EPA-AA-TSS-PA-84-4

                  ?echnical  Report
          Size Specific Total Particulate
        Emission Factors for Mobile Sources
                         By

                 Robert  I. Bruetsch


                     June 1984
                       NOTICE

Technical Reports do not  necessarily  represent  final EPA
decisions or  positions.   They are  intended to  present
technical  analysis  of   issues   using   data  which  are
currently available.   The purpose in  the  release  of such
reports  is  to  facilitate  the  exchange  of  technical
information  and  to   inform   the   public  of  technical
developments which  may form  the  basis  for  a  final  EPA
decision, position or regulatory action.

              Technical Support Staff
        Emission  Control Technology  Division

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                      Table of Contents

                                                          Page

List of Tables                                              3

List of Figures                                             5

1.0    Introduction                                         6

2.0    Projecting Size Specific Total
         Particulate Emission Factors                       9

       2.1   Lead Emission Factors                         14

       2.2   Misfueling and Fuel Switching                 18

       2.3   Particle Size Distribution                    20

       2.4   Control System Fractions                      21

       2.5   Organic, Sulfate, Heavy-Duty Truck
               and Motorcycle Emission Factors             23

             2.5.1 Organic Emission Factor Components      23
             2.5.2 Sulfate Emission Factor Components      23
             2.5.3 Diesel Emission Factors                 27
             2.5.4 Heavy-Duty Truck Emission
                     Factor Components                     28
             2.5.5 Motorcycle Emission Factors             32

       2.6   Brake and Tire Wear Particulate Emission
               Factor Components                           33

3.0    Example Calculation of Automobile
         Particulate Emissions Less than 10 Microns        57

4.0    References                                          66

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                             -3-

                         List of  Tables

Number   	Title	     Page

   1     Emission Factors of Motor Vehicle Engine
           Total Particulate Emissions                     35,36

   2     Lead Content of Gasoline                           37

   3     Fraction of Light-Duty Vehicle Model Year
           Sales Equipped with Different Emission
           Control Systems (Low-Altitude Non-California)    38

   4     Fleet Sales Fractions:  Light-Duty Vehicles        39

   5     Travel Weighting Factor Calculation:  Light-
           Duty Vehicles.-                                   40

   6     City/Highway Combined On-Road Fuel Economy         41

   7     Fuel Economy Correction Factors at Various
           Speeds, Cs                                       42

   8     Fraction of Light-Duty Truck I Model Year
           Sales Equipped with Different Emission
           Control Systems (Low-Altitude Non-California)    43

   9     Fleet Sales Fractions:  Light-Duty Trucks I        44

  10     Travel Weighting Factor Calculation:  Light-
           Duty Trucks I                                    45

  11     Fraction of Model Year Sales of Light-Duty
           Trucks II by Emission Control Systems            46

  12     Fleet Sales Fractions:  Light-Duty Trucks II       47

  13     Travel Weighting Factor Calculation:  Light-
           Duty Trucks II                                   48

  14     Fleet Sales Fractions:  Heavy-Duty Gasoline-
           Powered Trucks I and II                          49

  15     Travel Weighting Factor Calculation:  Heavy-
           Duty Trucks I and Heavy-Duty Gasoline Trucks
           II                                      _         50

  16     Travel Weighting Factor Calculation:  Heavy-
           Duty Diesel Trucks II                            51

  17     Travel Weighting Factor Calculation:
           Motorcycles                                      52

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                             -4-

                   List of Tables (cont'd)

Number   	Title	    Page

  18     Rates of Misfueling (r^) for Different
           Vehicle Classes (Simplified Rates)               53

  18a    Rates of Misfueling (r^) for Different
           Vehicle Ages and Classes (Exact Rates)           54

  19     Average Data on Particle Size Distribution      55,56

  20     Example Calculations:   Light-Duty Vehicle
           Particulate Emission Rate Under 10 Microns
           for the -Year 1985                                61

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                             -5-



                       List of Figures



Number   Title	     Page



  1      Leaded Gasoline Particulate Size Distribution      62



  2      Unleaded Gasoline Particulate Size Distribution    63



  3      Diesel Particulate Size Distribution               64



  4      Brake Wear Particulate Size Distribution           65

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                             -6-

1.0  INTRODUCTION

The  following   material   was  developed  to   predict   total
particulate emission  factors  of on-road vehicles,  trucks  and
motorcycles,  both  gasoline   and  diesel  fueled,  at  various
vehicle  speeds   for  particles  in  the  respirable  size  range
(less  than  10  microns).   Particulate  emissions  from  these
vehicles may also be  determined at other size  intervals  less
than 10 microns  (e.g., less than 7.5,  5, or  2.5 microns).

User  inputs to the  equations  developed  for  this  emission
factor determination include  area  travel fractions  by vehicle
class,  vehicle  miles traveled,  vehicle speed, particle  size
limits of interest and calendar year.

This report is  arranged to present  total particulate emission
factor equations,  as the  sum  of  individual  masses of  lead
salt, organic and  sulfate  components  for leaded  and unleaded
gasoline   fueled  vehicles   and   compositely   (i.e.,   total
particulate mass) for diesel  fueled vehicles  and motorcycles,
and  tire and  brake wear  partirulate.   These  equations  are
subsequently accompanied by  tabulated  emission  factors  which
may  be   inserted  into the  appropriate  particulate  component
equations.   Fleet   sales  fractions and travel  fractions  by
model  year  are  included  for  each  vehicle   class.    The
fractions within each vehicle  class  that  are equipped  with
different   emission  control   systems   are   also   provided.
Cumulative  distributions   of  particle  size  for  leaded   and
unleaded  gasoline   and   diesel   fuel   are   presented   both
graphically  and tabularly.   Also,  for the  benefit  of  the
user,  an example  calculation of  particulate emissions  from
light-duty vehicles is provided.

The  procedure  herein  can  be  used   to  project  automotive
particulate  emissions  by  those  agencies   developing   State

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                             -7-

Implementation  Plans  for  particulate  matter  or  by  other
interested parties  within or outside  the EPA  concerned  with
size  specific  particulate  emission   factor  projections  for
mobile sources.

This document was prepared by the  Office  of  Mobile Sources in
response to a request  from the  Office  of  Air Quality Planning
and  Standards.   It has  been designed  to be  consistent  with
the  methodology  developed in the  April 15,   1983  EPA report,
Supplementary  Guidelines  for   Lead   Implementation  Plans--
Updated  Projections  for  Motor Vehicle  Lead  Emissions,  by
Penny M. Carey,  and uses this  methodology for  the projection
of  the  lead  component  of  total   particulate  emissions  for
vehicles  using   leaded   and  unleaded   gasoline   (1)*.    In
addition to the  lead document,  from which the methodology for
the  projection  of  area  lead emission  factors  is  used,  this
report  uses  three  other  sources  of  particulate  emission
factor estimates.   Emission  factors for organics,  sulfates on
the  Federal  Test  Procedure   (FTP)   cycle,   and  heavy-duty
gasoline  trucks  came  from  the  Draft Study o_f  Particulate
Emissions from  Motor  Vehicles  (for Section  214 of  the  Clean
Air  Act), by  the Environmental  Sciences  Research Laboratory,
Office  of  Research and  Development,  U.S.  EPA,  July  1983
(10).  Sulfates  on  the Sulfate  Emission  Test  (SET)  cycle and
motorcycle  emission factors  came  from  the  March  1981  EPA
report,  Compilation   o_f  Air   Pollutant  Emission  Factors:
Highway  Mobile  Sources,  EPA-460-3-81-005   (2).   Light-  and
heavy-duty diesel particulate emission factors  are referenced
from  the Draft  Diesel  Particulate Study,  Emission  Control
Technology Division, Office  of  Mobile  Sources, Office  of Air
and   Radiation,   U.S.    EPA,  October   1983   (4).  .  Emission
* Numbers in parentheses represent  references  which are given
at the end of this report in Section 4.0.

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                             -8-

factor estimate  updating  is an  ongoing  process and,  in  many
cases,  these  values  are  based  on  testing  of  only  a  few
vehicles.

Further revisions will be  made  to this document as  needed  as
new   information  becomes   available.   In   particular,   new
information on  fleet  characteristics  and on  the  incidence  of
fuel  switching has  recently been prepared in connection  with
the preparation  of  MOBILES, the  latest  computer program  for
calcu-
lation  of motor  vehicle  emissions  of  hydrocarbons,  carbon.
monoxide,   and oxides  of  nitrogen.   This  document  will  be
revised  to  reflect  this  new  information  as  promptly  as
possible.   .In  the meantime,  the calculations  described  here
will give acceptable results.

This  document  may also have  to be revised  in  the  future  to
reflect  changes' in-  the   use   of  unleaded  fuel.    EPA  is
currently considering banning  the use of leaded  fuel because
of the health  hazards  associated with lead and to  discourage
the practice  of  misfueling which deteriorates  the  efficiency
of vehicle  emission control  systems.  Since EPA  has not  at
this  time proposed  these  regulations,  this   report  assumes
that use  of  leaded  gasoline will continue  with only  the  lead
phasedown in effect restricting  the lead level to  1  g/gallon
in leaded gasoline.

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                             — Q —

2.0    PROJECTING  SIZE  SPECIFIC  TOTAL  PARTICULATE  EMISSION
       FACTORS

The purpose  of  this report  is  to provide a  methodology with
which  to  project  areawide  total  particulate emissions  from
mobile  sources   in  a  given  calendar   year.    Particulate
emissions  can consist  of lead  salts,  organics  and  sulfate
emissions.   The  relative  amounts  vary for different  vehicle
types,  emission  control  strategies  and  vehicle  operating
modes.  Analysis  of lead  particulate  indicates  that  most  of
the exhausted lead  appears as  PbClBr.   Therefore  estimates  of
the mass of  lead particulate will be  considerably  larger than
those  predicted  by  the  lead  document.   Organic  emissions
include both soluble  organics  and elemental  carbon  and  are
important  contributors  to  total  particulate  emissions  from
all  vehicles especially  diesels.   Sulfate emissions,  mostly
from   unleaded   gasoline-fueled   vehicles   equipped   with
catalysts, are also  important  contributors  to  total vehicular
particulate emissions.

Areawide particulate  emissions,  as  is shown  in  Equation 1.0,
are  a  function  of  calendar  year,  average  vehicle  speed,
vehicle class travel  fractions,  the  particle  size range  of
interest and  the  vehicle class emissions  associated with  the
calendar year and  vehicle speed.   With the exceptions of  the
vehicle class  emission factors, all  of  the above  parameters
are  inputs  selected  by  the user  on  an areawide  basis  to
obtain  the  desired   output  of  mobile   source   particulate
emissions from the area of interest.

Equation 1.0
     EFpm,n,s

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where:
                             -10-
EF
 'pm,n,s
size   specific   all-vehicle   class   total
particulate emission  factor  on January  1  of
calendar year n at vehicle speed s (g/mile);
                 vehicle  class  designator   1  =  light-duty
                 vehicles  (LDV),  2  =  light-duty  trucks  I
                 (LDT1), 3 = light-duty trucks  II  (LDT2),  4 =
                 heavy-duty  trucks  I  (HDT1),  5  =  heavy-duty
                 trucks II (HDT2), 6 = motorcycles (MC);

                 vehicle  speed;  avg.  Federal   Test  Procedure
                 (FTP)  = 19.6,  avg.  Sulfate   Emissions  Test
                 (SET) = 34.8  (miles/hr);  (Note:   The  FTP and
                 SET   are  driving   cycles   used   for   the
                 determination of emission factors.)

                 area  travel  fraction of  vehicle class  i  in
                 calendar year n;
EF.
   ,n, s
exhaust  particulate   emission   factor   for
vehicle  class  i  in  calendar   year   n  at
vehicle speed s (g/mile).
EF.
  brakes
airborne  brake  wear   particulate  emission
factor component  = 0.0128 grams/mile.   This
emission  factor  component is  assumed to  be
the  same  for  all  vehicle  classes,  vehicle
speeds and  calendar  years (all i,  s,  and  n)
due to lack of separate  information for  each
i, s, and n;

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                             -11-
EF,.    =        airborne   tire   wear   particulate   emission
                 factor  component =  0.002 grams/mile.   This
                 emission  factor component  is  assumed  to  be
                 the  same  for  all  vehicle  classes,  vehicle
                 speeds and  calendar  years (all i,  s,  and  n)
                 due to lack  of  separate information for each
                 i, s and n;
MB      =        fraction  of  airborne  particles  less  than  a
                 user specified  size cutoff  (0.1-10  urn)  that
                 are attributable  to vehicle  brake  wear,  from
                 Table 19 or Figure  4.

The vehicle  classes for which  emission factor estimates  may
be  obtained   include:   1)   light-duty  vehicles  (passenger
cars),  2)   light-duty   trucks   I   (0-6000   Ibs.   GVWR),   3)
light-duty  trucks   II  (6001-8500  Ibs.   GVWR),  4)  heavy-duty
trucks  I   (8501-14000  Ibs.  GVWR),  5)   heavy-duty  trucks  II
(greater than 14001 Ibs. GVWR),  and  6) motorcycles.

The exhaust  emission factors  for  each vehicle  class for  a
given  calendar year  (EF.     )  are  broken down  into  compo-
                         i, n, s
nent emission  factors in Equation  1.1.   The components repre-
sent  the  masses  of lead salt,  organic  and  sulfate emissions
from  both  leaded  and  unleaded gasoline fueled  vehicles  and
total particulate mass from diesel  vehicles--all  of which  are
multiplied by the  fraction of total  vehicles  of a given model
year designed  for  use on  these  three fuel  types.   The  sum  of
these  components  for  each  model  year  is  also multiplied  by
the fraction of the vehicle class  travel attributable to  that
model  year  (m.  .)  in  the calendar year  of inte'rest.   For
               1» D
example,   the   component    (EF.  .       )    represents   the
                                i, 3 , K , n, LI
emissions  in grams  per  mile  of  lead salts  (k = l)  from vehicle
class  i  emitted  from model  year  j  vehicles  that are  on  the
road  in  calendar  year n and  are designed  for  use on  leaded

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                             -12-

fuel.  These  emission components must  be summed up  over the
twenty model years prior  to the calendar year of  interest to
include  all  the contributing   fractions  of  emissions  from
vehicles on the road.

The  travel  fractions for the  six vehicle classes  from model
years n to n-19 are  provided in  Tables  5,  10,  13,  15, 16, and
17.   These  tables  are  entitled  "Travel  Weighting  Factor
Calculation"  and  there  is  one  for  each of  the  six vehicle
classes.  (Table  15,  however,  should be used  for  all vehicles
in  the  heavy-duty truck  I  category  and  all  gasoline  heavy-
duty trucks  II.   Table 16  should be  used for all  diesels in
the heavy-duty truck  II category only.   For  an explanation of
how  to  compute   emissions   from heavy-duty  trucks  II,  see
Section 2.5.4 on  p.  23.)   The fraction of vehicles from each
class  and  model  year  of  vehicles  designed  to   use  leaded
gasoline    (FT .  .),   unleaded   gasoline    (FKTT  , -; ) »   an<^
             LJ , 1 , J                              IN.LJ , 1 , J
diesel  fuel  (F   . .) are contained  in Tables  4,   9,  12,  and
               i* » i » D
14.   These  tables  are  entitled  "Fleet  Sales  Fractions".
Separate  tables   are  provided   for   light-duty  vehicles  and
light-duty  trucks I  and  II.   Table  14 contains  fleet sales
fractions of  gasoline fueled versus  diesel  heavy-duty trucks
I and II.  Gasoline-fueled  heavy-duty trucks  I  are assumed to
use  leaded  gasoline  prior to 1987 and  unleaded  gasoline from
1987 on.   Gasoline-fueled heavy-duty truck  II  and motorcycle
fleet  sales  are  assumed   to   consist  entirely  of  leaded
gasoline vehicles for all model  years.
Equation 1.1

EFi,n,s =   S   C(EFi,j,Vn,L + EFi,j,k_,L + EFi , j , k. , L> (FL,
          j=n-19          L                       .

  +  (EFi, j,k1,n,NL + EFi,j,k2,NL + EFi, j,k3,NL)(FNL,i, j)

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                             -13-

where:


j          =     model year  j = n-19, n-18,...,n-2,n-1,n;

L          =     vehicles designed for use on leaded fuel;

NL         =     vehicles designed for use on unleaded fuel;

k          =     component   of   total   particulate  emission
                 factor  (k,  =  lead,  k2  =  organic,  k.,  =
                 sulfate) expressed  individually  for gasoline
                 vehicles and trucks  (except  motorcycles) and
                 cumulatively for  diesel vehicles  and trucks
                 and motorcycles;

FT .        =     fraction   of   the  vehicle  class  i  fleet
 L,i,3
                 designed for use  on  leaded  gasoline in  model
                 year j;
FXTT  .  .     =     fraction  of   the  vehicle  class   i   fleet
 NL,i,j
                 designed  for  use  on  unleaded  gasoline  in
                 model year j;
Fn .        =     fraction  of   the  vehicle  class   i   fleet
 v , i , j
                 designed  for   use  on  diesel  fuel  in  model
                 year j;
m.  .        =     travel fraction for vehicle  class  i  in model
 i'3
                 year j.

Component emission factors are derived  for  each vehicle class
over   different  model  years  at  average  speeds  of  19.6  mph
(cyclic  driving  comparable  to  average  speed of the Federal

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                             -14-

Test Procedure)  and  34.8 mph  (cruising  conditions comparable
to the average speed of  the  Sulfate  Emissions Test) beginning
with   Equation   1.1.1   and   ending   with   Equation   1.1.47.
Emission  factors  for  speeds between  19.6 and  34.8  should be
interpolated linearly.

2.1    Lead Emission Factors

Lead emission factors are calculated  in  the  same  manner  as in
the recent report  entitled,  Supplementary Guidelines  for Lead
Implementation Plans--Updated  Projections  for Motor  Vehicle
Lead   Emissions,   herein-after   referred   to  as   the   "lead
document"  (1).   These  lead  emission  estimates  are multiplied
by a  factor  of  1.557 to account for the halogens,  typically
bromine  and  chlorine,  which combine  with lead to form  total
lead  salt particulate  emissions.   This  factor  was  obtained
from a  report  by the Ethyl  Corporation  entitled   Composition,
Size,  and  Control  of  Automotive Exhaust  Particulates,  and is
the ratio  of  PbClBr  mass to  Pb  mass based  on  FTP results of
16 test vehicles  (24).
For i = 1,2,3  j = n-19,...,1974  k=l  Cg = from Table 7 ag = 0.75

Equation 1.1.1
     EFi -5 k  n L = CPbL n(0.929)(ML)+
       i,j,K.,n,ij      ij,n         ij

                    Pb    (0 0 71) (M      )"1 (a s
                    FDu'u/J-MM; J
where:
a          =     fraction  of  lead  burned that  is exhausted;
                 .for  non-catalyst  vehicles  use  a   =  0.75
                                                    s
                 (i.e.,  75%);   for  catalyst  vehicles use  a
                 = 0.30 (i.e. 30%);

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                             -15-

C          =     speed-dependent   fuel   economy   correction
                 factor  based  on  steady  cruise  or  cyclic
                 driving;     available     from     Table     7
                 (nondimensional);

Pk>NT       =     lead   content  of   unleaded   gasoline   in
                 calendar year n from Table 2 (g/gal);

PbL        =     average  lead content  of  leaded  gasoline  in
                 calendar year n from Table 2 (g/gal);

E   .  .     =     city/highway  combined   on-road  fuel  economy
                 for  model  year  j  and  vehicle  class  i  from
                 Table 6 (miles/gallon);

M          =     fraction  of  particles   less   than  a  user
                 specified  size  cutoff  (0.1-10  urn)  that  are
                 emitted  from vehicles  that  are  fueled  with
                 leaded gasoline, from Table 19 or Figure 1;

MNL C      =     fraction  of  particles   less   than  a  user
                 specified  size  cutoff  (0.1-10  urn)  that  are
                 emitted  from   catalyst   vehicles  that   are
                 fueled with  unleaded gasoline,  from Table 19
                 or Figure 2;

MNL NC     =     fraction  of  particles   less   than  a  user
                 specified  size  cutoff  (0.1-10  urn)  that  are
                 emitted from  non-catalyst vehicles  that  are
                 fueled with  unleaded gasoline,  from Table 19
                 or Figure 2 .

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                             -16-

For i = 1,2,3  j = 1975,. ..,n  k=l  C  = from Table 7 a0 = 0.75
                                     s                 s
Equation 1.1.2
                    [PbT n ( 0 . 7 2 5 ) ( M. ) +
                       L,n         L
                    Pb    (0.275HM   M_)](as)(1'557)
                      NL,n         NL,NC
                                          (Ec,i,j"Cs'
For i = 1,2,3  j = 1975, ...,n  k=l  C  = from Table 7 a  = 0.30
                                     S                 S
Equation 1.1.3
                   = [PbNL,n(1-ri)(MNL,C>
                     Pb
where:
r.
                 misfueling  rate  for  vehicle  class  i  from
                 Table 18.
The   calculation   of   area   lead   particulate   emissions
necessitates  the  determination  of the  percentage of  burned
lead  exhausted   (a
                           value
                                   or
                                          of  0.75  (i.e.,  75
                   s«
percent of  the  lead burned  is  exhausted)  should be  used for
non-catalyst  equipped,  gasoline-powered  vehicles.    The  0.75
value  is   based  on  tests  which  measured  exhaust  emissions
under  cyclic  driving conditions and  found  that  17% of  the
lead  is  retained  by  the  engine  (in  the  oil  and  combustion
chamber) and  8%  is retained by  the muffler and exhaust  pipes
(33).   For  gasoline-powered vehicles  with  catalysts  a  value
of 0.30 for a  should be  used.   The  0.30 value  accounts for

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                             -17-

lead  retention  by  the  catalyst  (approximately  45% based  on
some  tests  run by GM   (41)  on  pelleted  catalyst-equipped
vehicles),  the  oil, the  combustion chamber and  the rest  of
the  exhaust  system  (approximately  25%).   The  appropriate
values  for  a   have  been  included  above  the  appropriate
              s
equations for convenience.

Combined  city/highway  fuel  economy (E  .   .)  is yet  another
                                       c, i, 3
factor  affecting   area   lead   particulate  emissions.    Fuel
economy versus  model year is provided for  each  vehicle  class
(except motorcycles)  in  Table  6.   Fuel  economy  of  gasoline-
fueled heavy-duty trucks  was assumed to  equal 5.0 mpg  in all
model years in  the  lead document  since this is  the  value used
in MOBILE2.  Values for heavy-duty  and future model  year fuel
economy  for  other  vehicle  classes  were  updated  for  this
report since  newer  information is  now available.   The  heavy-
duty  fuel  economy  values  in this  report  are  expected  to  be
changed  in a  future  version   to  make  them consistent  with
MOBILES.   The  values  in  Table 6  are closer  to the  MOBILE3
values than was the 5.0 mpg  figure used in MOBILE2.

Lead particulate emissions can  be determined at  any  speed  by
using  Equations  1.1.1,    1.1.2   and   1.1.3  (for  light-duty
vehicles  and  trucks)  and   1.1.18,   1.1.19, and  1.1.20  (for
heavy-duty  trucks)  and  the  appropriate  value   of  the  speed
dependent   fuel  economy   correction  factor   (G )   for  the
vehicle speed  of interest.   Values of C   at  various  speeds
are  provided  in Table  7.   It  should be  noted  that  average
vehicle  speed  and  C   can  be  determined for  an  area  by
                      S
either  of  two  approaches.  One  approach   is  to base   C   on
                                                          S
the  average  vehicle  speed  for  the area of  concern.   The
average area vehicle speed should be a weighted average based
on  average  speeds  and   VMT data  for  the  various  roadway
classifications, such as  limited access  (greater  than  5 mph),
suburban  roads  (35  mph)  and urban  streets (25  mph  or  less).
The other  approach, which is considered more accurate,  is  to

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                             -18-

determine C   and area emissions  separately for  each  roadway
           s
classification (and average speed).
Area lead  particulate  emissions are  also dependent upon  the
lead content  of gasoline  in a  given calendar year.   Values
for  the   lead  content  of   leaded   (Pb_  )  and   unleaded
                                          L, n
gasoline  (Pb.TT  )   are  contained   in Table  2.   Values  for
             NL, n
future  years  will  be  updated  as   new  information  becomes
available.
Emission  factors  for organic  sulfates  and diesels have  been
derived and are listed in Table  1  for  speeds  of 19.6  and 34.8
mph.   However,  if  emission estimates  for these  particulate
components are  desired  at  other speeds,  linear interpolation
of  emission  factors  is  possible  and  appropriate.   In  fact,
some  of  the  emission factors  in  Table  1 (particularly  for
organic and  diesel particulate  masses)  can be used  at  "all"
vehicle speeds.

2.2    Misfueling and Fuel Switching

EPA has  observed  that misfueling  rates  (i.e., percentage  of
vehicles  designed  for   use  on  unleaded  gasoline  that  use
leaded  gasoline)   are   dependent   on   vehicle   mileage   and
increase   with   vehicle  mileage   accumulation..   Strictly
speaking,  this  dependence  on  mileage  should  be  reflected  in
the  calculation  of  particulate  emissions,   with  each  model
year   receiving   its  own   misfueling   rate.    However,   this
further complicates  an  already complex  calculation.   To  give
the  user   a  choice,  this  report  offers both  the option  of
using  a single  average misfueling  rate  for all  model  years of
a  given  vehicle  class   and  exact  misfueling  rates  for  each
vehicle class  by vehicle age.   The  single average  rates  are
determined  for  the  weighted  average mileage accumulated  for
each  vehicle  class  and  are  listed in Table 18  for inspection
and maintenance  (I/M) and  non-I/M areas.  In other  words,  in
the   calculation  of  emission   factors   from  1975  on,   the

-------
                             -19-

misfueling  rate  (r.)  depends  only  on which  vehicle  class
(i) is being  considered  and whether the area of  interest has
an  I/M   program.   As   a   result,   misfueling   rates   and
particulate  emissions  will  be  slightly overestimated,  with
the degree  of overestimation declining  with  later  evaluation
years  and  essentially disappearing in  1995.   For users  who
desire more  accuracy,  Table 18a gives  exact  misfueling rates
for different vehicle ages and classes affected by misfueling.

The use of  leaded  gasoline on vehicles  designed  for  unleaded
fuel  results  in  lead  salt  emissions.   Since  most of  these
vehicles have catalysts,  the  lead results in  poisoning of the
catalyst so that organic particulate  emissions  can  be  assumed
to  increase  to the levels  found  with  non-catalyst vehicles.
Also,   catalyst  poisoning should result  in  no  sulfur  dioxide
oxidation to  sulfates.   Sulfate  levels  are  therefore  assumed
to be the same as those from non-catalyst vehicles.

Discretionary  fuel switching  (i.e.,   percentage  of  vehicles
designed  for  use  on   leaded  gasoline that   use  unleaded
gasoline) is  assumed to  equal 7.1%  of the  leaded  fleet prior
to  1974 and 27.5%  in 1975  and later years and only applies to
the lead  salt component  of  light-duty  vehicle  and  light-duty
truck  I   and   II  emissions.   Misfueling and   fuel  switching
rates for all heavy-duty trucks II  (over 14000  Ibs. GVWR)  and
motorcycles  are assumed  to  be  zero.   The misfueling  rates
employed  here  were  used  in the  December   1983  EPA  report,
Anti-Tampering  and  Anti-Mis fuel ing  Programs to  Reduce In-Use
Emissions  from  Motor  Vehicles,  EPA-AA-TSS-83-10  (3).   The
discretionary  fuel switching  were  obtained  from  Energy  and
Environmental  Analysis,    Inc.,  Assessment   of  Current   and
Projected Future Trends  in  Light-Duty  Vehicle  Fuel  Switching,
June 1982 (8).

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                             -20-

2.3    Particle Size Distribution

Distributions  of  particle   size   are   different  for  leaded
gasoline, unleaded gasoline  and  diesel  fueled  vehicles as well
as brake and tire wear particles.   They are  also  different for
various  conditions of  vehicle driving  cycle  (speed)  and load.
For the  purposes  of this  report,  however,  typical  or average
conditions  are  presented  to facilitate  the determination  of
vehicle particulate emissions versus particle size.

Particle  size  distributions  for leaded,  unleaded and  diesel
fueled  vehicles  and  brake  wear  particles  are   contained  in
Table 19 and also in  Figures 1, 2,  3,  and 4 (no  distributions
are  available   for  tire  wear   particulate).   Typically,  the
average  diameter  of  particles  emitted  from  vehicles  fueled
with  leaded gasoline  are the  largest,  particles  emitted from
vehicles  fueled  with  unleaded   gasoline  are somewhat  smaller
and particles emitted  from diesel  fueled  vehicles are smaller
yet.   Some  of  the data  for  the  size  distribution  of  lead
particles  are   conflicting   (e.g.,  Moran  et al.,  1971  which
shows a  larger fraction  of  the lead  in smaller  size  ranges
than  the  other  leaded  gasoline  references.)  Thus,  these data
are less certain  than those  for  unleaded  and diesel particles.
References  for  those  reports  used  in  the determination  of
particle  size  distributions  of  leaded,   unleaded and  diesel
fueled vehicle  emissions  and brake  wear  emissions are  listed
in Table 19.

Values   for  ML,   MNL c/   MNL  NC,   MD/   and   MB  should   be
expressed as  dimensionless  fractions of  total particulate  by
weight emitted below a  given size cutoff.  Values -may be read
directly from Table 19  for  the data points  listed therein,  or
may be  read off  the graphs of  continuous cumulative  particle
size distributions in Figures  1, 2, 3,  and  4  for interpolated
size cutoffs (e.g.,  6.5 urn, 2.5 urn).

-------
                             -21-

2.4    Control System Fractions

Organic  and  sulfate  emissions  of  gasoline-fueled  vehicles
depend  on  the  type  of  vehicle  emission  control  system  in
addition to the vehicle  model year.  The fraction  of  vehicles
with  different  emission  control  systems   to  which  different
emission  factors   are  applied  are  handled similarly  to  the
fleet sales fractions for leaded, unleaded  and  diesel  vehicles
versus  model  year.   The main difference  is   that these  are
fractions of  the  total  number of vehicles designed  for  use  of
unleaded  fuel and  not  the  total  number of  vehicles in  each
vehicle class.  These fractions are  listed  in Tables 3,  8,  and
11  for  light-duty  vehicles,  light-duty  trucks  I  and  II,
respectively.    These  are  the  vehicle  classes  that  have  a
relatively wide range of  control  technology,  and as a  result,
have a  wide range of emission factor estimates.  It should  be
noted that  since  1975  a small number of  non-catalyst  equipped
vehicles  have been  certified for  use  on  unleaded  gasoline.
These vehicles constitute a  very small percentage of the total
non-catalyst  fleet.  However,  unlike the lead  document,  these
are considered  in this  report  and  have  been  given  their  own
control system fraction category (Fi,j/NL/NQCAT^'

The  light-duty   vehicle  and  truck  emission  control  system
fractions were obtained  from the  "sales-weighted"  EPA emission
factor  in-use vehicle test  data base.  This data  base contains
gasoline-fueled  vehicle  mixes  approximating  the   sales  mixes
for  the  1975 through  1982  model   years.   All  vehicles  and
trucks  prior  to 1975 models  are  assumed  to  be  designed  for use
on  leaded  fuel   (i.e.,  no  diesel  or  catalyst   vehicles).
Emission  control   system  fractions   for  1983  and   later  model
years  are  determined  from   recent  projections by   Energy  and
Environmental Analysis,  Inc.  in  a   report  entitled,  Forecasts
o_f  Emission  Control Technology 1932-1990  (40).  For  1987  and
later,  light-duty trucks  I  and  II which  are assumed to convert
largely to  three-way catalyst technology to meet  the proposed
1987 standards.

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                             -22-

Air injection  fractions were  obtained for light-duty vehicles
and   trucks   from  the  Anti-Tampering   and  Anti-Misfueling
Programs  to  Reduce  In-Use  Emissions  from  Motor  Vehicles
(EPA/AA/83-10) report and  include all types  of  air injection
(e.g.,  pulse-air)  in  addition  to   conventional  air  pump
control systems (3).

Data  for  1975 through  1978  light-duty  truck  I  technology
fractions  were obtained by combining EPA fuel economy  data
base  sales  figures  by  engine displacement and model  type and
Federal  Certification  Test Results for  these years  from the
Federal Register, Vol.  40,  No.  48, March  11,  1975  (11);  Vol.
41, No.  46, March  8,  1976  (12);  Vol.  42,  No.  110,  June  8,
1977  (13);  and Vol. 43, No.  181, Sept.  18,  1978  (14).   The
certification data provided emission  control  systems  by model
type  and engine  displacement which  were matched with  fuel
economy sales fractions.

Heavy-duty  vehicles are   either  leaded  gasoline  or  diesel
fueled  (Table  14)  vehicles  through  1986.   In  1987,  more
stringent standards have been promulgated.   Therefore,  it  is
assumed, for  the  purposes  of this  report,  that all  1987 and
later  gasoline  fueled  trucks   in  the  heavy-duty  trucks  I
category  (less  than  14,001  Ibs.)  will  be  equipped  with.
oxidation catalysts and air  injection and will use  unleaded
gasoline.  All  1987 and later  gasoline-fueled  trucks  in the
heavy-duty  truck  II category (greater than   14,000  Ibs.)  are
assumed  in  this  report to  still  use  leaded  gasoline.   It
should be noted that other  EPA publications  may  use different
definitions of HDTI and HDTII.

The  effect  of discretionary fuel  switching  has  not  been
incorporated in heavy-duty vehicle emission  factor  equations
due to the lack of  data on  the  current fuel  purchase  behavior
of owners of heavy-duty vehicles.  Also,  as  new  estimates for

-------
                             -23-

heavy-duty fuel  economy  and new emission  standards scenarios
become available, these equations will be revised accordingly.

Motorcycle fractions  are  based on  2-stroke versus  4-stroke
emission   factor  estimates.   Before   1978,   most   on-road
motorcycle travel  was done  by  2-stroke vehicles  (53.4%)  and
slightly less  (46.6%) by 4-stroke  vehicles  according  to sales
figures  in  the  1983  Motorcycle Statistical  Annual published
by the Motorcycle  Industry Council,  Inc (15).   In  1978,  more
stringent control  of motorcycle  emissions  caused  nearly  all
motorcycle manufacturers  to build  4-stroke vehicles  for  on-
road  usage.   Therefore,  it  is assumed that all  motorcycles
from  1978 on  are 4-stroke  vehicles since nearly all  2-stroke
mileage is accumulated off-road.

2.5    Organic,   Sulfate,    Diesel,   Heavy-Duty   Truck   and
       Motorcycle Emission Factors

Emission   factors   for   organics,   sulfates   and   diesel
particulates  for different model years,  control  systems,  fuel
types and  vehicle  speeds are listed  in Table 1.   This table
also  refers the  user  to  the proper equation(s)  to  which  each
emission factor  should  be applied.   All emission  factors  in
Table  1  are   expressed  in  grams  per   mile.    The  following
equations  should  be  used   for  the  calculation of  organic,
sulfate,   diesel,  heavy-duty truck  and  motorcycle  emission
factor components.

2.5.1  Organic Emission Factor Components

For i = 1,2,3    j = n-19,...,1969   k=2

Equation 1.1.4

     EF.  . .    T  = 0.193 MT  (g/mile)
       i , j , K_ 'ij

-------
                             -24-




For i = 1,2,3   j = 1970,...,1974   k=2





Equation 1.1.5
     EF.  . .      = 0.068 MT  (g/mile)
            _
For i = 1,2,3   j = 1975,...,n   k=2   r^ =  from Table  18





Equation 1.1.6
     EF          =0.030 M_  (g/mile)
       1 , J , ^.5 , Jj           Jj
Equation 1,1.7


     FP
       i,j,k2/NL
where:





F. .           =    fraction  of the  unleaded vehicle  class  i
 1 / ^ / V—A A

                   fleet  equipped  with  a  catalyst  in model


                   year j;





F. .  NT XTOC,AT =    fraction  of the  unleaded vehicle  class  i


                   fleet without a catalyst  in model year  j.





2.5.2  Sulfate Emission Factor Components





For i = 1,2,3   j = n-19,...,n   k=3   s = 19.6





Equation 1.1.8
     EF.  . ,   _  = 0.002 M_ (g/mile)
       i, 3 / K, , Jj           LJ

-------
For i = 1,2,3   j = n-19,
                            -25-
                            ,n   k=3   s  = 34.8
Equation 1.1.9
     EF.  .  ,   _     0.001 M_  (g/mile)
            ,
           ,   _            _
       1 , J / K, , Jj           Li
For i = 1,2,3   j = 1975
                             n   k=3    s  =  19.6
Equation 1.1.10
EFi,j,k3,NL " ^^i^^io^AT/NOAiR^0-005^^^)^^^,CAT/AIR)
where:
 i,j,CAT/NOAIR
                   fraction of  the unleaded  vehicle  class i
                   fleet equipped with a  catalyst  but no  air
                   pump  in  model   year   j;   this   includes
                   oxidation    catalyst    (Fi .  OXCAT)     and
                   three-way  catalyst   (F.  .       )   vehicles
                                          1 / ^ / jWvjfAJ.
                   with no  air  pump;
Fi,j,CAT/AIR
                   fraction of  the  unleaded  vehicle  class i
                   fleet equipped with a  catalyst  and an  air
                   pump  in  model   year   j ;   this   includes
                   oxidation  catalyst  (F. ^ .  ^ OXCAT/AIR)   and
three-way
                   pumps
                                plus
                                        oxidation    catalyst
                                        vehicles   with   air

-------
                             -26-
For i = 1,2,3  j = 1975,...,n  k =3  s = 34.8  ri = from Table 18
Equation 1.1.11
FP          = ('
•*—••*• •  •  1   »T1*   \ -
  i,j,k3,NL

  (MVTT ^) + (F, .
                                                       j,OXCAT
                                                              )(0.005)
    NL
      ,C)+(Fi,j,3WCAT)(0-001)(MNL,C)+(Fi,j,
  +(Fi,j,3WCAT/OXCAT)(0-025)(MNL,C)]+(ri)(0-001)(ML)
where:
 i,j,OXCAT
                     fraction of the  unleaded  vehicle class i
                     equipped with  an oxidation  catalyst  but
                     no air pump in model year j.
 i,j,3WCAT
                     fraction of the  unleaded  vehicle class i
                     equipped  with a three-way  catalyst  in
                     model  year j.    (Note:  'These  vehicles
                     are  sometimes equipped  with  air  pumps
                     that   are   usually   only  used   during
                     vehicle    start-up.     Therefore,    the
                     vehicle  category as  a  whole  is  assumed
                     to  emit sulfates  at  the same  rate  as
                     non-air    pump-equipped    vehicles    for
                     emission factor consideration.)
Fi,j,OXCAT/AIR
                     fraction of the  unleaded  vehicle  class i
                     equipped with  an oxidation  catalyst  and
                     an air pump in model year j.
 i,j,3WCAT/OXCAT
                     fraction of the  unleaded  vehicle  class i
                     equipped  with  both  an oxidation and  a
                     three-way catalyst in model year j.

-------
                             -27-




2.5.3  Diesel Emission Factors (Light-Duty)





For i = 1   j = n-19,...,1980





Equation 1.1.12
     EF.     = 0.700 M  (g/mile)
       1 , J , L)          L)
M      =   fraction of  particles  less  than a  user  specified


           size  cutoff  (0.1-10  urn)   that  are  emitted  from


           vehicles that  are  fueled with  diesel fuel,  from


           Table 19 or Figure 3;
For i = 1   j = 1981,...,1986





Equation 1.1.13





     EF. .  n = 0.320 M_ (g/mile)
       l, 3 , u          U









For i = 1   j = 1987,...,n





Equation 1.1.14
     EF.  .   = 0.200 M  (g/mile)
       1 , J i D  -       D
For i = 2,3   j = n-19,...,1980





Equation 1.1.15






     EF      = 0.800 Mn (g/mile)
       1 , J , U          U

-------
                             -28-

For i = 2,3   j = 1981,...,1986

Equation 1.1.16
     EF.  . n = 0.280 Mn (g/mile)
       i i J , U          U
For i = 2,3   j = 1987,...,n

Equation 1.1.17
     EF.     = 0.260 M  (g/mile)
       1 , "] t D          u
2.5.4  Heavy-Duty Truck Emission Factor Components

In this report, heavy-duty trucks  are  divided  into two groups;
those less than or  equal  to  14,000 Ibs. GVW are  classified as
heavy-duty trucks  I (i=4) and  those  greater  than  14,000 Ibs.
GVW are classified  as heavy-duty  trucks II  (i=5).  Calculation
of heavy-duty  truck I  emissions   is accomplished by  the same
procedure as light-duty emissions  by use of  Equation 1.1 (page
7) and  the  appropriate  emission  factor  component  equations
discussed  on   the   following  pages.    Heavy-duty   truck   II
emissions are  calculated  by  a slightly different procedure to
distinguish  between heavy-duty  truck   II  gasoline  and  diesel
mileage accumulation rates and  vehicle age  distribution, which
together  determine  travel fraction by vehicle  age.   Because
gasoline  and  diesel vehicles  in  the  HDT  II weight  class  are
characterized by different travel fractions by vehicle  age,  a
single  travel  fraction  m,.  .  does   not  exist,  "and  it   is
                           ^' 3
necessary to keep the two vehicle types disaggregated.

Gasoline  fueled heavy-duty  trucks  II  are  assumed to  use only
leaded  fuel  for all model  years  (i.e.,  F.TT _ .   =  0 for  all

-------
                             -29-
j).  Therefore,  equation 1.1  for  heavy-duty  trucks  II  (i=5)
is used as modified below.

Equation 1.1 (for i=5)
            n
EF5,n,s =   £    C(EF5,j,k ,n.L + EF5,j,k , L + EF5,j,k  L)
          j=n-19          L              i            1

  (F    +)(*--  .) + (EF    n)(Fn «; -i)(mqn i } ]
    L,5,j   5G,J       b,J,D   D,b,j   bD,}
where:
F, ,. .  - fraction of the heavy-duty truck II fleet designed
 •L" / J i J
         for use on leaded gasoline in model year j, from
         Table 14.
Fn ,-  . = fraction of the heavy-duty truck II fleet designed
 u i 3 i J
         for use on diesel fuel in model year j, from Table 14.
m
 5G j =    travel  fraction   for   gasoline  fueled  heavy-duty
           trucks  II  in  model year  j,   from  Table  15   (Note:
           mj-r j. = m,  .as explained in Table 15);
            3(j / j    ^ » J

m5D .  =    travel  fraction  for diesel fueled heavy-duty  trucks
           II in model year j,  from Table  16.

The emission  factor component equations  for  both heavy-duty
trucks I  and  II are listed  below in  equations 1.1.18 through
1.1.29.
For i = 4,5   j = n-19, . . . , 1986   k = 1   a  = 0.75
                                           s

Equation 1.1.18
     FF           -  (a )(Pb    Hl.557)  ,   .
     EFi -i v  n T ~    s    L,n _  (MT;
       l,j,K.,n,JL    - = -   J-i
                           C, i, j

-------
                             -30-



For i = 4  j = 1987,..., n  k = 1  a  = 0.30  r „ = from Table 18
           J                       s          4




Equation 1.1.19





                   -  d-r4)(as)(PbN   )(1.557) (

                      - = - :

                               r 4 -i
                               c , 1 1 j


                   +  (r4)(a8)(PbL>n)(1.557?
          . v
       4,],k.,n,NL    - = - : -   NL,C

                               r 4 -i
                               c , 1 1 j
                              Ec,4, j
For i = 5   j = 1987,...,n   k = 1    ac = 0.75
                                       S
Equation 1.1.20






     EF5,j,k ,n,L =    S ,  L'n	-	 (ML}

            1             c,5,j
For i = 4,5   j = n-19,...,1986   k = 2




Equation 1.1.21
     EF.  • ,,  , = 0.370 M_ (g/mile)
       1 , 3 ' ^o / ^          •"
For i = 4   j = 1987,...,n   k = 2   r4 = from Table 18




Equation 1.1.22
     EF4,j,k2,NL = U-r4X0.054)(MNL/c)+(r4)(0.370)(ML)  (g/mile)

-------
                             -31-



For i = 5   j = 1987,...,n   k  =  2





Equation 1.1.23
     EF         = 0.370 MT  (g/mile)

       •> i J , KO i *->          L>
For i = 4,5   j = n-19,...,1986   k  =  3





Equation 1.1.24
     EFi -i v  T = 0-006 M,  (g/mile)
            .,
For i = 4   j = 1987,...,n   k  =  3    r4  =  from Table 18





Equation 1.1.25
     EF4,j,k ,NL =  (l-r4)(0.048)(MNL^c)+(r4)(0.006)(ML)  (g/mile)
For i = 5   j = 1987,...,n   k  =  3





Equation 1.1.26
     EF-  . .   T = 0.006 MT  (g/mile)
       J / J / K, , Li          L>

-------
                             -32-



For i = 4   j = n-19,...,1982





Equation 1.1.27





     EF4>j>D = 1.423 MD (g/mile)
For i = 4   j = 1983, . . . ,n





Equation 1.1.28
     EF4,j,o = 1-188 MD
For i = 5  j = n-19,...,n




Equation 1.1.29





     EF5 .  D = 1.954 MD (g/mile)





2.5.5      Motorcycle Emission Factors





For i = 6.  j = n-19,...,1977





Equation 1.1.30
     EFC •  T ="[(0.466)(0.046)+(0.534)(0.330)](MT
       b , J , L,                                    L,



             = 0.198 M  (g/mile)

-------
                             -33-

For i = 6  j = 1978,...,n

Equation 1.1.31

     EF, .  r = 0.046 MT (g/mile)
       O , J , Li          J-i

2.6    Brake   and   Tire  Wear  Particulate   Emission  Factor
       Components

Additional   sources  of motor   vehicle  particulate  emissions
include  brake  and  tire -wear   emission  components.   Limited
testing has  been performed  to  estimate  the  contributions  of
brake and tire wear emissions to  the  total  light-duty vehicle
particulate  emission  rate.   No  data exist  on  the rate  at
which light-duty  trucks,  heavy-duty  vehicles,  or motorcycles
emit brake and tire wear emissions.   The user should be aware
that brake and tire  wear  particulates are emitted  from these
vehicle  classes  at   different  rates   than   the  light-duty
vehicle  rate,   but  since  no  data  exists,   the  light-duty
vehicle rate is  used  to estimate their contribution to total
particulate emission rates.

Brake  wear  emissions  from  light-duty  vehicles  have  been
measured in a  recent  study and  have been found  to  consist  of
significant  quantities  of  particulate   in   the   airborne
particle size range.   Airborne  particulate emission  rates for
brake   wear  particles   as  measured   on   braking   cycles
representative of  urban  driving  averaged  0.0128  grams  per
mile  for  light-duty  gasoline   vehicles  (42).   Particle  size
distribution for brake wear particulate  (Mg) is included  in
this reference and is  summarized in Table  19.   The rate  of
0.0128  g/mile  times the  appropriate  fraction of M_ for  the
particle size  cutoff  of  interest  should  be   added  to  any
calculation of particulate emissions  less than  10 microns for
all  classes of  vehicles.   In  the  example  calculation  in

-------
                             -34-

Section  3.0 of  this  report,   for  example,  M  =  0.98,  the
                                               B
brake  wear  particulate  emission  rate  is  therefore  0.0125
g/mile and  the  total light-duty vehicle particulate  emission
rate   is    0.0731   g/mile.    In   this  particular   example,
therefore,  brake wear  emissions account  for 17% of  the  total
particulate emission rate.

Tire wear particulate  is  generally larger   in  size  than  brake
wear particulate and therefore  consists of  fewer  particles  in
the  airborne  size  range.   Emission  rates  for airborne  tire
wear particulate  for light-duty  vehicles  has been  estimated
at  0.002  g/mile   (43,44).   This  rate  should  be  added  to
calculations of  particulate  emissions less  than  10  microns
for all classes of  vehicles.  The  addition  of  0.002  g/mile  in
the  example  calculation  in   Section  3.0   indicates   that
airborne  tire wear particulate accounts for  about 3% of the
total light-duty particulate emission rate.

No data  on  airborne particle size distribution are  available
for  analyses of   tire  wear  particulate  emission  rates  at
smaller  particle   size   cutoffs   (i.e.,  2.5  microns   or   7
microns).   The  user  should either  interpolate  between  zero
and 10 microns to  determine  the appropriate emission  rate for
the  distribution  of  tire  wear particles   below  the  desired
size cutoff  (e.g.,  at  7 microns tire wear  emissions  =  0.0014
g/mile  and  at  2.5 microns  tire  wear  emissions  =  0.0005
g/mile) or  simply  neglect  tire wear  particulate  since  it  is
likely to be negligible in these smaller particle  size ranges.

Another  source  of  particulate  emissions  for which  emission
factors  could  be  developed is  reentrained particulate  from
particles   that  have  been  deposited  on   road  surfaces  or
possibly   road   material   itself.    While   information   is
available  on  these  reentrained particulates  (46,  47),  they
are  not  considered to  be  directly emitted by mobile  sources
and therefore are not included  in this report.

-------
         Table 1
Bniasion Factors of Motor
Vehicle Engine Total Particulate Emissions
Applicable Particulate Control
Madel Year (a) Component System
Light-Duty
Pre-1970
1970-1974
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
All
1975+
Pre-1975
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
Light-Duty
Pre-1981
1981-1986
1987+
Pre-1981
1981-1986
1987+
Heavy-Duty
Pre-1987
1987+
Type of
Fuel Used
Vehicle
Speed
(MP1I)
Emission
Factor
(grams/mile)
Bnission
Equation Factor Source
Used In Reference No.
Gasoline Vehicles and Trucks:
Organic
Organic
Organic
Organic
Organic
Organic
Sul fate
ail fate
Sulfate
Sul fate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Diesel Vehicles
All LDDV
All LDDV
All LDDV
All LDDT
All LDDT
All LDDT
Gasoline Trucks:
Organic
Organic
NOCAT
NOCAT
NOCAT
CAT
CAT
NOCAT
NOCAT
CAT
NOCAT
CAT/NOAIR(f)
CAT/AIR(g)
NOCAT
NOCAT
NOCAT
OXCAT/NOAJR
3WCAT
OXCAT/AJR
3WCAT/OXCAT
CAT
and Trucks:
_
-
-
-
-
-

NOCAT
CAT/AIR
Leaded
Leaded
Leaded
Unleaded
Leaded
Unleaded
Leaded
Leaded
Leaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Leaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Leaded

Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel

Leaded
Unleaded
All
All
All
All
All
All
19.6
19.6
34.8
19.6
19.6
19.6
34.8
34.8
34.8
34.8
34.8
34.8
34.8

All
All
All
All
All
All

All
All
0.193
0.068
0.030
0.017
0.068
0.030
0.002
0.002
,0.001
0.005
0.016
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.005
0.001
0.020
0.025
0.001

0.700
0.320
0.200
0.800
0.280
0.260

0.370
0.054
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.6,7
1.1.7
1.1.7
1.1.7
1.1.8,10
1.1.8,10
1.1.9
1.1.10
1.1.10
1.1.10
1.1.9
1.1.11
1.1.11
1.1.11
1.1.11
1.1.11
1.1.11

1.1.12
1.1.13
1.1.14
1.1.15
1.1.16
1.1.17

1.1.21,23
1.1.22
10
10
10(a)
10(b)
10(c)
10(a)(h)
10
10(d)
2
10
10
10(e)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2(d)

4
4(i)
4
4
4
4

10
10
                                                                         in
                                                                          I

-------
                                            T^ble 1  (cont'd)

                                        Bnission factors of Motor
                               Vehicle Bxjine Total  Particulate Dnissiona
Applicable
Model Year(s)
Pre-1987
1987+
Particulate
Ooirponent
Sulfate
Sulfate
Control
System
NOCAT
CAT/AIR
Type of
Fuel Used
Leaded
Unleaded
Vehicle
• Speed
(MPH)
All
All
Bnission
Factor
(grains /mile)
0.006
0.048
Equation
Used In
1.1.24,26
1.1.25
Emission
Factor Source
Reference No.
10
10
Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks;
Pre-1983
1983+

All
All HDDT1
All 11DOT1

All HDDT2
Diesel
Diesel

Diesel
All
All

All
1.423
1.188

1.954
1.1.27
1.1.28

1.1.29
10
10

10
Motorcycles;

All
All
4-Stroke
2-Stroke
Leaded
Leaded
All
All
0.046
0.330
1.1.30.31
1.1.30
                                                                                                                  o\
                                                                                                                  I
 2
 2
Ta]i  Ratio 1.5/3.4 of 1970-74 organic value.
(b)  Combined value of organic from catalyst/no air and catalyst/air vehicles.
(c)  Same as 1970-74 no catalyst leaded organic value.
(d)  Misfueled vehicles.
(e)  Same as no catalyst leaded value.
(f)  Includes oxidation catalyst vehicles and three-way catalyst vehicles without air pumps.
(g)  Includes oxidation catalyst vehicles and three-way plus oxidation catalyst vehicles with air pumps.
(h)  Value should actually be higher for the light-duty truck II class (much like the 1970-74 organic
     value) but no data exist.
(i)  Hie average LDDV  emission  factor for 1981 through  1986 is 0.320 g/mile.  Itiis  emission factor was
     obtained by  averaging the  factor  of 0.270  g/mile  for 1981  through  1984  (appropriate for a 1.5
     g/mile  NOx  standard)  and  0.420 g/mile  for  1985  and 1986  (appropriate  for a  1.0  g/mile  NQx
     standard).  Oath factors are used in reference 4.

-------
                             -37-

                           Table 2

                   Lead  Content  of  Gasoline

                       Leaded Gasoline*      Unleaded Gasoline
Year                       (g/gal)                (g/gal)	

1974                        1.79
1975                        1.82                  0.014
1976                        2.02                  0.014
1977                        2.03                  0.014
1978                        1.94                  0.014
1979                        1.85                  0.014
1980                        1.38                  0.014
1981                        1.15                  0.014
1982                        1.24                  0.014
1983                     .   1.14                  0.014
1984                        1.1                   0.014
1985                        1.1                   0.014
1986                        1.1                   0.014
1987                        1.1                   0.014
1988                        1.1                   0.014
1989                        1.1                   0.014
1990                        1.1                   0.014
*1974-1982:  L"e~ad content based upon  data  submitted  to EPA on
historical sales data for leaded  gasoline  and  data indicating
the  actual  pooled  average  lead  content.   The  value  for
unleaded gasoline is based on recent MVMA fuel surveys.

1983-1990:  Lead content  based upon  requirements  for average
lead content  of leaded  gasoline.  During  the  first  half  of
1983, small refineries  were  subject to a  pooled  average lead
standard.

-------
                                                          Table 3
                                           Fraction of Light-Duty Vehicle Model
Year Sales Equipped with Different
Control

System
FL.1,3
Fl. j.NL.NOCAT
Fl, j.OXCAT/NCAIR
Fl, j.QXCAT/AIR
Fl, J.3WCAT
Fl, j,3WCAT/OXCAT
FD,l,j
Fl,j,CAT
Fl, j.CAT/NOAIR
Fl, CAT/AIR
Pre-
1975
1.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1975
.127
.081
.597
.322
. 0
0
0
.919
.597
.322

1976
.132
.020
.637
.343
0
0
0
.900
.637
.343

1977
.157
0
.650
.350
0
0
0
1.000
.650
.350
Emission
Systems (Low-Altitude Non-California)

1978
.131
0
.650
.350
0
0
.030
1.000
.650
.350

1979
.090
0
.640
.345
.015
0
.040
1.000
.655
.345

1900
.041
0
.421
.514
.053
.012
.050
1.000
.474
.526

1901
0
0
.033
.099
.263
.605
.061
1.000
.296
.704

1982
0
0
0
.140
.320
.540
.047
1.000
.140
.060

1903
0
0
0
.120
.220
.660
.024
1.000
.180
.820

1984
0
0
0
0
.400
.600
.030
1.000
.240
.760

1985
0
0
0
0
.530
.470
.054
1.000
.370
.630

1986
0
0
0
0 '
.550
.450
.063
1.000
.440
.560

1987
0
0
0
0
.570
.430
.072
1.000
.520
.480

1988+
0
0
0
0
.600
.400
.082
1.000
.530
.470





i
Ul
CO
1




Sources:  U.S. EPA Emission Factor In-Use Test Vehicle teta Base.
          EEA forecasts of Emission Control Technology 1983-1990.
          U.S. EPA Fuel Economy tata Base.
          Anti-Tampering and Anti-Misfueling Programs to Reduce In-Use Emissions from Motor Vehicles.

Note:     Model year colunns don't add up to 1.000.  Only *!,, i, j and FD,!, j are fractions of all IXVs.  All other
          systems are fractions of all unleaded LCVs.

-------
                             -39-

                               Table  4

                        FLEET SALES FRACTIONS

                         Light-Duty Vehicles
         Unleaded Gasoline
Model     Fraction of LDV
Years      Fleet, FNL/1>j*
                  Leaded Gasoline
                  Fraction of LDV
                   Fleet, FL,I,J*
Pre-1975
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988+

WHERE:

FNL,1,j
  0.000
  0.873
  0.868
  0.843
  0.839
  0.870
  0.909
  0.939
  0.953
  0.976
  0.970
  0.946
  0.937
  0.928
  0.918
1.
0.
 ,000
  127
0.132
0.157
0.131
0.090
0.041
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Diesel Fraction of
LDV Fleet, FD>1>j*

      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.030
      0.040
      0.050
      0.061
      0.047
      0.024
      0.030
      0.054
      0.063
      0.072
      0.082
Estimated fraction of the LDV  fleet  which use unleaded
gasoline in model year j;

Estimated fraction  of the LDV  fleet which  use  leaded
gasoline in model year j;

Estimated fraction  of the LDV  fleet which  use  diesel
fuel in model year j.
*Diesel and  gasoline sales  projections  were made  by EPA  based  on
data  obtained  from  Energy  and  Environmental  Analysis,  Inc.,  "The
Highway Fuel Consumption  Model:   Tenth Quarterly  Report,"  November
1983.

Percentages  of gasoline  vehicles  requiring  leaded  and  nonleaded
fuel  obtained  from  Energy   and  Environmental  Analysis,   Inc.
"Documentation for the New Highway  Fuel  Consumption Model", January
1982.

-------
                             -40-

                             Table  5

               TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*

                       Light-Duty Vehicles
              (a)
            January 1
            Fraction
Vehicle
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
Total
Registration**
0.025
0.106
0.096
0.074
0.096
0.108
0.093
0.074
0.069
0.062
0.050
0.037
0.031
0.024
0.016
0.010
0.005
0.003
0.002
0.016
    (b)
   Annual
   Mileage
Accumulation
    Rate
C(a)(b)/(SUM)]

 Fraction of
LDV Travel by
Model Year, mi
14400
14275
13775
13250
12675
12175
11650
11075
10575
10050
9475
8975
8450
7875
7375
6850
6275
5775
5275
4750
360.0
1513.2
1322.4
980.5
1216.8
1314.9
1083.5
819.6
729.7
623.1
473.8
332.1
262.0
189.0
118.0
68.5
31.4
17.3
10.6
76.0
0.031
0.131
0.115
0.085
0.106
0.114
. 0.094
0.071
0.063
0.054
0.041
0.028
0.023
0.016
0.010
0.006
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.006
                                SUM:
             11542.4
Compilation of Air  Pollutant  Emission Factors:   Highway  Mobile
Sources,  March  1981,  [EPA-460/3-81-005].   The  travel  weighting
fractions reflect a January 1 evaluation date.

**January 1 fractions of total registration differ  from those  in
the cited source because  they  have been normalized to  add  up  to
1.000.   The  cited  source  performed on equivalent  normalization
at a later stage in its calculation.

-------
-41-
Table 6
City/Highway Combined On-Road Fuel Economy*
(miles/gallon)

Model Year
Pre-1970
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988+
Fuel
LDV
13.9
13.9
13.2
13.1
12.9
12.6
13.9
14.9
15.6
16.7
18.5
19.6
21.8
23.3
24.6
26.0
27.4
28.8
30.2
31.6
Economy,
LDT1
10.6
10.6
10.4
10.2
9.9
9.6
12.0
12.6
13.8
14.3
15.2
16.3
18.1
18.4
18.9
19.5
20.2
21.1
22.0
22.9
Ec , i , j
LDT2
7.9
7.9
7.7
7.4
7.0
6.9
8.8
9.7
9.4
9.6
9.8
11.5
13.3
13.8
14.3
14.9
15.4
16.0
16.6
17.2

HDT1
7.6
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.4
8.7
9.1
9.2
9.4
9.2
9.7
10.2
10.7
11.3
11.5
11.8
12.0
12.4
12.7
13.1

HDT2
5.5
5.1
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.2
5.1
5.1
6.0
6.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.5
*Fuel economies  for  model years  1980-1988  were  obtained from
Energy  and  Environmental  Analysis,   Inc.,  "The  Highway Fuel
Consumption  Model   -   Tenth  Quarterly  Report"   (U.S.  DOE
Contract  Number  DE-AC01-80IE-11972,   Task  No.  8,  November
1983).   Fuel   economies   for  model  years   1970-1979  were
obtained from Robert Dulla, EEA.

-------
                            -42-

                           Table 7

    Fuel Economy Correction Factors at Various Speeds,  Cs
   	(Normalized to 32.7 miles/hour-cyclic driving)	

                             Cs                  Cs
     Speed (mph)        Cyclic Driving        Steady Cruise
(-FTP)
(-SET)
5
10
15
on 	

25
30
32.7
•3 C 	

40
45
50
55
60
0.323
0.553
0.692
07on 	 	

0.885
0.963
1.000
	 	 i A'5'3 __

1.053
1.073
1.078
1.063
1.023
0.467
0.709
0.997
___ 1 1 ^ T

1.248
1.294
1.303
_ 1 T (T3

1.288
1.256
1.210
1.159
1.104

-------
                                                          Table 0
Fraction of Light-Duty Truck I
Year Sales Equipped with Different
Control
System
FL.2,j
F2.J,NL,NCCAT
F2, j.OXCAT/NOAIR
F2, j.OXCAT/AIR
F2,j,3WCAT
F2 , j , 3WCAT/OXCAT
FD.2,j
F2,j,CAT
F2,J,CAT/NCAIR
F2, CAT/AIR
Pre-
1975
1.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1975
.188
.123
.570
.307
0
0
0
.877
.570
.307
1976
.088
.225
.504
.271
0
0
0
.775
.504
.271
1977
.038
.083
.596
.321
0
0
0
.917
.596
.321
Systems (Low-Altitude
1978
.027
.069
.605
.325
0
O
.005
.930
.605
.325
1979
.032
.034
.561
.405
0
0
.011
.966
.561
.405
1980
.023
.027
.564
.409
0
0
.021
.973
.564
.409
Model






Emission
Non-Ca 1 i f or n i a )
1981
0
.011
.574
.415
0
O
.084
.989
.574
.415
1982
0
0
.400
.500
.100
0
.067
1.000
.500
.500
1983
0
0
.300
.500
.200
0
.061
1.000
.500
.500
1984
0
0
.150
.450
.400
0
.056
1.000
.250
.750
1905
0
0
.150
.450
.400
0
.050
1.000
.250
.750
1986
0
0
.150
.450
.400
0
.075
1.000
.250
.750
1987
0
0
0
.150
.850
0
.100
1.000
.250
.750
1988+
0
0
0
.150
.850
0
.125
l.OOO
.250
.750
Sources:  U.S. EPA Emission Factor In-Use Test Vehicle Data Base.
          U.S. EPA Fuel Economy Data Base.
          U.S. EPA Federal Register:  Federal Certification Test Results  1975-78.
          Anti-Tamper ing and Anti-Misfueling Programs to Reduce In-Use Emissions  from Motor Vehicles.
Note:     Model year columns don't add up to  l.OOO.  Oily
          systems are fractions of all unleaded LDTls.
                                                            ^, j and FD.2, j are  fractions of all IXJTls.  All other

-------
                             -44-
                               Table  9

                        FLEET  SALES FRACTIONS

                         Light-Duty Trucks  I
Model
Years


Pre-1975
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988+

WHERE:

FNL,2,j
FL,2,j


FD,2,j
Unleaded Gasoline
Fraction of LDT1
 Fleet, FNL>2,j*

     0.000
     0.812
     0.912
     0.962
     0.968
     0.957
     0.956
     0.916
     0.933
     0.939
     0.944
     0.950
     0.925
     0.900
     0.875
 Leaded Gasoline
Fraction of LDT1
 Fleet, FL,2,j*

     1.000
     0.188
     0.088
     0.038
     0.027
     0.032
     0.023
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
Diesel Fraction of
LDT1 Fleet, FD>2,j*

      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.005
      0.011
      0.021
      0.084
      0.067
      0.061
      0.056
      0.050
      0.075
      0.100
      0.125
=  Estimated fraction of the LDT1  fleet  which use unleaded
   gasoline in model year j;

=  Estimated fraction  of the LDT1  fleet which  use  leaded
   gasoline in model year j;

=  Estimated fraction  of the LDT1  fleet which  use  diesel
   fuel in model year j.
*Diesel  and  gasoline  sales  projections  were  made  by EPA  based  on
data  obtained  from  Energy and  Environmental  Analysis,   Inc.,  "The
Highway  Fuel  Consumption  Model:   Tenth Quarterly  Report,"  November
1983.

Percentages of gasoline  vehicles requiring  leaded  and unleaded fuel
obtained from Energy and  Environmental Analysis,  Inc. "Documentation
for the New Highway Fuel Consumption Model", January  1982.

-------
                             -45-

                             Table 10

               TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*

                       Light-Duty Trucks  I**
Vehicle
  Age

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
              (a)              (b)
            January 1         Annual
            Fraction          Mileage
            of Total       Accumulation
          Registration***      Rate
              0.034
              0.101
              0.091
              0.065
              0.098
              0.106
              0.081
              0.064
              0.047
              0.051
              0.049
              0.035
              0.038
              0.035
              0.028
              0.023
              0.016
              0.012
              0.011
              0.014
15600
15200
13625
12175
10925
 9925
 9200
 8450
 7875
 7375
 6900
 6500
 6125
 5800
 5425
 5150
 4925
 4625
 4400
 4400
 530
1535
1239
 791
1070
1052
 745
 540
 370
 376
 338
 227
 232
 203
 151
 118
  78
  55
  48
.4
.2
,9
.4
,7
.1
,2
.8
.1
.1
.1
.5
.8
.0
.9
.5
.8
.5
.4
                                 SUM:
  61.6
                                          9768.0
C(a)(b)/(SUM)]

 Fraction of
LDT1 Travel by
Model Year, ^2,

    0.054
    0.157
    0.127
    0.081
    0.110
    0.108
    0.076
    0.055
    0.038
    0.039
    0.035
    0.023
    0.024
    0.021
    0.016
    0.012
    0.008
    0.006
    0.005
    0.006
Compilation of  Air  Pollutant Emission Factors:   Highway Mobile
Sources,  March  1981,  [EPA-460/3-81-005].   The  travel  weighting
fractions reflect a January 1 evaluation date.
**Light-duty  trucks  I  have
of 6000 pounds or less.
                            a  gross vehicle weight  (GVW)  rating
***January  1
in the cited
to   1.000.
normalization
              fractions of  total  registration differ  from those
              source  because they have been normalized  to  add up
               The   cited   source
              at a later stage in its
        performed   an-
        calculation.
             equivalent

-------
                                                         Table  11
                                              Fraction of Model Year  Sale of
Light-Duty Trucks II by Emission Control Systems
System
FL,3,j
F3, j.NL.NOCAT
F3, j.OXCAT
F3, j.CKCAT/AIR
F3, J.3WCAT
F3, J.3WCAT/CDCCAT
FD.3.j
F3,j.CAT
F3, j.CAT/NCAIR
F3. CAT/AIR
Pre-
1975
1.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1975
1.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1976
1.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1977
1.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1978
.988
0
0
0
0
0
.012
0
0
0
1979
0
.008
.496
.496
0
0
.025
.992
.496
.496
1980
0
0
.500
.500
0
0
.050
1.000
.500
.500
1981
0
0
.500
.500
0
0
.050
1.000
.500
.500
1902
0
0
.500
.500
0
0
.080
1.000
.500
.500
1983
0
0
.500
.500
0
0
.113
1.000
.500
.500
1984
0
0
.150
.450
.400
0
.147
1.000
.250
.750
1985
0
0
.150
.450
.400
0
.180
1.000
.250
.750
1986
0
0
.150
.450
.400
0
.194
1.000
.250
.750
1987
0
O
0
0
.850
0
.208
1.000
.250
.750
1980+
0
P
0
0
.850
0
.222
1.000
.250
.750
Source:.  U.S. EPA Emission Factor In-Use Test Vehicle Data Base.
         Anti-Tamper ing and Ant i -Mis fuel ing Programs to Reduce In-Use Emissions from Motor Vehicles.
Notes    Model year columns don't add up to 1.000.  Only Fi.,3, j and
         systems are fractions of all unleaded LDT2s.
                                                                           are fractions of all LDT2s.  All other

-------
                             -47-

                              Table 12

                        FLEET SALES FRACTIONS

                        Light-Duty Trucks II
          Unleaded Gasoline
Model     Fraction of LDT2
Years      Fleet, FtJL,3,j*

Pre-1975       0.000
1975           0.000
1976           0.000
1977           0.000
1978           0.000
1979           0.975
1980           0.950
1981           0.950
1982           0.920
1983           0.887
1984           0.853
1985           0.820
1986           0.806
1987           0.792
1988+          0.778
                      Leaded Gasoline
                     Fraction of LDT2
                      Fleet, FL>3>j*
                          1,
                          1,
                          1,
                          1,
 .000
 .000
 .000
 ,000
0.988
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Diesel Fraction of
LPT2 Fleet, FD>3>j*


      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.012
      0.025
      0.050
      0.050
      0.080
      0.113
      0.147
      0.180
      0.194
      0.208
      0.222
WHERE:

FNL,3,j


FL,3,j


FD,3,j
=  Estimated fraction of the LDT2  fleet  which use unleaded
   gasoline in model year j;

=  Estimated fraction  of the LDT2  fleet which  use  leaded
   gasoline in model year j;

=  Estimated fraction  of the LDT2  fleet which  use  diesel
   fuel in model year j.
*Diesel  and  gasoline  sales  projections  were  made  by EPA  based  on
data  obtained  from  Energy and  Environmental  Analysis,   Inc.,  "The
Highway  Fuel  Consumption  Model:   Tenth Quarterly  Report,"  November
1983.

Percentages of gasoline  vehicles  requiring  leaded and nonleaded fuel
obtained    from    Energy   and    Environmental    Analysis,    Inc.,
"Documentation for  the New Highway Fuel  Consumption Model",  January
1982.

-------
                             -48-
                              Table  13

                TRAVEL WEIGHTING  FACTOR CALCULATION*
                       Light-Duty  Trucks  II**
              (a)
            January 1
            Fraction
Vehicle     of Total
  Age     Registration***

 1            0.098
 2            0.247
 3            0.185
 4            0.116
 5           ' 0.068
 6            0.067
 7            0.047
 8            0.036
 9            0.027
10            0.024
11            0.020
12            0.013
13            0.012
14            0.010
15            0.006
16            0.007
17            0.005
18            0.004
19            0.004
20+           0.005
    (b)
   Annual
   Mileage
Accumulation
    Rate


   15800
   15400
   13800
   12300
   11125
   10100
    9300
    8550
    7975
    7475
    6975
    6525
    6225
    5875
    5425
   . 5175
    5000
    4625
    4400
    4400

      SUM:
                                          1548.4
                                          3803.8
                                          2553.0
                                          1426.8
                                           756.5
                                           676.7
                                           437.1
                                           307.8
                                           215.3
                                           179.4
                                           139.5
                                            84.8
                                            74.7
                                            58.8
                                            32.6
                                            36.2
                                            25.0
                                            18.5
                                            17.6
                                            22.0

                                         12414.5
C(a)(b)/(SUM)]

 Fraction of
LDT2 Travel by
Model Year, 1113(

    0.125
    0.306
    0.206
    0.115
    0.061
    0.055
    0.035
    0.025
    0.017
    0.014
    0.011
    0.007
    0.006
    0.005
    0.003
    0.003
    0.002
    0.001
    0.001
    0.002
*Compilation of  Air  Pollutant Emission Factors:   Highway Mobile
Sources,  March  1981,  [EPA-460/3-81-005].   The  travel  weighting
fractions reflect a January 1 evaluation date.

**Light-duty trucks  II have  a gross vehicle  weight  (GVW) rating
of 6001 to 8500 pounds.

***January  1  fractions of total  registration differ  from  those
in the  cited source  because they  are  normalized to  add up  to
1.000.  The  cited source  performed an equivalent -normalization
at a later stage of its calculation.

-------
                                    -49-

                                   Table 14

                            FLEET  SALES FRACTIONS

                         Heavy-Duty Trucks  I and II*
Model
Years
-

Pre-1977
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
                 Gasoline
                Fraction of
                HDT1 Fleet,
             _  , .  or FMT  . .
             L ' 4 ' 3      NL , 4 , 3

             1.000 (LEADED)
             1.000
             1.000
             1.000
             1.000
             1.000
             0.838
             0.820
             0.803
             0.785
             0.772
             0.759 (UNLEADED)
             0.746
             0.733
             0.720
             0.716
             0.712
             0.708
             0.704
             0.700
   Diesel
Fraction of
HDT1 Fleet,

  FD,4, j

   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.162
   0.180
   0.197
   0.215
   0.228
   0.241
   0.254
   0.267
   0.280
   0.284
   0.288
   0.292
   0.296
   0.300
Gasoline
Fraction of
HDT2 Fleet,
F **
L,5, j
0.623
0.468
0.440
0.412
0.472
0.330
0.360
0.344
0.327
0.311
0.303
0.295
0.288
0.280
0.272
0.264
0.256
0.248
0.240
0.232
(LEADED)
n
n
n
it
11
ii
it
H
II
II
It
It
11
II
II
M
H
II
II
   Diesel
Fraction of
HDT2 Fleet,
  FD,5,j

   0.377
   0.532
   0.560
   0.588
   0.528
   0.670
   0.640
   0.656
   0.673
   0.689
   0.697
   0.705
   0.712
   0.720
   0.728
   0.736
   0.744
   0.752
   0.760
   0.768
  *Heavy-dutytrucks  I  are  assumed  to  have  a  gross  vehicle weight  (GVW)
rating  of  8,501  to  14,000  pounds  for  this  report.   The  reason for  the
14,000 pound  cutpoint is that it  is projected that catalysts will be  used
in 1987 and beyond  on gasoline HDTs with  a  GVW of 14,000  pounds  or  under.
Heavy-duty  trucks   II  are assumed   to  have  a  gross  vehicle weight  (GVW)
rating greater than 14,000 pounds for this report.

**The estimated  fractions  of the HDT1 and HDT2  model  year  fleets  which are
gasoline-powered are  based on  sales  projections  by Energy and Environmental
Analysis,   Inc.,  "The  Highway  Fuel Consumption  Model:   Tenth  Quarterly
Report," November  1983.  Gasoline  HDTls use  leaded  fuel  through  the  1986
model  year  and  are  all  unleaded  from  1987  on.   All  gasoline  KDT2s  use
leaded fuel for all'model years.

-------
                             -50-

                            Table 15

              TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*

                      Heavy-Duty Trucks  I**
                and Heavy-Duty Gasoline  Trucks  II
Vehicle
  Age


 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
    (a)
  January 1
  Fraction
  of Total
Registration***


    0.0
    0.131
    0.112
    0.084
    0.098
    0.101
    0.081
    0.061
    0.047
    0.050
    0.045
    0.035
    0.034
    0.030
    0.024
    0.020
    0.015
    0.011
    0.009
    0.011
    (b)
   Annual
   Mileage
Accumulation
    Rate


       0
   21000
   18900
   17200
   15500
   14100
   12600
   11300
   10300
    9400
    8600
    8000
    7300
    6700
    6300
    5900
    5500
    5200
    5000
    5000

     SUM:
    0.0
 2741.7
 2110.1
 1449.1
 1524.4
 1425.5
 1018.2
  691.7
  487.6
  473.0
  390.4
  280.6
  250.2
  200.4
  148.8
  119.7
   81.3
   54.8
   47.0
   55.6

13550.2
C(a)(b)/(SUM)]
  Fraction of
HDT1 Travel by
  Model Year,
m4,j and m5G,j

     0.000
     0.202
     0.156
     0.107
     0.113
     0.105
     0.075
     0.051
     0.036
     0.035
     0.029
    • 0.021
     0.019
     0.015
     0.011
     0.009
     0.006
     0.004
     0.003
     0.004
Compilation of  Air  Pollutant Emission Factors:   Highway Mobile
Sources,  March  1981,  [EPA-460/3-81-005].   These  are  MOBILE2
heavy-duty gaso-line  travel  fractions  (for gasoline-fueled trucks
over 8,501 pounds)  which are used  in  this report  for  all  HDTls
(trucks greater  than 8,501 pounds  and less than  14,000 pounds)
and all HDGT2s  (gasoline-fueled  trucks  over  14,001 pounds).   The
travel weighting fractions reflect a January 1 evaluation date.

**Heavy-duty trucks  I are assumed in this  report  to have a  gross
vehicle weight  (GVW) rating  greater  than 8,501 pounds  and  less
than 14,000 pounds.

***January 1  fractions  of  total  registration  differ  from  those
in  the  cited source  because  they  are normalized  to  add up  to
1.000.  The  cited source  performed an equivalent normalization
in a later stage of its calculation.

-------
Vehicle
  Age


 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20+
                             -51-

                             Table 16

               TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*

                   Heavy-Duty Diesel  Trucks  II**
    (a)
  January 1
  Fraction
  of Total
Registration***

    0.0
    0.172
    0.104
    0.065
    0.120
    0.113
    0.088
    0.063
    0.051
    0.051
    0.038
    0.029
    0.031
    0.023
    0.016
    0.012
    0.009
    0.005
    0.005
    0.008
    (b)
   Annual
   Mileage
Accumulation
    Rate

       0
   70400
   66900
   60600
   54200
   47900
   43700
   39400
   36600
   34500
   33100
   32400
   31700
   31000
   29600
   27500
   24600
   20400
   17600
   17600

    SUM:
          C(a)(b)/(SUM)]

            Fraction of
           HDT2 Travel by
(a)(b)    Model Year, msv,


    0.0    .    0.0
12135.6.        0.243
 6937.2        0.139
 3948.7        0.079
 6483.4        0.130
 5432.9        0.109
 3824.9        0.076
 2466.7        0.049
 1873.2        0.037
 1748.2        0.035
 1243.4        0.025
  925.6        0.018
  975.0        0.019
  727.3        0.015
  464.2        0.009
  317.6        0.006
  209.3        0.004
   94.2        0.002
   81.3        0.002
  147.6        0.003

50037.0
Compilation  of Air  Pollutant  Emission  Factors:   Highway  Mobile
Sources,   March  1981,   [EPA-460/3-81-005].    These   are   MOBILE2
heavy-duty  diesel  travel fractions  (for diesel-fueled  trucks  over
8,501  pounds)  which  are  used  in  this  report  for  all  HDDT2s
(diesel-fueled - trucks  over  14,001  pounds).   The  travel  weighting
fractions reflect a January 1 evaluation date.

**Heavy-duty  trucks  II  are  assumed in  this  report  to have  a  gross
vehicle weight  (GVW) rating greater than 14,001 pounds.

***January  1  fractions  of total  registration differ  from  those  in
the cited  source because they  are  normalized to add  up to  1.000.
The cited  source performed an  equivalent normalization in  a  later
stage of its calculation.

-------
                             -52-
                             Table 17

               TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*

                           Motorcycles
Vehicle
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
(a)
January 1
Fraction
of Total
Registration**
0.0
0.167
0.159
0.134
0.142
0.131
0.080
0.051
0.028
0.010
0.098
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                               (b)
                              Annual
                              Mileage
                           Accumulation
                               Rate       (a)(b)
          [(a)(b)/(SUMj

           Fraction of
           MC Travel by
          Model Year,  mt
0
4100
2800
2100
1600
1200
800
600
400
200
200
200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
685.7
445.7
281.0
227.0
157.8
63.7
30.4
11.1
2.1
19.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.356
0.232
0.146
0.118
0.082
0.033
0.016
0.001
. 0.010
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                               SUM:
1924.0
Compilation of Air  Pollutant Emission Factors:   Highway Mobile
Sources,  March  1981,  [EPA-460/3-81-005].   The  travel  weighting
fractions reflect a January 1 evaluation date.

**January 1 fractions of total registration differ  from those in
the  cited   source  because  they  are  normalized  to  add  up  to
1.000.   The  cited  source  performed an equivalent  normalization
in a later  stage of its calculation.

-------
                             -53-

                           Tab.le  18

                   Rates  of Misfueling  (r^)
                for Different Vehicle Classes*

                                      I/M       Non-I/M

Light-Duty Vehicles (i=l)             0.08        0.17

Light-Duty Trucks  I (i=2)             0.16        0.32

Light-Duty Trucks  II (i=3)            0.14        0.26

Heavy-Duty Trucks  I (i=4)**           0.17        0.35

Heavy-Duty Trucks  II (i=5)            0           0

Motorcycles (i=6)                     0           0
*  Values  in  this table  are  expressed  as  fractions of  the
total number of vehicles  in  each  class.   Misfueling rates are
determined  for  the weighted  average mileage  accumulated  for
each vehicle class.

**Misfueling  rates for  Heavy-Duty  Trucks  I   (HDT1)  pertain
only to gasoline-fueled HDTls made after model year 1986.

Source:  "Anti-Tampering   and  Anti-Misfueling   Programs   to
         Reduce   In-Use   Emissions   from   Motor   Vehicles,"
         EPA-AA-TSS-83-10, Office of Mobile  Sources,  December
         31, 1983.

-------
-54-
Table 18a
Rates of Misfuelirig (ti) for
Different 'Vehicle Ages and Classes*
Vehicle
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 +
Light-Duty
Vehicles
Non-I/M
0.04
0.08
0.11
0.15
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0,46
0.48
0.49
0.51
I/M
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.18
Light-Duty
Trucks I
Non-I/M
0.22
0.26
0.29
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.40
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.5'Q
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
I/M
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.25
Light-Duty
Trucks II
Non-I/M
0.22
0.26
0.30
0.33
0.36
0.38
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.61
I/M
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.25
                                                                Heavy-Duty
                                                              Gas Vehicles I**
                                                              Non-I/M
                                                                0.18
                                                                0.23
                                                                0.28
                                                                0.33
                                                                0.37
                                                                0.40
                                                                0.44
                                                                0.47
                                                                0.49
                                                                0.52
                                                                0.54
                                                                0.56
                                                                0.58
                                                                0.59
                                                                0.61
                                                                0.63
                                                                0.64
                                                                0.65
                                                                0.67
                                                                0.68
0.
0.
I/M
0.12
0.13
 ,15
 ,16
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.27
0.27
*Values  in  this  table are  expressed  as fractions  of  the  total  number  of
vehicles  in each  class.   Misfueling  rates  are  determined  for  the  average
mileage accumulated by each vehicle class of each vehicle age group.

**Misfueling rates  for Heavy-Duty  Gasoline  Vehicles I  (HDGV1)  are estimates
for  1987  and later  calendar years.   Currently all  HDGVls  use  leaded  fuel.
(For example,  for  the year  1990,  use  the  first  three  values  in  either  the
non-I/M or  I/M  HDGV1  column.   All HDGVls  greater than  3  years old  in this
case  (i.e.,  pre-1987  vehicles)  would have  a misfueling  rate of  zero  since
they do not require use of unleaded fuel.)

Source:   "Anti-Tampering  and   Anti-Misfueling   Programs  to  Reduce   In-Use
Emissions from  Motor  Vehicles,"  EPA-AA-TSS-83-10,  Office  of Mobile Sources,
December 31, 1983.

-------
                                  -55-

                                 Table 19

                Average  Data on  Particle Size  Distribution

                                      Cumulative Fraction of Particulate
                                          Mass Smaller Than Diameter	
   Leaded Fuel, ML                      0.2 urn2 urn10 urn
Median Particle
  Fractions, ML                           0.23        0.43        0.64

Ranges of ML Values*                   0.18-0.28   0.28-0.58   0.45-0.84
a95% confidence intervals on mean of data.

References:   (author  summary  of)  Ninomiya  et  al.,  1970;  Moran  et  al.,
1971? Cental  et al.,  1973;  Cantwell  et al.,  1972;  Boyer  and  Laitiner,
1975; Habibi et al., 1970; Hirschler and Gilbert, 1964.

                                      Cumulative Fraction of Particulate
                                          Mass Smaller Than Diameter	
   Unleaded Fuel, MJJL                    0.2 urn        2 urn       10 urn
MNL,c                                  °-87        0.89        0.97

Ranges of MNL,C Valvesb                0.86-0.88   0.84-0.94   0.84-1.00

MNL,NC                                 0.42        0.66        0.90

Ranges of MNL,C Valves                 0.29-0.55   0.52-0.80   0.63-1.00
D95% confidence intervals by "t" statistics.

References:   (author summary  of)  Foster  et al.,  1976;  Trayser  et  al.,
1976; Foster  et al., 1974; Melton  et al.,  1973; Habibi,  1973;  Cental et
al, 1973.

                                  Cumulative Fraction of Particulate
                      	Mass Smaller Than Diameter	
Diesel Fuel, MD        0.2 urn     1.0 urn     2.0 urn     2.5 urn     10 urn
MD                    0.73       0.86       0.90       0.92       1.00

Ranges of MD          0.69-0.75  0.76-0.93  0.86-0.95  0.88-0.95  0.97-1.00
  Values0
Intermediatespeed,  no load,  prechamber  engine, 2D  fuel.   (Also,  limited
data cited below indicate this  is appropriate for direct injection engines.)

References:   Breslin,  et al.,  1976;  Hare,  1979;  Bykowski,  1981;  Bykowski,
1983;  McCain  and  Faulkner,   1979;  Vuk,   et  al.,   1976;  Begeman,  1979?
Carpenter and Johnson,  1979; Verrant and Kittelson, 1977.

-------
                                  -56-

                             Table  19  (cont'd)

                Average Data on Particle Size Distribution


                                  Cumulative Fraction of Particulate
   Brake Wear  .                       Mass Smaller Than Diameter
 Particulate, M        0.43 urn    1.1 urn     4.7 urn      7 urn      10 urn
               B
Median Particle
  Fractions, MBd         0.09       0.16       0.82       0.90       0.98

Ranges of MB Values      Not available
"Samples  for  "determining  particle   size  distribution  were  collected  by
running  about  20  braking  cycles  weighted  to  be  representative of  urban
driving conditions.

Reference:  Cha et. al., 1983.

-------
                             -57-

3.0    EXAMPLE    CALCULATION   OF    AUTOMOBILE   PARTICULATE
       EMISSIONS LESS THAN 10 MICRONS
       Problem;   For  an  area  characterized  by  light-duty
vehicles  driving  under  cyclic conditions  with  an  average
speed  of  19.6  miles   per  hour,  calculate  the  particulate
emission  rate  of particles  less than  10  urn in  diameter for
the year  1985.  Assume an inspection  and  maintenance program
has been  implemented in this  area.   The simplified misfueling
rates from Table 18 will be used.

       Solution;   Use  equations  1.0,  1.1.,  1.1.1,  1.1.2,
1.1.3, 1.1.4,  1.1.5, 1.1.6,  1.1.7,  1.1.8,  1.1.10,  1.1.12, and
1.1.13.

       Particulate Matter Size Cutoff = 10 urn
     n = 1985   i = 1 = LDV   s = 19.6 mph    M0 = 0.98
                                               D
     t. . QQ(. = 1.0
      j. , i y o o
                            r.  (from Table 18) = 0.08
Equation 1.0
EF
  PM10,1985,19.6
                                          . 0128)(0. 98)+(0. 002)
Equation 1.1

EF1,1985,19.6 -
                 1985
                j=1966
                                 ,1985, L + EF1, j,k.,L + EF1, j,k,,LJ
                                         , j,k2,NL
                                                       , j ,k ,NL

-------
                             -58-




PbL,1985         =     1





PbNL,1985        "     °





ML,10um         =     °'64?




M                =     0 Q7•
nNL,C,10 urn            U>y  '





"NL.NCMO um     =     °'90;




MD               =     1.00;





a                =     0.75;
 s




C                =     0.79.
 s




Use  the  following  equations -to  plug into  Equation 1.1  and sum


over the appropriate model years:





Eauation 1.1.1
EF
  l,j,k ,1985, L = C(l.l) (°-929) (0.64)+(0.014) ( 0. 071 ) ( 0. 90) ]






     0  (0.75H1.557)  _      0.968
        (Ep .  .)(0.79) -      E
          c, 1, 3                c, 1, 3
                                                     _
                                               for   - 1^6-74
Equation 1.1.2


EF.  .    .QQ_   = C(l.l)(0.725) (0.64)+(0.014) ( 0 . 275 ) (0. 90) ]
  j.,],K,/iyoD,ij





     °  (0.75?U;557)  =      0.760                  = 1975_85


                                                    '
Equation 1.1.3


EF,  .           = [(0.014) (0.92)(0.97)+(1.1)(0.08)(0. 64)
  i / 3 / KI / iyci3 , LI






     °   (0.75)(1.557)  _      0.102             .    . _  1975_85

        (E_  ,  -)(0.79) -      E     -            -or  3 -  1975 85
          C/J./J                C,0./J

-------
                             -59-
Equation 1.1.4
     EF          =  (0.193M0.64)  = 0.124 (g/mile)
       J- 1 J / K_ / J_i
                                                for j = 1966-69
Equation 1.1.5
     EF.         =  (0.068) (0.64)  = 0.044 (g/mile)
            _
                                                for j = 1970-74
Equation 1.1.6
     EF         =  (0.030) (0.64)  =  0.019  (g/mile)
       -1- / J / K- i J-1
                                                for j  = '1975-85
Equation 1.1.7
     EFl,j,k2,NL '  (0.92)(Fifj/CAT)(0.017)(0.97)+

                    (0.08HF.  .  _,_)(0.068)(0.64) +
                            J. i J , V_A 1

                    (Fl,j,NL,NOCAT)(0-030)(0'90)
                                                for  j  = 1975-85
                 =  (0.019)(F.  . PAT)  +  (0.027)(F,  .          )
                                                for  j  = 1975-85

Equation 1.1.8
     EF         = (0.002)(0.64) = 0.001  (g/mile)
       i,D,K3,b
                                                for  j  = 1966-85

Equation 1.1.10
  l,j,k,,NL ~   *     1,j.CAT/NOAIR   *       "
       j

              (Fl,j,CAT/AIR)(0-016)((0-97)+

              (F1,j,NL,NOCAT)(0-002)(0-90)]+(0'08)(Q-002)(0-64)

              = C(Fl,j,CAT/NOAIR)(0-004)+(Fl,j,(
                                               for  j  =  1975-85

-------
                             -60-
Equation 1.1.12
     EF      =  (0.700H1.00)
       -L » J / 1J
             = 0.700 (g/mile)                  for  j = 1966-80

Equation 1.1.13
     EF.  . _ = (0.320M1.00)
       }-1 j i L>
             = 0.320 (g/mile)                  for  j = 1981-85
After  calculating EF. 1QOC  . Q  .,  in  Table  20,  substitute in
                     i / j.y o D/ iy.o
Equation  1.0  and  obtain the  total LDV  particulate emission
rate:
Equation 1.0
     EF               = (1.0)(0.0586) + 0.0125 + 0.002
       PM10,1985,19.6
                      =    0.0731  (g/mile)
Note:  This  example  is  an  estimate of  particulate emissions
from light-duty vehicles only.   Therefore,  the total emission
rate from  all vehicle  classes  for  an  area in  calendar year
1985 can be expected to be considerably higher.

-------
                                                                                                     TabU 10

                                                                                              EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
                                                            LICllT-DUTt VEHICLE fAKTICULATE EMISSION BATt LESS  TIIAM 10 M1CBOHS fOK THE »EAJ» 196S
Ae
                       *.   CHISSIOM fActoa, COHTONEMT CALCULATION  IKFUTS
                                    ge.1.1
1985
1984
1981
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976 1
1975 1
1974 1
197) 1
1972 1
1971 1
1970 1
1969 1
1968 11
1967 1
1966- 21
1 0.031
0.1)1
0.115
0.085
0.106
0.114
0.094
0.071
0.061
) 0.054
L 0.041
] 0.028
1 0.021
1 0.016
$ 0.010
I 0.006
1 0.001
9 0.002
> ' 0.001
H 0.006
0.946
0.970
0.976
0.953
0.939
0.909
0.870
0.839
0.843 I
0.868
0.871


*



-
•'
-
.„
_
_
_
_
t.041
1.090
1.111
).157
1.132
.127
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
L.OOO
27.4
26.0
. 24.6
23.3
21.8
19.6
18.5
16.7
15.6
14.9
13.9
12.6
12.9
11.1
11.2
11.9
11.9
11.9
11.9
U.I
0.054
0.010
0.024
0.047
0.061
0.050
0.040
0.010
_
_
_
.
-

_
_
.
,
_
-
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.980
0.919
•
_
.
_
_
.
_
-
-
                                                                       0.020
                                                                       o.oai
   0.370
   0.240
   0.160
   0.140
   0.296
   0.474
   0.65$
   0.650
   0.650
   0.637
   0.597
0.630
0.760
0.620
0.660
0.704
0.526
0.345
0.350
0.350
0.341
0.322
                    • .   EMISSION rACIO* COMKKEUT tUMATIOM DUCUfTIOMS


Suraatlon  |1| rMcxiUtaa tha amlajlon factor covenant In n^utlnn* 1.1.1 *nd 1.1.2  that  an
uaed in Bfutlon 1.1.

Sunutlan  |2|  calculate*  ttm amlMlon factor covenant to Bjuatlon 1.1.)  thit U uaad  in
equation 1.1.

EuuMtlon  (3) calculate* UM aaUaion factor covenant  in ttjuatlona  1.1.4,  1.1.5, anl  1.1.6
that an uaad In Bjuatlon 1.1.

Sunution  |4)  "il~'**'*T  tha aalulon factor onayimtt In Bjuatlon 1.1.7  that U uaad  in
Halation 1.1.

Suraatlon  (51  fil«-i'*»—  tha aBlaalon factor ocaponant In aquation 1.1.1  that U uaad  in
Bxiatlon 1.1.

Sumutlon  |6| olculatai  tha aalaalnn (actor oaapomnt  In Bjuatlon  1.1.10  that U uaad  in
Bjuatlon 1.1.

Sunnatlan  |7| oalcuUtoa  tha aBiaaUm factor oooponant in Bjuatlcna 1.1.12 and  1.1.11 that
an iwad in Ofittian 1.1.
                                                 111
nodal
Yoar.j
1915
1984
198)
1982
1981
1980
1*79
l»78
1977
197*
197S
1974
197)
1972
1971
1970
1969
196*
1967
1M<-


«9









11
11
U
U
14
U
U
17
•u
11
211

Pri.j.ki.lMS.L)
• 

. .
_
.
.
»
0.000)
0.0004
0.0005
0.0004
L 0.000)
0.0022
0.0017
0.0012
0.0007
0.0004
0.0002
O.Q001
0.0001
» 0.0004
sou O93?
                                                                                  C.  EMISSION fACTOB COHrONCHT CALCULATIONS
                                                                      121
                                                                    0.0001
                                                                    0.0005
                                                                    0.0005
                                                                    0.0004
                                                                    0.0005
                                                                    0.0005
                                                                    0.0005
                                                                    0.0004
                                                                    0.0001
                                                                    0.0001
                                                                    0.000)
                                                                    OSTT
                                                                                        (11
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
O.OOU
0.0010
0.0007
0.0004
0.000)
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.0007
0.0058
                                                                                                          141
                                                                                                          ,l) 1-1,1)
0.0006
0.0024
0.0021
0.0015
0.0019
0.0020
0.0016
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
0.0007
                                                                                                    +   0.0158
                                                                                                                            151
                                                                                                                                             16)
          0.0001
          0.0017
          0.0016
          0.0012
          0.0012
          0.0011
          0.0007
          0.0005
          0.0004
          0.0004
          0.0001
                                                                                                                                           6.6444
                                                                                                                                                              171
0.0005
0.001)
0.0009
0.0013
0.0021
0.0040
0.0026
0.0013
                                                                                                                                                            0.0142 •
                                                                                                                                                                     0.0586 .  BTi Wes I,..
                                                                                                                                                                     (9/talla)

-------
FIGURE 1. LEADED GASOLINE PART1CULATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
  M ,00

  ti
  O


  « BO
  A.
  1-1
  H
  l-l
  to
  H
  U
  »-«
  I-
 t>
 »— >

 a
00
    70
    ao
    60
    40
    ao
    20
    10
 6   ..
      0
                        ~r
                        6
~T

0
234607

 PARTICLE DIAMETER microns
TT

0
10

-------
FIGURE 2.  UNLEADED GASOLINE PARTICIPATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

  ai
  o
  i.
  41  00
  P.
  »

  21
  •—4
  O
     DO
   70-
jil  fl°
H

to
(/)  60
  -i
  u
     ao
    20-
      0
                   I
                   3
~T
6
~T
7
23460

 PARTICLE DIAMETER microns
T
0
10
                                                           Legend

                                                          O Coldlyst
                                                          A Noncololysl
                                                                         OJ
                                                                         I

-------
FIGURE 3. DIESEL PARTICIPATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
 d
 u
 u
 Pu
   100-
   00
 t! oo
 M
   70
 U)
 M
 M
 CO
 M
 ^1
 U
   00
00
   30
   20
 ft *
 3 i
   10
 o  °
     0
                 ~r
                 4
nr
5
nr
7
   345070

PARTICLE DIAMETER microns
T
0
—1
10

-------
FIGURE 4. BRAKE WEAR PARTICULATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
   100
                                                             cr>
                                                             01
                                                             I
     0
             PARTICLE DIAMETER microns

-------
                             -66-

                       4.0  REFERENCES

1.   Carey,  Penny  M.,   Supplementary  Guidelines  for  Lead
     Implementation   Plans—Updated  Projections   for  Motor
     Vehicle'  Lead Emissions,  EPA  Report  450/2-83-002,  OAR,
     QMS, ECTD, TSS for OAQPS, March 1983.

2.   Compliation  o_f  Air Pollutant  Emission Factors;   Highway
     Mobile Sources, EPA  Report  460/3-81-005,  OAR, QMS, ECTD,
     TEB, March 1981.

3.   Anti-Tampering  and  Anti-Misfueling  Programs to  Reduce
     In-Use Emissions  From Motor  Vehicles'  (Draft  Repoft  for
     Public CommentJT  EPA/AA Report  83-3,  OAR,   QMS,  ECTD,
     TSS, May 25, 1983.

4.   Diesel Particulate Study  (Draft),   U.S.  EPA, OAR,  QMS,
     ECTD, SDSB, October 1983.

5.   Lorang, Philip A.,  White,  John T.  and Brzezinski, David
     J. ,   In-Use Emissions of 1980  and   1981  Passenger Cars;
     Results  o_f  EPA  Testing,   SAE Paper   No!  820975,  U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency,  presented  at West Coast
     International Meeting, San Francisco, CA, August 1982.

6.   The  Impact of Light-Duty Diesel Particulate Standards on
     the   Level  of  Diesel   Penetration  Tri-tHe  Light-Duty
     Vehicle  and  Light-Duty  Truck  Markets,   Jack   Faucett
     Associates Report for EPA,  January  1983.

7.   Documentat ion  for   the  New   Highway  Fuel  Consumption
     Model, Energy and  Environmental  Analysis,  Inc.  Report
     for  EPA,  January 1982.

8.   Assessment  p_f Current  and  Projected  Future Trends  in
     Light-Duty    VehicleFuel-Switching,    Energy    and
     Environmental Analysis,  Inc. Report  for EPA, June 1982.

^*   The   Highway  Fuel  Consumption  Model -  Eighth Quarterly
     Report, Energy  and  Environmental Analysis,Inc.  Report
     for  EPA,  July 1982.

10.  Draft Study of Particulate  Emissions from Motor  Vehicles
     by  the  Environmental Sciences Research  Laboratory  f for
     Section 214  of  the Clean Air  Act), U.S. EPA, Office  of
     Research    and   Development,   Mobile   Source   Emissions
     Research  Branch,  July 1983.

-------
                             -67-

                     References (cont'd)

11.  "Control  of  Air  Pollution  from  New  Motor  Vehicles  and
     New  Motor Vehicle  Engines:  Federal  Certification  Test
     Results for 1975 Model  Year,"  Federal  Register,  Vol.  40,
     No. 48, March 11, 1975.

12.  "Control  of  Air  Pollution  from  New  Motor  Vehicles  and
     New  Motor Vehicle  Engines:   Federal  Certification  Test
     Results for 1976 Model  Year,"  Federal  Register,  Vol.  41,
     No. 46, March 8, 1976.

13.  "Control  of  Air  Pollution  from  New  Motor  Vehicles  and
     New  Motor  Vehicle   Engines:   Federal  Certfication  Test
     Results for 1977 Model  Year,"  Federal  Register,  Vol.  42,
     No. 110, June 8, 1977.

14.  "Control  of  Air  Pollution  from  New  Motor  Vehicles  and
     New  Motor Vehicle  Engines:   Federal  Certification  Test
     Results for 1978 Model  Year,"  Federal  Register,  Vol.  43,
     No. 181, September 18, 1978.

15.  1983 Motorcycle  Statistical Annual, Motorcycle  Industry
     Council,   Inc.,    Research   and   Statistics    Dept.,
     Governmental Relations Office, Arlington, VA, June 1983.

16.  Hare,   Charles   T. ,   Characterization   o_f_   Gaseous   and
     Particulate Emissions  from  Light-Duty  Diesels  Operated
     on  Various  Fuels,EPA-460/3-79-OOl^Southwest  Research
     Institute Report  prepared  for Office of Mobile  Sources,
     June 1979.

17.  Bykowski, Bruce  B.,  Characterization of  Diesel Emissions
     from  Operation  of   a   Light-Duty  Diesel   Vehicle   on
     Alternate   Source    Diesel    Fuels,    EPA-460/3-82-OCF2,
     Southwest Research  Institute  Report prepared  for  Office
     of Mobile Sources, November 1981.

18.  Bykowski,  Bruce  B.,   Petroleum  Versus  Alternate-Source
     Fuel   Effects   on   Light-Duty  Diesel   Emissions,   EPA
     460/3-83-007,    Southwest   Research   Institute   Report
     prepared for Office of Mobile Sources,  August 1983.

19.  Bykowski, Bruce  B. ,  Characterization of  Diesel Emissions
     a_s  a_   Function   gj£   Fuel   Variables,   EPA-460/3-81-015,
     Southwest Research  Institute  Report prepared  for  Office
     of Mobile Sources, April 1981.

20.  McCain, Joseph  D. ,  and  M.  Gregory Faulkner,  Assessment
     of_   Diesel    Particulate    Control:     Particle    Size
     Measurements,     EPA-600/7-79-232c,   Southern    Research

-------
                             -68-

                     References  (cont'd)

     Institute  report   prepared  for  Office  of  Research  and
     Development, December 1979.

21.  Begeman,   C.R.,   and   P.J.  Groblicki,   Particle  Size
     Variation  i_n  Diesel Car  Exhaust,  SAE  Paper  No.  790421,
     presented in Detroit, MI, February 26 - March 2, 1979.

22.  Carpenter,  Kenneth, and  John  H.  Johnson,  Analysis  of
     the   Physical  Characteristics   o_f  Diesel  Particu'la'te'
     Matter    Using     Transmission    Electron    Microscope
     Techniques,   SAE   Paper   No.    790815,   presented   in
     Milwaukee, WI, September  10-13, 1979.

23.  Verrant,  John  A.  and  David  A.  Kittelson,  Sampling  and
     Physical  Characterization  o_f Diesel   Exhaust  Aerosols,
     SAE Paper No. 770720, presented  in  Detroit,  MI, February
     1977.

24.  Ter  Haar,  G.L.,  D.L.  Lanane,  J.N. Hu,  and M.   Brandt,
     Composition,  Size,  and  Control  of  Automotive   Exhaust
     Particulates, Ethyl Corporation report  presented  at  the
     64th Annual  APCA Meeting,  Atlantic  City,  NJ,  June  27  -
     July 1,  1971.

25.  Breslin,  J.A.,   A.J. Strazisar,  and   R.L.  Stein,  Size
     Distribution and Mass Output  of  Particulates From Diesel
     Engine  Exhausts,   report  prepare~dby  Pittsburgh  Mining
     and  Safety  Research   Center,   Pittsburgh,   PA,  U.S.
     Department of the Interior, Report of Investigation 8141.

26.  Boyer,   K.W.,  and  H.A.  Laitinen,   "Automobile   Exhaust
     Particulates,"  Environ.   Sci .   Technol. ,   9_( 5 ): 457-469 ,
     1975.
                                                            •
27.  Cantwell,   E.N.,  E.S.  Jacobs,   W.G.   Kunz,   Jr.,  V.E.
     Liberi,   Control  of  Particulate   Lead  Emissions  from
     Automobiles. SAE Paper No.  720672, Detroit, May 1972.

28.  Foster,   J.F.,  D.A.  Trayser,  C.W.   Melton,   and  R.I.
     Mitchell,   Chemical  and   Physical   Characterization   ojf
     Automotive Exhaust  Particulate Matter  i_n the Atmosphere,
     Fourth  Annual   Summary  Report  prepared   by   Battelle
     Columbus  Laboratories,    Columbus,  OH,  to  Coordinating
     Research Council  (CRC-APRAC Project No.  CAPE-19-70)  and
     U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency   (Contract   No.
   '  68-01-0279), July 1974.

-------
                             -69-

                     References (cont'd)

29.  Foster, J.F., D.A. Trayser,  E.R.  Blosser,  F.A. Creswick,
     and D.F.  Miller,  Chemical and  Physical  Characterization
     of  Automotive   Exhaust   Particulate   Matter   i_n   the
     Atmosphere,   Fifth  Annual  Summary  Report  prepared  by
     BattelleColumbus    Laboratories,   Columbus,    OH,   to
     Coordinating  Research  Council  (CRC-APRAC  Project  No.
     CAPE-19-70), March 1974.

30.  Gentel,   J.E.,    O.J.    Manary,    and   J.C.    Valenta,
     Characterization of Particulates and  Other Non-regulated
     Emissions from Mobile Sources and  the  Effects  of Exhaust
     Emissions Control  Devices  on  these  Emissions,  report
     prepared by The Dow Chemical  Company,  Midland, MI,  under
     Contract  No.   EHA-70-101  to  the   U.S.   Environmental
     Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI,  March 1973.

31.  Habibi,  K. ,  "Characterization  of  Particulate  Matter  in
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