
77
Emissions4
0
0
2.5
11
0
23
28
0
65
Total
Consump .
7.7
6.3
62
61
15
185
172
12
522
Emissions
3.3
4.6
31
43
6.6
116
119
5.2
330
1 Source: Reference 37.
^Based on emission factor of 430 g/kg solvent consumed.
3Based on emission factor of 775 g/kg solvent consumed.
on emission factor of 850 g/kg solvent consumed.
-------
TABLE 3-8. VOC EMISSION POINTS FOR DECREASING UNITS1
Unit
Emission Points
Cold cleaners
Open top vapor degreasers
Conveyorized degreasers
Bath evaporation
Solvent carryout
Agitation
Spray evaporation
Evaporation of waste solvent at
disposal^
Diffusion and convection*
Solvent carryout
Exhaust vapors
Evaporation from degreaser sludge
Diffusion and convection
Solvent carryout^
Exhaust vapors
1Sources: References 30 and 37.
^Predominant emission point.
3-15
-------
TABLE 3-9. U.S. DECREASING UNIT POPULATION BY TYPE AND INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
(1976 Data)1
Estimated No. of DeRreasers
SIC Category
Manufacturing Industries
25 Metal furniture
33 Primary metals
34 Fabricated products
35 Non-electrical machinery
36 Electrical equipment
37 Transportation equipment
38 Instruments and clocks
39 Miscellaneous industry
Service Industries
40 Railroad maintenance
45 Air transport maintenance
75 Auto repair
Other
— General industry usage
TOTAL
Cold Cleaner
9,421
18,011
86,408
189,693
45,542
27,985
23,883
15,936
1,161
36,160
468,027
355,773
1,268,000
Open Top Vapor
460
1,773
4,486
4,748
7,587
3,587
3,744
614
61
3,279
0
0
30,339
Conveyorized
153
442
1,088
1,014
996
507
219
73
0
0
0
0
4,492
1Source: Reference 30.
3-16
-------
TABLE 3-10. POPULATION OF DECREASING UNITS IN VIRGINIA BY TYPE, AND RESULTING
EMISSIONS (1976 Data)
Type
Cold cleaner
Open top vapor
Conveyor ized vapor
No. of Units
in Virginia*
21,677
190
28
Total VOC
Emissions
(tons/yr)2
4,120
1,500
560
Total Toxic
VOC Emissions
(tons/yr)^
1,850
1,440
540
*Source: Reference 37.
2Based on average unit emission rates.
3"Toxic" refers to those VOC species listed in Table 3-7. Emissions are
based on the ratio of toxic solvent usage to total solvent usage: 45% for
cold cleaners, 96% for open top and conveyorized vapor degreasers.
3-17
-------
A significant portion of the solvents used in surface coatings is
made up by toluene and xylenes, both on the list of selected noncriteria pol-
lutants. Annually, this end-use consumes 290,000 tons of toluene and 71,000
tons of xylenes.52
A number of industries make widespread use of surface coating opera-
tions. These industries are listed in Table 3-11. From Table 3-1, most of
these industries are present in Virginia. However, more information on the
size of coating operations and types of coatings and solvents used would be
necessary to more fully evaluate the potential for toxic emissions from these
sources in Virginia.
3.1.4 Potential Toxic Emissions from Specific Sources by Maior SIC
Category
This section addresses potential emissions of selected noncriteria
pollutants from specific facilities in Virginia. It is organized by major SIC
category. Table 3-12 presents a summary, while the remaining text discusses
the SIC categories and some individual facilities.
SIC 12 - Bituminous Coal and Lignite Mining
For the most part, coal mining and processing should not be a signif-
icant source of toxic air emissions. On average, bituminous coal, which is
the type of coal mined in Virginia, contains at most 0.01 percent of any one
toxic constituent, that being manganese.^6 A coal mining and processing
facility emitting 1,000 tons/yr of fugitive coal dust would therefore emit
only 0.1 tons per year of manganese. Emissions of other trace constituents of
coal would be much less.
The one potentially important toxic pollutant emitted from coal
operations is POM, which is emitted from burning coal refuse piles. Burning
coal refuse piles emit from 13 to 28 tons/yr of POM nationwide (as compared
3-18
-------
TABLE 3-11. INDUSTRIES SIGNIFICANT TO SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS1
Industry
SIC Code(s)
Fabric coating
Wood containers
Furniture and fixtures
Metal furniture
Fabricated metal products
Fabricated structural metal
Electrical machinery
Major appliances
Small appliances
Transportation equipment
Motor vehicles and equipment
Ship and boat building and repair
Miscellaneous manufacturing
2295
244-
25—
2514, 2522, 2542, 2591
34—
3442
36—
3631, 3632, 3633
3634, 3635, 3636
37—
371-
373-
3931, 394-, 395-, 396-, 399-,
3996
^Source: Reference 52.
3-19
-------
TABLE 3-12.
SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL EMITTERS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA
POLLUTANTS BY MAJOR SIC CATEGORY
to
Ni
O
Major SIC Category Emissions Source Potential Pollutant! Company
12 Coal Mining Burning coal piles POM Bishop Coal
Clinchfield Coal
Island Creek Coal
Jewell Ridge Coal
Westmoreland Coal
22 Textiles Fabric dyeing and Solvents Burlington Industries
finishing ' Burlington Industries
Burlington Industries
Burlington Industries
Camac Corp.
Southampton Textile
Virginia Dyeing &
Finishing
Vhitaker Co.
24 Lumber Wood-waste incineration POM Champion International
Masonite Corp.
Haaonite Corp.
Ramsey Lumber
Taylor-Ramsey Corp.
Union Camp
Surface coating Surface coating Her il 1st Industries
solvents H.W. Manufacturers
Wood preserving Solvents, dioxins Burke-Parsons-Bowlby
Corp.
toppers Co.
25 Furniture Surface coating Surface coating American Furniture
solvents American Furniture
American Furniture
American Furniture
Armstrong Furniture
Bassett Furniture
(4 plants)
Bassett Furniture
Coleman Furniture
Daystrom Furniture
Ethan Allen
Gravely Furniture
Major Emitter
Location PM VOC
Tazewell Co.
Ruasel Co. X
Buchanan Co. X
Tazevell Co.
Wise Co.
Altavista
Brookneal
Clarksville X
Dublin
Bristol
Emporia
Emporia
Roanoke
South Boston X
Stuart
Waver ly X
Suffolk X
Lynchburg
Franklin X
Atkins
Rocky Mount
Goshen
Salem
Chilhowie
Marion
Martinsville
Hartinsville
Appomattox
Bassett X
Martinsville
Pulaaki X
South Boston
Bridgewater
Ridgeway
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X .
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE 3-12.
SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL EMITTERS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA
POLLUTANTS BY MAJOR SIC CATEGORY (Continued)
u>
NJ
Major SIC Category Emissions Source Potential Pollutant* Company
25 Furniture The Lane Co.
(Continued) The Lane Co.
Lea Industries
Pulaaki Furniture
Pulaaki Furniture
Singer Furniture
Stanley Furniture
x • Stanley Furniture
ThomaBville Furniture
Vaughn- Baaaett
Furniture
Vaughn Furniture
(2 plants)
Virginia Bouse Furni-
ture (2 plants)
Webb Furniture
(2 plants)
26 Paper Waatevater treatment Chloroform Chesapeake Corp.
Herculea Inc.
James River
Union Camp
Heatvaco
Weatvaco (2 planta)
Surface coating Surface coating Hematite
aolventa Storeys Tranaprinta
27 Printing Printing Ink aolventa J.W. Ferguaaon
Landmark Communications
Meredith-Burda
Milprint
Reynolda Hetala
Reynolda Metale
Richmond Gravure
Richmond Newspapers
Vi-Tex Packaging
William Byrd Preaa
Worrell Newspaper
Ma lor Emitter
Location PM VOC
Altaviata
Rocky Mount
Kenbridge
Martinaville
Dublin
Roanoke
Stanleytovn X.
Wayneaboro
Brookneal
Calaz
Calaz
Atkina
Galaz
West Point X.
Bopewell I
Richmond
Franklin X
Covington X
Richmond
Buena Viata
Harriaonburg
Richmond
Norfolk
Lynchburg
Colonial Beigbta
Richmond
Cheaterfield
Richmond
Richmond
Suffolk
Richmond
Charlotteaville
X.
X
X
X.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE 3-12.
SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL EMITTERS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA
POLLUTANTS BY MAJOR SIC CATEGORY (Continued)
N>
K)
Major SIC Category Emissions Source
28 Chenical* Acrylic, modaerylic
fiber production
Charcoal manufacturing
Caprolactam production
Ethyl chloride produc-
tion
Manufature of dyes
Dnaaturated polyester
resins production
Pesticide manufacturing
Nuclear fuel production
Helamine-f ormaldehyde ,
Potential Pollutants
Acrylonitrile
POM
Phenol
Dicbloroethane
Solventa
Haleic anhydride
Solventa
Radionuclides
Formaldehyde
Company
Badische Corp.
R.I. duPont
Imperial Briquet
Allied Corp.
Hercules Inc.
American Cyanamid
Hobay Chemical*
H.H. Robertson
Celanese Corp.
Greenwood Chemical
Babcock & Vilcox
Dan River
Location
Uilliamaburg
Hayneaboro
Kenbridge
Hopewell
Hopevell
Damascus
Damascus
Chatham
Portsmouth
Greenwood
Lynchburg
Danville
Ha lor Emitter
PH . VOC
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
urea-formaldehyde
resins
Explosives manufacturing Toluene
Paint and ink manufac- Solventa
turing
Hercules Inc.
Hadford
Dispersion Specialties Ashland
E.I. duPont Front Royal
Evans Products Roanoke
Reliance Universal Roanoke
Sampson Paint Richmond
X
X
Pharmaceuticals Solventa
production
Abbot Laboratories
C.B. Fleet
Merck & Co.
A.H. Robina
Altavista
Lynchburg
Elkton
Richmond
X X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE 3-12. SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL EMITTERS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA
POLLUTANTS BY MAJOR SIC CATEGORY (Continued)
u>
I
to
OJ
Major SIC Category Emissions Source
29 Petroleum Various refining
processes
Asphalt production
X
f
30 Rubber, Plastics Tire manufacturing
Rubber coating
Production of
miscellaneous
plastica products
Vinyl fil« manufac-
turing
32 Stone, Glass, Glass manufacturing
Clay
Cement manufacturing
Manufacturing of
asbestos products
33 Primary Metals Melting furnaces
Potential Pollutants
Benrene, coke oven
emissions, creosols,
formaldehyde, phenol,
POM, toluene, zylenes
POM
Solvents
Solvents
Solvents
Vinyl chloride,
vinylidene chloride
Arsenic
Nickel, chromium
Asbestos
Arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, manganese,
nickel
Company
Amoco Oil
Adams Construction
Atlantic Richfield
Asphalt
H&L Paving
Portsmouth Paving
Shooamith Bros.
Goodyear Tire
Mohawk Rubber
0' Sullivan Corp.
Reeves Bros.
Rubatex Corp.
J.P. Stevens
ICI Amerias
Martin Processing
Martin Processing
0* Sullivan Corp.
Reynolds Metals
Corning Glass
Lone Star
Abex Corp.
Virginia Friction
Products
Byman Viener
Intercoastal Steel
Peck Iron 6 Metal
Reynolds Metals
Roanoke Electric Steel
Mai or Emitter
Location ., PM VOC
Yorktovn X
Roanoke
Dumfries
Newport News X
Portsmouth
Chester
Danville
Salem
Winchester
Buena Vista
Bedford
Stuart
Hopewell
Martinsville
Rocky Mount
Winchester
Grottoes
Danville
Cloverdale X
Winchester
Tappabannock
Richmond
Chesapeake
Richmond
Chesterfield X
Roanoke
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE 3-12.
SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL EMITTERS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA
POLLUTANTS BY MAJOR SIC CATEGORY (Continued)
10
Major SIC Category Emissions Source Potential Pollutant*
33 Primary Metals Processing of manganese Manganese
(Continued) ore
Cray iron foundry Arsenic, beryllium,
manganese, nickel
X
Wire recycling Cresols, dioxina
34 Fabricated Metal Degreasing, surface Degreasing solvents.
coating surface coating
solvents
35 Machinery Degreasing Degreasing solvents
•
Company
Onion Carbide
Griffin Pipe
Hovmet Turbine
Lynchburg Foundry
Lynchburg Foundry
Richmond Foundry
Walker Machine
Rea Magnetic Wire
Westinghouse Electric
American Safety Razor
Atlas Machine & Iron
Works
Ball Metal Container
Crown Cork & Seal
Disston Inc.
Federal-Mogul Corp.
Kawneer Co.
Medeco Security Locks
Reynolds Metals
Wayne Manufacturing
Brenco Inc.
Bristol Corp.
Columbus McKinnon
Eaton Corp.
Franklin Equipment
Ingersoll-Rand
Liebherr America
Long-Airdox Co.
S&S Corp.
Scope Inc.
Shenandoah Mfg.
Simplimatic Engineering
Stihl Inc.
Westinghouse Electric
Location
Newport News
Lyncbburg
Hampton
Lynchburg
Radford
Richmond
Roanoke
Buena Vista
Abingdon
Stanton
Gainesville
Williamsburg
Winchester
Danville
Blacksburg
Barrisonburg
Salem
Bristol
Waynesboro
Petersburg
Bristol
Damascus
Salem
Franklin
Roanoke
Newport News
Pulaski
Cedar Bluff
Rest on
Harriaonburg
Lynchburg
Virginia Beach
Staunton
Major Emitter
PM VOC
I.
I
X
X.
*
1L
X
X
X
X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE 3-12.
SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL EMITTERS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA
POLLUTANTS BY MAJOR SIC CATEGORY (Continued)
u>
N)
Ln
Major SIC Category Emissions Source Potential Pollutant! Company
36 Electrical Degreasing, surface Degreasing solvents, Crouse-Hinds Co.
Machinery coating surface coating General Dynamics,
solvents General Electric
General Electric
General Electric
General Electric
General Electric
IBM
Poly-Scientific
Scope Inc.
Sperry Corp.
Stackpole Components
Western Electric
Hestinghouse Electric
37 Transportation Degreasing, surface Degreasing solvents, Atlantic Research
Equipment coating surface coating Bendix Corp.
solvents Ford Motor Co.
Norfolk Shipbuilding
Norfolk & Western RR
Newport Revs Ship-
building
White Motor Corp.
38 Instruments . Degreasing • Degreasing solvents E-Systems Inc.
ITT
Major Emitter
Location FM VOC
Earlysville
Charlottesville
Charlottesville
Lynchburg
Salem
Suffolk
Haynesboro
Manassas
Blacksburg
Reston
Charlottesville
Farmville
Richmond
South Boston
Alexandria
Newport News
Norfolk
Norfolk
Roanoke
Newport News X
Dublin
Falls Church
Roanoke
X
X
X
X
X
-------
to the largest source, residential combustion of wood—from 3,800 to 8,300
tons/yr).13,42 The extent of POM emissions from burning coal refuse piles in
Virginia could not be assessed without more specific information. Likely
locations of burning coal piles are large mines and coal preparation plants.
Some of these are identified in Table 3-12.
SIC 14 - Mining and Quarrying of Nomnetallic Minerals. Except
Fuels
No significant emissions of the selected noncriteria pollutants from
this SIC category would be expected. Trace elements could be emitted in fugi-
tive dust, but as with coal mining these emissions would be very minor.
SIC 20 - Food and Kindred Products
Probably no significant emissions of the selected noncriteria pol-
lutants from this SIC category should be expected. Quantities of solvents are
used, primarily as oil and fat extractants, but hexane and other non-toxic
paraffinic naphthas are the most common. For example, in the extraction of
vegetable oils about 171,000 tons of solvents are used per year nationwide.
Of that quantity better than 90 percent is hexane.36,52 other possible sol-
vents that are on the list of selected noncriteria pollutants include carbon
tetrachloride, dibromoethane, dichloroethane, dichloromethane, dioxane, and
tetrachloroethylene. From the discussion above, however, their use, and
therefore emission potential, is probably limited.
One plant in this SIC category was identified in the Virginia Emis-
sions Inventory as a major emitter:
Cargill, Inc., soybean mill, Chesapeake - 1,011 tons/yr VOC
(This plant was not listed in the Virginia Industrial Directory, however.) It
would not be significant with respect to toxic emissions unless large quanti-
ties of the selected noncriteria pollutants listed above were used.
3-26
-------
SIC 21 - Tobacco Manufacturers
No information was found to indicate that tobacco manufacturing has
the potential to emit significant quantities of any of the selected noncri-
teria pollutants. However, as shown earlier in Table 3-1, five plants were
identified as emitting over 100 tons/yr of VOC (one of them over 500 tons/yr).
Plants and emissions are shown in the Appendix. The composition of these VOC
emissions is unknown.
SIC 22 - Textile Mill Products
Textiles or fabrics were mentioned in association with 14 of the
pollutants listed in Table 2-1. The 14 are arsenic, asbestos, benzene, ben-
zidine, bis(chloromethyl) ether, p-dichlorobenzene, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine,
dichloroethane, dioxane, ethyleneimine, formaldehyde, hydrazine, tetrachloro-
ethylene, and vinylidene chloride. Emissions sources of most of the 14 are
unknown.
The potential for significant emissions (primarily VOC) does exist
in at least two sectors of the textile industry—fabric finishing and fabric
dyeing. Approximately 200,000 tons of various solvents (possibly including
toluene and xylenes in addition to VOC species listed above) are used in the
r*y
textiles industry each year, primarily in finishing and dyeing.3^ Three
plants were listed in the Virginia Emissions Inventory as emitting 100 tons/yr
or more of VOC. All three are involved in fabric finishing. The importance
of these emissions with respect to air toxics could not be evaluated further
without additional process-specific information.
SIC 23 - Apparel
No information was found to indicate that the apparel industry has
the potential to emit significant quantities of any of the selected noncri-
teria pollutants. It would seem likely that quantities of solvents, such as
tetrachloroethylene, are used in cleaning and refinishing at many of the 101
3-27
-------
moderate- to large-sized apparel manufacturers in Virginia. However, only
nine are listed in the Virginia Emissions Inventory. These nine emit a total
of only 14 tons/yr of PM and 10 tons/yr of VOC (the VOC all at the one plant).
SIC 24 - Lumber and Wood Products. Except Furniture
Likely points of toxic air emissions in this industrial sector
include surface coatings and other solvent applications (lacquers, varnishes,
preservatives), and wood-waste incineration. As discussed in Section 3.1.3
the most common surface coating solvents are toluene and xylenes. Others men-
tioned in Table 2-1 include carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane. Order-
of-magnitude total VOC emission factors for paneling coating plants are 6.5
lb/1000 ft2 for printed panels and 12 lb/1000 ft2 for natural finish pan-
els.^
The application of pentachlorophenol as a wood preservative is
listed in Table 2-1 as one the largest source of dioxin emissions. This was
based on fairly old reference material. More recent studies have not
addressed this source category.
Incineration of scrap wood would be a source of POM emissions. POM
emission factors for wood combustion vary from 0.002 g/kg (industrial boilers)
to 0.27 g/kg (residential wood stoves).^2
\
SIC 25 - Furniture and Fixtures
The principal point of potential toxic air emissions in the manu-
facture of furniture and fixtures is in the application of surface coatings
(emissions to toluene, xylenes, etc.), which was discussed earlier in Section
3.1.3. Thirty-one furniture plants were identified in the Virginia Emissions
Inventory as major emitters. Nine emit more than 500 tons/yr.
-------
SIC 26 - Paper and Allied Products
Several process categories in the paper industry potentially emit
one or more of the selected noncriteria pollutants. First, pulp and paper
plants, especially, can be large users of coal and other fuels. Toxic emis-
sions from coal and oil combustion were discussed in Section 3.1.3. Second,
vaste chloroform resulting from bleaching processes can be volatilized and
emitted during effluent treatment. Finally, solvents such as toluene and
xylenes can be used in tape and label coating and other miscellaneous coating
operations.
A large portion of PM emissions from large pulp and paper producers
(Chesapeake Corp., Union Camp, and Westvaco) is likely 'caused by fuel combus-
tion.
Chesapeake, Union Camp, and Westvaco (along with Hercules, which is
listed under SIC 28 in both the Virginia Industrial Directory and Virginia
Emissions Inventory) have been identified as sources of chloroform emissions
from effluent treatment.^ James River would appear to be another possible
source. The uncontrolled emission factor range given for this source of
chloroform emissions is 0.01-0.38 kg chloroform/Mg product.^ No production
rates or capacities for the plants in question were found. Therefore, esti-
mated chloroform emissions could not be calculated.
V
Hermetite and Storeys Transprints are listed under SIC 2641, Paper
Coating and Glazing, in both the Virginia Industrial Directory and the Vir-
ginia Emissions Inventory. The VOC emissions attributed to these plants could
include toxic constituents such as toluene and xylenes.
SIC 27 - Printing. Publishing and Allied Industries
Potential toxic air emissions from printing and publishing might
result from volatilization of solvent constituents of printing inks.'" Two of
3-28
-------
these constituents, toluene and xylenes, are on the list of selected noncri-
teria pollutants. The 300,000 tons of solvents used annually in this indus-
trial sector includes about 75,000 tons of toluene and 5,000 tons of xy-
lenes.-'* Primary emission points are printing units and dryers.
SIC 28 - Chemicals and Allied Products
The chemical industry encompasses the production of many chemicals
and other materials including synthetic resins and fibers, Pharmaceuticals,
paints, fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, and inks. As an examination of
Table 2-1 reveals, many of the selected noncriteria pollutants are used in the
production of these commodities, and therefore have some potential to be
emitted to the atmosphere from facilities in this industrial category.
For example, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, toluene, and xylenes are
all used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.^»9 Reactors, holding tanks,
distillation units, centrifuges, and dryers are all sources of emissions. For
carbon tetrachloride, one estimate is that 11 percent used in Pharmaceuticals
is emitted.^ Four Pharmaceuticals producers in Virginia are listed in Table
3-12, One is a major emitter of both PM and VOC. More specific data on each
facility would be needed to evaluate potential toxic air emissions.
Several of the other major emitters included in Table 3-12 have been
specifically identified as significant emitters of selected noncriteria pollu-
tants. These are listed in Table 3-13.
As an examination of Table 2-1 indicates, many other selected non-
criteria pollutants are used, and are therefore potentially emitted, in other
sectors of the chemical industry. Solvents, primarily toluene and xylenes,
have widespread applications. About 830,000 tons/yr of toluene and 46,000
tons/yr of xylenes are used in applications such as acrylic resins production;
manufacture of paints, dyes, and inks; pesticides production; and explosives
manufacture.52 All of these industries are present in Virginia; some specific
-------
TABLE 3-13. SPECIFIC VIRGINIA EMITTERS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS
IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
U)
N>
VO
Company Location
Allied Corp. Ropewell
Badishe Corp. Williamsburg
Dan River Danville
E.I. duPont Waynesboro
Hercules Inc. Hopewell
Imperial Briquet Kenbridge
Production
Emission Capacity
Source (103 tona/yr)
Capro lac tarn prod. 250*
Acrylic, modacrylic 43
fiber* prod.
Melamine-formaldehyde, HA
urea-formaldehyde
resins prod.
Acrylic, modacrylic 683
fiber* prod.
Ethyl chloride prod. 5*
Charcoal mfg. 316
Emitted
Pollutant
Phenol
Acrylonitrile
Formaldehyde
Acrylonitrile
Dichloroethane
POM
Dioxina
Emission Emissions
Factor (tona/yr)
0.00144 Ib emitted
per Ib phenol used?
NA
0.21-1.9 kg per Mg
form, uted*
HA
9.45 kg per Mg produced
0.007 lb/ton7
NA
10*
3933
HA
340*
47
0.1
HA
1 Source: Reference 66.
2Source: Reference 68 reported 320 tona/yr; however, it was subsequently found that controls have reduced emissions to
10 tona/yr.
^Source: Reference 74.
^Source: Reference 48; uncontrolled EF.
'Source: Reference 3.
6Source: Reference 49.
^Source: Reference 42.
HA - Not Available.
-------
plants are listed in Table 3-12. Quantifying the potential toxic emissions
from these facilities would require more detailed information.
SIC 29 - Petroleum Refining and Related Industries
As a review of Table 2-1 indicates, various petroleum refining pro-
cesses have the potential to emit one or more of the selected noncriteria
pollutants. There is one petroleum refinery in Virginia, Amoco Oil at
Yorktown. Total emissions listed in the Virginia Emissions Inventory from
this facility are 756 tons/yr (PM) and 1,056 tons/yr (VOC). Noncriteria pol-
lutants potentially emitted from this facility are summarized in Table 3-14.
SIC 30 - Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products
Rubber and plastics encompasses industries from tire manufacturing
to the production of cellophane wrapping. Apart from fuel combustion, emis-
sions of the selected noncriteria pollutants are from solvent volatilization.
For example, operations and processes involved in tire manufacturing use large
quantities of solvents."" And plastics feedstocks include benzene, toluene,
and xylenes.l^ Approximately 227,500 tons of various solvents are consumed in
the rubber and plastics industries each year, including 12,500 tons of tolu-
ene. 52 Other volatile organics used in these industries are identified in
Table 2-1.
SIC 31 -• Leather and Leather Products
Little probability exists of significant emissions of the selected
noncriteria pollutants in this industrial sector. Small quantities of organ-
ics could be released in the application of dyes, and arsenic is used in
leather tanning, according to Table 2-1. No major emitters in this industry
are listed in the Virginia Emissions Inventory.
3-30
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TABLE 3-14. POTENTIAL NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM THE
AMOCO REFINERY AT YORKTOWN
Process
Vacuum
distillation
Catalytic
reforming
Fluid bed
cat cracking
Hydrotreating
Coke production
Capacity
.(bbl/day)1 Pollutants2
29,000 Benzene
Phenol
Toluene
Xylenes
9,500 Coke oven
emissions
Xylenes
28,000 Coke oven
emissions
Formaldehyde
Xylenes
26,500 Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
87 54 Coke oven
emissions
Cresols
POM
Toluene
Emissions
Emission Factors (tons/yr)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.2 kg/103
bbl f.f.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.048 Ib/ton coke5
0.01 Ib/ton coke6
0.48 Ib/ton coke5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
25
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
2
77
^Source: Reference 11.
2Source: References 15, 27, 42, and 68.
^Source: Reference 27.
^Tons/day.
-'Source: Reference 68.
^Source: Reference 42.
NA - Not Available.
3-31
-------
SIC 32 -Stone. Clay. Glass, and Concrete Products
Most of the potential emissions of selected noncriteria pollutants
in these industries is due to fuel combustion, which was discussed earlier.
Other possibilities are asbestos (used in the manufacture of friction products
and numerous construction materials) and arsenic (used in some glass manufac-
turing).
Table 3-12 lists some of the major Virginia emitters in these indus-
tries. Cement production emits a number of trace metals, predominantly nickel
and chromium. Lone Star Cement at Cloverdale is a dry process plant with a
capacity of 1,200,000 tons/yr.50 Controlled emission factors are 0.33 lb/103
tons (nickel)57 and 0.03 lb/103 tons (chromium).^ Therefore, this plant
potentially emits 0.20 tons/yr of nickel and 0.02 tons/yr of chromium.
Abex Corporation at Winchester is listed in the Virginia Industrial
Director under asbestos products (SIC 3292). However, since PM emissions are
given as only 1 ton/yr, the likelihood of asbestos emissions is questionable.
The Corning Glass Works at Danville is not listed as a major emit-
ter. However, arsenic is probably used in the manufacturing process at this
plant. Arsenic emissions are probably less than 0.1 tons/yr.^°
SIC 33 - Primary metals Industries
In Virginia, scrap melting furnaces are probably the principal
source of potential toxic air emissions in this SIC category, emitting a
number of toxic trace metals, predominantly manganese. Furnaces are used at
steel mills, metal recyclers, and foundries. According to one literature
source, there are eight electric arc furnaces in operation in Virginia.'3
Likely locations are listed in Table 3-12 under melting furnaces and gray iron
foundry. One plant, the Hyman Viener secondary lead smelter, was identified
in the literature in association with arsenic emissions." Casting and grind-
ing operations are also sources of toxic air emissions.
3-32
-------
The Union Carbide manganese ore processing facility at Newport News,
although employing less than 20 persons, would appear to be a potential source
of fugitive manganese emissions.
Wire recyclers might be sources of cresols, if cresols are used as a
wire enamel solvent, and dioxins, if wire reclamation incinerators are used.
Two major emitters in this SIC category are listed in the Appendix
but are not listed in Table 3-12. Jewell Coal & Coke is listed as a coke
plant. If still operating, it would be a source of coke oven emissions. How-
ever, no other literature references to operating coke plants included this
facility. Also, a Reynolds Metals plant at Richmond is listed as emitting
2,712 tons/yr of VOC. This plant may be associated with the Reynolds plant
listed under SIC 27, printing.
SIC 34 - Fabricated Metal Products
Potential emissions of toxic air pollutants in this industrial sec-
tor would probably result from surface coating and solvent degreesing. Both
were discussed in Section 3.1.3.
SIC 35 - Machinery. Except Electrical
Potential emissions of toxic air pollutants in this industrial sec-
tor would probably result from solvent degreasing, which was discussed in
Section 3.1.3. No facilities in this SIC category are listed as major
emitters in the Virginia Emissions Inventory. Fourteen facilities are listed
in Table 3-12; they were selected based on their product or activity, and
level of employment.
SIC 36 - Electrical and Electronic Machinery and Equipment
Potential emissions of selected noncriteria pollutants in this
industrial sector would probably result from solvent degreasing and surface
3-33
-------
coating operations. Both were discussed in Section 3.1.3. In addition to the
regular degreasing solvents, CFC 113 might be used if critical cleaning of
electrical assemblies is required.
SIC 37 - Transportation Equiment
Potential emissions of toxic air pollutants in this industrial sec-
tor would probably result from surface coating and solvent degreasing. Both
were discussed in Section 3.1.3.
SIC 38 - Instruments
Potential emissions of selected noncriteria pollutants would prob-
ably result from solvent degreasing, which was discussed in Section 3.1.3.
3.2 Utility and Municipal Sources
This section discusses potential emissions of the selected noncri-
teria pollutants from utility and municipal sources. Utility sources include
power plants and cooling towers. Municipal sources considered here include
municipal waste and sewage sludge incinerators.
3.2.1 Potential Toxic Emissions from Utility Sources
Coal- and Oil-Fired Power Plants
As Table 2-1 shows, a number of the selected noncriteria pollutants
are emitted during the combustion of coal and oil. This includes trace
metals, formaldehyde, POM, and radionuclides.
Utilities in Virginia consumed about 6.6 million tons of bituminous
coal (1.1 percent of total U.S. utility coal consumption) and 3.3 million
barrels of fuel oil (1.3 percent) in 1982.1^ Based on these totals, Tables
3-15 and 3-16 summarize state total emissions of selected noncriteria pol-
lutants from utility coal and oil combustion. Only uncontrolled emission
3-34
-------
TABLE 3-15. ESTIMATED TOTAL VIRGINIA STATE EMISSIONS OF SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS FROM UTILITY COMBUSTION OF COAL
Pollutant
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
POM
Radionuclides
Emission Factor
(Ib/ton)1
0.004
0.0001
<0.0001
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.0003
0.005
0.000007-0.00004
NA
Emissions Estimate
(tons/yr)
13.2
0.3
<0.3
13.2
6.6
6.6
1.0
1.0
0.02-0.13
—
controls; emission factors are for bituminous coal and are based on
References 27, 42, 61, and 86.
NA - Not Available.
3-35
-------
TABLE 3-16. ESTIMATED TOTAL VIRGINIA STATE EMISSIONS OF SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS FROM UTILITY COMBUSTION OF OIL
Pollutant
Beryllium
Chromium
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Nickel
POM
Radionuclides
Uncontrolled
Emission Factor
(Ib/gal3)1
NA
0.007
0.033
0.004
0.14
0.000175
NA
Emissions Estimate
(tons/yr)
—
0.5
2.3
0.3
9.7
0.01
—
1Emissions factors from References 41 and 42.
NA - Not Available.
3-36
-------
factors were available for oil combustion. Since most oil-fired power plants
are controlled to some degree, the emissions shown are probably too high.
Emissions of selected noncriteria pollutants from individual power
plants are shown in Table 3-17. All but the VEPCO Portsmouth Plant are in-
cluded as major PM emitters in the Virginia Emissions Inventory. VEPCO
Portsmouth is listed as emitting only 68 tons/yr of PM.
Current developments in the utility industry in Virginia may impact
upon the issue of toxic air emissions. In 1983 VEPCO awarded contracts to
study the feasibility of burning nonconventional fuels, including wood, peat
and municipal waste, for electricity generation."0 Burning municipal waste
for example, would probably cause increased emissions of cadmium but decreased
emissions of nickel (versus coal or oil), if emissions characteristics of
municipal waste incinerators can be used as an indicator (see Section 3.2.2).
Nuclear Power Plants
Nuclear power plants are a potential source of radionuclide emis-
sions. The two plants in Virginia, North Anna and Surry, both operated by
VEPCO, total 3,655 MW in generating capacity. This total constitutes 5.8 per-
cent of the nation's total.*° No data with which to estimate radionuclide
emissions from nuclear power plants were found.
Cooling Towers
Table 2-1 lists cooling towers as potential sources of chloroform
chromium, manganese, and nickel. Chloroform emissions result from the use of
chlorine as a biocide to prevent fouling. Not all plants use chlorine in this
manner, however. Chromium, manganese, and nickel can be emitted if compounds
containing these elements are added to cooling tower water as corrosion inhib-
iting agents.41
3-37
-------
TABLE 3-17. EMISSIONS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS FROM INDIVIDUAL
COAL- AND OIL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
u>
u>
oo
Company
Appalachian
Power Co.
Potomac Electric
Power Co.
Virginia Electric
and Power Co.
Plant
Clinch River
Glen Lyn
Potomac River
Bremo Bluff
Chesterfield
Portsmouth
Poduo Point
Yorktown
Capacity
(HW)
720
335
515
215 -
1.234
554
1,244
1,154
1982 Fuel Consumption'
Coal (103 com)
1,537
515
1,042
544
2,084
577
537
0
Oil (103 gal)
686
1,800
3,942
0
3,429
11,429
75.429
110,000
Aa
3.1
1.0
2.1
1.1
4.2
1.2
1.1
0
Be
0.08
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.10
0.03
0.03
0
Cd
0.08
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.10
0.03
0.03
0
Emissions (tons/vr)2
Cr
3.1
1.0
2.1
1.1
4.2
1.2
1.3
0.4
Form
1.5
0.5
1.1
0.5
2.1
0.8
1.8
1.8
Hn
1.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
2.1
0.6
0.7
0.2
Hg
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0
Ki
3.9
1.4
2.9
1.4
5.5
2.2
6.6
7.7
POM
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.28
0.01
0.02
0.01
'Source: Reference 50; sun of total oil consumption exceeda total given in text.
2Baied on emission factora given in Tables 3-15 and 3-16; emissions of Cr, Hn, Hi, and POM arc probably too high beeauae of the uae of uncon-
trolled emission factora for oil combustion.
-------
No emission factors for chloroform are available. Emission factors
for chromium, manganese, and nickel are shown in Table 3-18.
Two power plants in Virginia employ cooling tower cooling systems.
These are listed in Table 3-19 along with estimated emissions. Emissions
assume the use of biocides and corrosion inhibitors containing the given pol-
lutants .
3.2.2 Potential Toxic Emissions from Municipal Sources
Municipal Incinerators
Municipal incinerators are a source of trace metal emissions, pri-
marily cadmium and manganese, as well as dioxins and POM. Emissions of these
pollutants vary substantially among incinerators based on the composition of
wastes burned, the combustion temperature, and degree of control. Table 3-20
presents available emission concentrations and emission factors found in the
literature.
Five municipal waste incinerators are listed in the Virginia Emis-
sions Inventory. They are located in Hopewell, Newport News, Norfolk,
Portsmouth, and Salem. The Portsmouth incinerator is listed as a major
emitter of PM (144 tons/yr). No throughput or capacity data were available
with which to estimate emissions of the selected noncriteria pollutants.
Sewage Sludge Incinerators
As with municipal waste incinerators, trace metals are the pollu-
tants of principal concern with sewage sludge incinerators. Also, the ranges
of potential emissions vary widely, especially with combustion temperature.
For example, data indicate that up to 40 percent of arsenic in sludge can be
emitted at temperatures of 1700 F, while less than 1 percent is emitted at
temperatues in the 1300-1500 F range.^2 In addition, emissions can be greatly
affected by the variability in the contents of the sludge. For example, a
3-39
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TABLE 3-18. ESTIMATED UNCONTROLLED EMISSION FACTORS FCI
UTIILTY COOLING TOWERS1
Emission Factor (Ib/MW ontrct_
Pollutant Pre-1970 Cooling Towers Post-1970
Chromium 0.51 O.C1I
Manganese 1.26 O.OT5
Nickel 3.25 O.Otr
Source: Reference 41.
3-40
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TABLE 3-19. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS FROM UTILITY COOLING TOWERS
IN VIRGINIA1
Company Plant
Appalachian Clinch River
Power Co.
Virginia Electric Possum Point
and Power Co.
Unit
1
2
3
5
Capacity
(MW)
223
223
223
882
Year on
Line
1958
1958
1961
Total
1975
Emissions (tons/yr)
Chloroform
—
—
0.32
0.42
Cr
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.18
0.01
Mn
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.42
0.01
Ni
0.36
0.36
0.36
1.08
0.03
V
Iplant data from Reference 17.
2Based on data presented in Reference 41.
-------
TABLE 3-20. EMISSION CONCENTRATIONS AND EMISSION RATES FOR SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE
INCINERATORS
Pollutant
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Dioxins
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
POM
Range of Concentrations
in Emitted Particles (ppm)*
200-310
1,100-1,900
105-870
<1-1.2
270-1,500
_-3
79-200
—
Emission Factor
(lb/ton)2
—
0.009
0.004
—
0.013
0.002
0.002
<0.001
Source: References 33, 34, 42, 44, and 59.
2Source: Reference 44, except for POM (Reference 42).
^Not widely measured because of its volatility.
3-42
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local electroplating operation discharging high metal content waste into the
wastevater system could result in sludge, and therefore emissions, of high
metal concentrations. Table 3-21 presents available data that summarize the
typical ranges of potential emission factors.
Sewage sludge incinerators are in operation at Alexandria,
Arlington, Fairfax, Newport News, Norfolk (2), Virginia Beach, Williamsburg,
and Woodbridge.'° No throughput or capacity data were available.
3.3 Miscellaneous Sources and Source Categories
This section addresses potential toxic air emissions sources that do
not fit in the utility or industrial categories. Included are gasoline mar-
keting, military establishments, residential fuel combustion, and hazardous
waste disposal.
3.3.1 Potential Toxic Emissions fromGasoline Marketing
Gasoline marketing includes bulk terminals and service stations.
Toxic emissions potentially include toluene, xylenes, benzene, dichloroethane,
and dibromoethane, all of which are constituents of gasoline and may be lost
through evaporation. Estimated nationwide emissions of toluene and xylenes
from gasoline marketing are 19,246 tons/yr and 4,735 tons/yr, respectively."
Based on a simple ratio of Virginia to U.S. population (1980 Census), 454
tons/yr of toluene and 112 tons/yr of xylenes may be emitted from gasoline
terminals and service stations in Virginia. No data on the other constituents
were available.
The largest single emissions sources would probably be bulk termi-
nals. Twenty are listed in the Virginia Emissions Inventory (including two
jet fuel terminals; see the Appendix), emitting a total of over 7,700 tons/yr
of VOC. The largest emitter is a Colonial Pipeline terminal at Columbia,
3-43
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TABLE 3-21. RANGE OF POTENTIAL EMISSIONS OF TRACE METALS
FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
Pollutant
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Typical Range of
Concentrations in Sludge
(mg/kg dry sludge)1
9-14
87-104
1,800-2,230
1,190
7-9
236-410
Typical Range
of Percent
Emitted1
1-14
10-40
0.2-0.7
NA
100
0.3-1.1
Range of
Emission Factors
(lb/103 ton)2
0.2-3.9
17.4-83.2
7.2-31.2
—
14-18
1.4-9.0
1Source: References 31 and 32.
^Calculated from previous two columns (low times low, high times high).
NA - Not Available.
3-44
-------
emitting 4,101 tons/yr of VOC. Using weight composition of gasoline vapor as
1.26 percent toluene and 0.31 percent xylenes,^ annual emissions from the
Colonial Pipeline would include 52 tons of toluene and 13 tons of xylenes.
3.3.2 Potential Toxic Emissions from Military Establishments
Five military establishments are listed in the Virginia Emissions
Inventory as major emitters of PM or VOC. Possible sources of selected non-
criteria pollutant emissions at these facilities are fuel combustion, incin-
eration, degreasing, and the application of surface coatings. All of these
areas were covered earlier. One other possibility is open burning to dispose
of explosives and other hazardous substances. The U.S. Navy currently oper-
ates such a facility in Maryland.53
3.3.3 Potential Toxic Emissions from Residential Fuel Combustion
For their potential to emit toxic pollutants, coal and wood are the
most important residential fuels. The combustion of coal results in emissions
of trace metals, POM, and formaldehyde.*2 Residential wood combustion is by
far the most significant source of POM emissions in the U.S. and also results
in emissions of acetaldehyde, dioxins, and formaldehyde.13,42,59
Residential coal combustion in Virginia has, for the most part,
decreased since 1960. In 1960, 450,000 tons of bituminous coal were consumed
by residences per year. In 1981, the total was only 51,000 tons.72 Nonethe-
less, toxic emissions are potentially important because residential coal com-
bustion emissions are uncontrolled. Emission factors and total state emis-
sions from residential coal combustion are shown in Table 3-22.
Residential combustion of wood in Virginia has been on the rise.
The 1981 total was 2.3 million tons (4.8 percent of the U.S. total for resi-
dential use) compared to 0.9 million tons in 1974.' Emission factors vary
for stoves and fireplaces. Emission factors and emissions estimates are given
3-45
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TABLE 3-22. ESTIMATED TOTAL VIRGINIA STATE EMISSIONS OF SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS FROM RESIDENTIAL COMBUSTION
OF BITUMINOUS COAL
Pollutant
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
POM
Emission Factor
(Ib/ton)1
0.04
O.OOOA
0.001
0.004
0.0024
0.12
0.0004
0.004
0.14
Emissions Estimate
(tons/yr)
1.0
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.06
3.1
0.01
0.10
3.6
1Source: Reference 12, except for POM (Reference 42).
3-46
-------
in Table 3-23. Emissions assume a 60/40 breakdown of wood use by stoves and
fireplaces.
3.3.4 Potential Toxic Emissions from Hazardous Waste Disposal
Various hazardous waste disposal methods may potentially result in
emissions of selected noncriteria pollutants. The six most common disposal
methods are:*0
o landfilling,
o chemical treatment,
o deep well injection,
o land treatment/solar evaporation,
o incineration, and
o resource recovery.
Incineration could cause emissions of toxic metals through the combustion of
metal wastes, and toxic VOCs through incomplete combustion of toxic organic
wastes. Landfilling, chemical treatment, and land treatment/solar evaporation
could result in toxic VOC emissions through volatilization. A recent study,
for example, found quantities of toluene, benzene, xylenes, methylene chlo-
ride, chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene, and tetrachloroethylene
in gas emanating from a reducing lagoon, an oxidizing lagoon, and an active
' and an inactive chemical landfill.^^ Estimated emissions of the predominant
constituents are summarized in Table 3-24. It should be emphasized that these
emissions are subject to a great deal of uncertainty due to the limited data
upon which they are based.
Industry is the primary source of hazardous wastes. Table 3-25 pre-
sents 1980 estimates of hazardous waste generated by major SIC category in the
3-47
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TABLE 3-23. ESTIMATED TOTAL VIRGINIA STATE EMISSIONS OF SELECTED
NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS FROM RESIDENTIAL COMBUSTION
OF WOOD
Emission Factor
(Ib/ton3 Emissions Estimate
Pollutant
Acetaldehyde
Dioxins^
Formaldehyde
POM
Wood Stove
0.22
0.000037
0.46
0.54
Fireplace
1.4
0.000037
3.0
0.058
(tons/yr)
795
0.04
1,696
399
1Source: Reference 13, except for dioxins (Reference 59).
^Emission factor given is at the upper end of the range presented in the
literature; assumed to be the same for wood stoves and fireplaces.
3-48
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TABLE 3-24. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS OF SELECTED NONCRITERIA POLLUTANTS
FROM TWO LAGOONS AND A LANDFILL1
Source
Area (ft2)
Predominant Toxic
Constituents
Emitted
Emissions of Predominant
Toxic Constituents
(tons/yr)2
Reducing Lagoon 12,200
Oxidizing Lagoon 11,200
Active Chemical 231,000
Landfill
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene,
1,1,1-trichloroethane,
trichloroethylene
Toluene
0.2
1.4
2.0
1Source: Reference 54.
2Based on limited data and subject to a high degree of uncertainty.
3-49
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TABLE 3-25. ESTIMATED NATIONWIDE 1980 HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION
BY INDUSTRY (103 wet tons/yr)1
Major SIC Category 1980 Estimate
22 Textiles 223
24 Lumber 96
25 Furniture 40
26 Paper 1,425
27 Printing 169
28 Chemicals 28,060
29 Petroleum 2,331
30 Rubber, Plastics 274
31 Leather 521
32 Stone, Glass, Clay 19
33 Primary Metals 4,467
34 Fabricated Metal 2,197
35 Machinery 354
36 Electrical Machinery 1,202
37 Transportation Equipment 1,364
38 Instruments 99
39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing 350
— Nonmanufacturing Industries 2.168
TOTAL 45,359
1 Source: Reference 10.
3-50
-------
U.S. The chemical industry is by far the largest contributor (62 percent of
the total), followed by the primary metals industry (10 percent).
According to one estimate, 77 percent of hazardous wastes are dis-
posed of on-site; that is, at the site of origin. Twenty-three percent is
disposed off-site at commercial hazardous waste disposal facilities. ^ In
Virginia, facilities included in the prominent waste generation categories
(Table 3-25) may be potential sources of selected noncriteria pollutants
through hazardous waste disposal activities. Additionally, three commercial
waste disposal facilities in Virginia are identified in the literature. These
are listed in Table 3-26.
3-51
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TABLE 3-26. COMMERCIAL WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES IN VIRGINIA1
Company
Liquid Waste Disposal
Oldover Corporation
Location
Richmond
Arvonia
Activity
NA
Incineration of waste
solvents and waste oil
Oldover Corporation Cascade Incineration of waste
solvents and waste oil
^Source: References 10 and 45.
NA - Not Available.
3-52
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4.0 REFERENCES
1. Acurex Corp., Source Category Survey; Industrial Incinerators. EPA-
450/3-80-13, May 1980.
2. Anderson, M.E. and W.H. Battye, Locating and Estimating Air Emissions
From Sources of Chloroform (Draft Final Report), GCA Corp., EPA Contract
No. 68-02-3510, September 1982.
3. Anderson, M.E. and W.H. Battye, Locating and Estimating Air Emissions
From Sources of Ethylene Bichloride. GCA Corp., EPA Contract No. 68-02-
3510, February 1983.
4. Anderson, M.E. and W.H. Battye, Locating and Estimating Air Emissions
From Sources of Carbon Tetrachloride (Revised Draft Final Report), GCA
Corp., EPA Contract No. 68-02-3510, December 1983.
5. Archer, S.R. et al., Status Assessment of Toxic Chemicals—Arsenic. EPA-
600/2-79-210b, December 1979.
6. Archer, S.R. and T.R. Blackwood, Status Assessment of Toxic Chemicals-—
Asbestos. EPA-600/2-79-210c, December 1979.
7. Archer, S.R. et al., Status Assessment of Toxic Chemicals-—Benzidine.
EPA-600/2-79-21Oe, December 1979.
8. Archer, S.R. et al., Status Assessment of Toxic Chemicals—PAH. EPA-
600/ 2-7 9-21 01, December 1979.
9. Beck, D.A. et al., Control of Volatile Organic Emissions From Manufac-
ture of Synthesized Pharmaceutical Products. EPA-450/2-78-029, U.S. EPA,
December 1978.
10. Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc., Hazardous Waste Generation and Commercial
Waste Management Capacity. SW-894, U.S. EPA Office of Water and Waste
Management, December 1980.
11. Cantrell, A., "Annual Refining Survey," Oil & Gas Journal. Vol. 81,
No. 12, March 21, 1983.
12. DeAngelis, D.G. and R.B. Reznick, Source Assessment: Residential Com-
bustion of Coal. EPA-600/2-79-019a, Monsanto Corp., January 1979.
13. DeAngelis, D.G. et al., Source Assessment; Residential Combustion of
Wood. EPA-600/2-80-042b, Monsanto Corp., March 1980.
14. Deitscb, M. and V. Kollonitsch (Eds.), The Kline Guide to the Plastics
Industry. Charles H. Kline & Co., 1982.
4-1
-------
15^ Dickerman, J.C. et al., Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental
Use: Chapter 3; Petroleum Refining Industry. EPA-600/2-77-023c, Radian
Corp., January 1977.
16. Dorigan, J. and J. Hushon, Air Pollution Assessment of Nitrobenzene.
Mitre Corp., EPA Contract No. 68-02-1495, May 1976.
17. Edison Electric Institute, Power Directory 1982. 1982.
18. Edison Electric Institute, Statistical Yearbook of the Electric Utility
Industry/1982. 1982.
19. Fishbein, L., "Potential Halogenated Industrial Carcinogenic and Mutagen-
ic Chemicals. I. Halogenated Unsaturated Hydrocarbons," The Science of
the Total Environment. Vol. 11, No. 2, March 1979.
20. Fishbein, L., "Potential Halogenated Industrial Carcinogenic and Mutagen-
ic Chemicals. II. Halogenated Saturated Hydrocarbons." The Science of
the Total Environment. Vol. 11, No. 2, March 1979.
21. Fishbein, L., "Potential Halogenated Industrial Carcinogenic and Mutagen-
ic Chemicals. III. Alkane Halides, Alkanols and Ethers," The Science
of the Total Environment. Vol. 11, No. 3, April 1979.
22. Fishbein, L., "Potential Halogenated Industrial Carcinogenic and Mutagen-
ic Chemicals. IV. Halogenated Aryl Derivatives," The Science of the
Total Environment. Vol. 11, No. 3, April 1979.
23. Fuller, B.B., Air Pollution Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene. Mitre
Corp., EPA Contract No. 68-02-1495, February 1976.
24. Fuller, B. et al., Environmental Assessment of PCBs in the Atmosphere.
EPA-450/3-77-045, Mitre Corp., November 1977.
25. GCA Corp-., Assessment of Benzene as a Potential Air Pollution Problem.
EPA Contract No. 68-02-1337, January 1976.
26. GCA Corp., Assessment of Ethylene Bichloride as a Potential Air Pollu-
tion Problem. EPA Contracct No. 68-02-1337, January 1976.
27. GCA Corp., Assessment of Formaldehyde as a Potential Air Pollution
Problem. EPA Contract No. 68-02-1337, January 1976.
28. GCA Corp., Assessment of Maleic Anhydride as a Potential Air Pollution
Problem. EPA Contract No. 68-02-1337, January 1976.
29. GCA Corp., Assessment of o-Xylene as a Potential Air Pollution Problem.
EPA Contract No. 68-02-1337, January 1976.
4-2
-------
30. GCA Corp., Organic Solvent Cleaners - Background Information for Pro-
posed Standards. EPA-450/2-78-045a, October 1979.
31. GCA Corp., State of New Jersey Incineration Study (Undergoing peer re-
view, data made available by EPA Region II).
32. Gerstle, R.V. and D.N. Albrinck, "Atmospheric Emissions of Metals From
Sewage Sludge Incineration," Jotirnal of the Air Pollution Control Asso-
ciation. Vol. 32, No. 11, November 1982.
33. Greenberg, R.R. et al., "Composition of Particles Emitted From The
Nicosia Municipal Incinerator," Environmental Science & Technology.
Vol. 12, No. 12, November 1978.
34. Greenberg, R.R. et al., "Composition and Size Distributions of Particles
Released in Refuse Incineration," Environmental Science & Technology.
Vol. 12, No. 5, May 1978.
35. Harkov, R. et al., "Measurement of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds at
Three Locations in New Jersey During the Summer Season," Journal of the
Air Pollution Control Association. Vol. 33, No. 12, December 1983.
36. Henz, D. et al., Control of VOC Emissions From Manufacture of Vegetable
Oils. EPA-450/2-78-035, PEDCo, Inc., June 1978.
37. Hoogheem, T.J. et al., Source Assessment; Solvent Evaporation Degreas-
ing Operations. EPA-600/2-79-019f, Monsanto Corp., August 1979.
38. Budak, C.E. and T.B. Parsons, Industrial Process Profiles for Environ-
mental Use; Chapter 12. The Explosives Industry. EPA-600/2-77-0231,
Radian Corp., February 1977.
39. Hushon, J. and M. Kornreich, Air Pollution Assessment of Vinylidene
Chloride. Mitre Corp., EPA Contract No. 68-02-1495, February 1978.
40. Jarvis, C.E. et al., Enforceability Aspects of RACT for Factory Surface
Coating of Flat Wood Paneling. PEDCo Inc., EPA Contract No. 68-01-4747,
April 1980.
41. Kelly, M.E. et al., Analysis of Applicable TSP and VOC Regulations in
Indirect Control of Selected Compounds (Draft Final Report), Radian
Corp., EPA Contract No. 68-02-3818, undated.
42. Kelly, M.E., Sources and Emissions of Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM).
Radian Corp., EPA Contract No. 68-02-3818, December 13, 1983.
43. Langley, G.J. et al., Analysis of SOCMI VOC Fugitive Emissions Data.
EPA-600/2-81-111, Radian Corp., June 1981.
4-3
-------
44. Law, S.L. and G.E. Gordon, "Sources of Metals in Municipal Incinerator
Emissions," Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 13, No. 4, April
1979.
45. McCoy & Associates (Ed.), "Status of Projects and Directory of TSD Facil-
ities," Ttie_Eaz&TdonB_ya8te_CoD8ultant^t Vol. 1, No. 1, July 1983.
46. McCurley, W.D. and G.D. Rawlings, Source Assessment; Cotton and Synthe-
tic Woven Fabric Finishing. EPA-600/2-80-042a, Monsanto Corp., January
1980.
47. Meserole, N.P. et al., Industrial Organic Chemical Use Trees. Radian
Corp. and Paul W. Spaite Co., EPA Contract Nos. 68-03-3038 and 68-03-
3171, October 1983.
48. Misenheimer, D.C. and W.H. Battye, Locating and Estimating Air Emissions
From Sources of Formaldehyde. GCA Corp., EPA Contract No. 68-02-3510,
December 1983.
49. Moscowitz, C.M., Source Assessment - Charcoal Manufacturing. EPA-600/2-
78-004z, Monsanto Corp., December 1978.
50. Nielsen, G.F. (Ed.), 1983 Keystone Coal Industry Manual. McGraw-Hill,
1983.
51. Ochsner, J.C. et al., Status Assessment of Toxic Chemicals—Trichloroe-
thylene. EPA-600/2-79-21Om, December 1979.
52. Ostojic, N., End Use of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds.
EPA-450/3-79-032, TRC Corp., May 1979.
53. Radian Corp. and SCJ, Inc., Assistance in the Development of a Program
to Control Toxic Air Pollutants in the State of Maryland (Draft Final
Report), November 11, 1983.
54. Radian Corp., Evaluation of Air Emissions from Hazardous Waste Treat-
ment. Storage, and Disposal Facilities in Support of the RCRA Air Emis-
sion Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA). EPA Contract No. 68-02-3171,
January 11, 1984.
55. Radian Corp., Locating and Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of
Acrylonitrile (Revised Draft Final Report), EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513,
October 1983.
56. Radian Corp., Locating and Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of
Chromium (Draft Final Report), EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, September
1983.
57. Radian Corp., Locating and Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of
Nickel (Draft Final Report), EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, November 1983.
4-4
-------
58. Radian Corp., Preliminary Study of Sources of Inorganic Arsenic. EPA-
450/5-82-005, August 1982.
59. Radian Corp., Reviev and Development of Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans
Emissions Data. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, March 1983.
60. Rittenhouae, R.C., "Handling and Firing of Nonconventional Fuels," Power
Engineering. Vol. 87, No. 12, December 1983.
61. Rohlack, L.A., Confidential Radian Report.
62. Sittig, M., (Ed.), Environmental Sources and Emissions Handbook. Noyes
Data Corp., 1975.
63. Sittig, M., Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals , Noyes Data
Corp., 1981.
64. Smith, C., Locating and Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of Epi-
chlorohydrin. Radian Corp., EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, December 1983.
65. Smith, C., Locating and Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of Ethyl-
ene Oxide. Radian Corp., EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, December 1983.
66. SRI International, 1983 Directory of Chemical Producers. 1983.
67. Steadman, R.R. et al., Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental
Use; Chapter 7. Organic Dyes and Pigments Industry. EPA-600/2-77-023g,
Battelle - Columbus, February 1977.
68. Systems Applications, Inc., Human Exposure to Atmospheric Concentrations
of Selected Chemicals. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3066, February 10, 1982.
69. Tierney D.R. et al., Status Assessment of Toxic-Chemicals - Acryloni-
trile. EPA-600/2-79-21Oa, December 1979.
70. Tierney, D.R. et al., Status Assessment of Toxic Chemicals - Vinylidene
Chloride. EPA-600/2-79-21Oo, December 1979.
71. U.S. Department of Energy, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption
from 1949 to 1981. DOE/EIA-0341, August 1982.
72. U.S. Department of Energy, State Energy Data Report. DOE/EIA-0214(81),
June 1983.
73. U.S. EPA, Electric Arc Furnaces in Ferrous Foundries - Background Infor-
mation for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-80-020a, May 1980.
74. U.S. EPA, Health Assessment Document For Acrylonitrile (Revised Draft),
EPA-600/8-82-007, November 1982.
4-5
-------
75. U.S. EPA, Health assessment Document For Carbon Tetrachloride (Draft),
EPA-600/8-82-001, March 1982.
76. U.S. EPA, Health Assissment Document For 1.1 1-Trichloroethane (Methyl
Chloroform) (Revised Draft), EPA-600/8-82-003, November 1982.
77. U.S. EPA, Health Assessment.Document For 1.1,2-Trichloro-l,2.2-Tri-
fluoroethane {Chlorofluorocarbon CFC-113). EPA-600/8-82-002f, September
1983.
78. U.S. EPA, Unpublished Listing of Multiple Hearth Sewage Sludge Incinera-
tion Facilities in the U.S.
79. Vincent, E.J. and W.M. Vatavuk, Control of VOC emissions from Existing
Stationary Sources - Volume VIII; Graphic Arts — Rotogravure and Flexo-
graphy. EPA-450/2-78-033, U.S. EPA, December 1978.
80. Virginia State Air Pollution Control Board, Data From Virginia Emissions
Inventory, 1984.
81. Virginia State Chamber of Commerce, Virginia Industrial Directory—1981-
1982. 1982.
82. Wainwright, P.B. et al., A POM Emissions Study for Industrial Wood-Fired
Boilers. North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources, April 1982.
83. Walker, P., Air Pollution Assessment of Benzene. Mitre Corp., EPA Con-
tract No. 68-02-1495, April 1976.
84. Walker, P., Air Pollution Assessment of Toluene. Mitre Corp., EPA Con-
tract No. 68-02-1495, May 1976.
85. Walker, P. et al., Environmental Assessment of Atmospheric Nitro-
samines. Mitre Corp., EPA Contract No. 68-02-1495, February 1976.
86. White, D.M. et al., Correlation of Coal Properties With Environmental
Control Technology Needs for Sulfur and Trace Elements. Radian Corp.,
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3171, December 1982.
87. Wilkins, G.E., Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use: Chap-
ter 10. Plastics and Resins Industry. EPA-600/2-77-023J, Radian Corp.,
February 1977.
88. Zobel, K.J. and N. Efird, Control of VOC Emissions From Manufacturing of
Pneumatic Rubber Tires. EPA-450/2-78-030, U.S. EPA, December 1978.
4-6
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APPENDIX
A-l
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APPENDIX
MAJOR EMITTERS LISTED IN THE VIRGINIA EMISSIONS INVENTORY
T
Major SIC
Category
12
20
21
22
24
25
Company
Cliochfield Coal
Island Creek Coal
Cargill
Holly Farms -'
Nabiico
American Tobacco Co.
Brown & Williamson
Phillip Morris
Phillip Morris
Phillip Morris
Burlington Ind.
Burlington Ind.
Burlington Ind.
Champion International
D.G. Shelter Produeta
Hoppers Co.
Haeonlte Corp.
Merit lot Induatriea
M.W. Manufacturers
Ramsey Lumber
Union Camp
American Furniture
American Furniture
American Furniture
American Furniture
American Woodmark
Armstrong Furniture
Baaaett Furniture
Baasett Furniture
Baaaett Furniture
Baiaett Furniture
Baaaett Furniture
Colenan Furniture
Ethan Allen
Gravely Furniture
Location
Dante
Oakvood
Chesapeake
Mt. Jackaon
Sandaton
Richmond
Petersburg
Richmond
Richmond
Richmond
Clarkiville
Altavista
Dublin
South Boston
Marion
Salem
Vaverly
Atkins
Rocky Mount
Suffolk
Franklin
Marion
Chilhovie
Martiniville
Hartinsville
Berryville
Appomattox
Baaaett
Baaaett
Baaaett
Baaaett
Hartinsville
Pulaski
Bridgewater
Ridgeway
Principal Product
or Activity
Coal preparation
Coal preparation
Soybeana
Poultry feed
Bakery products
Tobacco
Cigarettea
Tobacco
Tobacco
Tobacco
Textiles
Textile finishing
Fabrica
Particleboard
Mouldinga
Wood preserving
Particleboard
Cabinet doora
Hood doora
Lumber
Particleboard
Vood furniture
Wood furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Cabineta
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Wood furniture
Wood furniture
Hood clocks
Emissions
PM
351
174
71
114
135
1
21
68
22
21
109
37
44
276
0
10
302
1
2
120
122
24
30
49
21
1
13
70
128
52
45
36
470
10
19
(tons/vr)
VOC
224
17
1,011
0
1
242
275
955
273
120
559
267
144
26
538
148
265
184
212
8
4
246
289
932
208
407
219
544
1.351
329
724
296
387
153
125
(Continued)
-------
APPENDIX
MAJOR EMITTERS LISTED IN THE VIRGINIA EMISSIONS INVENTORY
Major BIC
Category
25
(Continued)
26
17
Company
Booker Furniture
The Lane Company
The Lane Company
Lea Industries
Pulaaki Furniture
Pulaaki Furniture
Singer Furniture
Stanley Furniture
Stanley Furniture
Thomasville Furniture
Vaughn- Baaaett
Furniture
Vaughn Furniture
Vaughn Furniture
Virginia Houae
Furniture
Virginia Home
Furniture
Webb Furniture
Webb Furniture
Cheaapeake Corp.
Georgia-Pacific
Bermetite
Jamea River
Manville Products
Owens-Illinois
Stone Container
Storeya Tranaprints
Union Camp
U.S. Gypaupm
Virginia Fibre
Ueatvaco
Weatvaco
Weatvaco
J.W. Ferguaaon
Meredith- Burda
Milprint
Location
Martinaville
Altaviata
Rocky Mount
Kenbridge
Martinaville
Dublin
Roanoke
Waynesboro
Stanleytown
Brookneal
Galas
Gal ax
Galas
Atkina
Atkina
Galax
Galas
Weat Point
Jarratt
Buena Viata
Richmond
Edinburg
Big laland
Hopewell
Darriaonburg
Fr.nklln
Danville
Riverville
Covington
Richmond
Richmond
Richmond
Lynchburg
Colonial
Height a
Principal Product
or Activity
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Wood furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Paper producta
Fiberboard
Cigarette papera
Paper
Insulating board
Corregated producta
Kraft paper
Transfera
Paper, paperboard
Bardboard
Paperboard
Paperboard
Printed paper
Printed bozea
Printing
Printed naterial
Printing
Emissions
PM
96
80
40
21
21
43
82
IS
204
0
38
41
62
45
75
47
73
677
115
0
5
102
46
577
0
1,066
26
728
1,958
0
0
0
0
0
(tona/vr)
VOC
503
2,247
517
312
305
223
624
246
906
118
441
154
219
181
368
179
169
99
256
594
1,513
44
146
150
371
330
694
44
379
2,090
180
709
1,898
134
(Continued)
-------
APPENDIX
MAJOR EMITTERS LISTED IN THE VIRGINIA EMISSIONS INVENTORY
Major SIC
Category
17
(Continued)
28
29
30
32
Company
Reynold* HetaU
Reynolds Metal*
Richmond Gravure
Vi-Tex Packaging
William Byrd Press
Allied Corp.
Allied Corp.
Avtex Fiber*
Bsdishe Corp.
Diipereiion Specialties
E.I. duPont
E.I. duPont
Firestone Fibers
Hercules Inc.
Imperial Briquet
Herck i Co.
Radford Array
Reliance Universal
Uestvaco
Amoco Oil
HSL Paving
E.R. Carpenter
Goodyear Tire
Mohawk Rubber
O'Sulllivan Corp.
Reevea Brothers
Rubatex Corp.
Abex Corp.
Brick & Tile Corp.
Brockway , Inc .
Chemstone Corp.
Dillon and Co.
Frey, Inc.
General Shale
Genstsr Stone
Lone Star Cement
National Gypsum
Location
Richmond
Chesterfield
Richmond
Suffolk
Richmond
Chesterfield
Ropewell
Front Royal
Hilllamsburg
Ashland
Richmond
Waynesboro
Bopewell
Ropewell
Kenbridge
Elkton
Radford
Roanoke
Coving ton
Torktovn
Newport Newa
Richmond
Danville
Salem
Winchester
Buena Vista
\
Bedford
Winchester
Lawrenceville
Danville
Oranda
Gardener
Clearbrook
Richland
Bunt Valley
Cloverdale
Ripplemead
Principal Product
or Activity
Aluminum print
Aluminum print
Printed cartons
Packaging material
Printing
Nylon fibers
Chemical*
Fibers
Acrylic fibers
Ink
Nylon fibers
Acrylic fibers
Polyester resin*
Cellulose
Charcoal
Medicinal chemical*
Explosives, munitions
Paints
Activated carbon
Refinery
Asphalt
Drethane foam
Tires
Tires
Vinyl film
Coated fabric*
Fabricated rubber
Brakeshoes
Brick, tile
Glass container*
Lime
Lime products
Line, liaeatone
Brick
Lime , stone
Portland cement
Lime, atone
Emissions
FH
2
-
0
0
1
170
422
674
106
0
500
222
24
456
1,249
132
147
26
516
756
192
0
45
6
4
82
31
1
9,083
85
418
399
108
863
157
1,340
284
(tons/vr)
VOC
4,141
7,694
139
325
138
639
573
10
334
115
773
1,639
294
4,440
860
701
7,158
144
0
1,056
0
130
549
1.331
1,591
1,782
337
179
0
545
133
0
0
10
0
0
0
(Continued)
-------
APPENDIX
MAJOR EMITTERS LISTED IN THE VIRGINIA EMISSIONS INVENTORY
t_n
tUjor SIC
Category
32
(Continued)
33
34
36
37
40
42
49
Company
Oweni-Illinoii
Bedford Brick
Smith Stone Co.
D.S. Gypsum
U.S. Gypsum
Virginia Lime
Webster Brick
Griffin Pipe
Jewell Coal & Coke
Lynchburg Foundry
Lynchburg Foundry
Rea Magnetic Wire
Reynold! Hetali
Reynold! Hetali
American Safety Razor
Ball Hetal Container
Crown Cork & Seal
Federal-Mogul Corp.
Reynold! Ketala
Wayne Manufacturing
General Electric
Ford Motor Co.
GMC/Delco
Norfolk Shipbuilding
Newport Hewi
Shipbuilding
Volvo White Truck Corp.
C&O Railway
Old Dominion Grain
Appalachian Power
Appalachian Power
PEPCO
VEPCO
VEPCO
VEPCO
VEPCO
Location
Toano
Richmond
Louisa
Norfolk
Saltville
Ripplemead
Somenet
Lynchburg
Vansant
Lynchburg
Radford
Buena Vista
Chesterfield
Richmond
Stanton
Williamsburg
Wincheater
Blacksburg
Bristol
Waynesboro
Lynchburg
Norfolk
Fredericksburg
Norfolk
Newport News
Dublin
Clifton Forge
West Point
Cleveland
Glen Lyn
Alexandria
Cbeaterfield
Bremo Bluff
Dunfries
Torktown
Principal Product
or Activity
Glaaa
Brick
Aggregatea
Gypsum board
Wallboard
Lime
Brick
Cast iron
Coke
Castings
Iron castings
Magnetic wire
Aluminum
Aluminum
Blades
Coated cans
Coated cam
Bearinga
Aluminum can lida
Hetal parti
Electric components
Light trucks
Auto parts
Shipbuilding
Shipbuilding
Truck assembly
RR pover plant
Grain
Electricity
Electric power
Electricity
Electric power
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Emissions
PM
152
122
160
158
155
168
749
27
722
118
199
6
125
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
10
162
38
253
5
154
110
528
362
187
567
321
1,346
334
(toos/Tr)
VOC
637
0
0
0
0
0
6
283
434
1
0
164
3
2.712
201
1.271
2.289
110
683
101
187
780
59
555
870
186
13
0
45
15
28
67
17
34
27
(Continued)
-------
APPENDIX
MAJOR EMITTERS LISTED IN THE VIRGINIA EMISSIONS INVENTORY
Major SIC
Category
50
51
82
91
97
Company
Vulcan Mateiiala
Allied Aviation Fuel
Allied Aviation Fuel
Amoco Oil Co.
Amoco Oil Co.
Citgo Petroleum
Citiea Service
Colonial Pipeline
Conoco, Inc.
Continental Grain
Elizabeth River
Terminal!
Exxon
Exxon
Exxon
Gulf Oil Co.
Gulf Oil Co.
Marathon Petroleum
Shell Oil Co.
Shell Oil Co.
Southern Facilitiea
Texaco , Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
VA Dept. of Highways
VA State Univeraity
City of Portsmouth
Marine Corpa
Naval Air Revork
Facility
Navy Public Works
Center
U.S. Government Naval
Air Station
D.S. Navy Norfolk
Shipyard
Location
Springfield
Arlington
Dullea Airport
Fairfax
Montvale
Fairfax
Montvale
Columbia
Cheaapeake
Norfolk
Chesapeake
Nevington
Richmond
Roanoke
Fairfax
Montvale
Roanoke
Nevington
Roanoke
Montvale
Fairfax
Hontvale
Lynchburg
Peteraburg
Portsmouth
Quant ico
Norfolk
Horfolk
Virginia Beach
Norfolk
Principal Product
or Activity
Aggregatea
Jet fuel
Jet fuel
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Bulk terminal
Grain elevator
Bulk grain
Bulk terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Petroleum terminal
Highway trana.
College
Incinerator
Marinen
Plane repair
Military
Security
Shipbuilding
Emialiona
PM
108
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
195
140
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
163
144
212
10
205
34
302
(tone/yr)
VOC
0
414
222
184
229
141
216
4,101
126
0
0
215
192
224
108
146
217
158
123
277
107
146
190
0
45
29
128
329
600
829
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