United States United States International W&MngtonQC 20460
Environmental Protection Environmental Referral Center
Agency
Issues
in
Tropical Deforestation
USIERC
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This bibliography was prepared by the staff of the U. N.
Environment Program's International Referral System to test
several capabilities.
(1) The effectiveness of the referral system for
supporting policy making.
(2) The ability of the U. S. Focal Point to coordinate
information gathering activities among several federal agencies
toward a specific end.
(3) The usefulness of such a document to participants in
a conference.
We acknowledge the generous cooperation given by
Mr. Wallace Olsen, Deputy Director for Library Services of the
National Agricultural Library at Beltsville, Maryland, who pro-
vided the references cited in Section III.
We solicit comments on this effort and thank Bill Long for
this opportunity.
Carol G. Alexander ~- - • ---- ..-. ^
Director
U. S. International Environmental Referral Center
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SECTION 1: CITATIONS FROM UNEP/IRS FILES
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AFRICAN FORESTRY COMMISSION
Contact: African Forestry Commission
FAO Regional Office
PO Box 1628
Accra, Ghana
AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT-FOREST SERVICE
Contact: Chief
Forest Service
U. S. Department of Agriculture
P. 0. Box 2417
Washington, D. C. 20013
Telephone No.: (202) 447-6661
Description Information available in nearly all aspects
of Source: of forestry and related fields.
ASIA-PACIFIC FORESTRY COMMISSION
Contact: Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission
Maliwan Mansion
Phra Atit Road
Bangkok, Thailand
CANADIAN FORESTRY SERVICE
Contact: Stewart J V
Canadian Forestry Service
Place Vincent Massey
Hull Que
Canada
Telephone No.: (819) 997-1439
Description Economics, Forestry, Policy
of Source:
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C. S. I. R. 0
Contact:
Description
of Source:
Dr. M. F. C. Day
Division of Forest Research, C.S.I.R.O.
Post Office Box 4008
Canberra A.C.T. 2600
Australia
Telephone No.: (062) 818211
Forest ecosystems in relation to timber
production and all other uses of forests,
ecology, management and harvesting of
forests, forest pests, tree physiology,
health nutrition, hydrology and mul-
tiple, use of forests.
CZECHOSLOVAK RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION CONTROL
Contact:
Telephone No.
Description
of Source:
Czechoslovak Research and Development
Centre for Environmental Pollution
Control
Tr. Laca Novomeskeho-2
Bratislava 816 43
Czechoslovakia
36291
Telex 92229
Crop production animal husbandry, agri-
cultural economics, agricultural engi-
neering, agricultural machinery, vete-
rinary medicine, forestry, nature con-
servation.
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
Contact:
Telephone No.
Forest Land Use Planner (D W Van Der Zel)
Forest Land Use Planning Section, Depart-
ment of Forestry
Private Bag X93
Pretoria Transvaal 0001
South Africa
012 482911 Telex: 3717
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DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY (CONT'D)
Description
of Source:
Acquisition, Planning and management of
government forest land for protection of
natural vegetation; productions of forest
products, training of personnel, carrying
out of research, provision of assistance
to public and private growers; and re-
gulation of assistance to public and pri-
vate growers; and regulation of national
forestry enterprise.
FEDERAL PAPER BOARD COMPANY, INC.
Contact:
Description
of Source:
Vice President - Manufacturing
Federal Paper Board Company, Inc.
Riegelwood Operations
Riegelwood, North Carolina 28456
United States
Telephone No.: (919) 655-2211
Manufacturer of pulp & paperboard,
extensive forestry operations. High
degree of water and air pollution con-
trol: freshwater, intake and treatment,
monitoring of wastewater, freshwater
receiving stream, air emissions con-
trol and monitoring.
FOREST DEPARTMENT
Contact:
Description
of Source:
The Conservator of Forests
Forest Department
P. 0. Box 509
Colombo 2
Sri Lanka
Telephone No.: 32251
Manages and protects all natural
forests of Sri Lanka. Demarcates
and preserves man and the biosphere
plot. Reforestation of degraded
forests at 01.% of total land area
per chairs state timber corporation
which is responsible for harvesting
and sale of timber.
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FOREST DEPARTMENT
Contact:
Description
of Source:
Conservator of Forest, Research and
Development Circle
Forest Department, Uttar Pradesh
17, Rana Pratap Marg
Lucknow Uttar Predesh 226001
India
Planning management development of
forest-resource, resource inventories,
exploitation, regeneration, affores-
tation, soil conservation, wild life
management, recreation and amenity pro-
vision in forest areas control forest
fire and diseases forest research.
FORESTRY COMMISSION OF N S W
Contact: The Secretary
Forestry Commission of N S W
G. P. 0. Box 2667
Sydney 2001
Australia
Telephone No.: (02) 20236 Telex: AA21657
Description
of Source:
Forest Management and advice on
trees and forests
INSTYTUT KSTALTOWANIA SRODOWISKA
Contact:
Telephone No.
Description
of Source:
Director
Jn.stytut. Kstaltowania Srodowiska
Ul. Krzwickiego 9
02-078 Warzawa
Poland
216481
Telex: 813493
The Forest Research Institute is acting
within frame-work of state forest or-
ganization, having national-wide scope;
it carries out research includes all
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INSTYTUT KSTALTOWANIA SRODOWISKA CONT'D
fields of forestry and efficient
production of timber raw material.
In particular: forest management,
silviculture, biological fundaments,
silviculture.
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF FORESTRY RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS
Contact: International Union of Forestry
Research Organizations
Forstliche Forschungsanstalt
Amalienstrasse 52/11
Munich 13 Germany
LATIN AMERICAN FORESTRY COMMISSION
Contact: Latin American Forestry Commission
Providencia 871
Casilla Postal 10095
Santiago, Chile
NEAR EAST FORESTRY COMMISSION
Contact: Near East Forestry Commission
UN-FAO
PO Box 2223
Cairo U.A.R.
NORTH AMERICAN FORESTRY COMMISSION
Contact: North American Forestry Commission
UN-FAO
Hamburgo 63
Mexico 6 D.F. Mexico
PACIFIC FOREST RESEARCH CENTRE
Contact: Massie MRC DR
Pacific Forest Research Centre
506 W. Burnside Road
Victoria B. C. V8Z IMS
Canada
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Description
of Source:
Effects of Harvesting and Site Pre-
paration Practices on Forest Resources
and Values, Soil Erosion, Sedimen-
tation, changing potentials of water-
shed, wildlife habitat.
ROYAL FOREST DEPARTMENT
Contact:
Description
of Source:
Chief, Forest Control Division
Royal Forest Department
Pahol Yothin Road
Bangkok
Thailand
Telephone No.: 5791151
In charge of regulation enforcement on
protection and conservation of forests
SCIENTIFIC CENTRE FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Contact:
Description
of Source:
Scientific Centre for Protection of
Natural Environment
National Focal Point of IRS
Industrialna, 7
Sofia, Bulgaria
Forest Institute of Bulgarian Academy
of Sciences-Makes Fundamental Research
In Afforestation, re-afforestation and
rational utilization of forest resources;
impact of Industria gases on plantations
and trees; Recultivation of lands de-
stroyed by industrial and mining opera-
tions .
SERVICE DES FORETS
Contact:
Telephone No.
Service de Forets
1 Ter Avenue De Lowendal
Paris Seine 75700
France
(1) 555 95 50
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Description Description in English not yet available.
of Source: Forets Loisirs-Protection de la Forets.
SIERRA CLUB
Contact: Sierra Club
530 Bush Street
San Francisco, California 94108
Telephone No.: (415) 981-8634
SWEDISH COUNCIL OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
Contact: Jordsbruksdepartementet
Fack
S-102 20 Stockholm
Sweden
Telephone No.: (08) 763-10-00 Telex: 11461 Loendep S
Description The National Board of Forestry in Sweden
of Source:
WESTERN FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION
Contact: Forest Counsel
WFCA/1326 American Bank Building
Portland, Oregon 97205
United States
Telephone No.: (503) 226-4562
Description Promotes sound forest management including
of Source: protection, harvesting, reforestation,
silvicultural practices and forest conser-
vation. Has a collection of forestry pub-
lications from industry, public agencies
and educational institutions.
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WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY
Contact:
Telephone No.
Description
of Source:
John S. Larsen—Director
Weyerhaeuser Company
Environmental Affairs Group
Tacoma, Washington 98401
United States
(206) 924-2345
Manufacturer of pulp & paper products,
Expertise in pollution control tech-
nology; forestry techniques and high
yield management, combustion technology
and use of wood wastes as alternate
fuel; wildlife management interrelation-
ship with herbicides, pesticides and
forest management techniques.
WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE
Contact:
Description
of Source:
Lester R. Brown - President
WorldWatch Institute
Office of the President
1776 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
Telephone No.: (202) 452-1999
Seeks to identify emerging global
problems and trends and makes
analyses available through world-
watch papers & books, a wide range
of topics is covered from changing
roles of women to environmental
sources of disease, energy supplies
and food and population growth.
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SECTION II: CITATIONS FROM COMMONWEALTH
AGRICULTURAL BUREAUX SYSTEM
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Afforestation - faster, better, cheaper.
Schmidt-Vogt, H.; Beda, G; Mlinsek, D.; Schiecthl, H. M.
Nathan, J.
Allgemeine Forstzeitung, 1973, 84, 10, 233-257
Languages: De
Reports on an international afforestation symposium
in Carinthia, including papers on: Planting-stock re-
quirements (H. Schmidt-Vogt) (experience favours strong
medium-sized plants for high-altitude afforestation);
Technique of mountain afforestation (G. Beda, 11 ref). (dis-
cusses experience, chiefly Swiss, on the making and main-
tenance of narrow terraces with simple equipment - cf.
FA 28, 5055 - and the growth of Norway Spruce and European
Larch on them); Natural reforestation and forest extension
(D. Mlinsek) (discusses Jugoslavian experience on the na-
tural recolonization of deforested, degraded, burned and
wind-damaged areas by pioneer and commercial species in-
cluding a welcome natural colonication of karst sites in
the neighbourhood of plantations by Pinus nigra); Re-
forestation of extreme sites (road cuttings, erosion chan-
nels, burned areas etc.) (H. M. Schiechtl; 8 ref.) (cf.
FA 27, 5282, 33, 4621); and Faster, cheaper and yet better?
(J. Nathan) (includes a brief description of a new tractor—
drawn planting machine, the 'Quickwood1, developed by
K. F. Rath, Maria Rojach, Carinthia, in which the operator,
by pressing a pedal, controls a plant-hole borer and plant-
ing arm designed for planting fairly large stock (the la-
test mode) is said to be capable of planting on slash-covered
sites)).
Agricultural productivity in the humid tropics.
Landwirtschaftliche Produktivitat in regenereichen
Tropenlandern.
Rehm, S.
Institut fur Trop. und Subtrop. Pflanzenbau, Universitat
Gottingen, German Federal Republic.
Publ: Frankfurt a.M., German Federal Republic.
Umschau in Wissenschaft and Technik, 1972, 73, 2, 44-48
Sec Jnl Source: Tropical Abstracts 28, 8, 1844.
Languages: De Summary Languages: en
9 ref., pi., fig.
The humid tropics have a very high agricultural potential,
Of the 46 million sq.km tropics, 26.5 million sq.km are humid
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A study of the different types of intervention and their
contribution to land use planning in the tropical moist
forests in India.
Mathur, R. S.
For. Res. Inst. & Coll., Dehra Dun, India.
Indian Forester, 1976, 102, 10, 639-649
Languages: En Summary Languages: hindi, de, fr
8 ref.
The human activities, including mining and agricul-
tural, that have caused the depletion of forest resources
in India are discussed. An estimate is quoted of 3
million ha of forest area lost to different uses between
1951 and 1973. It is suggested that the pressures on
remaining forests could be reduced by improved mangement
techniques to increase their productivity and by provision
for multiple use in some areas. A land capability classi-
fication is presented in which the 4 proposed classes are:
protective forests; productive forests; social forests
(for fuelwood, fodder etc.); and aesthetic forests (for
recreation, amenity and nature conservation).
Trees and changes in the environment in Caracas.
Aristeguieta, L.
Boletin, Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 1973,
30, 127, 349-386
Languages: Es
HE
Discusses the main factors that have recently pro-
duced great changes in the ecological conditions in the
valley of Caracas, Venezuela, viz. deforestation, the
elimination or diversion of rivers and streams, hard
surfacing of extensive areas of ground, and heavy traffic.
The main ornamental trees traditionally planted in the
valley are Swietenia macorphylla, Anacardium excelsum,
Tabebuia rosea, Cedrela mexicana,Spathodea campanulata
and Erythrina spp. These species should henceforward
be used only on the best sites, and never as avenue
trees. A list is given of 51 other species or genera
of trees and shrubs suitable for ornamental planting in
avenues, parks, gardens, centre reservations of motor-
ways, concrete containers, -etc., and brief notes are
given on each species and the places where it can be
used.
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with over 1,500 mm annual rainfall. Its production ca-
pacity/ha, can be considered four times that of land in
the temperate zone. However, some 17 million sq.km of
the humid tropics have become unproductive grass-savannah,
through shifting cultivation and deforestation. Ways and
means of halting this unfavourable process, such as region-
alization of agriculture, intensification of production in
suitable areas, and reclamation of exhausted land, are
discussed..
Air temperatures in central Amazonia. II. The effect of
near-surface temperatures on land-use in the Tertiary re-
gion of Central Amazonia.
Brinkmann, W. L. F. ; Ribeiiro, M. N. G.
Acta Amazonica, 1971, 1, 3, 27-32
See Also: 121911
Languages: En Summary Languages: pt
5 ref.
Maximum and minimum air temperatures were measured
weekly ca. 2 cm above ground level from 15 June 1968 to
27 Jan. 1970 on 10 sites in Manaus. The sites included
typical climax rain forest, secondary forest, forest land
cleared for agriculture and subsequently abandoned, forest
cleared and planted with grass, and land with little or no
vegetation. Apart from other harmful effects of forest
clearance and burning (the customary practice of this area)
the temperature records show that on sandy soils the prac-
tice of clearing and burning is entirely unsuitable for
land to be reforested, or destined for agriculture of ani-
mal husbandry. On latosols, although the effects are less
extreme, they are still serious and clearing and burning
must be used with great caution.
Bioelement loss on clearing a tropical rain forest.
Salas, G. de las; Folster, H.
Facultad Forestal, Univ. Distrital, Bogota, Colombia.
Turrialba, 1976, 26, 2, 179-186
Languages: En Summary Languages: es
19 ref.
Tabulates and discusses data from a tropical lowland
forest site in the Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. The
forest, of known bioelement store, was turned into unburned
and burned fallow, and the resultant changes in soil properties
and store of elements were determined. The approximate range
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of element losses attributable to clearing, burning and
cultivation for one year was found to be 60-140 kg K,
100-240 kg CA and 30-80 kg Mg; such quantities could be
restored by rainfall input after about 10-20 years' fallow.
The 1300-1400 kg of N that are lost above and below ground
is apparently restored by N-fixation rates of 100-150 kg/
ha year, rather than from rainfall input.
Causes and modalities of erosion in the lower basin of
the Wad El-Hadjel (Central Tunisia).
Causes et modalities de 1'erosion dans le bassin versant
inferieur de l''Qued-El-Hadjel (Tunisie Centrals) .
Eonvallot, J.; Hamza, A.
ORSTOM, 18 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisia.
IAHS Publication, 1977, No. 122, 260-268
Languages: Fr Summary Languages: en
6 ref.
The authors present some erosion data for the lower
sub-basin of the Wad El-Hadjel. The erosion phenomena
are due to excessive agricultural exploitation, intense
deforestation to provide charcoal, and overgrazing. Mo-
dalities of erosion are analyzed. The authors conclude
that anti-erosion measures are essential to avoid rapid
silting in the future barrage at Sidi Saad 'dagger'.
Changing patterns of disease in the tropics.
Stanley, N. F.; Alpers, M. P. (Editors). Man-made lakes
and human health.
Smith, C. E. G.
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Med. , London WCIE
7HT, UK.
Publ: London, UK; Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd.
1975, 345-362
Languages: En
Factors contributing to the changing patterns of
disease in the tropics are reviewed under: growth of
towns and cities; transport and population movement;
agricultural and engineering developments; changes in
customs and habits. Increasing urban populations place
a strain on often inadequate medical and sanitary services
potentiating an increase in many diseases including helmin-
thiases, e. g. Wuchereria bancrofti has spread with urban
growth in Asia and East Africa because its vector, Culex
-------
fatigans, breeds in latrines, cesspits and sewage-polluted
waters. Transport and population movement have resulted
in the introduction of diseases to new countries, tourists
acquire exotic infections, and intermediate hosts are
carried across frontiers. Deforestation and soil erosion
have made onchocerciasis endemic in the Volta basin, and
man-made lakes have increased the incidence and distribution
of schistosomiasis. The author considers that no major
agricultural or engineering development should be permitted
or funded without adequate research of potential health ha-
zards and provision of resources to control disease problems
that may arise.
A comparative study on chemical charateristics of tropical
soils from volcanic material under forest and agriculture.
Krebs, J. E.; Tan, K. H. ; Golley, F. B.
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 1974,
5, 6, 579-596
Languages: En
9 ref.
Compares the pH, organic matter, and contents of 9
elements in brown latosols (inceptisols) from young vol-
canic material under primaeval forest in Costa Rica, with
data for similar soils cleared of forest and under continuous
cultivation (sugarcane, coffee and pasture) for up to 22
years. Compared with the amounts in forest soils, the Ca
and Mg contents were reduced and the acid-extractable Al
content increased by cropping with sugar cane; Coffee re-
duced the organic-matter, N and Al contents, while pasture
maintained a soil fertility similar to that under forest.
The results indicate that deforestation does not necessarily
result in rapid soil degradation, and that the soils in this
region can be cultivated for at least 10-20 years without
excessive deterioration.
Cyclical changes in the habitat and climate of an East
African ecosystem.
Western, D.; Praet, C. van
Nature, UK, 1973, 241, 5385, 104-106
Languages: En.
23 ref.
An analysis is made of changes in the ecosystem of
the Maasai Amboseli Game Reserve (Kenya), with special
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reference to the extensive loss of Acacia xanthophloea wood-
lands during the last two decades. This is attributed to
changes in climatic conditions and soil salinity; damage
to trees by elephants and overgrazing by livestock are
probably secondary factors.
The destruction of Mangroves.
Canestri, V.; Ruiz, 0.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1973, 4, 12, 183-185
Sec Jnl Source: Ecological Abstracts 74L/2722.
Languages: En
2 ref.
A very general account of the destruction of areas
of Mangrove forest on the Venezuelan coast, caused by
increased pressure from recreational activities with no
legislative controls.
The development, present state and prospects of the exotic
forests in Sao Paulo.
Victor, M. A. M.; Kronka, F. J. do N.; Negreiros, 0. C. de
Boletim Tecnico do Institute Florestal, Sao Paulo, 1972,
No. 1, 32 pp + 11 fig.
Languages: Pt
8 ref.
Briefly reviews the history of forestry in Sao Paulo
and gives a more detailed study of the establishment of
Eucalypt and Pine plantations from 1963 to 1971, with es-
timates of the supply of and demand for Pine and Eucalypt
timber in the 1970s. Diagrams are given to illustrate
the extent of deforestation and afforestation in Sao Paulo
from 1963 to 1971, and maps are included showing the areas
and extent of the Pine and Eucalpyt plantations.
An ecological discussion of the environmental impact of the
highway construction program in the Amazon basin.
Goodland, R. J. A.; Irwin, H. S.
Landscape Planning, 1974, 1,2/3, 123-254
Languages: En
15 pp. of ref.
The probable environmental consequences of the building
of two N.-S. and three E.-W. motorways across Amazonia is
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discussed in relation to the flora, fauna, Amerindians,
human disease, deforestation and agriculture. Eight
types of forest are described in a chapter on the flora
and vegetation but little is known about the species in
the forests. A chapter on deforestation and agriculture
summarizes the official plans for agricultural coloni-
zation along the highways, and discusses the changes
that will occur in the naturally self-sustaining forest
ecosystem, and the environmental and meterological effects
of deforestation caused by shifting cultivation.
The effect of fallow and continuous cultivation on the
chemical and physical properties of an alfisol in western
Nigeria.
Juo, A. S. R.; Lai, R.
Internat. Inst. Trop. Agric., PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Plant and Soil, 1977, 47, 3 567-584
Languages: En
14 ref.
Properties of sandy surface soils over clayey sub-
soils under continuous cropping (since 1972) were com-
pared with those under planted fallows and natural bush
regrowth at the IITA experimental farm near Ibadan, Ni-
geria, over a 3-year period after clearing secondary
forest in 1972. The farm is 30 km S of the northern li-
mit of lowland rain forest. The fallow treatments in-
cluded pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), Leucaena leucocephala,
Guinea grass (Pancium maximum) and natural bush regrowth.
The planted fallows were slashed annually (3 times for
for the grass). Data are presented on the organic mat
ter, N, biomass (highest in bush regrowth), pH, cation
exchange capacity exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Mn in the
upper 15 cm of the soil, and on infiltration and moisture
release characteristics, crop and fallow yields (except
bush) and nutrients returned in residues. In continuous
soy bean and unmulched maize plots, soil organic matter
and pH declined rapidly; whereas residue-mulched maize
plots maintained a soil organic matter level comparable
with the fallow treatments. In the cropped plots, fa-
vourable physical characteristics in the surface soil
were maintained when sufficient plant residue ( 16 t/ha
per yr) was returned, whereas the subsoil structure of
the original forest soild deteriorated in all cropping
treatments. Guinea grass fallows had a distinct advan-
tage in recycling mineral nutrients and maintaining soil
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physical properties and organic matter. It is suggested
that soils may be planted with a combination of Guinea
grass and pigeon pea fallow for 1-2 years after 3-4
years of arable cultivation.
Effect of vegetation on humification in a ferrallitic
soil.
Godefroy, J. ; Jacquin', F.
IFAC-B. P. 1740, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
Cahiers ORSTOM, Pedologie, 1975, 13,3/4, 279-298
Sec Jnl Source: Soils and Fertilizers 39, 6182.
Languages: Fr Summary Languages: en
A comparative study of the development of or-
ganic matter in ferrallitic soils under evergreen forest
and horticultural plantations showed that the humus ba-
lance may be maintained for 3-4 yr after deforestation.
Tropical forest conditions are favourable for the break-
down of organic matter, but the large proportion of fine
particles in the soil prevents a reduction in the humus
content.
The effects of clearing and cropping on the organic reserves
and biomass of tropical forest soils.
Ayanaba, A.; Tuckwell, S. B.; Jenkinson, D. S.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan,
Nigeria.
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1976, 8, 6 519-525
Languages: En
17 ref.
Twenty Nigerian soil samples, mainly from field ex-
periments at the International Institute of Tropical
Agriculture (IITA), were used in a study of the effects
of clearing and cropping on the C, N and S reserves of
soils under secondary lowland rain forest. Soils that
has been cropped for 2 yr usually contained less total
C and N than the corresponding forest soils. This decline
was less rapid when crop residues (maize) were returned
to the soil as a mulch than when they were removed. The
soils were incubated in the laboratory either fresh, or
after exposure to stress treatments (air-drying or
fumigation). The amounts of N mineralised by the fresh
untreated soils were small and not clearly related to the
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cropping history. Both air-drying and fumigation caused
a marked increase in the mineralisation of N and the
amount released was related to the cropping history.
Cropping caused an even greater decrease in these 'stress-
labile1 N reserves than in total soil N, so that cropping
causes a decline in both the quantity and 'quality1 of
soil organic matter. Again, the decline was less where
crops were grown under mulches. A term "Per cent Stress-
labile N" (PSN), defined as the percentage of the total
N minerlised when fumigated soil is incubated under de-
fined conditions, is proposed as a measure of the 'quality1
of soil organic nitrogen. Under secondary forest the
PSN ranged from 3.4-4.2%; on cultivation it declined, in
one case to less than 1%. The amount of C in the soil
biomass was calculated from the size of the flush of de-
composition caused by fumigation. Biomass C usually de-
creased on cultivation, the decrease being less under
mulches. There was a close linear relationship between
the flush of N caused by fumigation and the amount of
biomass C in a soil and a rough measure of biomass C can
be obtained by multiplying the N flush by 8. 'dagger'
Effects of deforestation on water quality.
Abstracts, 1972 Meeting of the Weed Science Society of
America, St. Louis.
Marks, P. L.
Section Ecol. Systematics, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New york
14850, USA
1972, 76-77
Languages: En
See also WA 23, 1309.
The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study in New Hampshire
was conceived and developed as a multidisciplinary study
of a well-defined, watershed ecosystem. All vegetation
on watershed 2 was cut but not removed in late 1965 and
herbicides applied periodically to prevent regrowth. As
a result of deforestation, stream runoff was increased
by 40% the first year, 28% the second year and 26% the
third year. However, the stream water became 10 times
more acid and there were very large increases in stream
water concns. of all major ions except NH4+, S04— and
HC03-; nitrate cone, increased 41-fold in the first year
and 56-fold in the second year largely due to mobilization
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of nitrate from decomposing o.m. The nitrate concn.
exceeded established pollution levels for drinking
water. The high nutrient concns., increased solar
radiation and higher water temp, caused blooms of al-
gae where none had occurred before.
The effects of herbicides in South Vietnam, Part A.
Publ: Washington, DC, USA, National Academy of Sciences.
1974, 400 pp.
Sec Jnl Source: review in Nature, UK 248, 186.
Price: $10
Languages: En
A report prepared for the Department of Defense
and the US Congress, based largely on evidence from aerial
photos. An examination of the official military record
showed that 10.3% of inland forests and 36.1% of the Man-
grove forests were sprayed with a variety of herbicides
at least once; the most commonly used herbicide was "agent
orange1, a 1: 1 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Mangrove
forests suffered the most severe and lasting damage, and
it is thought that restoration by natural regeneration
may take ) 100 years. It is estimated that between 0.5
and 2.0 million m3 of merchantable timber has been lost.
Evidence is discussed for toxic and teratogenic effects
on humans in the sprayed areas. (Cf. FA 34, 4464)
Epidemiological-ecological effects: studies on intact
and deforested mangrove ecosystems.
The effects of herbicides in South Vietnam. Part B:
Working papers.
Desowitz, R. S.; Berman, S. J.,; Gubler, D. J.; Harinasuta,
C.; Guptavanij, P.; Basuvat, C.
Sch. med. , Univ Hawaii, Honolulu 96816, USA.,,^ _ ...,_,
Publ: Washington, D. C., USA, National Academy of Sciences,
1974, 54 pp.
Languages: En
5 ref.
Data obtained in a study of intact and deforested
mangrove ecosystems in South Vietnam indicate that defoli-
ation has, directly or indirectly, altered the epidemiolo-
gical patterns, particularly with regard to vector-borne
diseases. The potential health hazard resulting from adverse
-------
changes in the populations of the vectors and reservoirs
of diseases, as in the case of the anopheline vectors of
malaria, underlines the need to continue and expand the
studies and to establish teams of medical scientists to
identify and advise on the management of health problems.
The estimation of evapotranspiration in the Amazon basin.
Villa Nova, N. A.; Salati, E.; Matsui, E.
Escola Superior de Agriculture 'Luiz de Queiroz1,
Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Acta Amazonica, 1976, 6, 2, 215-228
Languages: Pt Summary Languages: en
17 ref.
Describes an attempt to estimate the magnitude of
the main components of the water balance in the Amazon
basin. In view of the lack of sufficient meterological
and hydrological records for the region, some data from
other countries were also used. An energy balance was
drawn up, and from this the regional water balance was
established, using the Penman method adapted to forest
conditions. Actual evapotranspiration in the region
should be very close to the potential evapotranspiration,
and the average value was found to be ca. 4 mm/day. It
was tentatively concluded that the Amazon basin receives
14.4 x 1012 m3 water/year through precipitation, this
total being balanced by a surface discharge of 5.5 x 1012
m3/year and evapotranspiration amounting to 8.9 x 1012
m3/year. Since transpiration by plants represents 61.8%
of the water balance, intensive deforestation will appa-
rently bring about alterations in the hydrological cycle.
Descriptors: Brazil, Amazonia; hydrology; evapotranspi-
ration; forest influences (on); hydrological factors
Brazil
DC No: 116.13 + 116.1/2 + 161.16 + 907.3
Subject Codes: F1161
The feasibility of wood-gas engines for developing
countries.
Wendorff, G. B. von
Inst. f. Weltforstwirtsch., Reinbek b. Hamburg, German
Federal Republic
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Tropenlandwirt, Zeitschrift fur die Landwirtschaft in den
Tropen und Subtropen, 1976, 77, 77-92
Languages: De Summary Languages: en
35 ref.
Describes a 'pre-feasibility1 study in 3 (unnamed)
countries giving representative examples of (a) tropical
African savannah, (b) an African rain forest, and (c) the
Caribbean region, which examined the economics (relative
costs of energy etc.), potential supplies (from natural
forests, plantations, mill residues etc.) ecological ha-
zards (deforestation, fires, pollution etc.) technology,
legal aspects, etc. It is concluded that the introduc-
tion of wood gas generators is a promising alternative
technology for rural stationary engines and agricultural
tractors in the countries studied. The threat of forest
devastation is considered negligible.
Firewood at Niamey.
Delwaulle, J. D.; Roederer-
Bois et Forests des Tropiques, 1973, No. 152, 55-60
Languages: Fr Summary Languages: en, es
Discusses the problem of firewood supply and demand
for this town of not less than 70,000 inhabitants in
SW Niger, with particular reference to the sources of
supply, the felling, handling and transport of the wood,
and the consequences of deforestation.
Forest-Savanna border zone in West Africa. A landscape
ecological analysis.
De bos-savannegrens in West-Afrika, een landschapsekologische
verkenning.
Tjallingii, S. P.
Bot. Lab., Univ. Utrecht Netherlands.
Geografisch Tijdschrift, 1976, 10,3/4, 193-212
Sec Jnl Source: Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture 3 (4)
14251.
32 ref.
A general description is given of the tropical rain-
forest and savanna ecosystems. Rainfall and temp, are
responsible for this differentiation in vegetation. Relief
and soil type have an important influence on either forest or
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savanna only in the transitional zone. Man's influence
tends to narrow the transition to abrupt boundaries and
works in favour of savanna development by burning and
farming, even if climatic changes would favour natural
forest development.
Forestry and water catchments in relation to mining activities
Beggs, B. J.
Special Publication, Australian Conservation Foundation,
1972, 8, 41-48
Sec Jnl Source: Geo Abstracts 74B/0585. ORS.
Languages: En
Presents a report on the forests of W. Australia,
showing that the main problem after clearing vegetation
from catchments is the resultant increase in salinity.
At present, the main threat to the area is from bauxite
mining and, in terms of legislation, mining has prece-
dence over forestry. Reforestation after mining is ex-
amined and the need for further research into the problems
involved is stressed. Some recommendations are made to
protect state forest not already allocated to mining.
Forestry in the Seychelles (with two separate volumes of
appendixes).
Henry, P. W. T.
Surbiton, Surrey, UK.
Land Resource Report, Land Resources Division, Ministry
of Overseas Development, 1976, No. 8, xiii +• 346 pp. + 4
maps, 6 pi.
Languages: En
31 ref.
Describes the climate, geology, soils, water re-
sources, vegetation, land use, land tenure and popula-
tion of the Seychelles and reviews the history of de-
forestation and the establishment of the present forest
plantations. The composition and extent of the planta-
tions are shown in maps at scale 1:5000. Sample plots
laid down in a variety of stands indicated the present
availability of timber, the volume increment and the likely
rotation for timber production. Estimates of volumes
were made in some of the semi-natural woodlands. Recommen-
dations are made on future management of the plantations, with
-------
the aim of meeting the projected internal requirements of
timber in 2002. Appendices include rainfall data, analysis
of the age composition of plantations within the Production
Working Circles, volume tables of plantation species, and
notes on individual forests including stand descriptions
and prescriptions.
Forestry problems in Burundi.
Problemes forestiers au Burundi.
Pouilloux, C.
Bois et Forests det Tropiques, 1976, No. 170, 21-34
Languages: Fr Summary Languages: es, en
A general account of the country, illustrated by
sketch maps and photographs, including notes on climate,
relief and natural vegetation. Deforestation is severe,
leading to soil erosion and a shortage of forest pro-
ducts. Attempts at reforestation have been made with a
wide range of species, of which Eucalpyts are the most
important. Recommendations are made for renewed efforts
to increase the planting of exotics, to protect the re-
maining natural stands (especially those of scientific
interest) and to try to effect a change in public opinion
towards forestry.
Geographical extension in a new ecological association of
Panstrongylus humeralis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), natural
host of Trypanosoma cruzi in Panama.
Sousa, 0. E.; Adames; A. J.
Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, PO Box 2016, Balboa Heights,
Panama Canal Zone. -
Journal of Medical Entomology, 1977, 13, 6, 748-749
Languages: En
6 ref., 2 fig.
During a study of potential disease vectors in 1972-75
in the wooded area of the Bayano River Hydroelectric Project
in eastern Panama, Rhodnius pallescens Barber, Triatoma
dimidiata (Latr.), Eratyrus cuspidatus Stal, Panstrongylus
geniculatus (Latr.) and P. rufbtuberculatus (Champ.) were
trapped by various methods. In 1975, P. humeralis (Usinger),
a rather rare species previously known only in the type-
locality of Barro Colorado Island in the Canal Zone where
the rainfall averages well over 2000 mm, was caught for
the first time in the dryer Bayano River area, possibly
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because of the extensive deforestation resulting from
the construction of the new lake basin. Adults of P.
humeralis collected in February 1975 were found to
contain epimastigotes and trypomastigotes resembling
those of Trypanosoma cruzi in the intestinal tract."
Suckling mice were successfully inoculated with these
parasites from a single bug either intracerebrally or
intraperitoneally, and the strain was isolated in cul-
tural media and maintained by intracerebral inoculation
of blood tyrpomastigotes through 10 successive mouse
hosts without losing its virulence, killing the hosts
in 8 - 13 days. These results indicate the probability
that P. humeralis is involved in the spread of Chagas1
disease in Panama.
Habitat values and endemicity in the vanishing rain forests
of Sri Lanka.
Senanyake, F. R.; Soule, M. ; Senner, J. W.
California Univ., Davis, USA.
Nature, UK, 1977, 265, 5592, 351-354
Languages: En
18 ref.
An attempt is made to express quantitatively the
value or uniqueness of particular habitats in Sri Lanka
in order to make an objective case for their conservation.
Indices of habitat values of 4 defined biogeographical
regions were calculated for a large number of endemic
amphibia, lizards and birds. Results indicate that the
rain forest areas together with the montane regions in
the south contain more endemic forms than any other
part of the island. Deforestation is rapidly destroying
these habitats: at present only 9% of land in the wet
montane regions remains forested.
How the wise men brought malaria to Africa.
Desowitz, R. S.
Natural History, 1976, 85, 8, 36, 38, 42, 44
Languages: En
This is a popular account of the rapid spread of
malaria due to human activity. The replacement of
traditional subsistence agriculture tends to increase
the availability of suitable habitats for the vector
mosquitoes, particularly after the introduction of rice
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cultivation, deforestation and irrigation systems.
The importance of the montane conifer forests of central
Mexico and the dangers to their survival.
Ern, H.
Umschau, 1973, 73, 85-86
Sec Jnl Source: Berichte Biochemie und Biologie (1973)
385. 1029. De. Reinbek.
Languages: De
Stresses the need for protecting the conifer forests
of E. Central Mexico from progressive destruction by a
rapidly increasing rural population, with special reference
to the high-altitude stands of Pinus hartwegiii on the
great volcanoes and the Pinus patula forests on the edge
of the plateau; the latter are important in their hydro-
logical role as fog condensers.
Introduction to tropical phytogeography. I. Flora and
structures. 2. Habitats and plant groups.
Introduction a la phytogeographie des pays tropicaus. I.
Les flores - les structures. 2. Les milieux - les
groupements vegetaus.
Schnell, R.
Publ: Paris, France: Gauthier-Villars.
1970, 449 pp.; 951 pp.
Languages: Fr
many ref., many pi.
In his introduction to these two volumes Professor T.
Monod reminds us of how different our concepts of botany
might be if the science had developed in the tropics rather
than in temperate and Mediterranean zones. This book helps
to redress the balance by reminding us of the exuberance and
diversity of tropical plants. It is based on the author's
wide experience, initially in West Africa, and later extended
to other parts of the tropical world. The book is divided
into 4 parts, viz: 1. Tropical flora. 2. Structure and
biology of tropical plants. 3. Plants and intertropical
habitats. 4. Types of intertropical vegetation and their
dynamism. There are many clear maps and line drawings.
The numerous photographs (a few of which are, unfortunately,
rather dark) illustrate the tropical vegetation of Africa,
America and Asia. There are detailed alphabetical indexes.
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All those concerned with tropical vegetation will read
this book with great interest, and will return to it
as a source of reference. Horticulturists will note
that many of their fruit trees (for instance, durian,
coconut and brazil nut) are mentioned. They will find
outlined the successful dissemination of food plants
and ornamentals by man, together with the alterations
in floral composition brought about by the selective
preservation of favoured species. They will be re-
minded of the natural habitat of many epiphytic ferns,
orchids and bromeliads which are now familiar species
of temperate commercial horticulture. Many of the
photographs indicate the marked changes brought about
by increased deforestation and cultivation. This, and
the author's evident sympathy for his subject inevitably
create a sense of disappointment that there is no chap-
ter on conservation and the preservation of selected
habitats. That man-made changes need not always be in
the same direction is well illustrated by Figs 189-191,
inclusive, which contrast the different aspects of areas
of an African savanna submitted to late and early burn-
ing treatments with another area given fire protection.
The reading of this comprehensive and stimulating book
will undoubtedly encourage further thinking along these
lines. D.O'D. BOURKE.
Man-biting Simuliidae (Diptera) of northern India.
Lewis, D. J.
c/o British Museum (Natural History), London, UK
Israel Journal of Entomology, 1974, 9, 23-53
Languages: En
63 ref., 32 fig.
Simulium indicum Becher is discussed in detail.
It has been recorded from 8 countries, from Pakistan
to Thailand. The female is redescribed. It is an
important biting pest of man and could possibly be
a vector of human onchocerciasis. It inhabits moun-
tainous areas between 100 m in the east and 700 m in the
west up to 3000 m. It has probably retreated in some
areas as a result of deforestation. The male of S. no-
dosum Puri is described for the first time, and supple-
mentary notes on the female, pupa and larva are pre-
sented.
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Policy on utilization of tropical forest in the Ivory
Coast.
Forstpolitishche Uberlegungen zur Tropenwaldnutzung in
der Elf'enbeinkuste.
Schmithusen, F.
FAO, Rome, Italy.
Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen, 1977, 128, 2,
69-82
Languages: De Summary Languages: fr
It is estimated that in the tropical forest zones
of the world, 10 million ha of forest, yielding 80-100
million m3 of high-value timber, are cleared annually.
In the Ivory Coast, the area of forest is thought to
have decreased by 300 000 ha/year in 1955-65. By 1974
it had fallen to 40% of its original extent. The eco-
nomic implications of the clearing of virgin forest and
destruction of valuable timber stocks is discussed. The
need is emphasized for rational utilization of forest
raw material potential on a continuing basis, beyond
initial exploitation, since the needs of the home market
are likely to increase and destruction of forest with
a protective function will result in further costs.
Possible climatic impact of tropical deforestation.
Potter, G. L.; Ellsaesser, H. W.; MacCracken, M. C. ;
Luther, F. M.
Nature, UK, 1975, 258, 5537, 697-698
Languages: En
6 ref.
Presents a revised two-dimensional atmospheric
model (ZAM2) to stimulate(a) present conditions with
a rain-forest albedo of 0.07; (b) the effect of complete
removal of tropical rain forest, accompanied by an in-
creased run-off rate, decreased evaporation rate and an
albedo of 0.25; and (c) an intermediate situation simu-
lated by complete removal of the forest accompanied only
by an increase of the albedo to 0.25. The possible
consequences indicated by the model runs are discussed,
and data are presented for the resulting global water
budget and mean precipitation and temperature changes.
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Project S.4 - species trials. Final report.
Fahlman, R.
Res. Sec., For. Dep., Sarawak.
Report, Silvicultural Research Section, Forest Department,
Sarawak, 1975, No. S.R.7, i + 26 pp.
Languages: En
6 ref., 8 maps
A report on trials of 12 exotic species (mainly
pines) in several districts of Sarawak, established in
1964-68 and evaluated up to 1975. The sites were on
deforested land poor in nutrients. The growth (tabulated)
of all species was poor through Pinus insularis (P. kesiya)
grew exceptionally well in one plot near Sibu. P. cari-
baea var. hondurensis generally grew best, followed by
P. caribaea var. bahamensis. Results confirmed the un-
suitability of sites covered with Dicranopteris linearis
for pines.
The protective role of forestry to the land.
Ghosh, R. C.
Publ: Dehra Dun, India; Forest Research Institute &
Colleges
1974, 14 pp.
18 ref. Prepared for the 10th Commonwealth Forestry
Conference 1974
Describes the physiography, climate and vegetation
of mountains and hills in various regions of India, and
presents data for size of drainage area, maximum dis-
charge, and run-off from 13 important Indian rivers.
Most of the catchments areas are, forested, and the effects
or large-scale destruction of forests and removal of
leaf litter on flooding and soil erosion are considered.
The remainder of the paper discusses the need for ex-
tensive areas of poor-quality forests to be replaced
by plantations, and for forests and plantations in
sensitive catchment areas to be managed not. only for
timber production but also for land protection.
Reforestation in the Republic of Vietnam.
Swanson, C. W.
Journal of Forestry, 1975, 73, 6 367-371
Languages: En
5 ref.
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Briefly reviews the forest types, causes of de-
forestation and the areas that need reforestation in
S. Vietnam. More than two million ha of forest land
need reforestation, and by 1974 plantings had reached
15 000 ha/year. Contrary to popular opinion, the au-
thor attributes most of the deforestation to factors
other than war, e. g. shifting cultivation, agricul-
tural concessions, wildfires, etc.
Regeneration and afforestation techniques in China.
Kato, R.
Ringyo Gijutsu (Forestry Techniques), 1974, No. 391,
10-13
Sec Jnl Source: Referativnyi Zhurnal (1975) 4.56.140.
Ru. BLL.
Languages: Ja
The main timber reserves are contained in residual
natural forests in NE and SW China (e. g. coniferous/
broadleaved forest on the southern slopes of the Little
Hingan Mts., with Pinus koraiensis, picea jezoensis and
Abies nephrolepis predominating). Details are given of
the felling systems being used in these forests and in
unproductive secondary forests consisting of Quercus mon-
golica and Betula nigra, and of programmes for their re-
generatiion and for the afforestation of deforested
mountain areas, including species recommended for different
parts of the country, standards or planting stock, methods
of planting or directing sowing, spacing, and the tending
of young plantations.
Resource development in semi-arid lands.
Hutchinson, Sir J.; Bunting, A. H.; Jolly, A. R.;
-Pereira, H. C. Perry:/ _-R.. .A.; Robertson, V. C.;
Hadley, R. F.; Tribe, D. E.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,
B 1977, 278, 962, 437-614 ISBN 0-85403-088-3
Price: 12
Languages: En
many ref., 2 pi.
A collection of 13 papers presented at a Royal Society
Discussion Meeting on 17-18 March 1976, including; Perry,
R. A. The evaluation and exploitation of semi-arid lands;
Australian experience. (33 ref.) Includes descriptions of
-------
vegetation types and discusses their suitability for
grazing. Robertson, V. C. Experience in the Middle
East. - An assessment of the present hazards in agri-
culture, including a warning on the destruction of forests
in Iraq and Iran. Hadley, R. P. Evaluation of land-use
and land-treatment practices in semi-arid western United
States. (20 ref.) Pereira, H. C. Land use in semi-arid
southern Africa. (21 ref.) Emphasizes the importance
of watershed management in the improvement of resources.
Water conservation by control of woody plants is con-
sidered in the discussions. Tribe, D. E. The conserva-
tion and improvement of resources: the grazing animal.
C64 ref.) Coordination of livestock and rangeland re-
search and development is urged, with reference to the
present situations in Australia and sub-Saharan Africa.
The savannas of the Valley of Caracas.
Vareshi, V.
Acta Botanica Venezuelica, 1969, publ. 1970, 4, 427-522
Sec Jnl Source: Berichte Biochemie und Biologie (1971)
349, 77. De. NLL.
Languages: Es
Describes and classifies the largely treeless savannas
of the region and thier ecology. Prom pollen-analyticcal
studies it seems probable that most of the area was once
under forests dominated by species of Podocarpus, and that
deforestation had started befoe the advent of Columbus.
A study of climate and forests in the Ranchi Plateau.
Part I. (Changes over the period: 1889-1943). Part II.
(Analysis of climatic data.).
Warren, W. D. M.
Indian Forester, 1974, 100, 4:5, 229-234; 291-314
Languages: En
A detailed analysis of climatic data for this region
of Bihar, India, with some discussion of the effects of
deforestation on climate and the mutual interrelations
of forest and climate.
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Tropical ecosystems: state and targets of research into
the ecology of humid tropical ecosystems.
Brunig, E. F.
Plant Research and Development, 1975, 1, 22-38
Languages: En
26 ref.
Discusses the present inadequate state of ecosystems
research in developing countries, including projects
associated with the International Biological Programme
and the UNESCO MAB (Man and the Biosphere) projects.
The Amazonia development project of the Brazilian
Government is used to illustrate the potential risks
(e. g. to the soil, the climate and the atmosphere) in-
herent in large-scale destruction of forests.
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SECTION III: SOME ARTICLES OF INTEREST
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Ako s nahradami skod za odlesnenie?; How to compensate for
damage by deforestation
Melicherik, J.
Les Oratislava) 28 (2): 67-70. February 1972
99.8 L5632
Assessment of the use of forests as sinks for the removal of
atmospheric sulfur dioxide
Murphy, C. E., Jr.; Sinclair, T. R.; Knoerr, K. R.
J Environ Qual 6 (4): 388-396. Ref. Oct/Dec 1977
QH540.J6
Arrestiamo la distruzione delle foreste; Let us stop destruction
of forests. Pollution, fires, conservation.
Bertucci, B. M.
Lotta Antiparassit 27 (2): 3-5. February 1975
79.8 L91
Bibliography: Some references relating to the effects on soil con-
ditions of the clearing and agricultural development of Tropi-
cal forest areas (1969--1959)
Commonwealth Bureau of Soils
Commonw Bur Soils (Annot Bibliogr) 1399, 11 p. 1970
241 C734A
Biological perspective of deforestation
Palaypayon, W. R.
Canopy 3(2): 13-14. February 12, 1977
SD1.C36
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Clearcut; The deforestation of America
Wood, Nancy C.
San Francisco, Sierra Club 151 p. illus. 21 on. .c!971.
SD538.2.A1W65
Series: The Sierra Club battlebook series, 3
Coming to Terms with the Rain Forest
Irwin, Howard S.
Garden J. May-Jun 77, VI, N2, P29 (6)
Feature article: Brazil's program of nat'l integration seeks
to exploit the wealth of the amazon through highway construction,
agricultural colonization, mining, forestry, and eventual indus-
trialization. But the attempt to settle the amazon has exposed
the fragility of the rain forest and the illusion of its wealth.
The value of most products in the amazon, such as sugar, is low,
while the cost of obtaining the products is high, production
costs include fuels, importation of machinery, and fertilizers
and pesticides that place the local society at the mercy of inter-
national economic forces and that finally exact, by soil erosion
and laterization, the irreversible destruction of the forest eco-
system. These negative impacts must be realized if development
of the amazon is to have any chance of success. (1 diagram, 1
map, 4 photos, 1 table)
Comparative advantage or disadvantage of land clearing; Economic study
on the alternative use of land to agriculture or forestry on
pioneer farms in Finland by a Finnish study group
Helsinki, Universitet, Maatalouspolitiikan Laitoksen; U. S. Dept.
of Agriculture
.... Helsinki, University of Helsinki 161 1. illus. 1969
HD1741.F5H4
Control of forest growth and distribution on wet tropical mountains:
with special reference to mineral nutrition
Grubb, P. J.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1977 8:83-107
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Desforestacion y erosion; Deforestation and .soil, erosion Mexico,
Central America.
Laviada, I
Mex For 50 (5): 27-28. Sept/Oct 1976
99.8 MS7
Le deforestage mechanique pour la creation de palmeraies-industrielles;
(Mechanical deforestation for the creation of industrial palm
plantations). Tropical agriculture.
Martin. G.
Mach Agr Trop 28: 23-29. Oct/Dec 1969
58.8 ML86
La destruction des forets et des soils en pays tropical; Destruction
of forests and soils in a tropical country.
Aubreville, A.
Adansonia 11(1]: 5-39. 1971
450 AD14
Destruction of tropical ecosystem via overpopulation and agricultural
methods
Croat, Thomas B.
Bioscience, August 1972, v. 22, n.8:465(3).
Devastation on the Amazon
Anderson, Alan
Organic gardening and fanning, Nov 1972, v.19,n.11:90(4),
Economics of clearing tropical rain forest in Dominica
Russell, J.
World Crops 25 (6): 317-318. Nov/Dec 1973
281.8 ¥892
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Effect of clearing on the soil arthropods of a Nigerian rain forest
Lasebikan, B. A.
In Progress in Soil Zoology; Proceedings of the International
Colloquium on Soil Zoology 5th: 533-544. Ref. 1973 (pub. 1975)
QL110.I5 1973
Effects of clearing and cropping on the organic reserves and biomass
of tropical forest soils
Ayanaba, A.; Tuckwell, S. B.; Jenkinson, D. S.
Soil Biol Biochem 8(6): 519-525. Ref. 1976
S592.7.A1S6
Effects of clearing by poisoning, as against felling and burning, on
plantain and cocoyam yields on acid Ghana forest soils
Ahn, P. M.
Ghana J Agr Sci 3 (2): 93-97. Dec 1970
S19.G5
Effects of clearing in a tropical rain forest on the composition of the
coprophagous scarab beetle fauna (Coleoptera) .Scarabaeidae.
Howden, H. F.; Nealis, V. G.
Biotropica 7(2): 77-83. July 1975
QH301.B52
Effects of pinyon-juniper .pinus edulis-juniperus. removal on natural
resource products and uses in Arizona. .Watershed management.
Clary, W. P.; Baker, M. B., Jr.; O'Connell, P. F.; Johnsen, T. N. Jr.;
Campbell, R. E.
U. S., Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
U S For Ser Res Pap RM (Rocky Mt for Range Exp Stn) 128, 28 p.
Maps. Ref. Oct 1974
A99.9 F7632U
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Energy from Biomass: Some general reflections
Poole, Alan D.
Presented at Institute of Gas Technology Sym on Clean Fuels
from Biomass and Wastes, Orlando, January 25-28, 77, p 441 (23)
Survey Report: The near-, mid-, and long term picture for bio-
mass energy is surveyed. The use of biomass for energy is in-
extricably connected to the problem of deforestation in developing
nations. It may be possible to develop small ammonia plants capa-
ble of using biomass as a feedstock. Factors that favor the use
of biomass for energy in developing nations over its use of indus-
trial nations are discussed. A somewhat tentative analysis of the
classical challenge between food and fiber vs. biomass production
concludes that an upper limit of area available for biomass might
be from 200-500 million ha, producing anywhere from 5-20 billion
tons. (16 references)
Epidemiological-ecological effects: studies on intact and deforestated
mangrove ecosystems. .Herbicides, insects, vectors, human di-
seases
Desowitz, R. S., Berman, S. J., Gubler, D. J., Harinasuta, C.,
Guptavanij, P., Vasuvat, C.
In the Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam National Research
Council Comm on the Eff of Herbicides on Vietnam pt. B(v.9), 54 p.
maps. Feb 1974
SB951.4.N3
Estimacion de la deforestacion y la reforestacion necesaria; Esti-
mation of the deforestation and reforestation necessary in
Guatemala
Mittak, W. L.
Agronomia (Guatem) 12: 5-26. Sept/Oct 1976
S539.G95A3
Forest-climate interaction in Andaman and Nicobar Deforestation
Sarker, R. P., Kelkar, R. R.
Indian Farming 26 (11): 69-71, 73-74. Feb 1977
22 IN283
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Forest destruction: 700,000 hectares of forests are destroyed every
year in Colombia
Mimoz, H.
Soc Antioquena Agr Bol Agr 582: 11368-11369. Feb 1969
9.4 SOI
Haiti Losing Fight Against Erosion
Riding, Alan
New York Times June 23, 74 P15
Herbicides in war, current status and future doubt
Westing, Arthur W.
Biological conservation, Oct 1972, v.4n.5:372(6)
How the Thais are solving their kaingin problem. Destruction of forests
through shifting cultivation.
Hilario, F. A.
Canopy 2(4): 7, 10. Apr 1976
SD1.C36
Metamorphoses de la Champagne crayeuse; Deboisement et equilibre bio-
logique; Changes undegone by the cretaceous province of Champagne:
Deforestation and biological equilibrium
Chevalier, Y.
Rev Forest Franc 25(4): 303-310. map. July/Aug 1972
99.8 R329
El Mexico de nuestros hijos; The Mexico of our children. Brief history
of deforestation.
Lopez, Lara A.
Mex For 50 (2): 14-15. Mar/Apr 1976
99.8 M57
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Odlesnovanie k prospechu lesa; Deforestation for the benefit of the
forest .Soil management.
Nad, J.
Les (Bratisl) 31 (7): 303-305. July 1975
99.8 L5632
The Other Energy Crisis: Firewood
EckhoLn, Erik P.
Ecologist, Mar-Apr 76, V6, N3, P80 (7)
El peligro de los desmontes; The danger of deforestation
Sosa, A. H.
Mex For 49 (1): 3-8. Jan/Feb 1975
99.8 M57
Perdidas de materia organica, nitrogeno, fosforo y potasio por efecto
de la deforestacion en suelos del area andina de Narino, Colombia.
(Losses of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and postassium
from deforestation in Andean soils of Narino, Colombia)
Guerrero, R. R., Gamboa, J. J., Blasco, L. M.
An Edafol Agribiol 34 (1/2): 11-24. Ref. Eng. sum Jan/Feb 1975
506 SP12
Possible Climatic Impact of Tropical Deforestation
Potter, G. L., Ellsaesser, H. W., MacCracken, M. C., Luther, F. M.
Nature, Dec 25, 75, V258, N5537, P697 (2)
Technical Report: Of the many possible human-induced changes in
the planetary climate, the removal of tropical rain forests to
increase arable acreage appears most imminent. This possibility
was examined in a two dimensional (zonal) atmospheric model that
uses basic conversation equations and parametrises the meridonal
transport by horizontal eddies employing both model dependent and
prescribed coefficients. The chain of consequences following tro-
pical rain forest removal includes overall global cooling and re-
duced precipitation. (3 graphs, 1 table)
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Potential of Bio-Gas Plants and How to Realize It
Parikh, Jyoti K., Parikh, Kirit S.
Intl Inst for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria
Presented at UN Inst for Training and Research Seminar
on Microbial Energy Conversion, W Germany, Oct 76, P555 (37)
Reforestation in the Republic of Vietnam
Swanson, Carl W.
J Forestry, Jun 75, V73, N6, P367 C5)
Survey Report: More than 2 million ha of forest land need
reforestation in S. Vietnam. Contrary to popular opinion,
the deforestation of most of this large area is due to forces
other than war, although warfare has taken its toll. Use of
modern reforestation methods combined with methods long used
in Southeast Asia has resulted in an increase in annual
accomplishments from practically none in 1971 to 15,000 ha
in 1974. Causes of deforestation in Vietnam and recent re-
forestation efforts are discussed (3 photos, 1 table)
Reforesting the Earth
Eckholm, Eric
Futurist, Feb 76, V10, Nl, P35 (5)
Survey Report: An overview of the world's forest resources
emphasizes the continued loss of forest land primarily to
land clearing for agriculture and wood gathering for fuel.
Farming techniques, including shifting cultivation and slope
terracing, and governmental policies, such as settlement coloni-
zing on hilly, arid, and tropic terrains, are described. Re-
sultant problems of erosion, floods, and nonworkable grass-
lands are enumerated. Government sponsored reforestation pro-
grams in India and China are discussed. Tree planting every-
where, on both a personal and governmental level, is urged
(7 photos)
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Salting the Earth
Eckholm, Erik P.
Environment, Oct 75, V17, N7, P9 (7)
Survey Report: Soil salinity, usually caused by mismanaged
irrigation, is undermining to varying degrees the productivity
of at least one-third of the world's irrigated land. At the
same time, many dams and water channels are clogged by silt
loads as deforestation and improper farming practices upstream
accelerate erosion, waterlogging and salinity in Iraq, Pakistan,
India, Iran, Indonesia, and the Phillippines are described.
Although the world's irrigated area expanded by nearly 3%/yr
from 1950-1970, it will probably grow at little more than
in the remaining years of the century. The insidious loss of
irrigation capacity to salt and silt is sure to be finally
recognized as the serious global threat that it is. (5 photos,
23 references)
Solo miseria deja el bosque a Tarahumaras; (Only misery left in the
forest at Tarhumaras),. Melgoza Paralizabal, A.
Hex For 50 (2): 18-21. Mar/Apr 1976
99.8 M57
Tinkering with the Clouds
Dernbach, John
Progressive, Oct 76, V40, N10, P44 (4)
Feature Article: Inadvertant climate modification may be the
greatest environmental threat. The five basic interdependent
factors involved with climatic changes are: heat, particulates,
gaseous emissions, water vapor, and land.and water surface
changes. Deliberate weather modifications may also have un-
foreseen side-effects. The lack of adequate knowledge of na-
tural climatic changes and human impact on them have prompted
MAS to recommend increasing federal climate related research
money from the present $18 million/yr to $67 million/yr by
1980. Two plans before Congress in 1976 would implement the
kind of scheme set forth in the MAS report. (2 drawings)
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Twenty-two dimensions of the population problem
Brown, Lester, R., Stokes, Bruce, McGrath, Patricia L.
Population Reports, Nov 76, Series J, Nil, P177 (18)
Survey Report: The single-minded focus on demographic analysis
in problems of population growth has been at the expense of many
other consequences of population growth that might concern econo-
mists, ecologists, meterologists, political scientists, urban
planners, and many other specialists. Twenty-two dimensions
of the population problem not usually treated by demographers
are identified and reviewed. Some of the topics include: li-
teracy, ocean fisheries, natural recreational areas, pollution,
inflation, environmental illness, and hunger. (4 graphs, 9
photos, 43 references, 1 table)
The Urgent Need for Forest Conservation in Highland Guatemala
Veblen, Thomas T,
Biological Conservation, Feb 76, V9, N2, P141 (14)
Technical Feature: Highland Guatemala is one of the very few
tropical regions of the world with conifers, especially pines,
well-represented in the flora. This valuable genetic resource
is presently being threatened by an alarming rate of defores-
tation and rapid Guatemalan population growth. This history
of forest destruction dates back to 18th century erosion from
sheep over-grazing. Preservation of the arborescent flora of
highland Guatemala requires establishing seed banks and planting
conservation stands. (1 map, 3 photos, 61 references, 1 table)
Wood vs. Fossil Fuel as A Source of Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere:
A Preliminary Report
Adams, J. A. S., Mantovani, M. S. M., Lundell, L. L.
Science, Apr 1, 77, V196, N4285, P54 (3)
Technical Report: If the amounts of wood consumed in deforestation
and as firewood in underindustrialized countries are added to the
amount consumed by money economies as forest products, estimates
of the net amount of wood removed from the biosphere in this century
should be revised upward. The per capita ration of the weight of
-carbon from net wood burned to the weight of carbon from fossil
fuel burned in this century has been at least 0.1 and may have
approached 1.0. Prudent concern for the future would suggest a
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need to reexamine: the quantitative aspects of net de-
forestation and wood burning. As they affect the amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; and the possible
effects of the buildup of atmospheric carbon monoxide.
(1 diagram, 15 references, 1 table)
World Population Trends: Signs of Hope, Signs of Stress
Brown, Lester, R.
Population Reports, Jan 77, Series J, N13 (15)
Special Report: The growth in the world population has
begun to slow in the 1970's - a reversal of a longstanding
trend. The decline by one-third of the U. S. growth rate
from 1970-75 was a positive and not widely anticipated
event. Tragically, in some poor countires, population.
growth is checked by hunger-induced rises in death rates.
The recent hand to mouth situation contrasts sharply with
the relative security of the 1950's and 1960's. Popula-
tion trends from 1970-75 are surveyed, and the rise in
death rates in some countries is documented. U. N. pro-
jections show world population increasing from 4 billion
to some 10-16 billion before eventually leveling off. But
many ecological systems are already breaking down from pop-
ulation strains. (1 graph, 10 photos, 31 references, 6
tables)
Worldwide Perspective
King, K. F. S.
American Forests, Apr 76, V82, N4, P12 (7)
Technical Feature: Some main issues of world forestry for the
next 25 years are considered, and areas of future concentration
are suggested. Population growth, increased demand for forest
products, land use for food and forest production, world economic
activity growth, foresty in developed and developing countries,
multiple use forestry, and inefficiency in forestry productions
are described. Needed research, forest fertilization, improve-
ments in wood productivity, and forests as a source of chemicals,
polymers, and liquid fuels are discussed. (1 photo)
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