United States United States International W&MngtonQC 20460 Environmental Protection Environmental Referral Center Agency Issues in Tropical Deforestation USIERC ------- This bibliography was prepared by the staff of the U. N. Environment Program's International Referral System to test several capabilities. (1) The effectiveness of the referral system for supporting policy making. (2) The ability of the U. S. Focal Point to coordinate information gathering activities among several federal agencies toward a specific end. (3) The usefulness of such a document to participants in a conference. We acknowledge the generous cooperation given by Mr. Wallace Olsen, Deputy Director for Library Services of the National Agricultural Library at Beltsville, Maryland, who pro- vided the references cited in Section III. We solicit comments on this effort and thank Bill Long for this opportunity. Carol G. Alexander ~- - • ---- ..-. ^ Director U. S. International Environmental Referral Center ------- SECTION 1: CITATIONS FROM UNEP/IRS FILES ------- AFRICAN FORESTRY COMMISSION Contact: African Forestry Commission FAO Regional Office PO Box 1628 Accra, Ghana AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT-FOREST SERVICE Contact: Chief Forest Service U. S. Department of Agriculture P. 0. Box 2417 Washington, D. C. 20013 Telephone No.: (202) 447-6661 Description Information available in nearly all aspects of Source: of forestry and related fields. ASIA-PACIFIC FORESTRY COMMISSION Contact: Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission Maliwan Mansion Phra Atit Road Bangkok, Thailand CANADIAN FORESTRY SERVICE Contact: Stewart J V Canadian Forestry Service Place Vincent Massey Hull Que Canada Telephone No.: (819) 997-1439 Description Economics, Forestry, Policy of Source: ------- C. S. I. R. 0 Contact: Description of Source: Dr. M. F. C. Day Division of Forest Research, C.S.I.R.O. Post Office Box 4008 Canberra A.C.T. 2600 Australia Telephone No.: (062) 818211 Forest ecosystems in relation to timber production and all other uses of forests, ecology, management and harvesting of forests, forest pests, tree physiology, health nutrition, hydrology and mul- tiple, use of forests. CZECHOSLOVAK RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL Contact: Telephone No. Description of Source: Czechoslovak Research and Development Centre for Environmental Pollution Control Tr. Laca Novomeskeho-2 Bratislava 816 43 Czechoslovakia 36291 Telex 92229 Crop production animal husbandry, agri- cultural economics, agricultural engi- neering, agricultural machinery, vete- rinary medicine, forestry, nature con- servation. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Contact: Telephone No. Forest Land Use Planner (D W Van Der Zel) Forest Land Use Planning Section, Depart- ment of Forestry Private Bag X93 Pretoria Transvaal 0001 South Africa 012 482911 Telex: 3717 ------- DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY (CONT'D) Description of Source: Acquisition, Planning and management of government forest land for protection of natural vegetation; productions of forest products, training of personnel, carrying out of research, provision of assistance to public and private growers; and re- gulation of assistance to public and pri- vate growers; and regulation of national forestry enterprise. FEDERAL PAPER BOARD COMPANY, INC. Contact: Description of Source: Vice President - Manufacturing Federal Paper Board Company, Inc. Riegelwood Operations Riegelwood, North Carolina 28456 United States Telephone No.: (919) 655-2211 Manufacturer of pulp & paperboard, extensive forestry operations. High degree of water and air pollution con- trol: freshwater, intake and treatment, monitoring of wastewater, freshwater receiving stream, air emissions con- trol and monitoring. FOREST DEPARTMENT Contact: Description of Source: The Conservator of Forests Forest Department P. 0. Box 509 Colombo 2 Sri Lanka Telephone No.: 32251 Manages and protects all natural forests of Sri Lanka. Demarcates and preserves man and the biosphere plot. Reforestation of degraded forests at 01.% of total land area per chairs state timber corporation which is responsible for harvesting and sale of timber. ------- FOREST DEPARTMENT Contact: Description of Source: Conservator of Forest, Research and Development Circle Forest Department, Uttar Pradesh 17, Rana Pratap Marg Lucknow Uttar Predesh 226001 India Planning management development of forest-resource, resource inventories, exploitation, regeneration, affores- tation, soil conservation, wild life management, recreation and amenity pro- vision in forest areas control forest fire and diseases forest research. FORESTRY COMMISSION OF N S W Contact: The Secretary Forestry Commission of N S W G. P. 0. Box 2667 Sydney 2001 Australia Telephone No.: (02) 20236 Telex: AA21657 Description of Source: Forest Management and advice on trees and forests INSTYTUT KSTALTOWANIA SRODOWISKA Contact: Telephone No. Description of Source: Director Jn.stytut. Kstaltowania Srodowiska Ul. Krzwickiego 9 02-078 Warzawa Poland 216481 Telex: 813493 The Forest Research Institute is acting within frame-work of state forest or- ganization, having national-wide scope; it carries out research includes all ------- INSTYTUT KSTALTOWANIA SRODOWISKA CONT'D fields of forestry and efficient production of timber raw material. In particular: forest management, silviculture, biological fundaments, silviculture. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF FORESTRY RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS Contact: International Union of Forestry Research Organizations Forstliche Forschungsanstalt Amalienstrasse 52/11 Munich 13 Germany LATIN AMERICAN FORESTRY COMMISSION Contact: Latin American Forestry Commission Providencia 871 Casilla Postal 10095 Santiago, Chile NEAR EAST FORESTRY COMMISSION Contact: Near East Forestry Commission UN-FAO PO Box 2223 Cairo U.A.R. NORTH AMERICAN FORESTRY COMMISSION Contact: North American Forestry Commission UN-FAO Hamburgo 63 Mexico 6 D.F. Mexico PACIFIC FOREST RESEARCH CENTRE Contact: Massie MRC DR Pacific Forest Research Centre 506 W. Burnside Road Victoria B. C. V8Z IMS Canada ------- Description of Source: Effects of Harvesting and Site Pre- paration Practices on Forest Resources and Values, Soil Erosion, Sedimen- tation, changing potentials of water- shed, wildlife habitat. ROYAL FOREST DEPARTMENT Contact: Description of Source: Chief, Forest Control Division Royal Forest Department Pahol Yothin Road Bangkok Thailand Telephone No.: 5791151 In charge of regulation enforcement on protection and conservation of forests SCIENTIFIC CENTRE FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Contact: Description of Source: Scientific Centre for Protection of Natural Environment National Focal Point of IRS Industrialna, 7 Sofia, Bulgaria Forest Institute of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences-Makes Fundamental Research In Afforestation, re-afforestation and rational utilization of forest resources; impact of Industria gases on plantations and trees; Recultivation of lands de- stroyed by industrial and mining opera- tions . SERVICE DES FORETS Contact: Telephone No. Service de Forets 1 Ter Avenue De Lowendal Paris Seine 75700 France (1) 555 95 50 ------- Description Description in English not yet available. of Source: Forets Loisirs-Protection de la Forets. SIERRA CLUB Contact: Sierra Club 530 Bush Street San Francisco, California 94108 Telephone No.: (415) 981-8634 SWEDISH COUNCIL OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION Contact: Jordsbruksdepartementet Fack S-102 20 Stockholm Sweden Telephone No.: (08) 763-10-00 Telex: 11461 Loendep S Description The National Board of Forestry in Sweden of Source: WESTERN FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION Contact: Forest Counsel WFCA/1326 American Bank Building Portland, Oregon 97205 United States Telephone No.: (503) 226-4562 Description Promotes sound forest management including of Source: protection, harvesting, reforestation, silvicultural practices and forest conser- vation. Has a collection of forestry pub- lications from industry, public agencies and educational institutions. ------- WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY Contact: Telephone No. Description of Source: John S. Larsen—Director Weyerhaeuser Company Environmental Affairs Group Tacoma, Washington 98401 United States (206) 924-2345 Manufacturer of pulp & paper products, Expertise in pollution control tech- nology; forestry techniques and high yield management, combustion technology and use of wood wastes as alternate fuel; wildlife management interrelation- ship with herbicides, pesticides and forest management techniques. WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE Contact: Description of Source: Lester R. Brown - President WorldWatch Institute Office of the President 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20036 Telephone No.: (202) 452-1999 Seeks to identify emerging global problems and trends and makes analyses available through world- watch papers & books, a wide range of topics is covered from changing roles of women to environmental sources of disease, energy supplies and food and population growth. ------- SECTION II: CITATIONS FROM COMMONWEALTH AGRICULTURAL BUREAUX SYSTEM ------- Afforestation - faster, better, cheaper. Schmidt-Vogt, H.; Beda, G; Mlinsek, D.; Schiecthl, H. M. Nathan, J. Allgemeine Forstzeitung, 1973, 84, 10, 233-257 Languages: De Reports on an international afforestation symposium in Carinthia, including papers on: Planting-stock re- quirements (H. Schmidt-Vogt) (experience favours strong medium-sized plants for high-altitude afforestation); Technique of mountain afforestation (G. Beda, 11 ref). (dis- cusses experience, chiefly Swiss, on the making and main- tenance of narrow terraces with simple equipment - cf. FA 28, 5055 - and the growth of Norway Spruce and European Larch on them); Natural reforestation and forest extension (D. Mlinsek) (discusses Jugoslavian experience on the na- tural recolonization of deforested, degraded, burned and wind-damaged areas by pioneer and commercial species in- cluding a welcome natural colonication of karst sites in the neighbourhood of plantations by Pinus nigra); Re- forestation of extreme sites (road cuttings, erosion chan- nels, burned areas etc.) (H. M. Schiechtl; 8 ref.) (cf. FA 27, 5282, 33, 4621); and Faster, cheaper and yet better? (J. Nathan) (includes a brief description of a new tractor— drawn planting machine, the 'Quickwood1, developed by K. F. Rath, Maria Rojach, Carinthia, in which the operator, by pressing a pedal, controls a plant-hole borer and plant- ing arm designed for planting fairly large stock (the la- test mode) is said to be capable of planting on slash-covered sites)). Agricultural productivity in the humid tropics. Landwirtschaftliche Produktivitat in regenereichen Tropenlandern. Rehm, S. Institut fur Trop. und Subtrop. Pflanzenbau, Universitat Gottingen, German Federal Republic. Publ: Frankfurt a.M., German Federal Republic. Umschau in Wissenschaft and Technik, 1972, 73, 2, 44-48 Sec Jnl Source: Tropical Abstracts 28, 8, 1844. Languages: De Summary Languages: en 9 ref., pi., fig. The humid tropics have a very high agricultural potential, Of the 46 million sq.km tropics, 26.5 million sq.km are humid ------- A study of the different types of intervention and their contribution to land use planning in the tropical moist forests in India. Mathur, R. S. For. Res. Inst. & Coll., Dehra Dun, India. Indian Forester, 1976, 102, 10, 639-649 Languages: En Summary Languages: hindi, de, fr 8 ref. The human activities, including mining and agricul- tural, that have caused the depletion of forest resources in India are discussed. An estimate is quoted of 3 million ha of forest area lost to different uses between 1951 and 1973. It is suggested that the pressures on remaining forests could be reduced by improved mangement techniques to increase their productivity and by provision for multiple use in some areas. A land capability classi- fication is presented in which the 4 proposed classes are: protective forests; productive forests; social forests (for fuelwood, fodder etc.); and aesthetic forests (for recreation, amenity and nature conservation). Trees and changes in the environment in Caracas. Aristeguieta, L. Boletin, Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 1973, 30, 127, 349-386 Languages: Es HE Discusses the main factors that have recently pro- duced great changes in the ecological conditions in the valley of Caracas, Venezuela, viz. deforestation, the elimination or diversion of rivers and streams, hard surfacing of extensive areas of ground, and heavy traffic. The main ornamental trees traditionally planted in the valley are Swietenia macorphylla, Anacardium excelsum, Tabebuia rosea, Cedrela mexicana,Spathodea campanulata and Erythrina spp. These species should henceforward be used only on the best sites, and never as avenue trees. A list is given of 51 other species or genera of trees and shrubs suitable for ornamental planting in avenues, parks, gardens, centre reservations of motor- ways, concrete containers, -etc., and brief notes are given on each species and the places where it can be used. ------- with over 1,500 mm annual rainfall. Its production ca- pacity/ha, can be considered four times that of land in the temperate zone. However, some 17 million sq.km of the humid tropics have become unproductive grass-savannah, through shifting cultivation and deforestation. Ways and means of halting this unfavourable process, such as region- alization of agriculture, intensification of production in suitable areas, and reclamation of exhausted land, are discussed.. Air temperatures in central Amazonia. II. The effect of near-surface temperatures on land-use in the Tertiary re- gion of Central Amazonia. Brinkmann, W. L. F. ; Ribeiiro, M. N. G. Acta Amazonica, 1971, 1, 3, 27-32 See Also: 121911 Languages: En Summary Languages: pt 5 ref. Maximum and minimum air temperatures were measured weekly ca. 2 cm above ground level from 15 June 1968 to 27 Jan. 1970 on 10 sites in Manaus. The sites included typical climax rain forest, secondary forest, forest land cleared for agriculture and subsequently abandoned, forest cleared and planted with grass, and land with little or no vegetation. Apart from other harmful effects of forest clearance and burning (the customary practice of this area) the temperature records show that on sandy soils the prac- tice of clearing and burning is entirely unsuitable for land to be reforested, or destined for agriculture of ani- mal husbandry. On latosols, although the effects are less extreme, they are still serious and clearing and burning must be used with great caution. Bioelement loss on clearing a tropical rain forest. Salas, G. de las; Folster, H. Facultad Forestal, Univ. Distrital, Bogota, Colombia. Turrialba, 1976, 26, 2, 179-186 Languages: En Summary Languages: es 19 ref. Tabulates and discusses data from a tropical lowland forest site in the Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. The forest, of known bioelement store, was turned into unburned and burned fallow, and the resultant changes in soil properties and store of elements were determined. The approximate range ------- of element losses attributable to clearing, burning and cultivation for one year was found to be 60-140 kg K, 100-240 kg CA and 30-80 kg Mg; such quantities could be restored by rainfall input after about 10-20 years' fallow. The 1300-1400 kg of N that are lost above and below ground is apparently restored by N-fixation rates of 100-150 kg/ ha year, rather than from rainfall input. Causes and modalities of erosion in the lower basin of the Wad El-Hadjel (Central Tunisia). Causes et modalities de 1'erosion dans le bassin versant inferieur de l''Qued-El-Hadjel (Tunisie Centrals) . Eonvallot, J.; Hamza, A. ORSTOM, 18 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisia. IAHS Publication, 1977, No. 122, 260-268 Languages: Fr Summary Languages: en 6 ref. The authors present some erosion data for the lower sub-basin of the Wad El-Hadjel. The erosion phenomena are due to excessive agricultural exploitation, intense deforestation to provide charcoal, and overgrazing. Mo- dalities of erosion are analyzed. The authors conclude that anti-erosion measures are essential to avoid rapid silting in the future barrage at Sidi Saad 'dagger'. Changing patterns of disease in the tropics. Stanley, N. F.; Alpers, M. P. (Editors). Man-made lakes and human health. Smith, C. E. G. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Med. , London WCIE 7HT, UK. Publ: London, UK; Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd. 1975, 345-362 Languages: En Factors contributing to the changing patterns of disease in the tropics are reviewed under: growth of towns and cities; transport and population movement; agricultural and engineering developments; changes in customs and habits. Increasing urban populations place a strain on often inadequate medical and sanitary services potentiating an increase in many diseases including helmin- thiases, e. g. Wuchereria bancrofti has spread with urban growth in Asia and East Africa because its vector, Culex ------- fatigans, breeds in latrines, cesspits and sewage-polluted waters. Transport and population movement have resulted in the introduction of diseases to new countries, tourists acquire exotic infections, and intermediate hosts are carried across frontiers. Deforestation and soil erosion have made onchocerciasis endemic in the Volta basin, and man-made lakes have increased the incidence and distribution of schistosomiasis. The author considers that no major agricultural or engineering development should be permitted or funded without adequate research of potential health ha- zards and provision of resources to control disease problems that may arise. A comparative study on chemical charateristics of tropical soils from volcanic material under forest and agriculture. Krebs, J. E.; Tan, K. H. ; Golley, F. B. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 1974, 5, 6, 579-596 Languages: En 9 ref. Compares the pH, organic matter, and contents of 9 elements in brown latosols (inceptisols) from young vol- canic material under primaeval forest in Costa Rica, with data for similar soils cleared of forest and under continuous cultivation (sugarcane, coffee and pasture) for up to 22 years. Compared with the amounts in forest soils, the Ca and Mg contents were reduced and the acid-extractable Al content increased by cropping with sugar cane; Coffee re- duced the organic-matter, N and Al contents, while pasture maintained a soil fertility similar to that under forest. The results indicate that deforestation does not necessarily result in rapid soil degradation, and that the soils in this region can be cultivated for at least 10-20 years without excessive deterioration. Cyclical changes in the habitat and climate of an East African ecosystem. Western, D.; Praet, C. van Nature, UK, 1973, 241, 5385, 104-106 Languages: En. 23 ref. An analysis is made of changes in the ecosystem of the Maasai Amboseli Game Reserve (Kenya), with special ------- reference to the extensive loss of Acacia xanthophloea wood- lands during the last two decades. This is attributed to changes in climatic conditions and soil salinity; damage to trees by elephants and overgrazing by livestock are probably secondary factors. The destruction of Mangroves. Canestri, V.; Ruiz, 0. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1973, 4, 12, 183-185 Sec Jnl Source: Ecological Abstracts 74L/2722. Languages: En 2 ref. A very general account of the destruction of areas of Mangrove forest on the Venezuelan coast, caused by increased pressure from recreational activities with no legislative controls. The development, present state and prospects of the exotic forests in Sao Paulo. Victor, M. A. M.; Kronka, F. J. do N.; Negreiros, 0. C. de Boletim Tecnico do Institute Florestal, Sao Paulo, 1972, No. 1, 32 pp + 11 fig. Languages: Pt 8 ref. Briefly reviews the history of forestry in Sao Paulo and gives a more detailed study of the establishment of Eucalypt and Pine plantations from 1963 to 1971, with es- timates of the supply of and demand for Pine and Eucalypt timber in the 1970s. Diagrams are given to illustrate the extent of deforestation and afforestation in Sao Paulo from 1963 to 1971, and maps are included showing the areas and extent of the Pine and Eucalpyt plantations. An ecological discussion of the environmental impact of the highway construction program in the Amazon basin. Goodland, R. J. A.; Irwin, H. S. Landscape Planning, 1974, 1,2/3, 123-254 Languages: En 15 pp. of ref. The probable environmental consequences of the building of two N.-S. and three E.-W. motorways across Amazonia is ------- discussed in relation to the flora, fauna, Amerindians, human disease, deforestation and agriculture. Eight types of forest are described in a chapter on the flora and vegetation but little is known about the species in the forests. A chapter on deforestation and agriculture summarizes the official plans for agricultural coloni- zation along the highways, and discusses the changes that will occur in the naturally self-sustaining forest ecosystem, and the environmental and meterological effects of deforestation caused by shifting cultivation. The effect of fallow and continuous cultivation on the chemical and physical properties of an alfisol in western Nigeria. Juo, A. S. R.; Lai, R. Internat. Inst. Trop. Agric., PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria. Plant and Soil, 1977, 47, 3 567-584 Languages: En 14 ref. Properties of sandy surface soils over clayey sub- soils under continuous cropping (since 1972) were com- pared with those under planted fallows and natural bush regrowth at the IITA experimental farm near Ibadan, Ni- geria, over a 3-year period after clearing secondary forest in 1972. The farm is 30 km S of the northern li- mit of lowland rain forest. The fallow treatments in- cluded pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), Leucaena leucocephala, Guinea grass (Pancium maximum) and natural bush regrowth. The planted fallows were slashed annually (3 times for for the grass). Data are presented on the organic mat ter, N, biomass (highest in bush regrowth), pH, cation exchange capacity exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Mn in the upper 15 cm of the soil, and on infiltration and moisture release characteristics, crop and fallow yields (except bush) and nutrients returned in residues. In continuous soy bean and unmulched maize plots, soil organic matter and pH declined rapidly; whereas residue-mulched maize plots maintained a soil organic matter level comparable with the fallow treatments. In the cropped plots, fa- vourable physical characteristics in the surface soil were maintained when sufficient plant residue ( 16 t/ha per yr) was returned, whereas the subsoil structure of the original forest soild deteriorated in all cropping treatments. Guinea grass fallows had a distinct advan- tage in recycling mineral nutrients and maintaining soil ------- physical properties and organic matter. It is suggested that soils may be planted with a combination of Guinea grass and pigeon pea fallow for 1-2 years after 3-4 years of arable cultivation. Effect of vegetation on humification in a ferrallitic soil. Godefroy, J. ; Jacquin', F. IFAC-B. P. 1740, Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Cahiers ORSTOM, Pedologie, 1975, 13,3/4, 279-298 Sec Jnl Source: Soils and Fertilizers 39, 6182. Languages: Fr Summary Languages: en A comparative study of the development of or- ganic matter in ferrallitic soils under evergreen forest and horticultural plantations showed that the humus ba- lance may be maintained for 3-4 yr after deforestation. Tropical forest conditions are favourable for the break- down of organic matter, but the large proportion of fine particles in the soil prevents a reduction in the humus content. The effects of clearing and cropping on the organic reserves and biomass of tropical forest soils. Ayanaba, A.; Tuckwell, S. B.; Jenkinson, D. S. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1976, 8, 6 519-525 Languages: En 17 ref. Twenty Nigerian soil samples, mainly from field ex- periments at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), were used in a study of the effects of clearing and cropping on the C, N and S reserves of soils under secondary lowland rain forest. Soils that has been cropped for 2 yr usually contained less total C and N than the corresponding forest soils. This decline was less rapid when crop residues (maize) were returned to the soil as a mulch than when they were removed. The soils were incubated in the laboratory either fresh, or after exposure to stress treatments (air-drying or fumigation). The amounts of N mineralised by the fresh untreated soils were small and not clearly related to the ------- cropping history. Both air-drying and fumigation caused a marked increase in the mineralisation of N and the amount released was related to the cropping history. Cropping caused an even greater decrease in these 'stress- labile1 N reserves than in total soil N, so that cropping causes a decline in both the quantity and 'quality1 of soil organic matter. Again, the decline was less where crops were grown under mulches. A term "Per cent Stress- labile N" (PSN), defined as the percentage of the total N minerlised when fumigated soil is incubated under de- fined conditions, is proposed as a measure of the 'quality1 of soil organic nitrogen. Under secondary forest the PSN ranged from 3.4-4.2%; on cultivation it declined, in one case to less than 1%. The amount of C in the soil biomass was calculated from the size of the flush of de- composition caused by fumigation. Biomass C usually de- creased on cultivation, the decrease being less under mulches. There was a close linear relationship between the flush of N caused by fumigation and the amount of biomass C in a soil and a rough measure of biomass C can be obtained by multiplying the N flush by 8. 'dagger' Effects of deforestation on water quality. Abstracts, 1972 Meeting of the Weed Science Society of America, St. Louis. Marks, P. L. Section Ecol. Systematics, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New york 14850, USA 1972, 76-77 Languages: En See also WA 23, 1309. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study in New Hampshire was conceived and developed as a multidisciplinary study of a well-defined, watershed ecosystem. All vegetation on watershed 2 was cut but not removed in late 1965 and herbicides applied periodically to prevent regrowth. As a result of deforestation, stream runoff was increased by 40% the first year, 28% the second year and 26% the third year. However, the stream water became 10 times more acid and there were very large increases in stream water concns. of all major ions except NH4+, S04— and HC03-; nitrate cone, increased 41-fold in the first year and 56-fold in the second year largely due to mobilization ------- of nitrate from decomposing o.m. The nitrate concn. exceeded established pollution levels for drinking water. The high nutrient concns., increased solar radiation and higher water temp, caused blooms of al- gae where none had occurred before. The effects of herbicides in South Vietnam, Part A. Publ: Washington, DC, USA, National Academy of Sciences. 1974, 400 pp. Sec Jnl Source: review in Nature, UK 248, 186. Price: $10 Languages: En A report prepared for the Department of Defense and the US Congress, based largely on evidence from aerial photos. An examination of the official military record showed that 10.3% of inland forests and 36.1% of the Man- grove forests were sprayed with a variety of herbicides at least once; the most commonly used herbicide was "agent orange1, a 1: 1 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Mangrove forests suffered the most severe and lasting damage, and it is thought that restoration by natural regeneration may take ) 100 years. It is estimated that between 0.5 and 2.0 million m3 of merchantable timber has been lost. Evidence is discussed for toxic and teratogenic effects on humans in the sprayed areas. (Cf. FA 34, 4464) Epidemiological-ecological effects: studies on intact and deforested mangrove ecosystems. The effects of herbicides in South Vietnam. Part B: Working papers. Desowitz, R. S.; Berman, S. J.,; Gubler, D. J.; Harinasuta, C.; Guptavanij, P.; Basuvat, C. Sch. med. , Univ Hawaii, Honolulu 96816, USA.,,^ _ ...,_, Publ: Washington, D. C., USA, National Academy of Sciences, 1974, 54 pp. Languages: En 5 ref. Data obtained in a study of intact and deforested mangrove ecosystems in South Vietnam indicate that defoli- ation has, directly or indirectly, altered the epidemiolo- gical patterns, particularly with regard to vector-borne diseases. The potential health hazard resulting from adverse ------- changes in the populations of the vectors and reservoirs of diseases, as in the case of the anopheline vectors of malaria, underlines the need to continue and expand the studies and to establish teams of medical scientists to identify and advise on the management of health problems. The estimation of evapotranspiration in the Amazon basin. Villa Nova, N. A.; Salati, E.; Matsui, E. Escola Superior de Agriculture 'Luiz de Queiroz1, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Acta Amazonica, 1976, 6, 2, 215-228 Languages: Pt Summary Languages: en 17 ref. Describes an attempt to estimate the magnitude of the main components of the water balance in the Amazon basin. In view of the lack of sufficient meterological and hydrological records for the region, some data from other countries were also used. An energy balance was drawn up, and from this the regional water balance was established, using the Penman method adapted to forest conditions. Actual evapotranspiration in the region should be very close to the potential evapotranspiration, and the average value was found to be ca. 4 mm/day. It was tentatively concluded that the Amazon basin receives 14.4 x 1012 m3 water/year through precipitation, this total being balanced by a surface discharge of 5.5 x 1012 m3/year and evapotranspiration amounting to 8.9 x 1012 m3/year. Since transpiration by plants represents 61.8% of the water balance, intensive deforestation will appa- rently bring about alterations in the hydrological cycle. Descriptors: Brazil, Amazonia; hydrology; evapotranspi- ration; forest influences (on); hydrological factors Brazil DC No: 116.13 + 116.1/2 + 161.16 + 907.3 Subject Codes: F1161 The feasibility of wood-gas engines for developing countries. Wendorff, G. B. von Inst. f. Weltforstwirtsch., Reinbek b. Hamburg, German Federal Republic ------- Tropenlandwirt, Zeitschrift fur die Landwirtschaft in den Tropen und Subtropen, 1976, 77, 77-92 Languages: De Summary Languages: en 35 ref. Describes a 'pre-feasibility1 study in 3 (unnamed) countries giving representative examples of (a) tropical African savannah, (b) an African rain forest, and (c) the Caribbean region, which examined the economics (relative costs of energy etc.), potential supplies (from natural forests, plantations, mill residues etc.) ecological ha- zards (deforestation, fires, pollution etc.) technology, legal aspects, etc. It is concluded that the introduc- tion of wood gas generators is a promising alternative technology for rural stationary engines and agricultural tractors in the countries studied. The threat of forest devastation is considered negligible. Firewood at Niamey. Delwaulle, J. D.; Roederer- Bois et Forests des Tropiques, 1973, No. 152, 55-60 Languages: Fr Summary Languages: en, es Discusses the problem of firewood supply and demand for this town of not less than 70,000 inhabitants in SW Niger, with particular reference to the sources of supply, the felling, handling and transport of the wood, and the consequences of deforestation. Forest-Savanna border zone in West Africa. A landscape ecological analysis. De bos-savannegrens in West-Afrika, een landschapsekologische verkenning. Tjallingii, S. P. Bot. Lab., Univ. Utrecht Netherlands. Geografisch Tijdschrift, 1976, 10,3/4, 193-212 Sec Jnl Source: Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture 3 (4) 14251. 32 ref. A general description is given of the tropical rain- forest and savanna ecosystems. Rainfall and temp, are responsible for this differentiation in vegetation. Relief and soil type have an important influence on either forest or ------- savanna only in the transitional zone. Man's influence tends to narrow the transition to abrupt boundaries and works in favour of savanna development by burning and farming, even if climatic changes would favour natural forest development. Forestry and water catchments in relation to mining activities Beggs, B. J. Special Publication, Australian Conservation Foundation, 1972, 8, 41-48 Sec Jnl Source: Geo Abstracts 74B/0585. ORS. Languages: En Presents a report on the forests of W. Australia, showing that the main problem after clearing vegetation from catchments is the resultant increase in salinity. At present, the main threat to the area is from bauxite mining and, in terms of legislation, mining has prece- dence over forestry. Reforestation after mining is ex- amined and the need for further research into the problems involved is stressed. Some recommendations are made to protect state forest not already allocated to mining. Forestry in the Seychelles (with two separate volumes of appendixes). Henry, P. W. T. Surbiton, Surrey, UK. Land Resource Report, Land Resources Division, Ministry of Overseas Development, 1976, No. 8, xiii +• 346 pp. + 4 maps, 6 pi. Languages: En 31 ref. Describes the climate, geology, soils, water re- sources, vegetation, land use, land tenure and popula- tion of the Seychelles and reviews the history of de- forestation and the establishment of the present forest plantations. The composition and extent of the planta- tions are shown in maps at scale 1:5000. Sample plots laid down in a variety of stands indicated the present availability of timber, the volume increment and the likely rotation for timber production. Estimates of volumes were made in some of the semi-natural woodlands. Recommen- dations are made on future management of the plantations, with ------- the aim of meeting the projected internal requirements of timber in 2002. Appendices include rainfall data, analysis of the age composition of plantations within the Production Working Circles, volume tables of plantation species, and notes on individual forests including stand descriptions and prescriptions. Forestry problems in Burundi. Problemes forestiers au Burundi. Pouilloux, C. Bois et Forests det Tropiques, 1976, No. 170, 21-34 Languages: Fr Summary Languages: es, en A general account of the country, illustrated by sketch maps and photographs, including notes on climate, relief and natural vegetation. Deforestation is severe, leading to soil erosion and a shortage of forest pro- ducts. Attempts at reforestation have been made with a wide range of species, of which Eucalpyts are the most important. Recommendations are made for renewed efforts to increase the planting of exotics, to protect the re- maining natural stands (especially those of scientific interest) and to try to effect a change in public opinion towards forestry. Geographical extension in a new ecological association of Panstrongylus humeralis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), natural host of Trypanosoma cruzi in Panama. Sousa, 0. E.; Adames; A. J. Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, PO Box 2016, Balboa Heights, Panama Canal Zone. - Journal of Medical Entomology, 1977, 13, 6, 748-749 Languages: En 6 ref., 2 fig. During a study of potential disease vectors in 1972-75 in the wooded area of the Bayano River Hydroelectric Project in eastern Panama, Rhodnius pallescens Barber, Triatoma dimidiata (Latr.), Eratyrus cuspidatus Stal, Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latr.) and P. rufbtuberculatus (Champ.) were trapped by various methods. In 1975, P. humeralis (Usinger), a rather rare species previously known only in the type- locality of Barro Colorado Island in the Canal Zone where the rainfall averages well over 2000 mm, was caught for the first time in the dryer Bayano River area, possibly ------- because of the extensive deforestation resulting from the construction of the new lake basin. Adults of P. humeralis collected in February 1975 were found to contain epimastigotes and trypomastigotes resembling those of Trypanosoma cruzi in the intestinal tract." Suckling mice were successfully inoculated with these parasites from a single bug either intracerebrally or intraperitoneally, and the strain was isolated in cul- tural media and maintained by intracerebral inoculation of blood tyrpomastigotes through 10 successive mouse hosts without losing its virulence, killing the hosts in 8 - 13 days. These results indicate the probability that P. humeralis is involved in the spread of Chagas1 disease in Panama. Habitat values and endemicity in the vanishing rain forests of Sri Lanka. Senanyake, F. R.; Soule, M. ; Senner, J. W. California Univ., Davis, USA. Nature, UK, 1977, 265, 5592, 351-354 Languages: En 18 ref. An attempt is made to express quantitatively the value or uniqueness of particular habitats in Sri Lanka in order to make an objective case for their conservation. Indices of habitat values of 4 defined biogeographical regions were calculated for a large number of endemic amphibia, lizards and birds. Results indicate that the rain forest areas together with the montane regions in the south contain more endemic forms than any other part of the island. Deforestation is rapidly destroying these habitats: at present only 9% of land in the wet montane regions remains forested. How the wise men brought malaria to Africa. Desowitz, R. S. Natural History, 1976, 85, 8, 36, 38, 42, 44 Languages: En This is a popular account of the rapid spread of malaria due to human activity. The replacement of traditional subsistence agriculture tends to increase the availability of suitable habitats for the vector mosquitoes, particularly after the introduction of rice ------- cultivation, deforestation and irrigation systems. The importance of the montane conifer forests of central Mexico and the dangers to their survival. Ern, H. Umschau, 1973, 73, 85-86 Sec Jnl Source: Berichte Biochemie und Biologie (1973) 385. 1029. De. Reinbek. Languages: De Stresses the need for protecting the conifer forests of E. Central Mexico from progressive destruction by a rapidly increasing rural population, with special reference to the high-altitude stands of Pinus hartwegiii on the great volcanoes and the Pinus patula forests on the edge of the plateau; the latter are important in their hydro- logical role as fog condensers. Introduction to tropical phytogeography. I. Flora and structures. 2. Habitats and plant groups. Introduction a la phytogeographie des pays tropicaus. I. Les flores - les structures. 2. Les milieux - les groupements vegetaus. Schnell, R. Publ: Paris, France: Gauthier-Villars. 1970, 449 pp.; 951 pp. Languages: Fr many ref., many pi. In his introduction to these two volumes Professor T. Monod reminds us of how different our concepts of botany might be if the science had developed in the tropics rather than in temperate and Mediterranean zones. This book helps to redress the balance by reminding us of the exuberance and diversity of tropical plants. It is based on the author's wide experience, initially in West Africa, and later extended to other parts of the tropical world. The book is divided into 4 parts, viz: 1. Tropical flora. 2. Structure and biology of tropical plants. 3. Plants and intertropical habitats. 4. Types of intertropical vegetation and their dynamism. There are many clear maps and line drawings. The numerous photographs (a few of which are, unfortunately, rather dark) illustrate the tropical vegetation of Africa, America and Asia. There are detailed alphabetical indexes. ------- All those concerned with tropical vegetation will read this book with great interest, and will return to it as a source of reference. Horticulturists will note that many of their fruit trees (for instance, durian, coconut and brazil nut) are mentioned. They will find outlined the successful dissemination of food plants and ornamentals by man, together with the alterations in floral composition brought about by the selective preservation of favoured species. They will be re- minded of the natural habitat of many epiphytic ferns, orchids and bromeliads which are now familiar species of temperate commercial horticulture. Many of the photographs indicate the marked changes brought about by increased deforestation and cultivation. This, and the author's evident sympathy for his subject inevitably create a sense of disappointment that there is no chap- ter on conservation and the preservation of selected habitats. That man-made changes need not always be in the same direction is well illustrated by Figs 189-191, inclusive, which contrast the different aspects of areas of an African savanna submitted to late and early burn- ing treatments with another area given fire protection. The reading of this comprehensive and stimulating book will undoubtedly encourage further thinking along these lines. D.O'D. BOURKE. Man-biting Simuliidae (Diptera) of northern India. Lewis, D. J. c/o British Museum (Natural History), London, UK Israel Journal of Entomology, 1974, 9, 23-53 Languages: En 63 ref., 32 fig. Simulium indicum Becher is discussed in detail. It has been recorded from 8 countries, from Pakistan to Thailand. The female is redescribed. It is an important biting pest of man and could possibly be a vector of human onchocerciasis. It inhabits moun- tainous areas between 100 m in the east and 700 m in the west up to 3000 m. It has probably retreated in some areas as a result of deforestation. The male of S. no- dosum Puri is described for the first time, and supple- mentary notes on the female, pupa and larva are pre- sented. ------- Policy on utilization of tropical forest in the Ivory Coast. Forstpolitishche Uberlegungen zur Tropenwaldnutzung in der Elf'enbeinkuste. Schmithusen, F. FAO, Rome, Italy. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen, 1977, 128, 2, 69-82 Languages: De Summary Languages: fr It is estimated that in the tropical forest zones of the world, 10 million ha of forest, yielding 80-100 million m3 of high-value timber, are cleared annually. In the Ivory Coast, the area of forest is thought to have decreased by 300 000 ha/year in 1955-65. By 1974 it had fallen to 40% of its original extent. The eco- nomic implications of the clearing of virgin forest and destruction of valuable timber stocks is discussed. The need is emphasized for rational utilization of forest raw material potential on a continuing basis, beyond initial exploitation, since the needs of the home market are likely to increase and destruction of forest with a protective function will result in further costs. Possible climatic impact of tropical deforestation. Potter, G. L.; Ellsaesser, H. W.; MacCracken, M. C. ; Luther, F. M. Nature, UK, 1975, 258, 5537, 697-698 Languages: En 6 ref. Presents a revised two-dimensional atmospheric model (ZAM2) to stimulate(a) present conditions with a rain-forest albedo of 0.07; (b) the effect of complete removal of tropical rain forest, accompanied by an in- creased run-off rate, decreased evaporation rate and an albedo of 0.25; and (c) an intermediate situation simu- lated by complete removal of the forest accompanied only by an increase of the albedo to 0.25. The possible consequences indicated by the model runs are discussed, and data are presented for the resulting global water budget and mean precipitation and temperature changes. ------- Project S.4 - species trials. Final report. Fahlman, R. Res. Sec., For. Dep., Sarawak. Report, Silvicultural Research Section, Forest Department, Sarawak, 1975, No. S.R.7, i + 26 pp. Languages: En 6 ref., 8 maps A report on trials of 12 exotic species (mainly pines) in several districts of Sarawak, established in 1964-68 and evaluated up to 1975. The sites were on deforested land poor in nutrients. The growth (tabulated) of all species was poor through Pinus insularis (P. kesiya) grew exceptionally well in one plot near Sibu. P. cari- baea var. hondurensis generally grew best, followed by P. caribaea var. bahamensis. Results confirmed the un- suitability of sites covered with Dicranopteris linearis for pines. The protective role of forestry to the land. Ghosh, R. C. Publ: Dehra Dun, India; Forest Research Institute & Colleges 1974, 14 pp. 18 ref. Prepared for the 10th Commonwealth Forestry Conference 1974 Describes the physiography, climate and vegetation of mountains and hills in various regions of India, and presents data for size of drainage area, maximum dis- charge, and run-off from 13 important Indian rivers. Most of the catchments areas are, forested, and the effects or large-scale destruction of forests and removal of leaf litter on flooding and soil erosion are considered. The remainder of the paper discusses the need for ex- tensive areas of poor-quality forests to be replaced by plantations, and for forests and plantations in sensitive catchment areas to be managed not. only for timber production but also for land protection. Reforestation in the Republic of Vietnam. Swanson, C. W. Journal of Forestry, 1975, 73, 6 367-371 Languages: En 5 ref. ------- Briefly reviews the forest types, causes of de- forestation and the areas that need reforestation in S. Vietnam. More than two million ha of forest land need reforestation, and by 1974 plantings had reached 15 000 ha/year. Contrary to popular opinion, the au- thor attributes most of the deforestation to factors other than war, e. g. shifting cultivation, agricul- tural concessions, wildfires, etc. Regeneration and afforestation techniques in China. Kato, R. Ringyo Gijutsu (Forestry Techniques), 1974, No. 391, 10-13 Sec Jnl Source: Referativnyi Zhurnal (1975) 4.56.140. Ru. BLL. Languages: Ja The main timber reserves are contained in residual natural forests in NE and SW China (e. g. coniferous/ broadleaved forest on the southern slopes of the Little Hingan Mts., with Pinus koraiensis, picea jezoensis and Abies nephrolepis predominating). Details are given of the felling systems being used in these forests and in unproductive secondary forests consisting of Quercus mon- golica and Betula nigra, and of programmes for their re- generatiion and for the afforestation of deforested mountain areas, including species recommended for different parts of the country, standards or planting stock, methods of planting or directing sowing, spacing, and the tending of young plantations. Resource development in semi-arid lands. Hutchinson, Sir J.; Bunting, A. H.; Jolly, A. R.; -Pereira, H. C. Perry:/ _-R.. .A.; Robertson, V. C.; Hadley, R. F.; Tribe, D. E. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 1977, 278, 962, 437-614 ISBN 0-85403-088-3 Price: 12 Languages: En many ref., 2 pi. A collection of 13 papers presented at a Royal Society Discussion Meeting on 17-18 March 1976, including; Perry, R. A. The evaluation and exploitation of semi-arid lands; Australian experience. (33 ref.) Includes descriptions of ------- vegetation types and discusses their suitability for grazing. Robertson, V. C. Experience in the Middle East. - An assessment of the present hazards in agri- culture, including a warning on the destruction of forests in Iraq and Iran. Hadley, R. P. Evaluation of land-use and land-treatment practices in semi-arid western United States. (20 ref.) Pereira, H. C. Land use in semi-arid southern Africa. (21 ref.) Emphasizes the importance of watershed management in the improvement of resources. Water conservation by control of woody plants is con- sidered in the discussions. Tribe, D. E. The conserva- tion and improvement of resources: the grazing animal. C64 ref.) Coordination of livestock and rangeland re- search and development is urged, with reference to the present situations in Australia and sub-Saharan Africa. The savannas of the Valley of Caracas. Vareshi, V. Acta Botanica Venezuelica, 1969, publ. 1970, 4, 427-522 Sec Jnl Source: Berichte Biochemie und Biologie (1971) 349, 77. De. NLL. Languages: Es Describes and classifies the largely treeless savannas of the region and thier ecology. Prom pollen-analyticcal studies it seems probable that most of the area was once under forests dominated by species of Podocarpus, and that deforestation had started befoe the advent of Columbus. A study of climate and forests in the Ranchi Plateau. Part I. (Changes over the period: 1889-1943). Part II. (Analysis of climatic data.). Warren, W. D. M. Indian Forester, 1974, 100, 4:5, 229-234; 291-314 Languages: En A detailed analysis of climatic data for this region of Bihar, India, with some discussion of the effects of deforestation on climate and the mutual interrelations of forest and climate. ------- Tropical ecosystems: state and targets of research into the ecology of humid tropical ecosystems. Brunig, E. F. Plant Research and Development, 1975, 1, 22-38 Languages: En 26 ref. Discusses the present inadequate state of ecosystems research in developing countries, including projects associated with the International Biological Programme and the UNESCO MAB (Man and the Biosphere) projects. The Amazonia development project of the Brazilian Government is used to illustrate the potential risks (e. g. to the soil, the climate and the atmosphere) in- herent in large-scale destruction of forests. ------- SECTION III: SOME ARTICLES OF INTEREST ------- Ako s nahradami skod za odlesnenie?; How to compensate for damage by deforestation Melicherik, J. Les Oratislava) 28 (2): 67-70. February 1972 99.8 L5632 Assessment of the use of forests as sinks for the removal of atmospheric sulfur dioxide Murphy, C. E., Jr.; Sinclair, T. R.; Knoerr, K. R. J Environ Qual 6 (4): 388-396. Ref. Oct/Dec 1977 QH540.J6 Arrestiamo la distruzione delle foreste; Let us stop destruction of forests. Pollution, fires, conservation. Bertucci, B. M. Lotta Antiparassit 27 (2): 3-5. February 1975 79.8 L91 Bibliography: Some references relating to the effects on soil con- ditions of the clearing and agricultural development of Tropi- cal forest areas (1969--1959) Commonwealth Bureau of Soils Commonw Bur Soils (Annot Bibliogr) 1399, 11 p. 1970 241 C734A Biological perspective of deforestation Palaypayon, W. R. Canopy 3(2): 13-14. February 12, 1977 SD1.C36 ------- Clearcut; The deforestation of America Wood, Nancy C. San Francisco, Sierra Club 151 p. illus. 21 on. .c!971. SD538.2.A1W65 Series: The Sierra Club battlebook series, 3 Coming to Terms with the Rain Forest Irwin, Howard S. Garden J. May-Jun 77, VI, N2, P29 (6) Feature article: Brazil's program of nat'l integration seeks to exploit the wealth of the amazon through highway construction, agricultural colonization, mining, forestry, and eventual indus- trialization. But the attempt to settle the amazon has exposed the fragility of the rain forest and the illusion of its wealth. The value of most products in the amazon, such as sugar, is low, while the cost of obtaining the products is high, production costs include fuels, importation of machinery, and fertilizers and pesticides that place the local society at the mercy of inter- national economic forces and that finally exact, by soil erosion and laterization, the irreversible destruction of the forest eco- system. These negative impacts must be realized if development of the amazon is to have any chance of success. (1 diagram, 1 map, 4 photos, 1 table) Comparative advantage or disadvantage of land clearing; Economic study on the alternative use of land to agriculture or forestry on pioneer farms in Finland by a Finnish study group Helsinki, Universitet, Maatalouspolitiikan Laitoksen; U. S. Dept. of Agriculture .... Helsinki, University of Helsinki 161 1. illus. 1969 HD1741.F5H4 Control of forest growth and distribution on wet tropical mountains: with special reference to mineral nutrition Grubb, P. J. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1977 8:83-107 ------- Desforestacion y erosion; Deforestation and .soil, erosion Mexico, Central America. Laviada, I Mex For 50 (5): 27-28. Sept/Oct 1976 99.8 MS7 Le deforestage mechanique pour la creation de palmeraies-industrielles; (Mechanical deforestation for the creation of industrial palm plantations). Tropical agriculture. Martin. G. Mach Agr Trop 28: 23-29. Oct/Dec 1969 58.8 ML86 La destruction des forets et des soils en pays tropical; Destruction of forests and soils in a tropical country. Aubreville, A. Adansonia 11(1]: 5-39. 1971 450 AD14 Destruction of tropical ecosystem via overpopulation and agricultural methods Croat, Thomas B. Bioscience, August 1972, v. 22, n.8:465(3). Devastation on the Amazon Anderson, Alan Organic gardening and fanning, Nov 1972, v.19,n.11:90(4), Economics of clearing tropical rain forest in Dominica Russell, J. World Crops 25 (6): 317-318. Nov/Dec 1973 281.8 ¥892 ------- Effect of clearing on the soil arthropods of a Nigerian rain forest Lasebikan, B. A. In Progress in Soil Zoology; Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Soil Zoology 5th: 533-544. Ref. 1973 (pub. 1975) QL110.I5 1973 Effects of clearing and cropping on the organic reserves and biomass of tropical forest soils Ayanaba, A.; Tuckwell, S. B.; Jenkinson, D. S. Soil Biol Biochem 8(6): 519-525. Ref. 1976 S592.7.A1S6 Effects of clearing by poisoning, as against felling and burning, on plantain and cocoyam yields on acid Ghana forest soils Ahn, P. M. Ghana J Agr Sci 3 (2): 93-97. Dec 1970 S19.G5 Effects of clearing in a tropical rain forest on the composition of the coprophagous scarab beetle fauna (Coleoptera) .Scarabaeidae. Howden, H. F.; Nealis, V. G. Biotropica 7(2): 77-83. July 1975 QH301.B52 Effects of pinyon-juniper .pinus edulis-juniperus. removal on natural resource products and uses in Arizona. .Watershed management. Clary, W. P.; Baker, M. B., Jr.; O'Connell, P. F.; Johnsen, T. N. Jr.; Campbell, R. E. U. S., Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station U S For Ser Res Pap RM (Rocky Mt for Range Exp Stn) 128, 28 p. Maps. Ref. Oct 1974 A99.9 F7632U ------- Energy from Biomass: Some general reflections Poole, Alan D. Presented at Institute of Gas Technology Sym on Clean Fuels from Biomass and Wastes, Orlando, January 25-28, 77, p 441 (23) Survey Report: The near-, mid-, and long term picture for bio- mass energy is surveyed. The use of biomass for energy is in- extricably connected to the problem of deforestation in developing nations. It may be possible to develop small ammonia plants capa- ble of using biomass as a feedstock. Factors that favor the use of biomass for energy in developing nations over its use of indus- trial nations are discussed. A somewhat tentative analysis of the classical challenge between food and fiber vs. biomass production concludes that an upper limit of area available for biomass might be from 200-500 million ha, producing anywhere from 5-20 billion tons. (16 references) Epidemiological-ecological effects: studies on intact and deforestated mangrove ecosystems. .Herbicides, insects, vectors, human di- seases Desowitz, R. S., Berman, S. J., Gubler, D. J., Harinasuta, C., Guptavanij, P., Vasuvat, C. In the Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam National Research Council Comm on the Eff of Herbicides on Vietnam pt. B(v.9), 54 p. maps. Feb 1974 SB951.4.N3 Estimacion de la deforestacion y la reforestacion necesaria; Esti- mation of the deforestation and reforestation necessary in Guatemala Mittak, W. L. Agronomia (Guatem) 12: 5-26. Sept/Oct 1976 S539.G95A3 Forest-climate interaction in Andaman and Nicobar Deforestation Sarker, R. P., Kelkar, R. R. Indian Farming 26 (11): 69-71, 73-74. Feb 1977 22 IN283 ------- Forest destruction: 700,000 hectares of forests are destroyed every year in Colombia Mimoz, H. Soc Antioquena Agr Bol Agr 582: 11368-11369. Feb 1969 9.4 SOI Haiti Losing Fight Against Erosion Riding, Alan New York Times June 23, 74 P15 Herbicides in war, current status and future doubt Westing, Arthur W. Biological conservation, Oct 1972, v.4n.5:372(6) How the Thais are solving their kaingin problem. Destruction of forests through shifting cultivation. Hilario, F. A. Canopy 2(4): 7, 10. Apr 1976 SD1.C36 Metamorphoses de la Champagne crayeuse; Deboisement et equilibre bio- logique; Changes undegone by the cretaceous province of Champagne: Deforestation and biological equilibrium Chevalier, Y. Rev Forest Franc 25(4): 303-310. map. July/Aug 1972 99.8 R329 El Mexico de nuestros hijos; The Mexico of our children. Brief history of deforestation. Lopez, Lara A. Mex For 50 (2): 14-15. Mar/Apr 1976 99.8 M57 ------- Odlesnovanie k prospechu lesa; Deforestation for the benefit of the forest .Soil management. Nad, J. Les (Bratisl) 31 (7): 303-305. July 1975 99.8 L5632 The Other Energy Crisis: Firewood EckhoLn, Erik P. Ecologist, Mar-Apr 76, V6, N3, P80 (7) El peligro de los desmontes; The danger of deforestation Sosa, A. H. Mex For 49 (1): 3-8. Jan/Feb 1975 99.8 M57 Perdidas de materia organica, nitrogeno, fosforo y potasio por efecto de la deforestacion en suelos del area andina de Narino, Colombia. (Losses of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and postassium from deforestation in Andean soils of Narino, Colombia) Guerrero, R. R., Gamboa, J. J., Blasco, L. M. An Edafol Agribiol 34 (1/2): 11-24. Ref. Eng. sum Jan/Feb 1975 506 SP12 Possible Climatic Impact of Tropical Deforestation Potter, G. L., Ellsaesser, H. W., MacCracken, M. C., Luther, F. M. Nature, Dec 25, 75, V258, N5537, P697 (2) Technical Report: Of the many possible human-induced changes in the planetary climate, the removal of tropical rain forests to increase arable acreage appears most imminent. This possibility was examined in a two dimensional (zonal) atmospheric model that uses basic conversation equations and parametrises the meridonal transport by horizontal eddies employing both model dependent and prescribed coefficients. The chain of consequences following tro- pical rain forest removal includes overall global cooling and re- duced precipitation. (3 graphs, 1 table) ------- Potential of Bio-Gas Plants and How to Realize It Parikh, Jyoti K., Parikh, Kirit S. Intl Inst for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria Presented at UN Inst for Training and Research Seminar on Microbial Energy Conversion, W Germany, Oct 76, P555 (37) Reforestation in the Republic of Vietnam Swanson, Carl W. J Forestry, Jun 75, V73, N6, P367 C5) Survey Report: More than 2 million ha of forest land need reforestation in S. Vietnam. Contrary to popular opinion, the deforestation of most of this large area is due to forces other than war, although warfare has taken its toll. Use of modern reforestation methods combined with methods long used in Southeast Asia has resulted in an increase in annual accomplishments from practically none in 1971 to 15,000 ha in 1974. Causes of deforestation in Vietnam and recent re- forestation efforts are discussed (3 photos, 1 table) Reforesting the Earth Eckholm, Eric Futurist, Feb 76, V10, Nl, P35 (5) Survey Report: An overview of the world's forest resources emphasizes the continued loss of forest land primarily to land clearing for agriculture and wood gathering for fuel. Farming techniques, including shifting cultivation and slope terracing, and governmental policies, such as settlement coloni- zing on hilly, arid, and tropic terrains, are described. Re- sultant problems of erosion, floods, and nonworkable grass- lands are enumerated. Government sponsored reforestation pro- grams in India and China are discussed. Tree planting every- where, on both a personal and governmental level, is urged (7 photos) ------- Salting the Earth Eckholm, Erik P. Environment, Oct 75, V17, N7, P9 (7) Survey Report: Soil salinity, usually caused by mismanaged irrigation, is undermining to varying degrees the productivity of at least one-third of the world's irrigated land. At the same time, many dams and water channels are clogged by silt loads as deforestation and improper farming practices upstream accelerate erosion, waterlogging and salinity in Iraq, Pakistan, India, Iran, Indonesia, and the Phillippines are described. Although the world's irrigated area expanded by nearly 3%/yr from 1950-1970, it will probably grow at little more than in the remaining years of the century. The insidious loss of irrigation capacity to salt and silt is sure to be finally recognized as the serious global threat that it is. (5 photos, 23 references) Solo miseria deja el bosque a Tarahumaras; (Only misery left in the forest at Tarhumaras),. Melgoza Paralizabal, A. Hex For 50 (2): 18-21. Mar/Apr 1976 99.8 M57 Tinkering with the Clouds Dernbach, John Progressive, Oct 76, V40, N10, P44 (4) Feature Article: Inadvertant climate modification may be the greatest environmental threat. The five basic interdependent factors involved with climatic changes are: heat, particulates, gaseous emissions, water vapor, and land.and water surface changes. Deliberate weather modifications may also have un- foreseen side-effects. The lack of adequate knowledge of na- tural climatic changes and human impact on them have prompted MAS to recommend increasing federal climate related research money from the present $18 million/yr to $67 million/yr by 1980. Two plans before Congress in 1976 would implement the kind of scheme set forth in the MAS report. (2 drawings) ------- Twenty-two dimensions of the population problem Brown, Lester, R., Stokes, Bruce, McGrath, Patricia L. Population Reports, Nov 76, Series J, Nil, P177 (18) Survey Report: The single-minded focus on demographic analysis in problems of population growth has been at the expense of many other consequences of population growth that might concern econo- mists, ecologists, meterologists, political scientists, urban planners, and many other specialists. Twenty-two dimensions of the population problem not usually treated by demographers are identified and reviewed. Some of the topics include: li- teracy, ocean fisheries, natural recreational areas, pollution, inflation, environmental illness, and hunger. (4 graphs, 9 photos, 43 references, 1 table) The Urgent Need for Forest Conservation in Highland Guatemala Veblen, Thomas T, Biological Conservation, Feb 76, V9, N2, P141 (14) Technical Feature: Highland Guatemala is one of the very few tropical regions of the world with conifers, especially pines, well-represented in the flora. This valuable genetic resource is presently being threatened by an alarming rate of defores- tation and rapid Guatemalan population growth. This history of forest destruction dates back to 18th century erosion from sheep over-grazing. Preservation of the arborescent flora of highland Guatemala requires establishing seed banks and planting conservation stands. (1 map, 3 photos, 61 references, 1 table) Wood vs. Fossil Fuel as A Source of Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere: A Preliminary Report Adams, J. A. S., Mantovani, M. S. M., Lundell, L. L. Science, Apr 1, 77, V196, N4285, P54 (3) Technical Report: If the amounts of wood consumed in deforestation and as firewood in underindustrialized countries are added to the amount consumed by money economies as forest products, estimates of the net amount of wood removed from the biosphere in this century should be revised upward. The per capita ration of the weight of -carbon from net wood burned to the weight of carbon from fossil fuel burned in this century has been at least 0.1 and may have approached 1.0. Prudent concern for the future would suggest a ------- need to reexamine: the quantitative aspects of net de- forestation and wood burning. As they affect the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; and the possible effects of the buildup of atmospheric carbon monoxide. (1 diagram, 15 references, 1 table) World Population Trends: Signs of Hope, Signs of Stress Brown, Lester, R. Population Reports, Jan 77, Series J, N13 (15) Special Report: The growth in the world population has begun to slow in the 1970's - a reversal of a longstanding trend. The decline by one-third of the U. S. growth rate from 1970-75 was a positive and not widely anticipated event. Tragically, in some poor countires, population. growth is checked by hunger-induced rises in death rates. The recent hand to mouth situation contrasts sharply with the relative security of the 1950's and 1960's. Popula- tion trends from 1970-75 are surveyed, and the rise in death rates in some countries is documented. U. N. pro- jections show world population increasing from 4 billion to some 10-16 billion before eventually leveling off. But many ecological systems are already breaking down from pop- ulation strains. (1 graph, 10 photos, 31 references, 6 tables) Worldwide Perspective King, K. F. S. American Forests, Apr 76, V82, N4, P12 (7) Technical Feature: Some main issues of world forestry for the next 25 years are considered, and areas of future concentration are suggested. Population growth, increased demand for forest products, land use for food and forest production, world economic activity growth, foresty in developed and developing countries, multiple use forestry, and inefficiency in forestry productions are described. Needed research, forest fertilization, improve- ments in wood productivity, and forests as a source of chemicals, polymers, and liquid fuels are discussed. (1 photo) ------- |