NITROGEN OXIDES:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
' -
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service Environmental Health Service
-------
NITROGEN OXIDES:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Office of Technical Information and Publications
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Raleigh, North Carolina
August 1970
-------
The AP series of reports is issued by the National Air Pollution Control
Administration to report the results of scientific and engineering studies,
and information of general interest in the field of air pollution. Information
reported in this series includes coverage of NAPCA intramural activities
and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction with state and local
agencies, research ins titutes, and industrial organizations . Copies of AP
reports may be obtained upon request, as supplies permit, from the Office
of Technical Information and Publications, National Air Pollution Control
Administration, 1033 Wade Avenue, Raleigh, North Carolina 27605.
National Air Pollution Control Administration Publication No. AP-7Z
Fnr sale by the Superintendent of Documents, ITS Government Printing OfHce
Washington, B.C. 20402 - Price $2.75
11
-------
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION. . . ..... 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. General ... ... . ... . 3
B. Emission Sources . .... 15
C. Atmospheric Interaction . . . .... . 131
D. Measurement Methods ... . . . 161
E. Control Methods ... . . . 247
F. Effects Human Health 321
G. Effects Plants and Livestock ... 411
H. Effects Materials ... ... ... 429
I. Effects Economic . . 435
J. Air Quality Measurements . . . ... .... 437
K. Legal and Administrative .... . . 497
L. Standards and Criteria ... . . . 513
M. Basic Science and Technology . 521
AUTHOR INDEX. . . 601
SUBJECT INDEX . . ... .615
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX . . ... 631
United States (States, Cities) . 631
Foreign (Countries, Cities). . 633
iii
-------
NITROGEN OXIDES:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
The primary objective of this publication is to collect, condense and
organize existing literature on the nitrogen oxides.
Oxides of nitrogen are important in the air pollution problem, since the
complex chain reaction that produces smog is initiated by the photolysis of
nitrogen dioxide. In sufficient concentrations, nitrogen oxides themselves
may be toxic to humans and vegetation.
The seven recognized oxides of nitrogen that may contaminate man's
atmosphere, listed according to their molecular weight, are:
1. Nitric oxide NO
2. Nitrous oxide
3. Nitrogen dioxide
4. Nitrogen trioxide NO3
5. Nitrogen sesquioxide N2O3
6. Nitrogen tetroxide
7. Nitrogen pentoxide
Of the seven, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, are the most commonly
encountered because of their relative atmospheric stability and their manner
of generation. Generally these two are considered together as atmospheric
nitrogen oxides (NOX).
Several types of occupational exposures to nitrogen dioxide have long
been recognized as potential hazards. The widespread persistence of nitrogen
oxides from gasoline engine exhaust and from other community sources, how-
ever, have recently made it mandatory to know more about the biological
effects and physical and chemical properties.
Abstracts of approximately 1,500 documents are presented here. The
documents were collected from many sources, and all are included in the
inhouse information, storage, and retrieval system of the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center (APTIC). Most of them are from recent litera-
ture (1959-1970); however, some abstracted documents date from the early
part of this century.
Abstracts are arranged in the categories listed on the Contents page of
this bibliography. Each category is designated by a letter of the alphabet;
each abstract is designated by its APTIC accession number. Numbers within
-------
each category are arranged in ascending order. Accession numbers are
assigned as literature is received in APTIC. No structure is designed into
the numbering system; however, recent literature is more likely to have
higher accession numbers.
A subject index and an author index follow the abstracts; they refer to
the abstracts by category symbol and APTIC number. The author index lists
two authors when the authorship is two or more. The first author is indicated
by an asterisk (*). A geographical location index divided into two sections:
United States (states, cities) and Foreign (countries, cities) is also included.
This compilation of abstracted documents is composed of selected refer-
ences, and no claim of all-inclus ivenes s is made. It is intended as a balanced
sample of available literature.
All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, 1033 Wade Avenue, Raleigh, North Carolina
Z7605. Readers outside the National Air Pollution Control Administration
(NAPCA) may attempt to obtain duplicates of documents directly from libraries
publishers, or authors.
-------
GENERAL
0016H
STATISTICS ON PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS - SAN DIEGO COUNTY AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT (FIRST QUARTER 1966). San
Diego Dept. of Public Health, Calif. Mar. 1966. 7 pp.
First Quarter 1966 Statistics on Particulate Contaminants
San Dieqo County Air Pollution Control District are
presented. Data are included on weight concentrations from high
volume tilter samples, soiling indexes, and hourly averages of
gaseous contaminants.##
022J7
J.P. Dixon J.P. Lodge
AIR CONSERVATION REPORT REFLECTS NATIONAL CONCERN. Science
1U8, 1060-6, Hay 21, 1965.
Pollutants, sources, political and economic factors, and the
role of scientists in the formulation of public policy is
examine-l in the light of present knowledge. ##
02951
A. C. Stern
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS ABATEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. De
Ingenieur 77, (29) G8J-93, July 16, 1965 and 77, (31) G97-10H.
July JO, 1965. (Presented before the Dept. for Public Health
Engineering, Royal Inst. of Engineers, Hague,
Netherlands, July J, 196U.)
In the United States, visible smoke is no longer a major
problem. Present concern is principally with gases; their
chemical reactions in the atmosphere; the effects of both gases and
reaction products on humans, animals, plants, materials and
visibility; and their abatement. Considerable emphasis is placed
on the relation of meteorological conditions to air pollution
levels. Forecasting of weather conditions conducive to build-up
of pollution is now done routinely in the United States.
Althouah air pollution research is conducted nationally, abatement
is on local basis. The new Federal Clean Air Act seeks to
improve the effectiveness of local agencies, and to provide for
Federal abatement of interstate air pollution. (Author summary)
-------
03058
A. P. Altshuller.
AIP POLLUTION: PHOTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS. Science 151, (3714)
1105-6, Mar. 1, 1966
This paper gives a br-ief summary of presentations at the
Symposium on the photochemical aspect of air pollution, which was
held April 1965 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Topics ranged from the
measurement of solar radiation in the ultraviolet region of the
biological aspects of irradiation of model systems in the
laboratory to the relation between meteorological parameters and
chemical effects in polluted atmospheres.##
03085
A.C, Stern
PRESENT STATUS OF ATMOS9HEBIC POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
Am. J. Public Health (Presented at the 86th Annual
Meeting, American Public Health Association, St. Louis,
Mo., Oct. 29, 1958.) 50, (3) 346-56, Mar. 1960
The status of air pollution in the United States is reviewed
in terms of knowledge availabe and action taken to deal with
this problem. Studies by the National Air Sampling
Network, state, and local health agencies are reviewed.
Facilities tor training persons for air pollution work are
discussed, and the Federal Air Pollution Engineering
Research and Technical assistance Program is surveyed.
(Author abstract)##
03205
D. Epstein.
DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE USSR.
Detection et prevention de la pollution atmospherigue en U.R.S.
S. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris) 8, (31) 273-83, Sept. 1966.
The problems of the toxic amounts of air pollutants (CO, S02,
H2S04, NO, and 3, U-benzopyrene) are described and the
criteria for standardization in Russia given. The methods for
detecting toxic proportions of these pollutants are given in
detail, the technigues used tor animal experimentation, and studies
of the tests applicable to mankind and the techniques of applying
them are described in particular. The paper mentions that since
chronaxie was judged insufficiently sensitive, the Soviet authors
resorted to electroencephalographic methods which reveal an
electrocortical reflex for small amounts of polluting agents.
These tests involving instantaneous maximum admissible
concentration are supplemented by statistically analyzed
experiments on animals. (Author summary) ##
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
03401
j?. Bonamassa
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF ft PHOTOCHEMICAL-ATMOSPHERE
ENVIRONMENTAL TEST FACILITY. Am. Soc. Testing Mater.,
Spec. Tech. Publ. 352, 32-9 pp., Dec. 1963. (Presented
at the Symposium on Air-Pollution Measurement Methods,
Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 5, 1962.)
A photochemical-atmosphere environmental test facility is a
system designed to stimulate in the laboratory conditions
existing in polluted atmospheres. These test environments are
finding increasing applications in studying the effects of
contaminated atmospheres on humans, animals, plants, or
inaminate objects; evaluating air-pollution control systems;
establishing air guality standards and permissible contaminant-
emission levels; idenitfying atmospheric pollutants and their
reaction products; and investigating the mechanisms of
reactions of polluted atmospheres. Many interdependent
factors influence the design of a photochemical-environment
test facility. Careful study of the proposed experimental program
and its objectives is needed to determine the required test volume
and operating conditions. The design and choice of
construction materials reflect certain compromises, usually
dictated by the relative importance of the various test conditions.
Although probably no simulated photochemical atmosphere can ever
completely reproduce all the conditions of the natural
atmosphere, enough control over significant variables can be
achieved to enable the test environment to assume an
increasingly important role in increasing our understanding of
the complex reactions and effects of photochemical air pollution
and in providing much needed information for its effective
control.##
031*38
B. C. Blakeney and M. D. High.
CLEANER AIH FOR NORTH CAROLINA (A SURVEY AND APPRAISAL FOR AIR
POLLUTION PROBLEMS). North Carolina State Board of
Health, Raleigh, Div. of Sanitary Engineering and Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C. Div of Air Pollution.
Sept. 1959. 62 pp.
The most frequently occurring air pollution problems attributed to
industrial and municipal establishments results from emissions of
smoke, soot, or fly ash trom fuel burning equipment. The
lumber, wood and furniture industries are frequently sources of
dust. Asphalt paving material plants create more acute
air pollution problems than any other industry. Pulp and paper
mills are the cause of odor complaints and are considered the cause
of some property damage. A variety o± waste disposal operations
emit excessive smoke and odors. In eight cities, open dumps have
caused complaints and in five cities semi-landfills (burning before
covering) have resulted in public request for relief. Control
of gases, dusts, and other pollutants cannot be legally required
A. General
-------
by the State except through the Nuisance Code or indirectly
through some other statue. The lack of specific State
legislation limits the control of air pollution to the
jurisdictional area of a tew cities, whereas pollution of community
air is not confined to man-made boundaries or jurisdiction.
Existing and potential air pollution problems requiring further
investigation are discussed.**
035H7
M. W. Korth, B. C. Steward, R. C. Stahman
DEVELOPMENT OF A CYCLE CONTROLLEB FOB CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER.
Preprint. (Presented at the 57th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Houston, Tex. , June 21-25,
196U, Paper No. 64-82.)
A closed-loop speed feedback control system has been
developed tor a chassis dynamometer; the system permits precise
speed control of an automobile following a cycle that represents
average driving conditions. This system, when used in
conjunction with a variable-length cruise-mode device, permits
the generation of consistent exhaust emissions from an automobile
being used to charge large irradiation chambers with dilute
exhaust gas during lengthy air pollution experiments. The
application of this control system is Deing extended to include
operation with a range of vehicles having widely varying power and
response characteristics. (Author abstract)##
OJbbfe
H. Katz.
SOME TOXIC 3FFECTS OF AIH POLLUTION ON PUBLIC HEALTH. Med.
Serv. J. (Can.) 16, 501-25, June 1960.
Nature of atmospheric contamination is reviewed. Brief
descriptions are given of air pollution episodes, legislation,
epidemiology, sources of air pollution and their effect on health.
Air pollution research in Canada is suramarized.##
04052
B. Haddad and J. J. Bloomfield
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN LATIN AMERICA. Bol. Ofic. Sanit.
Panam. b8, 241-9, Sept. 1964. Sp. (Ir.) (Presented at the
Inter-Eegional Symposium on Criteria for Air Quality and
Methods of Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-12, 1963.)
Latin America is an area which is experiencing a very rapid
population and 'industrial expansion. Although this growth is very
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
irregular, the cities which exceed a million inhabitants and the
industrial concentration in them is growing yearly. This
phenomenon has resulted in serious problems of air pollution in
Sao Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile, Mexico City, Mexico,
which are in need of further investigation and control as quickly
as possible. There are potential problems in Buenos Aires,
Argentina, and in all these large metropolitan centres which are
growing ana industrializing rapidly. The situation created in
Lima, Peru, because of the fishmeal industry, seems to be fairly
well controlled. The greatest necessity is to train personnel
capable of conducting studies in measuring air quality and
controlling the contamination of the air. There is also a
necessity to create a consciousness of the seriousness of the
problem among government authorities and the public in general.
It is hoped that the future development of the Institute of
Occupational Health and Sir Pollution Research in Santiago,
Chile, will contribute effectively to achieve these objectives.#f
OU212
S. Abe
THE PRESENT STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION. Clean Air Heat
Management (Tokyo) 15, (7-B) 7-18, Aug. 1966. Jap.
The present status of air pollution in Japan is given naming the
kinds of contaminants and their origin, factors affecting
contamination density, and various types of smog. The types of
contaminants are: 1) minute particles (less than 1 micron in size)
such as found in soot, carbon, ashes, dust; 2) coarse particles
(greater than 1 micron in size), as found in dust, ashes, and
minerals; 3) reactive substances found in mist, fog, and vapor
such as 302, S03, H2S, C02, CO, N02, N20J, 03,
aldehydes, HC1, NH3, HF , Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Be and 3,
t-benzpyrene. The contaminants originate from factories, chemical
plants, power stations, domestic heating, public baths, hotels,
laundries, dry cleaning establishments, hospitals, schools, and
public buildings. Also discussed are the human factors affecting
air pollution such as public awareness and interest, seasonal,
weekly, and daily changes in heating and cooking. Meteorological
aspects are covered such as wind direction and velocity, turbu-
lence, temperature, rain and snow. The types of smog found in New
York, London, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, and Yokkaichi are
described. 'Graphs and tables ]ist symptoms and diseases affecting
plants and humans and give the density of dust particles and
S02 in the main cities of Japan. Data on the sulfur content
of various oils produced by Japanese refineries and on the number
of Japanese automobiles produced is included for information on
emission sources of pollutants.##
06722
A. Goetz
PARAMETERS. Symp. Environ. bSmeasurements, Cincinnati, Ohio,
1963. (PHS Publ. No. 999-AP-15.) (July 1961). pp. 29-3U.
A. General
-------
Air and water as gaseous and liquid components of the environment
are considered essential ingredients for human, animal, and plant
lite -- ingredients that are also acted upon by these live forms.
Air and Hater are evaluated in terms of chemical and physical
parameters relating to their occurrence in the natural regenerative
and dsgradative cycle and to their physiological assimiliation.
Particulate pollutants and reactive gases are discussed.
Emphasis is given to the physical and chemical characteristics of
aerosols and their potential role as pollutants of environmental
significance. (Author's summary)**
06723
J. S. Nader
DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS IN AIH QUALITY. Symp. Environ.
Measurements, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1963, (PHS Publ. No.
yyy-Ap-15.) (July 1964). pp. 107-23.
Two major automated data acquisition systems are now being used in
the United States for air quality measurements. These systems,
operated by the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District and by the D.S. Public Health Service (Continuous
Air Monitoring Program), are reviewed in detail; plans for
automated data handling by the California State Health
Department are discussed briefly. Design and operation of these
systems are reviewed in terms of sampling, detection, recording,
data validation, and data display. (Author's summary)**
06714
T. Suzuki
AIR POLLUTION IN JAPAN. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air J. Japan.
»-i.r Cleaning fissoc., ToKyo) 2, (2) 1-4, 1964. Jap.
The nature of air pollution in Japan has been changing.
Pollution from the chemical industry, petroleum processing, and
automobiles has become more prevalent than dust and soot from coal
and heavy fuel oil. At present, the degree of air pollution is
indicated primarily by the amount of dust and soot fall and
concentration of S02 and floating dust, and secondarily by the
concentration of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and
hydrocarbons. Use ot heavy oil and coal of very low grade makes
the situation worse. General considerations of the effects of
pollutants on the human body are given. Studies made by the
Yamaguchi Medical School on floating dust and S02 indicate a
correlation between concnetration and death rate. Mention is made
of the now familiar "Yokohama Asthma". It was found that in
YokKaichi city, air pollution is especially heavy when the wind
velocity is greater than S m/sec and S02 is highly concentrated
The death rate from lung cancer in Hokkaido for 1950 to 1960 was
1.6 times as qreat as the mean value tor the rest ot Japan
Maximum allowable concentrations of various pollutants are"
tabulated for the United States, Soviet Union, and West
Germany.#*
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
07535
W. Leithe
CLEAN AIR MAINTENANCE - AN IMPORTANT TASK FOE CHEMISTRY AND
ECONOMY. (Peinhaltung der Luft - ein dringendes Anliegen
fur Chemie und Wirtschaft.) Text in German. Allgem. Prakt.
Chem. (Vienna), 18 (8) :239-241, Sept. 10-17, 1967. 4 refs.
This article is a summary of two lectures given at meetings
of chemical societies. The problem of air pollution and
some control methods are outlined. Typical examples of well-known
air pollution problems are mentioned: London's smog chiefly
caused by domestic heating, the smog of Los Angeles due to
automobiles, the sun, and temperature inversions, and the
industrial air pollution of the Ruhr Valley. Some
characteristic data for all three examples are quoted. The
techniques for the control of dust emissions are farthest
advanced. This is verified by the fact that in Germany, emission
of cement dusts decreased to one third while the production of
cement tripled in the last 17 years. Far less satisfactory is
the control of S02 emissions. About twice as much sulfur is
blown into the air than is used for the production of sulfuric
acid. Some wet and dry processes for the elimination of S02
from smoke are mentioned, but no method is known today which
is both effective and economical. The chemical industry tackled
its problems mostly by reducing the emission of air polluting
substances by increasing the efficiencies of the relevant chemical
processes. Examples are the production of sulfuric acid
and nitric acid. Organic compounds can be recovered by either
absorption on activated charcoal or oxidation by catalytic
afterburners.t#
07845
Parker, A.
WHAT'S IN THE AIR J. Inst. Fuel, 40 (315) : 173-175, April
1967.
We each breathe about 35 Ib of air in a day, consume 3 to 4 Ib of
drinking water and 1 1/2 Ib of dry food. This provides energy by
oxidation of carbon and hydrogen of which the thermal value is
about 12,000 Btu. equivalent to that provided when 1 Ib of coal is
burnt. Some of this energy is given out as heat, say about 400
Btu/h. Records of smogs in various countries since 1873 exist,
but that in London in 1952 had great effect leading to the
bSbeaver Report and the bSclean Air b8act, 1956. 2.7 million ton
of smoke were discharged into the air during 1938 in Britain, of
which 63% was from domestic sources, 10% from railways and 27% from
industry. This was reduced to 1.1 million tons in 1965, of which
0.9 million, 80%, was from domestic sources. This reduction was
also helped by the rationing of coal during the years of World
War II and by the desire for cleaner domestic heating methods.
4.1 million tons of sulphur dioxide were discharged into the
atmosphere in Britain in 1938 and 6.4 million tons in 1965, but
the concentration of S02 in the air near the ground has stayed
A. General
-------
the same. The problem is not yet solved. Acout 11* million
motor vehicles in the U. K. emitted perhaps 5 million tons of
carbon monoxide and 1/t million tons of hydrocarbons in 1965.
The interaction of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and ozone, in
sunlight causes the smogs of Los Angeles in which visibility is
scarcely reduced and so they are of a different character from
London smogs. The International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations was recently founded. Its first
international clean air conqress was held in London in October,
1966. (Author's abstract)##
OH237
DISCUSSION ON TRENDS IN AIR POLLUTION. Arch. Environ, Health, Vol.
8, p. 31-38, Jan. 19614.
A discussion is presented, verbatim, from the 6th Annual Air
Pollution Medical Pesearch Conference held Jan. 23 - 29, 1963, in
San Francisco. Among the participants were: Dr. Arie Haager-Smit
(chairman); Professor Albert Bush; Dr. A. P. Altshuller; and Dr. J,
T. Middleton. The topics discussed include: mortality from
respiratory and other diseases in California; diesel and gasoline
engine emissions; plant damage and aldehydes; cigarette smoking;
and air-borne allergens.
09310
KaliKa, Peter W.
THE GROWING PEOBLEH. Mach. Des., 39 (17) : 1 9-2 1 ,
July 20, 1967.
The facts, figures, and concern about the national problem of air
pollution are covered. Past air pollution episodes, sources and
types of pollutants released in the atmosphere, and the mechanisms
and characteristics of temperature inversions are reviewed.
09780
Environmental Science Services Corp., Stamford, Conn.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PRIMER. 35 p., ((1968)).
The main sources of air pollution are combustion processes
especially internal combustion engines. In a general manner the
following are discussed: causes and effects of air pollution-
legal aspects; automobile emissions; fossil fuels and lead
additives; and control eguipment and its market ootential.
10 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
00984
S. Tilson
AIR POLLUTION. Intern. Sci. Technol. No. 42:22-31, 1965.
The problem and the approaches to solving it are reviewed.
Pollution sources, research, air quality criteria, the need for
controls, social attitudes, standards, photochemical reactions,
and future prospects are included.##
01073
V.G. MacKenzie
AIR POLLUTION - WHOSE PROBLEM? Preprint. (Presented at A
Panel Discussion on Air Pollution at the Board ot
Directors Meeting, National Petroleum Refiners Association,
Washington, D.C., Sept. 20, 1965.)
The need for conservation of air as a natural resource is
•discussed, with emphasis on the role of the petroleum industry.
Wats and means tor improving on past patterns of conservation
effort through Federal authority under the Clean Air Act,
establishment of automotive emission standards, and application
of technology to control of sulfur oxides ana automotive emissions
are delineated. Attention is called to the need for research
on oxides of nitrogen and lead contamination. It is suggested
that business leaders, by their leadership in research and
education, can play a significant part in alleviating environmental
health problems.##
01211
J. A. Maga
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA.
(California State Dept. of Public Health, Bureau of Air
Sanitation). California Univ., Berkeley, Inst. of
Governmental Studies. 1965. U2 pp.
Author reviews the problems of air pollution in the San
Francisco Bay Area, stressing the need for effective air
quality standards. Topics covered in the report (all germane to
the San Francisco Area) are: Air Pollution in the Metropolis;
the concept of Air Resource Management; Weather, Topography
and the Regional Air Resource; Air Pollution and its Effects;
Air Pollution and its Relationship to other Regional
Problems; a regional approach to the Control of Air Pollution;
Control Programs in the Bay Area; and the outlook for the
Bay Area.*#
A. General
11
-------
016140
M. Katz
SOflE ASPECTS OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL NATURE OF AIR
POLLUTION. World Health Organization Monograph Ser.
(Air Pollution). No. 46 1961. pp. 97-1b8.
This chapter of the WHO Monograph reviews works on air
pollution accomplished within the last ten to 15 years. The
subject of the physical and chemical nature of air pollution is so
broad and covers many fields of physics, chemistry and medicine
that only, the most important works have been highlighted.
Discussed among others were the following problems: The
development of improved methods and techniques for the measurement,
separation and identification of air contaminants, the
standardization of methods of sampling and analysis of common air
pollutants, the application of meteorological concepts and
diffusion theory to the study of the dispersion of pollutants in
the atmosphere, the formation of smog and the prediction of
pollution levels, the development of improved analytical
techniques, instrumentation and studies of motor vehicle exhaust
gas composition under various operating conditions and the
development of catalytic and other exhaust gas system control
devices, the study of the action of sunlight on motor vehicle and
traffic gas and of photochemical atmospheric reaction in general,
the determination of the health and other effects of irradiated
gaseous and vapour pollutants, the continued study of carcinogenic
and other toxic substances presented in the urban environment and
the evaluation of their effects on health, and the study of
radioactive pollutants and their effects in connection with the
development of industrial uses - nuclear energy for power and
transportation.##
11227
J. E. Yocom
AIR QUALITY. in: Instructional Material for the
Connecticut Air Pollution Simulation Model Program
Travelers Research Center, Inc., Hartford, Conn., lOp., 1968.
2 rets. (Presented at the TRC Seminar, Hartford, Conn.,
Oct. 12, 1968.)
The nature and composition of clean air itself is reviewed.
An almost infinite number of individual chemical compounds,
singly and in combination, and existing in a variety of
physical forms contribute to community air pollution. The most
important pollutants and classes of pollutants found in
majority of communities may be listed within five categories:
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides
particulate matter. A discussion of each is presented to show
their sources and importance in air pollution problems.
Criteria background information which is required prior to
setting air quality criteria for SO2 and other pollutants is
presented.ft #
12 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
12177
John T. Middleton
AIR QUALITY AS A CONTROLLING FACTOR IN LIFE PROCESSES. In:
Biometeorology, Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual
Biology Colloquium, 1967, William P. Lowry (ed.) p. 67-79,
1967. (U) refs.
The quality of air is determined by the uses made of it and by
the pollutants injected into it by man. The quality of air
varies for a number of reasons, but principally because of
contaminants arising from economic and social developments
throughout the world. Air pollution is one of the undesirable
side effects ot this growth and development. The extent,
severity, and character of man-made air pollution are determined
by the kind, number, and location of contaminant sources, the
chemical reactivity and interaction of the pollutants, the
topography of the land, the weather, the nature of the
community, and the characteristics of the airshed.t#
11732
Mueller, Harald
POWER ECONOMY AND AIR POLLUTION. (Energiewirtschaft und
Luftverunreinigung). Text in German. Electro-Techniek (The
Hague), «6 (20) : I421-U30, Oct. 3, 1968. 89 refs.
Types of pollutants, the effects of air pollution on humans,
animals, plants, and materials, as well as control measures
taken by power plants are reviewed. About 20 to 35% of the
solid pollutants in the atmosphere comes from domestic
heaters, 35% from industries, and 25% from automobile exhaust
gases. Of the gaseous pollutants, the most dangerous is S02.
Regulations in Russia limit their concentration in the
atmosphere to 0.06 ppm. In Gelsenkirchen in the Ruhr valley,
Germany, a concentration of 0.12 ppm has been measured. The
threshold limit value (TLV) referred to eight-hour daily
exposure has been set at 5 ppm for N02. Electrostatic
precipitators, mechanical separators, centrifugal separators,
scrubbers, and bag filters are all used by power plants.
Desulfurization of flue gases and of the fuel is also mentioned
as a possible solution. High stacks positively influence the
dispersion process. The power output by the plants erected in
1950 rose 375% by 1963. Dust emission, however, has been
reduced to 70% of the 19bO value.
A. General 13
-------
EMISSION SOURCES
00020
J. P. Goldsmith and L. H. Rogers
HEALTH HAZARDS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. Public Health Kept..,
74(6) :bb1-bb3, June 19b9.
Of the substances which occur in automobile exhaust and their
reaction products, hygienic standards have been established for
industrial exposure to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, and
ozone. Establishing a full set of levels for community exposures
to these substances is very difficult because of the sensitivity of
trail or ill individuals, the indeterminate period of exposure, the
effect of agents in combination, and the cumulative effect of
exposure from other sources, such as cigarette smoking. The
hazard of automobile exhaust to the population of a large community
will depend, among other things, on the extent and way that
vehicles are used, and. the meteorology of the area. In the
absence of effective control for air pollution from automobile
exhaust, the public health hazard should be evaluated. (Author)##
00024
V. G. HacKenzie
THE POWEB INDUSTRY AND AIR POLLUTION. Public Health Service,
Washington, D.C., Div. ot Air Pollution, Nov. 28, 1962.
12 pp.
The relation between the power industry and air pollution is
discussed concerning its role in meeting high energy production and
its obligation toward meeting the national problem of air
pollution. The following topics are discussed: (1) nature of
power industry emissions, (2) the sultur dioxide problem, (3) means
of controlling emissions, and (t) control of nitrogen and sulfur
oxides. (A paper based on remarks made by V. G. MacKenzie at
the 1962 Annual Meeting, Association of Edison Illuminating
Companies, Boca Raton, Fla., Nov. 28, 1962.)##
00027
A. H. Rose, Jr., M. Corn, R. R. Horsley, D. R.
Allen, and P. W. Kolp
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS OF INCINERATOR FIRING PRACTICES AND
COMBUSTION AIR DISTRIBUTION. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. H(H):297-J09, Feb.1959.
15
-------
The relationships t"tueen incinerator design criteria and
resulting atmospheric contaminant discharges were investigated.
Tests were made by burning a fuel of constant conposition in a
prototype, multiple-chamber incinerator under controlled
conditions. Effects of variables were measure! by analyzing the
tine gases for solids, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and CO.
The series of tests reported was made to (1) provide information
on the relative importance of such variables as stoking and amount
of ruel per charge insofar as they affect the production of
atmospheric pollutants, and (2) evaluate the chosen levels of
variables such as excess combustion air, underfire and secondary
air distribution, and fuel charging rate. Production of
p^rticulates was highly dependent on the amount of excess
combustion air and the percentage of this air entering under the
fuel beci. At the 50% excess air level, particulate discharge
increased when under^ire air was increased from 1b% to 30% of the
total combustion aii_. This did not hold true for the 150% excess
air level. Reduction of hydrocarbons and CO appeared to be
more dependent on the level of excess combustion air available than
on its distribution between overfire, undertire, and secondary air.
These pollutants were produced under combustion with 50% excess
air but not with 150% excess. Production of oxides of nitrogen
depended on the rate of fuel charging, the amount of excess air,
and the gas temperature in the ignition zone. (Author) #*
000 JO
W. S. Smith
AT10SPFERIC EMISSIONS FROM FUEI OIL COMBUSTION (AN INVENT03Y
GUIDE). Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of
Air Pollution, (999-AP-2.) Nov. 1962. 102p.
This review provides a guide for the inventorying and control of
emissions arising rroir. the combustion of fuel oil. Information
was collected from the published literature and other sources.
The report is limited to information on oil used as a source of
heat or power (exclusive of process heaters). The data were
abstracted, assembled, and converted to common units of
expression to facilitate understanding. From these data, emission
factors were established that can be applied to fuel oil combustion
to determine the magnitude of air-contaminatina emissions. Also
discussed are the compositions of fuel oils; the preparation and
combustion of fuel oil; and the rates of emission, their variables,
and their control. (Author)**
MOTOR VEHICLES, AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH (A REPORT OF THE
SUPGEON GENERAL TO THE U.S. CONGRESS IN COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC LAW
86-493, THE SCHENCF ACT). Dublic health Service,
Washington, D.C., Dlv. of Air Pollution. June 1962. i)6j
pp.
"Motor Vehicles, Air Pollution, and Health" is a report
prepared by the Division of Air Pollution of the Public Health
Service as directed by the Congress in Public Law Rb-u93.~
16r, NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
The Report is presented in three parts as follows: Part I.
Summary—A Review of the Problem; Part II. Effects of
Motor Vehicle Pollution on Health; Part III. Air
Pollution from Motor Vehicles. Part I summarizes current
information and theories of the nature of air pollution
resulting from emissions from motor vehicles. It also
examines approaches to the reduction of such pollution, and some
of the problems associated with control measures. Finally, it
presents an appraisal of the biological effects, proven or
potential, of such pollution. Part II reviews, in detail,
information which has been reported concerning the influence
of air pollution on health, with particular reference to the
effects from pollution arising from the operation of
motor vehicles. The results of mortality and morbidity surveys,
of laboratory research, and of other pertinent investigations
are given. The responses of vegetation and animals, as we'll as of
humans'1, 'to individual contaminants as well as to mixtures, such
as are encountered in the atmosphere, are examined. Part III
describes, in some detail, how motor vehicle operation elates to
emissions of pollutants, the magnitude of the pollution problem,
the nature of chemical reactions in the atmosphere, factors
affecting concentrations, methods for reducing pollution, and
the subject of ambient air and emission standards.##
OOObH
A STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE INTERSTATE REGION OF LEWISTOH,
IDAHO, AND CLARKSTON, WASHINGTON. Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div of Air Pollution. (999-AP-8.) Dec.
1964. 166p.
As a result of an increasing number of complaints from citizens
about reduced visibility, damage to house paint, tarnishing
of silver, undesirable odors, and suspected effects of air
pollution on health, Idaho and Washington and Lewiston and
Clarkston officials reguested assistance from the D.S. Public
Health Service. Subsequently, the Public Health Service, the
two states, and the two cities agreed to undertake a
cooperative study; the two cities participated in the study.
The purpose of the study was to determine the nature and extent
of air pollution in the two-city area and to assemble information
to be used as a basis for technical and official action needed to
conserve air quality in the area. Because of its unique valley
location, the two-city area is susceptible to meteorological
conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. Either city
can contaminate the other, and this creates a multi-
jurisdictional problem that requires joint and cooperative action
to control air pollution. As a first step to solve the problem,
an Air Resources Management Council consisting of county,
city, and state officials is to be organized. This council
will be responsible for planning surveys and studies to determine
air quality guides and legislation and administration necessary
to control air pollution in this multi-jurisdictional area. The
Public Health Service in its advisory capacity will provide
technical assistance. (Author)ft
B. Emission Sources 17
-------
00081
^.T. Arnest
ATMOSPHERE CONTROL IN CLOSED SPACE ENVIRONMENT (SUBMARINE).
Naval Medical Research Lab., New London, Conn., Bureau
of Medicine and Surgery, (Rept. No. 367.) Dec. T4, 1961. 39
pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 270896
The purpose of this worK was to make a general summary of the
toxicological problems associated with the closed space environment
of submarines and to review the current state of development of
tools for measuring and removing the problem substances involved.
More than twenty-five atmospheric contaminants are listed, their
sources, and their maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) are
given, as well as the symptoms they cause, the long-term effects;
tools for measuring the amounts of contaminants present are
described and methods of removal indicated, in so far as known.**
00107
S. S. Griswold
CONTROL OF STATIONARY SOURCES (TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPT. VOLUME
1). Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District,
Calif. Apr. 1960. 191 pp.
As a result of the intensive source control measures administered
in Los Angeles County, Virtually all industrial operations have
been brought within the scope ot the air pollution control
program. From the melting of metal to the painting of
manufactured goods, specific industrial processes and equipment
have been subject to air pollution control measures. This -volume
provides individual discussion of control techniques applied to the
most significant stationary sources of air contamination. Certain
source emission problems, such as those traceable to the operation
of railroad locomotives and ships, are not discussed in this volume
in view of the current unimportance of the source. The material
reported in this volume generally contains only those developments
occurring subsequent to the publication of the Second Technical
and Administrative Report on Air Pollution Control in Los
Angeles County, 1950-51. (Author)##
00109
A. P. Altshuller
REACTIVITY OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOOXIDATION.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air
Pollution. (999-AP-K4.) July 1965. 29 pp.
The organic vapors emitted to urban atmospheres by motor vehicles
and other sources ot emissions consist not onl_y of paraffinic,
acetylenic, aromatic, and olefinic hydrocarbons but also of
aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols and chlorinated
18 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
hydrocarbons. To estimate the contribution of each of these
classes of compounds to photochemical smog, one must know both
their atmospheric concentrations and their relative reactivities in
atmospheric reactions. A review of the available literature on
concentration levels of organic vapors in urban atmospheres
indicates that much more analytical work is needed. The existing
data are adequate, however, tor the formulation of useful
estimates. Feactivities of organic substances in photooxidation
reactions can be considered from many standpoints. Rates of
disappearance of the organic substances, rates of disappearance of
nitric oxide or ot formation and disappearance of nitrogen dioxide,
and rates or maximum yields of various products such as oxidant or
organic nitrates all can be used as chemical measurements of
reactivity. Eye irritation, various types of plant damage, and
aerosol formation are indicators of reactivity that can be related
only to a limited extent to chemical measurements of reactivity.
The problems of developing a single index of reactivity are
considered. The application of reactivity measurements to
automobile exhaust composition, to control devices, and to
improvements in atmospheric purity is discussed. (Author) ##
00110
J. H. Fernandes, J. D. Sensenbaugh, and D. G. Peterson
BOILER EMISSIONS AND THEIR CONTROL. Combustion Engineering,
Inc., Windsor, Conn., and Air Preheater Co., Wellsville,
N.Y. (Presented at Conference on Air Pollution Control,
Mexico City, Apr. 28, 1966.)
Emissions from combustion sources that are significant from the
standpoint of air pollution include (1) particulata matter, (2)
sulfur oxides, and (3) nitrogen oxides. Particulate matter is
objectionable on esthetic grounds. The technology for its control
well developed, although effort is constantly being made to
improve collection equipment and reduce the cost of a
nonproductive operation. Techniques have been developed for
control of 303 in oil-tired units by means of low-excess air and
additives. Methods for control of 303 in coal-fired boilers
have not been as well developed as for oil-fired anits, but there
is less 503 present with coal firing. A great deal of work has
been done on control of S02, both by fuel desulfurization and by
removing the 502 from the stack gas. Oxides of nitrogen are
important as air pollutants because of their participation in the
reactions leading to photochemical smog. Since the localities
most subject to photochemical smog are in oil and gas burning
areas, most ot the work has been done on these fuels. The
emission of oxides of nitrogen can be significantly reduced by
using gas fuel or by use of a suitable tiring method and low-excess
air with oil tuel.tft
00160
Campau, Robert M and James C. Neerman
CONTINUOUS MASS SPECTSOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF NITPIC OXIDE IN
AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST. In: Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE
Progress in Technology Series, Vol. 12, New York, Society of
B. Emission Sources 19
-------
Automotive Fngineers, Inc., 1966, p. 325-334. 11 rafs.
(Presented at the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit,
Mich., Jan. 10-1i», 1966.)
Three techniques for the measurement of the oxides of nitrogen
in automotive exhaust were evaluated. The techniques included a
"nitrous fume" analyzer, a gaseous N02 colorimeter, and a
movable mass spectrometer. All data obtained were compared to
data from currently accepted wet chemical methods, the
phenoldisulfonic acid method and the "modified" Saltzman
technique. Of the techniques evaluated, the mass spectrometer
analysis of NC has been found to be the most useful for the
study of nitrogen oxides in engine exhaust. The high cost of
wet chemical analysis has inlicated a need tor an improved and
continuous analytical method. Most analytical methods oxidize the
NO present in exhaust gas to N02 which is highly reactive with
other exhaust constituents and even with the sampling systems.
The mass spectrometer approach measures NO within seconds of
its discharge, thus minimizing any reactions prior to measurement.
Nitric oxide is monitored at the mass/charge ratio of 30, the
molecular ion peak;. Contributions to the m/e peak by other
exhaust components such as formaldehyde and ethane are less than
five percent under :r,ost engine operating conditions. For rich
operation, a small correction was used for CO of molecular
weight 30. The rapid response of the mass spectrometer allows
monitoring of NC in automotive exhaust under transient conditions
such as the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board
Exhaust Test Procedure. Typical MVPCB nitric oxide traces
are shown with various carburetion and spark timing calibrations.
(Authors' abstract)##
00186
J. II. Ludwig
SEMINAR OK AIB POLLUTION BY MOTOR VEHICLES. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution. 1966.
52 pp.
The contribution of motor vehicle emissions to community-wide air
pollution is discussed and related to other factors involved in air
oollution such as commercial and industrial sources, the size of
-he community and source distribution, topographical and
meteorological factors, and the degree of control exercised on
the sources. In particular, one section of the publication
analyzes .the different pollutant types emitted from diesel and
gasoline engines. Another section discusses the photochemical
reactions in the atmosphere known to produce air pollutants.##
00220
J. P. Sheehy, J. J. Henderson, C. I. Harding,
L. Dams
and A.
AIR POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, F10RIDA (A PILOT
STUDY - AUG.-SEPT. 1961). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution (AP-3). Apr.
1963. 65 pp.
GPO: 802-899-6
20
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
The objectives of this pilot study were: (1) To develop a
preliminary opinion as to whether the city of Jacksonville has a
generalized air pollution problem. (2) To determine whether
certain pollutants - fluorides and 302, were present in the
atmosphere in concentrations capable of producing the damage to
vegetation that had'been experienced in the Jacksonville-Duval
County area. To accomplish the first objective, a one-week
intensive investigation was carried on in downtown Jacksonville,
at (emming Park, from August 3 to 10, 1961. To accomplish to
second objective, additional studies were conducted during the
periods August 4 to 12, and September 5 to 13, 1961, in the area
in which damage to vegetation had occurred. The two fertilizer
plants, located in the industrial area of Jacksonville, were not
in production during the first phase of this study. Pollutants
sampled in this study included fluorides, S02, H2S, H02,
nitrogen dioxide, and particulates. As a result of the
investigations it was concluded that: (1) Photochemical smog was
being produced in the air over Jacksonville. (2) Concentrations
of fluorides occurred in certain parts of Jacksonville during the
period of the study that, could cause damage to sensitive plants.
(3) Pollutants from the city of Jacksonville can be transported
across the St. John's River. H2S concentrations measured
during this study were not of the magnitude known to cause
discoloration of paints containing lead pigments and/or mercury
base fungicides. Subsequent to the study, an incident of
darkening of paints occurred in the arlington area. Therefore,"it
is evident that an H2S problem exists in this area. S02
concentrations observed during this study did not reach levels
known to cause damage to vegetation. However, it appears
possible for S02 concentrations to reach levels during the
heating season capable of causing damage to sensitive plants,
particularly in localized areas downwind of major sources of
S02.*#
00250
L. C. HcCabe and J. S. Lagarias
AIR POLLUTION AND THE PAINT INDUSTRY. J. Paint Technol.,
38(K95):210-216, Apr. 1966. (Presented at the 43rd Annual
Meeting, Federation of Societies for Paint Technology, At-
lantic City, N. J., Oct. 29, 1965.
The manner in which regulations on gaseous and particulate
emissions affect the paint industry is reviewed with special
emphasis on proposed new legislation concerning solvent emissions.
Factors which influence the establishment of emission standards
and ambient air quality are discussed. The inconsistencies from
community to community on emission standards do not appear to be
related to meteorological or local conditions. It is suggested
that the setting of standards for air quality should depend upon
establishing the effects of air pollutants on humans, animals, and
vegetation as well as economic and meteorological considerations.
A review of existing codes shows that this has not always been
done. In the case of organic solvents, proposed legislation could
result in substantial changes in the use of certain solvents.f#
B. Emission Sources 21
-------
00271
H. F. McMichael and J. E. Sigsby, Jr.
AUTOMOTIVE ^MISSIONS AFTER HOT AND COLD STARTS IN SUMMER AND
WINTER. 0. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 16 (9) : 484-488,
Sept. 1966. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Fiancisco, Calif., June
22, 1966.)
The U. S. Public Health Service, as part of its continuing
investigations of automotive emissions, began a study early in 1965
to determine the effects of hot-start and cold-start engine
operation on exhaust emissions. This study was conducted in the
Cincinnati area in summer and winter ambient temperatures. The
effects of hot and cold starts on the mass and composition of
exhaust gases were compared. Emissions from the test vehicles
were measured in actual traffic with a proportional sampler. The
test route was developed in earlier work to represent average urban
driving conditions. Data from this study reflect the effects of
traffic density, route, and climate on hot-start and cold-start
engine operation. (Authors' abstract)##
00288
H. C. Johnson, J. D. Coons, and D. M. Keagy
CBN MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS MEET TOMORBOH'S REGULATIONS?
Preprint. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June
20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-1J1.)
Over the last two decades, Los Angeles, the San Francisco
Bay Area, and other West Coast areas have gone far bevond most
other parts of the country in the nature and extent of limitations
legally imposed on incinerator design and performance. With the
increasing population of these areas, and the problems of other
solid waste disposal methods, it seems prudent to consider whether
additional or tighter limitations may be imposed as rapidly as the
technology permits. It is the purpose of this paper to consider
briefly some of the implications of these possibilities. It is,
therefore, primarily speculative in nature. Present and future
standards for incinerator emission control, incinerator performance
and design considerations are discussed. (Authors' abstract)##
00 J19
SURVELLIANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN CALIFORNIA
(QUARTERLY PROGRESS RFPT. NO. 1, JULY - SEPT., 1965).
California Dept. of Public Health, Los Angeles, Vehicle
Pollution Lab. Spet. 1965. 77 pp.
The 1966 model automobiles which are sold and registered in
California must be equipped with exhaust control systems or
control devices which will meet California standards for the
emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Although all
control systems were thoroughly tested prior to certification
2? NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
these tests were performed on a limited number of
preproduction model cars and their performance in the hands of the
general public may differ substantially from that of the earlier
test vehicles. Moreover, since the maintenance requirements
recommended by the car manufacturers are not enforceable by
law, the effects of quality and frequency of voluntary
maintenance on emission levels need further study. Under the
Federal Surveillance Grant the above conditions will be
investigated on a large sampling of cars at 3 separate surveillance
test stations in the Southern California area, each equipped
with a chassis dynamometer and an analytical sampling train for
the accurate determination of emission levels. The 1966
model vehicles equipped with exhaust control systems were not
available for testing during this report period. However,
test data were obtained and compiled on 2 groups of fleet
vehicles. In general, both groups of vehicles were driven
in a manner considered representative of the type of driving
expected of private owners. Servicing of the fleet vehicles
may have been different from the maintenance procedure of
private owners. Results of the survey are expressed in both
tabular and graphic form for cold and hot starts showing the
changes in emission levels of hydrocarbon and CO with respect
to mileage accumulation and/or engine adjustments. The data
are presented in categories by manufacturer. State-owned Fleet,
General Motors Corp., Ford fotor Co., American Motors,
'international Harvester, Kaiser-Willys. Data derived from the
testing ot the fleet vehicles will provide a basic reference
pattern for comparing tleet-maintanined vehicles with: (1) the
1966 assembly line production models (with control system) sold
to private owners in California; (2) the 1965 unequipped vehicles
maintained by the general public.##
00321
G. C. Mass, F. Bonamassa, P. Reward, N. Kayne
THE INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE OPERATING VARIABLES ON
EXHAUST EMISSIONS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 17(6)
381-7, June 1967. (Presented at the 59th Annual leeting. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., San Francisco,
Calif., June 20-21, 1966, Paper No. 66-69.)
This paper is a report of the operating variables and emission
characteristics of a 1961 283 cubic inch V-8 Chevrolet
automobile. This vehicl-a was used as a laboratory tool in a
project to develop an improved driving cycle to represent Los
Angeles peak hour driving. As a result it became necessary to
run many expoloratory tests to determine the relationships
between the primary variables of intake manifold vacuum,
engine rpm, and vehicle speeds and acceleration rates.
Emissions ot hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides
were also determined for the entire range of operating conditions.
The effect ot prior operating modes on closed-throttle
unburner! hydrocarbon concentrations was also determinad.
The results ot these tests are presented in tables and
graphs which make a comorehensive picture oi one typical
automobile as a generator ot air pollutants. (Author's
abstract) ft*
B. Emission Sources 23
-------
K. <5. Jrouso and !?. F. Flynn
SP'ipCF INV£NmOPY IP1 SYSTEM FOR ^ A ? T I C'J L A T Z ANT 3ASTOU3
POLLUTANTS. rreprint. (Presented at the 59th Annual
K'^etir.cT, Air Pollution Control ftssocia t ion, 3an Francisco,
Calif., June 20-2U, 19f,6, Paper No. ot-10.)
A so u r c e inventory Tin system of air pollutants is described
which :r,i;;es use of an existing IBM card i n ie x-regi st r =11 ion
system in an established air pollution control district and which
employs efficient utilization ot engineering time, including
computer services, to establish and maintain current a detailed
source inventory ot point sources of emissions. An emission
inventory specifies the (1) amounts, and (2) sources of air
pollution in a co.iir.un: ty. The knowledge of air pollution can be
relegated to throe simple questions: (1) ''What" the pollution
problem is in terms of primary air pollutants, (2) the "where" of
the problem -- i.e., a description of the industrial, commercial,
or domestic sources by tabulation or either (a) types and location
ot basic equipment discharging pollutants, (b) a description in
broad source categories ot industry, or (c) actual tabulation of
locations ot olants in the community, and (3) the "how
much" or extent of air pollutants. In the case of gases, namely
organic compounds, the oxides of nitrogen ard sulfur, and CO,
future regulation and enforcement of invisible gaseous emissions
requires an inventory which predetermines or estimates levels of
emissions ind directs enforcing officers or inspectors to point
locations. This capability is discussed as well as the
description ot the method of construction of a recent source
inventory, calculated on the basis or average emission factors and
known nlint throughput data and plant locations (reaistered plant
equipment) . * ~
AIR POLLUTION AND COMMUNITY HEALTI1
Medical Climatology M1S-1H, 1 4 f: u .
In this chapter author reviews manor pollution episodes which
have occurred since 19)0 in various {art--, ot the world. These
episodes have demonstrated the dan^r and the lethilitv that may
result when certain meteorologic ph e r.omeiia occur in i^og ra ph ica 1
areas where potentially high concentrations ol }ir pollutants may
form. Certain pollutants that might De tolerated i r; low
conc°n t rat ions in some inhabitel ar>-.is might oocome danierous when
mixed with pollutants from oth.-->r sources that could exeLt an
accentuating or synergistic action. Su2, paLticulires, CO,
beryllium, lead, fluoride, photochemical, and ill.-rgenic
pollutants and their effect on nan an.i animals are discussed. The
most important animal exoeriments as well as other research are
reviewed. M
24 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
00454
J.M. Plum
(RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION IN GASEOUS MEDIA.) La pollution
radioactive des milieux gazeux. Energie Nucl. (Paris)
8(2):141-3, Apr. 1966. Text in French
An annotated bibliography is given for various aspects of
atmospheric radioactive pollution, including measurement
methods, waste disposal and effects on humans.#t
00464
C.F. Ellis
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES FOR OXYGENATES.
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. (Kept, of Investigations
No. 5822) . 1961. 39 pp.
This report presents procedures tor chemical analyses of
certain oxygenated compounds, procedures for sampling the
exhaust gases for these analyses, and the analytical results
ot some experimental work in which these procedures were
used. A stationary 1956 model, 170 horsepower, V-8,
dynamometer-mounted engine, operated to simulate vehicular cruise
conditions, was used for the study. Exhaust gsees produced
from a regular-grade Midcontinent gasoline during 15- , '40- ,
and 60-mile-per-hour cruise operations were analyzed by chemical
methods tor formaldehyde, total aldehydes, total carbonyls, total
alcohols, carvon associated with the oxygenated compounds, and the
oxides of nitrogen. Experimental results indicate: (1) The
range of concentrations of the total of the functional
groups of oxygenated compounds, expressed as moles per million
moles ot water-free exhaust gases, is about 90-100; the
concentrations increase with engine speed; (2) Aldehydes
comprise about 80-90 mole-percent of the total of the
oxygenated groups, and formaldehyde accounts for about
50 mole-percent of the total aldehydes; (3) The order of
magnitude ot the concentration ot the carbonyls is the same as
that for the aldehydes, indicating that ketones are not a
major group. A colorimetric test indicates that methyl ketones
consititute about 2 mole-percent of the oxygenated compounds;
(4) The concentration of the alcohols is of the order of 10
mole-perc9nt of the oxygenated compounds; (5) The total
carbon associated with the oxygenated compounds is about 175 moles
per million moles of water-free exhaust gas for all 3 speeds;
and (6) The concentration of N oxides, expressed as
moles of N02 per million moles of water-free exhaust gas,
is about IbO, 1,600, and 2,800 at 15, 40, and 60 miles per hour,
respectively.##
00504
D.A. Jensen
SEPARATING FACT FROM FICTION IN AUTO SMOG CONTROL. Arch.
Environ. Health, 14 (1) :150-155, Jan. 1967. (Presented at
B. Emission Sources 25
-------
the American Medical Association ftir Pollution Medical
Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., March 2-4, 1966.)
Author gives a status state-of the -art summary of the various
sources of emissions from automobiles. Topics covered are:
crankcase emission controls; servicing and maintenance; requirement
of a "closed" system or one equally effective, exhaust emission
controls; evaporative emissions; oxides of nitrogen emission
controls; diesel smoke and odor emission controls; cars and
fuels of the future. In addition, author discusses the impending
vehicle emission control which will be put into effect for
1968 motor vehicles.ft
00539
H. Stephany
TYPE AND EMISSION QUANTITIES OF INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC FLUE GASES
AND VEHICLE EXHAUST GASES. (Art und Emissionsmengen von
Industrie-, Hausbrand-und Kraftfahrzeug-Abgasen.) Erdoel
Kohle (Hamburg) 1 9 (6) : 457-161 , June 1966.
Types of air pollution which occur in Germany are discussed.
The Clean Air Committee of the Association of German
Engineers is described. The committee's program and published
regulations for the limitation of emissions are tabulated.#f
00566
W. L. Faith
ECONOMICS OF MOTOR VEHICLES POLLUTION CONTROL. Chem. Eng.
Progr., 62 (10):41-H3, Oct. 1966. (Presented before the
Symposium on Economics of Air Pollution Control, 59th
National Meeting, American Inst. of Chemical Engineers,
Columbus, Ohio, May 15-18, 1966, Paper No. 2H G.)
The cost of air pollution control devices to the motorist, for the
reduction of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in
general and per smog day, are discussed. Cost of the device, of
the installation and cost of maintenance are calculated. Results
are summarized in tables.t#
00592
T. A. Huls, P. S. Myers, and 0. A. Uyehara
SPAPK IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION AND DESIGN FOR MINIMUM EXHAUST
EMISSION. In: Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE
Progress in Technology Series, Vol. 12, Society of
Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 1966, p. 71-91. 28
refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers
Meeting, June 6-10, 1966.
The purpose of the tests conducted on a single-cylinder
laboratory engine was to determine what can be done in the design
2fr NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
and operation of a spark-ignition engine to minimize emission
of air pollutants. For the engine used in this study, the
exhaust emissions were found to have the following dependence on
various engine variables. Hydrocarbon emission was reduced by
lean operation, increased manifold pressure, retarded spark,
increased exhaust temperature, increased coolant temperature,
increased exhaust back pressure and decreased compression
ratio. Carbon monoxide emission was affected by air-fuel ratio
and premixing the charge. NO and N02 emission is primarily a
function of the 02 available and the peak temperature attained
during the cycle. Decreased manifold pressure and retarded spark
decrease NOx emission. Hydrocarbons were found to react to some
extent in the exhaust port and exhaust system. This reaction
appears to follow the Arrhenius rate equation relationship.
Calculations of theoretical HC concentrations were made
based on quench theory using measured combustion pressures and
surface temperatures. It was assumed that the only source
of HC's in the exhaust is the quench volume, i.e., the thin
layer adjacent to the chamber walls tnrougn which the flame does
not propagate. The difference between actually measured HC
emission levels and the levels that quench theory predicts is
resolved by assuming 2/3 of the contents of the quench
volume leave the engine and Arrhenius type reaction during the
exhaust portion of the combustion cycle. It was also concluded
that the HC's left unburned after flame passage in the combustion
chamber are proportional to the area swept by the flame per unit
charge. (Authors' abstract)##
00650
M.C. Battigelli
EFFECTS OF DIESEL EXHAUST. Arch. Environ. Health Vol.
10(2)165-167, Feb. 1965. (Presented at the Seventh Annual
Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, los Angeles,
Calif., Feb. 10-11, 1964.)
Over the past three years the author's wors. at the School of
Public Health in Pittsburgh has been directed to the possible
detrimental effects brought about through exposure to diesel
motor exhaust. Attention was directed to railroad workers
employed in locomotive repair shops. Neither respiratory
complaints nor impaired pulmonary function, could be related
to this type of occupational exposure. As a second phase in
this investigation, volunteers were exposed to diesel exhaust
gas tor short periods and pulmonary resistance was measured. The
levels utilized for these controlled exposures are
comparable to realistic values such as those found in railroad
shops. No effect could be measured in these volunteers after
they had been exposed at these varying levels of pollution
from diesel exhaust for short periods up to one hour.#*
00673
H.H. Hovey, A. Wisman, J.F. Cunnans
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AIR CONTAMINANT EMISSION TABLES FOR
NONP^OCCSSS EMISSIONS J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
Vol. 16 (/) :J62-366, July 1966. (Presented at the 58th
B. Emission Sources 27
-------
Annual leetinq, Air °ollution Control Association, Toronto,
Canada, June 20-24, 1465, Paper No. 65-I/.)
In Kew York State, the calculation ot air contaminant
emissions troir a variety ot sources is an essential part of
pollution studies. The tables used to
wore obtained from an extensiv"
literature search and modified to apply
conditions. For example, sulfur dioxid
coal were selected to reflect
coal sold in New York, state. S i r.ce th
comprehensive air
calculate emission
array ot eirission factors,'*
to New York state
emission factors tor
the average sulfur content ot the
literature contains a
00674
W. F. Jackson
AIK "OLLUTION ^POC AUTOMOBILES IN PHILADELPHIA. Preprint.
(Presented at the SRth Annual Ile^ting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 2U-21, 1965,
Paper No. 65-1(7.).
This report has been prepared with the objectives ot describing
the problem created by automobiles in Philadelphia and
recommend ing the action which must be taken. The action
recommended is as follows: (1) Positive crankcase ventilation
systems and exhaust control systems should be reauired on all new
cars registered in Pennsylvania. A well planned program of
controlling only the new cars with factory i ti stalled devices will
minimize the problem over a ten year period. If initiated
immediately, this reasonable approach uould eliminate the need for
a crash program at some tuture date. All mechanical devices
require maintenance to insure proper and efficient operation; and
(2) The State—wide inspectional system should require a
maintenance check ot all appropriate parts ot the automobiles to
insure satisfactory operation (as related to pollution erissions)
and to reiect those carr, with visibly excessive exhaust emissions.
This should apply to both new and useu automobiles and all other
types ot motor vehicles.#tt
0069 1
G. Walker
EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF
A GASOLINE ENGINE OPE^ATTKr, ABO'JT IhE STO 1C H10 .". FT ? TC CONDITION.
Preprint. (Presented at the 5.'(th Annual rteetinj, Air
Pollution Control Association, Toronto, C a n a d i, June 20-24,
1965, Paper No. 6b-ll.)
The operation ot a C.F.R. internal combustion en a me was
simulated on a digital electronic ccmrutec. A stuly was made of
the effect of variation in the air-tuel ratio on the equilibrium
distribution patterns of combustion [roaucts jt the en 1 of the
expansion stroke. The combustion products were assumed *-o consist
ot 10 chemical species at instantaneous equilibrium during both the
finite combustion period and subsequent expansion. Th»
equilibrium composition ot 'he 10 species throughout the whole
28
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
period is presented graphically for six different air-fuel ratios
both greater and less than the stoichiometric value. Other
parameters of engine performance, including thermal efficiency,
m.e.p., work done per cycle and the heat transferred, are given
tor the same air-fuel ratios.##
00798
P.I. Larsen
VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND EFFECTS, A SUMKARY OF THE DECEMBER 1961
AIR POLIDTION RESEARCH CONFERENCES. Preprint. (Presented
at the New England Section Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Worcester, Mass., Apr. 25, 1962).
In December 1961 air pollution research findings to that date
were presented at two conferences held in Los Angeles. The
conferences were tha Fifth Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference and the Joint Research Conference on Motor
Vehicle Emissions and Their Effects. A few highlights follow.
Air pollution damages plants, animals, and property, and is
harmful to people. Plant damage in the United States exceeds
$25 million per year. Present community air pollution levels
weaken an individual's resistance to respiratory diseases such
as colds, pneumonia, and lung cancer. Smoking and air pollution
age and deteriorate lungs. In one study, smokers' lungs aged
50% faster than non-smokers' lungs. In another study, 90% of
heavy smokers (more than two packs per day) had respiratory
disease. The disease rate for several respiratory ills was 3 to
5 times greater in these heavy smokers than in individuals who had
never smoked. The death rate from emphysema (deteriorated lungs)
has increased 400% in the last 10 years. A recently identified
photochemical pollutant, peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN), at
concentrations as low as 5 parts per billion (ppb), damages
plants. It is guite possible that this pollutant is responsible
tor most "oxidant-type" damage in Los Angeles. Five times as
much exhaust gas from low-olefin fuel was required to produce
similar damage. Russian air guality standards probably have
at least one present use in the United States.
In a given community, pollution concentrations that do not
exceed the Russian standards tentatively could be considered to
not be problems. The contribution of the internal combustion
engine to smog could be reduced significantly by improved
carburetor design, improved production control, an4 imporved
carburetor and ignition system maintenance. If the
conventional engine without an afterburner is considered beyond
redemption, a lean-fuel engine (such as gas urbine, stratified
charge, or diosel) could be used to meet present emission
standards. If an automobile that does not contribute to smog is
to be achieved, a new sense of mission, a lot more money, and
additional competent researchers will be reguired. (Author
abstract modified)**
00892
W.D. Norwood, D.E. Wisehart, C.A. Earl, F.E. Adley,
D.E. Anderson
NITROGEN DIOXIDE POISONING DUE TO METAL-CUTTING SITH
OXYACETYLENE TORCH. J. Occupational Med. 8 (6):301-306,
June 1966.
B. Emission Sources 29
-------
Several hours after the use of an acetylene torch for metal-
cutting in a poorly ventilated water main, a worker became so
short of breath that he could not sleep. He reported to the
plant physician 18 hr. after the exposure and an X-ray film
revealed pulmonary edema. Beenactment of the event
produced a level of nitrogen dioxide of 90 ppm in HO min., the
total oxides of nitrogen being in excess of 300 ppm. Such a
level might well be expected to produce pulmonary edema. The
accident was typical of the insidious action of nitrogen dioxide,
which can so easily occur under some conditions and may cause
death. Hecognition of the latent period between exposure and
the development of pulmonary edema, timely treatment with bed
rest, and, it necessary, the administration of oxygen under
pressure can be life-saving. A greater awareness of the sources
and toxicity of nitrogen dioxide is also needed to prevent
unnecessary exposure. (Author summary)##
00962
P. I. Larsen
AIP POLLUTION FPOH KCTOB VEHICLES. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
136 (12) :275-301, Aug. 26, 1966. (Presented at a meeting of the
New York Academy of Sciences, April 6, 1966.)
Motor vehicles are a major source of urban air pollution. They
emit carbon monoxide that reduces man's ability to transport oxygen
to his tissues; lead that increases man's body burden of this toxic
metal; cancerigenic hydrocarbons; and reactive hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides that combine with sunlight to produce
eye-irritating, plant-damaging, visibility-obscuring photochemical
smog in Hew York as well as in California. Present and
predicted air pollutant concentrations are compared with pollutant
effects and air quality standards. Emission-reduction features
presently used in new cars sold in California will improve air
guality, but will not completely solve the problem. Indications
are that 95 percent reduction in emissions of carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides from new cars sold in the United
States may be needed by 1975. Such a "clean-air car" by 1975 is
suggested as a research goal for automobile manufacturers. At
present, improved fuel cells or improved battery power seem to be
the most likely means for achieving this goal. (Author
abstract)##
00969
P. A. Leighton
MAN AND AI3 IN CALIFORNIA. Preprint. (Presented at the
Statewide Conference on Man in California, 1980's,
Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 27, 1964.)
Author discusses polluted air in respect to automobile emissions
and projects the concentrations that can be expected by 1980
Presented are charts and tables which easily delineate the
salient points of the article.##
30 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
00972
FI. Mayer
A COMPILATION OF AIB POLLUTANT EMISSION FACTORS FOR COMBUSTION
PROCESSES, GASOLINE EVAPORATION, AND SELECTED INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div.
of Air Pollution, May 1965, 53 p.
The source emission factors presented in this report were compiled
primarily for use in conducting an air pollutant emission
inventory. The compilation is the result of an extensive
literature survey and includes emission factors for the principal
combustion and industrial processes. Obviously, the best
emission factor to use for any specific source of air pollution is
that resulting from source tests of the specific source.
Unfortunately, many urban areas are not eguipped to conduct the
numerous and expensive stack testing studies needed for an emission
inventory. The purpose of this compilation of emission factors is
to provide the best available substitute to air pollution control
agencies unable to conduct extensive source test programs. In
certain cases, particularly in the combustion and refuse disposal
areas, a single number is presented for the emission factor for a
specific pollutant. It should be understood that the number is
usually a weighted average of several different values found in the
listed references. The compilation of source emission factors
presented is, in our judgment, the most accurate currently
available. As new technical advances are made, however, and
additional emission data becoire available in the literature, the
present compilation snould be revised to reflect the newer data and
developments.##
00975
FI. I. Weisburd, (Compiler and Ed.)
AIR POLLUTION CONTFOL FIELD OPERATIONS MANUAL (A G'JIDE ?OR
INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT). Public Health Service, Washing-
ton, D. C., Div. of Air Pollution, 1962. 291p.
Author discusses sources, control methods, training
techniques and related aspects of air pollution. Document is an
excellent source for specific information on equipment being used
in air pollution control. Pictures, diagrams, schematics and
charts are oiven.##
01002
E. S. StarkTTarrr 4U- JU Newhall, R. Sutton, T. Maguire,
and L. Farbar
AMMONIA AS A PPARK IGNITION ENGINE FUEL: THEORY AND
APPLICATION. California Univ., Berkeley. (Presented at the
Society of Automotive Engineers Congress, Detroit, Mich.,
Jan. 10-14, 1966, Paper No. 660155.)
B. Emission Sources 31
-------
Anhydious ammonia has been demonstrated to operate successfully
as i fuel tor spark ignition engines. Principal requirements are
that it be introduced in the vapor pnjse and partly decomposed
to hydrogen and nitrogen. °park timing for maximum performance
must lie advanced slightly for ammonia but oonsitivity to spark
timing is little ireator than with hydrocarbons. Increasing the
cylinuer wall temperature aids in effecting successful ind
reluMe operation. The maximum theoretically oossible indicated
output u s i n g ammonia v i p o r is a I/ o a t 7 7 !i of that with hydrocarbon.
Specific fuel consumption increases tuofold at maximum uower
and 2-1/2 told at maximum economy when using ammonia as a
replacement for hydrocarbon. (Author abstract)**
F. F. Darley, F. P. Purleson, F. H. Kateer, J. T.
Miidlevon, and V. P. nsterli
CONTRIBUTION OF tHKNINT, OF A<; R I C U 1TUP A L IvASTFS TO PHOTOCHEMICAL
A IP DOLLl'T I ("A'. J. ?ir Pollution Control Assoc. Vol.
1 f> ( 1 2) : bHb- yo. Pec. T^hn . (Presented at the 5c'th Annual
feeting. Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco,
C 3 1 1 1 . , June 2 0 - 2 b , 1 S) 6 f> . )
Agricultural w a s te s from orchards, grain fields, and range lands
are burned each year in California as the most practical means
of ridding the land of these wastes. In order to determine the
relative contribution of the burning of such material to
photochemical air pollution, the effluent from 1J3 fires of known
w^iahts of range brusn, both drv and green, larley and rice
stubble, and primings from various fruit and nut trees were
monitored in a special tower which provided an open burning
situation. Analyses were made ror total hydrocarbon, expressed as
C, by flame lonization detection, and for 2U j.nd i viaua 1
hydrocarbons by gas chr oma t ogr aphy , as well as for CO and C02
by infrared sp <=>et r oscopy . A few analyses were mad? for oxides of
nitrogen. These data, coupled with temperature and airflow
measurements, allowed calculations to be made on pounds of
etfluent per ten of material burned an 1 demonstrated that the
emissions from aaricultural burnin-j are much less than those from
the automobile, a principal source of such emissions. (Author
abstract) Jtj
01 1 ^b
n. Z a n o n and D. S o r d e111
PPACTICfiL SOinriONS C17 AIR POLLUTION P ': ( DL I, rt S 7 PI • 1 ChTfllCAl
PROC":,S"S . (Feilizzaz loin nel Campo dejia Pre veri z ic;v dell'
inqui nanen to A t no-M er ico di Dricir.e I r. d us t r i a ie . ) Translated
from Italian. Chim. I n d . (h'ilan), 4b(.j).'^l-^h1, March 19bfa.
A strict control of pollutant to Pe dis[ert.ra in the itmosphere
offers technical and economic preblt-ms, both in the design and the
operation of chemical processma units. Three ^xample-^ of
processes tor which pollution control has been established are
described: SC2 derived trcm contact sulturic a.71d and from
hydroxylamine sultate plants, nitrous ga., tiom low and
high-piessuie nitric acid plints, and t1uorine-,-ontairina effluents
32 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
trom hydrogen fluoride production. The general approach, kind of
abatement process adopted, materials and construction costs are
discussed.*#
01165
H. R. Holland
MR QUALITY CONTROL BY PETROLEUM REFINERS. Preprint.
(Presented at the Third Annual Meeting, Pacific Northwest
International Section, Air Pollution Control Association,
Vancouver, British Columbia, Nov. 2-4, 1965.)
Air quality can best be maintained by controlling pollution on a
regional basis. Close cooperation between the technical staffs
of the province, municipalities and industries in the region is
required to achieve the best solution to the regional problem.
Means are available to control the emissions from petroleum
refineries to the degree required by our current understanding of
the problems.##
01228
L. Rispler and C. R. Ross
VENTILATION FOR ENGINE EXHAUST GASES. Occupational Health
Rev. Ottawa 17, (4) 19-22, 1965.
Engine exhaust gases are capable of affecting health in varying
degrees, and confusion as to their relative importance often
arises. This is partly because most exhaust analyses are reported
only as concentrations within the exhaust system, without
specifying the total exhaust volume. For clarification, a
comparison is made ot the actual amounts in which these components
are emitted from various engines. These data exemplify the
difference in ventilation requirements tor diesel engines acd
gasoline engines. The toxic effects of carbon monoxide and some
basic ventilation considerations are outlined. (Author abstract)t
#
01J06
L. E. Reed and C. R. Barrett
AIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRAFFIC - MEASUREMENTS IN ARCHWAY ROAD,
LONDON. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, No. 9: 357-365,
1965.
Measurements of smoke near a busy main road in London showed
concentrations (up to micro grams/cubic meter) ten to twenty
times greater than those at a site about one hundred yards away
from the road. These high concentrations are considered to be due
to diesel vehicles. Correspondingly high values for sulphur
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen at the roadside site are
attributed to road traffic generally., (Author abstract)t#
B. Emission Sources 33
-------
01362
E.K. Diehl E.A. Zawadzki
CONTAMINANTS IN FLUE GASES - AND METHODS FOR REMOVAL. Coal
Age, Vol. 70:70-74, Dec. 1965. (Presented at Technical
Sales Conference, National Coal Association and Annual
Meeting of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Sept. 1965.)
The relative importance of che harmful pollutants in stack
gases from coal combustion is described. Polynuclear
hydrocarbons, ocides of nitrogen, particulates, and sulfur oxides
are considered. Sulfur dioxide removal methods are described.##
01375
E.S. Starkman H.K. Newhall
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXPANSION OF REACTIVE GAS MIXTURES AS
OCCURRING IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CYCLES. California
Univ., Berkeley, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1965, 13 p.
("resented at the Mid-Year Meeting, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Chicago, 111., May 17-21, 1965, Paper No. 650509.)
The influence of noneguilibrium in the expansion gases of
spark ignition engines has been studied theoretically to determine
how power output and exhaust gas composition might be affected.
Comparing a gas which is frozen in composition during
expansion with a composition which continuously is in
eguilibriura shows the difference in expansion work can be as
large as 10%. Maximum influence is in the fuel-air ratio range
of chemically correct mixture. It was found that carbon monoxide
and nitric oxide concentrations in the exhaust more nearly reflect
the frozen composition than the eguilibrium expansion. This is
particularly true tor the range of mixture ratios - from lean to
chemically correct.**
01377
R.G. Mastin
COfBUSTIBLES VERSUS NITROGEN FIXATION IN GAS ENGINE OPERATION
AND LUBRICATION. J. Eng. Power, April 1965. p. 175-80.
(Presented at the Oil and Gas Power Conference and Exhibit,
Dallas, Tex., Apr. 12-16, 1964, of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Paper No. 64-OGP-4.)
Nitration is preferable to combustibles in the operation of the
gas engine because it affects only the lubricating oil.
Combustibles affect, in addition to lubricating oil, engine parts
by the deposition of carbon, and cause expensive fuel waste.
The data were gathered with the aid of an exhaust gas
analyzer and a spectrophotometer. The gas engine should never
be operated with combustibles in the exhaust gas. In many
instances, the wasted fuel will equal the cost of several oil
changes during the year. The naturally aspirated, 4-cycle, gas
engine should not be operated with 2. to 3 percent excess oxygen
content in the exhaust gases, in order that the peak incidence
34 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
of N02 may be avoided. R - o - N02 was found in varying
degrees in used oils from all types of gas engines. Deposits from
the crankcase parts of gas engines contained a - 0 - N02.
Gas engine crankcase oils should not be used too long. The oil
soluble B - 0 N02 compounds progress to the insoluble form.
This form then appears to be the nucleus for the attraction
of all foreign material present which forms the deposit. Fuller's
earth filtration does not remove oil soluble R - 0 N02
compounds from the crankcase oil.##
01381
R.W. Hum
COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSES OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUSTS. Arch.
Environ. Health, Vol. 5:592-596, Dec. 1962. (Presented at the
session on Constituents of Motor Vehicle Exhaust at the
Air Pollution Research Conferences, Los Angeles, Calif.,
Dec. 5, 1961.)
The nature of the gaseous or volatilized components of automotive
exhaust is reviewed. Recent work conducted to define more
precisely variations in exhaust-gas stream composition is reported.
Information on the simultaneous occurrences of the several
classes of components is presented. Analytical methods; inert,
reactive, and noxious constituents; and hydrocarbon measurements
are considered.##
01 JB2
R.W. Hurn, T.C. Davis
GAS CHBOPATOGPAPHIC ANALYSIS SHOWS INFLUENCE OF ?UFL ON
COMPOSITION OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE EXHAUST. Proc. Am. Petrol.
Inst. 38(3):353-375, 19b8. (Presented at the 23rd Midyear
Meeting, American Petroleum Institute's Division of defining,
Los Angeles, Calif., May 12, 1958.)
Chemical differences in the exhaust products from different fuels;
and the effect of engine speed and load on these differences are
reported. Experimental data were obtained with the use of a late
model automotive V-8 engine on a dynamometer block. Fuels which
were used included pure isooctane, commercial LPG (butane and
propane, separately), and seven gasoline stocks from different
refining processes. Analytical data obtained by gas
chromatography show that exhaust composition varies with engine
speed and load according to consistent trends. These trends are
influenced by fuel composition, and the degree of fuel influence
depends upon mode ot engine operation—some basic fuel
characteristics are more heavily reflected in the exhaust than are
others. Generally, differences in the composition of exhausts
from different fuels are guantitatively small, but they are
reproducible. (Author abstract modified)##
01384
P.W. Hurn, C.L. Dozois, J.O. Chase, C.F. Hllis,
P. E. Ferrin
B. Emission Sources 35
-------
THf DOTPOURPI THAT IS EXHAUST GAS. PEOC. Am. Petrol. Inst.,
"2(3) :657-66U, 1962. (^resented at the 27th Midyear Meeting,
Aireruan "etroleum Institute's Division of Rerinina, San
Francisco, Calif., May I/, 1962.)
Information concerning the myriad compositions and hydrocarbon
distributions that accompany changes in engine mode and that define
the vinable character ot an exhaust gas stream is given. Data
were obtained on exhaust gases produced using an engine
dynamometer cycled throuah steady-state and transient modes to
simulate deirands on the engine in city traffic. Test procedures
were designed to optimize reprod ucibilit y of the tests. Moreover,
analyses wore scheduled in a manner to permit determination of all
components on the same or on ccmparable samples. Carbon
hydrocarbons by manor types, oxygen, oxides of nitrogen, and
hydrocarbon-derived ocygenates were determined. Concentrations
that were measured fell within a range ot values that had been
reported in the literature. However, the analyses are unique in
that they provide information on the simultaneous, concurrent
concentrations ot materials that constitute the exhaust gas flow
and on how these concentrations vary with steady-state and
transient engine operation. The data also show the manner in
which both absolute and relative distributions ot hydrocarbon in
the exhausts vary with change in engine mode. (Author abstract
modified) «f
0140 0
J . A . M a g a
CONSIDER ATTONS I »i SETTING STANDAF"S TOP OXIDES OF NTTFOGFN.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 1 5 ( 1 2) : 56 1 -56U , Dec. 1965.
Since ly^y the California Department ot Public Health has held
responsibility tor setting standards for ambient air Quality for
motor vehicle emissions. Th° need tor standards for oxides of
nitrogen involves consideration both of direct effects and effects
resulting from participation in photocheir ical smog reactions.
This paper discusses the various effects ot concern and describes
the department's program for establishing air quality standards
which will become the basis for vehicle emission standards and
serve as guides tor control of othei sources of oxides of
nitrogen. (Author abstract) #
-------
combined etfects of vehicle-model age and mileage on polynuclear
emissions are discussed, as are the relationships between
polynuclear hydrocarbon emissions and the emissions of other
products of incomplete combustion. (Author abstract)##
01113
A. H. Rose, Jr., E. Smith, W. F. HcKichael, and B.
E. Kruse
COMPARISON 0? AUTO EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN TWO MAJOR CITIES . J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (8) 362-6, Aug. 1965.
Direct measurement of emissions from vehicles operating under
actual traffic conditions in Los Angeles, California, and
Cincinnati, Ohio are presented. Exhaust emissions expressed as
pounds of contaminant emitted per vehicle mile traveled are a
function of average speed of the vehicles over the designated
route (average route speed) regardless of the characteristics of
the specific route and can be best shown as a logarithmic function
of pounds of contaminant emitted per vehicle mile versus average
route speed. Exhaust emissions expressed as concentration provide
a less valid measurement of atmospheric contamination than
emissions expressed as pounds per vehicle mile traveled. The
reason is believed to be the variability in consumption of
combustion air by vehicles and in characteristics of the test
routes. The emission data expressed as a logarithmic function of
pounds of contaminant emitted per vehicle mile versus average
route speed show no significant differences between Los Angeles
and Cincinnati. The effects of peak versus offpeak traffic on
emissions expressed by weight are basically a function of the
changes in average route speed. (Author summary modified)##
01482
S. T. Cuffe and R. W. Gerstls
EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS: A COMPREHENSIVE
SUMMARY. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
National Center for Air Pollution Control. (Presented at the
American Industrial Hygiene Association Meeting, Houston,
Tex., May 1965.) (PHS Publ. No. 999-AP-35.) 1967. 30 pp.
A series of tests on six coal-burning power plants has been
conducted to determine certain stack gas components of interest in
atmospheric pollution. The six units tested included three
dry-bottom pulverized coal-burning units, two wet-bottom units, and
a large spreader-stoker traveling-grate unit. Measurements of
sulfur oxides indicate that essentially 90 to 100 percent of the
sulfur in the coal appears as sulfur oxides in the stack gas. Of
this amount 1 to 2 percent is in the form of sulfur trioxide and
the balance is sulfur dioxide. Neither the type of furnace, the
conditions of firing, nor the reinjection of fly ash affected
sulfur oxide emissions significantly. Concentrations of sulfur
oxides are thus essentially determined by the amount of sulfur in
the coal entering the furnace. Concentrations of nitrogen oxiees
varied widely, ranging from 221 ppm for the vertically fired unit
to 120U ppm for the cyclone-type furnace. Concentrations of
nitrogen oxides apparently are determined by: (1) initial flame
temperatures in the firebox, (2) decomposition in the
B. Emission Sources 37
-------
hnh-t e:u perat ore region of the furnace, and (3) quenching of the
decomposition reaction as the gases are cooled in the
toiler section of the rurnace. Control of particulate emissions
varied considerably in coal-fired power plants. Combination
cyclone and electrostatic-prociDIta tor-1ype fly-ash collectors
gave collection efficiencies or about 96 percent and an outlet
grain loading of 0.20 grain/set at full load. Electrostatic
precipitators and mechanical cyclone collectors, when used
separately, gave average collection efficiencies ranging from 75 to
BS percent, with loadings at the fly-ash collector outlet varying
from 0.14 to O.bB grain/set. Additional emissions determined
included polynuclear hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, gaseous
hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, and trace metals. None of these
components was found in appreciable quantities durinq normal
furnace operating conditions. (Author summary)**
014B4
AUTOMOTIVE AIP POLLUTION (A REPOPT TO THE U.S. CONGRESS IN
COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC LAW 83-206, THS CLEAN AIP ACT).
Preprint. Dec. 1964.
Photochemical air pollution or smog is a problem of growing
national importance and is attributable largely to the operation of
the motor vehicle. lanitestations of this type of air pollution
are appearing with increasing freguency and severity in
metropolitan areas throughout the United States. Biological
studies of animals show that the photochemical reaction products of
automotive emissions produce adverse health effects. There is
substantial evidence that these effects may appear in humans after
extended exposure to air which is known to be polluted with these
same products in many of the larger urban areas. Laboratory
experiments have demonstrated that reductions of atmospheric
hydrocarbons, an important emission from notor vehicles, can reduce
photochemical air pollution and such manifestations as eye
irritation and plant damage. Other automotive emissions such as
nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide have also been determined as
significant. Nitrogen oxides, which appear in engine exhaust
gases as well as the effluent of other combustion processes, also
play an important role in photochemical air pollution. Technical
procedures for reducing these emissions are not so clearly
established as for hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide, although not a
contributor to atmospheric photochemical reactions, is a directly
toxic substance. Technical procedures have been developed which
substantially reduce emissions of this pollutant. The current
problem and progress in its resolution are reported. (Author
summary modified)##
01488
Ludwig, J. K.
SEMINAP ON AIF POLLUTION BY MOTOR VEHICLES. Technology
Research and Development Programs, Washington, D.C.
( (bU) ) p. , 1968. 1 ref.
The contribution of motor vehicle emissions to community-wide air
38 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
pollution levels; emissions from gasoline and diesel engines; and
photochemical reactions in the atmosphere are reviewed.##
01509
J. 0. Ledbetter
AIS POLLUTION FROM WASTE WATER TREATMENT. Water Sewage Works
113 (2) :43-45, Feb. 1966.
There is air pollution from the treatment of wastewaters. This
pollution involves not only the notorious odors and the
recognized volatiles but also the aerosol emissions. The aerosols
of most interest are probably the bacteria. Significant numbers
of bacteria, including some pathogens, are emitted from activated
sludge and trickling filter units. The methods of engineering
control currently available can readily solve the problem. Even
better solutions will likely be forthcoming if the problem ever
warrants considerable research.##
01534
H. Wozniczek
AIR POLLUTION 3Y MOTO1? CAR EXHAUST GASES) ZATRUCIE
Powietrza Przez Spaling Samochodowe. Ochrona Pracy
(Warsaw), 21(5):14-17, Hay 1966.
Pollution ot towns and cities by automotive emissions is
described. Chemical analyses of the various constituents of
exhaust gases are given. Toxicity of these constituents is
discussed.St
01546
J.J. Hanks H.D. Kube
INDUSTRY ACTION TO COMBAT POLLUTION. Harvard Bus. Rev.,
44(5):49-62, Oct. 1966.
The responsibilities of individual corporations in air
pollution abatement are emphasized. Sources of pollution
discussed include the paper, steel, electric power, transportation
and petroleum industries. Principal eguipment for removal of
aerosols and particulates is described. It is concluded that
although air pollution eguipment increases costs in certain
industries, recovery of pollutant, such as tly ash, may help to
offset the costs. Government activities in air pollution programs
are summarized.t#
01b65
E. S. Starkman
ENGINE GENERATED AIR POLLUTION - A STUDY OF SOURCE AND
SEVERITY. Preprint. (Presented at the Federal International
B. Emission Sources 39
-------
Societes Ingeneures Techniques De L ' Autoir.obiie, Germany,
June 1b, 1966.)
A brief comprehensive view ot the state of knowledge, legislation,
research and application o± devices to control the influence of
reciprocating engine emissions on man and his environment is
presented from the viewpoint and experiences of a California
observer. The pollutants considered are: unburned hydrocarbons;
carbon monoxide; oxides of nitrogen; carcinogens; particulate
matter; lead; odor; and oxides of sulfur. Engine operating modes
and severity of emissions; engine factors and emissions; and
legislative control ot emissions are considered.t#
0 1 5 6 8
THE OXIDES OF NITROGEN AND THEIR FORMATION (CHAPTER I OF THE
OXIDES OF NITPOGEN IN AIR POLLUTION). California State Dept.
ot Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation.
Jan. 1966. 1-6 pp.
Chapter briefly describes the chemical and physical properties
ot the oxides of nitrogen. Mention is made of the role the
nitrogen oxides play in automotive air pollution (this facet is
more deeply covered in subsequent chapters). Three graphs are
presented: (1) effect of spark timing on oxides of nitrogen
concentration; (2) effect of compression ratio on oxides of
nitrogen concentration; (3) effect of manifold air pressure on
oxides of nitrogen concentration.##
0 1b69
OXIDES OF NITROGEN FPOM MOTOR VEHICLES (CHAPTER II OF THE OXIDES
OF NITPOGEN IN AIR POLLUTION). California State Dept. of
Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation,
p. 7-17, Jan. 1966.
Chapter deals with nitrogen oxide pollution (Source automobile)
surveyed under varying conditions. Tests were performed at
various accelerations, automatic versus manual transmissions,
foreign vehicles versus domestic automobiles, ar.d light trucks as a
source. Data is statistically presented with means, standard
deviations from the mean, and a mathematical formula to calculate
the concentration of the nitrogen oxides.##
01570
OXIDES OF NITROGEN FROM STATIONARY SOURCES (CHAPTE3 III OF THE
OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN AIR POLLUTION). California"state Dept.
ot Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau ot Air Sanitation.
p. 19-20. Jan. 1966.
Sources of nitrogen oxide pollution are categorized into three
divisions i.e., small sources - those emitting nitrogen oxides
at a rate less than five pounds per hour; median sources those
40 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
emitting nitrogen oxides at a rate between five to one hundred
pounds per hour; large sources - those emitting nitrogen oxides at
a rate greater than one hundred pounds per hour. A chart is
presented depicting these sources of nitrogen oxide pollution
(both summer E winter) for the San Diego, Bay Area, Los
Angeles, Sacramento, and Riverside communities of California.##
01b71
INCREASES IN OXIDES OF NITROGEN EMISSIONS (CHAPTER IV OF THE
OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN AIR POLLUTION). California State Dept.
of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation,
p. 21-32. Jan. 1966.
Article elucidates the effects of population growth and the
subsequent increase in motor vehicles registrations which will lend
themselves to future nitrogen oxide pollution. Statistics are
given for projected increases until 1980 (California) with an
emphasis on the fuel consumption increases that will occur because
of this population (motor vehicle registration) upswing.##
01572
OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE (CHAPTER V OF THE OXIDES
OF NITROGEN IN AIR POLLUTION). California State Dept. of
Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, p. 33-51.
Jan. 1966.
This article discusses the air monitoring systems in California
which detect the concentrations of nitrogen oxides.
Concentrations are given for hourly, daily, monthly and seasonal
variations. Statistics are also stated for hydrocarbon emissions
but not in as much detail as for the oxides of nitrogen.##
01573
COLOR EFFECTS OF NITROGEN KIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE (CHAPTER VI
OF THE OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN AIB POLLUTION). California State
Dept. ot Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation.
p. b3-63, Jan. 1966.
The coloration effect of N02 in the atmosphere depends on
ND2 concentration, viewing distance, and aerosol concentration.
The effect of 0.5 ppm N02, with a viewing distance of 10 miles,
is postulated to be acceptable on days of 10 mile visibility.
In an aerosol-free atmosphere, with the same viewing distance of
10 miles, the acceptable N02 concentration is about 0.1 ppm. In.
reality, an aerosol-free atmosphere does not occur in metropolitan
areas, and a visibility of 20 miles would represent a reasonable
goal for atmospheric clarity. On such days, the acceptable N02
concentration would be about 0.25 ppm. (Author summary)f#
B. Emission Sources 4]
-------
01571
PHYTOTOXICITY OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (CHAPTER VII OF THE OXIDES OF
NITROGEN IN AIR POLLUTION). California State Dept. of Public
Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation. p. 65-67.
Jan. 1966.
A brief resume of the effects nitrogen dioxide has on plant
species is presented. The conclusion is that concentrations in
excess ot 2-2.5 ppm are necessary to cause appreciable plant
damage.##
01575
PHOTOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF NITROGEN OXIDES (CHAFER VIII OF THE
OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN AIR POLLUTION). California State
Dept. ot Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air
Sanitation. p. 69-89, Jan. 1966.
The chemistry of the photochemical reaction is reviewed, with
emphasis on the role of nitrogen oxides. It is concluded that
quantitative predictions cannot be made about the changes in the
photochemical smog effects that would result from various degrees
ot control of either hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides frcm motor
vehicles.#t
01576
BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (CHAPTER IX OF THE OXIDES
OF NITROGEN IN AIR POLLUTION). California State Dept. of
Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, p. 91-112
Jan. 1966.
Article reviews the toxic effects that nitrogen dioxide has on
man and animal. A chart specifying the concentration (ppm) of
nitrogen dioxide, the effects on man and lower animals, and a
reference tor this data is presented. The concentration range
is 0.05 ppm to 500 ppm.##
01582
R.W. Gerstle D.A. Kemnitz
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM OPEN BURNING. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 17 (5), 324-7 (May 1967).
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper No
67-135.)
Open burning of municipal refuse, of landscape refuse, and of
automobile components was simulated. Carbon monoxide
emissions were: 85 pounds per ton of material burned when municipal
refuse was burned, 65 pounds per ton when landscape refuse was
42 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
burned, and 125 pounds per ton when auto components were burned.
These values are all very high when compared to emissions from
municipal incinerators or other combustion processes. Gaseous
hydrocarbon emissions paralleled the carbon monoxide concentrations
and averaged 30 pounds per ton of material burned for all tests.
The organic acid concentrations were also fairly high, averaging
about 15 pounds per ton of material originally present in all
tests. Formaldehyde concentrations varied from 0.095 pound
per ton tor municipal refuse to as low as 0.006 pound per ton
for the landscape refuse. These formaldehyde concentrations also
exceed those normally found in incinerators. Emissions of
nitrogen oxides varied widely and depended on the intensity of
burning. Highest values occurred during the initial burning
period when temperatures were high. After the initial intense
burning period of about 10 minutes, the nitrogen oxides
concentrations dropped off rapidly. Particulate emissions
averaged 16 pounds per ton of material burned when municipal refuse
was burned and 17 pounds per ton when landscape refuse was burned.
Emissions jumped to 100 pounds per ton when auto components were
burned. Emissions of polynuclear hydrocarbons were also guite
high, but for municipal or landscape refuse they were comparable
to emissions from small commercial incinerators. For auto
components, the concentrations were very high, comparable to
those found in emissions from small coal-burning furnaces.
(Author summary modified)##
015H3
E.W. Gerstle R.F. Peterson
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FP.OH NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURING PROCESSES -
A COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY. Preprint. (For Presentation at
the American Inst, of Chemical Engineers, Detroit, Mich.,
Dec. H, 1966..)
Atmospheric emissions from nitric acid plants depend on plant
operating conditions, production rates, and the use of control
devices. Data in this article show that plants operating within
design capacities and producing 55-60% nitric acid can limit the
nitrogen oxides concentration to 0.3% in the stream leaving the
absorption tower. This is equivalent to about 50 pounds of
nitrogen oxides per ton of nitric acid (100% basis) produced.
Installation of scrubbers or catalytic reduction equipment
can reduce these emissions by 50 to 97%. Emissions during startup
or shutdown usually do not create any special problems.
(Author summary modified)##
01620
THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY - AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS AND
CONTROL METHODS (INFORMATIVE REPT. NO. 1). J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 1«, (1) 30-J, Jan. 1964. (TI-3 Petroleum
Committee).
Possible air-borne contaminants from refining operations are
covered. Control methods for gaseous and particulate emissions,
and the industry's research projects are reviewed.##
B. Emission Sources 43
-------
01621
D. A. Jensen
SOUFCES AND KINDS OF CONTAMINANTS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES
(INFORMATIVE EEPT. NO. «). J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
14, (8) J27-f, Aug. 1964. (TA-10 Vehicular Exhaust
Committee).
The sources of the pollutants, the important compounds, and the
magnitude ol the several contaminant sources from both gasoline
and diosel powered motor vehicles art indicated.##
C. H. Pesterfield
LITERATURE AND RESEARCH SURVEY TO DETERMINE NECESSITY AND
FEASIBILITY OF AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH PROJECT ON COMBUSTION OF
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FUEL OILS. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 14, (6) 203-7, June 1964. (TA-4 Committee, Oil
Burner Equipment.)
The basic purpose of this preliminary survey was to determine:
(a) whether the combustion of fuel oil presented a serious air
pollution problem by nature of its being a serious
pollutant contributor; (b) what work has been done to evaluate its
pollution contribution; (c) what work is being done; (d) what needs
to be done; (e) if there is need and justification for a fuel oil
combustion study.**
A.C. Stern
THE REGULATION OF AIP POLLUTION FBOW POWER PLANTS IN THE UNITED
STATES. Rev. Soc. Poy. Beige Ingrs. Ind.f Brussels
(Presented at the International Symposium on Immission
Regulations, sponsored by the Haus der Technik E.W. Essen and
the Arbeits -und SoziaIministeriurn (Dept. of Labor and
Social Welfare) of North-Rhine-Westtalia, Essen,
Gertrany Mar. 9, 1966; and before the Societe Royale Belqe
des Igenieurs et des Industriels, Brussels, Belgium, Mar. 16,
1966.)
Author discusses the types, concentrations, and levels of
control (state, federal and local) that the United States has
initiated tor the abatement of air pollution from power generating
sources. Statistics are presented for various localities as well
as specific pollutants which are emitted. The Clean Air Acts
(HH-206 and 89-272) as they apply to the abatement of air
pollution are explained.##
0 1 6 7 J
C.J. Conlee, P.A. Kenline, R.L. Cummins, V.J.
Konopinski
44 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST STUDIES AT THREE SELECTED SITES. Arch.
Environ. Health 1
-------
simple manner through the use of suitable detector tubes. (Author
sumirary) # *
0 17U1
F. Mastromatteo
HEALTH ASPECTS IN FIRE FIGHTING (PART 1). Firemen 33, (6)
20-1, Aug. 1966.
In the course of their work, fire fighters are exposed to a
variety of toxic fire gases and other adverse health factors.
Quite often they are required to enter buildings, confined spaces,
and other places where they may be exposed to extremes of heat, to
smoke, to oxygen lack, and to toxic gases created by the combustion
process. The physical exertion, excitement and anxiety involved
in many tire situations add to the health problems by increasing
the breathing and heart rates. Fire fighting therefore can
place severe demands on the respiratory, cardio-vascular and
nervous systems. Some of the chief health hazards encountered in
fire fighting are discussed. Reference is also made to a
special study of heart and lung disease in fire fighters. (Author
summar y) *tt
01 / 8 M
K.P. Hangebrauck, D.J. Von Lehmden, J.E. Meeker
EMISSIONS OF POLYNUCLEAP II YD ROCAPDO US AND POLLUTANTS FPOH
HEAT-GENERATION AND INCINERATION PROCESSES. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 1U, (7) 267-78, July 196U. (Presented at the
56th Annual fleeting. Air Pollution Control Association,
Detroit Mich., June 11, 1963.)
This paper presents emission data from a series of tests, for
which the sources tested included typical combustion processes
involving the burning of conventional fuels (coal, oil, and gas)
and of certain commercial and municipal solid wastes. In addition
to obtaining over-all emission data from different sizes
and types of combustion units, a primary objective of the study
was to establish the relative importance of various combustion
processes as contributors of benzo (a) pyrene (3,4 benzpyrene) and
other polynuclear hydrocarbons with demonstrated or potential
carcinogenic properties. The other pollutants measured included
particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total gaseous hydrocarbons,
oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, and formaldehyde. Two
categories of c/mbustion sources were tested. Those burning
conventional fuels were designated as heat-generation processes,
and those burning waste materials were classed as incineration
processes. Design and operation data for the units studied are
given in tables.#*
01837
W. F. McMichael and A. H. Rose, Jr.
A COMPARISON OF AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS IN CITIES AT LOW AND HIGH
46 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
8LTITUDES. Preprint. (Presented at the 58th Annual 7eeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June
20-24, 1965, Paper 65-22.)
Automobile exhaust emissions were studied in Denver, Colorado.
Denver is unique among large cities in the United States in that
it is situated at an altitude of approximately 5,000 feet; the
opportunity was thus provided for observing the effects of altitude
on auto exhaust emissions. The emissions measured in Denver in
1963 are compared with the emissions obtained in a similar,
previously reported study in Los Angeles, California, and
Cincinnati, Ohio. The survey techniques and the instrumentation
used to colect and analyze the exhaust samples were the same.
Emission measurements were made on test vehicles driven under
actual traffic conditions while equipped with a proportional
sampler. This method produces data that reflect the effects of
traffic density, route, climate, and altitude.**
01842
D. F. Walters and D. 0. Martin
AN EVALUATION OF THE AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF THE PPOPOSED
STEAM-ELECTRIC PLANT AT OAK PARK, MINNESOTA. Preprint. 1965.
The installation and operation of the 550,000 kilowatt
steam-electric plant at Oak Park, Minnesota, will generate
large quantities of air pollutants, principally sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. A 785-foot stack will be
installed to permit dispersion and dilution of gaseous pollutants.
Calculations indicate that ground level concentration of sulfur
dioxide may cause acute damage to vegetation. However, existing
information is inadequate to predict with assurance whether
long-term chronic effects will be experienced by long-lived
vegetation such as trees. It is expected that the human
perception threshold for S02 will be exceadec occasionally.
Inversion breaicup fumigation may produce ground level
concentrations exceeding the human perception threshold at
distances of ten miles or more. The installation and operation
of a second unit of 750,000 kilowatt capacity will more than double
air pollution emissions. It the 550,000 kilowatt unit is built
and operated, a S02 monitoring network should be activated.
This will assist in determining the effects of S02 on the
surrounding vegetation and people, as well as provide guides for
future installation design. Prevailing winds in this area are
such that air pollutants will often be carried into Wisconsin.
Therefore, officials of that State should take part in air
pollution activities connected with the proposed plant. Plans
and studies should be started now to obviate future ad,r pollution
problems indicated by plans for expansion of this plant beyond the
initial 550,000 kilowatt capacity.##
01848
A. H. Rose
SUMMARY REPORT OF VEHICULAR EMISSIONS AND THEIR CONTROL.
Preprint. (Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting,
American Society ot Mechanical Engineers, Chicago, 111.,
Nov. 1965.)
B. Emission Sources 47
-------
The report summarizes average emissions from the four sources of
contaminants in the present day automobile: the exhaust, the
crankcase, the fuel tank, and the carburetor. Levels of
contaminants presented are for emissions under average urban
driving conditions, in contrast to earlier work in which values
were based on cyclic dynamometer tests. Emission levels are
expressed as pounds per day emitted and, where applicable, as
concentration. Emissions are considered by general chemical
classes to indicate the relative ohotochemical reactivities of
compounds from each of the four sources. Control approaches are
briefly discussed. (Author abstract)**
01863
AUTOMOTIVE ATP POLLUTION; (SECOND REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE TO THE U.S. CONGRESS PURSUANT
TO PUBLIC LAW BB-206 THE CLEAN AIE ACT.) 89th Congress
(1st Session (Document U2) July 15, 1965. 17 pp.
Progress is reported on the resolution of the following problems;
exhaust emissions, crankcase emission, fuel evaporative losses,
maintenance, fuel, and diesels. The relevant literature is
reviewed, ft»
01868
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION. (THIRD REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE TO THE U.S. CONGRESS PURSUANT
TO PUBLIC LAfc 88-206 - THE CLEAN AIR ACT.) 89th Congress
(2nd Session) (Document 83) Mar. 25, 1966. 17 pp.
"educed exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
have become a reality in California with the introduction of the
1966-model passenger cars ani light commercial vehicles.
Recognition of the need for still further control measures
is evidenced by the adoption of nitrogen oxide standards by
the California Board of Health. The Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare is implementing the new responsibilities
and authones conferred by the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution
Control Act. Standards for the control of emissions from
gasoline-fueled vehicles are being deveoped accordingly, to
become effective with the 1968 models. Some additional
technical information has become available. Further studies of
the effect of ambient temperature on exhaust emissions indicate
that low temperatures tend to increase exhaust hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide, particularly following cold engine starts.
Preliminary results obtained from a study of the effect of
leaded fuels indicate that combustion chamber deposits may not
significantly affect the quantities of hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide emitted in exhaust gases. A survey conducted to measure
carbon monoxide levels in urban communities suggests that
human exposure to carbon monoxide may be greater than routine
atmospheric monitoring data had indicated. A number of new
projects are being initiated by the Government to study the
performance characteristics of production-type exhaust emission
48 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
controls in varied environments, to develop more definitive
data on exhaust emissions from small cars and diesel-powered
vehicles, to learn more about human tolerance of lead and carbon
monoxide, and to effect control of oxides of nitrogen. An
expansion of industry research in automotive air pollution and its
control is indicated by the recent activities of technical
associations. (Author summary)##
01890
Williams, J. D., G. Ozolins, J. H. Sadler, and J. R.
Farmer
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY: PHASE II PROJECT REPORT.
VIII. A PROPOSAL FOR AN AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center
for Air Pollution Control, 132p., May 1967. 7 refs
This report is devoted to the development of an air use plan for
the St. Louis metropolitan area. An air use plan may be
thought of as a link between the potential pollutant emissions of a
community and the air quality goals. Its function is to optimize
the use of the air with respect to the amount of pollutants
emitted, by considering the dilution capacity of the air basin and
the configuration of the pollutant sources in the area. The air
use plan may then be used as the basic framework for a.chieving the
desired air quality by the various means available such as limiting
the emissions from individual sources, limiting the emissions from
sources in certain areas, or even disallowing new pollution
sources in overburdened areas. In short, it provides the basis
for enacting control regulations and provides a guide for future
planning activities.##
01921
V.G. MacKenzie
AIR POLLUTION AND THE COAL INDUSTRY. Preprint. (Presented
at the Annual Meeting, National Coal Association, Chicago,
111., June 1b, 1965.)
The important aspects of the total air pollution problem which
relates to the production, processing, and use of coal are
discussed. The use of coal as fuel is of primary concern
in the control of air pollution. Combustion of coal in homes,
commercial enterprises, manufacturing, and electric power
generating stations produce large quantities of pollutants,
notably particulate matter and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.
Techniques for removal of S02 from stack gases, which are
under development in this country and abroad, offer great promise
of control, when applied to very large fuel burning installations,
such as steam electric generating plants. In regard to NO, the
amount formed from the combustion of coal is an exponential
function of the quality of coal burned per unit time. The
B. Emission Sources 49
-------
Clean Air Act made possible increased Federal support of
control activities which are specified in the provision for
air pollution abatement. This abatement authority is intended
to supplement the abatement power of State and local governments
with respect to inter-and intra State pollution problems.
Lanother program of the Federal government is to provide
guidance in the develoment of SO standards, relating to
pollutant emissions, including those from fuel combustion, also
at Federal facilities.##
0 142H
J . N11 s e n
AIR POLLUTION: COSTLY TO IGNORE, COSTLY TO CONTROL. Chem.
ENG. 7J, (1b) 90-6, JULY 18, 19f>6.
Author discusses the ramifications that will result from the
recent legislation dealing with air pollution control. The
parameters of the pollutants per se, the role of industries
responsible for the pollution, the problems of the municipalities
which must cope with the pollution problem, the effects of
standards and legislation, the eventual cost of pollution control
and the research programs to be undertaken are discussed. Also
included is a chart of forty-eight major United States cities and
the concentrations (ppm) of nitroaen dioxide and sulfur dioxide
which were found to be present.C#
K. B. Jacobs
HEALTH ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION FROM I NCINEPATOPS. Proc.
Natl. Incinerator Cont., New York, 1964. pp. 128-31.
The public health aspects of incinerator exhaust gases are
discussed first in the light of the physiological response
induced by specific contaminants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, and other inorganic gases and aldehydes, organic acids,
esters, polynuclear hydrocarbons, and other organic compounds;
second, with respect to their relation to illness caused by air
pollution in general such as emphysema and other respiratory
diseases, allergenic responses, and cancer; and thir^ on the
character of the effluent gases, namely domestic, municipal, or
industrial. One aspect of domestic incinerator effluents is
particularly stressed, that is, the effect on nearby residents.
The contribution that incinerator exhaust gases make to the air
pollution of any given community depends on the ratio of the
amount of refuse and garbage burned to the total amount of fuel
used and consumed in that region. # *
0195H
P. H. Leach, L. J. Leng, T. A. Bellar, J. E. Sigsby,
Jr., and A. P. Altshuller
EFFECTS OF NC/NOX RATIOS ON IRRADIATED AUTO EXHAUST, PART II.
50 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (5} 176-83, May 1961.
(Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Hich., June 11-13, 1963.)
The relative concentrations of individual hydrocarbons have been
shown to be independent of autoexhaust concentration in dynamic
irradiation experiments. The absolute concentrations of the
individual hydrocarbons are linearly related to total hydrocarbon
concentration. The decrease in the concentration of reactive
hydrocarbons during irradiation is found to be independent of
whether a 120- or a 180-rainute average irradiation time is used.
A fourfold reduction in initial hydrocarbon concentration at
constant hydrocarbon to nitrogen oxide level causes a slight
increase in the relative amounts (percent) of hydrocarbon consumed
during irradiation. The same fourfold reduction in initial
hydrocarbon concentration at constant nitric oxide level results in
a decrease in the percent of oletins reacted, but does not affect
the percent of aromatics reacted. If the hydrocarbon level is
kept constant, while the nitrogen oxide level is varied, an
increase in nitrogen oxides causes a marked reduction in the
percent of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons reacted during
irradiation. The aldehyde yields are linearly related to the
total hydrocarbon level. No significant effect on aldehyde yields
was found when the average irradiation tine was varied from 120 to
180 minutes. The aldehyde yields did vary with a decrease in
yield both at very high and very low ratios of hydrocarbon to
nitrogen oxide. The individual hydrocarbon and aldehyde
concentrations are shown to fall well within the range of
atmospheric concentrations. Although the aldehydes may be
responsible in part for the eye irritation, the presence of other
eye-irritating species must be postulated to explain the shape of
the eye-irritation response curves when plotted against nitrogen
oxide concentration.**
02001
B. Gills E.L. Howe
OIL BURNERS FOR DOMESTIC APPLICATION: PRESENT DESIGN AND FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong.,
London, 1966. (Paper HI/2.) pp. 37-44.
Published work from various research organizations in Europe
and the U.S.A. concerning malfunctioning of domestic pressure
jet burners is reviewed. It is shown that when poor combustion
performance of pressure jet burners is experienced the cause can be
traced to one, or a combination of the following factors: 1.
Poor design of the air/fuel mixing system. 2. Bad
maintenance. 3. Bad matching of the burner characteristics to the
heating appliance reguirements. Bad performance of any
combustion system is reflected in the composition of the
final exhaust products. Pesults are presented which show that a
combustion system can generally be operated so that it products
no smoke, carbon monoxide or unburnt hydrocarbons. Due
to attention which has recently been drawn to "exhaust odor" from
oil-fired appliances reference is made to methods of measuring
the total hydrocarbon content of flue gases. decent
developments with the objective of impo
developments with the objective of improving the combustion
performance and reliability of domestic oil burners are d3scribed,
together with references to research into methods of distillate
B. Emission Sources 51
-------
tuel atomization and combustion using novel principles.
(Author abstract modified)##
02017
M.A. Termeulen
AIP POLLUIIOK CONTPOL BY OIL REFINERIES. Proc. (Dart I)
Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966 (Paper IV/5).
pp. 42-5.
Stichting CONCAWE has been established by the Oil Companies'
International Study Group tor Clean Air and Water
Conservation (Western Europe). Its Working Group on
Atmospheric Dispersion is active in the field of abatement
and control of air pollution originating from both domestic and
industrial complexes. Kajoc air-boune contaminations,.from oil
refining operation but not petrochemical operations, such a
hydrocarbons, mercaptans, caroon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide
and sulphur oxides other than frcm refinery flue gas, are
discussed. Host common sources of the above contaminants are
discussed, together with the general refinery practices for
preventing or reducing emission of these contaminants. The
effectiveness of modern refinery processes in reducing air
pollution is reviewed and examples of local conditions and the way
they affect the setting of practical limits of emissions are
discussed. In conclusion, the general oil industries views with
respect to the air pollution problem are summarized. (Author
abstract modified) C*
02056
I. 1. Varchavski.
SOME THEORETICAL PPCBLEMS OF PROVIDING LESS TOXIC OPERATION OF
AUTOMOBILE ENGINES. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air
Cong., London, 1966. (Paper VI/29). 292 pp.
The parameter of specific toxicity was introduced in 1962 to
evaluate the degree of air poisoning caused by an engine. It is
similar to the specific fuel consumption. The optimal
regulation of an engine tor less toxicity may be found. The
specific toxicity is considered as a function of operating
condition and parameters of adjustment. Intensification of
ignition -is estimated to provide stable operation at weak air fuel
mixtures. This rapidly decreases the concentration of carbon and
nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases. Combined converters for
diesel engines completely remove soot from the exhaust gases.
Only tuel cells completely oxidize the fuel and so seem to be more
promising for transport purposes.##
02066
W. Preuer, and K. Winkler.
SOURCES AND DISTHIBOTION OF AIR POLLUTIONS ASCERTAINED BY
STATIONARY PECOKDING OF GASEOUS COMPONENTS. Herkunft Und
52 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Ausbreitung Von Luftverunreinigungen, Ermittelt Durch
Stationare Registrierung Hehrerer Immissionskomponenten.
Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966.
(Paper VII/10). pp. 239-42.
Simultaneous, continuous and stationary measurement of the
concentration ot gas components (CO, C02, S02, H2S, C12,
nitrous gases, hydrocarbons) combined with the recording of
meteorological factors (wind direction, speed of wind, atmospheric
stability etc.) enable the identifying of the source of air
pollutions (motor vehicle exhaust, domestic heating, power
stations, chemical works). The examination of special air
conditions and statistical evaluation gives information on the
process of distribution. (Author abstract)##
021M8
T. Taga
(N02 GAS GENEPATED IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF COAL BURNING
BOILERS.) Clean Air Heat Management (Tokyo) 15 (1), 5-9
(Apr. 1966). Jap. (Translated as JP3S-E-8588-D.)
The author emphasizes the importance of N02 in air pollution
and urges that as much effort should be exerted in abating
pollution due to this gas as to S02 or S03 which are
currently under extensive study. The paper describes the
experimental study done by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and
discusses the results of a similar study by the author.##
02153
C. A. Pogus.
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION AND WASTE HEAT BECOVERY FROM
INCINEPATION. PUBLIC WORKS 97, (6) 100-3, JUNE 1966.
Europe has had for some time rigid government standards
controlling air pollution with many large scale air pollution
control installations, particularly of refuse incineration
facilities. The natura of air pollutants from refuse incineration
is discussed. The chemical analysis of fly ash is given as well
as the size distribution ot stack dust emissions. Air pollution
abatement equipment is described. The approximate characteristics
and costs ot major collector systems are tabulated.##
02232
B.L. Stenburg,
A.H. Rose, Jr.
T.P. Hangebrauck, D.J. Von Lhdmden,
EFFECTS OF HIGH VOLATILE FUEL ON INCINERATOR EFFLUENTS.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11, 376-83, Aug. 1961
(Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
A readily vaporizable solid fuel normally considered as being
B. Emission Sources
53
-------
more difficult to burn than ordinary cellulose was treated in a
multiple chamber incinerator having an 8.5 sq. ft. grate area
in a 19.5 cu. ft. primary combustion chamber, a downpass mixing
chamber and a 16,5 cu ft. final combustion chamber. One part
shredded asphalt saturated felt roofing composed of 60%
petroleum base asphalt, 37 1/2% felt, and 2 1/2% ash with one
part U" squares of newpaper was the fuel mixture. The effects
of combinations of excess air (100 and 200%), fuel feed rate (100
and 150 Ib/hr), fuel per charge, underfire air (15 and 60!t), and
secondary air on the emission of particulates, oxides of nitrogen,
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and smoke were
evaluated. Optimum conditions imply a temperature range of 1800
to 2000 F in the secondary chamber, 15 to 20% underfire sir, and
small batch on continuous charging.##
02244
A.H. Rose, Jr., B.C. Stahman, H.V. Korth
DYNA1IC IRRADIATION CHAMBER TESTS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST, PART I.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12, 468-73, Oct. 1963.
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Chicago, 111., Kay 20-24, 1962.)
The data from this series of tests run under dynamic
irradiation conditions shov differences attributable to: (1) the
concentration of exhaust gas at which the irradiation was made, and
(2) the composition of the fuel used to produce the exhaust gas.
Evaluations of the variations in chemical reaction and
biological effects show: (1) The rate of N02 formation
increased proportionately with both exhaust concentration and
olefin content of the fuel. (2) The percentage of N02 reacting
with unreacted fresh exhaust components and with secondary reaction
products varied inversely with the increase of the exhaust
concentration level. (3) No consistent change in oxidant
concentration level (primarily ozone) resulted from an inarease
in the Hydrocarbon concentration level at which the irradiation
was made. (4) Formaldehyde formation increased in direct
proportion to the increase in hydrocarbon concentration at
irradiation. (5) Plant effects indicate a shift in the type
of phytotoxicant developed and a decrease in damage level
with increase in the hydrocarbon concentration level at which
the irradiation was made. (6) Bacterial effect showed a
significant increase in degree of kill with increase in
hydrocarbon concentration level at which the irradiation was
made. (Author summary)##
02312
AIR RESOURCES OF UTAH. Utah Legislative Council, Salt
Lake City, Air Pollution Advisory Committee. June 1962.
32 pp.
A survey was made of the available information concerning air
pollution problems in Utah. No evidence was found to indicate
that Utah has a major air pollution problem at this time; however,
a few perisistent problems exist in restricted areas. Over the
years three air pollution situations in Utah have produced injury
54 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
to plant and animal life or have constituted a public
nuisance. These are: (a) sulfur dioxide in Salt Lake Valley
(non-ferrous smelters, burning of coal, gasoline combustion, and
petroleum refining are the principal sources); (b) smoke and smog
along the Wasatch Front and in other localized areas (burning
of coal, open burning on municipal dump grounds and in junk yards,
and waste disposal around private homes constitute the major
sources); and (c) fluorides (processing of Utah ores by steel
mills in Utah County, brick and ceramic plants, phosphate
fertilizer plants, and general combustion processes are the
principal sources. Industry has made substantial progress in
alleviating sulfur dioxide, fluorides, smoke, and hydrocarbons by
installing expensive control equipment and by supplementing
this equipment with extensive research, survey, and monitoring
programs. Legislation authorizing the state, or cities and towns,
to deal with public nuisances if ound in the Utah Code. There
is no definition of air pollution, however, and its treatment
as a nuisance is questionaIbe. Enabling legislation should define
the problem, permit study of its effects, and permit actions to
control injurious practices. (Author summary modified)*#
02J3S
P. K. Wewhall.
THEORETICAL AMD EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL KINETICS
DURING "APID EXPANSIONS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
(DOCTOR'S THESIS). (For the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in Engineering, California Univ., Berkeley,
Graduate Div.) Sept. 1966. 198 pp.
Theoretical analysis predicts that during expansion of combustion
products occurring in internal combustion engines, the rate of
atom and tree radical recombination is sufficient for
equilibration of these species. It is further predicted that as a
result of kinetic limitations, nitric oxide persists in
hyper-equilibrium concentrations. Theoretical analysis of the
kinetics ot the expansion process was performed through use of a
digital computer. Overall reactions considered were the
decomposition of nitric oxide and the recombination of atomic
oxygen, atomic hydrogen and the hydroxyl free radical. Rate
expressions tor the overall reactions were formulated through
consideration of all significant elementary reactions. Reaction
rate data tor the elementary reactions were obtained from a large
number ot published sources. Nitric oxide is of considerable
importance in the problem of automotive air pollution and an
exparimental study of nitric oxide decomposition occurring during
engine cycle expansion was undertaken. A single cylinder
research engine was equipped with an intrared transmitting
window. The emergent intrared radiation was studied by means of
spectroscopic equipment making possible the determination of
nitric oxide concentrations throughout expansion. The results
indicate that nitric oxide concentration remains fixed throughout
the entire expansion process. (Author summary modified)##
S.T. Cufte C.M. Dean
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS F?OH SULFURIC ACIE MANUFACTURING PROCESS;
B. Emission Sources 55
-------
A COMPREHENSIVE ABSTRACT. Preprint. (Presented at the
58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 1965.)
This paper includes basic descriptions ot both the chamber
and contact processes. Variations in process conditions
that may appreciably change the magnitude of emissions, e.g.,
the manufacture of oleum or the use ot different sulfur
bearing teed materials, are noted. Concentrations of
both nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emissions from chamber
plants were found to range from about 0.1 to 0.2 volume percent.
The concentration of combined acid mist and spray from chamber
plants varied from about5 to 30 milligrams per cubic foot.
For contact plants, the range of sulfur dioxide concentrations
in the absorber exit stack ranged from 0.13-0.51 volume percent;
while acid mist concentrations varied from 1.1 to 4.8 milligrams
per cubic foot. The test data show that it is possible to recover
99 percent of all of the acid mist and spray emissions-by
adding commercially available mist elimination. (Author
abstract)#*
02362
J.H. Ludwig
STATUS OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN AIR POLLUTION. Preprint.
(Presented at the Eighth Annual Environmental Health Inst.,
Colorado Association of Sanitarians, Denver, Apr. 26, 1963.)
Review of the various classes of motor vehicles in use today
and associated power plants indicates that as a group the
gasoline-powered passenger car accounts for the major share
of auto exhaust emissions associated with production of
photochemical smog. Of the various sources of emissions from
all types ot vehicles, tailpipe emissions from gasoline-powered
vehicles are the most significant, followed by crankcase
02610
C. V. Ranter, and P. G. Lur.che
EMISSIONS AND POLLUTANT LEVELS (TRENDS IN LOS ANGELES).
Arch. Environ. Health 8, (1) 5-11, Jan. 1964. (Presented at
the Sixth,Annual Air Pollution Medical Research Conference,
San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 28-29, 1963.)
For accurate assessment of the problems, needs, and progress of an
air pollution control program, accurate information must be
obtained on emissions of contaminants from sources, and on
contaminant levels. This is a very large task, requireing the
acguisition of a great mass of data on a continuing basis. In a
large community suffering the blight of smog, the acguisition of
data is imperative in order to take effective action to stop the
advancing menace and to begin a trend back toward clean air. In
Los. Angeles total air pollution surveys and air monitoring
activities have provided the means for understanding the basic
causes ot the smog problem, and for guiding actions which have
slowed the advance of smog and which will turn it back.
Inspection ot trends ot emissions and contaminant levels in Los
56 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Angeles County .affirms that a vigorous control program on
stationary sources can slow and even reverse trends. It is clear
though, that permanence of these effects cannot be achieved until
the increasing emissions from motor vehicles are controlled. Of
the major contaminants discussed, only sulfur dioxide, which is not
significantly affected by motor vehicles emissions, has regressed.
**
026J5
J. H. Boddy and D. Turner
A DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM AND SIGNIFICANCE OF AIR POLLUTION FROM
PETROL-ENGINED VEHICLES (PART I OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: A
SURVEY OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE EMISSIONS FROM PETPOL-ENGINED
VEHICLES AND THEIR TREATMENT). British Technical Council of
the Motor and Petroleum Industries, England. Sept. 1965.
pp. 1-3K.
Horld-wide legislation is reviewed; the existing and probable
restriction on vehicle use and design is presented. The motor
vehicle pollutants are detailed. The public health significance
is examined. Automotive emissions are compared to those from
other sources. Existing legislation in the western and
non-Communist world, other than the Californian legislation,
imposes negligible restrictions on the gasoline engine at present,
but shows indications of imminent action. Legislation in many
countries is framed in such a way that regulations against emission
from gasoline vehicles could be enforced without major revision of
legislation. This is most apparent in recent revisions of
legislation, e.g. Ireland, France, and Belgium. When and if
the present legislation in the U.K. is successful in controlling
pollution from industrial and domestic sources, more attention must
inevitably focus on the motor vehicle. The gasoline-engined
vehicle makes a major contribution to the following pollutants:
carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen.
Of these pollutants referred to, carbon monoxide is certainly the
most undesirable. Oxides of nitrogen may be more damaging in
respect to chronic exposure but evidence is limited. Unburnt
hydrocarbons in vapour form appear significant only in relation to
photochemical smogs. Heavy hydrocarbons in association with
non-particulate matter, like oxides of nitrogen, have possible
significance in relation to effects of chronic exposure. The use
of lead in gasolines appears to have minor significance as a health
hazard in respect to its pollution of the atmosphere. Major
attention should be immediately devoted to the reduction of carbon
monoxide emission from automotive vehicles. In the interests of
clarifying the situation and, as a safeguard against possible
legislation of an unnecessarily restrictive nature, the motor and
petroleum industries should support research into the significance
of such emissions as oxides of nitrogen and heavy hydrocarbons and
methods of reducing these.**
02636
J. A. Walker
INFLUENCE OF GASOLINE COMPOSITION ON THE CONSTITUTION OF ENGINE
EXHAUST (PART II OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: A SURVEY OF SOME
ASPECTS OF THE EMISSIONS FROM PETHOL-ENGINED VEHICLES AND THEIR
B. Emission Sources 57
-------
TREATMENT). British Technical Council of the Motor and
Petroleum Industries, England. Sept. 1965. 35-64 pp.
The major component, adverse to health, in gasoline engine
exhausts it. carbon monoxide. Fuel composition has no
influence on the production of this toxic compound and it is
recommended therefore that work is carried out to develop other
practicable methods of minimixing CO in engines of European
design. Traces of unburned hydrocarbons are also present in
exhaust gases and in California they contribute to smog formation
by participating in photochemical reactions promoted by sunlight.
This reaction rarely occurs in Europe, and thus hydrocarbons are
of importance only because they may make a small contribution to
the presence of carcinogenic compounds in the air. The AMA has
stated that in some 1966 model cars, an engine afterburner system
will be fitted as original equipment which will convert CO and
hydrocarbons to the harmless compounds C02 and water. Any
method adopted in Europe for removing CO from exhaust gases
is likely to be of a similar type and inevitably the major part of
the hydrocarbons present in the exhaust will also be converted into
innocuous materials. It is recommended that work is carried out
to assess the importance of the presence of oxides of nitrogen in
the air, and if necessary to develop means of preventing their
emission from gasoline engine exhausts. Particulate matter is
emitted from engine exhausts consisting of sulphur compounds,
carbon, compounds of lead and other materials. At the present it
is not considered that these represent any appreciable health
hazards, but it is recommended that close touch is maintained with
workers in the D.S.A. and in the U.K. who are measuring the
concentration and nature of particulate matter in the air,
particularly under high traffic density conditions. Evaporation
of gasoline vapours from the car fuel tanks and carburetors will
probably be controlled in the U.S.A. The contribution to
atmospheric pollution from these sources must be extremely small,
but it is recommended that some work is carried out in European
engines to investigate the factors involved. (Author summary)##
03061
THE ATLANTIC RICHFIELD NITBIC OXIDE REDUCTION SYSTEM.
Preprint. Has now been published by the ARCO Chemical Co.
Sept. 1966, 31 pp. 4HCO Chemical Co., Anaheim, Calif. 1966
During the last six years an extensive study of the use of exhaust
gas recirculation has been made and a simplified control system
(Nitric Oxide Seduction System) was developed which
eliminated many problems previously encountered and achieved the
required reduction of nitrogen oxides without impairing vehicle
performance. In this system exhaust gas is taken from the heat
riser at a point directly beneath the carburetor, flow controlled
by means of a butterfly control valve, then distributed to the
individual passages of the intake manifold by means of
distribution tubes. The control valve is actuated by the throttle
linkage and designed to permit recycle flow at part throttle and
cruising operations. For closed throttle operation such as idle
and deceleration, and for wide-open thrcittle, when maximum
performance is desired, the cycle rate control valve is in a closed
position. The entire unit, with the exception of the rate control
valve shaft and throttle linkage, is enclosed entirely within the
intake manifold. It has been demonstrated that the use of
58 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
recycle reduces peak temperatures and pressures. It is
probable that the reduction of nitrogen oxides results from the
reduction in peak temperature. Conceivably, the dilution of the
air-fuel mixture by the presence of inert exhaust slows the rate of
combustion causing the lower peak temperatures. There are other
possible benefits from the use of the system such as a reduction of
hydrocarbons and cylinder bore wear, and less" erosion of spark plug
electrodes.##
03072
T. R. Erogan and P. Dragoumis
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MKD POWER GENERATORS. Preprint.
("resented at the National Coal Association Technical-Sales
Conference and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Annual
Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pa., Sept. 1U-15, 1966.)
The promise of the MHD concept lies in improving the
efficiency of converting the energy of our primary fuels to
electricity. Although MHD may find ultimate application with
nuclear fuel, only combustion-driven generators are deemed
practical for early development. Both the projected economic
performance of nuclear power and the growing concern over
environmental pollution greatly enhance the need for a highly
efficient more economical coal-fired generating system. By
burning less coal per unit of energy output, less sulfur will be
discharged to the atmosphere. Then, too, the economic necessity
for efficient recovery of the seed material and the simple and
inexpensive method developed for effecting this recovery, will
insure that the MHD plant effluent is thoroughly cleansed of
particulate natter. With regard to the formation and emission of
various oxides of nitrogen the performance of MHD cannot be
easily predicted at this time. Clearly, the equilibrium
concentration of nitrogen oxides at the combustion of that which
we wish to release directly to the atmosphere. It is not at all
certain that equilibrium will, in tact, be attained in the
combustion chamber. Beyond this, there is also a question as
to the extent to which any concentration of nitrogen oxides will be
"fixed" in the subsequent expansion through the MHD generator
and stream generator. It is therefore not certain at present,
what means should be utilized to best control the amount of fixed
nitrogen which ultimately reaches the stack. Measurements
indicate that the concentration of nitrogen oxides the effluent
from MHD power plants burning coal with atmospheric air
preheated to 1000 F will be of the same order of magnitude as
from conventional power plants today. For use of significantly
higher flame temperatures attained with higher preheat, careful
attention must be given to MHD generator design and operation to
control the nitrogen oxide concentration in the flue gas. The
relatively small size of the MHD combustion chamber which
results from the combustion process can make it possible to
exercise precise control over the gas composition. The
development of MHD has reached the point where the construction
and operation of an experimental MHD power plant, duplicating, at
a level of about 30 MW, all of the features of a commercial
MHD power plant, is technically feasible and justified by the
ultimate promise of the concept.#*
B. Emission Sources 59
-------
UJ1 10
J. L. Rlumentbal M. J. Santy
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOE OF BERYLLIUM METAL
IN SIMULATED LAUNCH PAD ABOPT ENVIRONMENTS. Sandia Corp.,
Albuquerque, N. Hex. July 1965. 219 pp.
The experimental in vest iqations of the reaction kinetics and
flame environment reactions of beryllium are reported.
Experiments were conducted using seven combustion gas
species (02, N2, H20, H2, NO, CO, and C02) to
determine the rate of release of airborne beryllium or its
compounds in the event of a catastrophic launch pad accident.
Beryllium heated to 2400 F in an environment of water vapor
in combination with oxygen will ignite and burn with a release
ot large amounts of beryllium cxide smoke. (Author
abstract) *#
OJ1 13
P.W. Gerstle, S.f. Cuffe, A.A. Orning, C.H. Schwartz
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS, REPORT
NO. 2. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (2) 59-64,
Feb. 19659
The Public Health Service and the Bureau of Mines are
conducting a joint study to evaluate a number of flue-gas-stream
components from coal-burning power plants. Emissions of fly
ash, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, polynuclear hydrocarbons,
total gaseous hydrocarbons, formaldehydes, certain metals,
and carbon dioxide are determined. A previous paper
covered air pollutant emissions from vertical-fired and front-wall-
fired power plant boilers. This paper includes a comparative
evaluation of emissions from a tangential-tired and a turbo-fired
power plant boiler. (Author abstract)##
OJ122
B. Brunner, P. Lemaigre
METHODS OF REDUCING POLLUTION CAUSED BY INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES. (Motor Vehicles). European Conf. on Air
Pollution Strasburg, 1964. p. 191-258.
As a result of the growth ot industry and the subsequent
development of motor vehicles, European countries are faced with
an air pollution problem the nature and size of which depend not
only on the degree of industrialisation and the number of motor
vehicles in sue but also on the density of population and industry,
traffic conditions and geographical and climatic conditions.
The problem of pollution from motor vehicles in Ireland or
Norway is different from that in Germany. The problem in
France as a whole is not the same as the problem in Paris.
The problem in Paris is, in turn, different from the smog
problem in London, while the latter problem is different
again from the smog problem in los Angeles. In Belgium,
Ireland, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and
60 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
even Italy, the interest of the public, the police and
legislature is concentrated mainly on the visible smoke from
diesel vehicles, while petrol—driven vehicles are not yet regarded
as a very serious source of pollution. In Switzerland, the
inspection authorities have been primarily concerned from the
outset (apart from gas emissions by factories) with the
quantities of CO and lead compounds to be found in the air
along traffic routes. This work began in the years immediately
following the appearance ot ethyl motor spirit on the market
(1947). In the United Kingdom, attention also seems to be
directed mainly towards other sources of pollution. In the
Federal Republic of Germany and France mortality and
morbidity statistics, reports on pollution t*ends in
particular areas, the effects of pollution on people, plants and
masonry have made doctors and learned societies alive to the
changes, led to Press campaigns and impressed public opinion
and government departments. The issue is not only the nuisance
caused by smoke, but, above all, the poisonous nature of
the exhaust gases of petrol engines. Considered are: (1) - the
organisation of anti-pollution action in each state; (2) -
studies and research; organisation, co-oraination and results;
(3) - roethods and equipment which can be used to reduce pollution;
and (4) - anti-pollution legislation in Europe.#*
03154
N. E. "lynn and W. P. Crouse
REPOPT ON NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE BAY AREA AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
DISTRICT. Preprint. 19b4.
Total oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions in the Bay Area Air
Pollution Control District tor 1963 are estimated at 515
tons/day. A summation of emissions of oxides of nitrogen by
general source categories is presented. Transportation at
323 tons/day is the major source category ot nitrogen oxides
emissions and accounts tor 63% of all oxides of nitrogen emissions
tor the Bay Area. Combustion operations at 150 tons/day are the
second largest source category and contribute 29% of the nitrogen
oxides emissions. Emissions from small, medium, and large
stationary sources with incinerations, agriculture, and
transpotation sources grouped separately, are presented. (Author
summary modified)»#
03198
AUTOMOTIVE Alt? POLLUTION (FIFTH REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE TO THE U.S. CONGRESS IN
COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC LAW 88-206 AS AMENDED BY PUBLIC LAW
89-272). 9Uth Congress (1st Session) (Document No. 8) Dec.
1966. 14 "P.
GPO 74-5880
The procedure is described whereby the manufacturer may apply for
a certificate of conformity and it describes the activities of the
certification laboratory established by the Department to verify
thp manufacturer's test data. The status of legislation at the
B. Emission Sources 61
-------
State level to provide for continued compliance following
Federal certification is also covered. The effectiveness of the
Federal control program, as it may be anticipated from early
experiences under California's similar program, is discussed in a
section on surveillance testing. The Federal standards, which
were established March 31, 1966, are subject to revision as new
dimensions of the problem are defined and as limitations become
apparent in the implementation of existing standards. Current
standards of emissions control apply to two contaminants,
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, and to two possible emission
sources, crankcase and exhaust systems. It is probable that
nitrogen oxide, lead, sulfur dioxide, odor, and particulate
components of motor vehicle exhaust will become the subject of
future standards; the fuel system and evaporation losses
associated with it is the subject of study for early inclusion
among systems requiring control. Research studies upon which
revised standards and procedures will be based are reviewed. The
policy which will prevail in the establishment of new emission
standards on a national level is one which will recognize the needs
of the most susceptible members of the population at risk and the
quality ot the air where the risk is highest. Sections of this
report deal with the air quality as it refelcts the extent of the
automotive air pollution problem in many cities across the United
States and its potential influence on the health and well-being of
their citizens. (Author summary modified)##
03202
V. Del Vecchio.
THE PROBLEMS OF BASIC URBAN AIR POLLUTION. II problema
dell'inquinamento di fondo urbano dell'aria atmosferica. Fumi
Polveri (Milan) 6, (6) 177-8, June 1966.
Basic urban air pollution refers to the discharge into the air of
exhaust gases from motor vehicles and from heating units, which
are prevalently inefficient. Both sources discharge respirable
dusts and gases, the latter including some aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons which have proven carcinogenic in experimental
animals. The problem arising from the incomplete combustion of
motor fuels is aggravated by the presence, in Italian cities, of
narrow streets and relatively high buildings which become
repositories of emitted fumes and dust from slow-moving vehicles.
As much as 12 to 13% CO may be present in gasoline-driven motor
car exhaust. Rhile gross measurement of pollutants present in the
urban air is of high indicative value, public health aspects of the
problem demand that granulometric studies of the dust particles
also be conducted, since size is a factor in respirability. In
addition, photochemical studies involving the interaction between
tne pollutants in the air and the sun's rays indicate that solar
radiation transforms the originally present contaminants into
biologically more receptive compounds, quite different from their
precursors. Thus peroxacetylnitrate (PAN) is produced from
NOx, and the new substance is a powerful irritant of the mucus
membranes. The dramatic episodes of mass illness resulting from
smog in various places in recent years were caused by the
phenomenon of thermal inversion which prevented the dispersion of
the irritants present in the air.t#
62 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
03233
W. Thurauf and W. Ehnert
((THE FORMATION OF NITRIC OXIDE DURING COKING.)) Uber die
Bildung von Stickstoffmonoxid bei der Verkokung und seine
Bestimmung in Koksofengas. Brennstoff-Chem." (Essen)
9 (48) :270-273, Sept. Translated from German as
JDBS R-8b82-D.
Experiments were undertaken in order to settle the question of
where and when nitric oxide is formed during the coking process,
and the manner in which the nitric oxide content of coke oven gas
changes during the process of coking. The experiments were
conducted on a small scale, employing specially designed apparatus
with the thermal energy being provided by an electric heater, in
order to eliminate the possibility that coking fuels are
responsible for the formation of nitric oxide. It was found that
nitric oxide begins to form during the first state at which gas is
driven otf; and that the extent to which it continues as the
temperature is raised depends on the type of coal, its granular
structure, and the temperature rise. Formation appears to be
complete by the time that the coking coal reaches a temperature of
400 C. In the case of ground coals, the finer the grains the
lower the formation of nitric oxide, and vice versa; the reverse
beinq true for coal dust obtained by sitting coal that had been
stored in the open air. The NO contents of subseguently
heated alcohol extracts from coals are approximately the same as
those of the same coals directly heated in a helium atmosphere, and
are from four to twelve tir.es as great as the volumes contained in
the distillation gases obtained during the coking process. This
indicated that approximately 90% of the NO which is formed
during coking is subseguently decomposed by reactions with the
other distillation products. NO is not formed, as formerly
believed, through oxidation during coking, but rather from the
decomposition of substances which are formed when coal is stored in
the open air.##
0325b
R. L. Cummins and V. J. Konopinski
MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST CONCENTRATIONS IN A ROAD TUNNEL.
Preprint. (Presented at the Conference of the American
Industrial Hygiene Association, Philadelphia, Pa., Apr. 29,
1964.)
The contribution of motor vehicle exhaust to ambient air pollution
was studied by using a vehicular-road tunnel as a sampling site.
An intensive aerometric study was conducted April 20 through 28,
1963, at the Sumner Tunnel in Boston, Massachusetts. The
tunnel is now operated as a one-way tube. Air quality was
determined on the fresh air supplied to the tunnel (inlet air) , on
the air exhaust from the tunnel (exhaust air), and at three sites
within the tunnel. Particulate pollutants were analyzed for total
suspended particulates, benzene-soluble organics, sulfates,
nitrates, metals, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. Concentration of
S02, oxides N, N02, aliphatic aldehydes, and CO were also
determined. The average concentration of total suspended
particulates in the inlet air was 86 micrograms/cu n while that of
B. Emission Sources 63
-------
the exhaust air was 42U ir,icrograms/cu m. The concentrations of
total particulates, benzene-soluble organics, sulfates, and
nitrates for the inlet and exhaust air were less than reported in a
previous study. The ranges of concentrations of oxides N, N02,
and aliphatic aldehydes in the tunnel were, respectively, 11.3 to
U3.0, 3.5 to 8.3, and J.1 to 12.6 parts per hundred million
(hereafter referred to as pphm). S02 concentrations ranged from
0.1 to 0.5 pphm, and were less than ambient concentrations. The
mean daily concentration of CO was 2.3 ppm in the inlet air and
50.8 ppm in the exhaust air. Mean concentrations ir. the tunnel
ranged from 20.5 to 51.2 ppm and increased with increasing
distance into the tunnel. Other pollutants exhibited a similar
gradient. The particulate pollutant concentrations measured
during April 1963 study are less than those measured in 1961.
This decrease may be attributable to operation of the tunnel with
one-way traffic and the concomitant piston effect, and to a 36
percent decrease in the average number of motor vehicles using the
tunnel. Values for polycyclic hydrocarbons reported for the 1961
study were in error; corrected values are given in this report.
(Author abstract)##
OJ265
A. P. Bush, P. A. Glater, G. Richards, and J. Dyer
EFFECT OF ENGINE EXHAUST ON THE ATMOSPHERE WHEN AUTOMOBILES ARE
EQUIPPED KITH AFTEBBUBNEFS. Prcc. Tech. Meeting West Coast
Section, Air Pollution Control Assoc., 3rd, Honterey,
Calif. , 1963.)
"Typical" smog damage of the conventional type if induced in
Nicotiana glutinosa when the ratio of pure air to automobile
exhaust is in the range of 1000 to 1 in the test facility. A
specific cycle of engine operation involving acceleration, cruise,
deceleration and idle produced typical damage. The absence of
cruise in the cycle caused no damage to occur. With an after
burner on the exhaust of internal combustion engines, it becomes
apparent that a new type of injury was being induced in
Nicotiana glutinosa plants. Fumigations with afterburner
exhausts consistently produced atypical plant damage, whereas
automobile exhaust fumigations, without afterburner devices,
usually produced typical oxidant damage. 2t is considered that
since the concentration of hydrocarbons is reduced using the
afterburner, one of the principal air polluting agents has been
eliminated; typical air pollution therefore, does not occur. This
does not 'mean that plant damage is eliminated, only that the usual
type of plant dair.age appears to have replaced it (atypical) .
Some of the exceptions to the trends described in #1 above can be
explained on the basis of lack of sweep of the tunnel so that
residual smog-forming materials may have remained behind. The
tunnel must therefore be carefully swept with air passed through
beds of activated charcoal for at least 15 hours before the
fumigation can have validity. Plant damage does not correlate
well with measured concentrations of nitric oxide. Atypical
damage is produced however in almost every instance of
afterburner exhaust fumigation. Since the fumigation period
includes the period when the oxides of nitrogen are high (ppm or
so) it may be speculated that the new damage is due to oxides of
nitrogen in the absence of high hydrocarbon. There is fair
correlation between hydrocarbon concentrations and the appearance
of typical damage when no afterburner is used. Afterburner
64 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
exhaust in the chamber showed no appreciable human eye irritation
resulting from the new atmosphere while automobile exhaust without
afterburner produced eye irritation of the type described by
Buchberg. (Author conclusions)##
033bb
R. Sutton and E. S. Starkman
OXIDES OF NITPOGEN IN ENGINE EXHAUST WITH AMMONIA FUEL.
California Univ., Berkeley, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering. (Technical Rept. No. 7 and Rept. No.
TS-66-4.) June 1966. 28 pp.
CFSTI, DDC 6l»04MU
At maximum output, more oxides of nitrogen are produced by
combustion of ammonia than with hydrocarbon fuels. This is
partly a result of peak power occurring at low mixtures with
ammonia. Disproportionate quantities of nitrogen oxides which are
encountered with ammonia at lean mixture ratios indicate a
probable result of the direct production of NO in the ammonia
pyrolysis scheme.##
OJ420
A. H. "ose. Jr., H. H. Black, F.C. Hanta
AI^ HMD HATER POLLUTION STUDIES RELATED TO PROPOSED PETROLEUM
REFINERY FOP' SAND ISLAND - OAHU, TERRITORY OF HAWAII (-.REPORT
TO BOARD OF HEALTH, TERRITORY OF HAWAII). Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. Dec.
195i. 60 pp.
HEW
The objective of the atmospheric pollution phase of this
study was na evaluation of the possible effect on the
atmosphere of the City of Honolulu which may result from the
operation of a 24,000-barrel-per-day modern fluid catalytic
cracking refinery. Two factors were investigated, first
the extent and causes of the current atmospheric pollution level,
and second the potential impact on the pollution level which may
result from the refinery operation. Process design tor the
proposed refinery was tentative in that only process flow and
major process units were fixed; interflow of components between
process units and their elements had not been finalized. Data
covering the operation of ar.d atmospheric contaminant discharge
from existing industrial operations were relatively meager. Data
on the concentrations of specific contaminants in the Honolulu
atmosphere were not available. Only published clinatological data
were available . The quantity of specific atmospheric
contaminants from both existing sources and the proposed refinery
are presented as determined from the best available data.##
B. Emission Sources
65
-------
0 J5B<4
G. P. Canti, W. n. Noble, and G. P. Larson
DETECTION OF SMOG FORMING HYDROCARBONS IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
GASES USING PLANTS AS INDICATORS. Air Repair 4, (2) 83-6,
Aug. 195H.
Following the identification of hydrocarbons in the «, 5 and 6
carbon atom range in automobile exhaust gases, it became necessary
to determine whether these hydrocarbons, mixed with other exhaust
gases, could produce typical smog effects. A study was carried
out in which the atmospheric reaction of hydrocarbons was
duplicated in the Air Pollution Control District's plexiglas
house. Certain plants, which had already been proved susceptible
to snoa damage, were used as indicators. Gasoline vapor was used
as the standard against which the plant damaging effects of
automobile exhaust gases were compared. Results show that
automobile exhaust hydrocarbons are capable of producing effects
eguivalent to those resulting Iron smog. (Author abstract)#tt
0 i 8 71
L. B. Hitchcock
AIR POLLUTION AND THE OIL INDUSTRY. Proc. Am. Petrol.
Inst., Sect. IV. 3b, 150-U, 1955. (Presented at the spring
meeting. Pacific Coast District, American Petroleum Inst.
Division of Production, Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 28, 1955.)
While most of Los Angeles' air pollution is traceable to
petroleum products, by far the largest share arises from the use
to which these products are put. Motor-vehicle exhaust accounts
tor the largest single source of pollution. Fuel oil and gas also
contribute. Incineration of refuse and metallurgical and
miscellaneous industrial emissions account for most of the
balance. The public, through its motor vehicles and
rubbish burning, contributes more than halt the total
pollution. The oil industry, indispensable to the community's
growth, has done more than all the rest of the area in
developing and adopting corrective measures, and has reduced
its emissions very substantially. Petroleum production in Los
Angeles County contributes a very minor part to air pollution.
Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in combination produce smog
effects, although neither alone, at concentrations found, is
known to be deleterious. Cleaner air costs money, but less
than smog. Intevsive application of science and engineering
to the overall problem is the only road to success. (Author
abstract) #it
03H8J
E. A. Schuck and G. J. Doyle
A STUDY OF IRRADIATED AUTO EXHAUST. Stanford Research Inst.,
South Pasadena, Calit., Southern California Labs. (Kept. 9
and 'I'echnical Rept. 11.) Feb. 1958. 65 pp.
66 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Aerosol was tormed by irradiation of exhaust-air mixtures. The
aerosol thus formed was in the submicron size region but was of
sufficient concentration to reduce visicility appreciably—in some
instances from around HO miles down to 2 or 3 miles. The
severity of eye irritation is dependent on the concentrations of
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. More particularly, a
relationship has been established between the concentration ratio
of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen and the degrees of eye
irritation, the degree of irritation beir.g dependent on the
concentration ratio. This ratio also influences the rate of
formation or the aerosol, oxidant, and indicated nitrogen dioxide.
Varying the relative humidity in the exhaust-air mixtures between
40% and 80% and the temperature between 26 C and 40 C had no
detecta le effect on any of the measured symptoms. Eye irritation
increased as the light intensity was increased from zero to 3/4 the
intensity of noonday sunlight, but did not appear to increase with
a further increase in intensity up to about twice that of noonday
sunlight. Eye irritation intensity was found to he a function of
residence time under irradiation. The results indicate that the
length of time that pollutants reside under irradiation has an
eftect on the severity of smog symptoms, i.e., leads to an increase
and then a decrease in eye irritation with time. The smog
potential from an auto exhaust mixture appears to be intimately
associated with hydrocarbon concentration, oxides of nitrogen
concentration, the concentration ratio of hydrocarbons to oxides of
nitrogen, light intensity, and residence time under irradiation.
The halt lite of the eye irritant produced by irradiating dilute
auto exhaust was determined to be in the order of 24 hr, indicating
the presence of a rather stable irritant. The half life of the
aerosol was found to be 12 hr, and that of the oxidant or indicated
nitrogen dioxide was less than one hour. Thus, from the measure
of halt lite, the aerosol, oxidant, and indicated nitrogen dioxide
do not appear to be intimately associated with eye irritation.##
0398H
W. Henny R. Herrmann
NEK DIES3L COMBUSTION CHAMBER GIVES SMOOTHER COMBUSTION AND
CLFANEB EXHAUST. S.A.E. 8Soc. Automotive Engrs.) J. 84,
(7) JS-42, JULY 1966.
The Hispano-Suiza combustion chamber is described. It uses a
spherically shaped upper section with high turbulence to lower
cycle pressures and gives lighter and less toxic exhaust than a
direct infection system. The chamber construction; combustion
process; and smoke, CO, and NOx emissions are discussed.**
040U8
J. T. Gray, Jr., E. Dimitroff, N. 1. Meckel, and P.
D. nuillian. Jr.
AMMONIA FUEL - ENGINE COMPATIBILITY AND COHEUSTION.
S.A.E. (Soc. Automotive Engrs.), Preprint. (Presented at
the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan.
10-14, 1966.)
Full-scale engine studies were conducted to determine the
B. Emission Sources 67
-------
feasibility ar.i compatability ot ammonia combustion in various
systems. Briefly outlined is the spark-ignition investigation
undertaken by the Army Laboratory to learc the potential and
ettect of ammonia as a fuel and to study the influence of engine
variables o;i combustion. A study of compression-ignition
performance was made to ascertain the ability of ammonia to be
pumped in existing injection systems and various means of" achieving
ammonia combustion were explored. Compatibility of ammonia and
its combustion products with engineering materials and lubricants
presents no substantial problem. Satisfactory delivery of
ammonia may be accomplished by cooling the inlet to the injection
pump. Ammonia-only combustion requires high compression ratios
and temperatures (35:1 compression ratio, 300 F air and coolant).
Ammonia may be ignited by pilot fuels at compression ratios as low
as 12:1, depending upon the cetane number of the pilot. None of
the fuel additives investigated significantly lowered the energy
level requirement for ammonia ignition. Gases introduced into
the intake manifold resulted in ammonia combustion although
amounts required were high: (10% hydrogen, 15-20% acetylene).
High temperature glow coils were suitable ignition sources but
spark plugs and standard glow plugs failed to initiate
combustion.##
OU02H
P. E. Kruse and D. K. Hill
EXHAUST FHISSIONS FROM COMPACT CARS. Preprint. (Presented
at the Society of Automotive Engineers Meeting, Dayton, Ohio,
Mar. 14, 1967.)
The purpose of this study was to develop basic emission data that
will provide background information for the setting of Federal
emission standards that weigh as equitably as possible the relative
contributions to air pollution of different passenger cars varying
both in gross vehicle weight and in engine displacement. This was
accomplished by determining for a variety of imported and domestic
compact vehicles the concentrations and mass levels of emissions
ot hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen during
operation on the road and on a chassis dynamometer (7-mode cycle,
hot start). The compact vehicle was defined as any car weighing
less than 3,000 pounds with an engine displacement of less than
200 cu. in.**
OH1 81
P. Inov°, T. Iritani, H. Yanagisawa, G. Saito, and
H. Maeda
ANALYTICAL STUDIES ON THE ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS INDUCED BY C02-
02 ASC WELDING. Japan. J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 1, (3)
218-23, June 1959. Jap.
A rise in temperature and a decrease in humidity were more
noticeable with a C02-02 arc welding process using a new gas-
shielded metal arc-welding method than with manual welding with
covered electrodes. Experiments were conducted in a small cabin
to analyze the atmospheric conditions created by this new metnod.
The increase in carbon dioxide was not great although it was
68 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
greater than in manual welding; this increase was caused by the
natural ventilation associated with the rise in temperature. The
level ot carbon monoxide was raised, but only a little more than
in other welding processes. The production of ultraviolet
radiation was less than in other welding. The production of
ozone and nitrogen dioxide was so slight that they would not cause
poisoning. The quantity of dust produced was rather large, but
was less than with welding with covered electrodes. In using
C02-02 arc-welding processes in a small room, one must pay
attention to good ventilation of the room, but since this welding
process is usually used in a large rooir, with good natural
ventilation, there are very few hygienic problems with regard to
the process. (Author summary modified)##
04200
F. F. Gartrell
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION F30M LARGE THERMAL POHER STATIONS.
Bev. Soc. Roy. Beige Ingrs. Ind. (Brussels) (11) 471-82,
Nov. 1966. (Presented at the Symposium on Air Pollution
Control, Essen, Germany, Plar. 9, 1966 and at the Belgian
Royal Society of Engineers and Industrialists Meeting,
Brussels, Belgium, Car. 16, 1966.)
Measures for the removal of particulates from stack gases and
reductions in S02 emissions as well as the dispersion of
emissions by high stacks and control by operational procedure are
discussed. The results ot air pollution monitoring near large
power stations of the TVA are reviewed. Gas cleaning devices
have been perfected so that 99.5% of the original ash content of
the coal may be removed, although costs increase rapidly above
95%. In the future, removal of 99.5% of ash may be necessary in
some plants based on combined mechanical and electrostatic
collectors. There is a trend tovaid using electrostatic
precipitators alone because of the high draft losses with
mechanical collectors. While there are a number of promising
developments in the removal ot SO2 from fossil fuels, the
principal reliance for the next tew years will have to be placed on
dispersion trom high stacks with possible supplementary
operational controls. The height of TVA stacks varies from 150
to 800 ft, and tables are given of relationship between the
maxiaum ground level S02 concentration, stack height, and
wind speed. Data are also given ot the frequency ot occurrence of
various ground levels of S02 in the area around the plants.#tt
04609
M. Kennebeck, Jr., R. Wetherington, D. A. Nole, H.
Poby, and K. Y. Longley
TOXIC HAZARDS EVALUATION OF TITAN II TEST FIRINGS: METHODS AND
RESULTS OF LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS. Aerospace
Medical Research Labs., Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,
Aerospace ".edical Div. and Aerojet-General Corp., Azusa,
Calif. (Technical Documentary Rept. AMPL-TDE-63-52.)
(Aerojet-General Rept. 2552.) June 1963. 79 pp.
B. Emission Sources 69
-------
Toxicologically significant environmental contaminants near
Titan II test-stand facilities were studied, with specially
developed field and laboratory techniques, primarily to determine
the degree of hazard associated with exhaust constituents. For
exhaust products that were identified and quantitatively evaluated,
it was found that normal test firings create no significant
personnel hazard in test areas and that, with proper treatment
procedures, no significant water-pollution problems are created.
ft method tor determining Titan II test-firing contributions to
a community-air-pollution situation was also developed. This
study emphasizes the need tor investigation of more refined
atmosphere analysis techniques and instruments to determine trace
contaminants resulting from static and dynamic missile firings.
Detailed analytical methods for field samples containing
unsysimetrical dimethylhydrazine, hydrazine, and nitrogen dioxide
are presented. (Author abstract) ft#
OU792
B. E. George and P. M. Eurlin
AIR POLLUTION FROH CORBEECIAL JET AIRCRAFT IN LOS ANGELES
COUNTY. Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District, Calif. (Apr. 1960). 67 pp.
An investigation of commercial jet aircraft operations at Los
Angeles International Airport to determine the daily emission of
atmospheric air contaminants was made. Smoke emissions and other
air contaminants are byproducts from the combustion of fuel used in
the turbojet engines. The jet exhaust was tested for particulate
matter, aldehydes, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Evaluation of the data
suggest that the total contaminant emissions from jet aircraft
operations are insufficient to produce any generalized
deterioration of air quality. Visible smoke emission from
commercial jet aircraft do occur during take off and landing but on
take-off the emission of smoke in excess of legally allowable
opacity limits is well within the allowable three minute time
limit and on landing the smoke emissions do not exceed the opacity
limits.*#
OK808
J. H. Ludwig
THE VEHICLE POLLUTION PROBLEM. Preprint. (Presented at the
American Public Pover Association Conference, Denver, Cole.,
May 8-11, 1967.
The problem of emissions from motor vehicles is reviewed from
the standpoints of the contribution of vehicles to community air
pollution, present progress in control regulations and application
of devices, and the immediate and longer-term outlook for
additional controls. (Author abstract)##
70 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
014994
P. L. Magill, D. H. Hutchison, J. M. Stormes
HYDROCARBON CONSTITUENTS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES.
Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Syrup. , 2nd, Pasadena, Calif.,
1952. pp. 71-83.
The aim was to present the results of mass spectrometer
analyses of hydrocarbons exhausted by passenger car exhausts.
The ultimate objective was to arrive at an estimate of the amount
of hydrocarbons released into the Los Angeles atmosphere by
gasoline-burning vehicles. The exhaust gases of automobile
passenger cars were analyzed for C1 to C7 ; hydrocarbon content
passenger cars were analyzed for b8c1 to C7 + hydrocarbon content
with the mass spectrometer. The hydrocarbons found include
methane, acetylene, paraffins, and oleiins from b8c2 to C7+.
The exhaust composition was found to ce independent of the
type ot gasoline burned, using gasolines ranging from premium
gasoline of current-day producers to saturated
straight-run gasoline typical of prewar production. New cars
and old cars showed relatively little difference in exhaust
composition during acceleration and steady driving. Under
conditions of idling and deceleration, the hydrocarbon
content exhausted frcm prewar cars was approximately twice that
of postwar cars. Over the range of driving conditions encountered
in city traffic, there is a loss ot hydrocarbon out of the
exhaust ranging from 5 percent of the weight of fuel entering the
carburetor under conditions of steady driving to 19 percent
during periods of deceleration. The total quantity of C1 to C7+
hydrocarbons released by automobile exhausts to the atmosphere over
Los Angeles County during a twenty-four-hour day is
estimated to be about 850 tons.**
OK995
E. L. Hall
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION OF GASEOUS FUELS. Proc. Natl. Air
Pollution Symp., 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. 81-9.
Data on the combustion products of fuel gases is
reviewed. WorK on the photochemistry of smog is related to work
on vapor phase gum produced in manufactured gas by
hydrocarbons and N02 catalytically oxidized from NO in the
presence of butadiene.**
05007
J. H. Ludwig
SEMINAR ON AIP POLLUTION BY MOTOR VEHICLES. Preprint. 1967.
54 pp.
The various facets of the vehicle pollution problem from the
standpoint ot both effects on community atmospheres nationwide and
the source ot variables are sumicarizea. The problems that
B. Emission Sources 71
-------
remain today encompass a number of considerdtions, which may be
enumerated as tollows: (1) The importance of the diesel problem
as it relates to smoke and odor control, the means for securing
reduction of smoke and odors, and the development of test
procedures tor the setting of standards; (2) The importance of
relative reactivity of the various organic species, particularly
hydrocarbons, and the effects of reactivity on both standards and
control methods; (3) The importance of various emission sources
(exhaust, crarkcase ventilation, fuel tank evaporation and
carburetor evaporation losses) in relation to reactivity and need
tor control and the development of test procedures tor these
sources from all types of vehicles (passenger cars, trucks and
buses); (4) The need for control of nitrogen oxides from
vehicular sources, both gasoline engine and diesel engine power
sources and concurrently for stationary sources; (5) The
importance of instrumentation in measurement of pollution
parameters tor research, enforcement (certification) procedures,
surveillance and inspection; (6) The problems of maintenance of
devices on vehicles to insure their continued operation
(surveillance and inspection), and/or the upgrading of such devices
such that they will be essentially maintenance free; and (8) The
importance ot in-traffic carbon monoxide levels, particularly
their signiticance relative to driver fatigue.##
UbOH
A. A. Orning, C. K. Schwart.7, and J. F. Smith
MINOR PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION IN LARGE COAL-FIEED STEAM GENERATORS
American Society Mechanical Engineers New York Paper 64-
wA/FU-2.
(Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting, American Society
ot Mechanical Engineers, New York City, Nov. 29-Dec. 4, 1964
-)
An analysis is given of the miner products of combustion from
large coal-tired steam generators in relation to thermodynamic
eguilibria, unit design and operating conditions. Concentrations
of nitrogen oxides and the ratios of sulfur trioxide to total
sulfur oxides are near equilibrium values at the furnace outlet.
Significant amounts of low molecular weight organic acids and
comparatively small amounts of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
are found under good combustion conditions. (Author abstract) #ft
05U67
S. T. Cufte, P. W. Gerstle, A. A. Orning, and C. H.
Schwartz
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FPOM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS; KEPORT NO.
1. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (9) 353-62, Sept.
1964 (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963.)
Air pollutant emissions frcm two types of coal burning power plant
furnaces were studied. Particulates entering the fly-ash
collector from the low-in tensity-mixing, vertically fired boiler of
Unit A accounted for 60% ot the ash contained in the coal charge.
In the high-intensity-mixing, horizontally fired Unit B, 85S of
72 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
the total ash entering the boiler in the coal was carried to the
fly-ash collector. The fly-ash collectors effectively removed
B5 to 95% at the particulate matter and showed essentially the
sane efficiency in removal of common trace metal compounds.
Concentrations of sulfur trioxide ahead of the dust collector
varied widely. For Unit A, the vertically fired boiler, they
averaged about 4% of the S02 concentration; for Unit B, the
horizontally fired boiler, formation of S03 was lower,
averaging less than one percent of the S02 concentration. The
fly-ash collectors effected an appreciable reduction in sulfur
trioxide emissions on Unit A but not on Unit 3. For both
units S03 emissions were less than one percent of their S02
emissions. Nitrogen oxide concentrations during normal full-load
operation were increased 30 to tO% by passage through an
electrical precipitator. Organic acid concentrations were
appreciably higher than those of gaseous hydrocarbons,
formaldehyde, and carbon monoxide. The very small concentrations
of gaseous hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, and carbon monoxide
indicated very complete and efficient combustion during both
full-load and partial-load operation. Emissions of
polynuclear hydrocarbons from large power plant boilers were found
to be very small in comparison with those from smaller coal-fired
units having less efficient combustion processes.##
031 J3
Hasser, J., B. P. Hangebrauck, and A. J. Schwartz
EFFECTS OF HIP-FUEL STOTCHICMETHY ON AIP POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
FPOK AN OIL-FIRED TEST FURNACE. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 1B(b):332-337, May 1968. 19 rets. (Presented at the
60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
June 11-16, 1967, Paper No. 67-124.)
An experimental, domestic-sized, oil fired test furnace to be
used for evaluation of fuel additives and combustion process
modifications in reducing air pollutant emissions is described.
Operating data and emissions of particulate matter, smoke, carbon
monoxide, gaseous hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and oxides of
sultur are reported over the range of operable air-fuel ratio.
Emission levels are interpreted in terms of key operating
parameters and potential areas tor reduction of emission.
(Authors' abstract modified)##
J. L. Sullivan
THE NATUH3 AND EXTENT OF POLLUTION BY METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES IN
POST KEMBLA (PART I OF AIR POLLUTION BY HETALLURGICAL
INDUSTRIES). Australia Dept. of Public Health, Sydney,
Division of Occupational Health. 1962. 62 pp.
Air pollution was surveyed in a metallurgical town. Port Kemble,
located on the coast of Australia. Iron and copper ores are
smelted and the major emissions consist of solid particulates and
sulphur dioxide gas. The presence of the latter is most
noticeable in the wake of the plume of the stack of the copper
smelter during the north-east winds which prevail in summer. In
B. Emission Sources 73
-------
winter the prevailing winds cause industrial pollution to be
blown seawards. Tests tor sulphur dioxide were made by daily
volumetric sampling instruments ana a Thomas automatic recorder.
The section ot the town most severely affected consisted of a
swathe ot about 200 yards wide and extending to a point where
habitation ceased about 0.6 mile trom the 200 feet high stack of
the copper smelter. Daily readings of the gas were not
spectacular and the highest result was 0.62 part per million.
During a little more than three years 24 hour readings of 0.2 part
per million or more were measured on 39 days. However, a
different picture was obtained trom the continuous recorder. This
showed that high concentrations of sulphur dioxide tended to occur
ir episodes of a few hours each. Peaks of greater concentration
than 5 parts per million were recorded on numerous occasions and
the maximum for the sampling period was 13.5 parts per million at
a point 0.45 mile from the source. Complaints of respiratory
distress were made treguently and most householders had ceased to
try to grow vegetables. Dust-fall rates measured as water
insoluble solids by a deposit gauge consisting ot a six inch
diameter conical glass tunnel and bottle were high by normal
standards. Average annual rates varied between 17.9 and 86.1 tons
per square mile per month. In some locations within a half mile
from the edge ot the steel industries summer dust-fall rates were
found to exceed 100 tons per square mile per month. At one point
a mile and a halt trom the steel industries the monthly rate
durina 1960 varied between 13.6 and 43.4 tons per square mile.
Smoke densities were found to be low by comparison with other
cities in New South Wales despite frequent evidence of haze.
The introduction of oxygen lancing on open-hearth furnaces,
without control measures, had little or no effect or smoke density
levels. (Author abstract modified)##
05157
los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
(Sept. 1960) . B3~ pp.
EHISSIONS OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN FROM STATIONARY SOUPCES IN LOS
ANGELES COUNTY (EEPOPT 2: OXIDES OF NITROGEN EMITTED EY SMALL
SOURCES) .
This program was organized to study source groupings
classified according to the discharge of oxides of nitrogen per
unit ot equipment, as follows: (1) large (those emitting over
100 lbs/hr.); (2) medium (those emitting 5 to 100 lbs/hr.); and
(3) small (those emitting less than 5 lbs/hr.). This report
discusses the evaluation of data obtained from tests made on small
sources. It was calculated that the total weight of N02 and NO
emitted into the atmosphere in Los Angeles County from all
small stationary sources averages 59 tons/calendar day during the
6 months' heating season (November through April) and 32 tons/
calendar day during the remainder of the year. The weighted
average ot these amounts is 46 tons/calendar day. Of this
weighted average daily discharge of N02 and NO from all small
stationary sources, slightly over hall (27 tons) originates from
gas-fired commercial and domestic appliances and the remainder
(19 tons) from small industrial sources. Most of the N02 and
NO discharged from small industrial sources (approximately 16
tons/calendar day, weighted average) is produced by boilers of less
than 500 horsepower rating. Host of the seasonal variations in
74 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
the total weight of N02 and NO discharged from small
stationary sources are ascribable to the nearly two million
residential space heaters, which vent 19 tons/calendar day during
the heating season and none during the remainder of the year. A
summary of N02 and NO emissions for all small stationary
sources is presented. Investigations of the sampling and
analytical techniques employed showed that the chosen procedures
and techniques produce reliable analytical results.##
Ub160
J. L. Kills, K. D. Leudtke, P. F. Woolnch, and 1. P.
Perry
EMISSIONS OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN FROM STATIONARY SOURCES IN LOS
ANGELES COUNTY (REPORT 3: OXIDES OF NITROGEN EMITTED BY MEDIUM
AND LARGE SOURCES). Los aAngeles County Air Pollution
Control District, Calif. (Apr. 1961). 61 pp.
The total weight of oxides of nitrogen discharged into the
atmosphere each day in Los Angeles County from stationary
sources was determined. The sources are divided into medium and
large sources. Medium sources includes those emitting five to
one hundred Ibs. NOx per hr. and the large sources includes those
emitting over 100 Ibs. per hr. The total emissions of NOx from
all medium sources amounts to 70 tons per day during the winter
and 54 tons per day during the summer. The total emissions of
NOx from all large sources amounts to 160 tons per day during
the winter and 93 tons per day during the summer.##
05292
J. M. Chandler
EFFECTS OF ENGINE-OPERATING VARIABLES ON THE COMPOSITION OF
AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GASES . Proc., Am. Petrol. Inst.,
Sect. Ill 38, 324-35 (1958). (Presented before a session on
air pollution, 23rd Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum Inst.
Division of Refining, Los Angeles, Calit., May 15, 1958.)
The factors affecting hydrocarbon concentration in exhaust gas to
the greatest extent are manifold vacuum, engine detuning
(maladjustment and/or poor mechanical condition), and cold as
compared to hot engine starting. Manifold vacuum of more than
approximately 21.5-in. Hg (mercury) accounts for high
concentrations of hydrocarbons during deceleration. This effect
is accentuated by high speeds at the start of deceleration and by
manual transmissions as compared to automatic transmissions.
Accelerating and cruising conditions at various engine speeds
produce similar hydrocarbon concentrations, generally in the range
of 1 per cent to 5 per cent of the supplied fuel, with hydrocarbon
concentrations tending to decrease with increasing engine speed.
Enriched carburetor idle setting increase hydrocarbon emission
during cruise up to approximately 30 mph. One misfiring plug may
more than double the average hydrocarbon concentration. A deposit
-fouled spark-plug set can increase the rate of hydrocarbon
emission moe than 2 1/2 time during a wide-open-throttle
acceleration. Among variables which affect oxides of nitrogen,
air-fuel ratio is of primary importance. Lean mixtures promote
B. Emission Sources 75
-------
the formations of oxides of nitrogen and increase the relative
effects of other engine variables. Under fall throttle, rich
mixture conditions, concentrations of oxides of nitrogen are
relatively low. Under part-throttle conditions, however,
mixtures are sufficiently lean to permit varying degrees of
importance to be attached to ignition timing advance, manirold
pressure increase, and compression ratio increase, all of which
promote oxides of nitrogen formation. Under road-load cruise
conditions and during full-throttle accelerations, higher speeds
produce higher concentrations. During part-throttle accelerations
, there is no general effect of speed, and high concentrations may
be exhausted even at low speeds. During idling and deceleration,
oxides of nitrogen concentrations are so low as to be considered
insignificant.##
05312
Chironis, N. P.
SMOG: THE DEADLY POISONS PERIL LIFE IK ALL CITY AREAS. Prod. Eng.
)/, <3-!»1 (Dec. 1Q, 1966) .
The air pollution problem is national in scope. Pollution-control
officers continue to make a point of cracking down on offending
factories, power stations, and incinerators. But, behind the
scenes, the case against automotive contaminants is building up,
and nothing less than a revolution in automotive engineering will
satisfy tomorrow's standards. This design revolution is chartered
for three stages: Modification of existing engines—improved
carburetors, timing systems, cylinder-head design—and the addition
of devices to burn off hydrocarbons and noxious gases. A search
for new types of internal combustion engine—fuel injection
engines, improved gas turbines, rotary engines. Entirely new
propulsion systems that don't use fossil fuels—electric cars with
batteries or fuel cells, linear motors for mass transportation
systems, perhaps nuclear power either indirectly to charge
batteries or directly to drive vehicles. It was indicated that
pollutants from all sources amount to 13b million tons a year. So
motor vheiclps account for about 60 percent of the nation's
atmospheric wastes, by weight. Moreover, government figures
indicate that vehicles are responsible for about 97 percent of the
olefin hydrocarbons and 40 percent to 60 percent of the nitrogen
oxides. Controls are aimed at three specific targets: emissions
from the tailpipe, from crankcase ventilations, and from carburetor
and gas tank evaporation. The tailpipe is by far the greatest
source of emissions, accounting for up to 65 percent of the
hydrocarbons and almost all the carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides. But the crankcase emission is the easiest to control, and
California chose it as the first target six years ago. These allow
275 ppn of hydrocarbons and l.b percent carbon monoxide by volume.
Fttective Jan. 1, 1970, however, California will cut these
allowables to 180 ppm hydrocarbons and 1 percent CO. The state is
also considerina a proposal to adopt a standard of 350 ppm of
nitrogen dioxide.
05J37
G. G. Esposito
IDENTIFICATION OF AEROSOL PROPELLANTS IN PAINT PPODUCTS BY
76 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGPAPHY (FINAL KEPT.) Army Coating and
Chemical Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. (Bept. No.
226.) Mar. 1967. 15 pp.
Aerosol packaged paint products have gained widespread
acceptance in recent years. Because of safety and toxicity
factors, the type of propellant employed is of vital importance.
This report describes a rapid, specific procedure for the
identification of propellants using gas-liquid chromatography- A
chilled can of paint is sprayed into a test tube and the atmosphere
above the liquid is sampled. The analysis is conducted on
silicone grease and porous polymer columns. (Author abstract)##
05379
INDUSTRIAL AIP POLLUTION CONTROL. Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning
J9 (J) , 179-94 (Bar. 1967) .
This report reflects present thinking and progress in industrial
air pollution control, beginning with the problems, especially
those stemming from sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and fly ash
emissions and ending with how these problems are faced in various
industries today. A comprehensive list of industrial pollutants
with corresponding manufacturing sources, typical industries in
which they occur, and damaging effects they cause to humans,
animals, plants, and property is presented. Control of
particulates, equipment selection considerations, and general
problems concerning air quality criteria and standards are
reviewed. A table depicting particulate emissions before collection
from three major sources (utilities, industry, and residential) for
the years 1940, 1960, 19BO, and 2000 and the amount of emissions
from the four types of firing (pulverized coal, stoker coal,
cyclone coal, and oil) expressed in millions is included.
05411
E. S. Starkman
VARIOUS COMPONENT GASES OF ENGINE GSNEEATED POLLUTION POSE
DIFFERING HEALTH HAZARDS. S.A.E. (Soc. Automot. 'Engrs.)
J. 75, (J) b5-7. Mar. 1967
Unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and
carcinogens are among the emissions generated by engines. Each
produces hazards of varying importance and each presents a
different control problem. For example, the ultimate method of
reducing the hydrocarbon emissions is to supply a completely
stratified charge. As with the hydrocarbons, many engine
variables influence the concentration of nitric oxide. Carbon
monoxide concentration follows directly the fuel-air ratio, and a
rich mixture operation must be avoided at all times. Reduction
in carcinogen content should occur as the concentration of
unburned hydrocarbons is reduced.##
B. Emission Sources 77
-------
C b U 7 7
K. Gasiorowski
(FNET.Y GENERATION FPOK LIQUID FUELS.) Energleerzeugung aus
tluessigen Brennstotfen. Gesundh. Ingr. (Munich) 86 (1) ,
116-22 (Apr. 146S.) Ger.
Air pollution due to oil-tired installatiors is caused by
sultur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and products of
incomplete combust-ion (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, ashes, and
soot). t>ercentual share ot these agents in flue gases produced
froF, different ruel oils under various como'jstion
conditions is qiben. Efficiency of high smoke stacks in
dispersing S02 is discussed and presented graphically.
Statistical data are presented on share ot automobile engines,
domestic furnaces, and industrial furnaces in cities' air
pollution due to S02.*#
A. Goetz
AEROSOL FORMATION IN NATURAL AND POLLUTED AIF.
( Aerosolbildung in naturlicher, >ind verunreinig ten Luf tmassen.)
Preprint. Ger. Tr. (Presented at the
Internationales Imir issionsschutz Forum, Essen, Germany, 1966.)
The nature, type, and the effects resulting from modifications by
aerosols ot reactive gaseous constituents contained in the
biosphere are reviewed. Aerosols modify the physical as well
as the chemical reaction pattern of the ir.olecular-disperse
naseous phase to a considerable degree in spite of the fact
that the total mass of this colloid substance is minimal
10 to the minus 7th to 10 to the minus 8th compared to that
ot the gases which suspend the colloids. The increase in
concentration ot aerocolloids becomes obvious through a rapidly
increasing visibility restriction due to contrast reduction by
light scattering should also be considered. The growth of
aerosols demonstrates the presence of reactive emission components
by increased haze formation. It also has to be realized that the
origin of the haze production is not necessarily tied to the
locality of the pollution source because such reactions
proceed relatively slowly, especially when different reaction
partners originate at different localities or when a high
particulate level is already present due to climate conditions.
The tormation ot aerocolloids is by far not restricted to
industrial and other man-made pollutions but results also from many
processes in nature which go on continuously over the earth's
surface in large variety. Consequently the final effect
ot emissions depends to a large extent or. the geographical
and climatic conditions and the natural aerosol levels, so that
Knowledge about their origin and formation rate is necessary to
judge the final effect ot various emission types over specific
population areas. The sources, chemical and physical interactions
, and methods tor determining the size distribution of aerosols
are considered.##
78 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Obb27
Meyer, W. E.
CONTROLLING ODOR AND SMOKE FPOM DIESEL EXHAUST. Proc. Sanitary Eng.
Cont., Air Resources Planning Eng., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965, pp. 41-
b4.
To the public the distinauishing teatures of a diesel engine are
its smoke and its odor. Neither has been proven to be connected
with any direct or indirect effect of diesel exhaust on the health
of man or beast, nor damage to plant life or property. Diesels do
not emit, significant amounts of either carbon monoxide or
hydrocarbons. The only noxious emission of any conseguence with
which diesels can be charged are nitrogen oxides. Diesels can be
built and adjusted not to smoke but this would mean accepting less
output from a given engine. It has become customary in the indus-
try to set the maximum engine output so that the exhaust smoke does
not excede No. 2 on the "ingelman chart. There is no way of
preventing diesel smoke once and for all. It car. be controlled
and there are numerous devices, means, methods and procedures for
controlling it. The real cure is, therefore, to legislate that
diesels shall not emit smoke above a certain density and leave it
to engine, accessory and fuel manufacturers, owner, operator and
driver to decide among and tor themselves how compliance with the
law is to be obtained.
J. Harkins and J. K. Goodwine
OXIDES OF NITFOGEN IN DIESEL EXHAUST. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 14, (1) J4-8, Jan. 1964.
Equilibria NO-N02 values tor air-fuel ratios of 20, 2b, and 30
at temperature-pressure conditions which bracket true engine
conditions were obtained from diesel exhaust analyses. Even at
the temperature of 4950 deg F, the N02 values were only 40 to 80
ppm. The corresponding NO values were an order of magnitude
higher than those found in an operating engine. Both N02 and
NO concentrations decreased as temperature decreased, so that at
intermediate temperatures, more in line with engine temperatures,
very low N02 values are to be expected. In the tests, truck
engines were run on a chassis dynamometer. Both four-stroke
cycle and two-stroke cycle engines were included.
Both the total oxides of nitrogen and N02 were
determined by an UV SPECTROPHOTOMETSIC
method. The exhaust probe was a 1/4-inch stainless steel line
inserted into the exhaust stream. The exhaust was passed through
an ice water condensate trap, then through two loosely packed glass
wool filters, and was then pushed directly into the UV
spectroph torneter by a carbon vane pump. Nitric oxide
concentrations were 1100 ppm or less depending on engine load.
No N02 concentrations greater than 60 ppm were found. Higher
values can be obtained when the exhaust flow is interrupted and
held in a sampling system. Extreme care must be taken in handling
diesel exhaust if correct measurements for N02 are to be made.
Also, it was found that N02 emissions in diesel engines are
much lower than reported by others and are, in fact, more in line
with equilibrium predictions.##
B. Emission Sources 79
-------
"ITPOGEN TI-TROXIDE DISPOSAL UNIT COiiEUSTION PRODUCES. National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Las Cruces, N. Hex., Manned
Spacecraft Center. Hay 1967. 7pp. (Pept. No. NASA TN D-3965.)
A test program was conducted to determine the identity of the
combustion products released to the atmosphere by the vapor
disposal units which dispose of nitrogen tetroxide by burning with
propane. The burner unit, which is designed to dispose of at least
10 Ib of nitrogen tetroxide per minute, consists of an injector
system for the propane and the nitrogen tetroxide, a mixing
chamber, a burner head constructed to minimize flashback, and a
spark-plug igniter system controlled trom a blockhouse. Samples of
the combustion products were collected and analyzed by-infrared
spectroscopy. When the unit was operated in the normal, slightly
fuel-rich mode, the detectable combustion products were carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and unburned propane or other carbon-hydrogen
bond-containing materials. The hydrocarbon emission, which would
be undesirable in ,a smoa-prone area, can be controlled to a degree
by adjustment of the propane feed. The propane adjustment becomes
important when disposing of an oxidized feed that continuously
diminishes in nitrogen tetroxide. The combustion products do not
contain any materials which present any toxicity problems. After a
year of usage, the White Sands Test Facility concludes that the
disposal units provide a convenient, rapia, and safe method for the
disposal of excess nitrogen tetroxide.
Ourusott, L.
CLFANER AIR AND THE GAS INDUSTRY (PAET I) . Am. Gas J. 194 (3) , 32-
b ; JH ; '40 ; U2 (Mar. 1967) .
The background of air pollution is briefly reviewed from both a
universal and a gas industry viewpoint. The principal causes and
sources of air pollution in the United States are discussed. The
physiological effects of air pollution are considered. Current
methods and means of controlling air pollution are reviewed.
Regional aspects oi the problem are examined as they affect its
severity and bear on the attitudes of the public, the federal and
local authorities, commerce, and industry, and more specifically
the public utility companies.
C. G. Segeler
THE GAS INDUSTRY AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TC AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.
Preprint. (Presented at the btth Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, New York City, Jun° 11-15,
1 96 1 . )
Two facts are demonstrated here: first that the use of natural
gas produced negligible air pollution if any; and second that
natural gas is availab] -> under such economic conditions that its
80 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
use will expand. Beginning with the first fact, the constituents
of natural gas are discussed. A trace constituent of primary
concern in utility delivered gas (97% natural gas) is sulfur which
is the result ot an odorant added for the detection of gas.
Sulfur is present at a concentration of approximately six parts
per million. Total sulfur in the combustion products of a million
Ibs. ot natural gas amounts to only 37 Ibs. The formation of NO
at high flame temperatures and its subseguent oxidation to N02 at
lower temperatures is not an intrinsic fuel property but is
influenced by the conditions of combustion. Values for
residential, industrial and commercial production of nitrogen
oxides by combustion of natural gas are given, based on utility
company gas distribution. Information on emission of nitrogen
oxides vehicles is given as a frame of reference. Application of
laboratory investigations ot emissions from equipment and their
interpretation are discussed. A proposed plan for improving
industrial safety using group organization with annual
inventories and reports is discussed. The following specialized
application of gas in air pollution control are discussed: (1)
domestic incineration, (2) destroilet, (3) flue fed apartment
incinerators, (4) industrial boiler plants, and (5) commercial and
industrial incinerators. Application in smoke control by
reclaiming operations, research on an appliance for consuming
kitchen grease vapors; and catalytic fume oxidation systems are
discussed. As tor the availability of natural gas, a brief
survey ot its consumption and reserve statistics is presented.##
Ob8bU
H. A. 'Uliott, G. J. Nehel, and F. G. Rounds
THr COMPOSITION OF EXHAUST GASES FPOM DIESEL, GASOLIN" AND
PROPANE POWFBED MOTOR COACHES. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. b (2), 103-8 (Aug. 1955). (Presented at the 48th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich.,
May 22-26, 1Sb5.)
Exhnust-gas samples were obtained from Diesel, gasoline, and
propane-powered motor coaches of similar passenger capacity under
idling, accelerating, cruising, and decelerating driving
conditions. The samples were analyzed tor carbon monoxide, oxides
ot nitrogen, formaldehyde, and hydrocarbons. In addition, the
exhaust-gas flow rates were measured to permit calculation of the
emission rate tor each constituent at each driving condition.
Based on a typical city driving pattern, it was concluded that:
1. The carbon monoxide emission from the Diesel coaches was only
a small traction of that from the gasoline and propane coaches.
2. The differences observed in the emission of oxides of nitrogen,
formaldehyde, and hydrocarbons by the 3 coach types were relatively
small. No one coach type discharged either the greatest or least
amounts of all ot these 3 constituents. #tf
05864
S. S. Griswold, P. L. Chass, B. 3. George, and R. G.
Holmes
AN EVALUATION OF NATURAL GAS AS A MEANS OF REDUCING INDUSTRIAL AIR
POLLUTION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12 (4), 155-63,
208 (Apr. 1962). (Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air
B. Emission Sources si
-------
Pollution Control Association, New York City, June 11-15,
1 4f> 1 .)
Fuel oil Burning contributes greatly to the total atmospheric
loading ot significant air contaminants. Fuel oil also is a major
source of oxides ot nitroaen, an important participant in
photochemical smog occurrences and a toxic substance in itself.
The cleanliness ot the atmosphere is directed by the aerosols
enitted directly from fuel oil burning sources and particularly by
such large fuel users as power olants. The presence of sulfur
dioxide greatly increases the a [count of aerof'.ols created by the
photochemical reaction." oetween hydrocarbons and oxides of
nitrogen. Burning furl oil acts in tnree ways to impair the
visibility: (1) it emits aerosols directly; (2) it emits oxides
ot nitrogen to take part in the photochemical reaction; (3) it
provides sulfur dioxide to help make these photochemical reactions
more potent producers ot still more aerosols. In addition to the
deleterious effects on visibility, fuel oil burning results in
(1) esthetically offensive opacity violating plumes, and (2)
damaqe to vegetation. The contribution by power plants to these
typical man 11pstations ot smog in Los Angeles County would
measurably be reduced by the substitution of natural gas in place
ot tuel oil. tt »
OS8VJ
J . V. Scaletti, C. I. Gates, R. A. triggs, L. M.
S c h u T a n
I. FIELD SURVEY.
"ince exposure to silage aases constitutes a distinct
occupational hazard to farmers, a study was undertaken to determine
the extent and frequency of N02 production from silage in
hinnesota through a state-wide silage survey and to relate,
it possible, production ot this gas with various agronomic
practices and environmental conditions existing during the
period of the study. In the survey (1957 and 19b8) 1,219
questionnaires were completed tor individual silage crops.
Actual objective NO2 determinations were made shortly after
tillir. r-, time on 332 silage croos. The remaining 887 (mail)
questionnaires were presumably biased ana consequently were not
weighted heavily. N02 gas was found in 42% of the 332 silos in
the detailed study. The presence or absence of N02 was
found to be significantly related to county for corn and
oats as well as for both years. Those counties with the
heavier soils showed => greater response rate. The level
of organic matter and potassium present in the soil at the time
of ensiling affected N02 production consistently over crops
and yearr for oraanic matter, but to a lesser extent for
potassiUT. The higher the amount of organic matter, the
greater the number ot positive tests for N02 obtained.
Intermediate levels of available potassium ion in soil
appeared related to N02 production. Although not as clearly
demonstrable, lower levels of phosphorus led to an excess of
positive tests for N02. Only 1 of 21 silos containing sodium
met abisulphite as a preservative snowed evidence of N02
production. No relationship to the objective measure of the
production of N02 was shown by the following factors: crop,
amount and method of application of other preservative, amount
82 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
ot organic (manure) or inorganic fertilizer added to the soil at
time of planting, crop condition, time elapsing after cutting
before ensiling, and method of chopping. (Author summary
modified)##
05912
Larsen, R. I.
MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND THEIP EFFECTS (CONFERENCE
REPORT). Public Health Pept. (U.S.) 77(11), 963-9 (Nov. 1962)
(Presented at the Annual Meeting, New England Section, Air
Pollution Control Association, Worcester, Mass., April 25, 1962.)
Highlights of the papers presented at the Fifth Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference on December 1, 1961, and at the Joint
Research Conference on Motor Vehicle Emissions and Their Effects on
December 5-7, 1961 are presented. Current research findings on
quantities and types of air pollutants from motor vehicles and the
effects of these pollutants on the health of man, plants, and
laboratory animals are reviewed.
05970
T. J. Connolly and K. Nofae
INCINERATION STUDIES: FORMATION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN GAS
FIRED HEATERS. (In: First report of air pollution studies.)
((California Univ., Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering.))
(Rept. No. 55-27.) (July 1955). 29 pp.
The results are presented of an investigation of the possibilities
ot reducing the production of these oxides. A review of the
thermodynamics and kinetics of oxides ot nitrogen formation and
decomposition has been made. Measurements of the concentration of
these oxides in the flue gases of a household gas-fired water
heater were made. Experiments were performed to collect data on
possible variation in oxide concentration within the flue pipe of
the heater. The principal constituent ot oxides of nitrogen
within a heater or furnace appears to be nitric oxide, NO. This
compound is probably oxidized to nitrogen dioxide, N02, in the
atmosphere. Equilibrium concentrations of these oxides in flue
gases at various temperatures have been calculated and are
presented. Measurements made in this work, as well as in
previously published information, show that the actual
concentration of oxides of nitrogen are far in excess of
equilibrium concentration. The water heater tested here emitted
about H pounds of oxides per ton of fuel. A study of some
reaction rate data indicates that the formation of nitric oxide at
flame temperatures can be explained by the homogeneous reaction
kinetics. It appears, however, that any decomposition that may
occur at lower temperatures must be surface-catalyzed or
heterogeneous since the homogeneous reaction rates would not
account tor significant decomposition. The data obtained on
measurements of oxides ot nitrogen concentration at various points
in the flue pipe of the water heater did not furnish conclusive
evidence of any change. (Author summary modified)*t
B. Emission Sources
83
-------
06U31
E. E. Leaks, N. 8. Shatter, J. A. Verssen, and R. G.
Lunche
AIR POLLUTION FROM AIRCRAFT IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY - A REPORT OF
THE ENGINEERING DIVISION, DEC. 1965. 90th Congress. pp.
2«8-E>1. ("Air Pollution-19b7, Part I (Automotive Air
Pollution)" Senate Committee on Public Works, Washington,
P. C. , Subcommittee on Air and Watar Pollution, Feb. 13-T4,
20-21, 1967.
The amount of air contaminants emitted into the atmosphere of Los
Angeles County as the result of the operation of aircraft was
surveyed. The emissions from aircraft with which the District is
concerned are those occurring below 3,500 feet altitude and within
the geographical boundaries of Los Angeles County. Thi-s
altitude (3,500 feet) is used as a parameter for the mixing height
below which atmospheric dispersion of pollution is inadequate.
Observations were made from airport control towers to establish
the average time duration of the various operational flight phases
tor different types of aircraft. These phases are: (1) Taxiing
from the terminal to the end of the runway and idling while
awaiting clearance from the control tower; (2) Take-off and
climb-out through 3,500 feet altitude; (3) Descent from 3,500 feet
altitude to touchdown on the runway; and (4) Taxiing from
touchdown to the unloading terminal. In observing the departure
phase, radio contact was maintained with the pilot in order to
learn when the aircraft had climbed-out to 3,500 feet altitude.
The distance in miles from the airport when the aircraft was at
3,bOO feet altitude was established by radar for both arrival and
departure. In the arrival phase, the pilot notified the control
tower as the aircraft descended downward through 3,500 feet
altitude. It was thus possible to determine the average elapsed
time tor an aircraft to travel from take-off to 3,500 feet
altitude, and from 3,500 feet altitude to touchdown on the runway.
Emission factors were then applied.##
06039
K. J. Springer
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POW35ED VEHICLE ODOR AND SMOKE - PART 2
(MONTHLY PROGRESS PEPT. NO. 14, APR. 15, - MAY 15, 1967).
Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, Tex., Vehicle
Emissions Research Lab. (May 26, 1967) 12p.
Studies of the effect of engine derating on exhaust smoke and odor
are in progress. The 6-month fleet test of a smoke suppressant
additive, which began on April 1, is continuing. Preparations
for the evaluation of the three types'of catalytic mufflers for
use with two-cycle powered buses are nearing completion.
Preliminary studies are under way to establish the feasibility in
the laboratory of relating an instrumental odor measurement method
with the human odor panel.**
06055
HEALTH PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AIR
84 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
POLLUTION IN DIESEL BUS GARAGES. Ind. Health (Japan) 4(1):
1-10 (1966) .
An environmental aau a health survey of two diesel bus garages in
Alexandria (Eqypt) have shown an air pollution problem due to the
exhaust ot engines containing 502, N02, aldehydes and
hydrocarbons within permissible levels and a relatively higher
concentration ot smoke. The examination of workers revealed the
occurrence of upper respiratory tract disease, chronic bronchitis,
asthma, peptic ulcer, gastritis, and high blood pressure in
prevalences higher than expected. Respiratory diseases were
probably due to a synergistic effect of smoke and irritants as well
as the presence of acrolein and adsorbed hydrocarbons and the
smoking habits of workers. Cases of chronic dyspepsia and peptic
ulcers were probably related to the nervous tension of night
shifts, and other factors as the irregularity of meals and the
probable swallowing ot dissolved irritants. The blood pressure
was relatively "higher" among night shift workers. (Authors'
abstract, modified) ##
R. 1. Ster.burg, B. R. Horsley, P. A. Herrick, A. H.
Rose, Jr.
EFFECTS OF DESIGN AND FUEL MOISTURE ON IHCINEPATOB EFFLUENTS.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10 (2), 114-20 (Apr. 1960).
(Presented at the 52nd Annual fleeting. Air Pollution Control
Association, Los Angeles, Calif., June 21-26, 1959.)
Tests wore mace to determine the effects ol fuel moisture
content on pollutant emissions from an experimental incinerator
ot fixed dimensions while varying (1) the amount and distribution
ot combustion air, and (2) the burning rate as measured by the
amount ot fuel charged per hour. Overtire combustion air was
introduced into the front or the ignition chamber at the grate
level, and swept the surface ot the burning fuel bed.
Underfire air entered through the ash pit and passed up
through the fuel bed. Secondary air was introduced through
a duct built into the top ot the bridge-wall and was
discharged through a series ot ports opening into the top of the
mixing chamber. Dry components ot the fuel include equal parts,
by weight, of newspaper and corrugated cardboard, mixed in a ratio
ot three to one with wood chips. Chopped potatoes were
substituted for leafy vegetables as the wet component
because ot their year-round availability. Five-pound charges
were prepared with the wet-to-dry components adjusted to provide
a fuel with an average moisture content ot either 25 or 50$.
Particulate, oxides ot nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
and smoke were measured. Because of the basic physical and
chemical laws involved, factors demonstrated by this study
as affecting the increase or decrease of air pollutants
should be the same as those affecting production of pollutants
trom larger scale incinerators. t#
UMO"
Swartz, D. J., K. W. Wilson and W. J. King
MERITS OF LIQUEFIED P3TKOLSUM GAS FUEL FCR AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION
B. Emission Sources 85
-------
ABATEMENT J. Air Pollution Control ASSOC. 13 (4), 154-9 (April
1963). (Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, New York City, June 11-1b, 1961.)
The purpose ot this investigation is to establish trends and to
present some material which sould be both interesting and revealing
as regards the use of LPG as a motor fuel. Particular emphasis is
directed towards its potential for reducing atmospheric air
pollution. A major result of this investigation is to provide new
data emphasizing the striking differences in the composition of
exhaust gas from similar engines operating on Liquefied Petroleum
Gas fuel as contrasted with their operation on gasoline. Tests show
that in the case ot LPG exhaust there are essentially no heavy
hydrocarbons (Ct or greater) present. Since the olefins are the
worst offenders as regards smog formation from gasoline exhaust,
the absence of heavy oletins in LPG exhaust suggests the
possibility of a significant reduction in automotive smog if enough
vehicles in a given area use LPG fuel. The scaled fuel system
'otters an additional advantage by eliminating the evaporation of
fuel to the atmosphere, which is currently a source of added
expense to the motorist as well as adding to the total amount of
air pollution from cars.
06280
Folke Hedlund, Gustav Ekberg, Sten Erik Mortstedt
DIFSTL EXHAUST GASES. INVESTIGATION WITH P80POSALS FOR ACTION.
(Communications Dept., Stockholm, Sweden, Guidance Group
Concerning Development Work in the Field of Motor
Vehicle Exhaust Gas, Sept. 1967. Translated from Swedish.
Joint Publications Research Service R-d943-D, 74p., Dec. 12,
1967. 27 refs.
Diesel exhaust emissions and methods of controlling these
emissions in Sweden are reviewed. The diesel engine differs
from the gasoline engine in several respects, which have a decisive
influence or, the pollution it emits. It uses a fuel that is
less volatile than gasoline. It normally works with a higher
excess of air (leaner mixture) and the devices for feed and
ignition ot the fuel are quite different. Due to the discharge
by individual vehicles ot dense smoke and by the discharge of
toul-smelling substances they have been pointed out by the
public as qualified air polluters. Poor maintenance of the
engine or intentionally wrong pump adjustments can result in the
giving off of such dense smoke that this can constitute a hazard
for overtaking vehicles due to impaired or obscured visibility.
Diesel engines can give off various types of smoke. One type is
the heavy load smoke, which arises through load on a hot engine.
Exhaust cases from diesel vehicles, especially under certain
driving conditions, contain substances that are irritating
to eyes, nose and throat. These include: oxides of nitrogen,
hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide
and sulfur dioxide. The smoke from a d,iesel engine can
be limited by various measures, undertaken on the engine or the
fuel pump, the fuel, and finally on the exhaust gases.
Feqular maintenance of the engine is necessary to keep the smoke
values at the lowest possible level. Current and proposed
regulation ot diesel exhaust emissions are discussed.it
86 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Bureau of Kines, Pittsburgh, Pa., Coal Research Center
pp. b1-61 (1966) .
FLAH3 CHARACTERISTICS CAUSING AIP POLLUTION. (SECTION VI OF
AIP "POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRESS BEPOST FOR QUAETEP ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 1966.)
A study is in progress of tha factors that lead to or limit
emission of oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and light
hydrocarbons by gas appliances, such as space heaters and hot water
heaters. The separate and combined effect of thermally or
chemically perturbing the combustion gases above primary flames
of lean, stoichiometric, and rich prcpane-air mixtures are being
determined theoretically and also experimentally by means of
factorial experiments. Concentrations of oxides of nitrogen
with and without flue gas were determined at sampling
stations at the top of the primary flames and
concentration of oxides of nitrogen was reduced by the
addition of either of twc simulated flue gases. Flue gas A
(containing no air) was more effective in reducing the
concentration of oxides of nitrogen than flue gas B
(containing air). The data also indicate that tor most of the
flames with or without flue gas the major increase in
concentration of oxides of nitrogen occurred within about the
first inch above the primary flames. The effect of
addition of flue gas on concentration of hydrocarbons was
measured at the top of the primary combustion zone. Hydrocarbons
occurred at the edge of all flames when a flue gas was added.
Since the addition of flue gas caused partial flame lift it is
possible that some of the initial hydrocarbon plus other
hydrocarbons former) from it may be escaping through the dead space
between the burner grid and the base of the flame. (Author's
summary, modified) t#
063CUL
CHARACTERISTICS AN'D PHOTOCK EI1TCA L REACTIVITY OF VEHICULAR
EMISSIONS. (Section VII of air pollution research progress
report tor quarter ended December 31, 1966.) Bureau of
Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., Coal Research Center, 1966, pp.
BIV63-BIV67-
The effects of halogens, SC2, and humidity on reactivity of a
standard ethylene plus NO plus air mixture were studied. The
results showed no effects on the system's chemical reactivity as a
result ot the presence of halogen and S02; the ozone meter's
response to oxidant and N02, however, was reduced in the
presence of SC2. Humidity was found to interfere with the
chemical processes in a way that affected significantly
the reactivity-measureront results. further studies on
background reactivity in the irradiation chamber showed that
the background oxidant formation result ot photochemical
reactions involving NOx and hydrocarbon at extremely low
concentrations. (Author summary)##
B. Emission Sources 37
-------
06331)
Little, (Arthur D.) Inc., Cambridge, Mass. (Rept. C-62653.)
(May 30, I960) . 106 pp.
THE PROBLEMS OF TOXICITY, EXPLOSIVITY, AND COBFOSIVITY ASSOCIATED
WITH WS 108A-2 MARK II OPERATIONAL BASE FACILITY. Little
(Arthur D.) Inc., Cambridge, Mass. (Rept. C-62653.) (May
30, 1 y6'J) . 106 pp.
DDC: AD U50048
A review was made of problems regarding toxicity, explosivity, and
corrosivity of a missile fuel as they affect the design of a Silo
Launch Test Facility and Silo Lavnch Operational Base.
Recommendations are made concerning breathing apparatus, clothing,
detection, water for fire fighting, degradation of propellant and
use of materials to minimize corrosivity. (Author abstract)**
0 6 7 H1
(PRESERVATION OF AIR PURITY AND THE PRODUCTION OF POWER.)
Maintien de la Purete de 1'Air et Production d'Energie.
Centre Interprofessionnel Technigue d'Etudes de la
Pollution Atmospherigue, Paris, France. (1967.) it pp. Fr.
(Rept. Ho. CI 306.) (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 24.)
After a joint meeting of three German and three American
experts on air pollution from large boilers and other sources,
the problem of pollution was discussed with representatives of the
Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs and the owners of large
boilers in the State of North Phine-Westphalia, in West
Germany. The differences in approach, the climatic conditions,
the size of the country, and the type of regulatory authority were
explored. Various controls were investigated such as the
use of high stacks, low-sultur fuels, sulrur dioxide removal, and
electrostatic precipitators. There is a short discussion of smog
formation in California by photochemical action. In
Germany, federal law governs the regulation of air pollution.
Also in Germany, federal law governs the regulation of air
pollution. Also in Germany the regulations cover individual
parts of the installations, while in the United States the main
consideration is the concentration of the pollutant in the
ambient air produce! by the installation.
While inv-estigations into the elimination of pollution
continue, reliance on high stacks is suggested.f#
06791
P. Lemaigre
AIR POLLUTION PY HOTOR VEHICLES. LA POLLUTION DE
1'Air par les Vehicules Automobiles. Pcllut Atmos (Paris)
8, (32) U39-82, Dec. 1966. Fr.
88 UITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
A general review is presented of the air pollution caused
by motor vehicles. The known facts and the current research on
air pollution is presented on the basis of papers given before
the Strasbourg- Conference in June of 1964. The various
polluting agents are considered and the control measures which
involve the fuels and the engines are described. Recent work
carried out in both France and the United States is
discussed with the differences between the motor
traffic conditions taken into account. French legislation is
discussed emphasizing the importance of proper engine
maintenance in air pollution control. The results of proper
carburetor adjustment during idling are a good example of a simple
method of control. It is concluded that the eventual solution
will not be easy. The necessity of preserving "green areas" as
method of air pollution control is brought out since these
plots have a considerable absorbent role.t*
06967
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE STATE OF NOPTH RHINE-
WFSTPHALIA. Ministry ot Labour and Social Welfare, North
Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)). {Peport to the Congrss on the
"Prevention ot Air Pollution", Duesseldorf, Germany, Apr.
b-7, 196'i.) 78p. Translated from German.
t survey of the activities in North Hhine-Kestphalia for the
prevention of air pollution is reported and the results are
summarized. The report included: (1) history, legal basis,
administrative organization, smocwarning network, and economic
problems; (II) Peport ot the Factory Inspection Dept.
(Enterprises subject to approval and other enterprises and
workitin places) ; and (III) report of the state Institute for
Air Pollution Control and Land Utilization (monitoring of air
pollution, techniques for measuring immissions, relationship
between emission and immission, technical steps for the
restriction ot emissions, and the effect of air pollution on soil,
vegetation and animals.t#
0/178
Doyle. G. J. and N. A. ^enzetti
THE FORMATION OF AEEOSOIS BY IRRADIATION OF DILUTE AUTO EXHAUST.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 8(1):2J-J2, May 1958. 17
refs. (Presented at the 132nd Nat. Meeting, Amer. Chem.
Soc., New York, N.Y., Sept. 8-1J, 19S7.)
Laboratory examinations of diluted auto exhausts were used in the
study as a method ot determining whether aerosols form as a
consequence ot photochemical reactions vihich are induced to occur
in this medium. The system used allowed investigation of the
dependence of aerosol formation en the composition of the dilute
exhaust and the determination of some of the properties of the
generated aerosol. The controlled variables were the
concentrations of four types of exhaust (idle, acceleration,
cruise, and decleration), relative humidity, temperature during
irradiation (27 plus or minus 2C), and light intensity (near
ultraviolet which is comparable to noon sunlight on a winter day).
B. Emission Sources 89
-------
The aerosols in the exhaust-air mixtures were studied by means of
a counter photometer and a nuclei counter. Aerosol can bo formed
by irridiation ot dilute auto exhaust. Within the range of
concentrations studied, aerosol formation is favored by increasing
the concentration of deceleration exhaust, and, to a lesser
degree, by increasing the concentration of oxides of nitrogen.
The aerosol so formed is in the submicron size region but is of
sufficient concentration and size to reduce visibility appreciably
and to increase the mass concentration of aerosol. ##
0722J
E. Fiala and E. G. Zeschmann
THE EXHAUST GAS PROBLEM OF MOTOR VEHICLES. (Part 1). Zum
Abgasproblem der Strassentahrzeuge. (Teil 1). Automobiltech.
Z. (Stuttgart) 67(9), 30A-3 (Sept. 1965). (Ger.)
The various pollutants in exhaust gases and their origins are
reviewed. The effects of mixing ratios, lubricants, evaporation
from tanks and possibilities for reducing the amounts of harmful
emissions are discussed. Among other measures, fuel injection and
catalytic afterburners are mentioned. The exploration of new
forms of energy storage and conversion are discussed. Fuel cells,
and primarv and secondary batteries are discussed. As a criterion
kg/hp, is used.#*
07230
Y. Horn
(AIR POLLUTING FUELS FPOM THE VIEW POINT OF HEALTH PROTECTION OF
THE POPULATION IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS.) Luftverschmutzende
Energietrager unter dem Aspekt des Gesundheitsschutzes der
Bevolkerung in Wohngebieten. Z. Ges. Hyg. Grenzg. (Berlin)
13 (1), 30-4 (Jan. 1967). (Ger.)
A survey of the carriers of thermal energy specific for Germany,
particularly considering solid fuels on the brown coal basis, is
presented. A study was made of the effect of these household
fuels on air pollution throughout Germany. Frequently, the
maximum allowable concentrations ot pollutants, especially S02,
are exceeded. The importance of ashes, sulfur compounds, nitric
oxides, and benzopyrene as pollutants is emphasized.
Epidemlological studies show the existence of correlations between
high concentrations of air pollution and occurrence ot diseases of
the upper respiratory tract. The possibility of changing to a
distant heat supply by block heating stations or long-distance
heating stations is discussed. The type of fuel is of
considerable importance. Values for maximum allowable
concentration should be strictly adhered to by technical planners.
(Author's summary, modified))**
07451
Scharf, P. B. ,
L. Hody
B. 3. Goshgarian, H. H. Nelson, and G.
90
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE EXHAUST COMPOSITION OF SELECTED HELICOPTER
ARMAMENT. Air Force Rocket Propulsion Lab., Edwards
AFB, Calif, and Army Aeromed. Bes. Unit, Fort Pucker,
Ala., Proj. No. 3AO 2560 1A 819, Task No. 051, Bept. No.
AFHPL-TR-67-203 and USAARU-67-10, 46p., June 1967. U refs.
A study of the exhaust composition of rapid fire machine guns and
rockets has beer, conducted. Methods of analysis were evaluated
and exhaust compositions tor the 50 cal and 7.62mm machine gun and
the 2.75" rocket were determined. A rapid scan infrared
spectrophotometer was used for immediate examination of
effluent gases in order to detect reactive species. The exhaust
gases were analyzed at concentrations as high as 1000 times those
present in helicopters to minimize the chance of missing any
significant toxic product. A gualitative and guantitative
analysis of gas phase and aerosol components is given. It may
well be that the proportion of carbon monoxide in the exhaust is
so high that permissible exposure times can be selected on the
basis of its concentration alone while still limiting exposures to
all other toxic materials to sate leevls. However, significant
amounts of nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen
cyanide, lead and copper were found.##
075U6
J. G. Terrill, Jr., E. D. Harvard, I. p. Leggett, Jr.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR AND CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANTS.
Ind. Med. Surg. , 36 (6) :U 12-419, June 1967. 24 refs.
(Presented at the 5th Inter-American Conference on
Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Miami, rla., Aug. 1-<4,
1966.)
Inherent difficulties in comparing the health risks of
conventional end nuclear power plants are pointed out, and
currently available data are presented. Efforts of the
Public Health Service to establish the relative health risks of
the power sources are indicated. There is a lack of accepted
standards tor the permissible concentrations of nonradioactive
elements in the environment and also a limited amount of data
on the exact composition of the atmospheric radioactive releases
from operating nuclear plants. In the year 2000, the U.S.
power-generating capacity is expected to increase from the
present 11 x 10 to the Ibth powerBTU/yr to 7C x 10 to the 15th
power 3TU/yr with the proportion of this capacity provided
by nuclear power increasing from IS in 1966 to 43% in 2000. The
production of oxides of sulfur produced by a 1000 MKi power
station when fired by coal, oil, or gas is given showing emission
rates in million 1b. per year ot: 306 for coal; 116 for oil; and
0.027 for gas. The generation of electricity in the U.S. is
responsible tor 15.6 million tons of atmospheric pollutants per
year. There are some radioactive materials such as 1.1
ppm of 238U and 2.0 ppm ot 232Th in coal. The only case
in which a nuclear plant might be close to requiring as much
dilution air as a fossil fuel plant to meet the required conditions
would be to prevent the contamination of milk by radioactive
iodine. The Public Health Service plans to conduct a study
of two oil-fired plants and two nuclear plants at the same
site to evaluate the environmental release and effects trom both
types of plants with identical meteorological, hydrological,
population, and topographic features.##
B. Emission Sources 91
-------
07555
Nebel, G. J. and H. W. Jackson
SOt^E rACTOPS AFFECTING THF CONCENTRATION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN
EXHAUST GASES F?OK SPARK IGNITION ENGINES. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., B (3) : 2 1 3-2 1 9 , Nov. 1958. 7 refs. (Presented
at the Symposium on Air Pollution, 132nd Meeting, American
Chemical Society, New York, N.v., Sept. 9-13, 1957.)
The independent effects of air-fuel ratio, spark timing, manifold
air pressure, engine speed, and compression ratio on the
concentration of oxides ot nitrogen in exhaust gases were
investigated. Air-fuel ratio was found to be the most important
variable. Maximum concentrations of oxides of nitrogen were
termed when the air-fuel ratio was one to three ratios leaner than
stoichiometric. The lowest concentrations, often only'1% of the
maximum values, were found at the richest air-fuel ratios tested.
Advanced spark timing, higher manifold air pressures, and higher
compression ratios favored the formation of oxides of nitrogen.
The importance of these variables depended greatly, however, on
air-fuel ratio. T.hey had considerable effect under lean mixutre
conditions and little or no effect under rich mixutre conditions.
The effect of engine speed was peculiar in that with rich
mixtures, increasing speed favored the formation of oxides of
nitrogen, whereas with lean mixtures, the opposite trend was found.
Engine speed is considered the least important of the five
variables investigated. The effect of air-fuel ratio on the
concentration of oxides of nitrogen is attributed to changes in
oxygen concentration and, to a lesser extent, combustion
temperature. The effects of spark timing, manifold air pressure,
and compression ratio are believed to be due to their effects on
combustion temperature. The effect of engine speed may involve
the reaction time. Two possible methods to reduce the emission of
oxides ot nitrogen from automobiles are pointed out. These
involve modifications of carburetion or spark timing.##
07561
Kaiser, F,. P., J. Falitsky, K. P. Jacobs, and L. C.
PIcCabe
PERFORMANCE OF A FLUE-FFD INCINERATOR. J. Air Pollution
Control ASsoc., 9(2):85-91, Aug. 1959. 7 rets. (Presented at
the 51st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Kay 25-28, 195R.)
A limited survey of representative modes of operation and results
ot one flue-ted incinerator is reported. The tests were conducted
to serve as a basis for comparison with fruture tests on identical
incinerators with modifications to improve combustion and reduce
air pollution. The incinerated refuse from a 128-apartment
building was approximately 430 Ib. a day. The flue-fed
inc.inerator reduced the apartment refuse to about 37% of its
.original weight and to about 10% of its original volume. The bulk
density of the refuse averaged 1.1 Ib/cu ft. in the incinerator.
The residue had a bulk density ot 15.4 Ib/cu ft. in the ash cans.
The residue averaged 64% metal and glass, 12% ash, 16%
combustible, and 8% moisture, excluding quench water. The air
92 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
normally supplied to the furnace was 10 to 20 times the theoretical
air necessary for complete combustion. The high excess air
reduced the furnace temperatures and undoubtedly affected
adversely the combustion ot volatile matter and emission of fly
ash. The infiltration air entering the flue through vents on the
service doors and cracks averaged 35% more than entered the
furnace. Sealing the vents reduced the infiltration air to the
tlue to 45% of the furnace air during the period of fast burning.
The peak furnace temperatures varied from 970 to 1200 deg F.
The emissions ot particulate matter to the atmosphere via the flue
gases ranged from 0.85 to 1.55% of the refuse weight. The weights
ot particulate matter ranged from 2.5 to 4.7 lb/1000 Ib of
furnace gas corrected to 12% C02. The emission of eight
noxious gases totaled 0.9 to 3.0 lb/100 Ib refuse. The presence
of additional unburned hydrocarbons in the flue gases was confirmed
by mass-spectrometer tests. The average odor concentrations
ranged from 2.5 to 100 ASTM odor units. The incinerator had
inherent features of design and operation that caused high
emissions of particulate matter and unburned organic compounds.
The charging ot refuse during burning could contribute to the
discharge ot particulate matter. Suggested modifications to the
conventional incinerator include control of the furnace air supply,
better mixing of air and volatile products from the burning refuse
in a zone of high temperature, new furnace designs to eliminate
the necessity for hooking and raking the refuse and residue, and
residue removal with minimum air flow.##
07593
Panel on Electrically Powered Vehicles
THE AUTOMOBILE AND AIR POLLUTION: A PROGRAM FOR PROGRESS.
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.,
51p., Oct. 1967.
GPO: 0-27H-482
Air pollution problems from the viewpoint of automotive
transportation were studied in general and all possible
alternatives to the current gasoline engine were investigated by
the Panel on Electrically Powered Vehicles. The Panel made
sixteen recommendations tor the Federal Government with respect
to its role concerning air pollution resulting from automotive
emissions. Technology and the control of automotive air
pollution and the role of industry are also discussed.*C
07596L
Styles, H. E., J. Verbos, and J. Lawther
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION FROM DIESEL VEHICLES.
Preprint, London Transport, England; Transport
Administration, Brussels, Belgium and Medical Research
Council Air Pollution Research Unit, London, England,
(46p.(, 1966. 8 refs. (Paper No. HHO/AP/67.28.)
An indication of the nature of air pollutants which may result
from the combustion of fuel, an explanation of the differences
between petrol and diesel engines which give rise to the emission
B. Emission Sources 93
-------
of exhaust products having different characteristics, and a
comparison between the two types of engines in respect of their
propensity to cause pollution of the atmosphere is presented.
Evidence derived from medical investigations concerning possible
healtn hazards arising from motor vehicle exhausts is reviewed.
An indication is then given as to means whereby satisfactory
operation of diesel engined vehicles may be achieved without
production of objectionably smoky exhausts. There follows a
description of the legislative procedure which one country
(Belgium) has introduced in the interests of ensuring that
vehicles are so operated as to ensure that they emit no unduly
offensive exhaust products and, as an appendix, an outline is
provided of measures taken by London Transport to prevent air
pollution by diese 1-engined public service vehicles. The tact
that maladjustment or incorrect operation of a diesel engine almost
inevitably leads to the production of an objectionably smoky
exhaust has given rise to prejudice against the use of such engines
in road vehicles and an ill-informed impression that the exhaust
which they emit causes more serious atmospheric pollution than does
the exhaust trom petrol engines. ##
0 7 6 9 U
Cominsll i, A .
AN EASILY CONTROLLABLE AIR POLLUTION SOURCE: NAPHTPA
ENGINES. ((Una fonte di inguinamento atmosferico che e
relat ivament a facile controllare: i motori a nafta.)) Text in
Italian. Ann. Sanita Pubblica (Pome), 28 (2 ) : J67- J75 , March-April
9 refs.
The exhaust from diesel engines (naphtha engines) in contrast to
that from gasoline engines is not usually an important source of
air pollution. When in good condition and operated properly it
emits less toxic gases (CO and hydrocarbons) than a spark ignition
engine. Atmospheric pollution from diesel engines depends to a
largo extent upon the driver as well as on the mechanical condition
of the vehicle. °ublic education is needed and punitive action
against offenders. Switzerland has established norms to prevent
vehicular air pollution: rapid acceleration and deceleration must
be avoided, overloading is forbidden, the vehicle must be
treguently checked and kept in excellent working condition. Black
exhaust fumes guickly identity an offending vehicle. .Maximum
permissible opacity for the exhaust fumes can be established by the
use of opacimeters. The ideal opaciineter should be ruggedly made
to withstand all road conditions and the 700 deg. C temperatures of
the gases emitted, it should be easily installed and easily read on
either a stationary vehicle or a moving one. The most treguently
used types (Hartridge, UTAC, Bosch) and the advantages and
disadvantages of each are discussed. Permissible values (Hartridge)
are given for different types of vehicles. A schematic drawing is
given of the Bosch opacimeter.
078
-------
The accomplishments to date indicates •problems that exist, and the
outlook tor control are reviewed by analyzing emissions trends in
four urban areas in the state. To illustrate the effect of the
current anticipated control efforts in California, six charts
are presented showing the emission estimates in four areas from
1940 to 1980. A review of all the factors involved indicates that
there is no simple and inexpensive solution to the complex
problem of motor vehicle created air pollution. The problem has
many aspects. It is legal, political, social, economical, and
technological. The final solution must incorporate considerations
tor all these aspects. The motor vehicle control program in
California has reduced emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide into the atmosphere. In spite of the increasing number
of vehicles there has been a reversal in emission trends for the
first time. It the goal of prewar air quality is to be
achieved, there must be a high degree of emission control.
Consequently, the proaram regui'res that effective systems be
available, and that virtually no cars be exempt. Lack of
efficiency control of some emissions, large numbers of cars
uncontrolled, and deterioration in efficiency of control systems
will lead to air quality poorer than that desired. Under the
present program, which is oriented toward the installation of
control systems on new cars, the reduction of contaminants
emanating from motor vehicles will be gradual. In order to
accomplish a rapid improvement, within a few years, exhaust
emissions from all cars (new and used) must be controlled.##
07875
T. E. Kreichelt, D. A. Kemnitz, S. T. Cuffe
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FBOK THE RAt!UFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National
Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-17,
«7p., 19&/. 29 refs.
GPO: H03-789-2
Information is presented on actual and potential atmospheric
emissions resulting from the manufacture of cement. Paw
materials, process eguipment, and production processes are
described, as well as the location of plants, and process trends.
Emission and related operating data are presented, along with
methods normally employed to limit or control emissions from the
dry, semi-dry, ana wet processes. The main source of emissions
in the cement industry is the kiln operation. Dust
generated in the dry-process kiln may vary from 1 to 25 percent
expressed in terms of finished cement; from the wet process, 1 to
31 percent. Sulfur dioxide emissions from the kiln gases combine
with the alkalies as condensed sulfates. In the wet process, an
odor problem may arise from heating certain types of raw material
such as marine shellls, marl, clay, or shale. Another important
source of dust emissions in the cement industry is the dryer
normally used in dry process plants. Dust can be adequately
arrested in the cement industry by proper plant layout and
proper selection of high-efficiency multicyclones,
electrostatic precipitators, or fabric filters. Electrostatic
precipitators or fiber-glass fabric filters that have
been properly designed, installed, operated, and maintained
will adequately collect the dust from the hot kiln gases. In many
plant designs, multicyclones precede the precipitator or fabric
filter, Precipitators or low-temperature fabric filters
B. Emission Sources 95
-------
alone may he adequate on other unit operations such as handling,
crushing, grinding, drying, and packaging. Dust emissions as low
as O.OJ to 0.05 grains per standard cubic foot have been obtained
in newly desinned, well controlled plants.**
07925
Brighton, J.
THE SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.
(London). 87 (4) : 21 5-2 1 a , July-Aug.
Boy. Soc. Health J.
1467. 2 rets. (London)
The air pollution problems of a group of industries which
produce: sulturic acid, nitric acid, petroleum and petrochemicals,
iron and steel, copper, aluminum, gas, ceramics and electric power
are reviewed. The basic technical approach is to avoid the
formation of the emission by design of the process, then to
require the treatment of any unavoidable emission, and finally to
require adequate dispersal of any residual amount which has to be
discharged. The legislation is designed to compromise between
safeguarding of public health and amenities and providing for a
realistic acceptance with adequate control of special processes.
Although the loss of gases in the manufacture of sulfuric acid is
limited to 27- of the sulfur burned, the loss from a contact acid
plant with a 500-ton-per-day capacity may be considerable so that
chimney heights as high as 450 ft may be required. Acid mist from
contact plant? burning sulfur is a special problem as it is
difficult to control and its occurrence is unpredictable. There
are two nitric acid plants in Britain equipped with catalytic
tail-gas reduction units which should solve the problem of
brown nitrous fume emission to the air. The use of special
flares is required to control H2S and mercaptans emitted by oil
refineries. In the steel industry the development of the
Fuel-Oxygen-Scrap process is regarded as an alternative to the
electric arc furnace. It is claimed that melting and
refining can be carried out without exceeding a fume level of
0.05 grains per cu ft.##
0 7 y (. 5
A. Pat ker
REDUCTION AND PPOBLE1S OE AIR POLLUTION IN GREAT PPITAIN 1938
TO 19/6. Poy Soc. Health J. (London). 87(1):204-209,
July-Aug. 1967.
Air pollution from the use of fuels is discussed. 19JB was
chosen as the beginning date because the 19J9-1945 war caused a
coal shortage. The smog o£ 1952, which killed U,000 people in
Greater London, stirred public opinion. The Clean Air Act of
195h which resulted produced a marked reduction in smoke emission
and an improvement in the fuel use efficiency. In spite
of th« decrease in the use of coal by railways, collieries,
industrial processes, and domestic heating, tcere has been
an overall increase since 19'J9. This increase is largely due to
increased consumption by electrical powerplants. The total smoke
production is down, but S02 produced by power-generating plants
has increased five-fold since 19JH resulting in an increased S02
total in spite of reductions in other art-as. There is no section
96
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
in the Clean Air Act of 1956 for S02 control except one for
chimney heights. The chief British complaint about
transportation is the unnecessary black smoke from diesels. It
is estimated that by 1976 the amount of smoke emitted will be
reduced; 502 will not be any greater; and "co and hydrocarbons
from exhaust gases will be the same for the country as a whole.
In the cities, the situation is such that the traffic could
hardly be any worse, so that with main roads bypassing the center
of towns, and more efficient engines, there may be an improvement
on the busiest streets.ft
08099
Frey, J. W. and M. Corn
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATES IN A DIESEL
EXHAUST. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 28 (5) : H68-478, Sept.
Oct. 1959. 27 refs. (Presented at the Aerosol Technology
Session, American Industrial Hygiene Association Annual
Meeting, Chicago, 111., May «, 1967.)
The particulate phase of emissions from a single cylinder, four
cycle diesel engine was sampled tour inches trom the exhaust
valve by a variety of methods, including oscillating thermal
precipitator and membrane filter. The engine was operated and
studied at three conditions: idle speed, no load, moderate
temperature; intermediate speed, no load, high temperature; and
halt load, resultant speed and temperature. The particulates were
studied to determine their particle size distribution, specific
surface, chemical composition, and acidity. Results are expressed
in terms of emission per cubic centimeter of fuel and per cubic
meter of exhaust. Representative results are particles in the
size range 10 to 500 microns projected are diameter and emission
concentrations of 50 mg/cu m, 10 to the 7th power particles/cc,
and 2 sguare meters of particle surface area per cubic meter of
exhaust. Experimental methods ard results are discussed in
detail. (Authors' abstract)##
08165
Nedogibchenko, M. K.
PRESENT DAY CONDITIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION BY
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES IN CITIES AND PROBLEMS OF ITS
CONTROL. In: Survey of U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine. National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p.
195-199, May 1960.
C^STI: TT 60-21475
Air quality measurements in Russian cities indicated that carbon
monoxide was the most important automotive exhaust pollutant. In
Moscow, maximum concentrations of carbon monoxide reached 100
200 mg/cu m; in Leningrad 1*45 to 164 mg/cu m; in Saratov 20 to 60
mg/cu m; In Perm 40 to 60 mg/cu m, and in Ivanova 18 to 88
mg/cu m. In Sverdlovsk the lead content in the exhaust gases
ranged between 0.069 to 3.70 mg/cu m, depending upon the made of
the motor vehicle. Investigations in 7oscow in connection with
B. Emission Sources 97
-------
the utilization of ethylated gasoline by the passenger auto
transport revealed only from 0.001 to O.OOJ mg/cu ID of lead in the
street air. Investigations disclosed in auto transport exhaust
gases the presence of a polycyclic hydrocarbon, 3, u-benzpyrene,
generated at the rate ot 0./5 mg/min. According to most recent
reports auto transport exhaust gases were polluting atmospheric air
also with nitrogen oxides; the more incomplete was the gas
combustion the oreater was the quantity ot formed carbon monoxide
and less of nitrogen oxides were emitted into the air; vice versa,
the more complete the gas combustion the less CO was formed and
the more nitrogen oxides were discharged into the air. Next in
importance to air pollution with carbon monoxide is air pollution
with soot discharged in larae quantities with automobile exhaust
qases. The cause ot this type of atmospheric air pollution lies
in the unsatisfactory technical construction and mechanical and
functional adjustment ot the engines. The reduction of city air
pollution caused by auto-transport exhaust gases should be
carried out along the following basic lines: Improvement in the
design of automobile motors and carburetors with a view to
increasing degree of combustion and ot gasoline utilization.
Development ot methods to render harmless exhaust gases emitted
by anto-transport engines, preferably by oxidizing them to smaller
non-harmful or less harmful molecules.##
0 8 3 7 6
Fiero, George W.
SOLVENTS, SMOr AND PULE 66. J. Am. Soc. Lubrication Kngr.,
23( 11) :UUH-458, Nov. 1967. 29 refs. (Presented at the~22nd ASLE
Annual Heetir.c, Toronto, Canada, Kay 1-4, 1967.)
Solvents and cleaners evaporate into the air and some of them may
become pollutants. Their quantity, however, is relatively small
and their photochemical reactivity is relatively low. Since,
however, certain solvents when tested in smog chambers at
relatively hihg concentration (Uppm) do produce eye irritating
products, their use is restricted in los Angeles by *iule 66 and in
the San Francisco Pay area by Regulation J. These are discussed in
detail. The topographical and meteorological characteristics of
these locations are unique. Therefore, such restrictions should
not be imposed in other localities until a thorough study is made
to determine the extent, if any, which solvents may contribute to
smog.
08377
Parker, Charles H.
PLASTICS AND AIR POLLUTION. Soc. Plastics Engr. J., 23(12) : 26-30,
Dec. 1967. 2« refs.
General information is given on the air pollution cycle and common
types of air pollutants and their sources. Photochemical pollut-
ants are of most interest in synthetic resin and polymer technolo-
gy. A recent survey showed that in the Los Angeles District,
bSO tons per day of organic materials were emitted from organic sol
vent usage as ot Jan. 19bb. Plastics, rubber, adhesives, and put-
ty contributed 45 tons per day. In their respective forns of plas-
tic, coating binder, or related products, synthetic resins or poly-
98 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
mers are created froir building blocks stemming from fundamental pro
ducts such as petroleum, natural gas, coal, fixed nitrogen, oxides
of carbon, and others. At each stage of conversion, from the
fundamental products to a resinous consumer product and its
disposal, there are air pollution problems to solve which involve
research expenditure. Information is also given on factors to
consider when evaluating the presence of a potential air pollution
hazard resulting from the manufacture or use of synthetic resins,
polymers, or elastomers. The main points are g'iven of Senator
Muskie|s bill (S.780) on air pollution. It is poined out that most
states have some form of air pollution legislation either pending
or in effect. Factors are given which must be considered when
estimating the costs oa applying air pollution ontrol techniques.
These include the recovery of useful materials and tax benefits.
Hoffman, Heinz
EXHAUST GAS PROBLEMS WITH GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES. II.
DIESEL ENGINES. ((Abgasprobleme bei Otto- und Dieselmotoren.
II. Dieselmotoren.)) Text in German. Erdoel Kohle
(Hamburg), 20 (9):6«t-6UB , Sept. 1967.
The various pollutants present in the smoke produced by diesel
engines were measured and discussed. The results, illustrated in
tables and graphs, show that CO emission is only 1/10 that
allowed tor gasoline engines and is therefore of minor importance.
Aldehydes with their characteristic irritating odor are also
produced in small quantities and are considered annoying, but
medically unimportant. The nitrogen oxides, SO and N02, are
produced in sufficiently large quantities to cause lack of oxygen
in the blood, and inflammation of the respiratory tract. The
antechamber motor produces fewer nitrogen oxides than the direct
injection motor. Amount of S02 produced is negligible.
3, U-Benzopyrene is emitted in significant quantities when an
engine emits a large quantity of smoke and then only if the motor
is run under high pressure. As a control measure a reduction in
smoke quantity is recommended. The smoke characteristics can
also be greatly influenced by the design ct the combustion chamber
and proper maintenance of the engines.##
08633
Cleary, Graham J.
AIP POLLUTION AND THE AUTOMOBILE. Clean Air (J. Clean Air
Soc. Australia New Zealand) 1(1):7-9,11, June 1967. 18 refs.
The magnitude and nature of the emissions from automobile engines
are examined. Most of the pollution is discharged through the tail
pipe (about 60 percent on a total hydrocarbon basis), but crankcase
emissions (30 percent) ara also appreciable. The remaining ten per
cent is made up of evaporation losses from the fuel tank and from
the carburettor after the engine has stopped. Eye irritation,
plant damage and cracking of typre rubber have been found in
communities heavily polluted by automobile exhaust products.
Control measures to minimize pollution are considered. These
involve burning the exhaust gases from the tail pipe by means of
either thermal or catalytic afterburners, and recycling the vent
B. Emission Sources 99
-------
gases from the crankcase to either the air manifold or the
carburettor. Statistics about the current car population in Sydney
and the anticipated future growth rate are presented, and an
estimate is -r.ade of the future date (199t?) when the volume of
exhaust products in Sydney will be the same as that in Los Angeles
in 1942, when conditions ot smog were first experienced. (Author#s
abstract)
0 H 8 0 :>
Hoffmann, H.
THr COMDOSITION OF EXHAUST GASES FROK DIESEL MOTOPS. ((Die
Zusammensetzung der ftuspuffgase bei Dieselmotoren.)) Text in
Herman. Z. Praeventivmed. Vol. 11, p. 104-121, March-April
1966.
The smoke emission of different types of diesel motors was
determined and the results presented in a series of graphs. Under
full load little difference in smoke emission was observed between
chambered engines and direct injection engines, while the latter
were superior under- partial load. The various factors in engine
development which influence smoke emissions are discussed. The
carbon monoxide, aldehyde, and nitrogen oxide content of the
exhaust gas was determined and it was found that the CO content
is of no concern in diesel motors, since the concentration is not
over 0.1-0.1b Vol. J- and in many cases below 0.05 Vol.%. The
sane is true for aldehydes whose odorous annoyance has a
psychological but not medical effect at the emitted concentrations.
The nitrogen oxide content was found to be higher with direct
fuel injection engines. The amount of 3,4-benzopyrene emission is
influenced by the fuel composition and the combustion system and is
only of concern if the motor is operated under high mean pressure,
when as much as 0.5 gamma benzopyrene in 500 liters of exhaust gas
was found at 1200-1500 U/min. under 3/4 load. It is concluded
that by proper construction and development and particularly by
proper care of the engine, the smoke from modern diesel engines
can be reduced to an unobjectionable amount.##
0902 J
Epstein, George and Edward F. Westlake, Jr.
MATERIALS FOR SPACE CABINS: T H F, FIRE HAZARD AND ATMOSPHERE
CONTAMINANT CONTROL PROBLEMS. Aerospace Corp., PI
Segundo, Calif., Materials Science Lab., Contract
FOUf>95-fa7-C-0158, TR-0158(J250-20)-8, SAM SO-TR-6 7-76 , 27 p.,
Oct. 1967. J refs.
CFSTI: AD 66JU18
The tlammability and atmospheric contaminant hazards associated
with the use of plastics and other nonmetallic materials in manned
spacecraft cabins are discussed. Outgassing characteristics and
mechanisms ot typical materials are described. Flammability and
combustion rates are discussed as highly important materials
selection factors. An approach is presented for minimizing the
hazards through judicious selection and batch control of cabin
materials. (Authors' abstract, modified)9*
100 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
0902f>
Burckle, J. o., J. A. Dorsey, and E. T. Eiley
THE EFFECTS OF THE OPERATING VARIABLES AND REFUSE TYPES ON THE
EMISSIONS FPOR A PILOT SCALE TRENCH INCINERATOR. Preprint,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center
for Air Pollution Control, ((28))p., 1968. 19 refs.
(Presented at the National Incinerator Conference, New York,
N. Y., Bay 5-8, 1968.)
This worK defines the air pollutant emissions from a Trench
Incinerator burning three types of refuse material: low ash,
moderately high heat content materials characterized by cord wood;
high ash, high heat content material characterized by rubber tires;
high ash, low heat content material characterized by municipal
refuse. Use of a trench incinerator for the disposal of the high
ash content materials studied generated particulate emissions
which, in all cases, exceeded 1 grain per standard cubic foot at 12
per cent carbon dioxide and is therefore not recommended. For
disposal of low ash, high heat content materials, the data indicate
that, except tor nitrogen oxides, emission levels from the trench
incinerator may be acceptable if rigid operating controls are
predetermined for the specific refuse material. (Author's
abstract)##
09175
K. W. First, P. Zilles, J. Walkley
DISPOSAL OF LOW LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN COMMERCIAL
INCINERATORS. In: Proc. Ninth AEC Air Cleaning
Conference, Boston, Mass., Sept. 13-16, 1966. James M
Morgan, Jr. and Melvin W. First (eds.), Washington, D. C.,
Atomic Energy Commission, Vol. 1, Jan. 1967, p. 570-585.
7 refs.
CFSTI: CONF 660901
A comparison was made of the performance of a crematory-type
incinerator and a combination steam-toiler incinerator in the
combustion of difficult laboratory and hospital wastes such
as animals and cage litter. Because of excessive stack
emissions of smoke, fly ash, and malodorous gases and vapors,
the crematory-type proved unsatisfactory. Under the most
favorable operating conditions for avoidance of air pollution
and tor production of a good guality residue, burning capacity was
only 2 to 3 Ibs/sg ft/hr. Higher burning rates produced severe
nuisances. The mechanized steam-boiler incinerator, on the
other hand, provided a sanitary method for handling and
burning such wastes in an efficient and rapid manner. A
cyclone dust collector proved superfluous tor use with gas or oil
fuels and it was found that it could be eliminated without
decreasing the overall collection efficiency of an
electrostatic precipitator which served as a final cleaning
stage. (Au
09216
Hess, W.
SURVEY CF AIP ANALYSES IN THE CITY OF ZURICH IN 1961-9165.
B. Emission Sources 101
-------
( (Ubpr sicht uber die Luf t untersuch ungen in der Stadt Zurich von
1961 vis 1965.)) Text in German. Z. Prae ven t ivmed . , 1 1 ( 2) : 1 44- 156 ,
March -April, 1966. 5 rots.
Extensive mea su rec e nts of CO and NG2 levels were made during 1961
196b at several intersections and a tunnel in Zurich. COHb levels
in the blood ot traffic policemen were also measured and plotted
against time; wind velocity and the number of vehicles passing the
measurinn points were noted. A check ot diesel trucks showed that
15-20 percept haj an excessive soot content in the exhaust gases.
The so'2 level was strongly dependent on atmospheric humidity.
Newhall, H. K. and E. S. Starkman
DIRECT SPECTRt'SCOPIC DFT " P HI N ATICN OF NITRIC OXIDE IN PPCIPHOCAT-
TNG ENGINE CYJINDFRS. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engi-
neers, 18p., 1967. 35 rets. (Presented at the Automotive Engi-
neering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 9-1J, 1967, Paper
670122).
A theoretical and experimental investigation was carried out to
determine the mechanism whereoy nitric oxide is formed, conserved,
and exhausted from the reciprocating engine combustion chamber.
The equinment utilized a magnesium oxide window to transmit the
infrared radiation from the combustion chamber; a monochrome ter to
disperse the radiation, and a cryogenica lly cooled semiconductor to
sens^> and indicate the nitric oxide produced radiation. The
results contirired the theoretical prediction based or. chemical
kinetics that nitric oxide, once formed in approximately
equilibrium quantities in the combustion process will thereafter
not disappear because the engine expansion takes place more rapidly
than the kinetic processes car accommodate. The theory and
measurements allow more rational explanations tor the well
documented influences which mixture strength, spark timing,
compression ratio, and engine speed exert on oxides of nitrogen
concentration in engine exhaust. (Authors abstract)
09 J 2 )
T. A. Huls, !!. A. Nickol
INFLUENCE OF FHfiINF "APIABLES ON EXHAUST OXIDES OF NITROGEN
CONCENTRATIONS FROM A MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE. Preprint,
Society ot Automotive Engineers, 12., 1967. 12 refs.
(Presented at the Mid-Year Meeting ot the Society of
Automotive Engineers, Chicago, 111., May 15-19, 1967.
Paper 6/OUB2.)
The influence of engine variables on the concentration of
oxides ot nitrogen present in the exhaust ot a
multicylinder engine was studied. The concentrations of nitric
oxide (NO) were measured with either a mass spectrometer or
a non-dispersive infrared analyzer. The CO
concentration was low for rich operation (deficient in oxygen)
and increased with air-±uel ratio to a peak value at ratios
slightlv leaner than stoichiometric proportions. A further
increase in air-fuel ratio resulted in reduced NO concentrations.
102 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Advanced spark timing, decreased manitolc vacuum, increased
coolant temperature and combustion chamber deposit buildup were
also found to increase exhaust NO concentration. These
results support either directly or indirectly the hypothesis
that exhaust NO concentration is primarily a result of the
peak combustion gas temperature and the available oxygen. The
NO concentration of the exhaust from an individual cylinder
is a function of the air-fuel ratio of the charge that the
individual cylinder receives. Since the NO Concentration as
a function of air-fuel ratio is highly non-linear, it was
concluded that the NO concentration of the conglomerate
exhaust is a function of distribution as well as overall air-fuel
ratio. The NO concentration of the gases expelled from an
engine cylinder varies with time. The last portion to be expelled
is, at least under some operating conditions, lower in NO
concentration than the average of the well mixed exhaust gas
from that cylinder. These results can be explained by flame
quenching resulting from the relatively cold combustion chamber
walls. (Authors' Abstract)t*
U9JH1
Oberdorter, P. E.
THE DETERMINATION OF ALDEHYDES IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAGST GAS.
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, 10p., 1967. in
rets. (Presented at the Automotive Engineering Congress,
Detroit, Mich., Jan. 9-13, 1967, Paper 670123.)
A method for the sampling and determination of exhaust
aldehydes and Ketones is described. The procedure consists of
absorbing and converting these compounds to the solid 2 , <*
di-nitrophenylhydrazone derivatives. Results are reported as
total aldehydes and/or the derivatives separated into individual,
identifiable components by chromatographic techniques. Exhaust
emission data employing this procedure are presented for a limited
number of vehicles with and without exhaust control systems.
Total aldehyde levels (as formaldehyde) were found to range from
about 20 to over several hundred parts per million depending on
the mode of operation and the adjustment of such variables as
air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and exhaust emission control
devices. Effects of these variables on aldehyde emissions are
discussed. The relationship of the chemical structure of
inducted fuel to aldehyde emissions is also touched upon. The
amount of individual aldehydes was found to be related to the
parent fuel to a considerable extent for pure individual
hydrocarbon fuels. This relationship is greatly diminished,
however, within the design limitations of current full boiling
practical gasolines. (Author's abstract) t#
Pahnke, Alden J. and Edward C. Squire
LEAD IN GASOLINE: NO EFFECT ON "EXHAUST EMISSIONS FOUND IN
IB-MONTH CONSUMER-CAR TEST. Oil Gas J., 61 (50) : 1 06- 1 10 ,
Dec. 12, 1966.
Use of tetraethyl lead in gasoline does not significantly affect
exhaust emission characteristics of vehicles driven by the
B. Emission Sources 103
-------
iT'Otoring public. This is the conclusion leached after a test of
leaded and unleaded gasoline in 122 privately owned and
operated cars spanning a period ot 18 months and covering a total
of 2,bOO,000 miles. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon-emission
levels ot the cars operated on leaded gasoline were essentially
equivalent to those of the cars driven on unleaded gasoline.
Photochemical reactivity and nitrogen oxide levels lor the two
car groups were also equivalent, further demonstrating the
absence ot any effects ot tetraethyl lead on vehicle emissions
either positive or negative, * #
0939 1
Hettche, 0.
AIR POLLUTION IN LOCALITIES WITH HEAVY TRAFFIC IN
METROPOLITAN CITIES. ((Die Verunreinigung der Atmosphare an
verkehrsreichen Punkten in Grossstadten.)) Text in German. Z.
Praeventivmed. 11(2):122-13J, March-April 1966. 27 refs.
Data or. the variations in time of CO, S02, NO, N02, hydrocarbons,
polycyclic hydrocarbons, lead compounds and dust in various
European cities such as Stuttgarg, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Essen and
London are discussed and compared with data from Los Angeles. In
heavy traffic, concentrations of up to 20 mg. CO, 0.2 mg. NO, 0.1
mg. N02, U.05-0.4 mg S02, 2-10 mg. hydrocarbons and U microgram of
lead per cubic meter were found. Polycyclic hydrocarbons such as
benzpyrene and coronene can be determined accurately only in
tunnels by analysis of the intake air and the air in the tunnel.
In Germany, more diesel engines are in operation than the 0.3
percent in Los Angeles. Diesels generate only about 1 percent CO
but maintenance must be frequent and soot emission must be
controlled. Two-cycle engines give a very low CO emission.
Methods used in Germany tor the determination of pollutants are
outlined. Standardization of analytical methods is emphasized.
09715
Eyzat, Pierre and Jean-Claude Guibet
THEORETICAL AND EXPEPIMPNTAL STUDY OE THE FORMATION OF NITROGEN
OXIDES IN INTERNAL COM3USTION ENGINES. ((Etuie theorique et
experimentale de la formation des oxydes d'azote dans les moteurs a
combustion interne.)) Text in French. Ingrs. Automobile
(Paris, 41(2):91-102, Feb. 1968. 11 refs.
A mathematical node of estimation is explained which allows one to
determine in advance the levels ot NO in automotive exhaust. An
excellent correlation has been observed between the calculated and
measured values. The levels of NO in the exhaust result from the
creation ot an equilibrium of the bimolecular system N2 and O2,
which is principally controlled by temperature and the amount of
tree 02 present in the burning gas. This simulation program allows
one to select, from a theoretical viewpoint, the optimal components
ot combustion with respect to the agreed production of NO. One can
thus mathematically fix the products ot slow and fast combustions.
104 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
09737
Ozolins, G. and C. Behmann
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY OF NORTHWEST INDIANA. (A PRELIM-
INARY SURVEY. 1966.) Public Health Service, Durham, N. C.,
National Center for Air Pollution Control, APTD-68-U, 36p.,
April 1968.
Sources at air pollutant emissions were surveyed to quantify the
total pollution load emitted to the air over the Northwest Indiana
communities of East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, and Whiting. The
emissions are reported on an annual basis and subdivided into the
five major pollutants: particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. The four major source
categories that were utilized in reporting emissions from area and
point sources are: fuel combustion in stationary sources, fuel
combustion in mobile sources, combustion of refuse, and industrial
process losses. The results of this survey are reported by city
and illustrated on the grid system established by the Northwest
Indiana Air Resource Management Program. (Authors' abstract)
09752
Beaver, Hugh
COMMITTEE ON AIH POLLUTION: REPORT. London, Her Majesty's
Stationery Office, 1960, 80p. (Presented to Parliament by the
Minister of Housing and Local Government, the Secretary of
State for Scotland and the Minister of Fuel and Power by
Command of Her Majesty, Nov. 195".)
A committee on air pollution was established to examine the nature,
causes, and effects of air pollution and the efficacy of present
preventive measures; to consider what further preventive measures
were practicable; and to make recommendations. The report of the
committee examined current emission sources of pollutants, the
effects of air pollution on health, and the legislation and
administration of air pollution. Some recommendations made by the
committee were: prohibition of emission of dark smoke from
chimneys; arresting plant tor grit and dust obligatory in new
industrial installations; control of smoke from railways;
establishment of smokeless zones and smoke control areas;
provisions of financial assistance by Local Authorities;
reguirement of Local Authorities to submit annual reports on
progress of smoke abatement; preparation of documents on codes of
practice and standards; clean air should be national policy;
establishment of a "Clean Air Council" to coordinate and encour-
age research work.
09759
Sharpe, L. K.
ENERGY SOURCES AND POLICIES, THEIR IMPACT ON AIR POLLUTION,
CURRENT AND PROJECTED. Public Health Service, Washington, D.
C., Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control,
Contract PH-86-67-69, ( (227))p., April 15, 1967. ((76)) refs.
B. Emission Sources 105
-------
There have been a number ot energy studies over the last 15 - 20
years that have attempted to project the national energy needs to
various aates in the future. This study compiles energy
projections and the "mix" ot energy sources to the year ?000, uade
as recently as 1967, and, on the basis ot these data: estimates
the atmospheric pollution burden to be expected by the years 1980
and ^000 provided present tuel policies remain essentially
unchanged; summarizes some ot the ma^or technological developments
that could have an impact on energy source selection and total
energy requirements; identifies ana discusses some of the major
iovf>rnm°nt policies that affect both tuel source and energy demand;
outlines some approaches to an evaluation on a benefit/cost basis
ot alternative policies that would reduce atmospheric pollution and
completes the analysis for the solvent refined coal process.
097 HI
Environmental Science Services Corp., Stamford, Conn.
SOLVENT EMISSION CONTROL LAMS AND THE COATINGS AND SOLVENTS INDUS-
TRY. (A TECHNO/ECONOMIC STUDY.) b6 p., ((1967)). 6 refs.
The widespread adoption of the strict California solvent emission
laws will seriously effect practices and products in the surface
coating industry. The California codes contain three main
elements: the emission of photochemicaily reactive solvents is
restricted; the sale ot coatings containing these materials is
banned; and the emission of these materials during the manufacture
ot coating materials is restricted. Widespread adoption ot these
codes would cause changes in the formulation of the coatings, and
would adversely affect the markets for mineral spirits, napthas,
substituted aromatics, branched ketones, olefins, and
tr ichloroet hy lene. However, alcohols, esters, odorless mineral
spirits, and glycolesters would gain markets at the expense of the
photochemicaily active solvents. Emission control methods,
analytical technigues, and measurement methods are outlined. The
effectiveness ot various crganic solvents in photochemical smog
formation is discussed. An evaluation of existing regulations,
with emphasis on California Pule 66, is presented along with lists
ot exempt sources.
Danielson, John A., (comp. and ed.)
AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING MANUAL. (AIE POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT,
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES.) Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
National Center tor Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-UO,
yyt-AP-40, b9^p., 1967. ((J1U)) refs.
GPO: 806-614-.JO
The control of air pollution at individual sources peculiar to the
Los Angeles area is considered. The practical engineering problems
of design and operation for many sources ot air pollution are
emphasized. There are 11 chapters, each by different authors, and
14 appendixes. The chapter titles are: (1) Introduction; (2)
Contaminants; (3) Design of Local Exhaust Systems; (4) Air
Pollution Control Eguipment for Particulate Matter; (5) Control
Equipment for Gases and Vapors; (6) Metallurgical Equipment; (7)
106 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Control Equipment; (8) Incineration; (9) Combustion Equipment; (10)
Petroleum Equipment; and (11) Chemical Processing Equipment. The
introduction discusses the Los Angeles Basin, rules and regulations
in Los Angeles County, and the use of the manual. The appendixes'
titles are: (A) Fules and Hegulations; (B) Odor-Testing
Techniques; (C) Hypothetical Available Heats from Natural Gas; and
(D) Miscellaneous Data.
09785
Dickinson, Janet, Robert L. Chass, and W. J. Hamming
AIR CONTAMINANTS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.)
John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
pHs-pub-yyy-Ap-uo, p. 11-21, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
The parameters of an air pollution problem, particularly the
problem in Los Angeles County; the measures taken to eliminate
the problem; and control measures still needed are described. The
air contaminants include: organic gases (hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon
derivatives); inoraanic gases (NOx, SOx, CO); miscellaneous
inorganic gases (NHJ, H2S, C12, F2); particulates (carbon or soot
particles, metallic oxides and salts, oily or tarry droplets, acid
droplets, metallic fumes). Eacn is discussed indicating the sources
and significance in the air pollution problem.
09827
Talens, Paul G.
PATHOLOGICAL-WASTE INCINEKATOES. In: Air
Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.). Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 460-471, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
Multiple-chamber incinerator design considerations for burning
pathological-waste are discussed. Crematory furnaces are also
discussed since they have design standards similar to those of
pathological-waste incinerators. The cremation of human remains
differs from other pathological incineration only in that the body
is usually contained in a wooden casket. The casket must be
considered when designing these units. Pathological-waste
incinerators can produce emissions of fly ash, smoke, gases, and
odors that would be highly objectionable. The prevention of air
contaminant emissions by good equipment design is the best air
pollution control procedure to follow. As with other incinerator
desian calculations, those tor pathological-waste incinerators also
fall into three general categories: (1) Combustion calculations,
(2) flow calculations and (3) dimensional calculation. The factors
to be used ir these calculations tor pathological incinerator
design are listed. Typical calculations involved in the design of
an incinerator to dispose of 100 pounds of dog bodies per hour are
illustrated.
B. Emission Sources 107
-------
0 y 8 3 0
Netzley, Arthur
WISH •< ECLAI'i ATION . In: Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution Cortrol District, County ot Los Angeles.)
John A. Danielson (coipp. and ed.). Public Health Service,
Cincinniti, Ohio, National Center tor Air Pollution Control,
PHS-pub-yyy-Ap-«o, F- 4yb-soj, iMf>7.
GPO: H06-6 14- JO
Scrap copper wire, with a diameter in the range 1U cage to one
inch, which has combustible insulation is reclaimed by burning off
the insulation in an incinerator. A great variety of materials
composes the combustible insulation: Rubber, paper, cotton, silk,
and plastics such as polyethylene and polyvanyl chloride.
Moreover, the wire itselt may have a baked-on coating of plastics,
paint, or varnish. As received for burning, the total combustible
content of the insulated wire may vary videly from several percent
to over bO percent by weight. Host commercial wire contains from 20
to JS percent insulation. Burning in the open is accompanied by
copious quantities of dens"e smoke, disagreeable odors, inorganic
materials, and oxygenated hydrocarbons. Burning in single-chamber
incinerators produces somewhat less smoke, odors, and other air
contaminants than open burning does, since combustion air can be
regulated. The only practical industrial equipment available today
for controlling emissions from single-chamber insulation-burning
incinerators is an afterburner or secondary combustion chamber.
The composition of stack gases tror.i equipment with and without
afterburners is presented. Design methods, materials of
construction, and operating procedures are discussed and
illustrated.
0 y « J b
Walters, Donald ?.
WASTE-GAS DISPOSAL SYSTEMS. In: Air Pollution
Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los
Angeles.) John A. Danielson (com p. and ed.). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-
pub-yyy-Ap-«o, p.. 5t>5-60'>,
GPO : B0b-b1 U- JU
Petroleum refineries must dispose of large quantities of
hydrocarbon vent, waste, blcwdoun, and emergency pressure release
gases. Types, design, instrumentation, and operatino practices for
gas disposal flares are presented. These include elevated and
ground level flares, burner design, steam injection, ignition and
pilot light systems, flare sizes and capacities, removal of
entrained mists, and provision for emergency overloads. Pressure
relief systems are also thoroughly discussed. Commonly used terms
dealina with relief systems are defined. Design methods and
operating procedures for safety valves (standard and balanced),
rupture discs, vent lines, vent headers, and vent gas scrubbers are
discussed and illustrated.
108 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
09838
Cutfe, Stanley T.
CATALYST REGENERATION. In: Air Pollution
Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los
Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
PHS-Pub-999-AP-UO, p. 642-652, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
The regeneration of catalysts employed in petroleum refining
processes, such as fluid and Thermofor catalytic cracking, is
accomplished by burning coke and sulfur deposits from the catalyst
surface. Combustion gases from regeneration include the pollutants
CO, SOx, NOx, NH3, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter.
Tables of data collected in 1956 are presented which specify pro-
cess flow rates, catalyst circulation rates, regenerator air rates,
coke burn-off rates, flue gas temperatures, particulate losses,
hydrocarbon emission and analysis, and stack gas composition and
volumes. Pollution control methods presented and discussed are:
wet and dry cyclones, carbon monoxide waste heat boilers, and elec-
trical precipitators. The economy of a CO boiler depends on the
catalyst regenerator flue gas volume, temperature, fuel value, and
C02/CO ratio. An analysis of flue gases from CO waste heat
boilers is presented for cases where ammonia has and has not been
injected into the gas stream before the electrostatic precipitator.
10015
Johnson, Kenneth L., L. H. Dworetzky, and Austin N. Heller
CAPBON MONOXIDE AND AIP POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS NEW
YORK CITY. Science, 160 (3823) :67-68, April 5, 1968.
Equipment to monitor continually carbon monoxide concentrations
was installed near street level at five locations in Manhattan. The
largest amount of valid data was obtained at 110 Fast 15 Street from
6 January through 17 May 1967, and from 30 July through 11 September
The sampling probe was set approximately 15 feet above the pavement
and 5 feet into the street from the curb. A continuous flow of air
was analyzed and recorded 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. The
average hourly concentrations exceeded 15 parts per million from 9:0
a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Simultaneous hourly traffic counts and hourly
average concentrations of carbon monoxide for 4 April 1967 are shown
It is shown that local business-day traffic determines the diurnal
carbon monoxide concentrations at individual sites in Manhattan.
Concentrations during the day can be predicted from readings taken i
early morning.
10475
Sage, B. H.
PARTIAL OXIDATION PRODUCTS FORMED DUHING COMBUSTION. (SUMMARY
REPORT.) California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Chemical
Engineering Lab., 26 p., 1968. 3 refs.
B. Emission Sources 109
-------
A research program dealing with the influence of oscillatory
combustion of various fuels on the residual quantities of nitrogen
oxides and other partial oxidation products is summarized.
Experiments were conducted at a pressure of 50 Ib./sg. in. employing
air and a range of fuels including natural gas, ethane, propane, and
butane. The highest KOx levels occurred at near stoichicmetric
mixture levels, with a sharp decrease at richer mixtures, and a more
gradual decrease at leaner mixtures. The budget of the program,
along with a list of publications and reports and personnel
requirements, is presented.
10660
Laffey, William T. and Robert N. Manning
SOLVENT SELECTION FOE THE REDUCTION OF AIR POLLUTION. Hercules
Chem., No. 56:1-6, March 1968. 5 refs.
Regulations restricting the use of solvents which partake in
photochemical smog reactions have caused the solvent and surface
coating industries to develop alternate solvent formulations. A
system is presented whereby a restricted solvent can be simulated
using combinations of allowable materials. The procedure is
graphical and depends on the solvent parameters and solubility
characteristics of the materials. When several formulations are
found which possess the required solvent properties, the choice
of the best one then depends on economic or other factors.##
10748
Fenimore, C. P. , and' G. W. Jones
COMPARATIVE YIELDS OF SOOT FROM PREMIXED HYDROCARBON FLAMES.
Combust, and Flame, 12 (J) : 1 96-200, June 1968.
Sthylene and acetylene gave eight times more soot when burnt with
oxygen. The comparison was made in flames having the same
temperature, and about the same pack concentrations of species from
which the soot is supposed to grow (hydrocarbon radicals, acetylene
and polyacetylene). We suggest that more effective oxidation of
the soot aggregates, particularly during their early stages of
growth occurred in oxygen flames, and this decreased the yield.
Hydrogen chloride added to acetylene-oxygen flames increased the
yield of soot without increasing the concentrations of
polyacetylenes. Here too, the yield may have been altered mainly
by changes in the oxidation of the early soot aggregates.
(Authors' abstract)##
11229
H. S. Landers
TRENDS IN STEAM STATION DESIGN AFFECTING AIS POLLUTION.
Preprint, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York
lip., 1966. 8 refs. (Presented at the IEEE-ASME Joint Power
Generation Conference, Denver, Colo., Sept. 18-21,.1966,
Paper 66-PWR-1.)
110 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
The design, location, and operation of coal-burning thermal
electric plants encompass various elements affecting air
pollution, such as plant size and location, stack height, coal
used, ash collecting and handling systems. Trends have
developed in some of these elements as a result of the various
factors governing management decisions on expansion of
generating capacity. This paper identifies these trends by an
analysis ot 150 coa 1-burnir.g thermal power units scheduled for
initial operation from 1958 through 1968. (Author's abstract) #t
112J1
J. H. Wasser, G. E. Martin, and R. P. Hangebrauck
EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION GAS RESIDENCE TIME ON AIP POLLUTANT
EMISSIONS FFOM AN OIL-FIRED TEST FURNACE. Preprint, Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air Pollution
Control Administration, ( (20))p., 1968. 5 refs. (Presented at the
National Oil Fuel Institute Workshop, Linden, N. J.,
Sept. 17-18, 1968.)
The effects of increased combustion gas residence time on air
pollution emissions from an experimental oil furnace are
described and compared with earlier data to illustrate the
resultant reduction of carbonaceous emissions. Particulate matter,
smoke, carbon monoxide, and gaseous hydrocarbon emissions
were reduced, and satisfactory operation obtained at lower excess
air levels. Sulfur oxides emissions were essentially unchanged.
Nitrogen oxides emissions increased by a small amount. Oxygen
and carbon dioxide concentrations in the flue gas were closer to
theoretical values, indicating a significant improvement in
combustion efficiency. Pevised combustion chamber design
criteria balanced with improved burner design should provide low
air pollutant emissions and optimum operating efficiency for fuel-
oil-fired domestic furnaces. (Authors' abstract, modified)##
11254
Springer, K. J., G. L. Williams, E. W. Olsen, and Kenneth
D. Mills
EMISSIONS FBOK GASOLINE-POWERED TRUCKS ABOVE 10,000-LB GVW
USING PHS PROPORTIONAL SAMPLING TECHNIQUES. Preprint,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, N. Y.,
Up., 1968. 8 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting,
Symposium on Research and Development in Automotive Air
Pollution Control, Los Angeles, Calif., Dec. 1-5, 1968,
Paper 53C.)
Exhaust emissions, including hydrocarbons, CC, C02, and NOx,
from three gasoline-powered trucks above 10,000-lb gross vehicle
weight are presented. Proportional techniques were used to
obtain exhaust samples, permitting emissions to be analyzed and
reported on a mass basis. A discussion of the preparations and
dynamometer test procedures is included. (Authors' abstract)f#
B. Emission Sources
-------
11262
Williamson, nprald V. and John F. McLaughlin
AIR POLLUTION, ITS RELATION TO THE EXPANDING POWFP INDUSTRY.
Union Flectric Co., St. Louis, Mo., 16p., 1966. 6 refs.
(Presented at the World Power Conference, Tokyo Sectional
Meeting, Tokyo, Oct. 16-20, 1966, Paper 89.)
Air pollution considerations will be a major factor in the
expanding power industry. Micro-meteorological evidence
indicates that new plants of 500 to 5,000 MW must he located and
designed with a full understanding of the area's urban air
standards, up to a distance of 25 miles from the site. With the
development of high efficiency dust collectors, stress in the
future will be on S02 and other invisible gases. The balance
of the paper amounts to a check-list of what the planner-designers
might do, including choice of features of stack height, position of
the stack in the heat cycle, and possible provisions during
pollution emergencies. (Authors' summary, modified)ft
11263
Reamer, H. H., Joan Jacobs, and B. H. Sage
OSCILLATORY COMBUSTION AT ELEVATED PRESSURE. EFFECT OF FUEL.
Preprint, California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Chemical
Engineering Lab., ( (29))p., ((1966)) 10 refs.
The effect of varying the fuel from natural gas to ethane, propane
and n-butane upon oscillatory combustion in a cylindrical chamber
1 in. i.d. ana approximately 2H in. in length was investigated
experimentally. A significant effect upon the residual
quantities of nitrogen and upon the double amplitude of the
perturbation in normal stress was noted. Little, if any, effect
upon the frequency of the longitudinal perturbations was
experienced. The results are presented in tabular and graphical
form. (Authors' abstract)##
11U57T
Brunner, M., H. Hoffmann, 0. Hettche, L. Truffert, W.
Hess, T. Muller, D. Hogger, K. Brunner, J. Richter,
and R. Frick
AIR POLLUTION BY MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST GASES. ((Die
Verunreinigung der Atmosphare durch die Abgase der
Motorfahrzeuge.)) Translated from German. Alimenta
(Kilchberg) , H (6):213-220, 1965. (Summaries of papers
presented at a symposium held by the Swiss Commission for Air
Sanitation, Zurich, Sept. 22-23, 1965).
A review of several lectures presented at the Federal
Commission for Air Hygiene in Zurich, Switzerland on
pollution of the atmosphere by motor vehicle exhaust gases is
presented. The following lectures are included in the form of
brief communications: 1. The composition of exhaust gases
produced by gasoline-burning engines; 2. The composition of
112 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
exhaust gases of diesel engines; 3. The pollution of the
atmosphere in traffic centers of large cities Abroad; '4. Air
pollution caused by the exhaust gases from the automobile in
Paris and its environs; 5. Survey of investigations of the air
conducted in Zurich from 1961 to 1965; 6. The pollution of the
atmosphere-observations in Switzerland; 7. Effects of exhaust
gases on humans, animals, and plants; 8. The influence of the
fuel composition; 9. Traffic sanitation and hygiene of the air;
and 10. Police regulations and their enforcement. Pollution of
the atmosphere by motor vehicle exhaust gases in Switzerland is
emphasized.##
11492
Polyak, V. E.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION 5Y NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
SULFUFIC ACID BY THE TOHER PROCESS. ((Zagryaznenie
atmosfernogo vozduKha okislami azota pri bashennom proizvodstve
sernoi kisloty.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of:
Gigiena i bSsanit.), 33 (4-6) :266-267, April-June 1968.
CFSTI: TT 68-50449/2
An investigation of atmospheric pollution by nitrogen oxides
(tail gases from the plant tor the manufacture of sulfuric acid by
the tower process) at various distances from the pollution source
was made. The gases are discharged into the atmosphere by a
chimney 40 m tail. The daily discharge into the atmosphere
amounts to 4 tons of nitrogen oxides (expressed as nitric acid),
with a gaseous volume of 817 cu m. There are no other discharges
of nitrogen cxides on the factory premises or elsewhere in the
district. Air was sampled at a level of 1-1.5 m from the ground,
in the direct vicinity of the chimney, and at distances of 500,
1,000, 3,000 and 6,000 m, the total number of samples being 413.
Measurements were made of the temperature, relative humidity and
velocity of the air and of the barometric pressure, wind direction,
cloudiness, and the color and movement of the visible "tail" of
the gas discharge. Nitrogen oxides were detected and
determined at the laboratory in most samples (79-89.3/6). In a
considerable number of samples the concentration of nitrogen
oxides exceeded the maximum permissible concentration, including
some samples taken at large distances from the discharge site
(3,000 and 6,000 m). All minimum concentrations were either
equal to or lower than the maximum permissible concentration, but
the maximum concentrations exceeded this level. The mean
concentrations of nitrogen oxides likewise exceeded the maximum
permissible concentration, being 2.45 mg/cu m at the distance of
6,000 m, i.e., eight times the maximum permissible concentration.##
11562
Ewald, Herbert and Gustav Emrich
ANALYSIS OF THE INTERESTING COMPONENTS OF EXHAUST GASES.
((Die Analytik interessierender Abgasbestandteile von
Auspuftgasen.) ) Text in German. Freiberger Forschungsh.,
(A387) : 133-161, 1966. 146 refs.
B. Emission Sources 113
-------
Hecent methods for the determination of CO, C02, NO, N02,
hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon combustion products in air and
exhaust gases are reviewed in detail, with a discussion of their
relative sensitivity, accuracy, and convenience. Data are also
presented on the concentrations of some of these components during
the operation of gasoline and diesel engines under various
conditions. The sensitivity of various methods tor the
determination of some ol these components and the prices of some
of the analytical equipment (gas chromatographs, mass
spectrometers, photometers, other spectrometers, and gas
analyzers) required are given in tabular form. It is concluded
that rapid testing or testing performed in mobile laboratories
usually must be made by Orsat analysis or test capsules, while
continuous measurements of exhaust gas components for control
purposes can be done photometrically. for most purposes,
ultraviolet and mass spectrometery have been replaced by gas
chromatography, which is cheaper and more informative; however,
spectrometric techniques are useful for identifying component
detected by gas-chromatograph. Although basically a discontinuous
process, gas chromatography can be automated.##
McKee, Herbert C. and C-eorqe C. Lawrason
A STUDY OF ETHANOL-GASOLINE BLENDS AS AUTOMOTIVE FUEL. Preprint,
Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio and Houston, Texas, 11p.,
1964. (Presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, Houston, Texas, June 21-25, 1964.) paper
64-76.
An investigation of ethanol-gasoline blends as a fuel for modern
automotive engines was undertaken. Primary emphasis in the early
phases of the program was devoted to determining the operating
characteristics of typical automobile engines with various amounts
of ethanol added to conventional gasoline. Along with this
investigation, a few preliminary tests were made to determine the
amount of unburned organic vapor emitted in the exhaust, comparing
the emission of an ethanol-gasoline blend with the emission of a
leaded gasoline of the same octane number. It was immediately
evident that a significant reduction in hydrocarbon concentration
occurred with the ethanol-gasoline blends, and additional work was
performed to investigate this particular factor in more detail.
It is concluded, however, that before a large scale change in fuel
composition are undertaken, several factors needed extensive
investigation.
12176
Landen, Ernest K.
NITROGEN OXIDES AND VARIABLES IN PRECOMBUSTION CHAMBER TYPE DIESEL
ENGINES. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New
York, 11p., 1963. 8 rets. (Presentea at 'the Soc. Automotive
Engrs. International Summer Meeting, Montreal, Canada, June 10-14,
1963.)
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Nitrogen oxides produced in the combustion of compression ignition
engines are o± some significance because they are guite reactive
and can attack lubricating oils and engine parts. Measured amounts
in the exhaust gases of diesel engines can be used to evaluate
those factors in operation and design which are important in
controlling the quantities produced. In the precombustion chamber
type of diesel engine, the local peak combustion temperature
influences the formation of nitrogen oxides. These localized peak
temperatures are controlled by such factors as fuel-air ratio of
combustion, duration of fuel injection, timing of fuel injection,
inlet manifold air temperature, engine speed, and supercharging.
Oata presented indicate how these variables affect the formation of
nitrogen oxides as measured in the exhaust gases. Higher inlet
temperatures and more rapid mixing of the fuel and air than is used
in today's precombustion chamber engines are conducive to the
formation of larger guantities of nitrogen oxides.
H. U. Ayers
ALTERNATIVE NONPOLLUTING POWER SOURCES. S.A.E. (Soc.
Automot. Engrs.) J., 76 (12) :40-80, Dec. 1968.
An urban transportation crisis grips the nation--its symptoms:
thickening pollution, rising accidents, and ever increasing
congestion. Currently, emissions appear to be the most
pressing problem, therefore, responsible engineers must now
consider alternative nonpolluting power sources. External
combustion engines with steam or another fluid as the working
medium are available now as an economic alternative to the
internal combustion engine. The major virtue of the
external combustion engine is an almost complete lack of
emissions without compromise of engine performance. Steam
engines offer simplifications in power train design as they
possess high torque at zero speed eliminating the need for a
transmission. In hybrid systems, a small, constant speed
internal combustion or external combustion engine drives a high-
speed alternator-invertor which both powers electric motors at
the wheels and charges a battery. Hhile overall
efficiency would equal that of present engines and emissions
would be drastically reduced, the cost penalties for private
automobiles would be substantial. Therefore, the use of hybrid
systems appears likelv only for specialized situations which
might include trucks and buses. Electric propulsion systems
based on lead-acid batteries are possible now for small, limited
performance vehicles. If high energy batteries become an
economic reality, small cars comparable to the Volkswagen and
Renault will become possible. With the development of low cost
fuel cells, fuel cell-battery hybrids will present an attrative
alternative since the introduction of the fuel cell into the
system would give these vehicles a much needed increase in range.
The present state of development and a careful overview of the
potential of these alternative energy systems is presented in
detail.##
B. Emission Sources 115
-------
12557
Wood, F. A.
SOUECES OF PLANT-PATHOGENIC AIR POLLUTANTS. Phytopathology,
b«(8):1075-108«, Aug. 1968. 27 refs.
Sulfur dioxide, fluoride, ozone, and peroxyacetyl nitrate are
currently the most important plant-pathogenic air pollutants in the
USA. These or their precursors emanate from transportation,
industry, or generation of electricity. The increase in
population and in our demands for energy will result in increased
activity within each of these categories and attendant increases
in pollutant emissions. Thus, in all instances, the problem is
going to worsen within the next 20 years. By 2000 AD or shortly
thereafter, there should be a reduction in the levels of S02 to
present levels; the fluoride pollution problem will probably be
worse; and, unless a power plant such as the electric engine is
developed to take the place of the gasoline engine, our major
problem will probably be one of photochemical air pollutants. It
is also quite likely that pollutants such as hydrogen chloride and
chlorine will increase in importance in the future. Finally, it
should be kept in mind that the accuracy of predictions of this
type is subject to changes in attitudes and technology. (Author's
summary)#f
12637
W. Teske
EMISSIONS AND ABATEMENT OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN NITRIC ACID
MANUFACTURE. Chem. Eng., No. 221, CE263-266, Sept. 1968.
The emission problem in the manufacture of nitric acid results
from incomplete conversion of nitrous oxide to nitric acid.
Some of the processes for reducing the emissions which are
discussed briefly include: Alkaline absorption with milk of
lime or aqueous ammonia; oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or
ozone; absorption in an aqueous solution of magnesium oxide;
removal as nitrosylsulfuric acid by treatment with a sulfuric
acid, nitric acid mixture; and catalytic reduction processes.#f
12967
Saito, Takeshi
INFLUENCE OF FUEL TYPES OF COMPOSITION OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE
EXHAUST. (Jidosha haiki gasu ni oyobosu nenryo sosei no eikyo).
Text in Japanese. Nenryo Kyokai Shi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan), 18(3):
1U8-159, 1969. 8 refs.
A continuation of the investigation of the influence of different
fuels on the composition of automotive engine exhaust
constituents is reported. The relations-between the olefin content
of fuel and exhaust constituents are experimentally shown using
an internal combustion engine on a dynamometer block. Test fuels
included two gasolines of different olefin content, commercial
116 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
LPG, and pure propane. Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, N2, 02,
C02, H2, and nitrogen oxides were analyzed by gas chromatography.
Unsaturated olefins were detected with an absorber reported by
(?. B. Innes. A special sampling apparatus using a magnetic bulb
was constructed for analysis under acceleration. A hydrogen
flame ionization detector was used for hydrocarbon analysis;
molecular sieve and active charcoal were used for inorganic
analyses; phenol disulforic acid was used for nitrogen oxide
determinations. Analytical data are shown for various engine
loads and speeds. It is concluded that CO concentration depends
on air-fuel ratio only and is not influenced by fuel
composition. Differences in total hydrocarbon content of
exhausts from different fuels are guantitatively small, but
unsaturated hydrocarbons, which contribute to air pollution
reactions, increase slightly with the fuel olefins.
12490
Gruson, G. and E. Hanke
PROBLEMS OF THE REKOVAL OF NITRIC OXIDE IN ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOPS. (Probleme der Stickoxidentfernung beim
Elektrofilterbetrieb). Text in German. Freiberger Forschungsh.
A, no. 413:37-73, 1967. 36 refs..
The problem of the nitric oxide formation in electrostatic
precipitators was studied both by an extensive literature search
and by experiments. It is well known that NO is involved in the
precipitation of tars and rosins in electrostatic precipitators
used in gas works. However, it is less known under what
circumstances NO is produced or destroyed by the effect of high
potentials. Nitric oxide measurement techniques and theoretical
understanding of the processes are therefore of economic
significance tor gas works. After a discussion of the partially
contradictory results reported in the literature, measurements
in a gas and a coke plant are described which prove that
electrostatic precipitators for tar increase the NO
concentration and thereby the tar content of the gas. The Ilosvay
method used for the NO measurements is described, as well as the
preparation of NO samples for its calibration. In this method,
the NO in the gas is first oxidized to N02 by KMnO4. The N02 is
then scrubbed by the Ilosvay solution consisting of sulfanilic
acid and alpha-naphthylamine. The reaction produces
p-benzenesulfonic acid-azo-alpha-naphthylaiaine, which is
measured photometrically. This method detects 50.0* or - 1.2S
of the NO. As results of experiments with electrostatic
precipitators, the formation of NO as a function of the potential
with various model gases is repotted. At 02 concentrations
between 0.4 and 1.5%, both NO and N02 are formed at potentials up
to 60 kV. In the presence of up to 8 g ammonia per cu m, only
NO (up to 80 cu cm/cu m) was formed. The significance of these
results, together with the research findings reported in the
literature, is discussed.
13547
Spindt, R. S., Court L. Wolfe, and Donald E. Stevens
NITROGEN OXIDES, COMBUSTION, AND ENGINE DEPOSITS. J. Air
B. Emission Sources
-------
Pollution Control Assoc. , 6 (3) • 1 27- 1 33, Nov. 1956. (23) refs.
Experimental studies were conducted with single and multiple
cylinder engines to determine how the concentration of nitrogen
oxides in the exhaust gas varied with operating conditions.
Chemical analysis of the exhaust gases verified theoretical
conclusions that appreciable nitric oxide should fie formed in
the combust lor. process. It was found that nitric oxide always
increases with increasing intake pressure, independently of any
other fixed variable. In general, the effect of increasing
speed is to reduce the amcunt of nitric oxide because of the
decrease in reaction time. The amount of nitric oxide present
is controlled by throttle settling and air-fuel ratio. The
amount is low at full throttle, rich mixture conditions, but
increases at part throttle due to leanness of the mixture.
It is concluded that engines operating under normal spark timings
with mixtures on the lean side of s toichiometric will produce
appreciable nitric oxide, the amount formed depending on the
load applied. There appears to be little hope of reducing
nitrogen oxides by changes in engine conditions, since
optimum economical operation seems to be in the range of
high nitrogen fixation.
Chandler, J. M.
ETFZCTS Or ENGINE-OPERATING VARIABLES ON THE COMPOSITION OF
AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GASES. Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., Sect. Ill,
38: J^U-3'JD, T-15H. (Based on a report of the Variables Panel of
the Coordinating Research Council Group on composition of exhaust
gases, Aug. 1957.)
The effects of engine variables on the concentrations of
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in automotive exhausts are
discussed. The factors affecting hydrocarbon concentration in
exhaust aas are manifold vacuum, engine detuning, and cold as
compared to hot engine starting. Manifold vacuum of more than
21.5 in. of mercury accounts for high hydrocarbon concentrations
during deceleration. This effect is accentrated by manual
transmissions as compared to automatic. Enriched carburetor idle
setting increases hydrocarbon emission at cruising speeds up to
3U mph. Spark-plug condition is important because one misfiring
plug may more than double the average hydrocarbon concentration.
Amona the variables affecting nitrogen oxides, air-fuel ratio is
of primary importance. Lean mixtures promote the formation of
nitrogen oxides and increase the effects of other engine variables.
Under full throttle, rich mixture conditions, the concentrations
are relatively low. Under road-load cruise conditions and during
fuel throttle accelerations, higher speeds produce higher
concentrations. During part- t hrot tie accelerations, speed has no
effect, and high concentrations may be exhausted even at low
speeds. During idling and deceleration, nitrogen oxides
concentrations are so low as to be considered insignificant.
1
Shibuya, Toshikazu
ENGINE ^ERFORKANCS SEEN FPOK THE EXHAUST SMOKE DENSITY OF SINGLE
118 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE. 2ND REPORT. DEPENDENCE OF AIK-FUEL BATIO
AND PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION ON THE EXHAUST SMOKE DENSITY. (Haikien
nodo yori mita tanto diesel kikan seino. Dai 2 ho. (Haikien nodo
to kuku-nenryo hi, oyobi haiki gasu sosei.) Text in Japanese.
(Shiga Kenritsu Tanki Daigaku Gakujutsu Zasshi (Scientitic Reports
of Shiga Prefectural Junior College)), no. 8:1-5, March 1967. 12
ref s.
Relationships among aif-tuel ratio, smoke density and concentration
of some components of exhaust gas from a single cylinder diesel
engine running at low speeds were investigated with an air-fuel
ratio meter and a gas detector. The measurement of exhaust smoke
density vs. air-fuel ratio at 900, 800 and 750 RPM shows that, for
each speed smoke density increases rapidly from relative minimum
points. These minimum smoke densities are between 2.7 and 2.8 at
air-fuel ratios of 26, 28 and 33:1 for 900, 800 ana 750 PPM,
respectively. Decreasing engine speed increases smoke density for
any given air—fuel ratio. The results of the experiments on the
effect of air-fuel ratio on CO, S02, and N02 emission showed that
CO is minimum at an air-fuel ratio of about ^6:1. It increases
rapidly at lower ratios and at 22:1 reaches 0.01%, the so-called
maximum permissible value for CO. Carbon monoxide concentration
exceeds 0.01% at light engine loads. Sulfur dioxide rapidly
increases and exceeds 10 ppm (maximum permissible value) at air-
fuel ratios lower than about 22:1. It decreases at higher ratios.
Nitrogen dioxide concentration is minimum at an air-fuel ratio of
about 23, increasing at both higher and lower ratios. Its
concentration is always lower than 25 ppm, the maximum permissible
value. It is proposed that an output at a smoke density of 2.7-2.8
or an air-fuel ratio of 26-27 be used as a normal output and an
output at a smoke density of 3.3-3.4 or an air-fuel ratio of 22 be
used as a maximum, when determining emissions from small diesel
engines.
13698
Mohrnheim, Anton F.
AIR POLLUTION AND THE METAL FINISHING INDUSTRY. Plating, Harch
1969.
The role of nitrogen oxides in ait pollution is discussed in
order to inform those who work with nitric acid and aqua regia
of their capacity for creating or preventing air pollution.
Nitrogen dioxide itself is toxic and, in addition, contributes
to chemical smog production through a photochemical chain
reaction. Even though the metal manufacturing and finishing
industry uses larger quantities of nitric acid than the precious
metal industry, the latter may release comparable amounts of
nitrogen dioxide. This is ieaonstrated by the guantititive
reaction of gold and nitric acid. In the precious metal
industry, closed systems should be used with only stoichiometric
amounts of aqua regia. For pickling and similar work in the
metal manufacturing and finishing industry, mist collectors or
air scrubbers should be used.
Lindberg, Halter
AIR POLLUTION IN NORWAY. I. THE GENERAL AIP POLLUTION IN
B. Emission Sources 119
-------
NORWEGIAN CITIES AND INDUSTRIAL TOWNS. (Den alminnelige
lut'ttorurensning i Norge. I. Generelt om luftforurensning i
byer og tettbygde strok.) Translated from Norwegian. Oslo Univ.
(Norway), p. 1-65, 1968. 12 refs
General information is presented on air pollution in Norway
with attention focused on (1) the sources and types of
pollutants: ootor vehicles, heating plants, incinerators,
(2) air pollution levels in the cities, including dustfall,
S02,-and smoke measurements in Oslo, Sweden, (3) special
investigations (sulfuric acid fog), the chemical composition
ot solid particulates in smoke and suspended dust,
polynuclear hydrocarbons and particulates, trace elements,
(U) pollutants in Norwegian cities other than Oslo,
(5) directions for medicohygienic evaluation of pollution
levels in cities and other densely populated districts and
industrial regions, and (6) an evaluation of the economic
consequences of air pollution.
1398B
Starkman, E. S.
BASIC PROCESSES DURING FORMATION OF OXIDES OP NITROGEN AND
CARBON P.ONOXID2 IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. (Grundlegende
Vorgaenge bei der Entstehung von Sticlcstoff- und Kohlenmonoxid
in Verbrer.nungskraf tmaschinen) . Text in German. ATZ
(Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift) (Stuttgart), 71 {«) : 130-13U,
1969. 12 refs.
Recently-developed emission and absorption spectroscopic methods
tor the instantaneous determination of combustion gas composition
in operating internal combustion engines enable one to record the
variation ot the concentrations of NO and CO in the course of an
engine cycle. Measurements carried out by these methods show
that the commonly used assumption that the actual NO and CO
concentrations are close to their theoretical equilibrium values
at any given temperature is quite inadequate, as the actual
values are invariably much higher than the theoretical values.
Similar findings apply to exhaust gas compositions of gas
turbines. The author points out that as the fuel-to-air ratio
in an internal combustion engine is increased, the NO and CO
concentrations in the exhaust gas decrease and increase,
respectively.. This suggests the theoretical possibility of
drastically reducing the concentrations of both by operating
the engine with a fuel-to-air ratio for which the NO and CO
concentrations in the exhaust gas are numerically equal and by
inducing these two constituents to interact according to the
equation: 2ND plus 2CO yields N2 plus 2C02. The practical
realization of this idea rests on the possibility of developing
engines capable of operating at the required fuel-to-air ratio,
carburetors capable of maintaining' the required fuel-to-air
ratio at the prevalent operating conditions, and catalysts or
other means of facilitating and accelerating the above reaction.
1K026
Sta-rkman, E. S. , H. E. Stewart, and V. A. Zvonow
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE FORMATION AND MODIFICATION OF EMISSION
120 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
PRECURSORS. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,
New York, 9p., 1969. 15 refs. (Presented at the International
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 13-17, 1969,
Paper 690020.)
A detailed observation of the mechanisms by which undesirable
products of combustion are formed and modified during residence
in the engine cylinder was attempted. A hydraulically actuated
sample valve, different from the electrically or mechanically
driven ones involved in previous studies, was utilized. The
combustionchamber of a spark ignition engine was sampled
directly with a hydraulically actuated and controlled valve. This
resulted in increased flexibility in sample size and in the time
of acquisition, and thus permitted a much more comprehensive
history of combustion gas composition to be obtained. The cold
wall was found to influence equally carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, and nitric oxide formation, as it has been previously
shown to influence unburned hydrocarbons. Results indicated
that sample fraction should be at least 1% of cylinder content
it the chemical analysis is to reflect conditions away from
the wall reliably. There was evidence that large gradients in
composition are created across the combustion chamber and
these gradients persist throughout the expansion. Examination
ot engine operating variables, such as spark advance, compression
ratio, mixture strength, and speed, provided more evidence of
the role which chemical kinetics plays in determining the
concentration ot nitrogen oxides appearing in engine exhaust.
Pahnke, Alden J. and James F. Conte
EFFECT OF COMBUSTION CHAMBER DEPOSITS AND DRIVING CONDITIONS ON
VEHICLE EXEACST EMISSIONS. Preprint, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Inc., New York, N. Y., 2i»p. , 1969. 15 refs.
(Presented at the International Automotive Engineering Congress,
Detroit, Mich., Jan. 1J-17, 1969, Paper 690017.)
Hydrocarbon exhaust emission levels of new cars driven under
consumer-type conditions increase during the initial 5000 to
10,000 miles of operation; the magnitude of the increase is
less with vehicles equipped with exhaust control systems.
The role of combustion chamber deposits in increasing hydrocarbon
exhaust emission levels during the initial period of vehicle
operation was considered. Analyses have shown these deposits
to contain high concentrations of lead salts originating from
the combustion ot lead alkyls present in gasoline. Two consumer-
type vehicle tests to determine the effect of leaded and
unleaded gasoline on exhaust emissions were completed. One
test involved 122 cars without exhaust control systems and the
other, J6 cars with exhaust control systems. In both tests,
hydrocarbon exhaust emissions of the leaded and unleaded cars
increased during the initial period of mileage accumulation
and then leveled out as equilibrium was reached. Average
hydrocarbon emission levels of the leaded cars were higher
than those of the unleaded cars with the difference or net lead
B. Emission Sources
-------
ettect amounting to 7% in both the 122-car and the 36-car tests.
No significant differences in carbon monoxide or nitrogen oxide
emission levels were observed. Photochemical reactivity levels
were essentially the same tor the leaded and unleaded car
groups in the two tests. A limited study ot the effect of
mileage accumulation conditions on exhaust emission levels
was carried out. Results obtained under rapid or accelerated
mileage accumulation conditions did not correlate with consumer
test results. (Author abstract modified)
14116
Hurn, P. H.
AIR POLLUTION AND THE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE. Preprint.
Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1Up., 1968. 9 refs.
(Presented at The Combustion Inst. Twelfth International
Symposium on Combustion, Poitiers Univ., France, July 14-20,
1968, Paper 61-7.)
The compression-ignition engine, popularly known as the diesel,
is examined as a contributor to metropolitan air pollution.
Smoke and odor are recognized as the primary targets of public
ob-jection to the diesel, and factors relevant to the smoke and
odor problem are discussed. Problems of diesel smoke are seen
as readily manageable, but a satisfactory solution to the diesel
odor problem is not yet available. Other pollutants, e.g.,
unburned or partially burned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen,
and carbon monoxide, are significant products of diesel
combustion. Of these, only nitrogen oxides and possibly the
aldehydes are typically discharged in quantities that in
equivalent volumes may exceed the quantities discharged by
spark ignition reciprocating internal combustion engines.
Features unique to the diesel combustion process are discussed
as factors relevant to generation or avoidance of objectionable
pollutants. The high temperatures and oxygen availability in
diesel combustion are seen as serious impediments to
satisfactory reduction of the yield of nitrogen oxides, but they
are favorable in holding concentrations of pollutants in other
categories to acceptable low levels. To compound this advantage,
the diesel has advantages both in fuel economy and in higher
heat value of diesel fuel compared with lighter fuels. Thus,
it would appear that diesel power offers an excellent
opportunity for continued and expanded application to meet
increasingly stringent clean air requirements. (Author
abstract modified)
mi 27
Stone, R. K. and B. H. Eccleston
VEHICLE EMISSIONS VS. FUEL COMPOSITION. Preprint, American
Petroleum Institute, Montreal, Can., Div. of Refining, 50 p.,
1968. 9 refs. (Presented at the Session on Air and Hater
Conservation, J3rd Midyear Meeting of the American Petroleum
Institute Division of Refining, Philadelphia, Pa., May 16, 1968,
Preprint No. 143-68.)
Reduction ot evaporation losses from motor vehicles was
investigated as a means ot lessening the amount of pollutants
122 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
reaching the atmosphere. The effect of fuel volatility and of
front-end fuel composition on the quantity, composition, and
photochemical reactivity of vehicle emissions including both
tailpipe and fuel-system losses were studied. In addition, the
test variables included engine fuel-system features and ambient
temperature, which was varied over a range of 20-95 F. Results
of tests on eight 1966 model cars are given.. Driving cycle and
instrumentation typical of current practices for emission studies
were used. Test results showed that at high ambient temperatures,
a large reduction in evaporation losses accompanied a reduction
in front-end fuel volatility. However, there was also a small
adverse effect on exhaust emissions from volatility reduction.
Reactive hydrocarbon emissions from evaporation were reduced
substantially by either volatility reduction or saturation of
light olefins. Light olefin reduction also reduced exhaust
reactivity. Carbon monoxide emissions showed a small increase as
tuel volatility was reduced, while nitrogen oxides and aldehydes
showed no significant fuel effect. (Author abstract modified)
1U619
Cejka, Milan
DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST GASES. (Vyfukove plyny z naftovych
motoru) . Text in Czech. ^opa Uhlie, 9 (6-7) :208-21 1, 1967.
Composition of engine exhaust gases depends largely on the
fuel-air ratio, which varies in accordance with the loading
of the engine from 18:1 to 100:1, and this greatly influences
the combustion process. In addition, the content of
exhaust gases is determined by the shape of the combustion
chamber, the type of fuel injection, whether the engine is
two or tour stroke, habits of the driver, etc. Analysis gave
evidence of 47 different compounds in engine exhaust gas.
Nitrogen oxides comprised 10-85% of the emissions from diesel
engines compared to 10% from combustion engines. The content
of aldehydes in smoke is the main cause of toxic effects in
humans. It is believed that lighter fuels reduce smoke, but
they yield more irritant compounds. In a garage for 200
buses whose engines were in good condition, the measured
concentration of carcinogens was 2.7 to 2.9 micrograms/100 cu m,
which is less than values found in ambient air from burning
coal. The setting of maximum allowable concentration standards
is very difficult because of the wide range of individual
reactions to engine exhausts. Peduction of pollution may be
effected Dy supplying specially treated fuel with low sulfur
content, after burning of gases as practiced in the U. S., and
regular inspection of engines.
11892
Durrant, T.
TOWARDS CLEANER SKIES. Aeroplane, 116(2966) ; 16, 20-21, Aug.
21, 1968.
The main contaminants produced by aircraft burning kerosene fuels
are exhaust smoke, unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and
sulfur and nitrogen oxides. The presence of smoke in the engine
exhaust is a failure to control carbon production or consumption
B. Emission Sources 123
-------
processes or both, but experience has shown that elimination
ot smoke is difficult at increased engine pressure ratios. By
changing combust ion-chamber design and including airspray fuel
injectors, it is expected that new large transport gas-turbine
engines will have a barely visible level of smoke emission.
Annular chambers now being introduced have a smaller flame tube
wall surface area and therefore use less cooling air than the
tuboannular system. Consequently, unburned hydrocarbon and
carbon monoxide concentrations at idle and taxi conditions will
be lower on new engines than on those currently in service. The
most difficult contaminants to control are nitrogen oxides,
although concentrations are low compared with the automobiles.
Intensive investigations are being conducted to reduce these
emissions; it is suggested that one method of reducing their
concentration may be by running with a richer primary
combustion zone, although this is contrary to smoke-control
requirements and would involve design compromises.
Sawyer, R. F. , L. S. Caretto, and E. S. Starkman
THE FORMATION OF NITRIC OXIDE IN COMBUSTION PROCESSES. Preprint
Abstract, Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 2p., 1968. 7 refs.
(Presented at the Combustion Inst., Central States Sect., Tech.
Meet, on Pollut. Problems Associated with Combust., Columbus
Ohio, March 1968.)
Nitric oxide (NO) formation was investigated in several combustion
environments including laboratory burner flames, stirred
reactors, gas turbine combustor models, piston engines, and
industrial and aircraft gas turbines. Hydrocarbon and ammonia
fuels were studied with air as the oxidizer. Theoretical
considerations were based upon both equilibrium and kinetic
models in attempts to predict the composition of the
combustion products for comparison with the experimental
observations. Although the differences in the observed NO
concentrations in different combustcrs seemed to emphasize
the strong influence ot combustor design, some trends Mere
present which may be explained on the basis of theoretical
arguments. From equilibrium composition calculations, the
concentration of NO in combustion products was shown to be
strongly dependent upon both the mixture ratio and product
temperature, but not upon the combustion pressure. Kinetic
processes prevent the equilibrium of NO concentrations in
expansion, of combustion products. Decent evidence indicates
that NO formation is kinetically controlled in some combustion
processes and that concentrations may fail to reach or, in some
cases, even exceed equilibrium predictions. Studies of
prefixed ammonia oxygen flames in a porous plug burner reveal
NO at greater than predicted equilibrium concentrations. The
singular role of nitrogen from ammonia in the formation of
oxide is under current investigation. NO concentrations in a
well-stirred reactor, ammonia combustion IL a reciprocating
engine, and NO infrared emission during the expansion process
were recently measured. High NO levels were indicated.
Measurement ot nitric oxide from gas turbine combustors indicate
that NO concentrations depend strongly upon the combustor
configuration and even possibly upon the temperature-time
history ot the products in the turbine and exhaust systems.
Studies of piston engine expansion processes show NO levels to be
124 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
frozen early in the expansion process; concentrations are not
simply related to the equilibrium levels predicted for peak cycle
temperatures. (Author abstract modified)
15043
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
INITIAL BRIEF OF THE RIP POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT OF THE COUNTY
OF LOS ANGELES. (Presented before the U. S. Federal Power
Commission in the Matters of Transwestern Pipeline Co., Docket
no. CP63-204, CP6U-91; El Paso Natural Gas. Co., Docket no.
CP64-76; Gulf Pacific Pipeline Co., Docket no. CP63-223. 46p.,
1965.)
Evidence is presented indicating that fuel oil burning by
industry and power plants is seriously affecting public health
in Los Angeles and could lead to a major disaster. To combat
this acute air pollution problem, industry and power plants
must be provided with year-round natural gas service at higher
levels than those of Pacific Lighting's Tailored Supply Program.
Unless the power plants and industry can change to a cleaner
fuel, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide levels, which already
exceed most modern recommended standards, will increase
dramatically in the next 15 years. These pollutants in
combination with sulfates and particulates are contributing
causes of severe respiratory illness. Other air pollution
problems wholly or partially attributable to fuel oil burning
are damage to vegetation and property, reduced atmospheric
visibility, and aggravation of photochemical smog. If natural
gas were substituted for fuel oil, daily emission of nitrogen
oxides could be reduced by b5 tons, sulfur dioxide by 410 tons,
and particuiates by 31 tons. The peak periods for these
pollutants are December, January, and February, refuting the
contention of oil and gas companies that pollution is not a
problem in winter.
15310
Friedlander, S. K. and J. H. Seinfeld
A DYNAMIC FODEL OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SNOG. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
3(11) :1175-1181, Nov. 1969. 19 refs.
A simplified kinetic scheme is proposed as a dynamic model for
photochemical smog reactions. Unlike previous diffusion models,
which have been concerned with nonreacting pollutants, the
formulation of this model takes into account both the chemical
reaction and turbulent mixing aspects of the photochemical smog
problem. In the first part of the paper, a simplified kinetic
mechanism is presented for the formation of photochemical smog
from nitric oxide and unburned hydrocarbons. In the second part,
diffusion models based on the general equation of conservation of
species are discussed. The model is a combination of the
transport and chemical kinetic equations and predicts the
behavior of a reacting pollutant cloud. The roles of sulfur
oxides and aerosols are not considered. Calculations basedon the
model lead to concentration dependence on time, similar in form
to the experimental results for laboratory reaction chambers. The
Lagrangian similarity hypothesis tor the diffusion of nonreactive
B. Emission Sources
-------
components is extended to reactinq species to take into account
the effect of atmospheric mixing. This leads to a set of
ordinary differential equations foe the reactive species of the
type describing a chemical reactor of variable volume. As a
preliminary example of the application of the model, a
calculation was made for a sinqle bimolecular reaction.
NATURE AND CONTROL OF AIPCRAFT ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS.
Northern Research and Engineering Corp., Cambridge, Mass.
Contract DH22-6B-27, Report 1134-1, 388p., Nov. 1958. 208 refs.
The results of a study of the emissions of air pollutants by
aircraft engines in the U. S. are presented. The study included
four aspects of aircraft engine emissions: the nature of aircraft
engine emissions and quantities emitted, the effects or impact
of aircraft engine emissions on the populace, the reduction of
emissions, and qcvernmenta 1 control of the emissions. In
addition, emission control requirements were considered and
guidelines developed for determining the degree of control
needed. The principal conclusion drawn from the study is that the
nature and extent of air pollutant emission by aircraft can be
assessed with sufficient accuracy to allow a comparison between
aircraft and other emissions sources. On that basis, aircraft
are a small contributor of pollutants in metropolitan areas.
In the vicinity of air terminals, however, the density of
pollutant emission by aircraft and the resulting pollutant
concentrations are comparable to emission densities and
concentrations in adjacent communities of the same pollutants
from other sources. Thus, the principle impact of aircraft
is local in nature and is expected to become more severe in
future years. It is also likely that aircraft emissions will
constitute a more significant portion of community-wide pollutant
loadings as new aircraft are introduced and as emissions from
other sources are reduced. It is further concluded that whenever
a reduction of aircraft emissions becomes desirable, a variety
of practical approaches exist to reduce both the quantities of
pollutants emitted and their impact on the community. Specific
conclusions relative to ^mission reduction and emission control
are oresented. A program of activity with regard to aircraft
emission is recommended. All emission data is tabulated.
Smith, Palph I.
AIR-POLLUTION PROBLEMS OF THE PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY. (Bureau of
Mines and Geology, Montana, Western Phosphate Region, Prcc.
Ind. Seminar West. Phosphate Reg., Butte, Mont., 196ft, p. 46-48,
June 1967. (Special Pub. 42) .
Materials from the phosphate industry which contribute to air
pollution are listed as follows: solids, such as natural
dust and organic particles, industrial dusts such as carbon and
fly ash from the combustion of fuels, and tine dusts; gases,
such as sulfur dioxide and trioxide, hydrogen fluoride, silicon
tetra fluoride, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide and
dioxide, nitrous and nitric oxide, ammonia, alcohols, and ozone;
126 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
and water vapor and mists, which are liquid from condensation
of water and acids on suitable nuclei. The noxious gases come
from two sources in the phosphate industry: a wet process
called denning, and from calcination processes. As the gases
or smoke come out of the stack, they may either continue upward,
spread out and diffuse, or an inversion or turbulence may cause
a rapid downward trend a short distance from the stack. Smoke
and fumes have both psychological effects (depression and general
irritation) and physiological effects (the irritation of membranes
of the nose, throat, and lungs by the inhalation of gases; a
toxic effect in the stomach of animals who eat contaminated
vegetation). Methods for the removal of solids are listed as
follows: a long flue equipped with baffles and settling chambers;
a filtering system such as a bag house; and the cyclone. The
most economical and effective way of removing noxious gases is
by scrubbing. Sulfur gases may also be sent through a sulfuric
acid plant. Fluorine gases may be removed by forcing the
gases through a bed of limestone; the absorption causes a chemical
reaction to take place, forming inert calcium fluoride. Other
removal methods mentioned include the following; electrostatic
precipitation; and sonic precipitation.
15599
Vendramini, R., G. G. Calapaj, and G. Rausa.
A CHEMICAL AND STATISTICAL STUDY ON THE POLLUTION OF THE INTERNAL
ATMOSPHERE OF THE AUTOVEHICLES FROM EXHAUSTED GASES.
(L1inguinamento da gas di searico nell'atmosfera interna degli
autoveicoli.). Text in Italian. L'Igiene Moderna,
62(1-^):}-2b, Sept. 1969. J1 refs.
In the metropolitan area of Padua, Italy, and on national and
local high-ways branching out frcm this city, data was collected
for two seasonal periods: Autumn-Sinter (October 1967 to
February 1968) and Spring-Summer (Karch to July, 1968). Urban
traffic conditions were classified in three categories: free-
flowing (on wider streets outside rush hours), medium (same
streets during rush hours), and sluggish (during rush hours
on streets less than six meters in width and with a large number
of traffic signals). Test automobiles were equipped with two
pumps, one at a low level and one at a high level, which gave
readings of atmospheric content between the two front seats.
A N/10 solution of sodium hydroxide was used to trap formaldehyde
and nitrogen oxide, while 1/1000 palladium chloride was used
to detect carbon monoxide. The upper pump drew about 20 liters
per minute of air through a SS 602/h paper filter, which
captured lead from the air, this could then be extracted from the
filter with nitric acid. Each sampling period lasted 10-15
minutes, during which time the vehicle was operated with closed
windows, open vents, and no operating fans. All samples
were collected on windless days. Results were expressed in
ppm (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde) and
micrograms/mc (lead). Statistical analysis showed a relationship
in the increase of other pollutants with respect to increased
CO. Two indexes were calculated: the 'eta' of Cucconi and the
'rho' of Spearman. The other pollutants were found highly
correlated with CO concentrations, regardless of seasonal
variations. Presence of pollutants in the interior of motor
vehicles was sufficiently high to cause hypoxia affecting vision
and the higher centers of intellect.
B. Emission Sources 12?
-------
Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Japan, Public Nuisance Control Div.
THE EMISSION SOURCES OF NITROGEN OXIDE AND CHRCMIC ACID AND THEIR
STANDAHD CONTROL EQUIPKENTS. (Chisso sankabutsu oyobi kuromusan
misuto no hassei.gen to sono hyojun jogai setsubi ni tsuite) .
Text, in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 3(7):
U11-U19, July 15, 1967.
Nitrogen oxides are emitted by nitric acid plants, sulfuric acid
plants, certain kinds of chemical reaction apparatus, and metal
surface treating plants. The metals which are treated with nitric
acid are copper, aluminum, nickel, iron, and so forth. The
nitrogen oxides which are generated by the reaction of metal and
nitric acid are nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide,
nitrous anhydride, nitrogen peroxide, and nitric anhydride, the
primary air pollutants being nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
nitrogen peroxide. Nitric oxide is slowly oxidized by oxygen in
the air. Poisoning from nitric oxide only has not been reported,
but it is said to change active hemoglobin into an inactive one.
Nitrogen dioxide and peroxide have a stinging odor, lower the
blood pressure, and paralyze the nerves. High concentration of
nitrogen dioxide above 100 ppm could cause human death. The
allowable concentration of nitrogen dioxide is 5 ppm. Nitrogen
dioxide is easily absorbed by water and becomes nitric acid,
but nitric oxide must be oxidized before washing with water.
Since the reaction rate of nitric oxide is very slow, some
catalysts such as activated coal must be used. Chromic acid is
generated almost exclusively by a chromium plating process.
Hydrogen and oxygen gas generated by electrolysis release chromic
acid into air, mainly in the form of chromium trioxide which is
poisonous and injures the kidneys. The allowable concentration is
0.1 mg/cu in. Chromic acid mist can be absorbed easily by washing
with water. The results by the above methods are the following:
nitric oxide was reduced from 70,000 ppm to 36 ppm; nitrogen
dioxide, from 650,000 ppm to 70 ppm; and chromic acid mist, from
i»2, 65 mg/cu m to 0.077 mg/cu m.
15723
Faingold, S. G., A. M. Stanetskaya, L. A. Tretyakova, and N. S.
Kipot
CAUSES OF THE FORMATION OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE CARBONIZATION OF
COALS. Coke Chem. (USSR) (English translation from Russian of
Koks i Khim.), no. 2:23-28, 1969. 10 refs.
While confirming that nitric oxide is an inevitable product of
coal carbonization, previous research^has not established the
extent to which carbonization participates in nitric oxide
content of coke oven gas or its relationship to the nitrogen
content of coal. To resolve these questions, as well as
determine the nitric oxide content of coke-oven gas during
carbonization, various coal blends and different grades of coal
were carbonized in a gas-tight oven chamber at a pressure of 600-
bOO mm water gauge. The evolution of nitric oxide followed the
same pattern tor all blends and coals: the content reached a peak
at 200-399 C, the beginning of carbonization, and the peak lasted
until UOO C. The quantity of nitric oxide evolved was unrelated
128 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
to the nitrogen content of the blends and coals. For example, one
blend contained 2.36% nitrogen, and the dynamic mean nitric oxide
content of the coke-oven gas equalled 2.83-3.67 ppm or 0.96-1.10
ml/kg for the blend. The nitrogen content of the blends ranged
from 1.5-2.36%. The nitrogen content of coals varied less and
the volatile matter differed sharply, but nitric oxide formation
was the same as for blends. It is concluded that nitric oxide is
formed as a result of reactions involving the liberation of
oxygen from the air, introduced with the blend or coal and the
oxygen-nitrogen—containing compounds in the coal.
15769
Pursall, B. E.
POLLUTION IN POAD TUNNELS. Consulting Eng., 33(8):57-58, Aug.
1969. 9 rets.
The sources and causes ot the build-up of pollutants in road
tunnels are discussed. The two main sources of poisonous exhaust
gases are gasoline and diesel engines. Diesel exhaust emits a
smaller percentage of carbon monoxide than the gasoline engine,
but because the diesel engine is larger, it emits a larger volume.
The diesel engine also produces more nitric oxide and nitrogen
peroxide. Vehicles emit up to 50% more carbon monoxide on the
up-gradient than on the level; on the down gradient, they emit
10% less. In calculations ror two-way tunnels, an average figure
tor carbon monoxide emission can safely be taken. Tests showed
that the amounts of carbon monoxide and other combustion
products vary directly with speed. Differences in tunnel
concentrations tor the Sumner Tunnel in Boston and the Central
Tunnel in London were attributed to different vehicle speeds and
variations between British and American vehicles and fuels. The
variations resulted in higher concentrations of lead and
hydrocarbons in the Sumner Tunnel; carbon monoxide concentrations
were similar for average daytime periods in both tunnels. The
effects ot carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and lead compounds
are briefly discussed. It was concluded that if the concentration
of CO can be diluted to below 100 ppm, the concentration of
nitrogen oxides and other gases should De relatively harmless.
Visibility should also be satisfactory under these conditions.
In a 2 way tunnel, the maximum ventilation rate was calculated
to be 200 cu tt/min/ft. With one way traffic, ventilation is
induced from the portals by the moving vehicles, but additional
artificial ventilation would be necessary when the traffic is
stopped or moving slowly. In most large tunnels, alarms operate
if the CO concentration exceeds 250 ppm.
B. Emission Sources 129
-------
ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
00130
AIP POLLUTION AND HEALTH. Am. Bev. Pespirat. Diseases
"3, (2) 1-12, Feb. 1966. (A statement by the American
Thoracic Society Committee on Air Pollution).
The health hazards of air pollution are discussed in connection
with the meteorological conditions that help to bring them about,
techniques of air pollution measurement, and research on the
biologic effects of exposure to air pollutants. *tf
00177
H. Buchberg, M. H. Jones, K. G. Lindh, and K. W.
Wilson
AIR POLLUTION STUDIES WITH SIMULATED ATMOSPHERES. California
Univ., Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering. (Kept. No.
61-UH.) July. 1961. 185 pp.
Part I of this report deals with the statistical relations
among interacting atmospheric variables. Also contained in this
report are the results of several auxiliary or supporting studies
as follows: Air Purification Studies; Development of an Eye
Mask for the Measurement of the Threshold of Eye
Irritation; Development of an Omnidirectional Solar Radiometer
for a Limited Spectral Region Centered about 0.36 microns; A
Comparison ot Concentration and Duration as Measures of
Threshold for Eye Irritation; A Comparison of Threshold to
Eye Irritation Resulting from Reacted Air Mixtures Sampled
at Different Points in the Exposure System; A Comparison of
Odor Threshold and Eye Irritation Threshold for Formaldehyde,
Acrolein, and Ozone. (Author)##
00302
A. P. Altshuller
ATMOSPHS3IC REACTION STUDIES RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION. Arch.
Environ. Health 8, 27-30, Jan. 1964.
Studies of air pollution in urban and adjacent rural areas by
particles and trace gases need to be,related to studies of
composition of the earth's atmosphere. Man's activities generate
pollutants which in themselves or through photochemical reactions
contaminate the general atmosphere. Cooperative efforts need to
be made by air pollution and atmospheric science laboratories/ to
131
-------
obtain monitoring data. Areas of such_ research in
measurement ot pollutants and noncollu tants, measurement methods,
instrumentation, and biological and chemical effects are reviewed
by the author. The proper selection of synthetic atmospheres
for laboratory studios so that real conditions are reflected is
emphasized. An important problem still requiring solution is the
obtaining ot suooort, personnel, and facilities for research and
de"olopme.it on instrumentation for specialized a pplica t ions, (ttt
00 J4U
H. L. Faith
RELATIVE REACTIVITY OF HYDFOCARPON5 IN PHOTOC H ZMI C A L S*!OG
FORMATION AND ITS PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS. Preprint.
(Presented at the 59th Annual Keetinu, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-2U, 1966, Paper
No. fi 6 - U 0 .}
Adequate and intelligent control ot photochemical smog requires a
knowledge of the relative reactivity of the hydrocarbons emitted
trom motor vehicles and a method ot measuring them. An extensive
survey ot the literature yields the following general
class1 t icat ion ot hydrocarbons: (1; reactive (all olefins and all
aromatics except benzene and toluene) and (2) nonreactive (all
paraffins, acetylene, benzene and toluene). Within the olefin
series, there is a wide range ot reactivity; ethylene is far less
reactive than other olelin species. In fact, ethylene provides a
ooon line ot demarcation between reactive ana unreactive
compounds, so far as photochemical smog formation is concerned. A
simple method ot analysis that will distinguish between reactive
and non-reactive hydrocarbons is sorely needed- At present,
an instrument that would distinguish between olefins and
nonolefins would D e useful. (Author)**
OU iM1-)
,1. C. Pomanovsky, P. ". Imels, ana R. J. Gordon
FSTIVTION Of SMOG EFFECTS IN THE K Y DRO CA R fc 0 N - N IT P 1C OXIDE
SYSTE1. Preprint. (Presented dt the Air
pollution Ccrtrcl fssoc. Annual Meeting, June 20-21, 1966,
San ^rancisco, Calif., Paper No. 66-U^).
The eoinlex role ot nitric nxile in photochemical smoa has led to
conflicting conclusions concerning its relationship to end effects.
The contusion has not been dispelled by the tendency to employ
kinetic parameters of the photochemical reactions accompanying the
formation ot smog as indicators of the end effects. In an attempt
to resolve these differences a detailed study was carried out to
Examine the effects ot varying the concentrations and reactant
ratios ot NO and "hydrocarbon" on a number of smog effects as
well as on Various functions of the reaction rate. Hydrocarbon
components increasing in complexity from propylene through a
sniulnfed auto exhaust to authentic auto exhaust were irradiated
in the presence of NO in large chambers instrumented for
measurenents of numerous variables. Eye irritation was
measured using a selected panel oi human sui gects; formation of
132 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
ozone and formaldehyde was followed analytically. From other
analytical data it was possible to derive half-lives for NO,
N02, and hydrocarbon, as well as maximum reaction rates for
propylene, either as the sole hydrocarbon or as 5 component of the
exhaust. The various dependent variables are presented as
tunctions ot the reactant concentrations by means of contour
diagrams derived by computer treatment. The effect of
"hydrocarbon" and HO levels on sirog effects are discussed; the
observed relationships between end effects and reaction rates are
considered. The study simulated the effects of varying degrees of
vehicular emissions control over one or both reactants and has a
bearing on the establishment of vehicle emission standards in
California. (Author)ft
OOJ62
H. I Schiff
KINETICS OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES (FINAL REFT.) McGill Univ.,
Montreal, Canada, Upper Atmosphere Chemistry Group (Rept.
No. AFCRL-66-1) . Nov. 1965. 1U pp.
Summaries are presented on work already published in the
literature. These include kinetics of atom and excited
molecule reactions, and recombinations; absolute quantum yield
measurements; and diffusion coefficients. The
following summarizes work yet to be published. The reaction of
0 atoms with aluminum vapor was found to produce
chemiluminescen t flows which consisted of a continuum, whose
intensity distribution was similar to that obtained from
rocket experiments. The reaction of 0 atoms with trimethyl
aluminum (TMA) also produced a che miluminescent continuum. No
resonance radiation corresponding to A10 emission could be
produced by irradiating the reaction products with continuum or
discrete light sources. The reactions ot a number of
metalorganic compounds with active nitrogen produced glows
which consisted of a number of bands, some of which have not yet
been identified as well as lines from excited metal atoms. The
rate of reaction ot TMA with molecular oxygen was studied using
the mass spectometric technique. The rate constant was found to
be (2 plus or minus 0.3) x ten to the minus sixteenth power
cubic centimeters per molecule per second. The rate
ot the reaction of TMA with atomic oxygen was found to
be grater than could be measured with this technique and
must therefore occur at close to collision frequency.
(Author) tt#
M. E. Morrison, B. G. Pinker, and w. H. Corcoran
RATE AND MECHANISM OF GAS-PHASE OXIDATION OF P ARTS-PER-MILLION
CONCENTRATIONS OF NITRIC OXIDE. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals
b (2) :17b-181, May 1966.
Rates of the air oxidation of parts-per-million concentrations of
nitric oxide were studied homogeneously at atmospheric pressure and
ambient temperatures in a constant- volume batch reactor. The
C. Atmospheric Interaction 133
-------
initial concentration of nitric oxide was varied from 2 to 75
p.p.m., while the oxygen concentration ranged from 3 to 25 volume
%. The initial order ot the oxidation reaction in the absence of
nitrogen dioxide was determined to be 2.00 plus or minus 0.09
tor nitric oxide and 0.97 plus or minus 0.11 for oxygen. From
initial rate data at 26.5 C., a third-order rate constant of
(1.24?) plus or minus 0.051) x 100,000 (10«) liter 2-squared g.
mole '-squared sec. was obtained. The addition of nitrogen
dioxide increased the initial oxidation rate, and that compound
showed an auto-catalytic effect throughout the course of the
reaction. A nonlinear least-squares analysis was used to develop
a mechanism involving six reactions, with N'03, N203, and N205
as intermediates. Use ot that mechanism gave a minimum standard
deviation of 1.ft p.p.m. for the predicted concentrations of nitric
oxide relative to the experimental data.##
00453
J.P. Detrie
(METHODS AND TECHNIQUES CARRIED OUT IN FPAMCL IN THE FIC-HT
AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.) Methodes et Moyens en
Oeuvre en France pour Lutter contre la Pollution
Atmospherique. Rev. Soc. Poy. Beige Ir.grs. Ind. (Brussels)
No. (5) : 207-217, Hay 1966. Text in French
Legislative proposals put into effect in the Paris region over
the last five years are reviewed. There is a close liaison
established between private organizations, representing the
hygiene specialists and private industry and public powers.
Studies carried out to determine the extent of pollution, that is,
emission, dispersion, type of environment and its effect on
pollution, demonstrated the problems involved with means of
combatina pollution. The solution cannot be found in
generalized formulas which are too often recommended, and which
mask the detailed effort necessary to obtain good carburetion
and combustion ot fuels and proper construction of buildings
and equipment. (Author summary)##
0 0 b 0 2
w. J. Hamming, K.G. PiacEeth, H.L. Chasj
TH" PHOTOCHEMICAL A1P POLLUTION SYNDPOHF AS EXHIPITE.D BY THE
ATTACK OF OCTOBER 1965. Arch. Environ. Health.,
1U ( 1) : 1 37-149, Jan. 1967. (Presented at the American
Medical Association Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., March ^-4, 1966.)
The photochemical air pollution syndrome which occurred on the
days ot October 26, 27, 28, 1965, was typical and it followed
the pattern set by previous smog attacks. These factors
are: (1) low wind speeds to concentrate the pollution in one
area, (2) low inversion heights so that little vertical
mixiin can occur to dilute the emitted materials, (3) a
trajectory which carries the emitted pollution to Los Angeles
Civic Center ana to Pasadena and Azusa or Burbank in the
afternoon, and (U) sufficient sunlight to photodissociate
134 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
the NO2 formed, and to form nitric oxide and atomic oxygen.
The results are high oxidant or ozone and large quantities of
sub-micron size particles. In addition, eye irritants and
"plant damaging" chemicals are termed. Some of these are, it
is believed, formaldehyde, acrolein, PAN, chemical free
radicals, other nitrates or nitroso compounds, and a peroxyformyl
activated complex. Authors present sixteen (16) charts and tables
to substantiate the events in this air pollution episode. They
include meterology, concentrations of various oxidants,
pulmonary blow resistance, and variations in eye irritation.#f
00618
E. A. Schuck, J. N. Pitts, Jr., J.K.S. Wan
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CERTAIN METEORLOGICAL FACTORS AND
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution Vol.
10(10):6B9-711, Oct. 1966. {Presented at Photochemistry
Symposium, Robert A. Tatt Sanitary Engineering Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. 20-22, 1961.)
By a method of averaging, involving a large amount of
atmospheric monitoring data, it has been shown that
interesting and perhaps valid information on the formation
and intensities of smog symptoms can be obtained.
For example, it has been shown that the concentration of
maximum daily oxidant is a function of day of the week
and that this function might be related to automotive
traffic patterns. Thus for certain time periods maximum
daily oxidant was at a minimum on weekends at stations in the
northern protion of the Los langeles Basin (Burbank, Pasadena,
Azusa). During this same time period the maximum daily
oxidant was found to be at a maximum on weekends near
certain cities in the southern portion of the Basin (Inglewood,
Long Beach). These two distinctly different weekend patterns
correspond in part to the recreational activities of the
populace, and in addition, indicate that mixing is less than
complete in the Los Angeles Basin. In spite of this lack
ot complete mixing the macimum daily oxidant at stations
within a 600 to 800 square mile area are directly proportional
to each other in a predictable fashion. The weekend
daily temperatures are also affected presumably by the same
factors which influence the weekend oxidant intensity. Changes
in inversion height and wind speed appear to account for
twofold changes in macimum daily oxidant values. Maximum
daily oxidant concentration was also found to be directly
related to the square root of light intensity with little
if any dependence on temperature. This study also indicates that
pollution levels are proportional to each other over large
areas ot the Basin. The analysis of atmospheric data indicates
that variable hydrocarbon to oxides of nitrogen rations do exist in
the atmosphere and that there exists a dependence of atmospheric
smog symptom intensity upon this ratio.##
00757
A.P. Altshuller J.J. Bufalini
PHOTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION: A REVIEW.
C. Atmospheric Interaction 135
-------
Phctochem. Photobiol., Vol. H, 97-146, 1965.
Materials that are emitted in the atmosphere are subjected to a
number ot interesting and unusual reactions. These reactions
lead tc many products whose deleterious efrects have now been
recognized as one of the most pressing problems in urban areas
throughout the world. These eftects can be" observed in reduced
visibility, eye irritation, plant damage, cracking of rubber, and
corrosion ot metals. This paper is concerned with the present
state ot the problems in air pollution, with emphasis on recent
literature. The chemical aspects are covered in some detail
through 196:). The biological eftects are surveyed more briefly,
with literature reviewed up to the fall of 196.3. *M
OU7B -I
D.A. Lynn, B.J. Steigerwald, J.H. Ludwig
Tt-H NOVEMBEF-DECEMPFP 1962 AIR POLLUTION EPISODE IN THE
EASTERN UNITED STATES. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, b«div. cf Air Pollution. (999-AP-78) 1964. 28pp.
This report documents the subject "episode" with respect
to meteorology, air quality, and public reaction. Particulate
and aaseous air quality data are reported and discussed.
Meteorology and public reaction are discussed with reference to
the Public Health Service program of Air Pollution
Potential Forecasts. Epidemiolcgical aspects are not
considered. (Author abstract)**
MONTHLY REFCF7 OF I'l E"~ EC^OL CG Y , AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS AND
CONTAMINANT MAXIMA (MAPCH 1966 WITH OUTLOOK FOR HAY).
f ir Pollution Control District, Los Angeles, Calif.,
Technical Services Division. Mar. 1966, 1b pp.
Contains data tor the Los Angeles County area for March
1966 on inversion base heights, mixing heights, average
wind speed, precipitation, visibility, number of smog
warnina days, and a daily log ot selected weather conditions.
Siv pages are devoted to daily maxima tor carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxide;;, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and beta-radioactivity.
Cumulative totals tor selected meteorological and air
pollution data through March are given plus averane pollution
ana weather conditions for May (19bO-196b) ; statement or. the
outlook tor fay 1966 is also provided.# *
CONTINUOUS AIP HONITOTINO PPOGPAK IN CINCINNATI, 1962-1963.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
Pollution, (99'-i-HP-21) . Jan. 196S. 19J pp.
136 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
This report presents results of the operation of the Public
Health Service Continuous Air Monitoring Program (CAMP) in
Cincinnati, Ohio, during 1962 and 1963. Data on atmospheric
levels ot sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, total
oxidants, total hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide are
analyzed and discussed. The data are tabulated as hourly, daily,
and monthly mean concentration. Background information about
Cincinnati and descriptions of the instrumentation are included.
(Author abstract)##
01027
R. J. Gordon
PHOTOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS OF ULTRAVIOLET SUNLIGHT. Preprint.
(Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Co'ntrol
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper
No. 66-J8.)
Measurements of solar ultraviolet radiation intensity were made,
using two photochemical reactions. These were the gas-phase bag
photolysis of N02 in nitrogen and the photoisomerization of
o-nitrobenzaldehyde in liquid solution. Results of the two
methods were converted, as nearly as possible, to absolute light
intensities. The two sets were compared and, as applied, it
appears that the solution method is simpler and gives more
consistent results. It should be noted, however, that atmosphere
N02 will aftect the two methods to different degrees. A
continuous recording actinometer based on the solution method was
developed and gave satisfactory initial trial runs.if
01068
J.F. Clarke
A SIMPLE DIFFUSION MODEL FOR CALCULATING POINT CONCENTRATIONS
FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
Vol. m (9):317-352, Sept. 1961. (Presented at the 56th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich.,
June 9-1J, 1963.)
Four meteorological parameters were combined with Cincinnati's
CAMP source-omission inventory data. Accepted diffusion
coefficients and readily available meteorological data were
utilized in a model simple enough to allow calculations without
the aid of an electronic computer. Dispersion coefficients,
effective stack height, wind direction and velocity, and depletion
were considered. The results were considered to be within the
precision ot the source inventory. The model has application as
a forecasting tool and as an aid to evaluating urban air
pollution sources and explaining air guality measurements. It can
be simply presented in diagrams of relative concentration (x/Q)
and used with source strength data to obtain quick estimates
of point concentrations from multiple sources. The variation
of concentration due to variations of the meteorological and source
parameters is readily obtainable. Application of the model to
other locations requires only a change in the presentation of
emission data. It is presumed that the model is adaptable to
C. Atmospheric Interaction 137
-------
any location within Cincinnati, to other pollutants, and
hopefully, to other cities.##
J. J. Bufalini and J. C. Purcell
NITROGEN: FORMATION 3Y PHOTOOXIDATION OF ETHYLENE IN THE
PRESENCE OF ITS OXIDES Science 150, (3700) 1161-2, Nov. 26,
1965.
The apparent lack ot nitrogen balance lor the photooxidation
systems containina olefin and nitrogen oxides can be explained by
evidence for the production of molecular nitrogen; irolecular
nitrogen was identified by gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry. (Author abstract)##
0 1264
F. C. Alley, G. B. Martin, and W. H. Ponder
APPARENT BATE CONSTANTS AND ACTIVATION ENERGIES FOR THE
PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION 0? VARIOUS OLEFINS . J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (H) 348-50, Aug. 1965.
The photochemical reaction of various olefins and nitrogen dioxide
was studied under conditions of controlled temperature, pressure,
and humidity in a 200 liter stirred glass reactor. The
hydrocarbon concentration in the reactor during tour and five hour
irradiation periods was monitored with a flame lonization
chromatograph. Reaction rate constants, based on three
consecutive first order reactions, were calculated for reactor
temperature of 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees centigrade. Activation
energies tor the three consecutive reactions were calculated from
the Arrhenius equation. Branched and straight chain olefins were
studied at initial concentrations of 5.0 to 10.0 parts per million.
(Author abstract)##
0 1396
J.0. Hodkinson
CALCULATIONS Or COLOUR AND VISIPILITY IN URDAN ATMOSPHERES
POLLUTED BY FASEOU? "02. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution,
Vol. 10:1 37-1UU, 1966 .
Calculations are made of the optical effects of persistent
gaseous N02 pollution at 0.2-2 ppm in a city atmosphere in
both the presence and absence ot a polluting aerosol which does not
absorb light or t>'02. It is concluded that the colouring of the
horizon sky and ot distant white objects would resemble whisky, tea
or cola-drinks, and the visual range would be markedly reduced.
(Author abstract)##
138 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
01481
Nader, J. s. (ed.)
PILOT STUDY OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN LOS ANGELES, OCTOBER
1965. (A REPORT ON CONCURRENT MEASUREMENTS MADE BY COOPERATING
ORGANIZATIONS BY VARIOUS METHODS.) Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
PHS-Pub-999-AP-38, 91p., (Presented at the Fourth
International Biometeorological Congress, Rutgers Univ. ,
New Brunswick, N.J., Aug. 26 Sept. 2, 1966.)
Measurements of 300-380-nm UV radiation in Los Angeles vere
conducted under varying conditions of smog environment, below and
above the urban smog layer, and at various elevations through the
smog atmosphere in October 1965. The UV energy incident on a
horizontal plane surface detector near ground level at solar noon
on a clear day (no smog) was 31 w/m square meter or 37% of the
maximum possible for that date based on the value of 85 w/sg m of
UV radiation entering the earth's atmosphere. Attenuation of
UV radiation varied with smog intensity. Transmission through
the atmosphere from 5700 feet (Mt. Wilson) to 350 feet
(Laboratory rooftop) above sea level, average through the day,
was 87% for a clear day and 65% for a moderate-to-heavy-smog day.
Outgoing radiation was significantly increased by the smog
environment. In heavy smog, values were higher by a factor of
about 2 than those obtained in a no-smog environment. Outgoing
radiation also tended to increase exponentially with elevation.
UV scatter or transmission measurements appear to offer
potential as a sensitive method of monitoring environmental smog
levels as an alternative to visibility which is subjective and
semiquantitative. The high scattering capability of a smog
atmosphere points to the need of measurements of UV radiation in
all directions, particularly as this applies to photochemical
reactions in the atmosphsre, and a correlation of such measurements
with measurements of vertical components. (Author's summary)##
01504
W. J. Hamming and J. E. Dickinson
CONTROL OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG BY ALTERATION OF INITIAL REACTANT
PATIOS. J. Air Pollution Assoc., 16 (6) : 317-323, June 1966.
A study of the variation in eye irritation with irradiation time
demonstrates that the time at which eye irritation measurements are
taken is important in understanding the entire photochemical
mechanism underlying the smog problem in the summer in Los
Angeles. The data analyzed were obtained from 5 experimental
studies conducted under a variety of conditions. Analysis of the
data from chamber irradiation experiments indicate that eye
irritation is noted at the same time as the max. concentration of
nitrogen dioxide. The chamber data have shown that the initial
concentrations of the 2 principal reactant contaminants,
hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and the relationship between
them, must be considered in studying the production of eye
irritation from photochemical smog. To determine how the initial
reactant concentrations affect the degree of eye irritation which
C. Atmospheric Interaction 139
-------
can be produced, the available data from several experimental
studies were analyzed.**
01 b H 7
G.J. Doyle
MODEL f-EPOSOLS FOR ATMOSPHERIC SMOG. Stanford Research
Inst., South Pasadena, Calif., Southern California. 1961.
18pp.
One model reaction for formation of aerosol in the atmosphere
requires the preser.ce of sulfur dioxide at fractions of a cart
per million in photoxidi7ing mixtures of olefin and nitrogen
oxide at part per million concentrations. An experimental study
of this type of reaction and the results to date are described,
with particular emphasis or. 2-methy 1-2-butene as the olefin.##
U 1 h 02
E.A. Schuck
THE KATIJRE OF EY2 IRRITANTS IN SMOG. Stanford Research
Inst., South Pasadena, South Pasadena, Southern California
Labs. 1 Vh 1 . H pp.
Three pun of individual hydrocarbons were mixed in pure air along
with 1 ppm of nitric oxide or nitrogtn dioxide. During the
subsequent two hour irradiation with near-ultraviolet light the
mixture was monitored with a long-path infrared spectrophotometer.
The major products formed by photooxidizing many individual
hydrocarbons were readily identified and their concentrations
measured. In general, it was found that most olefins react
rapidly and generate irritation vhile saturated hydrocarbons
are relatively unreactive and do not result in irritating
mixtures. In the absence or specific knowledge of the types and
concentrations of th<> components of smog-producing
atnospheres, control cf oletins rather than oxides of nitrogen
appears to he thF more practical approach to control of eye
irritation. The effect of control measures on eye irritation
will He a function of several factors. Some of these factors
are; the olef ir.-to-ox ides ot nitrogen concentration ratio; the
type of olofm or olefin mixture involved; and the length
of irradiation time and intensity of sunlight. To the extent
that th^se auto exhaust mixtures are typical, it is concluded
that ethylene and propylene are the most important precursors of
eye irritation in such m1x t u r e;. # #
P. E. Salt-?man , A. T. Coleman, and C. A. demons
HO NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Tracer compounds added to moving air masses are useful for
demonstrating the transfer of pollutants from one local area or
city to another. A study cf gaseous compounds resulted in the
selection of three suitable materials: sulfur hexafluoride,
bronotnlluoromethane, and octafluorocyclobutane. These materials
are non-toxic, are rare in the atmosphere, and can be readily
dispersed from weighed tanks containing them in liquid form under
pressure. An appropriate mixture can be employed if necessary to
reduce possible errors caused by interfering emissions, and the
components in air can be determined with high sensitivity in a
single 10-minute run. An ultrasensitive gas chromatographic
procedure with an electron-capture detector was developed
which utilized carefully purified carrier gas and optimized
columns, detectors, and operating parameters. Sensitivity of
10 to the minus five power ppm was achieved for sulfur hexafluoride
without concentration of the sample. Convenient procedures for
sampling and calibration were established. Reactivities
of these materials with ordinary atmospheric pollutants such
as automobile exhaust, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone,
and sulfur dioxide were studied at various humidities, both with
and without irradiation eguivalent to sunlight. Good stability
was indicated. Losses by washout due to rainfall appeared to be
negligible. These techniques should be very useful both for
tracing local emissions and for long-range meteorological studies
of movement of air masses. (Author abstract) #t
01718
A. P. Altshuller and I. R. Cohen
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ACROLEIN-NITROGEN OXIDE MIXTURES IN AIR.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution. 7, 1043-9, 1963.
The photolysis of acroleir. and the photo-oxidation of acrolein in
the presence of oxygen have been investigated at high
concentrations of acrolein. Beth reactions have been reported to
proceed very slowly when the ultraviolet radiation used is in the
solar region (less than 2900 A). The present study was made
of acrolein-nitrogen oxide mixtures in the ppm range when
photooxidation is initiated by solar type radiation. The acrolein
was varied between 1 and 12 ppm and the nitrogen dioxide or nitric
oxide between 0 and 50 ppm with the reactants diluted in one
atmosphere of air. The results are of interest as related to
photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. (Author abstract)t#
0182b
S. l. Kopczynski
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ALKYLBENZENE-NITROGEN DIOXIDE MIXTURES IN
AIB. Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution. 8, 107-20, 1964.
Measurements of the relative reaction rates of various
alkylbenzenes in photo-oxidative reactions with N02 in the air
are reported. The reaction rates are compared with the relative
basicities of the compounds. A partial analysis of the gas
phase and condensed phase products is also reported. It appears
C. Atmospheric Interaction 141
-------
that as much as 50 per cent of the reacted carbon atoms may be
contained in the condensed phase. The several irradiation and
analytical techniques employed are compared. The
photo-oxidation reactions ot oletins and alkylbenzenes are
compared. Free radical chains appear to play a more important
role in the photo-oxidation reaction rates of certain alkyl-
benzenes than in the reaction rates of oletins. Hyperconjugative
interaction of the methyl groups with the aromatic ring is
proposed as a possible explanation of the order of reactivity of
various isomers of the methylsubstituted benzenes. (Author
abstract)##
0198"
A. P. Altshuller and I. R. Cohen
STRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON THE RATE OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE FORMATION IN
THE PHOTO-CXIDATTON OF ORGANIC CCKPOUND-MITRIC OXIDE MIXTURES IN
AIR. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, 7, 787-97, 1963.
The rapid conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide occurs
in the presence ot certain organic species and of ultraviolet
radiation below 4000 A. The reaction is an important and
critical step in the over-all reactions of organic compound-nitric
oxide photochemical systems. These systems in turn are an
important part of the reaction complex associated with the
photochemically initiated type of air pollution. The eye
irritation and plant damage effects found in photo-chemical "smog"
have been simulated by the irradiation of certain
hydrocarbon-nitrogen oxide systems (Leighton, 1961). Until
recently the available experimental data on the photocheroically
initiated conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide has been
restricted almost entirely to work on olefinic hydrocarbons
including isobutene, trans-2-butene, and 1,3-butadiene
(Leighton, 1961; Tuesday, 1961). Recently, preliminary work has
been reported on other organic species including the aromatic
hydrocarbons (Altshuller et al. 1962a). It was shown that a
number of dimethyl and trimethylbenzenes participate in this
reaction about as effectively as do the 1-alkenes and appreciably
more rapidly than tehylene. In the present work this study is
extended to additional aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones,
paratfinic hydrocarbons, and alcohols. Analyses for oxidant
concentrations have been made on some ot the systems studied.
Soire data have been obtained on the formation of aliphatic
aldehydes in the reactions of aromatic hydrocarbon^nitric oxide
systems. (Author abstract)##
02 J44
G. B. Spindler.
OBSERVATIONS ON THF RELEASE OF NITEIC OXIDE IN THE E-REGION.
PLANFTARY SPACE SCI. 14, 53-64, 1966.
CFSTI AD &J2Hfc7
Observations on four nitric oxide releases in the E-region are
described. As a result ot these observations, some changes are
142 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
suggested in the current kinetic theory of the NO-0 reaction, and
a reaction model is presented. It is proposed that the NO-0
reaction, at least at E-region pressures, is bimolecular, and, in
line with the findings of other experimenters, that the effective
rate constant there may be faster than the value obtained for this
reaction in the laboratory. Relative atomic oxygen profiles for
two different latitudes are presented as well as evidence for a
latitude effect on the profiles. The atitude at which
atmospheric flow changes from turbulent to laminar is also
different at these two latitudes. It is probably that atomic
oxygen concentration drops sharply below 80 km, but above the peak
of the profile, concentration falls with a first decadis scale
height of 11* km, in agreement with photochemical theory.
Observations on the wind-distorted luminous trail show a
relatively strong wind shear present in each case near 100 km.
(Author abstract)##
02352
J.J. Bufalini A.p. Altshuller
SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS IN THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF MIXED
HYDROCARBONS. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1, (2) 133-8, Feb.
1967.
Since there is considerable disagreement in the published values
fof rate constants for olefin—atomic oxygen and olefin-ozone
reactions, the reality of the so-called excess rate has been
questioned. If the excess rate is not real, then the rate
of oxidation of a given olefin should depend only on light
intensity and N02 concentration. If a second olefin of
different reactivity is added to a given olefin, then no effect
other than the.influence of different 0-atom and ozone
concentrations should be observed on the given olefin and
the hypothesis that the principal mode of disappearance of
olefins is due to 0-atom and ozone reactions is correct. As a
test of this hypothesis, 1-butene was irradiated at three light
intensities with N02, both alone and in the presence of trans-2-
butene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene separately. Synergistic
effects were observed that could not be explained by 0-atom
and ozone reacrions alone. (Author abstract)##
02U76
E. R. Stephens.
REACTIONS OF OXYGEN ATOMS AND OZONE IN AIH POLLUTION. Intern.
3. Air Hater Pollution 10, 6U9-63, Oct. 1966 (Presented at
the Symposium on Photochemical Aspects of Air Pollution,
Cincinnati, Ohio, April 196b.)
The reactions of free oxygen atoms and ozone as they apply to air
pollution and the factors which govern the oxygen atom and ozone
concentrations are reviewed. The role played by reactions of
oxygen atoms with oxides of nitrogen is discussed as it affects the
determination of light intensity by photolysis of nitrogen dioxide.
The realtionship of these inorganic reactions to the attack on
C. Atmospheric Interaction 743
-------
hydrocarbon molecules is discussed along with the various attempts
which have been made to account tor the rate of disappearance of
hydrocarobon in terms of its reactions' with oxygen atoms and ozone.
Since most of these attempts have indicated that these two
reaction? tall short of accounting for the observed rate of
reaction, it has been suggested that free radical attack may play a
role. Some difficulties with this concept are pointed out.
Experiments on the reaction of olefins with ozone have produced
discordant results and are discussed. (Author abstract modified)#
*
02777
A. P. Altshuller, I. R. Cohen, and T. C. Purcell
PHOTOOXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE PRESENCE OF ALIPHATIC
ALDEHYDES. Science 156 (3777), 'J37-9, (May 19, 1967). 1966.
A new group of gas-phase reactions has been shown to contribute
to the photooxidation of hydrocarbons. The photooxidation of
aliphatic aldehydes in the part-per-million range at wavelengths
below 3400 A produces intermediates that react with olefinic and
aromatic hydrocarbons. The reactions have been investigated with
laboratory ultraviolet radiation sources and solar radiation.
Although the reaction rates are slower than those
associated with the corresponding nitrogen oxide induced
photooxidations, the rates are significant in terms of the time
scale of interest in urban atmospheric reactions. These results
may cause modifications of current considerations of whether
control of nitrogen oxides will effectively reduce photochemical
air pollution. (Author abstract)##
03373
K. E. Landsberg, "Chairman."
CITY AIR - BETTFP OB WORSE? Air Over Cities Symp.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1S61. pp. 1-22.
HFW A 62-5
Human activity has caused considerable changes in local climates.
These modifications in turn have affected the temperatures of the
lowest layer of the atmosphere, the diurnal temperature range, the
shape of the diurnal temperature curve, the local relative
humidity, the local electric field, the patterns and amounts of
precipitation, and the speed and direction of winds. These
effects have probably only minor influence upon human wellbeing.
Other changes, however, have potentially harmful effects. The
most radical effect has been on atmospheric suspensions and
admixtures. None of these changes have been beneficial. The
growth of nearly all urban areas and industrial complexes has
out-paced the engineering aid legal efforts to minimize the
nuisance and the possible dangers of contamination. Already the
ill winds from one settlement can influence the next town downwind.
The day of planning in terms of single communities is over, and
whole regional patterns now must be viewed together. Knowledge of
air guality and its effects on health is not yet adequate. n the
interest of public hygiene an intense effort in biometeorological
and medical research is reguired. (Author summary)##
144 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
01858
A. P. Altshuller, S. L. Kopczynski, K. A. Lonneman,
T. L. Becker, p. slater
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF THE PROPYJLENE—
NITROGEN OXIDE SYSTEM. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1 (11):899-914,
Nov. 1467. 2y refs.
although it is not possible to fully represent all of the
diverse effects associated with photochemical air pollution
by studies of a single hydrocarbon, propylene was chosen as a
representative reactive hydrocarbon. The propylene-nitrogen
oxide or propylene nitrogen oxide-sulfur dioxide system when
irradiated reacts readily to produce oxidant, formaldehyde,
acetaldehyrte, carbon monoxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN),
and methyl nitrate, along with light scattering, and causes ozone
and PAll-type plant damage and eye irritation. Thus, all of
the major "smog" manifestations are reproducible, but not
necessarily at the intensities experienced in the ambient
atmosphere. The chemical and physical measurements of the
photooxidation of propylene-nitrogen oxide or of propylene
nitrogen oxide-sulfur dioxide over a range of reactant
concentrations, at several light intensity levels, and under
static or dynamic flow conditions are reported. Biological
indicator measurement s will be reported in another paper.
(Authors' abstract, modi tied) 4*
OU988
R. D. Cadle H. S. Johnston
CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN LOS ANGELES SMOG. Proc. Natl. Air
Pollution Symp., 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 19b2. pp. 28-3U.
Chemical reactions in smog are either reactions between two
or more man-introduced contaminants or between an impurity
and the natural components of the atmosphere. This paper
discusses (1) certain well-known reactions which must certainly
occur, (2) experiments to determine the nature of other reactions
expected to occur under conditions which exist in the Los
Angeles atmosphere, and (3) speculations about some reactions
which may occur. Several investigators have discussed
certain types of reactions which possibly occur in smog.
Haagen-Smit has suggested that reaction products of olefins with
ozone and oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight are
responsible tor some of the unpleasant properties of smog.
Johnstone has discussed the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur
trioxide in the atmosphere, which would result in the
formation of a mist of sulfuric acid. Blacet has proposed several
photochemical reactions which could contribute to the ozone
content of smog; in particular, he considered photoactivation
and photolysis of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and
aldehydes.##
Ob055L
G. B. Spindler
RESULTS OF THE NITRIC OXIDE SEEDING PROGKAM. Canadian
Armament Research and Development Establishment, Valcartier,
C. Atmospheric Interaction 145
-------
Canada. Sept. 196b. B<* pp. (CARDE Technical Sept. No.
Observations on a series of nitric oxide releases in the
E-Region are described. As a result of these observations,
changes are suggested in the current kinetic theory of the NO — 0
reaction and a new reaction model is presented. It is proposed
that the NO - 0 reaction, at least at E-Pegion pressures, is
bimolecular and, in line with the findings of other experimenters,
that the effective rate constant there may be faster than the
value obtained for this reaction in the laboratory. Atomic oxygen
profiles for two different latitudes are presented as well as
evidence for a latitude effect on the profiles. The
altitude at which atmospheric flow changes from turbulent to
laminar is also different at these two latitudes. It is
probable that atomic oxygen concentration drops sharply below 80
km, but above the peak of the profile, concentration falls with a
first decadic scale height of 1 U km, in agreement with
photochemical theory. Observations on the wind-distorted
luminous trail show a strong wind shear present in each case near
100 km. (Author abstract) ##
0520b
H. Nicolet
IONOSPHERIC PPOCESSES AND NITRIC OXIDE. Pennsylvania State
Univ., University Park, Dept. of Electrical Engineering
(Scientific Pept. No. 228.) (Rept. No. AFCRL-614-948.)
Dec. 20, 1964. 29 pp.
Analysis of ionic processes in the ionosphere leads to the
conclusion that nitric oxide and its ion are produced by a
reaction between nitrogen molecules and molecular oxygen ions.
Such a process implies a substantial increase of NO in the E
layer to a value greater than the photochemical concentration. In
the lower D region, N plus 2 and 0 plus 2 ions produced by
cosmic rays are transformed into NO plus ions. A quantitative
estimate shows that these conclusions are consistent with
observational data in the chemosphere and ionosphere and also
suggests the explanation of the night airglow continuum. (Author
abstract)*K
ObS33
Altshuller, A. P., S. L. Kopczynski, W. Lonneman, and
D. Wilson
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITIES OF EXHAUSTS FROM 1966 MODEL
AUTOMOBILES EQUIPPED TO REDUCE HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 17 (1 1):734-737, Nov. 1967.
("resented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-6.)
In the summer of 1966, some automobiles from the Cincinnati phase
of the GSA study were used in an irradiation chamber study to
evaluate the photochemical air pollution potential of
representative models of eguipped and unequipped automobiles.
146 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Only one set of automobiles, the unequipped Chevelles, produced
exhaust caoable under irradiation of forming significant levels of
oxidant and PAN. Neither the equipped Chevelles nor any of the
Fords or Piymouths, whether equipped or unequipped, produced
exhaust having the characteristics necessary to form oxidant or
PAN upon irradiation. The eye irradiation level reported by the
panel upon irradiation of exhaust from unequipped Chevelles was
much higher than that produced by the irradiated exhausts from any
of the other types of automobiles. Overall, there does appear to
be some small improvement with respect to eye irritation in
comparing equipped automobiles with unequipped automobiles. To a
large extent, the improvement in the air pollution potential of
exhausts from equipped Chevelles compared to the unequipped
Chevelles can be attributed to the reduction in the hydrocarbon to
nitrogen oxide ratio. The irradiated exhaust from equipped
Chevelles, except for aldehyde levels, is about the same in
photochemical air pollution potential as are the exhausts from
unequipped Fords and Piymouths. Such irradiation chamber
measurements are related to exhaust reactivities. Hydrocarbon
reactivities can be obtained by direct measurement of reactive and
nonreactive hydrocarbons in the automotive emissions.##
Ob575
G. P. Larson, J. R. Taylor, and W. J. Hamming
STUDIES OF POLLUTION LEVELS IN RELATION TO AIR MOVEMENT IN THE
LOS ANGELES ATMOSPHERE. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp.,
3rd, "asadena, Calif., 19b5. pp. 33-<42.
Samples were collected in dusttall jars from a large number of
stations in the Los Angeles Basin. The results are plotted in
tons per square mile for S02, salt, total dustfall, and water
insoluble solids. The results of a nitrogen dioxide survey are
also plotted showing surface trajectories for air, cross sections,
and area distribution. Subsequent to these studies, 50 wind
stations were established throughout the basin making it possible
to demonstrate the effects of two separate source areas on
adjoining areas. To determine the variations that could occur
during smoggy periods when one source area might influence the
other, the variations in air flow trajectory were studied. CO,
nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons were measured hourly at several
locations in both areas. The oxidation of hydrocarbons to produce
eye irritation was also studied. These investigations illustrated
the importance of relating the air movement to the sources of
pollution, in order to anticipate influences that may be effected
in the surrounding areas.##
05683
Dmitriev, M. T.
SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN AIR CAUSED BY IONIZING
RADIATION. Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (English Transl.)
1 (3), 179-84 (Mar. 1965). Russ. (Tr.)
J study was made of the physical and chemical processes which are
of geophysical interest. In order to'simplify the presentation,
only the data which bear on the components of air are given. Some
C. Atmospheric Interaction K7
-------
physical and chemical process in air such as lonization, molecule
dissociation, production of ozone, nitric oxides and carbon dioxide
caused by ionizing radiation and in particular by nuclear
processes, are analyzed. The data obtained can be used to evaluate
the efteciency of different ionizing radiations in the atmosphere.
05817
E . R. Stephens
THE REACTIONS OF AUTO EXHAUST IN SUNLIGHT. Preprint.
(Presented at a Session ot the Conf. Air Pollution Pesearch
on "Atmospheric Reactions of Constituents of Motor Vehicle
Exhaust," Los Angeles, Calif., Dec. 5, 1961.)
When auto exhaust is diluted with air and exposed to sunlight
chemical changes take place which lead to a variety of noxious
products. Among these are eye irritants, plant toxicants, and
aerosols. These effects can also De observed when dilute
mistares of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide with
air are irradiated. A number of the noxious products have been
identified. Ozone and a new series of compounds called the
peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN) are the principal plant toxicants
formed by this reaction. The various members of the PAN family
are powerful eye irritants as are the formaldehyde and acrolein
produced in this oxidation reaction. The formation of products
such as PAN and alkyl nitrate indicates the presence of organic
free radicals since these compounds most probably arise through the
reactions of the appropriate radicals with nitrogen dioxide. The
corresponding reactions with nitric oxide probably lead to its
oxidation to nitrogen dioxide, a phenomena which is observed and
which is required to account for the formation of ozone.
(Author abstract)»#
05B18
?.. P. Stephens, W. E. Scott, P. L. Hanst, and P. C.
Doerr
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STUDY OF THE OPGANIC CHEKISTFY OF THE
ATMOSPHERE. Preprint. (Presented at a Session on Smoke and
Fumes, 21st Midyear Meeting, ((American Petroleum Inst.,
Division of Pefining, Montreal, Canada)), May 16, 1956.)
A long-path IP cell, with which it is possible to detect many
compounds in the air at concentrations in the parts-per million
range, is being used to study reactions of air pollutants. Field
studies of the Los Angeles smog by other investigators have
shown that photochemical reactions caused by sunlight play an
important role in its development. In the laboratory it has been
demonstrated that 03 is formed when mixtures of N02 and an
organic compoand in air are irradiated with artificial sunlight.
This paper presents the results of further studies on this and
other reactions of air-pollution chemistry. IR analysis of the
products of the photochemical reaction between N02 and an organic
compound frequently reveals, in addition to bands of known
compounds, several unidentified absorption bands which apparently
belong to a sinale compound produced in significant quantity.
148 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Although this compound is unstable, moderately pure samples of it
can he condensed it the reaction products are drawn through a cold
trap. Physical and chemical properties of this condensate,
referred to as compound X, are consistent with the belief that it
is an acyl-nitrogen compound, hut its structure is not
unequivocally determined. The importance of compound X in an
explanation of the chemistry of the atmosphere is stressed. 03 is
formed when compound X is irradiated, with or without added
gasoline. 03 formation is slower with added gasoline, perhaps
because the olefins present in the gasoline react with seme of the
03. 03 is also formed when nbutyl nitrite is photolyzed in 02.
The rate of formation of 03 was only slightly changed when S02
was present in an irradiated mixture of olefin and N02. Since
the 302 disappeared very slowly, it was concluded that neither
the 03, the tree radicals, nor any peroxides which are formed will
oxidize S02 to SO3 at a significant rate. (Author abstract
modified) ##
Ob043
M. Neiburger
METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF OXIDATION TYPE AIR POLLUTION. (In:
The Rossby Memorial Volume.) California Univ., Los
Angeles, Dept. of Meteorology. 1959. pp. 158-69.
The replacement of coal by petroleum products as an energy source,
instead of eliminating air pollution, has led to a new type of air
pollution characterized by the presence of oxidizing substances,
chiefly ozone, and the occurrence of eye irritation, damage to
vegetation, and reduction to visibility. It has been shown that
photochemical reactions involving hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide
in concentrations of a few parts per million can produce all these
manifestations. The photochemical reactions require the
combination of (1) sources of reagents, (2) conditions which
prevent their dispersal, and (3) adequate solar radiation. The
tremendous concentrations or automobile traffic, the exhaust from
which is estimated to contain 7 percent of the hydrocarbons put
into the fuel tank, in all metropolitan centers in the U.S.
constitute sources which are at least as large as industrial
sources (refineries). However, only on the subtropical west
coasts of continents do the meteorological conditions for
accumulation of pollutants, namely persistent light winds and
temperature inversions, occur consistently together with adequate
solar radiation. The outstanding example of this combination is
Los Angeles, California. Studies of the relationship of air
trajectories to the smog manifestations in Los Angeles are
presented. These studies demonstrate the contribution of
automobile exhaust as a principal source. (Author's abstract)**
06235
Goetz, A. Stoeber, W. and T. Kallai
SYNEHGISTIC PPOPE3TIES OF AEROSOLS (FINAL PROGPESS PEPT. JAN. 20,
1961^Nov. 15, 1961) California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena,
U9 pp. Nov. 15, 1951.
C. Atmospheric Interaction 149
-------
The general subject of this Report is the interaction of air-borne
particulates with gaseous trace components of the atmosphere which
leads to their accumulation upon these nuclei and causes what is
commonly called "aerosol formation". An understanding of these
processes is important because this accumulation of irritating
substances may produce their synergistic intensivation, and the
growth of these particulates increases their capacity for diffuse
light scattering and causes the well-known visibility restriction
by smog-like aerosols. The studies reported center on the physical
aspects of aerosol formation, particularly on those resulting from
photochemical reactions between N02 and olefinic hydrocarbons.
Instrumentation and methods, especially developed for the synthetic
production of such aerocolloid systems, are described in detail —
as well as the procedures resulting in the quantative size and mass
distribution of such aerosols. Experiments of exploratory nature
are discussed which demonstrate that su ch reaction products form
temporary condensates on artifically introduced particulates
whenever present during photoactivation.
06480
B. Turner, D. M. J. Compton, and J. W. McGowan
ELECTRONIC AFD IONIC REACTIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC GASES (YEARLY
TECHNICAL SUMMARY REPT. SEPT. 1, 1965-AUG. 31, 1966).
General Dynamics Corp., San Diego, Calif., General Atomic
Div. 83 pp. (Nov. 14, 1966) (Rept. Nos. DASA-1863 and
GA-7419.)
CFSTI, DDC: AD 643 093
The explosion of a nuclear device in the atmosphere results in a
high degree of ionization in the surrounding atmosphere. Because
the iree electron concentration corresponding to this ionization
largely controls the transmission of radar and radio waves, the
manner and rate with which the tree electron concentration
decreases is under intensive investigation. The electrons are
lost by recoabination with ions and by attachment to neutrals;
these processes have rates which may vary by several orders of
maonitude, depending strongly upon the identity of the positive
ion or the neutral species with which the electron combines. The
cross sections for charge transfer in collisions between nitric
oxide and atomic and molecular positive ions of oxygen and nitrogen
have been measured in the energy range from 3 to 200 eV in a
crossed beam experiment. A technique to determine the fractional
concentration of the excited icns in an ion beam as a function of
source electron energy has been developed. The determination is
made approximately 20 micron seconds after formation of the ions,
so that only long lived states remain in the beam. Basically, the
method consists of attenuating the ion beam in a gas-filled
chamber where, in general, the excited ion attenuation is
different from th? ground-state ion attenuation. The study was
completed tor the case of an 02+ ion beam, and only one excited
state appeared to be important. (Author abstract)»#
06604
K. K. Wilson
NTTPOGFN OXIDES AND PHOTOCFEHICAI SMOG FORMATION - A LITERATURE
SURVEY. California Univ., Los Angeles, Dept. of
150 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Engineering. (May 1962.) 20 pp. (Bept. No. 62-20,}
Considerable work has been clone to elucidate the role of
hydrocarbons in photochemical smog formation. In contrast, no
concentrated effort has been made'to study the details of the
reactions of the nitrogen oxides. Using a summary, by Leighton,
ot all ot the significant work to date on the chemistry of smog
formation, the attention is focused on the nitrogen oxides. An
attempt is made to learn about the conversion of nitric oxide
to nitrogen dioxide, studying the role of hydrocarbons,
photochemical characteristics and possible reaction paths of the
reaction. Also questioned is the influence of non-hydrocarbons on
the rate of oxidation. The reactions of nitrogen dioxide to form
stable end products were studied. Included are the chemical
structures of these end products and the mechanism involved in
N02 disappearance. Up to the present time, no experiments
simulating smog formation have been performed in which all of the
nitrogen oxides present initially could be accounted for in terms
ot final products which were identified and measured. This may
indicate that unknown compounds are formed or merely the lack of
precision in measurements. On the basis ot the present evidence,
it appears that nitric acid, alkyl nitrates and acyl and peracyl
nitrates are the most probable reaction products.##
06632
A. Goetz and R. Pueschel
BASIC MECHANISMS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AEEOSOL FORMATION. Atmos.
Environ. 1, 287-306 (1967).
A photochemical reactor was applied to studies of the effects of
sulfur dioxide humidity, and order of mixing of reactants on the
photocnemical production of aerosol from 1-octene and nitrogen
dioxide in air. The effects of all three parameters are complex
but explainable from a few reasonable assumptions, the most
important ot which is probably that initial contact between the
aerosol nuclei and the more polar reactants has a governing effect
on the nature of the product. The experimental results presented
are obviously still lacking in sufficient detail for formulation
of an adequate description of the complex reaction patterns which
lead to the formation of photochemical aerosols in the presence of
S02 under various humidity conditions. Nevertheless, the data
definitely indicate that the presence of stable particulates is
a dominant factor, not only as centers of accumulant formation,
but also as loci for the concentration of reactant gas molecules
(H20, NOx, S02) in their immediate environment. The
subsequent photoactivation will thus be more efficient at these
centers than in the free volume between them. The existence of
such localized statistical "order states" appears to be the most
likely interpretation for the effect ot the contact sequence order
between reactants and particles.**
06993
S. Millman, W. Tank, J. Pressman
STUDY OF PERTURBATIONS IN IMPORTANT UPPER ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL
SYSTEMS. Geophysics Corp. of America, 'Bedford, Mass.
C. Atmospheric Interaction 151
-------
(Dec. 1962). 55 pp. (GCA Technical Hept. No. 62-5-G.)
(Scientific Rept. No. <4.)
A fundamental preparation is presented tor a later phase of
machine computation of some of the basic photochemical
systems of the upper atmosphere which may be perturbed by
rocket pollution. The present knowledge of these systems and
their equilibrium in the upper atmosphere is reviewed. The
oxygen system, the hydrogen-oxygen system, the nitrogen-oxygen
system and the carbon-oxygen system have beeff analyzed. Of
these it is telt that only the latter is at present not suitable
tor machine computation. Some computations (hand) are
presented for the hydrogen-oxygen system at extreme altitudes
where atomic hydrogen dominates and also some calculations
have been performed with improved rate constants for the nitrogen-
oxygen system.##
0699U
S. Killmar., G. Pressc-.an, P. Warneck
CZONOSPH^RIC MODIFICATION BY MISSILE EXHAUST. Geophysics
Corp. of America, Bedford, Mass. (GCA Technical Pept.
No. &2-1U-G. Scientific Sept. No. 9.) 65 pp. (Dec. 1962).
A possible consequence of the increased launching of large
rocket missiles is the large-scale local or worldwide
modirication of the atmosphere, in particulai the occurrence of
perturbations that might disturb the existing equilibria by
causing chain, cyclic, or catalytic processes. This report
considers these possible missile exhaust chemically induced
changes in the ozonosphere, the lower reactive portion of the
atmosphere. The possibility of chain, cyclic or catalytic
processes initiated by one of the coirponents in a rocket's
exhaust trail that might cause appreciable chanaes ir the
composition of the atmosphere is studied. Chain, cyclic, and
catalytic type processes are of greatest interest since
destruction (or creation) of ozone on the basis of 1 molecule
of ozone per molecule of initiating material would require
immense amounts of material released into the atmosphere. In
particular, possible reactions that occur when large
quantities of OH or H radicals are uniformly released into the
atmosphere at a height of 30 kras from hydrocarbon - lox
systems are considered. Suggestions for experimental work are
made in order that some of the preliminary estimates may be
rendered less tentative. The results obtained indicated that
lane scale perturbations of the ozonosphere are possible under
certain circumstances.**
06995
P. L. Miller F. H. Killer
DIFFUSION FORECASTING FOR TITAN IT OPFfiftTIONS. Air Weather
Service, Scott AFB, 111. (Rept. No. AKSTP 176.) (Feb.
10, 196U) . 'iB pp.
152 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
information and procedures are provided for use as a basis for
answering questions and giving advice concerning the atmospheric
diffusion of TITAN II propellants. The Meteorology Laboratory,
AFCRL, designed and installed a micrometeorological observing
system at each of the 5H TITAN II complexes located near
Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona; Little Bock AFB, Arkansas;
and McConnell AFB, Kansas. The TITAN II complexes are
located in groups of 18 within a radius of approximately 60 miles
from each of the three Air Force bases. The system is designed
to provide the meteorological parameters necessary for
evaluating the diffusive power of the lowest layers of the
atmosphere at each complex. AFCPL developed techniques and
procedures which would be used by Air Weather Service
forecasters to provide diffusion forecast support to the
operational TITAN II Squadrons. The information includes
tables and graphs based on a new improved prediction equation
which was developed at AFCEL using combined Dry Gulch, Ocean
Breeze, and Prairie Grass data.ftt"
07980
Griggs, M.
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE. In: A. E. S. Green, (ed.). The
diddle Ultraviolet,: Its Science and Technology, New York,
John Wiley F, Sons, 1966, Chapt, <», p. 83-117. 86 refs.
A review of atmospheric ozone is presented. .Optical properties
of ozone, photochemical theory of atmospheric ozone, methods of
measuring atmospheric ozone, observed characteristics of
atmospheric ozone, further considerations of atmospheric ozone and
effects of solar heating and cooling on the radioactive equilibrium
temperature structure of the earth are discussed.##
08330
Jaffe, L. S.
PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIP EFFECTS ON MEN AND
ANIMALS. I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND COMMUNITY CONCENTRATIONS.
Arch. Environ. Health, Vol. 15, p. 782-791, Dec. 1967.
88 refs.
The physical and chemical characteristics of photochemical smog
and the photochemical oxidants are described. Aerometric data on
the "total oxidant" concentrations found in the large urban
communities affiliated with the Public Health Service,
Continuous Air Monitoring Program (CAMP) network are
documented tor 1961 and TJ6b. Similarly, the number of days on
which the "total oxidant" concentrations equalled or exceeded 0.05,
0.1, and O.lb ppir, respectively, has been delineated for each of
the affiliated cities in this network. The 0.05 ppic and 0.1
ppm levels are routinely found and are exceeded in all of the
cities affiliated with this network for highly significant
percentages of days of the year, while the 0.15 ppm level is
exceeded only in Los Angeles thus far for a significant
percentage of the total number of days of the year. However,
much higher maximum hourly and maximum five-minute levels are
C. Atmospheric Interaction 153
-------
attained in all of the cities (but one) during the year.
(Author's summary, modified)##
08805
Knauer, A.
ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND SELECTED
METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS - PRESENTED AS AN EXAMPLE MEASUREMENT
SERIES OF S02 AND N02 OVER A PERIOD OF SEVERAL YEARS.
( (Ueber Beziehungen zwischen Luftverunreinigung and ausgewahlten
meteorologischen Messgrossen dargestellt am Beispiel
mehrlahnger S02 und N02-Messreihen.)) Text in German. Z.
Ges. Hyg. Ihre Grenzebiete (Berlin), 13 (7) :473-U76, July
1967.
A sulfur dioxide pollution measurement series of UO months
duration (about 7,500 individual measurements) and nitrogen dioxide
measuring series of 31 months duration (about 6,000 individual
measurements) were evaluated. The measurements were taken hourly
between March 1963 and June 1966 (N02 from December 1963)
during all workdays from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. at the
Hygiene-Institute of the Humboldt University. The minimum
and maximum o± the monthly mean values for SO2 and N02 occur at
approximately the samp times and are repeated in a yearly rhythm.
The maximum ot pollution invariably coincides with the minimum of
air temperature and vice versa. The air-hygienic exposure
conditions and the treguency with which the hygienically admissible
limit is exceeded are described. During heating periods S02
rates exceed the limit by an average oi 17.2%, while during
nonheating periods the average exceeding value is 1.7%. N02
emissions never exceeded the hygienically admissible limit value.
The proportion ot the monthly mean value for N02 and
S02 also changed periodically. Low values ot horizontal wind
velocity and low air temperatures increased the S02 emission
values. The least favorable air hygienic hygienic conditions were
recorded daring heating periods, when the wind velocity was below 3
Pit. (H-12 mph) and the air temperature below or at + or - 0 deg
C. The 502 emissions exceeded the admissible limit by an
average of Hbt under these conditions. (Author's abstract,
modified) ##
Liberti, Arnaldo and Giuseppe Devitofrancesco
EVALUATION OF SULPFUR COMPOUNDS IN ATMOSPHERIC DUST. In:
Air Pollution. Proceedings ot the Symposium on the
Physico-chemical Tran=ormation of Sulphur Compounds in the
Atmosphere and the Formation of Acid Smogs. Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris Directorate for
Scientific Affairs, Paper 6, Dec. 1967, p. 47-51.
Extensive research on the physical constitution and chemical
composition ot atmospheric dust and physico-chemical transformation
ot sulphur compounds is discussed. Surface area was determined
for dust collected in various Italian cities by using a gas
adsorption technigue. The surface area was found to be about
154 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
6.2 sq. m./g. Volatile coapounds Here analysed by infrared
spectroscopy. C02, CO, CH4, NH3, N2O, nitre-compounds,
and ethylene were detected. Sulphur content of atmospheric
dust was determined by combustion and the sulphate by extraction
with dilute mineral acid. No detectable amount of sulphur
dioxide and of free acidity was found.##
10CH8
"ensterstock. Jack C. and Robert K. Fankhauser
THANKSGIVING 1966 AIR POLLUTION EPISODE IN THE EASTERN UNITED
STATES. Public Health Serivce, Durham, N.C., National Cen-
ter for Air Pollution Control, Publication N/. AP-U5, i»5o,
July 196H. 12 refs.
Th" Thanksgiving 1966 Air "Dilution Episode in the Eastern United
States is documented in terms of daily meteorology and ambient air
quality. Analysis of the available air quality data indicates that
the Air Pollution Potential Porecast Program (APFP) of the Public
Health Service and Weather Bureau did forecast the stagnation.
leteoroloaical data for selected cities were based on the diurnal
average tenperature, cloud cover, afternoon mixing depths, average
wind speed through mixing depth, ventilation, resultant wind
direction and the average surface wind speed. Air gualitv
measurements on the gaseous pollutants sulfur dioxide, oxides of
nitrogen, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide were made daily. Suspende
and settling particulate of solids and liquids were also measured
diurnallv. The high level of air pollution in the eastern U. S.
during th» period Nov. 2U through JO, 1966, created adverse health
ettents. Researchers in New York City found an increase in the death
rate of approximately 2U deaths per day during the period.
10SOU
Public Health Wervice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control
TRONTON, rwrn ASHLAND, KENTUCKY HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA AID
"OT.LHTTON ABATEMENT ACTIVITY. PRE-CONFERENCE INVESTIGATIONS.
(TECHNICAL °EOORT.) Hbo., Mav 1968 R refs.
An extensive area survey of air pollution was conducted in the
Tronton. Ohio; Ashland, Kentucky; Fluntington, West Virginia region
roi the period ot September 1965 to August 1967. The following
topics are discussed: topography; climate; materials deterioration;
industrial, municipal, and private emission sources; geoqraphic
distribution of pollutants; and measurement methods and locations.
The pollutants of interest were particulates, NOx, SOx, and H2S. An
emission inventory is included, along with discussions of some of th
ma -jor • pollution sources.
10682
Hamilton, Harrv L., Jr., James J. B. Worth and Luman A.
"ipperton
A1 ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AND CHFMISTRY STDDY ON PIKES PEAK IN
C. Atmospheric Interaction 155
-------
Stjn^oRf OF PUL10NAPY EDF1B RESEARCH. Research Trianale Tnst.,
Durham, 1. C. , Contract DA-HC19-6B-C-00298, 50., May
19fiH. 10 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 6804H9
"easurpments of atmospheric trace gases on the summit of "ikes
n"ak Ma, 110 ft) from late July through mid-October 1967 were
made in support of oulmonarv edema research. Suporting
me* eorologica 1 data were also collected. Local intermittent
contimination by combustion products afforded an opportunity to
^xamine conditions corresponding to those which might be
experienced by troops in encampments. Concentrations of ozone
(O3) , in uncontaminat<=d air showed a maximum at niaht and a
minimum durina the daytime. The daytime minimum is attributed to
mixing of the air from the altitude of the peak with ozone-depleted
air *rom near around ]avel in adjacent valleys and plains. In
contaminated air, ozone concentration on the average showed
no maximum, and mean values for each hour were considerably lower
than in uncontaminated air. This reduction results from
destruction of O7one by W from combustion products; measured
concentrations of NO appear adequate to account for the decrease
in OTon°. Auxiliary stations for ozone moasuremert on the
mountainside (10,S«0 ft) and at the base of the mountain (7,760 ft)
showed the daytime maximum and nighttime, minimum normally
experienced in the lowlands. The station at 10,8UO ft showed
consistently higher ozone concentrations than did the valley
station, with daytime values aoproaching the maximum (nighttime)
values recorded on the summit; no explanation can be offered for
this anomaly. A trend from high concentrations of ozone in
July to lower concentration in October is apparen*, conforming
with th° normal pattern of troposnheric ozone. A dampening of the
diurnal wave palter of ozone concentrations is evident as the
average concentration decreases. (Authors' abstract)**
1 1 •> 21
Went, F. !?.
0" TUP M(\TT?E OF AITKFN CONDF'JSATTON NUCLEI. "^llus (HDDsala)
in (21 : 5"'-i-^cife, 14(Sf>. 7 refs.
^h" number o* AitK^n condensation nuclei in the air is strongly
influenced by human activities which increase th<= natural number
manifold through release of combustion products from fires and
combustion enaines. The natural condensation nuclei near
around L»v°l increase during day decrease during night; there is a
n^neral d^cr^aso with increasing altitude in the atmosoh'ere.
Th^sp natural. Aitken nuclei are produced in light from volatile
products released by the vegetation (mainly te^-D^nes) and therefore
are oraanic macromol°cules. Thev disappear again mainly by
Tin]omera'ion, or near '-he inversion layer, ind ar° then removed by
nr=>rioi ta t ion. (Author's abstract) 2^
"list, ni^nn P.
A >j UTI DOT.LHTTOM Hon^L OF CONNECTICUT. Preprint, travelers
"osPTCCh Center, Inc., Martford, Conn., JJp.,
156 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
("resented at the TP1 Scientific Computing Symposium,
Yorktown, Hqts, N. Y. , Oct. 24, 1967.)
n workinq air pollution simulation model for the State of
Connecticut is presented. The model is capable of simulating
air pollution concentration patterns for conservetive pollutants
within the State of an hour-by-hour basis, qiv^n the time and
space variability ot the sources of that pollutant within the
State, the flux of that pollutant across the State border (also a
time and spacn variable), and the time and space variability of
atmospheric tlow and diffusion patterns within the State.
Reduced to its hare essentials, the problem of predicting air
pollution concentrations in anv arbitrary volume of the atmosphere
requires specification <~>f the following factors: (11 ^he
immediate past trajectory of that volume of air - where has it
been? (2) ""he emissions of oollutant at each locality over which
the air has passed during the time of passage - how much
pollution has been iniocted into the volume? (1) The lateral and
vertical mixing of pollutants between this volume-and adjacent
volumes-how much has each incremental input of pollutant been
diluted with air or other pollutants during its time of flight?
(4) The loss or alteration of the pollutant by chemical reaction,
deposition, sorption processes-how much of each incremental input
of pollutant has been altered or lost during its time of flight?
The Connecticut model structures the first three> of these
factors.f*
J. J. Kelley, Jr.
INVESTIGATIONS 07 l\TMOS"HER1C TRACE GASES AND StISPFNnFn
DARTTCIIIATF l»ATTFR ON MOUNT Ot-YNP!7S, WASHINGTON. J. Geophys.
"es. 714 (2), 43S-IJ3 (Jan. 1b, 1969). 11 Ref.
atmospheric C02, water vapor, net oxidant, and suspended
particulate matter were measured at the Blue glacier field
station. Mount Olympus, Washington, during the summer of 1966.
ninrnal variations of CO2, net oxidant, and water vapor are
related to mountain and valley wind transport. Diurnal
variations of CO2 and net oxidant have a phase nearly opposite
to the typical diurnal variations in the rural lowlands.
Concentrations of suspended particulate matter are lower
than the concentrations of the urban and industrial areas of the
"uqet Sound reqion hut aenerally follow the fluctuations of
lowland concentrations. (Author's Abstract)#»
mm 9
Altshuller, A. P.
COMPOSITION AND REACTIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN COH»KJNTTY AT»OSPHFRES.
Bull. World Health Organ. (Geneva), 40 (4) :616-623, 1969. 26
ref s.
Data are presented showing the composition of gaseous and
particulate substances in community atmospheres, based on
measurements in various cities in the Onited States. Many of the
pollutants react further, nsually to produce substances as
C. Atmospheric Interaction 157
-------
undesirable as the oriqinal ones, or Bore so; most of these
reactions involve thermal oxidation or photooxidation. Because
of the importance of considering air pollution on a regional
or even continental scale, a general frameworK of residence
times of pollutants is postulated: up to several days under
adverse conditions in many regions, but less than 2U hours
across large urban areas under more usual conditions of wind
speed and movements of weather fronts. Pollutants and other
atmospheric substances are categorized as either reactants-
those substances emitted directly into the atmosphere from
combustion, industrial, and biosphere processes; or products
such as nitroaon dioxide and sultat.es. Some substances may fall
into both groupings. Data are given on rates of various
reactions, and the nature of the products is described. In
general, the measurements showed 1% to 15% conversions of
gaseous to particulate species on a long-term basis; rates
of conversion of nitrogen dioxide to nitrate were consistently
lower than those of sulfur dioxide to sulfate. Recent work on
particle size distributions of various metallic and non-metallic
ions in particulat.es in (I. S. cities is reviewed, with data
given in terms of mass median diameters. It is pointed out
that, the biosphere is a source of, as well as a sink for,
pollutants, and that urban levels of methane or nitrous oxide,
for example, reflect to a considerable extent biosphere, rather
than urban, emissions. Reactions originating in biosphere
processes may contribute significantly to regional pollution,
particularly during periods of stagnation. The need for increased
emphasis on atmospheric investigations, as opposed to laboratory
work, and for improved sensitivity and specificity in monitoring
and sampling is discussed.
1M08
Bockian, A. B., FranK Bonaroassa, Herbert Faigin, and Herman
Pinsky
ftSE OF THT! INTEGRATING NEPHBLOMETBR TO HEASURE AKROSOL FORMATION
FPon HYDROCARBONS. Preprint, California .Air Resources Board,
l.os Angeles, 9n. , 1969. (Presented at the Am. Chera. soc.,
1*>Hth Natl. Meet.., New York, 1969.)
A recently-designed integrating nephelometer was used in
environmental chamber experiments to measure light scattering
resulting from the irradiation of different hydrocarbons in the
presence of nitric oxide at ppm levels. In some of the
experiments, 2 ml of gasoline were used; in others, several
individual alkene and aromatic components of gasoline, in
concentrations of 7. ppm each, were irradiated separately in the
presence of O.1* ppm nitric oxide for about 5 hrs. Six ppm of
some alkanes found in gasoline were also allowed to react
individually with 0.1 ppm NO. Several other experiments were
performed In which the hydrocarbon was allowed to react with
ozone in the dark. Agreement in the amount of light scattering
between duplicate runs was excellent. In several cases, large
amounts of aerosol were produced while the net oxidant
concentrations were at a fairly low level. It was shown that
some short-chain olefins, which may be very reactive in producing
oxidant and eye irritation, produced little or no aerosol; in
contrast, many paraffins which were found to be non-reactive
in eye irritation studies produced aerosol. A great many aerosol
producers contain seven or more carbon atoms and do not seem
158 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
to he restricted to any class of hydrocarbon; a possible
synergistic action between a short-chain high oxidant producer
and a large molecule which produces aerosol remains to be
investigated. The agreement between nephelometer readings
and visual measurements of visibility was excellent.
Friend, James P. and Robert J. Charlson
DOUBLE TRACER TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING AIR POLLUTION. Environ.
Sci Technol., 3 (11) : 1181-1182, Nov. 1969. 8 refs.
Traditional models for predicting the diffusion and transport of
pollutants from sources assume that the pollutant or tracer is
conserved. These models are appropriate only for materials which
are sufficiently inert or long-lived. Real air pollution
problems involve materials which are both reactive and
relatively inert. Examples of this are nitrogen oxide and carbon
monoxide from automobile exhaust, or sulfur dioxide and carbon
dioxide from burning of fossil fuels. Study of these double
tracer systems is warranted because the reactive materials exist
in actual urban atmospheres and because situations can be found
where a single case of sources of each pair is dominant, e.g.,
virtually all NOx and CO come from automobiles in cities such as
Los Angeles, and a relationship between the concentrations at the
source has been shown to exist. Similarly, C02 might be related
to S02 in Now York. In these cases, CO and C02 are assumed to be
conserved, while NOx and S02 may be removed by either
atmospheric reactions or interactions with surface materials.
Simultaneous observation of the reactive and conserved species
from a single class of sources will permit the determination of
the importance of removal by chemical reaction relative to
meteorological processes. It should provide information concerning
the importance of chemical sinks for reactive materials in the
planetary boundary layer.
1S729
Kozyrev, B. P. and V. A. Bazhenov
THR POLK OF N20, CH<* AND CO IN ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION IN THE
INFRARED. (Rol1 malykh atmosfernykh primesey v pogloshchenii
infrakrasnoy radiatsii). Text in Russian. Fiz. Atm. i Okeana
(Moscow), 5(7) : 738-7«i», 1969. 8 refs.
The transparency of minor atmospheric impurities is interpreted
in the form of a function of the mass of absorbing gas divided by
the equivalent mass of gas needed for 50% absorption at a given
wavelength. This function fits available data with a scatter of
not more than 8%. When taking into account, the non-uniformity
of the atmosphere by the effective mass method, the selection of
the fitting parameter (n) may lead to significant error in
calculating transparency (T). If the average radiation absorption
(A) at the center of the nitrous oxide methane and carbon
monoxide and bands varies from 10-90S, then (n) may be selected
so that the maximum absolute error in calculating transmission
will not exceed plus or minus 1<*%. Taking into account the
C. Atmospheric interaction 159
-------
variability of (n) with the mass ol the gas an<1 the pressure
reduces the error in calculating the transparency jf minor
cnmnonents to p]us or minus 5-7%. Calculating the transparency
of various air masses i.n the centers of N20, CHI and CO
absorption hands indicates the significant role of minor
atmospheric components in the attenuation of infrared radiation.
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
00051
J. S. Nader E. C. Tsivoclou (Co-Chair men)
SYMPOSIUM ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS - VALID DATA AND LOGICAL
INTERPRETATION. Public Health Service.
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. ot Air Pollution and Div. of Hater
Supply and Pollution Control. July 1964. 332 pp.
GPO: 814-105-12, HEW: 999-AP-15
This collection of papers on air and water environmental
measurements contains material pertaining to the data
acquisition fields of air pplluticn. The systems operated
by the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District
and the U.S. Public Health Swrvice (Continuous Air
Monitoring Program) are reviewed. Other articles connected
with air and air pollution information include those on data
acquisition systems for fields of meteorology, physiology, and
data interpretation.#t
00059
P.A. Young
MEASUREMENT OF NITPIC OXIDE IN TH2 EASTH'S ATMOSPHERE
(INTERIM REPT.). Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park,
Calif. Jan. J1, 1965, 32p.
CFSTI.DDC: AD 622371
The objectives of this investigation were to develop a testing
facility capable ot evaluating an NO measuring device, and to
develop the components of the device to a degree adequate for
D-region measurement. During the past year, a D-region
simulator has been constructed for the purpose ot testing both
laboratory models and prototypes ot the NO detector with special
emphasis on the assessment of possible interference
by excited states ot O2, N2, and NO. Although only
limited testing has been possible, the concept ot selectively
measuring NO by photoionization appears sound. The D-region
simulator and current activities are described.##
00068
M.W. Korth
DYNAMIC IRRADIATION CHAMBER TESTS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air
Pollution, PKS-999-AP-5. Nov. 1963, 59p.
A dynamic irradiation chamber facility was designed and built for
investigations of irradiated auto exhaust under conditions of
161
-------
continuous mixing. The facility consists of a programmed
chassis dynamometer, an exhaust dilution system, a dilution—air
purification system, two irradiation chambers, and various exposure
facilities. Three variables were considered in this first series
of tests: (1) initial exhaust concentration (approximately 13 ppm
carton and 35 ppm carbon), (2) average irradiation time (85 and
120 minutes), and (3) fuel composition (1H% and 23% olefins). The
effects of varying these test parameters were determined by use of
appropriate test criteria including N02 formation rate, oxidant
production, total hydrocarbon losses and reaction of specific
species, aldehyde production, plant damage, and bacteria kill.
Of the three variables studies, the exhaust concentration at the
start of irradiation appeared to produce the most significant
effects. Fuel composition had a lesser influence on some of the
test criteria; vdry little difference was noted in the effects
produced at the two average irradiation times. (Author)##
00092
B. Drexler M. Barchas
CHEMO-ELECTRICAI SENSING DEVICE. Airkem, Inc., New York
City, June 1961, 1H2p.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 262502
This report describes an investigation of the feasibility of
utilizing gas adsorption phenomena for the identification and
guantitative determination of various gaseous materials. A
discussion is presented of the factors influencing the
performance of the various components of an experimental gas
analyzer based on the measurement of characteristic adsorption
energies. Eeasons are given for the attempted use of this
principle in such an instrument together with a theoretical
discussion of the basis for concluding the instrument to be
non-feasible -in practice within the limitations of the original
specifications. A review of material
obtained from available literature sources as well as
inf orma
-------
G. E. Morgan, E. C. Tabor, C. Golden, and H. Clements
AUTOMATED LABORATOFY PROCEDURES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF AIR
POLLUTANTS. Preprint. 1966.
Automated methods are presented tcr the analysis of various
components present in collected particulates, impinged gases and
precipitation. Among these components are sulfates, nitrates,
nitrites, ammonia, sultur dioxide, chlorides and nitrogen dioxide.
Adoption ot automation has resulted in an increased precision for
all ot the aforementioned analyses. In addition, the
productivity per man day is tripled to quadrupled over the
corresponding manual procedures. Operational problems associated
with the operation ot the systems are discussed. (Author)##
00155
Sweeney, M. Patrick and Miles L. Brubacher
EXHAUST HYDROCARBONS MEASUREMENT FOB TUNEUP DIAGNOSIS? In:
Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE Progress in Technology
Series Vol. 12, New York, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Inc., 1466, p. 307-316. 5 refs. (Presented at the SAE
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan.
10-m, 1966.)
With an activated control program in California and its imminent
prospect nationwide, recently attention has been focused on
simplifying exhaust hydrocarbon measurement for potential use as a
tuneup garage diagnostic tool. Work has been underway to evaluate
new instrumentation and procedures for hydrocarbon measurement
suitable for field use. It is concluded that: (1) With a
"one minute" cycle, measured emissions seem to correlate adequately
with the California procedure; (2) There are prototype
instruments which are inherently much less susceptible to
environment ot use; and (3) For engine diagnostic purposes, the
principal uses of hydrocarbon measurements would be: (a) an
initial check (almost any engine malfunction raises hydrocarbons,
it low, engine does not need tuneup work); and (b) recheck after
tuneup (an increase in hydrocarbons indicates a tuneup oversight
or error, and the car would then be checked further). (Authors'
abstract)##
00192
S. Hochheiser and W. F. Ludmann
FIELD COMPARISON OF METHODS OF DETERMINING ATMOSPHERIC NO AND
N02. Preprint. (Presented at the 150th National Meeting,
American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., Sept. 13,
1965. )
Atmospheric samples from several cities, were used in a comparison
study ot the Saltzman and Jacobs-Hochheiser methods for
measuring N02 concentrations in the atmosphere. NO is
determined by these methods after wet oxidation of the NO to
N02 in a gas scrubber containing acid-permanganate reagent. The
D. Measurement Methods 163
-------
methods were compared using samples collected for 30 minutes and
24 hours. Adsorbing reagents used in the 24-hour sampling
methods were modified to accomodate circumstances associated with
longer sampling periods. The relationship between atmospheric
NO and N02 concentration and method cf measurement is
discussed. (Author)##
00214
T. B. Hauser and D. K. Bradley
THE SPECIFIC SPECTROPHOTOf!E'rPIC DETERKINATION CF OZONE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE USIK"? 1 , 2-DI - (4-PYSIDYL) 21 HYLENE. Anal.
Chem. 38, 1b29-J2, Oct. 196f>.
A new method for the sampling and analysis of ozone in the
atmosphere is described. Atmospheric ozone is collected in a
solution of 1,2-di-(4-pyndyl) ethylene in glacial acetic acid.
The olllected ozone reacts with the 1,2-di(4-pyridyl) ethylene to
form an ozonide that undergoes cleavage to yield
pyridine-4-aldehyde tor which a simple spectrophotometric
determination was developed. The relationship betwe3n the
micrograms of pyridine-4-aldehyde generated per microgram of ozone
sampled has been determined, so that pyridine-4-aldehyde may be
used for calibration. Various other oxidizing or reducing
substances do not interfere with the method, at least not in the
concentrations in which they are found in the atmosphere. The
method offers good sensitivity, reproducibility, and excellent
stability tor delayed analysis after sampling. (Authors'
abstract)**
00224
P. Shepherd, S. M. Pock, ". Howard, and J. Stormes
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND ESTIMATION OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
QT AIR. Anal. Cheir. 2 J ( 1 0) : 1 4 3 1-1 440 , Oct. 1951.
Previous attempts to concentrate air pollutants in a cola trap
and analyze the concentrates by mass spectrometer have had
disappointing results. A new method by which the air of Los
Angeles County has been examined combines the isolation of
gaseous pollutants on a filter at liquid oxygen temperatures,
separation of the isolated frozen concentrate by isothermal
distillation or sublimation at low temperatures and pressures, and
identification and estimation of distillates cy the mass
spectrometer. The method is capable of determining as littla as
0.0001 opm ot some pollutants from a 100-liter sample of air; with
larger samples, 0.000001 ppm of some substances can be
determined. The gaseous phase of the Los Angeles smog was found
to be ot the order of 0.5 ppir. cf the air. About 60 chemcial
compounds or families of compounds were identified or tentatively
identified, and the amounts of seme of these were determined. It
was shown that the gaseous phase 01 the smog was primarily a
mixture ot hydrocarbons, and of hydrocarbons combined with 0, N,
and C1. These hydrocarbons, principally the unsaturated ones,
when oxidized with 03 and N02 in the presence of UV light,
produce substances which constitute a large proportion ot the smog
concentrates. These oxidation products cause eye and respiratory
irritations such as are produced by the real smog, and smell like
164 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
spectra of the smog concentrates may eventually indicate the
presence of other irritants. The new method may be applied to
special problems in air pollution over large areas or inside
industrial plants. (Authors' abstract)##
00297
G. B. Horgan, C. Golden, and E. C. Tabor
NEW AND IHPFCVED PPOCEDDRES FOR GAS SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS IN THE
NATIONAL AIP SAMPLING NETWORK. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 17 (b) : 300-304 (Kay 1967). (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, June 20-21,
1966, San Francisco, Calif., Paper 66-114).
The NASN sampler for the collection of gaseous pollutants has
been modified to increase its versatility and efficiency. Oxides
of nitrogen are collected in bubblers employing a 70-100 microns
frit with a collection efficiency of approximately 50%
depending upon the frit porosity. Included in the sampler is a
bubbler for the collection of aldehydes in which the aldehyde-MBTH
complex is stable at least 2 weeks. This inert bubbler which is
constructed of polypropylene and Teflon, makes it possible for
samples to be collected over the network and analyzed at a central
laboratory. In addition, gaseous ammonia is collected in 0.1
NH2S04. This collecting system has an efficiency greater than
85%. Low level samples are analyzed automatically employing
Nesslenzation whereas high level samples from source emissions
may be collected in indicating boric acid and titrated with 0.02
NH2S04. The sampler will accomodate either 50 or 100 ml
polypropylene. (Authors' abstract)##
00328
H. Hatanabe and T. Nakadoi
FLOOBOPHOTOHETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF ATMOSPHERIC
OZONE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (11) 614.7.
Nov. 1966. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June
20-24, 1966.)
This work has initiated in an effort to obtaina better method for
the manual determination of trace amounts of atmospheric ozone.
The method descriced depends upon the fact that ozone oxidizes
nontluorescent 9,10-dihydroacridine to fluorescent acridine.
When the ethyl alcohol solution of acridine is acidified by
6N acetic acid, the fluorescence maximum occurs approximately at
482 millimicrons and its intensity is sufficiently strong to be
useful in this analysis. Linear relationships between acridine
concentrations and fluorescence intensities were obtained from
0.1 to 3.5 micrograms per ml. by measurement with a commercial
tluorophotometer. The results indicated that the low
concentrations of experimentally prepared ozone measured by this
method were in good agreement with those obtained by the
phenolphthalin method. This method appeared to be about twice as
sensitive as the phenolphthalin method but it is subject to some
interference from nitrogen dioxide. (Authors' Abstract)##
D. Measurement Methods 165
-------
UOJH5
B. E. Saltzman and A. R. Wartburg, Jr.
A PFECISION FLOW DILUTION SYSTEM FOE STANDAFD LOW CONCENTRATIONS
OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE, Anal. Chem. J7, 12fc1-4, Sept. 1965.
Preparation ot primary standard low concentrations of nitrogen
dioxide was required to critically evaluate analytical procedures
tor this gas. A tank mixture ot 0.4% nitrogen dioxide in air was
metered by an asbestos plug flowmeter into a compact flow dilution
system designed tor minimum dead volume and back pressure. The
mixture was monitored by a calibrated Mast oxidant analyzer.
Les than 5 minutes sufficed to reach a steady concentration, which
was maintained precisely for many hours. The tank mixture was
analyzed gravimetricaily by passage through two
Ascante-Anhydrone U-tubes; the fraction of nitrogen dioxide
not absorbed was negligible. A small correction to the
gravimetric analysis was made for the carbon dioxide in the tank
mixture, determined gas chromatographically. It was determined
that no correction was necessary for water vapor, since its
concentration in the tank mixture was very low. Preliminary
studies were made ot the stoichiometry of the nitrogen dioxide
reaction with Griess-Saltzman reagent. Absorbances of the
colors developed showed that one mole ot gas was equivalent
(within a few per cent) to 0.72 mole of standard nitrite solution
Response was linear with concentrations computed from flowmeter
readings and the tank analysis, and with sampling time for a
fixed concentration. The apparatus and techniques should be
applicable to many other gases. (Author) ##
0046SI
G.D. Jaros, N.R. Parkin, J.G. Mingle, W.H. Paul
THE FATE OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN THROUGH A DIRECT FIAME AFTERBURNER
IN THE EXHAUST OF A GASOLINE ENGINE. Preprint. (Presented
at the Second Annual Meeting, Pacific Northwest International
Section, Air Pollution Control Association, Portland Oreg. ,
Nov. 5-6, 1964, Paper No. 64-AP-10.)
This paper deals with a study which was made to determine the
concentration of N oxides before and after a direct-flame
afterburner connected to the exhaust of an internal-combustion
engine. The scope ot the work covered in this investigation is
being confined to a single engine and one afterburner. The
laboratory setup consisted of a 6-cylinder overhead camshaft engine
direct-connected to an electric dynamometer. Steel flywheels
mounted on the dynamometer shaft made possible the simulation
ot vehicle road operation during acceleration and deceleration.
Operation ot the engine was automatically controlled to the
California sevenmode cycle. Analysis of NOx was accomplished
by drawing exhaust gas samples every 2-1/2 sec during the 129 sec
ot the 7-mode cycly. NOx determinations w.ere made by an
instrument partially designed and totally built at Oregon State
University. Other constituents of the exhaust gas (CO,
CO2 and unburned hydrocarbons) were recorded with continuous,
nondispersive infrared detectors. Polotted profiles of
instantaneous NOx concentration during the 7-mode cycle time
show results before and after the direct-flame
afterburner for both rich and lean mixture operation.tt
166 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
0047f>
R. C. Seagrave, H. H. Reamer, and B. H. Sage
OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN COMBUSTION: OSCILLATORY COMBUSTION AT
ELEVATED PRESSURE. Combust. Flame 9(1):7-18, Mar. 1965.
Measurements of the local perturbations of pressure were made
during the oscillatory combustion of mixtures of air and natural
gas at elevated pressure under macroscopically steady conditions.
The results indicate a complicated effect of the interrelation of
mixture ratio and weight rate of flow upon the time-average
pressure and the residual quantities of the oxides of nitrogen as
well as upon the frequency and amplitude of the perturbations.-
The results also reveal a complicated microscopic behaviour from
both a physical and chemical standpoint at pressures in excess of
twice that of the atmosphere. The thermal transfer to the walls
of the combustor was a marked function of the nature of the
pressure perturbations. The study was concerned with measurements
of the perturbations of pressure during oscillatory combustion
and with evaluation of the quantities of the oxides of nitrogen
found in the exhaust of the combustor. The quantities of the
oxides of nitrogen were determined in samples obtained by quenching
the products of reaction by flow through a supersonic nozzle.
Investigations were carried out at mixture ratios ranging from
0.65 to 1.5 stoichiometric.##
00550
J.N. Pitts, Jr., J.M. Vernon, J.K.S. Kan
A RAPID ACTINOMETER FOP. PHOTOCHEMICAL AIB POLLUTION STUDIES.
Intern J. Air Water Pollution, Vol. 9:595-600, 1965.
{Presented at the Seventh Conference on Methods in Air
Pollution Studies, California State Dept. of Public
Health, Los Angeles, Calif., Jan. 25-26, 1965.)
The o-nitrobenzaldehyde actinometer, when used in photochemical
air pollution studies, has some unique advantages. First,
the actinometer could be used in a solid, solution, vapor
or a colloidal dispersion system. Second, the absorption
spectrum of o-nitrobenzaldehyde has an absorption onset
at about <*UOO Angstrom units which coincides with the
wavelength threshold for the photodissociation of N02 into NO
and 0 atom. Since sunlight received on the earth's surface
contains negligible radiation shorter than 3000 Angstrom units,
the solar radiation which causes photochemical reactions involving
N02 as the primary absorbing molecule is in the 1000-3000
Angstrom unit region. While most of the established chemical
actinometers are sensitive to wavelength variations, the
quantum yield of the rearrangement of o-nitrobenzaldehyde to
o-nitrosobenzoic acid is found to be indepdent of wavelength
in the region 4000-3000 Angstrom units. Thus, relative
intensities of the "active" sunlight fraction can be easily
measured by the relative amounts of o-nitrosobenzoic acid formed
upon irradiation without resorting to the use of
filters, monochromatic device or integrating process.**
D. Measurement Methods 167
-------
00620
W.D. Conner J.S. Nader
AIR SAMPLING WITH PLASTIC BAGS. Am. Ind. Hyg. ASSOC. J.
Vol. 25:291-297, June, 1964.
An inexpensive sampler has been developed whereby air samples
can be collected in plastic bags without pump contamination
and shipped to a laboratory for analysis. Data are presented
to illustrate how well these bags contain (1) sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, and ozone in samples collected from
synthetically prepared mixtures, and (2) 'hdrocarbons in samples
collected from an auto exhaust irradiation chamber. The
inorganic samples were in the concentration range .of 0.5 to
1.5 ppm, and the hydrocarbon samples were in the concentration
range of 7 to 20 ppm. The samples were stored for periods of
several days. (Author abstract)##
00792
P.W. West T.P. Ramachandran
SPSCTROPHOTOMSTPIC DETERMINATION OF NITBATE USING CHROMOTROPIC
ACID. Anal. Chim. Acta Vol. 35:317-32«, 1966.
A spectrophotometric method is described tor the determination
of nitrate in the 0.5 to 50 microgram range using chromotropic acid
as the reagent and masking agents for the elimination of possible
critical interferences due to chloride, chlorine, iron (III) and
oxidants. The method can be applied directly for the
determination of 0.2-20 mg of nitrate/1 in 2.5-ml samples of
water. Over UOOO mg of chloride/1 can be tolerated. The
method is simple, rapid and reliable. At the I mg/1 level for
nitrate the coefficient of variation at the 95% confidence limit
is 4%. There are no interferences. (Author summary)##
OOSUb
SELECTED METHODS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF AIF POLLUTANTS.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
Pollution. May 1965. 53 pp.
GPO: 820-519, HEW: 999-AP-11
This manual is an effort to assist in the development of
uniform standard methods of analysis of air pollutants. It makes
available the judgment and knowledge of a large group of chemists
in the Public Health Service. Methods of determining
pollutants of common interest are presented in uniform format by
chemists on the staff of the Division of Air Pollution. The
methods were critically reviewed by the Interbranch Chemical
Advisory Committee, which is composed of representatives of the
professional chemical groups in all branches of the Division.
Methods presented are as follows: For determination of sulfur
dioxide, the West and Gaeke and the hydrogen peroxide methods;
tor determination of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide, the
Saltzman method; for determination of oxidants, the neutral
butfered-potassium iodide and the alkaline potassium iodide
168 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
methods; tor determination ot aliphatic aldehydes, the 3-methyl-2
benzothiazolone hydrazone hydrochlonde method; for
determination of acrolein, the 4-hexylresorcinol method; for
determination of formaldehyde, the chromotropic acid method; for
determination of sulfate in atmospheric suspended participates,
the turbidimetric barium sulfate method; and for determination
of nitrate in atmospheric suspended particulates, the 2,4 xylenol
method. (Author abstract)##
00856
E.L. Kothny P.K. Mueller
FASTER ANALYSES OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE WITH CONTINUOUS AIR
ANALYZERS. California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley,
Division of Labs. (AIHL Rept. No. 22 - Revised
Edition) (Original paper presented at the 20th Annual
Instrument Society of America Conference, Los Angeles,
Calif., Oct. 4-7, 1965.) Jan. 1966. 27 pp.
A study concerning'the effect of chemical and physical
variables on the response ot a nitrite reagent is described.
For performance comparison, an empirical parameter was
developed and applied. Optimization rules were derived and
applied. A sub-minute response reagent was developed containing
N,N (1-naphthyl, acetyl) ethylene diamine, 2-amino-p-
benzenedisulfonic acid. Designs of gas-liquid contact
and optical systems were evaluated to match fast response reagents.
(Author abstract) Kit
00866
B.E. Saltzman A.F. Wartburg, Jr,
ABSORPTION TUBE FOR REMOVAL OF INTERFERING SULPUR DIOXIDE IN
ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC OXIDANT. Anal. Chem. Vol. 37:779-782
May 1965. (Presented before the Division ot Hater and Waste
Chemistry, 145th Meeting, American Chemical Society, New
York City, Sept. 13, 196J.)
Sulfur dioxide is a serious negative interference in the
iodometric determination ot atmospheric oxidant by manual and
instrumental methods. In many areas the quantities of sulfur
dioxide present exceed those of oxidant and thus a false zero
analysis may be obtained. Various liquid and solid scrubbing
chemicals were investigated for selective removal of sulfur
dioxide from an air sample stream; although this was easily done,
avoiding concurrent loss of oxidant was more difficult. The
deterioration ot the scrubbing materials with use also was studied.
An absorbent was developed consisting of glass-fiber paper
impregnated with chromium trioxide and sulfuric acid. An
absorber packed with this completely removed as high as 15 p.p.m.
ot sulfur dioxide without loss of oxidant. Such absorbers have
been used on monitoring instruments and have exhibited useful
D. Measurement Methods i69
-------
lifetimes of two weeks of continous operation. Interesting new
information on oxidant pollutants is being obrained. (Author
abstract) ##
00956
P. K. Mueller, E. L. Kothry, N. 0. Fansah, and Y.
ToKiwa
DESIGN OF AZO-DYE REAGENTS FOB NITROGEN DIOXIDE ANALYSES.
Preprint. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif.,
June 20-25, 1966, Paper No. 66-112.)
Azo dye reagents are used tor the spectrophotometric analysis
ot nitrogen dioxide in air. The performance ot these reagents
depends upon the molecular structure, pH, ionic activity, and
relative concentration of the components. These factors can be
tailored to meet the practical requirements of different
applications. In current practice the roost frequently used
azo-dye reagent in continuous analyzers is a formulation containing
5.0% acetic acid, C.005% N (1-naphthyl)ethylene-diamine
dihydrochloride and 0.5% sulfanilic acid in water (modified
Saltzman reagent). When using large volumes (liters) of
reagent the acetic acid becomes both a hygienic and corrosion
nuisance. The design factors for formulating azo-dye reagents
were applied to the development of a nuisance free reagent with
analogous performance. Several promising reagents were
evaluated includino tests for stability to light and air
oxidation. The performance of new reagents was tested in a
continuous air analyzer using nitrogen dioxide streams together
with sulfur dioxide, ozone and nitric oxide as possible
interferences. A new reagent system is recommended for use in
currently operating nitrogen dioxide analyzers. (Author
abstract)«#
0097 /
R.S. Yunghans W.A. Munroe
CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF AMBIENT ATMOSPHERES WITH THE
TECKNICON AUTOANALYZEP. In: Automation in Analytical
Chemistry, 6pp. (Presented at the Technicon Symposium,
"Automation in Analytical Chemistry," New York City Sept
8, 1965.)
A variety of air contaminants can be monitored continuously with
Auto/Analyzers. Instrument sensitivity, precision, and
response time are more than adequate. The basic modules are
all interchangeable, the instrument does not become obsolete as
chemical procedures change or are modified, new approaches can be
programmed easily, and the equipment is useful in methods
research. In addition, automatic baseline programing and
restandardization are decidedly advantageous as is the
capability for introducing liquid calibration standards at any
time.#*
170 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
01021
B. E. Saltzman and A. L. Bendenhall, Jr.
DESIGN PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE OF A MINIATURIZED COLORIHETHIC
RECORDING AIP ANALYZER. Anal. Chem. Vol. 36 (7):1300-1304,
June 19fc>'4. (Presented at Division of Water and Waste
Chemistry, 1Ubth Meeting, American Chemical Society,
New York City, Sept. 12, 1963 and at the Sixth Conference
on Methods in Air Pollution Studies, California
Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1964.)
Design parameters were studied in a prototype model of an improved
recording air analyzer. Nitrogen dioxide was absorbed
efficiently in a microcolumn packed with 20- to 60-mesh crushed
glass in an improved absorbing reagent, which flowed through a
rugged spectrophotometer employing a stainless steel cell (with
glass windows) and stainless steel tubing connections. The
system was designed for minimal liguid holdup to achieve rapid
response with small liguid reagent flows. The improved electronic
circuit provided a very stable output with only infrequent checks
of the 0 to 100% transmittance points. A 90% response time of
3 minutes was achieved. For fluctuating gas concentrations with a
period as short as 2 minutes, 62% of the full response amplitude
was obtained. The results indicate the success of the rugged
miniaturized design. (Author abstract) ##
01086
S. Hochheiser and G. A. Rodgers
EVALUATION OF A VISUAL COLOR COMPARATOR METHOD FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Environ. Sci.
Technoi. 1(1):75-6, Jan. 1967 1966.
A visual color comparator method for estimation of atmospheric
nitrogen dioxide concentration was developed and evaluated.
Standard color filters to match colors developed in liquid
solutions by reaction of N02 and the Saltzman reagent were
prepared at our request by a manufacturer of visual color
comparators. Data obtained by use of the visual color
comparator end standard color filters were compared with data
obtained by spectrophotometric analysis. The comparison study
showed that the visual comparison method agrees with the
spectrophotometric method within 20 percent. The use of the
visual comparator should be useful in preliminary field surveys
over a wide area when short-term measurements of N02 are
desirable, and the use of electric power is not feasible. (Author
abstract) #f
01169
D. L. Ripley, J. M. Clingenpeel, and R. W. Hum
CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AIR AND EXHAUST
GASES . Intern. J. Air Water Pollution 8, 455-63, 1964.
Nitric oxide is the principal nitrogen oxide present in automobile
exhaust gases and in photochemically reactive systems important to
D. Measurement Methods 17]
-------
air pollution studies. However, only Uie dioxide is readily
determined in instruments that are available and suitable for
exhaust research applications. Therefore, in order to use these
instruments for determination of nitric oxide it is necessary first
to convert the simple oxide to the dioxide form. A solid
chemical oxidant has been developed to effect this conversion in a
continuous process appropriate to the analytical requirement. The
oxidant is particularly useful in atmospheric analyzers used in
air pollution studies. The oxidant is prepared by saturating
glass fiber paper with a solution of sodium dichromate and
sulfuric acid and then drying. A small amount placed in a glass
tube through which the gas sample is passed will have no effect on
the nitrogen dioxide present in the input and will oxidize the
nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide, after which the total of the two
may be determined as nitrogen dioxide. (Author abstract)##
01236
A. L. Linch, S. 5. Lord, Jr., K. A. Kubitz, and B.
R. DeBrunner
PHOSGENE IN AIB - DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED DETECTION PROCEDURES.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 26, 465-74, Oct. 1965. (Presented
at the 25th Annual American Industrial Hygiene Conference,
Philadelphia, Pa., Apr. 27-30, 1964.)
Air-borne acids, alkalies, and halides introduced intolerable
uncertainties into the hydrolysis of phosgene to acid and chloride
ion in aqueous collection media. Colorimetric detectors produced
reliable results in (1) liquid reagents, (2) impregnated paper, and
(3) granular solids. "Ketone" (4,4'-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in
Harrison's reagent in liquid systems was sensitive to 0.1 to 10
ppm of phosgene but insensitive to S02, H2S, HC1, N02, or
C12. Aoplication of Witten and Prostak's 4-(4'-nitrobenzyl)
pyridine reagent to paoer delivered semiquantitative results by
color comparison or gas titration. Adaptation to chlorinated
solvents gave sensitivity to 0.01 ppm and a unique calibration
technique. A commercial granule-filled length of stain tube
further extended mobile survey facilities. (Author abstract)##
01266
I. Cherniack and F. J. Bryan
A COMPARISON STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF OZONE AND OXIDANT DETECTORS
WHICH ARE USED FOB ATMOSPHERIC AIR SAMPLING . J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 15, (8) 351-4, Aug. 1965.
Four continuous automatic analyzers tor measurement of atmospheric
levels of ozone were used in a calibration and field study. These
were (1) a colorimetric instrument based upon detection of iodine
released from neutral potassium iodide reagent, (2) a coulometric
instrument utilizing the polarization current as a measurement of
iodine released by ozone in a cell contacted by potassium iodide
reagent, (3) a galvanic cell measuring bromine release by ozone,
and (4) an ultraviolet photometer. Some ozone determinations by
the manual ruboer cracking procedure were included. After
calibration with ozone the average relative response to atmospheric
ozone levels tor each instrument was determined using the
172 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
colorimetric oxidant analyzer as an arbitrary standard. These
responses ranged from 77 percent for the galvanic cell to 98
percent tor the photometer. The instrument of choice for any
given application would seem to be governed by reguirements for
precision specificity, portability, reliability, and ease of
operation. (Author abstract)##
01269
R. D. Fleming, B. Dimitriades, and R. H. Hum
PROCEDURES IN SAMPLING AND HANDLING AUTO EXHAUST. J. Air
Both the composition and discharge rate of auto exhausts vary
widely and rapidly as speed and load demands upon the engine are
changed. Moreover, among the combustion products are compounds
that are highly reactive under proper conditions and others that
are readily bound by receptive surfaces or absorbents. "Under
these conditions both the sampling procedure and subsequent sample
handling must be such that (1) the sample that is recovered
contains all or a fixed proportion o± each incremental volume of
the total to be represented and (2) the products so sampled are not
allowed either to react with each other or to be lost or diminished
in sample storage or transfer. Experimental research and
development relevant to each requirement have been carried out, and
results are reported and discussed. Two methods have been used
tor recovering small-volume samples representative of the total
volume produced during any combination of steady or transient
engine modes. One employs a servo-followup system appropriately
coupled to both the engine air-intake and to the sampling element;
the sampling rate is continuously controlled to bear at all times a
fixed ratio to the engine air-intake rate. The second method
employs variable dilution, involving addition of diluent gas
necessary to maintain a constant total of (exhaust plus diluent).
If the mixture is sampled at a constant rate, the sample will
contain exhaust appropriately proportioned. Experiments have
shown differences in both hydrocarbon and NOx values determined
for comparable samples obtained by the two methods. The
seriousness of this problem is discussed in relation to the
sampling and sample handling procedures that are used. (Author
abstract)##
013J1
A.F. Hartburg, A.M. Brewer, and J. P. Lodge, Jr.
EVALUATION CF A COULOHETRIC OXIDANT SENSOR. Intern. J Air
Hater Pollution, Vol. 8: 21-28, 1964.
The American commercial version of the ozone "transmogrifier", a
coulometric ozone sensor, developed by one of the authors has been
tested for reliability, accuracy and specificity. As with most
instruments some substances interfere. The only major, positive
interferences discovered so tar are from peroxyacids and the
simplest hydroperoxides. Sulfur dioxide causes a fairly large
negative interference. Techniques are described for maintaining
the instrument in good operating condition and for correcting some
common malfunctions of the early-type sensors. Despite its
relative insensitivity to nitrogen dioxide, the response is still
sufficient to permit its use as a nitrogen dioxide monitor in pure
D. Measurement Methods 173
-------
systems. Results are given of studies on nitrogen dioxide, of
techniques ot nitric oxide oxidation, and of field and laboratory
ozone measurements. (Author abstract)##
01 J^q
C. P. Thompson and J. 0. Ivie
METHODS FOR REDUCING OZONE AND/OR INTRODUCING CONTROLLED LEVELS
OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE IKTO AIRSTREAMS. Intern. J. Air Water
Pollution (London), Vol. 9:799-805, Dec. 1965.
Methods and equipment are described for reducing ozone in an
atmosphere by the addition of metered levels of nitric oxide.
The NO is diluted with 50 vol of nitrogen before addition to
the ozone containing airstream to prevent premature oxidant of
NO to N02 by oxygen ot the air. Simple, reliable dispensing
equipment for metering hydrogen fluoride into airstreams at the
tractions ot micrograms per cubic meter level is also described.
This utilizes the constant vapor pressure of HF at 0 C from a
relatively concentrated HF solution and variable levels of
dispensing are achieved by varying the rate at which air is
bubbled through the solution. An automatic valve system is
described for providing a 24-hr present schedule of dispensing
HF. (Author abstract)##
OUbV
P.A. Kill, A.H. Hollenbeck, H.J. Faulus
MEASURING THE PNVIPONMENT FOP A BRONCHIAL ASTHMA STUDY. Am.
Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol. 26:510-519, Oct. 1V65.
An aerometric study involving the chemical and physical
characteristics of the atmosphere is being made in the
immediate vicinity of the University ot Minnesota campuses in
the Twin Cities. The association ot asthma incidence in the
student boyd to concentrations of air-borne particulates, certain
gases, and weather parameters is being determined. A sampling
program to determine the particulate and gaseous components of
the atmosphere was initiated in order to evaluate the
relationship ot grain industry pollutants and student asthma.
Weather parameters were considered to be of prime importance
in the study and were gathered at two locations, one being
a television tower equipped with temperature profile
instrumentation. Results ot several years' study indicated
the influence ot the drain industry on the total particulate
tallout in an area adjacent to the campus. The soiling index
from samples at two locations was not high. Concentrations of
sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen followed daily and yearly
patterns and were below the values found in most midwest cities.
Associations between certain weather parameters were found
to be quite high, but between the various weather parameters
and the incidence ot asthma the association was low, with
correlation coefficients between 0.16 and -0.16. (Author
abstract modi t led) » tt
174 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
01393
P.H. Hendricks L.B. Larsen
AN EVALUATION OF SELECTED METHODS OF COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF
LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.,
Vol. 27:30-84, Feb. 1966.
Seven analytical methods for ozor.e are evaluated. Equipment
used for generating the ozone is discussed. Information
concerning methods of collection of ozone is presented.
Postassiurc iodide, phenolphthalein, sodium diphenylamine
sulfonate, and fluorescein methods are either nonspecific for
ozone or lack sensitivity. The dimethoxystilbene method, in
our hands, lacked sensitivity and posed reagent difficulties.
The N02-equivalent method is an excellent research procedure
and is the method of choice for field investigations where
fluctuation N02 concentrations are not encountered. The
rubber-cracking procedure is empirical, but, as an indicator
method, its speed, specificity, and simplicity make this
procedure attractive to the industrial hygienist, especially for
preliminary surveys. (Author abstract)##
01432
C. Bokhoven and H.L.J. Niessen
THE CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF TRACES OF S02 IN AIR ON THE BASIS
OF DISCOLOURATION OF THE STARCH-IODINE REAGENT WITH PRIOR
ELIMINATION OF INTERFERING COMPOUNDS . Intern. J. Air Water
Pollution, Vol. 10:233-243, April 1966.
A continuous recording instrument for S02 monitoring in air
pollution studies was developed on the basis of the discolouration
of a starch-iodine solution. As distinct from the normal
procedure, however, the disturbance by interfering compounds, such
as nitrogen dioxide and ozone, can be eliminated without affecting
the concentration of S02. By incorporating an integrating
device, 1/2 hr mean values can be printed out. The applicability
of these values is discussed with reference to the time constant
concept developed by SANDERSON, PENNEH and KATZ(1964).
(Author abstract)##
014b7
R. F. Davis, and W. E. O'Neill
DETERMINATION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN ON DIESEL EXHAUST GAS BY A
MODIFIED SALTZMAN METHOD. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C.
(RI No. 6790) 1966. 5 pp.
The Bureau of Mines developed a new method for the determination
of oxides of nitrogen in diesel ex.haust gas. The procedure, a
modification of the Saltzman method, uses a N02 absorbent for
the diesel exhaust gas; the colorless absorbent becomes purple on
contact with N02. When used properly this procedure gives
satisfactory results in 2 hours, whereas the standard
phenoldisulfonic acid method required approximately 8 hours. The
D. Measurement Methods 175
-------
new method is not satisfactory for determination of oxides of
nitrogen in the overrich fuel to air ratio range. (Author
abstract) ##
A. It. Strong and J. F. Horton
THE INSTRUMENTATION FOR AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT AND PECORDING OF
LABORATORY-PRODUCED AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. Preprint. 1966.
A system that automatically measures and records the concentration
of six different gases from twelve animal exposure chambers
supplied with diluted, laboratory-produced automobile exhaust and
ether gases is described. The gases are sequentially fed from the
animal exposure chambers to the appropriate gas analyzing
instrument. Multipoint recorders connected to the output of the
gas instruments register the concentrations and control the
sequence of the gas measurements. A data acquisition system is
also connected to the output of of the gas instruments to record on
a punched paper tape the time cf measurement and the gas
concentration. The data are punched on cards or inserted directly
into a digital computer for analysis. (Author abstract)**
0 1 b 7 7
A.E. O'Keefle G.C. Ortman
PPIMA3Y STANDARDS FOP TRACE GAS ANALYSIS. Anal. Chem.
JB (6) : 760-763, May 1966. (^resented at the Division of Hater,
Air, and Waste Chemistry, IbOth Meeting, ACS, Atlantic
City, N.J., Sept. 12-17, 196b.)
The permeation rates of gases enclosed in sections of"
plastic tubing permit the dispensing of nanogram quantities at
will. Following an initiation period of a few hours to
several weeks, pereation proceeds at a highly constant rate until
the enclosed gas is nearly exhausted. The rate of
permeation is highly temperature-dependent, but is independent of
pressure and composition of the atmosphere. Methods for the
fabrication, calibration, and use of permeation tubes are
described. Data are presented to illustrate the precision of
these methods., (Author abstract)**
K.~. Miller
NOTE ON COMPARISON OF STATISTICAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR
CALCULATING OXIDES OF NITROGEN CONCENTRATIONS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 17 (U) :232-2j«, Apr. 1967..
A question often asked about analytical diffusion models is
"How do the analytical results for calculating pollution
concentrations compare with those obtained by statistical
techniques?" Miller and Holzworth 1966) have developed a simple
analytical diffusion model that yields relative pollution
176 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
concentrations, X/Q, as a tunction of afternoon mixing depth,
mean transport wind speed, and city size. This analytical model
may also be used in reverse to determine apparent afternoon
source strengths from observed afternoon pollution concentrations.
The apparent source strengths may then be ased with the model on
independent data to estimate pollution concentrations. It is
the purpose of this note to compare results of calculating average
afternoon concentrations of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) by use of
the liller-Hclzworth model with those obtained from
statistical regression equations.##
01685
F.L. Meadows W.W. Stalker
THE EVALUATION OF COLLECTION EFFICIENCY AND VARIABILITY OF
SAMPLING FOR ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J. 27, 559-66, Dec. 1966. (Presented at the 26th
Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Association,
Houston, Tex., May 3-7, 196b.)
A study of the efficiency and variability of the sampling
system used to collect nitrogen dioxide in the. Alabama Air
Pollution and Respiratory Disease Study is described.
Experimental sampling -was conducted to establish collection
efficiency and variability of single and multiple bubblers in
series, equipped in each case with either tritted-tip or
restricted-opening air dispersers. Comparative evaluation of 0.4
to 0.5 1pm and 0.2 to 0.3 1pm air-flow rates indicated that higher
collection efficiency, but greater variability, can be expected
with lower air-flow rates. Although fritted-tip bubblers were
found to be more efficient than restricted-opening bubblers,
restricted-opening bubblers are preferable because their
variability is about hall that ct the fritted-tip bubblers.
Sampling variability apparently was not affected by ambient air
temperatures, humidity, or the concentration of collecting
solution used. Collection efficiency, variability, and the
method tor empirically determining these factors should be
specified when reporting ambient atmospheric nitrogen dioxide.
(Author abstract) # ft
01691
E.C. Tabor C.G. Golden
RESULTS OF FIVE YEARS' OPERATION OF THE NATIONAL GJS SAMPLING
NETWORK. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15 (1) 7-11,
Jan. 1965.
Sampling tor nitrogen and sulfur dioxides was initiated at
several National Air Sampling Network stations in 1959
using a sampler developed for that purpose. In 1961 the Gas
Sampling Network was expanded to its maximum of i»9 stations.
Sampling equipment and collecting solutions are supplied and
chemical analyses performed by the network laboratories.
Sampling and analysis procedures are described briefly.
Average and maximum 24-hour concentrations of nitrogen dioxide
and sulfur dioxide observed at 18 stations during 1961-1963 are
presented. (Author abstract)##
D. Measurement Methods 177
-------
01807
P.I. Larsen, F.B. Benson, G.A. Jutze
IMPROVING TFE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CONTINUOUS AIR POLLUTANT
MEASUREMENTS WITH A COMPUTER. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 15, (1) 19-22, Jan. 1965.
A tirst-order differential equation describes the dynamic
response of many continuous air sampling instruments. The time
constant, lag time, delay time, and response time are all
functions of the volume and flow through the sensor reservoir.
All of them can be expressed by tha same general equation:
t equals K sub 3 V/Q, where t is the selected time variable,
k3 is a constant appropriate to the particular system and selected
time variable, V is sensor reservoir volume, and Q is the flow
rate through the reservoir. The time constant is the time
a sampler takes to indicate 63.2% of its final response. Select
time constants equal to about half of the shortest desired
averaging time. Solve the second equation for the reagent flow
to give the desired tine constant. Selection of such a time
constant eliminates spurious "moise" produced by a fast-
responding system. It also provides values within 5% of true
tor atmospheres that change markedly between successive
intervals. If a slow-responding system must be used, use the
first equation ot increase apparent response time. A digital
computer can be programmed to automatically correct all measured
values. similarly, analog circuitry can be installed in an air
sampling instrument ot increase or decrease response time.
The analog circuitry to increase response time will continuously
solve and plot the first equation. (Author abstract)##
01871
CONTINUOUS A.I? MONITORING PROGRAM IN WASHINGTON, D.C.
(1962-1963). Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div.
OF AIR POLLUTION. SEPT. 1966. 222 PP.
F^W: 999-AP-2J; GPO: 827-234-15
This report presents the results of the operation of the
Public Health Service Continuous Air Monitoring Program
(CAM?) in Washinaton, D.C., during 1962 land 1963. Data on
atmospheric levels of sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, total
oxidants, total hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide are summarized,
analyzed, and discussed. The data are tabulated as hourly, daily,
and monthly mean concentrations; background information about
Washington and a description of the instrumentation used
are included. (Author abstract) i*#
01676
Schuette, F. J.
PLASTIC BAGS FOR COLLECTION OF GAS SAMPLES. California Dept.
of Public Health, Berkeley, Div. of Labs., AIHL-19, bp. ,
Dec. 1965. Also: Atmos. Environ., 1 (U) : 51 5-519 , July 1967
((12)) refs.
178 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Criteria for judging what kind of film is likely to be most
suitable tor a given application are delineated. Information
concerning supply sources of needed materials is provided.##
01989
F. A. Bell, Jr.
MEANINGFUL AIP QUALITY MSAUSREMENTS ON A LIMITED BUDGET. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (3) 127-31, Mar. 1963.
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-214, 1962.)
Osetul short-term air pollution measurement studies have been
conducted in a number of cities throughout the country,
demonstrating the potential for local air pollution agencies to
carry out effective air pollution sampling studies with limited
manpower and financial resources. Experience indicates that the
shortterm measurement approach is very useful in spreading
knowledge and competency regarding air pollution sampling and
analytical techniques particularly regarding measurement of gaseous
pollutants. Equipment required for short-term sampling involves
only modest costs totaling less than $1400, including $393.70 for
gas sampling equipment, $626.50 for particuiate matter sampling
equipment, and $305 for an analytical spectrophotometer, if needed.
For agencies with a severely limited budget, acquisition ot even
these items of equipment could be scheduled over a period of
several years, if necessary. (Author summary modified)##
020"b
E. L. Kothny and P. K. Mueller
SUB-KINUTE CONTINUOUS NITROGEN DIOXIDE ANALYSIS. Proc. (Part
I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper VI/9).
pp. 182-4.
A study concerning the effect of chemical and physical variables
on the response of a nitrite reagent is described. For
performance comparison an empirical parameter was developed.
With the guidelines resulting from the application of these
numbers a fast-response reagent was developed containing
2-amino-'p-benzenedisulphonic and sulphuric acid. Designs of
gas-liquid contact and optical systems were evaluated to match
fast-response reagents. (Author abstract)t#
02063
K. Fukui.
THE ALKALINE FILTER PAPER METHOD FOR MEASURING SULPHUR OXIDES,
NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND CHLORIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Proc.
(Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966, 231-2.
(Paper VIT/7.)
The lead peroxide method for measuring pollution by sulphur oxides
is time-consuming and liable to discordant results, because of the
quality of lead peroxide. The alkaline filter paper method is not
affected by this trouble and can be used for the determination not
D. Measurement Methods 179
-------
only ot sulphur oxides but also of nitrogen dioxide and chloride
in the atmosphere. The test papers, after immersion in a 50
percent potassium carbonate solution and air-drying, are exposed to
the atmosphere for one month in Icuvered boxes. After the test
period has elapsed the paper is cut into small pieces and treated
with water tor the extraction. Sulphur oxiaes, nitrogen dioxide
and chloride are determined by the barium chloranilate method, the
diazotizing methods and the mercury chloranilate method
respectively. (Author Abstrac t) * ft
021 JO
P Eberaneberhorst
(ENGINE COMBUSTION AND ITS EXHAUST GAS PRODUCTS AS A PROBIEM OF
HIGH INCIDENCE). Die Motorische Yerbrennung und ihre
Abgasprodukte als Hauf ig keitsproMem . ATZ
(Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift) (Stuttgart) 68 (8) :263-268,
Aug. 1966.
The increasing incidence ot gasoline engines necessitates reducing
the air pollutants from exhaust gas by 10% within the next 10
years. The influence of engine operation on the emission of
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides is described,
e.g., in high gear, while changing gears and speeds (7-mode
California test), and in neutral. Limiting values for emissions
dependent on rotor size and normal usage are suggested. Methods
to reduce exhaust gas j>n., lutants includec fuel injection systems to
replace carburetors and -.Ttrolled turbulence techniques.##
02162
A. P. Altshuller and S. F. Sleva.
VAPOR PHASE D^TEHMINATION OF OLEFINS BY A COULCMETPIC
METHOD. Anal. Chem. (Presented before the Division of
Water and Waste Chemistry, lUOth Meeting, American Chemical
Society. Chicago, 111., Sept. 1961.) 3U, (j) 418-22, Mar.
1962
An instrument based on a brcmocoulometric method has been
evaluated for analysis of olefins at concentrations between 20 and
1000 p.p.m. The instrument has been calibrated for its vapor
phase response to a number of olefins, including ethylene,
propylene, propadiene, 1-butene, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene,
isobutyl°ne, 1 ,3-butadiene, 1-pentene, and 2-methyl-2-butene.
The possible interference ot a number of substances, including
sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
n-butyl sulfide, acrolen, phenol, and m-cresol, has been
investigated. Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide,
and acrolein react appreaciably with the br animating solution.
Nitrogen dioxide lowers the response to olefins. Severe
interference is experienced when the nitrogen dioxide concentration
eguals or exceeds that ot olefins. Even when the olefins are
present in excess, the interference by nitrogen dioxide is
sufficient to necessitate removal of most of the latter. In
analyses ot samples in containers, direct determination of*these
vanor ohase interference effects may be complicated further by gas
phase reactions of oletin and nitrogen dioxide, and perhaps by
reactions within container walls. With this olefin instrument,
180 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
diluted automobile exhaust and a variety o± synthetic mixtures have
been analyzed. Results have compared favorably with those
obtained by the coloriraetric dimethylaminobenzaldeliyde method.
(Author abstract)**
023bU
K.F. Chrisman K.E. Foster
CALIBPATION OF AUTOMATIC ANALYZERS IN A CONTINUOUS AI3 MONITORING
PROGRAM. Preprint (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Michigan, June
9-13, 1963.)
The need tor uniformity of instrument calibration among the
several stations of the Continuous Air Monitoring Program
of the U.S. Public Health Service has prompted the development
of a comprehensive program of instrument calibration. The
program relies heavily upon static and dynamic checks performed
by the station operators. The frequency of these checks varies
with each specific- instrument; but, in all cases, the checks
are frequent enough to insure the continued accuracy of the
recorded data. The routine checks are substantiated and
supplemented by dynamic calibrations performed at all stations
by the headquarters staff. The dilution board method
for the preparation of standard gas mixtures has been adapted
to the requirements of compactness and portability, and has been
used successfully in this work. In a conscientious effort to
insure and maintain the accuracy of the data produced by the
program, further refinements in the method will be made and more
suitable new methods will be adopted as they are developed.
(Author's summary)**
02368
J.N. Pitts, Jr. J.H. Sharp
SOME ASPECTS OF THS PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF NITRCGEN DIOXIDE. Froc.
Tech. Meeting West Coast Sect., ftir Pollution Control
Assoc., 3rd, Monterey, Calif., 1963. 76-92.
The basic,theories and techniques of photochemistry can be
applied to gain insight into the mechanism of the
photodecomposition of nitrogen dioxide. While this approach
is rather "academic" in this particular study, nevertheless, the
results have bearing on the problem of photochemical air
pollution. Two particularly intriguing questions raised and
not answered of considerable basic and practical significance are:
(1) can one confidently extrapolate photochemical and kinetic
data on N02 from the mm. pressure range to the ppm. range?; (2)
why doesn't the molecule, NO2 a highly reactive compound,
react with the common organic constituents of smog, in
particular, olefins, when it is raised to an excited electronic
state by absorption of 13bBA radiation? The search for
theoretical and experimental answers to these questions is
currently going on. It seems certain that the results will have
"practical" applications to photochemical air pollution as well as
being of general scientific interest.**
D. Measurement Methods
-------
0 i 3 7 7
SLATER, R. W.
LOW-COST MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION. (IK: PROCEEDINGS OF
THE EIGHTH ANNUAL AI3 AND HATER POLLUTION CONFERENCE.) Univ.
Ho. Bull. 6U (24), 49-b3 (Aug. 26, 1963). Also published in
Ind. Water Wastes 8 (6), 30-3 (Dec. 1963). (Presented at the
Eighth Annual Air and Water Pollution Conference, Columbia,
Wo., Nov. 13, 1962.)
An air pollution monitoring program is described that can be
initiated and maintained by a local air pollution agency or health
department at a moderate cost. Simple, inexpensive methods of
sampling ana analysis tor gaseous pollutants and particulates are
outlined and a detailed equipment cost breakdown is given.
(Author sumnary)##
02378
P. Smith, A. H. Rose, and ft. Kruse.
AM AUTO-EXHAUST PROPORTIONAL SAMPLES. INTERN. J. AIP WATEE
Pollution (Dresented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Bich., June 9-13,
1963.) 8, 1427-40, Sept. 196<4.
The development of an instrument to obtain a proportional sample
ot auto exhaust gas is described. The proportional sampler is a
servo device, which controls the flow of exhaust gas in the
sampling line to maintain it at a fixed percentage of the
carburetor air flow rate. The flow rates in carburetor and
sample line are measured continuously by means of laminar-flow
elements and associated pressure-difference transducers. The
proportional sampler is used in a vehicle on the read to provide a
representative sample of exhaust aas, which is then analyzed to
obtained mole-fraction measurements of various air contaminants in
the vehicle exhaust. The total volume of air entering the
carburetor is cilso measured. The values ror total air volume
er.terina the carburetor and mole fraction of contaminants are used
to calculate the emission rates in pounds of each air contaminant
emitted per vehicle mile traveled. (Author abstract)##
02106
A. E. Bamncton
INSTANTEOUS MONITORING OE HULTICCKPONENT EXPIRED GASES. GCA
Corn., Bedford, Mass. (Pept. CR-619.) Dec. 1966. 17 pp.
CFSTI, NASA
Because of the urgent requirements of the manned space
flight program, the prototype gas analyzers described below were
developed specifically for aerospace applications. Their design
thus inevitably was subject to restrictions of weight, volume and
power consumption. Nevertheless, their operational
performance has been most encouraging. The sensing element of the
gas analyzer is called a mass spectrometer whose concent
182 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
utilizes two basic physical phenomena: first, gaseous atoms and
molecules can readily be charged electrically; second, there is a
selective effect by electric and magnetic forces on such
charged particles which depends on the atomic or molecular
mass. A complete sampling and sensing system for 12
constituent gases, utilizing a magnetic deflection mass
spectrometer is shown. It is designed to monitor H2, CO,
CHU, NH3, H20, N2, CUP, 02, H23, HC, C02 AND COOH. IT
includes i» sample inlet capillaries, a calibration sample, a
liquid nitrogen chilled sorption pump and an electronic ion
pump. ##
C.W. Louw
ATMOSPHEPIC POLLUTANTS AND THEIR ANALYSIS (SPECIAL PEPORT
SMOG 2). Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research, Pretoria, (South Africa). Air Pollution
Research Group 1966. 60 pp.
In view ot the recently passed Act on Air Pollution
(No. tb of 1965) in South Africa and the anticipated increase
in interest and analytical activity in this field, it was felt
that the need existed for an up-to-date survey of air pollutants
and their analysis. A review report was consequently prepared and
is presented here. Aspects such as the types, sources and
occurrence, concentrations and methods ot analysis of the various
pollutants are discussed. Also, recommendations are made with
regard to the selection of suitable analytical methods.
(Author abstract)##
02439
A. V. Demidov, L. A. Mokhov, and B. S. Levine (Tr.)
RAPID P1ETHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF KAHMFUL GASES AND VAPORS
IN THE AIR. Vol. 10 of U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related occupational Diseases. Medgiz, Moscow,
Russia. (Technical Transl. No. TT 66-11767.) 1962. pp.
111.
Volume 10 ot the survey series "U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases" is a translation
ot A. V. Demidov's and L. A. Molhov's book "Rapid Methods
tor the Determination ot Harmful Gases and Vapors in the Air"
(Yekopehhlie Metoubi Oiipeue~jiehnr B B Boeuyxe Bpeuhlix N
lopooopaehlix Bewectb), published by Hedgiz of Moscow in 1962.
The greater part of the outlined procedures have been developed by
D.S.S.R. analytical chemists, while some were taken from
literature of other countries. The collection of tests appears to
be intended primarily for the detection of dangerous gaseous and
vaporous air pollutants in indoor working premises. For each
harmful gas or vapor qualitative as well as closely approximate
quantitative procedures are given to make possible the early
determination of dangerous harmful ga's and vapor concentration in
the air ot working premises and to forestall the occurrence of
serious accidents. The volume was intended to meet the needs
of smaller laboratories and of field industrial laboratory
workers.**
D. Measurement Method? 133
-------
02U41
H. E. Eaton, Jr.
AN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR FOR DETECTING TRACE CONTAMINANTS IN AIH
(PIASTER'S THESIS). Air Force Inst. of Techn.,
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, School ot Engineering. Aug.
1963. 88 PP.
CFSTI AD 422659
A two-terminal electrochemical cell was used to detect trace
amounts of an oxidizing agent in air. An investigation of the
cell's electrical parameters was made while the cell was in
uncontaminated air, and while exposed to chlorine or nitrogen
dioxide. An eguivalent was obtained. The cell, without any
external power or circuitry, can detect concentrations below the
threshold limit values for chlorine and nitrogen dioxide. The
cell output can be increased by passing a small DC current
through the cell. This current also improves the cell's recovery
time.#*
02492
M. E. Morrison, P. G. Pinker, and W. H. Corcoran.
QUANTITATIVE DETFPMINATION OF PAPTS-PEP-MILLION QUANTITIES OF
NITPOGEN DIOXIDZ IN NITROGEN AND OX If GEN BY ELECTPON-CAPTURE
DETECTION IN GAS CHPOMATOGRAPHY. Anal Chem. 36 (12) :2256-2259,
Nov. 1964
An electron-capture detector was used in a gas chromatography to
measure parts-per-tnillion quantities of nitrogen dioxide in a
ternary mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide. For
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide from 5 to 150 p.p.m. and for
oxygen present to the extent of 9% by volume in nitrogen, the
standard deviation of the best curve through the points showing
response vs. concentration was 2 p.p.m. compared to about 3 p.p.m.
tor chemical techniques. The main advantages of gas
chromatography are the short time for analysis and the small
samples (.5 cc) reguired. (Author abstract)##
02 5 20
A. P. Ultra
AN IONOSPHERIC ESTIHATE OF NITRIC OXIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE
D-^EGION. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park,
Ionosphere Research Lab. (AFCRL-66-359) (Scientific Rept.
No. 26b) Feb. 15, 1Mf>6. 24 pp.
It is shown that the dissimilar nature in the solar cycle
variations in the three major competing ionizing sources for the
D-region (e.g. X-rays below 8A, Lyman-alpha radiation and
cosmic rays) can be used to provide an estimate for the
concentration of the neutral nitric oxide at and near 70 km. Use
ot the electron density profiles recently given by Deeks (1965)
for sunspot minimum and maximum conditions for equinox in middle
lattitudes gives a nitric oxide concentration of 400000/cc
184
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
around 72 Km, about one hundredth of Earth's rocket-deduced
value. When this value is integrated with currently available
photochemical information, the following empirical distribution is
indicated: n (NO) equals 0.02 exp (- 3300/T)n(02) plus
0.0000005 n (0). (Author abstract modified)##
02560
N.F. Koshelev Yu. G. Ulitin
METHOD FOB THE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL NITROGEN OXIDES IN AIR.
(Metod summarnogo opredeleniya okislov azota v vozdukhe.)
Hyg. Sanit. 31, (3) 349-52, Mar. 1966.
CFSTI: TT66-51160/1-3
1. Determination of nitrogen oxides by means of the Griss-
Ilosvay reagent yields results which are too low. This"method
cannot therefore be recommended for quantitative estimation of
the content of these compounds in air, particularly if the air
is contaminated by nitric acid fumes. 2. In analyzing air
for its total content of oxygen compounds of nitrogen, the
analytical method used must be suitable for estimating both the
trivalent and the pentavalent nitrogen. 3. The sulfophenol
method suffers from several disadvantages, which make it unsuitable
tor large-scale investigations. 4. fl simple, accurate, and
fairly rapid method is described for determining the total
oxygen compunds of nitrogen in air. This can be used for routine
air pollution control studies.' The oxygen compounds of nitrogen
in air. This can be used for routine air pollution control
studies. The oxygen compounds of nitrogen are absorbed not in
an oxidizing mixture, but in a 0.1 N alkali solution, thus
reducing the absorption time to 1 hour. Instead of the
whole sample, only 2 or 3 ml need to be evaporated and this
is carried out after the trivalent nitrogen has been converted
to the pentavalent form by hydrogen peroxide in a porcelain dish.
Finally the phenolsulfonic acid is replaced by salicylic acid,
which also produces yellow-colored nitro-derivatives, the
sensitivity attaining 2 micrograms N205 in the volume analyzed.**
02645
H. Hummel
INDUSTRIAL GSS MEASUREMENT FOR CLEAN-AIR MAINTENANCE. Staub
(English Translation) 25, (2) 11-18, Feb. 1965
CFSTI: 'TT 66-51010/2
This article deals mainly with emission-concentration measurements
directly concerning the plant. In addition, trace-element
recorders for immission control in the plant area or outside it was
also mentioned. Several plants use mobile recording stations for
this purpose. Apart from current control, immission instruments
will in future be important for the determination of ground
loading. The ground loading in respect to a specific noxious
substance (e.g., S02) is a measure of the average degree of
nuisance caused by immissions in a certain area. For a planned
installation, e.g., a boiler plant, the ground loading for the
basis tor chosen location must be ascertained. This forms the
basis tor granting the building permit. According to suggested
and practiced methods, the ground loading is established in the
D. Measurement Methods
-------
following manner. Numerous points are established in a fixed
coordinate grid around the location to be examined. Individual
sampling is carried out at these points by a fixed program over a
long period. By using a precisely determined statistical
evaluation method, the ground loading can be deduced from the data.
The statistical character of the imraission, which depends on wind
and atmospheric conditions, is thus taken into consideration.
The reliability of this still imperfect method cannot be
discussed; it is however certain that this method is expensive and
requires considerable manpower. On the other hand, it can easily
be shown that given a correct evaluation of the strip charts
(possibly by electronic scanning) the use of recording instruments
at a few points will provide an equally reliable measure of ground
loading at less expense. This method would also include the
nightime which hitherto has not been included. In spite of
this, and taking into consideration the value of recording
methods for obtaining statistical relationships, the role of
individual analysis will remain unchallenged in future. This is
primarily due to the fact that the development of a reliable
recording method is far more expensive than individual analysis.
Therefore, and because of the greater instrumentation
requirements, recording instruments will be used only for the most
important duties. (Author summary)##
02673
H. Fuhrmann
RECORDING MEASUHEMENTS OF GASEOUS IMISSION CONCENTRATIONS WITH fi
NEW ANALYZE?. Staub (English Translation) 25, (7) 19-24,
JULY 1965.
CFSTI TT 66-51U40/7
For monitoring gases contributing to air pollution, S02 and
NO plus N02 and 03 in particular, recording analysers find
increasing application. The paper describes an automatic
colorimetric analyser tor the repetitive measurement of immission
concentrations. The instrument is characterized by high
sensitivity down to a few micrograms cu m, excellent selectivity,
and minimum maintenance requirements. Simple switchover means
permit the same instrument to be used for both half-hour mean
values and short-time readings. The Imcometer described by the
author is designed for simple and rapid change-over to various
gaseous compoenents. It has been fieldtested in a northern
suburb of Hamburg. The recorded daily readings for'302, NO
plus H02, and 03 are discussed. (Author summary)##
02681
E. Lahraann
METHODS FOR MEASURING GASEOUS AIP POLLUTIONS. Staub (English
TRANSLATION) 25, (9) 17-22, SEPT. 1965.
CFSTI TT 66-510140/9
As the analysis of air pollutants has become a very extensive
area of microchemistry, the statements included herein are limited
to the principles involved in the analysis of the most important
extraneous gases. Empirical, batch and continuous methods are
the basic means for investigating gaseous air pollutants. The
186 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
advantages and disadvantages ot these methods are presented.
Subsequently, the most important methods used at present for
determination of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen
sultide, fluorides, oxidants, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons
are discussed.**
02732
I. R. Cohen, T. C. Purcell, and A. P. Altshuller
ANALYSIS OF THE OXIDANT IN PHOTOOXIDATION REACTIONS. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 1, (3) 247-52, Mar. 1967. (Presented at the
1b2nd Meeting, American Chemical Society, New York City,
Sept. 14, 1966.)
A number of methods for determining the identity and concentration
of the oxidants produced photochemically in model systems are
presented. The application of these methods to atmospheric
sampling is discussed. The effects of the following variables are
considered: spectral characteristics ot the reagent blends and the
colored species in question; temperature; order of addition,
color stability and rate of color formation; reagent concentration;
hydrogen ion concentration (pH); and various determinate errors.
Calibration curves, molar absorptivities, and interferences are
presented in detail. (Author abstract)##
0274b
S. Hochheiser and W. J. Basbagill
COMPARISON AMONG METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYZING AIR
POLLUTANTS - DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM. Preprint.
(Presented at the Sixth Conference of Methods in Air
Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley, Jan. 6-7, 1964.)
A mobile air-sampling laboratory used to sample atmospheric
pollutants is described. Various manual and automatic methods
are compared by means of atmospheric samples to determine the
relationship among methods and the variables that may affect each
method. These studies were designed to evaluate methods applied
to the sampling and analysis of air pollutants and to determine
the need for further laboratory and field evaluations. The
chemical and meteorological variables measured in these studies and
the sampling program are delineated. (Author summary)##
02747
H. J. Jacumin and L. A. Pipperton
FURTHER EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL
OXIDANT PRODUCTION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14,
(3) 96-7, Mar. 1964. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June
9-13, 1963, Paper No. 63-101.)
D. Measurement Methods
-------
Oxidant production was observed for a photochemical reactant
system NO2 plus hexene-1 over a pressure range ot 640 to 860 mm
Hg at temperatures of 14, 2b, and 35 C. An apparent inhibition
took place around 714 mm at all tenperatures. From a low at 714
oxidants values rose to a secondary peak at 700 mm and then
dropped with decreasing pressure. The significance of these
results is discussed. (Author abstract)##
02763
G.A. Post D.J. Swartz
ADVANCES IK CONTINUOUS AIP POLLUTION ANALYZERS. Preprint.
(Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Flich., June 9-1J, Paper No. 63-9.)
The evolution of air pollution instrumentation by size has been
reviewed. The analysis methods in general usage and
information on the specific instrumentation involved show that
a steady decrease in analyzer size has occurred with negligible
loss in sensitivity or specificity. The cost of the nonportable
laboratory analyzers has been high; as a result, cities ana
communities are in general unable to afford this equipment.
Smaller or semi-portable instruments are less costly and
provide versatility to the users. Now that electrochemical
monitors are available for the analysis of one or two pollutants,
conjecture about the future of complete air sampling systems is
of interest. Although these monitors have not been applied to
the analysis of all air pollutants, it is anticipated that
within reasonable lengths of time sufficiently sensitive and
selective methods will be developed. This, in turn, menas that
it would be possible to have an entire air sampling station
consisting of five or six analyzers on a single table top. These
units would require only minor accessories to be completely
portable. In addition, with the inherent simplicity of
electrochemical analyzers, the cost per instrument will be lower,
thus more monitoring networks can be operated per available
dollar, and the technician skill required to operate the equipment
can be minimized. Tables and illustrations.##
027 Bb
F. H. Linnell and H. E. Scott
DIESEL EXHAUST ANALYSIS (PRELIMINARY RESULTS). Arch.
Environ. Health 5, 616-25, Dec. 1962.
Interest in the emissions from the exhaust of diesel engines on
the road is rising mainly because interest in possible sources of
air pollution has been steadily increasing. However, the
problems ot sampling and analysis of diesel exhaust have not been
solved yet. This paper outlines ot tha techniques being used and
some being evaluated tor the first time for exhaust analysis.
Many analytical problems remain to be solved. Some results are
presented which are considered preliminary.*»
!88 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
02799
E. Sawicki and J. I.
A SENSITIVE VEW METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NITRITES AND
NITROGEN DIOXIDE WITH a- AMINOAZOEINZENE-1-N APHTHYL AK INE.
Anal. Chun. Acta 25, 166-9, 1961.
A sensitive method tor the determination of nitrites is
introduced. The method should also be applicable to the
determination of nitrogen dioxide. The test consists of the
reaction ot <4-aminoazobenzene and 1-naphthylamine with nitrous
acid to fore1 the blua dication of
i»- (p-phenylazophenylazo) -1-naphthylamine. Beer's Law was
obeyed from 0.5 to over 15 raicrograms of nitrite ion per 15 ml of
tinal solution. Spectrophotometrically it is possible to detect
part ot nitrite ion in 60 million parts ot solution. (Author
summary) *#
02845
H. P. Thomas and P. E. Amtower
GAS DILUTION APPARATUS FOR PPEPAPING REPRODUCIBLE DYNAMIC GAS
MIXTURES IN ANY DESIRED CONCENTRATION AND COMPLEXITY. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (11) 61&-23, Nov. 1966
The development and testing of analytical methods for determining
gaseous air pollutants would, be expedited by the availability of
known gas mixtures, reproducibly prepared in any desired quantity,
complexity, and concentration. A portable gas dilution apparatus
was constructed by which reproducible known mixtures of the common
air pollutants added to carbon filtered air can be prepared.
Sultur dioxide mixtures with and without the addition of nitrogen
dioxide and/or ozone have been analyzed by the conductimetric,
titnmetric, turbimetric, and colorimetric methods. Excellent
analytical agreement with the concentration obtained from the
volumes of S02, N02, hydrogen sulfide, and air that are mixed
has been shown by all these methods when an efficient absorber is
used although the titrimetric method tended to give slightly lower
results.##
02883L
H. N. Hirsh, P. N. Eisner, G. M. Halpern, and J. A.
Slevin
IONIZATION AND ELECTRON LOSS SIMULATION IN ATMOSPHERIC GASES
(QUARTERLY PEPT. NO. 2, SEPT. 1 - NOV. 30, 1965. Dewey
(G.C.) Corp., New York City. Mar. 1966. 27 pp.
DDC AD 486307
This report covers work pertormed during the period 1 September
through 30 November 1965. The report begins with a description
ot experimental modifications made to the mass spectrometer to
increase its utility as a quantitative instrument. The
theoretical work, including both a summary of current work on the
numerical computation of the low pressure oxygen model, and some
studies of the chemistry resulting from the addition of a trace of
nitrogen to the low-pressure oxygen plasma, are presented.##
D. Measurement Methods 189
-------
02948
Tt. C. Seagrave, H. H. Reamer, and B. H. Sage
OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN COMBUSTION: SOME HICEOSCOPIC
MEASUREMENTS. Coirbust. Flame 8, (1) 11-9, Mar. 1964
Keas'ir ements o* the perturbations of pressure and of total and
monochromatic flame intensity were made during the oscillatory
combustion ot natural gas and air at atmospheric pressure. The
results, which are presented in tabular and graphical form,
indicate a significant fluctuation in the mole fractions of water
and carbon dioxide during each cyclic perturbation. (Author
abstract) #*
OJ010
H. Pevorkin, R.L. Chass, A.P. Fudurich, C.V. Kanter
SOOPCE TESTING 1ASUAL. Los Angeles County Air Pollution
Control District, Calif. 181 pp., Nov. 1965
Specialized methods and techniques for the curtailment
ot contaminants being released into the atmosphere, developed in
the laboratory and in the field are described in this manual.
These methods dre concerned primarily with the measurement of
emissions from stationary sources, and in general, with little
or no modification, these methods can also be used for testing
vehicles or ether moving sources. Information obtained
form source tests is invaluable as a guide in selecting
appropriate control equipment and improving the design
ot future installations to minimize the discharge of air
contaminants. Following topics are discussed: Planning a
source test; Determination of gas flow rate; Collection and
analysis ot particulate matter, and of gaseous constituents;
Odor measurement; Source test report. The appendixes deal
with rules and regulations, conversion factors and constants, and
auxiliary field sampling equipment.##
0 J096
N . A . Lysh^ow
A PA^ID AND SENSITIVE COI.ORIMET^IC REAGENT FOR NITROGEN DIOXIDE
IN MR. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (10)
4H1-4, Oct. 1965 (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, ^oronto, Canada, June 20-24
1965)
High speed instrumentation requires a colorimetric reagent
capable ot detecting traces of nitrogen dioxide with little
delay for color development. Rate of color development
and sensitivity of Griess-type teagent have been improved by
adding a promoter (R-salt) and optimizing the concentrations of
diazotizing and coupling reagents. Field tests show that the new
instrument -reagent combination can resolve short-duration peaks in
NOi concentrations of b to 10 pphip. (Author abstract) ##
190 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
03099
L. Pierce, Y. Tokiwa, K. Nishikawa
EVALUATION OF CONTACT COLUMNS FOB NITROGEN DIOXIDE ABSORPTION.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (b) 204-6, May 1965
(Presented at the Sixth Conference on Methods in Air
Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1964.)
The absorption efficiencies of six, 10-, 13-, and 60-turn
spiral columns were studied using half-strength and modified
Saltzman reagents. The 60-turn column was 100? efficient at all
air and liquid flow rates using half-strength Saltzman reagent.
The 13-turn column was 100% efficient at an air flow rate of 290
ml/mm using half-strength Saltzman reagent and at both 290
and 500 ml/,in using modified Saltzman reagent. The results of
the study have led to the adoption of 13-turn spiral contact
columns together with the use of modified Saltzman reagent for
all State operated N02 monitoring instruments. (Author
summary)f#
03119
S.P. Craxtord
STANDARDISATION OF MEASURING AND CONTROL APPARATUS AND OF
METHODS OF MEASURING. European Conf. on Air Pollution,
Strasbourg, 1964. p. 139-146.
From its study of the methods of measurement of air
pollutants the OECD Working Party found that the
methods adopted on an international basis fit into 3
categories: (1) well established methods suitable for
international standardization; (2) methods considered to be of
interim nature; (3) methods of known limited application. In
general, the sampling procedures are considered to be as important
as the analytical in measuring atmospheric air pollutants. The
relative importance of air pollutants as revealed from study
of national reports remains, since 1957, dusts, or deposited
material, smoke, or suspended particulate material, and S02.
Sulfuric acid and other sult'ates, oxides of nitrogen and carbon
monoxide, compounds of fluorine and ammonia come next in
importance. Greater emphasis in CO concentrations and the
affects on health reflects greater concern with automotive
emissions. Also, there is growing concern about the effects
of polynuclear aromatic compounds which are present in the
atmosphere, and of which there are many known carcinogens.
Various standard analytical procedures are discussed briefly.#f
03218
J. Krizek.
DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN SMALL CONCENTRATIONS.
(Stanoveni nizkych koncentraci kyslicniku.) ' Chem Prumysl
(Prague) 16, (9) 558-9, 1966. Czech. (Tr.) (Translated as
JPRS-R-8583-D.)
D. Measurement Methods
-------
The author revises the polarographic and colcrimetric method for
determining nitrogen oxides. He finds that improper
composition of the absorption solution is responsible for the
biased (systematically lower) experimental results; potassium
nitrite, formed if the gas is absorbed in 0.1N KOH solution
containing H202, decomposes in acid medium during further
operations. He therefore recommends using the H202 solution for
absorption with subsequent alkalization before the sample is boiled
down. He discusses the applicability and suitability of methods
for determining N02 which utilize the formation of azc dyes.##
03245
S. Yanagisawa, N. Yairste, S. Smitsuzawa, and M. Mori
CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF NITRIC OXIDE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN
THE ATMOSPHERE. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan (Tokyo) 39, (10)
2173-8, OCT. 1966
Continuous determinations of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in
the atmospheric air by the use of modified Saltzman reagent is
described. Measurement was made intermittenly, once every 30
mm., by an automatic continuous analyzer equipped with a
single-path colorimeter. The response of the analyzer was
obtained as an average of the concentration of nitrogen oxides
over a period o£ 25 mm. Two bubblers were used for absorbing
nitrogen oxides into the modified Saltzman reagent, whose
transmittance was measured for the determination: One bubbler was
designate! to obsorb nitrogen dioxide, and the other, nitric oxide
plus nitrogen dioxide after the oxidation of the nitric oxide by
permanganate. The oxidizing efficiency of the permanganate was
96-100 per cent. The acetic acid in the Saltzman reagent was
replaced with n-propyl alcohol in the modified Saltzman reagent;
the spontaneous coloration and corrosive quality of the reagent was
decreased by this substitution. The concentration of nitric oxide
was obtained from the difference between the two responsed of the
analyzer, whila the concentration of nitrogen dioxide could be
read directly from the recorder. The transmittance ratio method
was applied to the measurements. Accurate determinations were
possible even at high blank values. The reagent was used
repeatedly by cycling it on the basis of measuring the difference
in coloration before and after the absorption of nitrogen oxides.
The analyzer could be used for a long period without changing the
reagent. (Author summary)**
034 02
034U2
K. Fossard, P. G. Finker, w. H. Corcoran
DETERMINATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF NITRIC OXIDE AND NITROGEN
DIOXID^ IN NITROGEN BY GAS CH50M ATOGPAP HY. Air. Soc. Testing
Mater., Spec. Tech. Publ. 352, 56-9 pp., Dec. 1963.
(Presented at the Symposium on Air-Pollution [lea sureirent
Methods, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 5, 1962.)
Studies were made en the determination of nitric oxide (NO)
and nitrogen dioxide (N02) present at less than 5000 ppm by
volume in nitrogen. The work was a continuation of previous
studies on the ouantitative analysis of small amounts of nitric
192 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
oxide in nitrogen by gas chromatography using a silica gel column.
The nature of the results suggests that NO and N02 are
irreversibly adsorbed in small quantities on silica gel. This
strong adsorption, separate from a physical or van der Waals
adsorption, forms a basis for separation of small amounts
of NO and N02 subsequent to an initial conditioning of the
silica gel with these oxides or nitrogen (N2). (Author
abstract)##
S. B. Smith and P. J. Grant.
A NON-SELECTIVE COLLECTOB FOR SAMPLING GASEOUS AIF POLLUTANTS
FINAL SEPT.) Pittsburgh Coke and Chemical Co.,
Research and Development Dept. Dec. 15, 1958. 63 pp.
Tests of the retentive power of various adsorbents indicated
activated carbon is superior to silica gel and molecular sieves for
the non-selective collection of air pollutant gases. When dry ice
is used as a refrigerant on a carbon column it is possible to
collect methane and all gases of lower volatility in a sample of
reasonable size. Certain oxidizing gases such as No, N02 and
03 appear to react with activated carbon and must be considered
separately. Columns of various sizes were tested over a wide
range ot gas concentrations and a column containing 55 grams of
Pittsburgh HDL activated carbon chosen to sample 20 liters of
air for light contaminants. A smaller column for operation at
room temperature containing 1.5 grams of the same carbon may be
used ahead ot the refrigerated column to collect CU and higher
compounds from 100 liters of air. A field collector kit was
designed which affords a preliminary filtration and drying of the
air sample, positive displacement measurement of the sample volume,
continuous flow measurement and mechanical pumping of the air
sample. A helium flushing system tor the refrigerated collector
is also provided to remove the bulk of air adsorbed from the
sample. Prototype columns were tested satisfactorily for
retention under exaggerated test conditions on selected hydrocarbon
vapors. A tew recovery runs indicated that good recovery can be
confidently expected atter further experimental development of
recovery techniques. (Author summary) ##
OJ520
P. I. Larsen
PARAMETERS OF AEBOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS FOR AIR POLLUTION
RESEARCH. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 22,(2) 97-101, Apr.
1961.
A brief description of a continuous gas sampling network is
presented in which a number of air pollutants is to be measured in
six United States cities beginning about mid 1961. Parameters
are presented of aerometric measurements from a two year study of
sulfur dioxide in Louisville, Kentucky, to be related to health
and other effects. Six equations are developed to depict the
frequency, duration, and air pollution dosage. (Author
abstract) ##
D. Measurement Methods 193
-------
0 J b 2 7
P. 0. McCaldin
EVALUATING AIP POLLOTION PBOBLEHS (ACCEPTABLE EQUIPMENT AND
PROCEDURES). Arch. Environ. Health 2, 228-33, Mar. 1961.
Some o± the more common equipment used in making environmental
air quality determination, such as Hi-Volume Samplers, Filter
Tape Samplers, Gas Samplers, and simplified monitoring
techniques, are discussed. Hi-Volume Samplers are frequently
used to measure suspended particulate which may consist of smoke,
dust, or other solids small enough to remain air-borne for long
periods. This includes particulates under 100 microns in diam,
and, for the most part, those less than 1 micron in diam. Fiber
glass filters commonly used with this sampler collect
practically all particulates down to 0.3 micron in diam.
The sampler itself consists of a vacuum cleaner motor with
mounting to accomodate an 8-in by 10-in filter. Filter Tape
Samplers are commonly used in the field studies and
usually are equipped with a diaphragm pump to draw air through at
a rate of about 7 liters/mm. Various automatic instruments are
used for the continous collection and recording of gaseous
pollutants. However, various manual or semimanually operated
bubbler collection trains have been used in the majority of
aaseous measurements. simplified monitoring techniques are
discussed in conjunction with dustfall sulfation rates, H2S,
corrosion and fluoride sampling.##
03b3 /
T. a. Hauser, D. W. Bradley
EFFECT OF INTERFEPIKG SUBSTANCES AND PROLONGED SAMPLING ON
THE 1,2-DT-(4-PYRTDYL)ETHYLENS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF
OZORP m AIB. Pnal. Chem., 39 (10) : 1 184-1186, Aug. 1967. 4
refs. (Presented at the Division of Water, Air, and Waste
Cheriistry, 153rd Meeting, ACS, Miami Beach, Fla., April
1967.)
A new method tor the sanpling and analysis of ozone in the
atmosphere involves the collection of atmospheric ozone in a
solution of 1,2-di- (U-pyndyl) ethylene (PE) in glacial acetic
acid, reaction of the ozone with the PE via tfte
ozonolysis reaction to form pyridine-4-aldehyde, and
colonntetric analysis of the resultant pyridine-4-aldehyde using
a modification of the 3-nethy1-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone
method. This paper describes the effect of two additional
analytical parameters on the PE method. These parameters,
namely the effedt of possible interfering substances present
in the atmosphere and the effect of prolonged sampling time on
final analysis, are very important when any analytical procedure
is applied to the field analysis of atmospheric contaminants. The
results demonstrate that the method can be used for 24-hr, sampling
simply by increasing the volume of absorbing solution since there
is no loss of collected ozone from the absorbing solution during
a 24 hr. sampling period due to a possible aeration effect.##
194 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
035T2L
L. Reckner, F. P. Taylor, W. E. Scott, H. J. Wimette
DIESEL EXHAUST COMPOSITION, ODOR AND EYE IRRITATION
(PROGRESS REPORT WAY 1, 1962 TO FEE 15, 1963. Preprint 1963.
Further work with the two-cycle 6-cylinder V-type diesel engine
is reported which which covers solid and liquid particulate
emissions at various operating conditions, odor intensity and eye
irritation observations by a human panel at three operating
conditions, analyses ot the particulate for polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and further analyses of the gaseous emissions by
long-path infrared and colorimetric techniques. A number of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo (a)pyrene and
several other compounds with reported positive biological activity,
have been detected in diesel exhaust by fluorescence
spectroscopy. The concentrations of most polycyclics were
highest from 1/2 load to 7/8 load with a sharp decrease from 7/8
load to full load. The benzo (a)pyrene concentrations found in
diesel exhaust (0.6 to 7.4 micrograms per cubic meter) were
lower than the 8.5 micrograms per cubic meter recently
reported for automobile exhaust, but the diesel produced more
benzo(a)pyrene (0.15 to 1.3 milligrams) per gallon of fuel than
the automobile (0.27 milligrams). Fluorescence analyses of new
and used lubricating,oil and the rate of oil consumption indicate
that the contribution ot the oil to the exhaust particulate of
this engine is negligible. Values for the emissions of nitrogen
dioxide have been revised downward as a result ot using an
improved sampling technique which minimizes the oxidation of
nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide. Of the three engine operating
modes studied, the odor intensities and eye irritation observed by
the huiran panel were lowest at the 1200 RPK-1/4 load condition.
It is believed at this time that the eye irritation from the
exhaust can be accounted tor by the formaldehyde and acrolein
tound in the exhaust. There is no clear-cut correlation,
however, between the concentrations ot these aldehydes and the
odor differences observed.ft#
B. E. Saltzman N. Gilbert
MICRODETERMINATION OF OZONE IN S«!OG 1IXTOHES (NITROGEN DIOXIDE
EQUIVALENT METHOD). Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 20, 379-86,
Oct. 1959.
A new method has been presented for conveniently and
specifically determining low concentrations of ozone in polluted
air, even in the presence ot large amounts of other commonly
occurring oxidizing or reducing gases. Ozone was
stoichiometrically converted to (and determined as) nitrogen
dioxide, by addition of controlled amounts of gaseous nitric
oxide to the sample air stream and allowing a short reaction
tlow time. Better than 95% conversion was obtained in a
convenient apparatus which was developed, when 1 p.p.m. excess
nitrac oxide and forty seconds reaction time were used. In the
short time allowed, oxidation of nitric oxide by air and organic
oxidant was negligible. Results for pure ozone were in good
agreement with those of an iodide reagent. For synthetic smog
D. Measurement Methods 195
-------
oxidant mixtures (generated by the ozone reaction with
1-hexene) the method appeared speciiic for ozone, whereas the
iodide reagent also responded to organic oxidants. (Thus the
mixture could be differentiated into two oxidant components by
simultaneous application of the two methods.) Reducing gases such
as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide did not appreciably
interfere even in one hundred to one ratio to.ozone. The method
should make possible interesting new data for polluted air. It
should be readily adaptable to automatic recording of ozone
in smog without interference from associated pollutants. (Author
summary)##
03b92
S. T. Cufte
AIP POLLUTANTS FKOM POWER PLANTS (TECHNIQUES FOB EVALUATING
AIR POLLUTANTS). Arch. Environ. Health 6, 422-7,
Mar. 196J. (Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting, Industrial
Hygiene foundation, Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 24-25, 1962.)
The objective of the study is to evaluate the emissions of oxides
of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, polynuclear hydrocarbons, total
hydrocarbons, total solids, formaldehyde, organic acids, and common
metals in the gases era it ted from various types of coal-burning
power plants which may be useful in establishing the range of
atmospheric emissions under various conditions of operation.
Determination of the efficiencies of control eguipment is also
essential tor the long-range objective of reducing total air
pollution. This paper describes the sampling and analytical
techniques used in evaluating the several types of emissions under
study.##
0 J621
U_i621
M. D. Thomas, J. A. MacLeod, R. C. Bobbins, R. C.
Goettleman, P. w. Flridge, L. H. Rogers
AUTOMATIC APPAPATUS FOB DSTEBHINATIOK OF NITPIC OXIDE AND
NITPOGEN DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSP H'JPE. Anal. Chem. 28, 1810-6,
Dec. 1965. (Presented in part. Division of Analytical
Chemistry, Symposium on Air Pollution, UOth Meeting,
American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., Sept.
19b6.)
Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere can be
determined continuously with automatic sampling and recording
apparatus. Two special absorbers are employed for absorption
of nitrogen dioxide in a modified Griess reagent followed by
colorimetric recording. One absorber measures the nitrogen
dioxide alone; the other measures nitrogen dioxide plus nitric
oxide after the latter has been oxidized by ozone, permanganate, or
chlorine dioxide. Concentration limits of the instrument range up
to about 1 p.p.m., but they can be considerably extended or
reduced. Standard error is about plus or minus S%. (Author
abst*act)#t
196 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
03/27
A. P. Altshuller, S. F. Sleva, A. F. Kartburg
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF OLEFINS IN CONCENTRATED
SULFURIC ACID. Anal. Chem. 32, (8) 946-54, July 1960.
(Presented before the Division of Water, Sewage, and
Sanitation Chemistry, Symposium on Air Pollution, 136th
Meeting, American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J.,
Sept. 19b9.)
A new spectropnotometric method tor the determination of small
quantities of olefins is based on the absorbance produced in the
JOO to J10 millimicron range from their reaction with
concentrated sulfuric acid. The procedure is insensitive to
ethylene under all conditions studied and to propylene
concentrations below 1500 p.p.m. Propyl and higher molecular
weight alcohols react to form absorbing products at 30Q
millimicron. Some higher molecular weight aldehydes, nitrogen
dioxide, and sulfur dioxide interfere moderately. The method has
been applied to the analysis of a number of two component liquid
mixtures and to gas mixtures containing butrenes, 1-hexene, or 1-
hexene-benzene in air. The experimental evidence favors
carbonium ions as 'the absorbing species. (Author abstract)**
03924
V. A. Tret'yakova
THE DETERMINATION OF <», 4 • DIPHENYLMETHANE DUSCCYANATE IN AIB
UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. Hyg. Sanit. 31, (4-6) 73-5,
Apr.-June 1966. Rr. (Tr.)
CFSTI, TT 66-bl160/4-6
Two methods are suggested for the photometric determination of
4,4-diphenylmethane dusocyanate (DMD). The first method of
determination is based on the reaction of DMD with aromatic
amines and nitrites for which the sensitivity is 1 microgram in 4.2
ml and the determination error is plus or minus 7%. The second
method of determination is based on the reduction of DMD with
N02 ion. In this case the sensitivity is 20 micrograms/5.5 ml
for photometric deterination with an FMS-56 instrument, with a
mean error of plus or minus U%; the sensitivity for photometric
determinations by the standard series method is 2 microgram/5.5 ml,
with an error of plus or minus 10%. DMD vapor is absorbed by
acetone when the air is drawn through two absorbing vessels with
porous partitions cooled by ice, at a rate of up to 30 1/hr.##
0394H
G. Norwitz
A COLORIHETPIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF OXIDES OF
NITROGEN. Analyst (Cambridge) 91, (1086) 553-8, Sept. 1966.
A method for determining oxides of nitrogen applied to gaseous
products derived from initiating compositions is described.
The oxides of nitrogen are absorbed from the sample into
D. Measurement Methods 197
-------
sulfuric acid, iron (II) sulfate is added and the pink color is
measure!. The interference effects o± a number of gases such as
hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide have been investigated. The
range of the method is 0.005 to 5% of oxides of nitrogen,
calculated as nitrogen dioxide.**
04018
H. Stratmann and M.
1FASUREMENT OF NITROGEN- DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Hessung
von stickstoffdioxid in der atmosphare. Intern. J. Sir
Water Pollution 10, (5) 313-26, May 1966.
Up to the present time there has been no standard process for
determining nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. Saltzman process
is suitable both for discontinuous, continuous and recording
measurements, according to international experience to date. The
chemical reaction mechanism which forms the basis of this process
is, however, still so obscure that different interpretations and
calculations of the research findings are made. The behaviour of
gaseous nitrogen dioxide towards reaction solution in comparison
with the calibration of the process with sodium nitrate was
investigated. It was found that, contrary to the classical
conceptions, 0.5 M of sodium nitrate are not eguivalent to 1 M
of N02, nor, contrary to Saltzman's view, are 0.72 M, but 1
M of N02 corresponds to 1 H of NO2 ions from sodium nitrite.
The calibration factor for a calibration function established with
sodium nitrite thus has no value different from 1, contrary to
previous conceptions. After calculation of the limit of
detection and the reproducibility, the disturbing influences of
foreign substances were investigated, with special attention to the
behaviour of NO-N02 mixtures. Discontinuous N02 emission
measurements can now be carried out at intervals of 10 min. using a
special sampling vessel with an air flow rate of 60 liters/hr.
(author abstract modified)##
OU63b
K. F. Serat, F. E. Budinger, and P. K. Mueller
TOXICITY EVALUATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS BY USE OF LUMINESCENT
BACTERIA. Atmos. Environ. (London) 1, (1) 21-32, Jan.
1967. (Presented at the Seventh Confreence of Methods in Air
Pollution Studies, Los Angeles, Calif., Jan. 25-26, 1965.)
Cells of a species of luminescent bacteria were treated with a
gas stream containing products formed by the photochemical
oxidation of cis-2-butene and NO. Luminescence and viability
decreased with the time of irradiation of reactants. The rate of
luminescence decrease was dependent on the ratio of the initial
concentrations of cis-2-butene and NO with a ratio of giving the
most, rapid loss. Known photochemical oxidation products, ozone,
NOJ, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and PAN were examined
individually. Aldehydes did not appear to contribute to the
198 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
decrease in luminescence but ozone and PAN did. Although N02
alone up to 0.5 ppm produced no decrease, it may contribute to the
luminescence loss in the total irradiation mixture. The total
oxidant concentration produced upon irradiation gave luminescence
decreases which were matched by comparable concentrations of pure
ozone. However, this does not imply that luminescence losses
caused by photochemical oxidants are due only to ozone. A
possible mechanism of the toxic effect and the interpretation of
this bioassay in relation to other organisms are briefly discussed.
(Author abstract)##
04643
J. T. Shaw
THE MEASUREMENT OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE AIR. Atmos.
Environ. 1, (2) 81-5, Mar. 1967.
A method for determining whether an electrolytic generator gives a
quantitative output of N02 is described. The Hersch
electrolytic N02 generator was used to provide accurately known
weights ot N02 and thus to evaluate a calibration factor for
Saltzraan's colorimetric reagent used for the determination of the
gas. The test confirms the value of 0.72 for the calibration
factor. An assertion that the calibration factor is dependent on
the concentration ot nitrogen dioxide sampled, is reexamined and
dismissed, the observations being re-interpreted on a simple
basis. (Author abstract modified)##
04696
M. E. Morrison and W. H. Corcoran
OPTIMUM CONDITIONS AND VARIABILITY IN USE OF PULSED VOLTAGE
IN GAS-CHHOMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF PARTS-PEE-MILLION
QUANTITIES OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Anal. Chem. 39, 255-8,
Feb. 1967.
The electron-capture detector has been shown to be very
sensitive to compounds with high affinities for free
electrons. Because of the relatively high electronegativity
of the nitrogen oxides, an electron-capture detector
was studied for its applicability in the detection of parts-per-
million quantities of nitrogen dioxide. Hith the objective of
analyzing N02 at concentrations below 1 pprc a plane-parallel
electron-capture detector was designed and built. The effects
ot temperature, flow rate, size of tritium source,
voltage, and the means of applying voltage to the plane-parallel
detector were studied. In the study of the methods for
applying voltage, direct current and pulse modes were used. A
Loenco 15A gas chromatograph with a Loenco 15B
electrometer was used in the study. The plane-parallel detector
which was built was similar to one described by Lovelock.
A source of approximately 180 me ot tritium was used. A
conditioned Fluoropak 80 column was operated at 22 C. Argon was
D. Measurement Methods 199
-------
used as both a scavenger and carrier gas. In the study of the
optimum conditions of operation, 0.5-cc samples of nitrogen
containing 88.3 ppm of $02 were used. For the d.c. method
of operation with the plane-parallel djetector, the most
sensitive response was with a carrier flow of 10 cc per min
ot argon, a scavenger flow ot 10 cc per min, and a detector
potential of 4.5 v. The plane-parallel design required a
lower potential and scavenger flow for opticum response in
comparison to the ooposed-ficw Barber-Colman detector
i.e. U. 5 vs. 33 v and 10 vs. 85 cc per mm., respectively.
With the pulse mode of operation, the response of the plane-
parallel detector was relatively independent -of voltage
between 10 and 50 v. The sensitivity of the electron-capture
detector operated in the pulse mode was increased approximately
fourfold in the concentration region from 1 to 10 ppm N02 when
the temperature was decreased from 200 to 25 C, but the effect
was not linear with temperature. In fact, nearly all of the
increase in sensitivity was obtained in the range from 90 to
25 C. An increase in the strength of the tritium source did
increase the response for a given quantity of N02, but the noise
level was increased in the same proportion. Thus, the
absolute sensitivity was not a function of source strength as
long as a reasonable background current could be obtained. The
chror.atographic determinations compared very favorably with
chemical techniques tor the analysis of N02.#«
o a n 5
S. L. Sachdev, J. H. Robinson, and P. K. West
DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION' S P ECTKOM ETRY.
Unal. Chim. Acta 37, 12-9, 1967. (Presented at the Meeting
ot the Society for Applied Spectrcscopy, Denver, Colo.,
Sept. 1965.)
lethods for the determination of vanadium, in the range of
0.5-100 mg/1, by atomic absorption spectroscopy in an oxy-acetylene
as well as in a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame are presented. For
use with oxy-acetylene flames, V is extracted as vanadium
cupferrate into a mixture ot methyl isobutyl ketone and oleic acid
and the organic phase is aspirated to the flame. The sensitivity
is 0.7 mg/1 ot V in the organic phase. An extraction procedure
eliminates a large number of potential interferences from cations
as well as anions. Of the following ions that may be extracted
along with V n this procedure: Sb3 (plus) , Cu2(plus),
WOU (2minus) , Bi(3plus), Th (Uplus) , Mo04 (2minus) ,
Q02(2plus), Sn(Uplus) Ti(4plus), Fa(3plus), Zr(Hplus), none
were found to interfere with the determination; excess cupferron
must be added if ?e(3plus), Sb(3plus) or Zr(Uplus) are present
because they are preferentially complexed under the conditions.
For nitrous oxide-acetylene flames, an aqueous solution of V is
aspirated directly, the sensitivity being improved by use of
mpthyl isobutyl ketone, the addition of Al(3plus) and diethylene
qlvcol diethyl ether. Elimination of potential interferences is
discussed.##
200 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
OU716
S. L. Sachdev, J. W. Robinson, and P. W. West
EFFECT OF MIXFD ORGANIC SOLVENTS ON ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETPY OF REFRACTORY METALS. Anal. Chim. Acta
37, 156-63, 1967.
The effect of various organic solvents on the absorption signal of
vanadium in fuel-rich oxy-acetylene flames and nitrous
oxide-acetylene flames was investigated. The absorption of the
J183-.9 A line of V was greatly anhanced by the use of various
mixed organic solvents when fed to oxy-acetylene flames. In
general, the solvents' effect was in the following order:
Propanol-2 greater than ethanol which was greater than methanol.
Results showed that absorption was maximum in highly reducing
flames and increased as the concentration of organic solvent
increased. Maximum absorption was observed when the solution
contained more than 70% of the respective solvents. In the case
of nitrous oxide-acetylene flame, the addition of diethylene glycol
(about 8% in the final solution), and similar compounds, to the
aqueous solution of V increased the absorption by about 50%.##
OU796
J. E. Sigsby, Jr., L. J. Lage, T. Bellar, and M. L.
Eisele
CHEMICAL METHODOLOGY IN AUTO EXHAUST STUDIES. Preprint.
(Presented at the 51th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
A major auto exhaust research project reguires extensive chemical
analytical support. Such compounds as NO, N02, acrolein, and
the individual hydrocarbons and such classes of compounds as
olsfins and oxidants are determined routinely. Sampling
schedules and conditions are important in the over-all program.
This paper describes the specific analyses and the general
laboratory program that provide the greatest amount of
significant chemical information. The procedures discussed
include IR spectroscopy, wet chemical analysis and gas
chromatography. Wet chemical analyses are made for N02, NO,
four-carbon and higher olefins, acrolein, and formaldehyde. All
samples tor wet chemical analysis are taken with bubblers. A
Beckman Spectrophotometer, Model DU, is used to determine
absorbance. For hydrocarbon analysis the gas chromatograph used
is a modified three-stage instrument. The first and second stages
are operated in series, using thermal conductivity detectors and
helium carrier gas. The third stage operates separately with a
flame ionization detector and a silica gel column to determine the
higher hydrocarbons. The first two stages are used in
conjunction with a double trapping system to determine four-carbon
and higher materials. The utilization of this array of testing
methods and eguipment reguires careful planning, it each experiment
is to yield maximum information. On one occasion 50 samples were
analyzed in a U-hour period; this is more than one sample every
five minutes, and is typical of the quantity of data that may be
obtained it necessary. Normally, the reproducibility of the
chemical results is better than 10%.##
D. Measurement Methods 201
-------
Dimitnades
DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTO EXHAUST. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 17, («) 238-aj, Apr. 1967.
A new procedure for determining nitrogen oxides in automobile
exhaust has been developed. The new procedure was included in a
Bureau of Mines comparative study that aimed at evaluating
various widely used methods tor detertning NOx in auto exhaust.
The methods included in the evaluation study follow: (1) Static
oxidation in tan< (ST method). The method involves oxidation
of TO in residence with 02 in a stainless steel tank. (2)
Bureau ot Mines method (SH method). The method involves
application of the ST procedure in exhaust samples from which
the gydrocarbons have been revoced by combustion over catalyst.
(J) Chevron Research method (CR method), as described in the
literature. (4) Phenoldisulfonic acid method (PDS method), as
described in the literature. The principal objective of this
study was to generate experiemental evidence which would lead to
defininq an optimum procedure for converting NO, present in
exhaust- gas, into N02; this conversion is desired so that the
total ot HO -i- N02 can be determined quantitatively in the form
or M02. In pursuing this objective, the procedures prescribed
by the foreaoing methods were comparatively tested. The results
indicated that all four methods are subject to error, the extent
of which depends on the conditions employed. The BH method was
superior frotr the standpoint of accuracy because it was less
aftectel by interferences due to hydrocarbon-N02 reactions.
(Author abstract)##
04H HO
B. C. Mew bury
o
THE USE OF THE CORRELATION SPECTROMETER IN THE STUDY AND CONTROL
OF AIR "OLLUTTOy. Preprint. (Presentee at the Air and Water
Pollution Conference, Sacramentc, Calif., Feb. 2-J, 1967.)
The ?arrincr
-------
04881
A. P. Barringer
NEW INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES FOB POLLUTION MONITORING.
Preprint. (Presented at the Air and Water Pollution
Conference, Sacramento, Calif., Feb. 2-3, 1967.)
Correlation spectrometers utilize an internal memory of the
spectrum which it is desired to detect. Real time correlation is
carried out against the spectrum of the incoming radiation. The
first of these devices uses a conventional grating spectrometer.
A photographic replica of the spectrum of the gas being detected
is installed in the position normally occupied by the slit of a
dispersive spectrometer. A spectrometer is used to make the
replica mask, by exposure through a cell of the gas, matching
exactly the dispersion and aberration characteristics of the
spectrometer. The unknown spectra of the incident light is caused
to vibrate across the correlation mask, by using a refractor plate
oscillating in a rotary fashion to displace the entrance slit
image from side to side. Phase locked detection of the output of
the photo-multiplier is carried out in synchronism with the
oscillations of the refractor plate. Integration of the
synchronous detection can be made over a period varying from a
fraction of.a second to several seconds. A telescope may be
incorporated in the instrument. Alternative means may be employed
for oscillating the slit image such as a high stability tuning fork
and dual retractor plate assembly. An instrument of this type has
been programed for sulfur dioxide detection. It is capable of
detecting concentrations as low as ten parts per billion over a
one hundred meter pathlength. It is highly specific for sulfur
dioxide having an excellent immunity ot interferences. Operation
is in the ultraviolet region between 2,900 and J,150 Angstroms
where there is sufficient solar spectral radiant flux penetrating
the atmosphere to enable the eguipment to function passively
using natural daylight. An automatic gain control
system operates on the average DC value of the photomultiplier
output. The AC signal under these conditions is directly
proportional to the percentage modulation caused by sulfur
dioxide.##
01900
M. Frossard, R. G. Rinker, and W. K. Corcoran
DETERMINATION OF SHALL QUANTITIES OF NITRIC OXIDE AND NITROGEN
DIOXIDE IN NITROGEN BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. Am. Soc.
Testing Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. J52, 56-9, 196H.
(Presented at the Symposium on Air Pollution Measurement
Methods.)
Studies were made on the determination of nitric oxide (NO) and
nitrogen dioxide (N02) present at less than 5000 ppm by volume in
nitrogen. The work was a continuation of previous studies on the
guantitative analysis ot small amounts of nitric oxide in nitrogen
by gas chromatography using a silica gel column. The nature of
the results suggests that NO and N02 are irreversibly
adsorbed in small quantities of silica gel. This strong
adsorption, separate from a physical or van der Waals
D. Measurement Methods 203
-------
adsorption, forns a basis for separation of small amounts of NO
and N02 subsequent to an initial conditioning of the silica gel
with these oxides of nitrogen (N 2). (Authors' abstract)##
04915
P. R. Sakaida,
Corcoran
R. G. Rinker, R. f. Cuffel, and W. H.
DETERMINATION OF NTTPIC OXIDE IN A NITRIC OXIDE - NITROGEN SYSTEM
BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. Anal. Chem. 33, (1) J2-4, Jan. 1961.
Data are presented to show the precision in the determination by
gas chromatography of nitric oxide present to the extent of
0.1*04% by volume in a nitric oxide-nitrogen mixture. Silica gel
was used as a packing in an 8-toot column, and a dual-thermistor
thermal conductivity cell was used as a sensing element. The
3-siqma limit of standard deviation for a set of data containing
effectively 9C individual measurements was about + or 4%. The
separation of the nitric oxide was affected by the conditioning of
the column with N02 which was strongly adsorbed on the silica
gel. The adsorbed N02 probably forned a weak bond with the NO
in the gas sample to give adsorbed N20J which readily decomposed
to aive up NO, but with tracticnation from the N2. The
techniques permit the determination of NO at concentrations from
at least 1000 to 10,000 p.p.m. in N2 for an expenditure of time
of less than 20 minutes per determination. It is believed that
the procedure could readily be extended to as low as 50 p.p.m. of
NO in K2.#*
0497 )
P. L. Magill
TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED IN THE ANALYSIS OF LOS ANGELES SMOG. Proc.
Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 1st, Pasadena, Calif., 1949.
pp. 61-8.
An analysis of smog was undertaken with the major objectives being
the determination of the materials responsible for the reduction of
visibility and those responsible for eye irritation. The
instruments and methods used for collecting particulate and gaseous
matter from the atmosphere are described. A new method for
semi-quantitative analysis of samples by proton bombardment is
explained. A tabular summary of the components of Los Angeles
smog is provided. The effects of particulate matter on visibility
are described and a simulation experiment is mentioned which shows
eye irritation to be the result of the synergistic effect of
several substances.**
05070
?. P. Lewis
MODIFICATION OF GAS SAMPLING APPARATUS FOR USE IN SHORT-TERM AIR
POLLUTION STUDIES . J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (9)
J70-1, Sept. 1964.
204
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Details describing modifications to the gas sampling
apparatus developed and used by the U. S. P. H. S., Division
of Air Pollution, are given. These modifications have resulted
in the following improvements: lighter weight, reduced breakage,
reduced expense, and increased ease 01 operation. The unit is
self-contained, can be shipped and handled easily, and can be
operated by one man. (Author summary)##
U507«
E. E. Kuczynski
EFFECTS OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE RESPONSE OF THE THOMAS
SO 2 AOTOMETER. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1, (1) 6H-73, Jan.
1967.
A study was made of the quantitative response of the Thomas
S02 autometer to gases that might coexist with S02 as air
pollutants. These gases included N02, NO, HC1, CL2, NH3
, and HF. The gas mixtures were prepared dynamically at the
ppm level by a flow mexing method to a high degree of accuracy.
Syringe pumps were used to add small quantities of pure gases to a
large vol. air stream. The effects of N02, NO, and HF on
the S02 reading were small, but HC1, NH3, and CL2 gave
significant response. (Author abstract)##
05081
G. Norwitz
SPECTROPHOTOMETBIC DETERMINATION OF TOTAL OXIDES OF
NITROGEN BY FERROUS SULFATE REACTION . Army Frankford Arsenal,
Philadelphia, Pa. (Test Sept. No. T66-2-1.) Nov. 1965. 33
PP-
An accurate and rapid method is proposed for the determination of
total oxides of nitrogen in gases from initiators and other
explosive devices. Total oxides of nitrogen include nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen tetroxide and
nitrogen pentoxide. It is frequently customary to determine the
total of these oxides because of the similarity in their toxicity,
mode of formation, and the ease with which they are converted to
each other in equilibrium reactions. In the proposed method the
oxides are treated with air and are absort-ta into sulfuric acid
(10 to 3) . Ferrous sulfate reagent i? then added and the pink
color is measured. It is not necoosary that the air oxidize
nitric oxide'completely. It is shown that nitrate and nitrite
give the same color with the ferrous sulfate reagent. The method
was checked by a technique using a modified Hamilton syringe,
together with a special gas bulb and laboratory cylinders of nitric
oxide and nitrogen dioxide. (Author abstract)##
05170
F. G. Rounds, and H. W. Pearsall
DIESEL EXHAUST OD03 (ITS EVALUATION AND RELATION TO EXHAUST GAS
COMPOSITION. Vehicle Emissions (Selected SAE Papers) 6, 45-
D. Measurement Methods 205
-------
69, 1964. (Presented at the National Diesel Engine Meeting,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Chicago, 111., Nov. 1-2,
1U56, Paper No. 863.)
TechniauQs, based on panel estimates, were developed for
evaluating the odor and irritation intensities of undiluted Diesel
encine exhaust gases or of various dilutions of these gases in air.
Along with the estimates, chemical analyses were made to determine
the concentrations of total aldehydes, formaldehyde, and oxides of
nitiogen. Statistically significant correlations were found
between odor or irritation intensity estimates and the analytical
data, but these correlations were too weak to permit accurate
prediction of odor or irritation from chemical analyses. The
effects of some enaine variables on Diesel odor were studied.
possible means of reducing Diesel odor are discussed. Limited
studies indicated that engine load has a pronounced effect on
exhaust odor and irritation intensity. Engine make, engine speed,
engine condition, fuel type and lubricating oil type had
comparatively little effect. # ft
L. A. Hokhov, Yu. F. Udalov, and V. S. Khalturin
QUA N'TITVriVF DETERMINATION OF NITPITE5 AND OXIDES OF NITEOGEN IN
PUBLIC HEALTH P9ACTICE . Lab. Delo 5, (A) 45-6, 1959.
t procedure is described tor the determination of nitrite and
nitrojen oxide concentrations with the same precision as with the
Griess-Ilosvay reaaent. The principle ot the method consists in
the diazotization of para-aminobenzoic acid in an acid medium by
atmospheric oxides of nitrogen or by the nitrous acid produced
through the interaction of the nitrites in the acid medium, with
formation ot a dye by combination witn 1-amino-3-naphthol-3,
f-disultonic acid. For this purpose, para-aminobenzoic acid is
dissolved in water and acidified with hydrochloric acid; in the
presence of nitrites or oxides of nitrogen it is diazotized, with
^orDation of a diazonium salt, which with 1-amino-3-naphthol-3,
fi-disulfonic acid gives a stable crimson color. The sensitivity
ot the method is 0.001 mg/1, the prescision of the determination
O.OOO1:) mg; it may be used for the quantitative determination of
nitrogen oxides in the air of industrial plants, or for
determination ot nitrites in water and meat.
05299
M. Katz
STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS OF t' 1ASU R EM ENT OF AIR QUALITY IN
!"EH3" COUNTRIES . "reprint. (14o3)
"-jasurement methods tor dust tall, suspended particulat.es,
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, sulruric acid, nitrogen
oxidos, ozone or oxidants, and hydrocarbons are reviewed.
Standardization of techniques and methods of reporting data is a
prerequisite tor international exchange of information and for
further co-operative research in crder to establish a sound basis
tor the control of air pollution.
206
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
05322
MONITORING OF CONTAMINANTS. THE FIEST STEP IN AIB POLLUTION
CONTROL. Irstrument Development Co., Reston, Va. Feb. 1, 1967. 27
pp.
This paper was prepared in order to contribute to the better
understanding of the need for air contaminant monitoring. Included
are explanatory remarks on the Clean Air Act of 1963, some
histroical considerations on air pollution, lists of sources
pollutants, and specifications on air pollution monitoring
equipment currently offered by the Instrument Development Company.
05J43
Wilson, Donald and Kopcynski, Stanley L.
LABORATORY EXPERIENCES IN ANALYSIS OF NITRIC OXIDE WITH
"DICHHCMATE" PAPER. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(3):
160-161, March 1968. 5 rets. (Presented at the 60th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Cleveland, Ohio,
June 11-16, 1967. Paper No. 67-199.)
The "dichromate" paper developed by Ripley, Clingenpeel, and
Hum was used successfully in our laboratory for conversion of
nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide at concentrations up to the 1-ppm
level. When this paper was used for synthetic mixtures with nitric
oxide concentrations in the range of 1-3 ppm, the analyses were
erratic and values were lower than calculated. After a number of
modification of the procedures for preparing and using the
impregnated paper, a modification of the "dichromate" paper was
achieved that reduced scatter in the NO analysis and improved
conversion efficiency. The efficiency and reproducibility of the
modified paper are good enough that efficiency factors may be
established to correct data obtained over a period of at least 6-
hour continuous use at relative humidities near 50 percent.
(Authors' abstract)
Ob352
Comstock, E. G. and Rue, R. R.
EXPOSURE OF MICE TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE-A CONSTANT PRESSURE
SYSTEM. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 22, (1) 33-5, Feb. 1961.
Investigation of the respiratory effects of N02 requires a methods
for delivering a constant known concentration of N02 into an animal
chamber. Continuous delivery of low concentrations of N02 cannot be
accomplished with commonly available gas flow meters. ft complaint
plastic bag has been incorporated into a closed system designed for
exposure of mice to nitrogen dioxide. The plastic bag allows the
delivery of a constant concentration of gas at a'Controlled rate
into an animal exposure chamber at nearly constant pressure.
D. Measurement Methods 207
-------
Ob536
Broering, L. C. Jr., Werner, W. J., Rose, A. H. Jr.
AUTOMOTIVE MASS EMISSION ANALYSIS BY A VARIABLE DILUTION
TECHNIQUE. Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11—16, 1967,
Paper 67-200.)
The objective of this study was to develop an improved method for
measuring engine exhaust, to be used both for compliance testing
and tor the design and development of new engine-emission-controls.
The variable dilution sampling technique was chosen for the system.
The operation of this systemincludes collection and simultaneous
dilution of the total-exhaust volume with a variable volume of
dilution air, such that the total mass flow rate of exhaust gas
plus diluent air is constant for a given unit of vehicle operation.
Measurement of contaminant concentration in the exhaust-diluent air
mixture provides direct measurement o± the mass of contaminants
discharged per unit operation of the vehicle. For continuous mode
mass emission measurements, samples are withdrawn continuously
after the sample pump. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen are measured by the standard
exhaust measurement technigues. The practical capabilities of the
variable dilution system to measure auto exhaust emissions during
cyclic operation, were evaluated by comparing the mass-emission
levels indicated by this system to those obtained with the
proportional sampler. Toe determine the response characteristics
of the system under continuous sampling conditions, known
guantities of butane were injected at the inlet of the sampling
system, and the regponse of the hydrocarbon (NDIS) instrument was
recorded. The redponse time of the total system, including that
attributable to the analytical instruments, compared favorably to
that obtained with the instrument train specified in both the
current Federal and the California Exhaust Emission Standard
Procedures. In summary, the variable dilution sampling technigue
possesses 2 distinct advantages over present emission testing
procedures: (1) The technigue is simple, practical, and accurate
tor the direct measurement of vehicle-exhaust mass emissions. (2)
The rapid and highly sensitive response characteristics of the
system to changes in mode mass-emission levels establish its
usefulness as a design and development tool.
Lewis, R. J.
FIELD APPLICATION OF DIFFUSION TUBES FCS DYNAMIC CALIBRATIONS.
Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967,
Paper 67-197.)
Simple, inexpensive environmental control systems which were
developed for the field use of diffusion tubes to supply a stable,
accurate source of calibration gas for sulfur dioxide, and oxides
o± nitrogen continuous gas analyzers are described. The results of
six months field experiences are presented with comments on and
examples of the reliability and utility of the tube system as a
calibration technigue.
208 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
05572
Scott, ». F,. and E. R. Stephens
A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO THE PPOELEM. Proc . Symp. Cleaner
Air Urban Areas, Philadelphia, Pa., pp. 24-35 (1956)
Chemical reactions that take place in a polluted atmosphere
produce substances that lend smog its eye-irritating,
crop-damaging, visibility-lowering characteristics. The authors
relate how, in an effort to identify these reactions and
substances, the staff devised the long-path (up to 500 meters)
infrared absorption cell. They describe the construction of the
cell, and how it is used to detect and "fingerprint" the products
of photochemical reactions, both in synthetic and in actual smog.
Farly work with this new tool was pointed tc explaining the
characteristic high ozone concentrations of smog, and proceeded
from Dr. Haaqen-Smit 's evidence that nitrogen dioxide reacted
with organic compounds in air to produce ozone. They trace the
nitrogen dioxide studies that finally led to discovery of Compound
X {peroxyacyl nitrite) , believed to be the "missing link" in
the process of ozer.e formation in smog. Gasolines and auto
exhaust as sources of organic pollutants that take part in N02
reactions are discussed. They relate their plans for further
studies with the infrared cell, and the possibility of applying
Los Angeles smog research to other afflicted cities. It may
appear that the work reported here is concerned solely with the
Los Angeles problem. This is partly true because there air
pollution problems in some cities which involve pollutants and
weather conditions entirely different from those of Los Angeles.
On the other hand, however, many large cities do have pollution
sources of the same kind as Los Angeles: power plants,
refineries and other industry, incinerators, automobiles, etc.
The results of studies of reactions of pollutants from these
sources are valid regardless of the city. Weather conditions and
topography in the Los Angeles area are such that the products of
reactions in the atmosphere freguently accumulate and result in
damage and irritation. While conditions tor the accumulation of
these products occur less freguently in other cities, nevertheless
thay do occur and the resulting smog is objectionable and costly.
Kith an inversion and no wind, we have a good trap for pollutants
from these sources, and as good a chance of having smog as Los
Angeles. Plant damage is reported in areas surrounding most
large cities of the world. Los Angeles studies show that there
are other pollutants besides coal smoke and SC2 that may he
objectionanle, especially in and around large cities. t#
H. M. Benedict and W. H. Breen
TH1! USE OF WEFDS AS A MEANS OF EVALUATING VEGETATION DAMAGE
CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp.,
3rd, Pasadena, Calif., 177-90 (1955)
This paoer presents the results of fumigations of ten species of
weeds which occur more or less commonly throughout the United
States, by ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide,
oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide. Plants of two different
D. Measurement Methods 209
-------
ages and growing under two conditions of available soil moisture
were fumigated at two concentrations of each compound. The
results are recorded as (1) descriptions and photographs of the
markings which were produced on each weed by each fumigant; (2)
relative resistance of the various weeds to each fumigant. By
using these two types or information it is believed that, in an
area where air pollution may be causing markings on vegetation,
observation of the markings on some of these weeds will lead to
identification of the pollutant and consequently determination of
the area over which it is spreading in concentrations sufficiently
high to mark vegetation. (Author summary)##
05606
A. T. Possano, Jr. and H. B. H. Cooper
PSOCEDURE FOR CALIBRATING A CONTINUOUS N02 ANALYZER. ... Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 13 (11), 518-2J (Nov. 1963).
(Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-1J, 1963.)
A method is described tor calibrating a Beckman K1008 portable
analyzer, an instrument for the continuous measurement of low
concentrations (parts per million by volume) of nitrogen dioxide
(N02) in the atmosphere. The apparatus used, reagent
preparation, calibration procedures, and limitations and sources of
error have teen discussed in detail.##
05609
M. P. Sweeney, D. J. Swartz, G. A. Rost, R. Macphee,
and J. Chao
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN AUTO EXHAUST.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (7) 249-54, July 1964.
(Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Detroit, Bich., June 9-13, 1963.)
A pressurizatior. system for conversion of NO to N02 is
described which is a mobile unit capable of continuous sampling and
recording ot nitrogen oxides in auto exhausts. N02 absorbs
energy in the near UV and blue regions of the spectrum with
sufficient strength so as to make colorimetric determinations
practical. In addition, if the measurement is made in the
neighborhood of 400 millimicrons (blue), cross interferences from
other exhaust gas constituents are virtually eliminated.
Isolation ot the 350-4bO millimicrons region may be readily
accomplished using a color filter. The possible difficulties
arising out of the equilibrium relationship between N204 and
2N02 are nreatly diminished since the expected NO concentration
will rarely exceed 6000 ppm. From the conversion relationship:
2ND + 02 = 2N02 it is seen that the N02 concentration in
ppm will exactly reflect the original NO concentration in the
exhaust gas if the oxidation efficiency is 100%. On this basis,
with stoichiometric oxygen, equilibrium calculations show that for
1000 ppm N02, 1% appears as N204; for 5000 ppm N02, fi%
appears as N204; and for 10,000 ppm N02, 10% appears as
N204 (room temp, 1 atm). NO will react with an excess of 02
so that the N02 concentration as measured will be decreased by a
constant dilution ratio which will reduce N204 values
210 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
proportionately. The above analysis was used as the basis for
designing a photometer to specifically measure N02 or oxidized
NO in automobile exhaust gas. The sensing instrument is
basically a double beam colorimeter which utilizes two voltage
regulated tungsten filament sources, two optical cells, and two
cadmium sultide photoconductive detectors. While the colorimeter
response is satisfactory, that of the total analyzer system of the
prototype must be improved if rapid changes are followed.
Potential means for reducing the response time are described.##
.05866
R. E. Kostebach and H. G. Kling
NITROGEN DIOXIDE DETECTION USING A COULOKETRIC METHOD. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 12 (10), 459-63 (Oct. 1962).
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.)
The toxic level presence of N02 in any working area is an
industrial hygiene problem, and its unwatned presence in any area
may present an air pollution problem. The adaptability of the
Mast Model 724 Series Meter tor the monitoring of N02 HAS
been demonstrated. The Mast Nitrogen Dioxide Meter is based
upon a coulometric system. A chemical solution containing the
proper amounts of reagents is pumped into the sensor. The
solution flows in a thin film down the electrode support, upon
which are wound many turns of a fine platinum wire cathode and a
single turn of a platinum wire anode, and is deposited in the
waste reservoir. The air sample enters through the air inlets, is
drawn into the sensor by way of the narrow annulus where it comes
into intimate contact with the solution contained on the electrode
support, and exits by means of air pump. The instrument requires
only 115-volt, 60-cycle power supply and a small 1.34-volt mercury
battery. A battery-operated portable unit was developed for N02
measurements at locations where an external power supply is not
available. Operating characteristics of the microcoulomb sensor
are: (1) A fixed dc voltage applied across the sensor cathode and
anode; (2) The chemical solution flows over the electrodes at a
fixed flow rate (1.25 ml/hr typical for 03 meters and 2.5 ml/hr
typical for N02 meters); (3) The gas sample containing an
oxidant to be measured flows through the sensing cell at a fixed
flow rate (140 ml/min typical for ground level applications). The
response time of a sustained level of 2000 ppm of N02 is 50% of
full reading in 0.2 mm, 88S in one min, and full reading response
occurs in less than 5 min. The detector recovers in less
than 12 sec. after removal of H02. Recovery down to 20% of an
actual concentration reading occurs in less than 60 sec. Full
recovery occurs in less than 5 min.##
05952
Pyazanov, V. A.
A SUMMARY OF 1961 STUDIES IN THE FIELD OF LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANTS. (In: Limits of
allowable concentrations of atmospheric pollutants. Book 7.)
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 9, pp. 1J8-41. (1963). Russ. (Tr.)
D. Measurement Methods 211
-------
The Committee for the Sanitary Protection of Atmospheric Air
approved limits of allowable concentrations in the air for the
following new substances: furfurol, dimethyIformamide and styrol.
Furfurol is a heterocyclic aldehyde which is a good solvent for
many organic substances used ir. the preparation of some plastics
and a selective solvent for the purification of crude oil
lubricants. The threshold of aldehyde odor perception in most
sensitive persons was established at 1 mg/cu ui- It was determined
that 0.05 mg/cu m of furfurol constituted the subthreshold
concentration in all the tests employed. Therefore, 0.05 mg/cu n
of turfurol was accepted as the maximal single allowable
concentration. Styrol is a benzene homologue with one double bond
at its side chain. The maximal single allowable concentration of
styrol in the atmospheric air was suggested as 0.003 mg/cu m.
Dimethyltormamide is a colorless liguid having a nauseating herring
odor; it is used as a polyacrylnitryl solvent in the synthetic
fiber industry known as orlon and nitron. It was recommended that
U.03 mg/cu m be adopted as the limit of allowable single and 24
hour concentration of dimethylformanide vapor in the air, since it
proved to be the subthreshold concentration in relation to all the
test indexes. The limit of allowable phenol concentration in
atmospheric air was set at 0.01 mg/cu m. Hats were exposed to the
inhalation of nitrogen dioxide 6 hours daily for 161 days at
different dose levels. No maximum allowable concentration was
agreed upon.
06050
D F. Adams
OZON" ANALYSIS KITH THE "1INI-ADAK II. J. Air Pollution
Control Sssoc. 13, (2) 88-90, Feb. 1963. (Presented at the
55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Chicago, 111., Kay 20-24, 1962.)
The suitability of sodium diphenylaminesulf onate
potassium iodide, and phenolph thalein reagents for ozone analysis
in o multipurpose, automatic analyzer such as the Kini-Adak II
was investigated. The oxidation potential for NaDS is more
negative than that for iodine and, tnerefore, NaDS is believed
less susceptible to oxidative interference as a colorimetric
reagent. The reagents were prepared along with a mixture of
ozone and oxides of nitrogen. The test atmosphere was drawn
through a single manifold and thence to two midget impingers in
parallel, one containing 10 ml of the neutral KI reagent and the
other 10 ml of either the NaDS or phenolphthalin reagent. A
second series of comparisons was made between a midget impinger
containina neutral KI and the Kini-Adak II utilizina the
NaDS or phenolphthalin reagent. Based on the literature and
the work herein reported, either the phenolphthalin or NaDS
reaqents can he used in the flini-Adak for ozone analysis.
Selection of the reagent to be used should be based uoon an
evaluation of thr possible interferences which may be present with
ozone in the atmosphere and the relative sensitivities (molar
absorbancy) ot the two reagents. Either reagent shows only
one-fourth as much response to N02 neutral KI and is therefore
superior to KI in this respect. Based on the laboratory study,
thf- phenolphthalin reagent appears somewnat preferable for use in
the Hini-Adak. This selection is tentatively made upon the
basis ot the greater sensitivity (molar absorbancy) of the
212 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
pher.olphthaline which permits the use of a lower Mini-Adak
sensitivity range with its attendent reduction in electronic
background noise.#t
061 12.
Tada, 0.
MEASUREMENT OF MB POLLUTANTS. Bunseici Kagaku (Japan Analyst)
(Tokyo) pp. 110R-7R. 1966. Jap.
IitDortant papers published in Japan Analyst in 196t and 1965 are
summarized. The subject is limited to measurement methods of air
pollutants known to be toxic to health. Pollutants from stacks and
automobile exhausts are covered, including many cyclic
hydrocarbons, aldehydes, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone,
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, fluorine compounds, hydrogen
sulfide, lead compounds, and offensive odors. Various sampling
methods are described, especially using filtering with glass wool
filters, electric dust collectors, gas absorbers, and portable
samplers containing silica gel. The pollutants can be measured by
electroconductivity methods, coiorimetric measurement recorder, gas
chroniatographic analysis, electron capturing detector, and hydrogen
ion detector. The papers summarized do not include those dealing
with industrial or occupational environment or mining.
06279
K. E. Ball
DEVELOPMENT OF AS ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING SYSTEM (FINAL PEPT.
JUNE 12, 1958-JUNE 30, 1961). (Mine Safety Appliances
Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., Research and Engineering Division.)
(1961). 45 pp. (Pept. No. MSA 30182b.)
Atmospheric monitoring devices sensitized to continuously
detect and record toxic and higher concentrations of HF, F2,
B5H9, N2H4, N02 and C1F3 (missile fuels and
oxidizers) have been developed and engineered. An ionization type
analyzer sensitive to finely divided aerosols is used as the
detecting instrument. Various amine and acid reagents are
used to convert the oxidizers and fuels respectively to
aerosols. Response times are in the order of seconds and
a high degree of specificity has been attained. (Author's
abstract)*#
06284
R. Buscaglia and S. Kallack
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A MULTIPURPOSE INFRARED PROPELLANT
DETECTOR. (Patterson Moos Research Division, leesona
Corp., Jamaica, N.Y.) (ASD Technical Hept. No. 61-382.)
(Aug. 1961) . 22 pp.
This investigation was concerned with determining the
feasibility of developing open-path narrow absorption infrared
(NAIR) instrumentation capable of detecting and measuring
D. Measurement Methods 213
-------
very low atmospheric concentrations of various toxic" ptropellant
vapors. In the course of this program a novel measurement
system was conceived, and a laboratory prototype of this system
was designed and fabricated. Because of the unique spectral
response characteristics of the NAIR detector, it was
possible to combine in this one instrument the desirable features
of both single and double beam instrumentalloc. The system
was applicable to ethylene oxide, unsymmetrical dimethyl-hydrazine,
dinitrogen tetroxide and hydrazine. Tests performed with this
prototype instrument demonstrated system feasibility.
The measurement sensitivity was, in all cases, within one order
ot magnitude of that required; in ir.ost cases it was
substantially better than this. Sensitivity to ethylene oxide
exceeded the specified requirements. In addition to
demonstrating feasibility and determining sensitivity, these
tests also indicated several simple modifications which
would substantially reduce noise and thereby improve
sensitivity. (Authors' abstract)**
06301L
KECHUNISMS CF RIP POILUTION REACTIONS. (Section VIII of
Air "ollution Research Progress Report for Quarter Ended
December 31, 1966.) Bureau of (lines, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Coal Research Center, 1966, pp. BP"/6 9-BK/76 „
The NOx-sensitized photooxidation of 2-methyl-1-butene was
investigated. Yields with regard to the reaction production
formaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone, PAN, PPN, nitratas and
CO were determined. The study of the NOx-sensitized
pnotooxidation of tagged ethylene in the presence of other
hydrocarbons was terminated. Results indicated that (u) the
photochemical reactivity of ethylene in mixture with other
hydrocarbons varies with change in the mixture composition, and
(2) the variation is unpredictable at the present time. (Author
sunmary) *#
06 33H
Kagna Corp., Anaheim, Calif., Research and Development Div.
(Pept. PED-TDF-63-1 136.) (Kay 1963). 48 pp.
TOXIC VAPOS INDICATORS.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 607046
Pesults are presented of work performed in the development of thin
tilin sensors for the detection of low concentrations of nitrogen
tetroxide and fluorine. The effect of temperature and humidity on
the resoonse rates of the films is presented. Responses, in
terms ot increase in sensor resistance, ot several percent per
minute have been below 1 pmm. Based upon the results, a
laboratory model of a personnel dosimeter for nitrogen tetroxide
and fluorine was built and submitted for field tests. (Author
abstract)#*
214 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
06U60
K. D. Thomas and J. 0. Ivie
SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF OZONE AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN.
Preprint. (1960.)
This paper describes a modification of the Griess diazo-reaction
method by which ozone can be determined specifically. The gas
phase reaction between ozone and nitric oxide to form nitrogen
dioxide is extremely rapid. The half-life at 1 ppm is 1.8 seconds
and 18 seconds at C.1 ppm. The corresponding half-lives of the
NC2-03 oxidation are listed at 8 and 80 min. respectively.
Evidently NO and ozone cannot coexist in the atmosphere. One
compound or the other will disappear rapidly even at concentrations
found in polluted air. If ozone is present, it can be determined
by adding an excess ot NO to a sample of the air, allowing a
short time tor reaction, then finding the increase in NO2
concentration as compared with the untreated air. For this
purpose it is only necessary to add a third identical absorber
system to the automatic analyzer for NO and N02 together with
accessory equipment to supply the required NO. N02 when
absorbed in this solution (0.5 sulfanilic acid, 5 percent acetic
acid and 50 ppm N-(1 naphthvl)-ethylene) diazotizes the
sulfanilic acid and reacts with the coupling reagent to produce an
intensely colored red azo dye. The latter is read in a recording
colimeter. NO has no effect on the reagent and HN03 does not
interfere except at unrealistically high concentrations. All
absorbed nitrites react quantitatively. However NO2, which
theoretically should give a 50% yield of nitrous acid, actually
gives a 82% yield in fitted glass absorbers or a 90% yield in
absorbers with stainless steel spirals. Empirical calibration
with known amounts of N02 is therefore necessary. A diagram of
the automatic N02-NO-03 analyzer is included.##
06599
K. W. Wilson and H. Buchberg
A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM FOR AIR POLLUTION STUDIES.
Preprint. (Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Philadelphia, Pa., Hay 25,
19bH, Paper No. 58-54.)
The objective of this study was to design, construct, and
validate a controlled air environment system with limited capital
expenditure which would offer flexibility in the areas of
experimentation mentioned and in the further elucidation of
design parameters concerned with the simulation of the natural air
environment. Four very important areas of experimentation in air
pollution are: 1. The determination of the effects resulting
from the exposure of humans, animals, plants, and materials to an
air environment polluted by different substances in various
amounts. The identification of substances from various sources
ot pollution responsible, directly or indireptly, for various
deleterious effects, and the determination of the amounts of these
substances that must be removed to prevent or minimize these
effects. 3. The evaluation of pollution control measures in
terms of the actual effects produced. U. The investigation of
reaction mechanisms in the polluted air environment. The
controlled air environment system described was constructed and is
D. Measurement Methods 215
-------
being developed. In addition to a discussion of the design
teatures, preliminary experiments utilizing the system sre
presen ted.##
0661 J
B. E. Saltzman
COLO->IHETRIC PICP9DETEPMTNATION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. Bnal. Chem. 26 (12), 1949-55 (Dec. 1954).
A new specific reagent has been developed and demonstrated to
absorb N02 efficiently in a midget fritted bubbler at levels
below 1 ppa. The reagent is a mixture of sulfanilic acid,
N- (1-naohthyl)-ethylene-diamine dihydrochloride, and acetic acid.
A stable direct color is produced with a sensitivity of a few
parts per billion for a 10-minute sample at 0.4 liter per minute.
Ozone in fivefold excess and other gases in tenfold excess produce
only slight interfering effects; these may ce reduced further by
mear.s which are described. (Author abstract modified)##
066U2
C. F. Ellis
A SUGGESTED FEOCEDURF. FOR CONVERTING NO IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS TO
NO 2 (TECHNICAL NOTE). Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, 8
(5) , 29 7-9 (1964) .
A modification of the Saltzman method in making analysis of
cases containing low concentrations of NO F, N02 is described.
The procedure involves use of fiber glass filter paper on which an
oxidizing solution of acidified KMn04 has been evaporated.
This oxidant preparation readily converts NO to N02 in low
concentrations, apparently without loss, permitting the well-known
colon metric determination of 02 to be applied to the
determination of ">IO and N02 separately. In this test the
total concentration of NOx should only range from 1 to 5 ppm.
Gases containing higher concentrations of NO and N02 however,
possibly could be handled without a dilution step, but this has not
been demonstrated. Inasmuch as the procedure as now defined is
limited to low concentrations of NO, automobile exhaust gases
must be diluted with nitrogen to an appropriate concentration.
Moreover, it is necessary that the dilution be made immediately
after the exhaust sample is drawn.#5
068-12
M. Fugas, and M. Gentilizza
EFFECT OF N02 ON S02 DETERMINATION USING PARAROSANILINE.
Proc. Intern. Congr. Occupational Health, Vienna, 1966. pp.
JH5-H.
Among various methods used for the determination of 502 in the
air, the procedure after West and Gaeke involving samp]ing in
sodium tetrachloromercurate and colcrimetric determination with
216 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
pararosaniline has tound widest application being the most specific
and sensitive method in use. The literature data concerning the
extent of N02 interterence in this method are limited. In this
investigation, the interference of N02 in the determination of
S02 was studied in chemical solutions of N02 - and S03—, in
samples of laboratory prepared gas mixtures and in the outdoor
atmosphere. Test results indicated that a definite amount of
N02 interferes in the S02 determination decreasing the
obtained S02 values as follows: by the same absolute amount
irrespective of the actual S02 concentration; by the same
percentage irrespective of the actual S02 concentration; by the
amount depending on the S02/N02 ratio. (Author abstract
modified)#*
06S89
Antoshechkin, A. G.
INSTRUMENT FOE DETEPMINATIONS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF NITROGEN
OXIDES AND NITRIC ACTD FUMES IN AIR. (Pribor dlya opredeleniya
kontsentratsii okislcv azota i parov azotnoi kisloty v vozdukhe.)
Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.), 30 (2):234-236, Feb. 1965.
Translated from Russian.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
The author designed and tested an instrument for the determination
of the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and nitric acid fumes in
air. The action ol the instrument is based on measurements of the
electrical conductivity of a solution obtained by drawing the air
with nitrogen oxides through distilled water. The instrument is
portable, its design is simple and it can be constructed under
laboratory conditions. Its sensitivity is from 0.0003 to 20 mg
nitrogen oxides per 1 liter of air. One analysis takes 1 to 2
min. Thirty ml of distilled water is introduced with the syringe
into the upper tube and into the vessel. The water cannot leave
the vessel because of the valve, and it forms a 1 cm layer
between the two electrodes. now the pump is attached and 5 1 of
air are drawn in distilled water. Nitrogen oxide from the air
combines with water to produce nitrous acid. The higher the
concentration of nitrogen oxide in the air, the higher will be the
concentration of the HN02 solution in the vessel. Since HN02,
like HN03, is a strong electrolyte and completely dissociated to
ions in dilute solutions, the electrical conductivity of the
solution is proportional to the concentration. The electrodes are
ted with a constant voltage froir a U.5V source. In using the
instrument, one must remember that interference is caused by gases
that are readily soluble in water and produce a strong electrolyte
on solution' (the sulfuric acid fumes). After suitaDle graduation,
the instrument can also be used for the determination of sulfuric
acid fumes in air.t#
06911
G. E. Moore, A. F. W. Cole, M. Katz
THE CONCURRENT DETERMINATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN
DIOXI-DE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
(1), 2b-B (May 1967). (Presented at the «9th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Buffalo, N.Y., May 20-24,
1456.)
D. Measurement Methods 217
-------
Concurrent determinations of S02 by the conductimetric and
colorimetric methods, and simultaneous determination of N02 by
the Saltzman colorimetric method were discussed. Conductimetric
determinations yielded consistently higher values for sulfur
dioxide than the colorimetric method based on the chromogenic
reaction of luchsin, formaldehyde and sulfite. These differences
may be accounted for, in part, by the presence of nitrogen dioxide
in the atmosphere which reacts with the fuchsin reagent to lower
the colorimetric sulfur dioxide value. The nitrogen dioxide
concentration levels of the atmosphere fluctuate in a manner
similar to those of sulfur dioxide and are somewhat lower in
magnitude than the conductimetric sulfur dioxide levels. When
the fuchsin values are corrected tor the effect of nitrogen
dioxide, the colorimetric sulfur dioxide levels are in fairly close
agreement with those estimated by the conductimetric method.t#
069b3
N. A. Poulos
AMPEROMETRIC PKOPELLANT-COMPONENT DETECTOR. Olin
Mathieson Chemical Corp., New Haven, Conn., Contract No.
AF 3-1 (600) -J931 1, Project No. 7165, Task No. 71386, ASD
Technical ?ppt. No. 61-154, 39p., May 1961. 19 refs.
CFSTI/DDC: AD 265614
The data obtained in production of an improved multipurpose
detector capable of measuring low airborne concentrations of
nitrogen tetroxide (N20U) , ozone (03) , hydrazine (N2H4) ,
unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), and hydrogen fluoride
(H?) is presented. The concept of "forward and reverse
polarization" was applied and considerable specificity was obtained
of 100 microamperes per part per million of nitrogen tetroxide, 52
microamperes per part per million of ozone, 40 microamperes per
part per million of hydrazine, and 20 microamperes per part per
million of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine. (Author's
abstract)##
07379
P. Kano
070NF. Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J., Japan
Air Cleaning Assoc.) 2(1):54-59, 1964. 11 refs.
The methods of production, toxic nature, and methods of
detection of ozone are described. The Denshi Czonizer No. 1 is
illustrated in which oxygen or air is passed between the dielectric
plates and a silent discharge by high voltage a.c. produces
ozone. The ozone concentration varies according to humidity and
temperature of the air, low temperature and humidity being
favorable for effective utilization of the ozone. Part of the
toxic character of ozone comes from the presence of nitrogen oxide
as an impurity. The maximum allowable concentration of each in
its pure state is 20 ppm but when mixed, 1 ppm is the
maximum. Uses of ozone tor air cleaning, oxidation of
organic compounds, sterilization, water cleaning,
ceodonzation , etc. are covered. Ozone detection methods are
divided into chemical and physical methods. The physical
218 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
method is more convenient and tast. Usually the odor of ozone
permits its detection betore much harm to the human body can
occur.*#
H. Miyazaki, K. Ui, H. Ando
INVESTIGATION OF TEXT METHODS OF S-OXIDES AND N-OXIDES IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. Text in Japanese. J. Japan Petrol. Inst.
(Tokyo), 9(3):21U-216, «ar. 1966. 10 refs.
The methods investigated are the electrical conductivity
method, rosaniline method, and Saltznan method. Drawbacks to
the electrical conductivity method are that S02 and S03 cannot
be measured separately and that H2S, mercaptans, and other
elements interfere with measurement. In addition, the electrical
conductivity of the absorbing liquid depends on the temperature.
The rosaniiine method is used only for S02. Considerations
in using this method consist of the speed of absorption of the
air tested, the shape of the absorber, absorption efficiency,
and maintenance of the absorption liquid. Impingers and air
washing bottles are also required. The absorption of test air
depends on the celocity and on the shape of the bottle;
absorption efficiency of the absorption liquid was good,
indicating the need for only one absorption tube. Data
obtained by sue of both electrical conductivity and
rosaniline methods wore in good agreement with each other.
As tor the Saltzman method tor N-oxides, the absorption
efficiency was found to depend on the speed of absorption and on
the type of absorption tube used. It is difficult to make
a perfect collection of N02 by the Saltzman method. The
hourly variation of N02 concentration in Yokohama is graphed;
it reached a peak of U.O'i ppm between 9 and 10 A.M. which
is much less than the corresponding S02 concentration.##
U7H01
Suzuki, S.
POTENTIAL AUTOMATIC DETECTOR OF SHALL AMOUNTS OF OXIDIZING GAS
USING POTASSIUM IODIDE AS A REACTION INDICATOR (I). Text in
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning
Assoc., Tokyo), 2(3):19-29, 1965. 7 refs.
The detector described consists of two parts: the measuring
section and the recording part. The efficiency of the measuring
part was determined by a potentiometer which measured the relation
between the iodine concentration and electric potential which are
proportional. There was difficulty in obtaining good
repeatability values; the problem is discussed in some detail.
The efficiency of the automatic recording equipment was then
tested. A wiring diagram of the apparatus is included. The
relation between resistance change in the wire and deflection of
the recorder is graphed. As for operating procedure, the effects
of potential stability, bubbling, and ultraviolet rays were
investigated. Graphs illustrate that ^.nitial potential stability
in potassium iodide is difficult to reach but once obtained, the
-stability will remain constant during changes in potassium iodide.
Other effects noted were that bubbling affec"ts the voltage and the
D. Measurement Methods
219
-------
effect of ultraviolet rays is great. The detector was used for
RO2, ozone, radioactive iodine, and other gases. The process
and methods of examination are described in detail.**
07482
Kanno, S.
DETERMINATION OF OSSEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS. Text in Japanese.
J. Jap. Petrol. Inst. (Tokyo), 7(2):92-96, Feb. 1964. 6
ref s.
The determination of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in smoke
and in air are covered. S02 in smoke is measured
colorimetrically or by detection tube. Two methods are described:
one for measuring pollutants after the combustion of coal or heavy
oil or for gases mixed with N02 and the other for mixtures of
S02 and S03. Procedures are given for making the test
liquid (absorption liquid) and for exact measurement for each
method. The detection tube is illustrated briefly. The
absorption tube method is not sufficient for N02 detection. A
method of almost perfect collecting efficiency which is used in the
Kanagawa Prefecture Public Health Laboratories is described.
The absorber is composed of a mixture of NaOH and butanol.
For S02 and S03 measurement, the electric conductivity method
and barium molybdate method are illustrated. The rosanaline
method is used as well as an alkali filter paper method. The
latter is superior to the widely used PbC2 method in that
reagent quality does not affect the measured value and the
collecting efficiency does not depend on temperature and humidity.
*#
C. O. Peterson, Jr., W. V. Dailey, H. G. Amrhein
APPLYING NON-PTSPEPSIVE INFRARED TO ANALYZE POLLUTED STACK
GASFS. Instr. Technol. , Itt (8) : fi-48, Aug. 1967. 3 refs.
The toxic and reactive properties that make some air pollutants
difficult to analyze in the parts-per-million range are the
properties that make it important to measure these effluents
accurately. The operation of nondispersive infrared analyzers
with a positive filtering type sensitization is reviewed. The
method of sensitizing an instrument uses a negative filtering-
type sensitization for nitrogen dioxide with a nor.-dispersive
infrared analyzer. In the conventional method, nitrogen
dioxide is used to sensitize the comparison cell and detector.
However, it was round that it could not be used because of its
reactivity. Propylene and vinyl chloride were satisractory
because they have strong adsorption bands at 6.2 microns. Acetone
was used to egualize the infrared adsorption by water vapor in
both cells. By negative tiltering-type sensitization is was
possible to desensitize water vapor response although the single-
beam (positive filtering) response to water vapor was
approximately four times that of nitrogen dioxide.##
220 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
07687
Young, Robert A.
MEASUREMENT OF NITRIC OXIDE IN IHE EAFTH'S ATMOSPHERE.
Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., Contract
No. DA-49-146-XZ-112, Project No. DASA-1887, SSI Project No. PAU-
3895, 3Up., March 23, 1967.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 649829
Pecent fluorescent nitric oxide dayglow measurements have indicated
that the concentration of NO is approximately 100 times larger, than
previously supposed. This result has necessitated a drastic
revision of the models for NO production and loss and re -
evaluation of the interaction of Lyman-alpha radiation from the sun
with NO to create the lonization in the D-region. It is obviously
extremely important to verify the fluorescent measurements by an
entirely independent means. Status is described of a nitric oxide
detector that is being developed for use in the lower ionosphere.
The sersor, which operates by selective photoionization of nitric
oxide, was essentially completed. The associated electronics were
designed. The mechanical components were designed and partially
completed.
078J8
Dimitriades, Basil
METHODOLOGY IN AIR POLLUTION STUDIES USING IRRADIATION CHAMBERS. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc., 17 (7) : 460-466, July 1967. 12 refs.
Experimentation in large irradiation chambers has been useful in
providing insight into the chemistry of the photochemical smog
formation problem. Initial efforts to reproduce the atmoshperic
phenomena artifically at controllable scale were successful in that
gross atmospheric smog symptoms were observed in irradiation
chambers. However, as the experimentation and evidence produced
were becoming more elaborate, the question arose as to how much one
could rely on chemical data in understanding and interpreting
atmospheric phenomena. The question becomes highly pertinent in
view of the difference in concentration levels between atmosphere
and chamber work. This issue was discussed during recent Amercian
Chemical Society meetings, and the conclusions from presnetations
and discussions were as follows: (1) There is gualitative
agreement between chamber data and atmospheric data wherever
comparison is feasible. (2) There is need for more precise chamber
work at concentration levels more nearly equal to those in the
atmosphere. Experimentation in chambers under typical atmospheric
conditions presents some special problems associated with the
chamber design and chemical analysis. Chamber methodology has been
the focus of considerable research effort, and it appears to be an
important factor affecting further progress in air pollution
research. This paper describes methods and technigues used at the
Bartlesville Petroleum Research Center. (Author's abstract)
D. Measurement Methods 221
-------
07857
F. H. Davis
A REVIEW OF PHYSICOCHEKICAL METHODS FOR NITROGEN, OXYGEN, AND
NITRIC OXIDE MEASUREMENTS. Air Force Flight Dynamics Lab.,
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Research and Technology Div.,
CFSTT/DDC: AD 648039
Project No. 1426, Task No. 142610, Tech. Rept. AFFDL-TR-
66-71, Hip., Aug. 1966. 164 refs.
C^STI/DDC: AFFDL-TH-648039
Several of the physicochemical methods used within approximately
the last 15 years for research studies performed with molecular
nitrogen, atomic nitrogen, molecular oxygen, atomic oxygen ana
nitric oxide are summarized. Several of the techniques used are:
modified conventional spectroscopic techniques, emission and
absorption; electron-beam probe studies; flash photolysis (NO2,
03, Cl-oxide decomposition, formation of vibrationally excited
02); shock tube studies (dissociation 01 02, indirect
measurement of recombination rates at high temperature); flame
reaction studies (approach to thermal equilibrum of flame gases
measured by photometric or mass-spectrometric methods); modified
Wood-Bonhoetter experiments (fast-flow studies utilizing the air
after-glow, catalytic probes, or Wrede-Harteck gauges to measure
0-atom concentration); photolysis techniques (Hg-
sensitized photolysis of nitrous oxide, low concentration
photolysis of nitrogen dioxide); and mass-spectrometer studies
(fast reactions by time-of-flight mass spectrometry studies of
discharged oxygen by modified, conventional mass spectrometry).
The use of an electron-beam probe is extensively discussed since
this technique has been directly applied to rarefied, nonradiating,
nitrogen-containing gas flows. Some of the techniques used in the
past for measurement of gas temperatures are outlined.##
07885
P. J. Lewis, P. Smith, P. Baker
AN ANALYSIS OF INSTRUMENT DOWNTIME FOR A LARGE AIR MONITORING
NETWORK. Preprint. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, (T2)p.,
1967. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association., Cleveland, Ohio, June 12-16, 1967.)
There is a prevalence of opinion encouraged by company sales
representatives that currently available continous air
monitoring equipment is truly continuous and automatic.
The word automatic as applied to present air monitoring
instruments is defined by a detailed analysis of the type of
instrument failures which can be expected. The experience is
drawn from the operating reports and records of the Continuous
Air Monitoring Project (CAMP). Failure of the instrument
system can come about for many reasons, and is defined by the
loss of anticipated valid data output. Three major causes for
loss of data are instrument failure, personnel failure, and supply
support failure. It is concluded that successful network
operation of continuous air monitoring equipment demands careful
design of support functions and personnel selection. A
222 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
continual reanalysis of operating efficiency and upgrading of
personnel training is mandatory. (Authors' abstract,
modified) ##
07438
K. L. Kain, B. T. Commins, G. Dixon-Lewis, J. F.
Nunn
DETECTION AMD DETERMINATION OF HIGHEP OXIDES OF NITEOGEN.
Brit. J. Anaesthesia (Altrinham), Vol. 39, 425-431, 1967.
17 refs.
Methods are described tor the determination of NO, N02 or
(204 as contaminants of nitrous oxide. Most of the
discussion is related to nitrous oxide as an anesthetic, however,
the most sen-sitive methods which will detect less than 1 ppm are
appropriate for studies of air pollution. Saltzman developed
a colorimetnc method which uses the diazo reaction to determine
N02. It has been adapted for the measurement of NO. Nitrous
acid is formed when N02 dissolves, diazotizing sulphanilic acid
which then couples with alphanaphtyl ethylene diamine to give a
magenta color. The calibration is made by adding known amounts
of sodium nitrite solution. Assuming that 1 mole of N02
gives the same color as 0.72 moles of sodium nitrite, the
concentration of N02 can be determined if the volume of the
test gas is known. Although there is some doubt about
calibration, this test is the most reliable and sensitive one
available at present. Concentrations of less than 1 ppm can be
detected.##
07981
Green, A. E. S., D. T. Williams, R. S. Sholtes, and J. Bowling,
Jr.
THE MIDDLE ULTRAVIOLET AND AIR POLLUTION. In: A. E. S. Green, ed.,
The Middle Ultraviolet: Its Science and Technology, New York, John
Wiley E Sons, 1966, Chapt. 8, p. 158-164. 32 refs.
Currently in the air pollution field a great effort is underway to
find and develop more specific methods of measuring contaminants.
It appears that ultraviolet spectroscopy would be an important tool
in measuring these trace species. The important pollutants such as
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone all have strong
absorption coefficients in the ultraviolet, as do many of the other
lesser pollutants and the products of the photochemical reactions
which play such a large role in smog formation. Both chemical and
spectroscopic methods have their advantages and disadvantages.
Perhaps the greatest importance in utilizing ultraviolet
spectroscopy is that a program which complements the chemical
program could be obtained. The two programs working together
should indeed contribute significantly to the body of knowledge
which is necessary to solve the air pollution problem.
D. Measurement Methods
223
-------
08077
Johnson, F. A.
DETECTION OF LOW LEVELS OF TETP AFL'JOBOH YDEAZI HE IN AIR. Rohm and
Haas Co., Huntsville, Ala., Redstone Research Labs., Contract
DAAHOI-67-C-0655, S-137, 19p., June 1967.
DDC: AD 815940
Tetrafluorohydrazine was converted to fluoride ion by nitrogen
dioxide and water. The fluoride ion was detected continuously by a
commercial fluoride ion electrode. A 30-mV change in electrode
potential was obtained for one part per million of N2FU in the air.
Various factors affecting sensitivity, stability, and speed of the
detection system were considered. (Author!s abstract)
08079
Keenan, Robert G.
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. Occupational Health
Rev.Ottawa, 18(1) :3-3, 1^66. 39 refs.
Modern methods of physical and chemical analysis, as applied to
biological materials, atmospheric samples containing gaseous or
particulate contaminants, industrial process materials,
intermediates, and finished products are discussed briefly. A
discussion of the uses to be made of such analytical data
includes: (1) the "normal" concentrations ot certain metallic
elements in body tissues and fluides; (2) the need to comcare these
concentrations with those developed analytically on samples from
exposed subjects; (3) the comparison of atmospheric concentrations
ot contaminating substances found in the working environment with
the A.C.G.T.H. Threshold Limit Values; (4) the analysis of
industrial process materials, settled dusts, and finished products
to help in assessing the total exposure of the worker to chemical
elements. (iuthor|s abstract, modified)
0 81 3 5
V. A. Shchirskaya
THE DETERMINATION OF OZONE IN THE PRESENCE OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE
AND HYDROGEN PSROXIDT. In: Survey of U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases. Translated trorr Russian by B.S. Levine.
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for
Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p. 20-23, May 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
In search ot a new method for the determination of
ozone the following were investigated: chronic anhydride as
an absorbent tor the fumes ot hydrogen peroxide and
silicagel saturated with a 0.02 M solution ot potassium
dichromate in concentrated sulfuric acid as an absorbent for
nitrogen dioxide. In the determination of ozone in the
presence ot K202 chromic anhydride can be used as an absoroent
for the hydrogen peroxide vapor in 0.005-1.1 mg/1 concentrations.
Finely granulated silicagel saturated with a 0.02 M solution
224 NITRO GEN OXIDES Bl BLIOG RAPHY
-------
of potassium dichromate in concentrated sulturic acid
retained nitrogen dioxide present in the air in 0.001 - 0.02
mg/1 concentrations. It can be used in the determination of
ozone in the air in the presence of nitrogen dioxide.#»
08142
Mokhov, L. A. and V. s. Khalturin
A 3A°ID METHOD FOT! THE DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE
AIR. Tn: Survey of O.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine. National Bureau of Standards,-
Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol. 3,
p. 54-56, May 1960. 4 refs.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
For rapid determination of nitrogen oxides in the air, the
indicator tube method is used containing silicagel, treated with
benzidine-hydrochloride, 3-naphthol, NiC12, and dried. In the
presence of nitrogen oxides its color changes from the initial
white to a stable red, the intensity of which is proportional to
the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the air. The color
developed in the tube is compared with a standard scale.
Average sensitivity of the indicator equals 0.0005 mg/l*and the
precision is plus or minus 3.51!!.**
08179
Mokhov. L. A., Y. F. Udalov. and V. S. Khalturin
RAPID DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE AIR OF INDUSTRIAL
PREMISES BY SPECIAL TUBULAR INDICATORS. Zh. Prikl. Khim.,
32(2):4b2-4b3, 1959. 9 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Belated Occupational Diseases, Vol. 4, p. b6-59, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
In this procedure H-acid, n-aminobenzoic acid, and nickel
chloride are absorbed upon silicagel. The gel indicator thus
obtained gradually changes its initial color from light pink to d
brown-red in the presence of nitrogen oxides. As a result of the
reaction between the oxides of nitrogen and the n-aminobenzoic acid
, diazonium salt is formed. The diazonium sale then combines with
the H-acid, which is the nitrogenous component in this reaction,
while the nickel chloride acts as the catalytic agent to form the
dyestuff. In making nitrogen oxide determination in the air, both
ends of the prepared indicator tube are opened, and loo ml of the
air to be tested is aspirated through the tube from the wide end in
the direction of the cone-shaped end; the coloring of the indicator
is compared with that of a standard scale, and the amount of
nitrogen oxides expressed in mg/1. The sensitivity of the
proposed tubular indicators was determined by checking against the
standard Griss-Illosvay method and was found to be 0.0005 mg/1.##
D. Measurement Methods 225
-------
082S6
Buck, Manfred and Heinrich Stratmann
THE JOINT AND SEPARATE DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN MONOXIDE AND
NIT50GEN DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Staub (English translation),
27(6):11-15, June 1967. 10 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/6 (HC $2.00)
In the use ot the Saltzman reagent for the determination of
nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere, 1 mo1 N02 is eguivalent to 1
mo1 N02 fro™ sodiup nitrate. It has been shown that this ratio
factor depends on N02 concentration; for 6 g N02/N cu m it is about
0.62 and with increasing N02 concentration it approximates the
value of 1. Operating conditions are proposed for combined and
separate determination of NO and S02, under which no N02 losses
occur as a result of absorption of the reguired NO oxidation.
08U1H
Porqan, George B.
AN EVALUATION OF AN AUTOMATED IAEORATORY PROGRAM FOP AIR
POLLUTION ANALYSIS. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center tor Air Pollution
Control, ((1J))p., 1967. 2 refs. (Presented at the
Technicon Symposium on Automation in Analytical Chemistry,
Sew YorK, N. Y., Oct. J, 1967.)
In order to increase analytical output and efficiency, the
Laboratory Services Section, Air Quality and Emission Data
Program, has automated most of the wet chemical analytical
procedures. Adoption of these automated systems has resulted in
increased precision and accuracy, as well as a fivefold increase
in proauction. A cost analysis is presented for several of the
more common analyses routinely encountered in the air pollution
laboratory. Also discussed in the paper is a method that this
laboratory uses for the determination of precision and accuracy for
the Technicon Autoanalyzer, which should be equally adaptable to
other automated analytical instruments. Automated chemical
methols are routinely run in this laboratory for pollutants such
as ammonia (ammonium), sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, nitrogen dioxide,
sultur dioxide, aldehydes, and total oxidant.##
0 B 8 3 H
Hoover, Gary K., Charles E. Hathaway, and Dudley Williams
INFRARED ABSORPTION BY OVERLAPPING BANDS 07 ATMOSPHERIC GASES.
Appl. Opt., 6(3):481-U87, March 1967. 9 refs.
The spectral transmission ot carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and
mixtures ot the two has been studied in the 2200 per cm region,
where overlapping absorption bands occur- With spectral slit
widths sufficiently large to include several absorption lines, it
was found that the observed spectral transmittance of a mixture is
equal to the product ot the transmittances of the components
measured separately, provided that sufficient mitrogen is added to
give the same total pressure for all samples. This result was
226 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
also obtained for overlapping bands of nitrous oxide and methane in
the 1300 per cm region. The present woric confirms earlier studies
of overlapping bands of C02 and water vapor. An investigation
of the possible breakdown of the multiplicative property of
transmission for narrow spectral slit widths was inconclusive.
(Authors' abstract, modified)##
08859
Nash, T.
CCLOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF OZONE BY
DIACETYL-DTHYDRO-LUTIDINE. Atmos. Environ., 1(6):679-687,
Nov. 1967. 12 refs.
Diacetyl-dihydro-lutidine (DDL) has the highest affinity for
ozone of a variety of reagents tested. On an arbitrary but
practical scale, it is ten times better than thio compounds and
500 times better than iodide. DDL is easy to prepare and simple
to use; if air is bubbled through a dilute aqueous solution, the
amount ot ozone present can be estimated by measuring the loss in
optical density at 4120 A. With this loss a new strong band
appears at 3070 A but the compound responsible has not been
identified: it is not diacetyl-lutidine, the usual oxidation
product o± DDL. The molecular yield is not significantly
different from that obtained using neutral buffered iodide, one
of the recognized standards for ozone. There is little
interference from peroxides, nitrogen dioxide or sulphur dioxide
in the concentrations normally found in polluted air. (Author's
abstract) ##
09111
Chapman, Robert L.
THE ROLE OF OPTICS IN AIR POLLUTION MONITORING. Opt. Spectra,
1 (3) : 15-18, 1967.
Optical instrumentation and analysis techniques commonly used in
air pollution monitoring are described. Beginning with a
definitive description of major air pollutants and their causes,
the article traces the development and use of optical instruments
tor this purpose from the "beginning" more than two decades ago to
present. Comprehensive descriptions of instruments and techniques
currently in use and a brief discussion of developments that would
still further enhance the value of optical instrumentation in this
application are presented.ft
09234
Martinelli, Giorgio
THE CONTINUOUS CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION WITH
INDUSTRIAL ANALYSERS. ((II controllo continue dell inguinamento
atmosterico con analizzatori industrial!.)) Text in Italian.
Termotecnia (Milan), 21 (10):558-565, Oct. 1967.
For protection against air pollution from increased vehicular
traffic, urbanization, and industry, Italy established a law on air
D. Measurement Methods 227
-------
pollution control in August 1966. Some provisions of the law are
cited. A monitoring system for continuous measurements of air
samples involves wind direction, registration of concentrations,
determination of pollutants, and the emitter. Better results could
be obtained trom a network of monitoring stations at various
cities, and a plan is proposed for their establishment and
operation, where continuous measurement would also be made of air
temperature and humidity, concentrations of S02, H2S, H02, C02,CO,
and hydrocarbons. Photographs showing equipment and apparatus for
the stations are reporduced. A schematic diagram depicts the
picotlux apparatus for SO2 measurements; an electrical cell for
measuring H2S is also shown. The UBAS infrared analyzer is used to
measure COZ. Analyses for CO, hydrocarbons and dust are discussed,
along with the equipment for air pollution monitoring in Frankfurt,
German y.
09JJJ
Lial V. Brewer, (ed.)
ANALYTICAL ^POCEDUPES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
LABORATORY. Sandia Corp., Albuquergue, N. Mex. ,
Industrial Hygiene Lab., SC-M-JOUU," 147 p., Feb.
1968. 13 refs.
This is a manual compiled of thirty-nine analytical procedures
used by an industrial hygiene laboratory. The procedures for
the tollovino substances in air are included: The Determinaton
of Acetone, Acid and Alkali Contaminants; Eenzene,
Toluene, and Other Aromatics; Beryllium (Spectrogiaphic
Method); Beryllium (Korin Method); Cadmium; Chromic Acid,
Chromates, and Dichromates; Formaldehyde; Lead; Methanol;
Nitrogen Dioxide; Oil Mist; Ozone (Colorimetrie Method);
Ozore (Titration Kethod; Phosgene; Silica (Colorimetric
Method); Sulfur Dioxide; Thallium; and Zinc.tt*
09369
Wilson, H. N. and G. M. Duff
INDUSTRIAL GAS ANALYSIS: A LITZBATUEE REVIEW. Analyst,
92(110 1) •723-75B, Dec. 1967. 712 refs.
Analytical methods are reviewed for: permanent and inorganic
gases; analysis of liquefied or pure gases; fuel gases; flue gases;
motor exhaust gases; analysis of micro samples; and atmospheric
pollutants. The years from 195H to about mid-1966 were covered.
In no branch o£ analysis is the swing towards physical methods
more marked than in gas analysis. There have been no important
developments of the conventional methods during the last ten years;
the chief advances have been the application of galvanic methods to
"trace" or certain qases, and gas chroma tegraphy. The rapid
spread of the electrogalvanic methods for the "on-stream"
determination of traces is also most significant. The other most
noticeable feature is the vast and increasing attention being paid
to atmospheric pollutants of all kinds, particularly sulphur
dioxide, sulphuric acid and hydrocarbons.##
228 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
California State Dept. ot Public Health, Berkeley, Air and
Industrial Hyaiene Lab.
A GUIDE TO OPERATION OF ATMOSPHERIC ANALYZERS. SDPH-2-UO,
lip., May 1966.
Methods for both manual and continuous automatic sampling and
analysis of the common air pollutants are described. Experiments
are described for the measurement of sulfur dioxide using the
West method. Total oxidant content of the atmosphere is
analyzed using the Neutral Buffered Potassium Iodide Method,
C1 through C5 atmospheric hydrocarbons are monitored and
analyzed. Guides to the operation of atmospheric analyzers are
reviewed.f#
09721
Hofmeister, H. K., H. Hummel, and S. Kohlaas
CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF N02 AND (NO + N02) CONCENTRATION IN
CHEKICAL PLANTS. ( (Kontinuierliche Bestimmung der Konzer.tra-
tion von N02 und (NO r, N02) in chemischen Produktionsanla-
German. Chem. Ingr.-Tech. (Weinheim),
(1/2) :61-f>i», Jan. 1968. H refs.
An apparatus is described for the continuous determination of N02,
or NO + N02, in the gas stream of chemical production facilities.
A photometer suitable tor plant operations is used for the direct
measurement of N02 levels. NO is oxidized to N02 (using 1203 at
110 deg. C.) and the concentration of total N02 is then determined.
A dilution process was developed in order to avoid the
extraordinary difficulties involved an the determination of degree-
ot-oxidation at high levels of nitrogen oxides. The apparatus,
which is described and illustrated by graphs, diagrams, and one
photograph, was tested in a nitric acid absorption plant.
09770
Townsend, C. S., G. A. Giarrusso, and H. P. Silverman
THIN FILM PERSONAL DOSTIMETEBS FOR DETECTING TOXIC PROPELLANTS.
Magna Corp., Pedonodo Beach, Calif., Research and Develop-
ment Div., Contract AF-33 (615)-1751, Proj. 6302, Task 630203,
AMHL-TR-66-231, 59p., Feb. 1967. 1 ref.
1967. 1 ref. CFSTI, DDC: AD 6528U9
CFSTI, DDC: AD 652849
The subject of this report is the development of a portable system
for the detection of low concentrations of nitrogen tetroxide
(N2) it) , fluorine (F2) , and unsymmetrical dimethy Ihydrazine (UDMH)
in air. The detection system is based upon the change of electrical
resistivity of thin metal films when exposed to these gases.
Silver metal films coated with appropriate salts proved to be
applicable to the detection of all three gases; however, the
following sensitized metal films were found to be optimum: for
N204, silver; for F2, copper; and for UDHH, -gold. Using the best
film and salt combinations found to date, N204 could be monitored
D. Measurement Methods 229
-------
over the ranqe of U.I to 50 ppm, F2 over the range 1.0 to 50 ppm,
and UDMH over the range 10 to 100 ppm, with a standard deviation of
about 20 percent. The effects of temperature over the range 50
(leg. to 90 deg. C and ot humidity from 10 to 90 percent on the
response characteristics ot the thin film sensors were found to be
significant but within the tolerance limits. Means for reducing
these effects were suggested which, if successful, would, in
effect, make this detection system practically independent of
changes in the environment. A portable breadboard readout
instrument was designed and fabricated for use with the sensors to
form an integrated detection system for personal protection.
(Authors' abstract)
09969
Chevalier, C. E.
A SPECTPOPKOTOMETRIC DETECTOR FOR OXIDES OF NITROGEN.
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Dept. of
Mechanical Engineering, Contract PHS-86-63-112, PSU-21,
16p., Aug. 1966. U refs.
A "dry" method is described which was developed by Nicksic and
Haryins tor the measurement of the nitrogen oxide content of
automobile engine exhaust gases. It involves vapor phase
oxidation of nitric oxide, the main nitrogen oxide in the
exhaust gases, to nitrogen dioxide and determination of the
concentration of the latter by means of a spectrophotometer.
Nitrogen dioxides absorbs light energy strongly in the region of
J20 to 500 millimicron while the other exhaust gas constituents
do not. Satisfactory agreement between this method and wet
methods, either the phenodisulfonic method or the widely used
Greiss-Saltzman method has been shown. The Nicksic-Harkins
method had been modified by substituting a suitably filtered
light system tor the monochromator source. The instrument
described here, duplicates that modification but incorporates a
few additional refinements. The calibration procedure is
described and detailed operating instructions are given.
(Author's abstract, modified)##
10092
Hirowska, Ewa
METHODICAL STUDIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF
NITROGEN OXIDES IM THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (Badania metodyczne nad
oznaczaniem niskich stezen tlenkow azotu w powietrzu atmosferycznym.
Text in Polish. Med. Pracy (Lodz), 17(3) :218- 222, 1966. 3 refs.
The Griess-Illosway method is most often used to determine low
concentrations of nitrogen oxides in the air and is known to detect
microgram N02 in 16 irl. of solution. To determine values within the
range of the maximum permissible concentration (NDS) in working
places set legally at 5 mg/cu m, a 0.2 1. air sample must be taken.
In case of low nitrogen oxide levels in the atmospheric air, taking
1. air sample will permit detection of 0.1 mg/cu m, which is 50
times lower than NDS. Therefore, this latter volume is more
satisfactory for use in determining the presence of atmospheric
nitrogen oxides. The precondition for observations within the 0.1 m
cu m range is a series of absorption tests of nitrogen oxides by an
230 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and another series involving th
reaction of nitrites with the Griess- Illosway reagent. Color
reaction is most efficient at pH 3. The error of the described
method is plus or minus 95 for a sample containing 1-10 micrograms o
nitrites.
10242
Dimi^riades, B.
METHODS FOP DETERMINING NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUSTS.
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. , El 7133, 29pp. , May
1968. 10 refs.
Five direct and indirect methods for determining nitrogen oxides
in automotive exhausts have been evaluated from the standpoint of
accuracy and applicability in current exhaust studies. These
methods are: static oxidation in tank. Bureau of Mines method,
Chevron Research method, phenoldisulf onic acid method, and direct
measurement of NO. Results showed that methods requiring
conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide as a part of the
analytical procedure are subject to errors introduced by the
instability of N02. The extent of some of these errors has
been determined, and procedures have been developed to minimize
undesirable influences. On the basis of the results obtained from
this study, recommendations are made regarding procedures for batch
type or continuous measurement of nitrogen oxides in exhaust
streams. #t
Bufalini, J. J.
GAS PHASE TITRATION OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE. Preprint, Public
Health Service, Cininnati, Ohio, National Center for Air
Pollution Control (8) p., April 1968. 9 refs.
Ozone can be selectively removed from a gas stream containing a
variety of oxidants. Oxidant analysers can be made specific for
ozone by incorporating a small gas reaction chamber on the
instrument. Possible interferences from hydrogen peroxide, n-butyl
hydroperoxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, nitrogen dioxide, and peracetic
acid are discussed. (Author's abstract)
10518
Engelhardt, Heinz
A GAS ANALYSER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF IMPURITIES IN AIR. Instr.
Review, 1 5 (1 9") : 98-99, Feb. 1968 Translated from German,
Electrotech. (B) , No. 2, 1966.
A gas analyzer has been introduced which measures air impurities
such as S02, HC1 , NH3, NO, NO2, CO, C12, and H2S. The instrument,
called Picoflux, operates on an electrocunductivity principle. The
various air contaminants are analyzed by using different electolyte
solutions in the voltiac cell; it several g.ases are present,
preliminary filtration is also employed. The instrument is suited
for measuring low concentrations; 0 to 0.3 ppm SO2; 0 to 0.5 ppm HC1
D. Measurement Methods 231
-------
and 0 to 1 ppm NH3. The range is adjustable by a factor of 2.5 or 5
with the flick of a switch. An integrating recorder allows 10- or 3
minute mean measurement readings.
10672
Hersch, Paul J.
CONTROLLED ADDITION OF EXPERIMENTAL POLLUTANTS TO AIR. Gould-
National Batteries, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., 24p., 1968. 21 refs.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul,Minn., June 1968, Paper 68-
153.)
Experience with, and extensions of less Known techniques of
providing an air stream with a steady and adjustable level of a
gaseous impurity are described. Leaving aside those means that
employ moving solid parts, the paper discusses devices using liquid
pistons, mikro-tlow through channels, diffusion across channels and
barriers, stream splitters for attenuation, and methods based on
evaporation, electrolysis, chemical conversion, and irradiation.
(Author s abstract, modified)
10402T
Sprenqer, Gerhard
THE SPECTROGPAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF NITRIC OXIDE OCCUPPING IN AN
INTERMEDIATE JASKJOK IN THE REACTION BETWEEN NITROGEN PENTOXIDE
AND OZOEN. ((Die spektorgraphische Identifizierung des in der
Peaktion zwischen Stickstoffpentoxyd und Ozon intermediar
auftrendtenden Stickoxydes.)) Translated from German. Z.
Elecktrochem. , 37 (8-9) : 6^-678 , 1^37.
The reaction between nitric pentoxide and ozones was studied
spectrographically at 20-UO degree C and N03 was identified as
an intermediate product. The chain reaction mechanism was
formulated and the calculated rate constant was found in good
agreement with that obtained from kinetic data.##
11573
Lahmann , Frdwin
STUDIES ON AIT POLLUTANTS. II. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES ANC'
EVALUATION. ((Pie Untersuchung von Luftverunreinigungen.
German. Sundesgesundheitsblatt, (11) : 111-167 , May 26, 1967. 29
German. Dundesaesundheitsblatt, (11) :16 1-168 , May 26, 1968. 29
refs.
The second part of a detailed review of techniques for measuring
the concentration ol air pollutants deals with various parameters
of the sampling procedure which affect the results of all
analytical methods. These parameters include: the duration of
the sampling period (or frequency of measurements), duration of
the study, season and time of day when the samples are taken,
frequency of discontinuous sampling, air density at the measuring
sites, height of the sampling bites above the earth, and
232 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
distribution of the sampling sites. The effects of some of these
parameters on determinations of atmospheric S02 and CO are
shown by way of illustration. Sampling programs used in the
German Federal Republic, Great Britain, and the USA
(National Air Sampling Network and Continuous Air
Monitoring Program) are described briefly. Finally, some of the
problems arising in the evaluation of experimental air pollution
data are pointed out (such as the skewed rather than Gaussian
distribution of results).**
11b7U
Lahmann, Erdwin
STUDIES ON AIR POILUTANTS. I. ANALYTICAL METHODS. ((Die
Untersuchung von Luf tverur.reini gungen. I. Analysenmethoden.})
Text in German. Bundesgesundheitsclatt, (10):115-150, May
12, 1967. 71 refs.
This detailed review of the apparatus and techniques used for air
pollution measurements deals with both sampling and analytical
methods. A distinction is made between empirical or discontinuous
and continuous methods of sampling and it is pointed out that only
the latter can yield readily interpretable results. In connection
with gas sampling techniques, the value of an impinger for
increasing the rate of dissolution of gaseous pollutants is
discussed. Methods are then described tor the quantitative
determination of S02, SOI, N02, NO, CO, H2S, HF,
and NH3, and brief mention is made of the techniques of gas
chromatography and flame ionization detection for traces of
organic compounds. The two principal techniques for estimating
the total particulate content of the air are dust-fall and
dust-concentration determinations. The latter which depends on
photoelectric measurement of the particle density after filtration
is more difficult to perform, but more interesting from the health
point of view.##
12004
Neerman, J. C.
CONTINUOUS MASS SPECTPOMETSIC ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST
FOR NITRIC OXIDE. In: Report on CRC Symposium on
Exhaust Gas Analysis. Coordinating Research Council, Inc.,
New York, N. Y., Group on Composition of Exhaust Gases,
CRC-RN-tOU, pp. 61-6U, Sept. 21-22, 196S.
A small, portable mass spectrometer to monitor nitric oxide
concentration in automotive exhaust is described. The combined
response time of the instrument and sampling train is 3 seconds,
which satisractorily follows the California Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control Board test cycle. The instrument gives
rapid response. Interference by compounds which have the same
mass as NO, such as a CO isotope, formaldehyde, ethane, and a
nitrogen isotope, is discussed.**
D. Measurement Methods 233
-------
12009
Shively, J. H.
GRAB SAMPLING TECHNIQUES. In: Report on CRC Symposium on Exhaust
Gas Analysis. Coordinating Research Council, Inc., New York, N. Y.
CPC-RN-UOU, pp. 105-107, Sept. 21-22, 1965.
Grab sampling, which is batch sampling in flasks and syringes,
serves a useful purpose ir. limited applications. Grab sampling
techniques are useful; if the eguipment needed for other methods
is not available, and for proving out the other sampling systems.
The development of grab sampling techniques is discussed. The
procedures used are described, and precautions to be observed are
out lined.
12579
Bovee, H. H. and ?. A. Breysse
STUDY OF AIR QUALITY AND CONTAMINANT ANALYSIS FOB WORK UNDEB
COMPRESSED AIT*. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.,
'29 (5) : UJ2-U 38, Sept.-Oct. 1968. 6 refs.
The quality of air in a tunnel being constructed under pressures
varying from 0 to 30 psig was monitored for a period of 21*
months. Except for an electrical fire and an oxygen deficiency
incident, the tunneling was completed without hazardous levels of
air contaminants being encountered. The compressor facilities and
sampling and analytical procedures are described. (Authors'
abstract)#*
13031
Bailey, Robert L.
CONTROL ATMOSPHERE FOR GAS SAMPLING APPARATUS. (National
Distillers and Chemical Corp. New York, N-Y-) U.S. Pat.
3,4«9,958. i»p., June 17, 1969. 2 refs. (Appl. Apr. 25, 1966,
3 claims) .
A basic atmospheric sampler comprises an apparatus having an
inlet through which atmosphere is withdrawn from a container, the
inlet of the sampler being movable between a first position at
which the atmosphere is removed from the container and a second
position where the inlet of the sampler is clear of atmosphere
from within the container. The sampler can include any type of
detection cell or device for monitoring the quality or nature
of the atmosphere sample. The present invention adds to this
basic combination a source of control atmosphere and a device to
insure that the control atmosphere is directed to the inlet of the
sampler when the sample inlet is in its second position, clear of
atmosphere within the container. The use of the control
atmosphere provides a known atmospheric reference for balancing
and otherwise calibrating the detection cell and associated
equipment. It also assists in purging the sampler and
associated atmosphere testing devices between successive tests.
234 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
so that the devices can be recycled and used effectively to test
the atmosphere from within successive containers.
1J070
Himi, Yasuji and Fumio Huramatsu
SAMPLING METHOD FOP. DETERMINATION Of NITROGEN OXIDES IN FLUE GAS.
(Endo-haigasu chu no chissc-sankabutsu bunseki-yo shiryo-gasu
saisyu-ho r.c kento) . Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kagaku (Japan
Analyst, Tokyo), 1 b (6) : 7 10-7 16 , 1969. 6 refs.
The concentrations ot nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas emitted from
oil-fired boilers were measured by using three kinds of gas
sampling apparatus, and the sampling method for their
determination in flue gas was examined. The values of nitrogen
oxides by the gas sampling apparatus prescribed in JIS K 0104
agreed well with those by direct gas sampling through capillary
tube and by a bottle containing 22% sodium chloride solution as
the trapping liquid. The concentration of nitrogen oxides was
invariable at any sampling point in the same section of flue.
The bubbler containing 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution used for
the determination of nitrogen dioxide in flue gas had high
absorbing efficiency for carbon dioxide, and the volume of gas
must be corrected for this influence by titration of carbonate
ion in the absorbing solution after sampling. (Author abstract
modified.)
MObl
Gupta, S. K. and P. K. Bandyopadhyay
NITROUS GASES-A HAZARD IN MINES AND INDUSTRIES. J. Mines Metals
Fuels, 17 (2) :bO-52, Feb. 1969. 8 refs.
The highly toxic nature of nitrogen oxides demands periodic
checks on the gases in working places where they are likely to
occur. Underground mines, defense installations, and many
chemical factories and industrial shops are important sources of
nitrous fumes. Oxides of nitrogen are produced in mines by shot
firing and diesel engines. Incomplete detonation or burning of
nitroglycerine explosives may produce N oxides in considerable
quantities. Explosives with improper oxygen balance can produce
these gases on detonation. The exhaust gases from diesel engines
contain N02, N204, and NO in addition to CO, S02, and 503.
Concentrations of N oxides and CO must be lower than 1000 and
2000 ppm, respectively, in exhaust gas emissions for
underground vehicles. Attention should be given to the acidic
nature and solubility of N oxides in collecting gas samples.
Samples collected in moist or soft glass bottles by air
displacement are seldom representative. Two practical pieces of
gas-sampling equipment are described. A widely used test to
detect the presence of N oxides employs starch-iodide papers
which turn blue on exposure to nitrous fumes. Sulfur oxides
interfere with this test, as they too liberate iodine from
potassium iodide. Three colorimetric methods of N oxide
determination are reviewed. Recommended first aid measures for
people suspected of inhaling nitrous fumes are listed.
D. Measurement Methods 235
-------
13022
lahmarin, Erdwin and Karl-Ernst Prescher
HYDPOGFN SULFIDE DETERMINATION IN AIP HUH AUTOMATIC SAMPLING.
(Schwefelwasserstoff-Bestimmung in Luft mit automatischer
Probenahme.) Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 12(9):529-
531, Sept. 1968. 9 refs.
A simple procedure is described for H2S determination based on
photometric measurement of methylene blue formed in the reaction
of H2S with aimethyl-p-phenylenediamine in the presence of Fe(III)
chloride. Samples of atmospheric air are passed through an
alkaline cadmium hydroxide suspension which blinds the H2S present
as cadmium sulfide. Its usefulness for determination of the H2S
content of contaminated air can be enhanced by automatic sampling
with the aid of a commercially available control device with 12
standard impingers. However, the following conditions must
be met: (1) the cadmium hydroxide suspension in the impingers
must be freshly prepared in order tc maintain its absorption
capacity for at least 24 hrs; (2) the cadmium sultide suspension
formed upon sampling must remain stable for at least 24 hrs; and
(3) the volume of the air sample must be rceasured with sufficient
accuracy. Tests designed to find out whether these requirements
can be net gave positive results. In audition, tests to determine
the cross-sensitivity of the K2S determination to S02 and N02
showed that it is not perceptibly affected by the presence of
1 mq/cum of S02 or N02 in the air sample. However, in the presence
of these guantities of SC2 and M02, the cadmium sulfide content
of the absorption suspensions was lowered by about 20%. This
eftPCt could be leininated by adding 5 ml of a 1.2% solution of
ammonium amidosulfonate to 400 ml of the alkaline cadmium hydroxide
suspension.
1349J
Pakowski, Robert F.
EVALUATION OF THE USE OF COMEPCIALLY AVAILABLE DFTECTORS JOE
HYDPAZTNE AND NITFOGEN DIOXIDE AS COLORIKETBIC DOSIMETERS.
Aerospace Hedical Research, V'right-Patterson AF3, Ohio, Medical
Div., Pro]. 6J02, Task 630203, AKRL-TR-68-163, 5p., Feb. 1969.
4 refs.
The color response of several commercially available detector
papers for hydrazine and nitrogen dioxide was determined in order
to evaluate their usefulness as personal dosimeters. The Bug-it
H25b Hydrazine Detector gave satisfactory results in the
concentration-time (CT) range ot toxicological interest.
Appropriate color standards should be prepared and a reusable
holder tor the detector strips manufactured. The Bug-it H30A
Nitrogen Dioxide Detector was satisfactory as a detector for low
concentrations of nitroaen dioxide, but did not give colors which
darkened enough to permit a quantitative estimate of the CT product
to which the strips were exposed. Belpar Nitrogen Dioxide Detector
tapes were also satisfactory as a detector for low concentrations of
nitrogen dioxide, but since the color developed did not darken at
all with increasing time, it was not possible to estimate the CT
product of an exposure with this detector. Tables show the response
of the three detector papers. (Author's abstract modified)
236 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
13932
Bethell, K. D., J. T. Shaw, ard A. C. Thomas
AN IMPROVED FORM OF SOLID OXICISEP FOB THE CONVEBSION OF NITRIC
OXIDE TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN A FLOW SYSTEM. Chen. Ind. (London),
no. J;yi, Jan. 20, 1968. 2 refs.
The oxidizer for accurate NO measurement Is prepared by immersing
a quantity of glass wool in a bath containing 15 g of K2Cr207 and
15 g of 98% H2SO« made up to 100 ml with distilled H2O. After
soaking, the glass wool is removed and excess solution is allowed
to drain oft. The impregnated glass wool is dried in an air oven
at 65 C until the color has changed from orange to dark red.
Eighteen hours suffices tor a 30 g sample. After drying, the
material is placed in a constant temperature box in a water bath
at 25 C tor a half hour. Tests with NO concentrations- up to 100
ppm and flow rates of 140 ml/min showed conversions to the
dioxide in excess of 97% for at least 90 min, and above 95% for
J hrs.
1 J9 89
Oblaender, K. and D. Kraeft
DETOXICATION OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GASES MEASURING METHODS AND
TEST CYCLES. (Abgasreinigung an Kraftfahrzeugen -
Messverfghren und Testzyklen). Text in German. ATZ
(Automobiltechnische 2eitschrift) (Stuttgart), 7 1 (4) :117-124,
1969. 24 refs.
Detoxification of automotive exhaust gases raises not only motor
engineering problems but also measurement engineering problems.
The various methods for measurement of CO based on heat
conductivity, on heat evolution and an infrared absorption are
discussed and compared. The disadvantages of hydrocarbon
measurements in the hexane range and of the flame ionization
method are pointed out. Also discussed are the measurement of
nitric oxide and the existing and planned multi-stage test
cycles. A brief discussion or the possibilities of lowering the
exhaust gas emission by motor modifications, the effects of
traffic, and the fuel composition is included.
14076
Breuer, Wolfram
NEW METHODS OF CONTINUOUS TRACE ANALYSIS. (Neue Verfahren zur
kontinuierlichen Spurenanalyse). Text in German. Arch. Tech.
Messen, no. 396, p. 7-12, Jan. 1969. 2 refs.
A detailed description is given of two electrolytic continuous
recording devices for measurement of small traces of gases
present, for example, in atmospheric air. An earlier version
with a liquid electrolyte was based on Nernst's concept of
a concentration chain. The new version uses an organic substance
as an electrolyte which has a high dielectric constant, a low
D. Measurement Methods
237
-------
electric resistivity, a low vapor pressure, is but slightly
hygroscopic, and possesses a high melting point. This
electrolyte is solid and is part of a monolithic, small and
rugged unit. The accuracies of measurements made by these
devices vary between dilutions of 10 to the minus 9th power
and 0.000001, depending on the kind of gas. At present, the
following gases can be determined with these accuracies:
02, 03, C12, N02, N02 plus NO, H2S, HCN, and COC12.
14213
Haentzsch, Siegfried, Frank Nietruch and Karl-Ernst Prescher
CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE AIR WITH AN
AUTOANALYZEP. (Kontinuierl iche Bestimmung von Stickstof f dioxid
in Luft mit dem Autoanalyzer) . Text in German. Mikrochim. Acta
(Vienna) . no. 3:550-556, 1969. 17 refs.
For continuous nitrogen dioxide measurement in air, a Technicon
autoanalyzer was used. A sample gas flow was drawn in through
a reaction zone where it was brought in contact with a Saltzman
solution. After reaction with the nitrogen dioxide, the major
part of the solution went to a colorimeter. The transparency of
this solution was measured and recorded. The following reaction
zones were used: a siphon, a vertical reaction tube of about 60
cm length and 3.2 mm inner diameter, the gas sample and reagent
passed in parallel flow, as well as in counter flow, through the
tube, a helical tube, and a micro frit for continuous flow of the
Saltzman solution. For calibration, a continuously produced
mixture ot N02 and air was used. In all types of reaction zones,
reliable N02 measurements were obtained. The measured
concentrations were found to lie in the maximum allowable
concentration range (present long-term maximum allowable
concentration equal 1 mg/cu m) . With the 60 cm tube, it was
found that neither the flow velocity nor the direction of the gas
sample had any influence on the measured value. An adjustment
time of 2 min was required tor N02 concentrations between 0.32
and 3.2 mg/cu m. In the 20 m tube, adjustment took about 60 min
at concentrations between 0.11 and 1.10 mg N02/cu m. For the
micro frit, a low-volume container must be used for the
adjustment period to remain short. The detection thresholds were
found to be 5 m icrograms/cu m for the 20 m helical tube and 0.15
mg/cu m for the 60 cm tube. The only disadvantage of the
method is the complicated calibration process.
Shaw, Manny
ELECTROCHEMICAL TRANSDUCERS FOB AIR POLLUTION MONITORING.
Preprint, Am. Chem. Soc. , Pittsburgh, Pa., Div. Water, Air,
Waste Chem., tp., 1969. (Presented at the Am. Chem. Soc., 158th
Nat.l. Meet., Div. Water, Air, Waste Chem., New York, 1969.)
Electrochemical transducers that permit the monitoring of SO2,
NO, and N02 in the presence of hydrocarbons, CO, C02, ozone,
oxygen, nitrogen, and water are described. By the proper
selection ot electrolyte, membrane, sensing electrode catalyst,
counterelectrode, or potentiostatic control, electrochemical
sensors can be made selective to S02 in the presence of NOx and
virr versa, as well as selective to N02 in the presence of
238 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
S02 or NO. Full-scale sensitivities range from 0 to 2, or 0 to
1000 or 5000 ppm. Minimum detectability at present is 0.04 ppn.
Response times of 10 seconds to 90% of steady-state value have
been obtained. Present sensors are compensated to permit operation
with samples varying from 40-100 F. The technology of the
electrochemical transducer is described. It is a sealed
unit, easily integrated as a component part of the monitor,
the regaining components being electronic in nature. Operation
of the monitor is simple, involving adjustment of only three
control knobs. The use of the electrochemical transducer-type
of monitor tor the continuous analysis of nitrogen oxides in
vehicle exhaust emissions is briefly noted, as well as its
possible application for monitoring S02 in certain industrial
emissions. (Author introduction modified)
14486
Uhi, K.
THE DETERMINATION OF ACIDIC GASES IN WORKING ENVIRONMENTS BY
ALKALI FILTEP PAP3R. (Alkali roshi ho ni yoru sagyo kankyo chu
sansei gas no sokutei). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku
Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):49, April 1969.
The alkali filter paper method for determining acid gases in
working environments entails soaking filter paper in a 30$
potassium carbonate solution, drying the paper in air, and
putting it in a vinyl holder having an exposure area of 64 sq cm.
Absorbed gases are extracted with distilled water and determined
qualitatively and quantitatively. The reguired exposure time is
determined by the type of acid being measured, the production
process, and the sensitivity of the determination method.
Generally, 1 to 8 hrs are appropriate for acidic gases like
S02, HC1, and N02, and 8 to 24 hrs for acid mists of sulfuric,
phosphoric, and chromic acids. One hour is usually required
tor S02 measurements by the para-rosaniline formaline method;
the CL-Ba method requires 8 to 24 hrs. When the relationship
between the amount of S02 adsorbed on the filter paper and the
average gas concentration in the working environment is plotted,
a curve is obtained. Thus, on a per day basis, the coefficient
of conversion depends on the amount adsorbed. However, the
graph for an hour of exposure time is linear, suggesting that
shorter exposure times would be convenient for the calculation.
14502
Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate, Dept. of Employment and
Productivity
METHODS FOE THE DETECTION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN AIR. OZONE IN
THE PRESENCE OF NITROUS FUMES. London, Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, Booklet 18, 1969, lOp. 4 refs.
The occurrence, toxic effects, and detection of ozone are
reported. Ozone is present in very small quantities in the
atmosphere, and following and during .electrical storms, it may
reach sufficiently high concentrations to be recognizable by
odor. Tt is used for water sterilization, bleaching of oils,
paper, and flour, and combating odors in place of proper
ventilation. Ozone is formed industrially during high-tension.
D. Measurement Methods 239
-------
non-sparking discharge in air or oxygen, during electrical
etching of polyethylene film, and during electric arc welding
using an inert gas cover. Toxic effects include headache or
respiratory irritation at low concentrations, and pulmonary
edema ard in f lammat ion ot the lung which are delayed and are
found at concentrations as low as 1 ppm. The method for
detection ot ozone is based on the ability of cotton wool to
remove ozone quantitatively from an atmosphere without affecting
its nitrogen dioxide content. The analysis of an atmosphere both
with and without passage through a cotton wool plug will give
a measure ot the ozone concentration present. A starch-iodine
colonmetric procedure is employed for guantitative estimation
by comparison with glass color standards.
Hersch, Paul A.
GALVANIC AIP POLLUTION MONITORING, AIDED BY CATALYSIS.
Franklin Inst. Fesearch Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Materials
Science and Engineering Dept. and Public Health Service, Durham,
N. C. , National Air Pollution Control Administration, Proc.
First- Natl. Symp. on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air
Pollution, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 1968, p. 359-362. 3 refs.
Several galvanic systems that can serve as simple, sensitive,
and selective analyzers tor continuous air pollution monitoring
operations are briefly described. One such system involves
combining a partly gas-exposed cathode with a stagnant alkaline
electrolyte and a base metal anode; in other systems, the
electrolyte may in some cases be advantageously recircula ted ,
using the sample air stream tor lifting the liquid. Cells
have been developed for mcnitcring carbon monoxide, nitric
oxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. Thus, ail the major pollutants
except hydrocarbons can now be monitored by galvanic systems;
sensors tor aldehydes and olefins are likely to follow. The
cells avoid pumping liquid reagents into the analyzer and
disposing of spent reagent. They also avoid the temperature
deoendence and inherent instability ot membrane-covered
' polarographic" sensing devices. Without a membrane barrier, a
major portion and sometimes all of the sampled, electromotively-
active species reaches the electrode. The importance of the
relation between galvanic air pollution sensors and catalysis is
discussed. The pollutant may enter a catalytic reaction,
depending on the electrode it contacts, or it may itself act
as a catalyst. Catalysis is involved in calibration procedures
and may help in making an analyzer more specific. Catalysts
also have an important place in precursor-reactors which convert
an analytically intractable constituent to one that is more
readily amenable to determination.
Shaw, Kanny
ELECTROCHEMICAL TRANSDUCERS FOR AIR POLLUTION MONITOR.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Materials
Science and Fngineerinq Dept. and Public Health Service Durham,
N. C. , National Air Pollution Control Administration, Proc.
First Natl. Symp. on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air
Pollution, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. l^ob, p. 401-1(10,
240 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Eecent developments at Whittaker Corp. relating to the design
and performance of electrochemical transducers for the
continuous monitoring of pollutant gases are discussed. These
are devices operating on the principle of electrooxidation or
electrorertuction of adsorbed pollutant species at a sensing
electrode, resulting in the generation of a current directly
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in the mixture
under analysis. Such a transducer is a sealed, maintenance-free
sensor, and is essentially an adjunct to the electronic packaging
comprising the total monitor. A series o± diagrams is presented;
these show (1) some typical half-cell reactions representing
the electrooxidation of SC2 and NO; (2) a schematic diagram
ot the sensor; (3) the mathematical expression of the diffusion
current generated in the reaction; (4) and (5) linear responses
for various concentrations of NO and S02; (6) a photograph of
a vehicle emission monitor now on the market; and (7) a portion
of a typical 7-mode cycle vehicle emission test that demonstrates
that the electrochemical transducer can faithfully reproduce
each peak and valley of nitrogen oxide concentration as it varies
with the acceleration and deceleration mode.
1U837
Forwerg, Waiter and Hans-Joachim Crecelius
DETERMINATION OF NITPOUS OXIDE IN ATKOSPHERIC AIP. Staub
(English translation from German of: Staub, Beinhaltung Luft),
28(12) : 16-19, Dec. 1968. 5 refs.
The determination of nitrous oxide content in air was
investigated. Determination is facilitated when two separate
gas flows are studied, into one of which an oxidation agent
is introduced to effect oxidation of NO to N02. The difference
between the two resulting N02-concentrations gives the NO-
concentration. The degree of oxidation is 973t in a
concentration range between C.2 and 0.5 ppm NO. The moisture
content ot the test gas was reduced by phosphoric acid,
so that an oxidizing mass stability of several weeks was reached.
Since the degree of oxidation depends on oxidant layer thickness
and on rate of flow, the retention time was measured in order
to determine the optimum layer thickness and flow rate. The
maximum allowable retention time in the oxidant was 0.8-1.0
seconds. Ho linear dependence in the range from 5-50 1/hr
could be established. The temperature range for favorable
oxidation lies between 0-30 C. In the range between 0.2-0.5 ppm
NO in air, no dependence ot the degree of oxidation on
concentration could be established. For a steady concentration
of 0.1 ppm N02 and about 0.1 ppm SC2, no charge in the degree
of oxidation could be detected in industrial air contaminat d
with organic substances, ammonia and dust after t weeks and
a throughput of 50 cu m of air. The standard deviation of '. .ie
determination is about 5.5* rel., for 1 ag NO/cu m; the
determination limit is 0.t micrograms NO.
1H992
Shaw, John H., Dale Ford, Donald Snider, and Robert Mitchell
RESEARCH DIRECTED TOWARD DETERMINATION OF PADICACTIVE PROPERTIES
AND COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE. (Final•Report.). Ohio State
D. Measurement Methods 241
-------
Univ. Research Foundation, Columbus, Contract F19628-67-C0216,
Proj. /670-03-01, Task 767003, AFCRL-69-0062, 70p., Dec. 16,
1968. 13 refs.
AD 685097
Progress in the construction of a Fabry-Perot interferometer
to use in increasing the resolving power of the 2.0 m Ebert-type
spectrometer in the region of 4 to 6 microns is described,
including the optical alignment procedures used and the control
system design. A 21-1? long, 76-cm diameter stainless steel
multiple traversal absorption cell was constructed and its
performance is described. Preliminary measurements of the
abundance of ground level CO in laboratory air were made by using
the line S ot the fundamental vibration band; they indicate
that this method of air sampling is accurage, unambiguous, and
rapid. Two related papers are included as appendices: one
presents measurements of the strengths of the N20 bands near 4.5
microns; the other discusses the infrared spectrum of ozone.
(Author abstract modified)
15171
Yamate, Noburu
MANUAL METHODS AND AUTOMATIC CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTS FOR
KFASUBEMENT OF GASFOUS AIP POLLUTANTS. (Gasujo taiki osenshitsu
no sokutei to sono sokuteikiki). Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Teisaku (J. Pollution Control), b (10):785-796, Oct. 1969. 36
refs.
In order to prevent air pollution, measurement of pollutant
concentrations irust be continuously performed. In this report,
both continuous monitoring and manual analyses of typical air
pollutants are reviewed. Numerous methods are tabulated and most
ot them are explained, with particular attention to continuous
methods and apparatus. Sulfides are measured manually by
colorimetric analysis with rosaniline or barium molybdate, by the
lead per oxide method, or by test paper methods. Sulfides are
also measured continuously by means ot solution conductance
(Thomas autometer) or by optical absorption with rosanilice or
with iodine-starch. Carbon monoxide is measured manually with
palladium sulfate and ammonium molybdate, by gas chromatography,
or by the hopcalite method. It is measured continuously by
infrared or ultraviolet absorption ot reduced mercuric oxide.
Nitrides are measured manually by the Saltzman or the Jacobs
method, or with ortho-tolidine sulfate. Hydrogen sulfide is
measured manually by methylene blue and continuously by a
colorimetric filter paper method. Hydrocarbons are measured
manually by gas chroma tography and continuously by flaire
loni^ation detectors. Formaldehyde is measured manually by
colorimetric analysis with a chromotropic acid or with
acetylacetone, or by the MBTH method. Ozone is measured manually
by the phenolphthalein or the potassium iodide method and
continuously by coulometric titration or by optical absorption
with potassium iodide. Fluorides are measured manually by
colorimetric analysis with thorium neothron(?) or lanthanum
alizarin complex and continuously by filter paper fluorescence.
Actual Tokyo data on changes in the concentrations of carbon
monoxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide are tabulated.
242 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
1b21U
Purcell, R. F., B. H. Bennett, and J. T. Allen
A TEST FOR STABILITY OF SOLVENTS TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION. Am.
Chem. Soc., Div. Org. Coatings Plastics Chem., Preprints, 29(2):
H41-i)i»(t, 1969. (Presented at the Am. Chem. Soc., 158th Meeting,
New York, Sept. 1969.)
A simple screening test was devised to determine the stability
o± solvent vapors to ultraviolet radiation in the presence of N02.
Stability is measured by following the disappearance of the
solvent as shown by gas chiromatograirs taken at various time
intervals. Multiple runs were made on most of the solvents and
excellent reproducibility was obtained. The test results
indicated considerable variation in the stability of various
solvents under these static conditions. The test is a simple and
inexpensive method for measuring solvent stability to ultraviolet
radiation. if an equally simple test for eye irritants can be
found utilizing irradiated samples from this method, a useful test
for screening smog-producing potential will be possible.
153«2
Nucciotti, Francesco, Paolo Mandrioli, and Giovanni Sandri
IMPPOVFMENTS IN SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND IN THE METHODS FOH
DETERMINING ACID GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Miglioramenti
tecnici nel campionamento e nella metodica per la
determinazione di gas acidi nell"atmosiera). Text in Italian.
fliv. Ing., no. 5:353-356, Kay 1969. 11 refs.
Deterioration ot pine forests near industrial complexes on the
Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seacoasts of Italy led to systematic
investigation of air pollution. Chief offenders were found to
be the sulfur and nitrogen oxides. To build a sampling network
meant developing a practical method, easily reproducible and low
in cost. The method of Syozo-Fukui, using a filter soaked in a
concentrated K2C03 solution, seemed best. Analysis of the filter
permits determination of S03, the oxides of nitrogen, and
chlorides. Pesults were good when the relative humidity was
below 70%. The filter salt was highly deliquescent, and above
70% humidity significant quantities of test substance escaped.
Therefore, a framework equipped with an interchangeable
condenser and sheltered by an acrylic plastic casing, the whole
being enclosed in a meteorological shelter was provided to hold
the filter. For transportation to the laboratory, the filter
was sealed hermetically in polyethylene. The method of Fukui
was used for nitrogen oxides, but for S03 that of Johnson-Nishita
was preferred: reduction of all sulfur compounds to hydrogen
sulfide, measured colorimetrically with methylene blue to
a sensitivity of 0.2 ppm. A Schleicher 589 filter was used
immersed in K2C03 solution and dessicated in a vacuum. At the
laboratory, nitrogen oxides, sulfur, H2S, and sulfides were
determined spectrophotometrically. Agents used for determining
nitrogen oxides were sulfanilamide, naphthylethylenediamine,
hydrochloric acid, and a standard solution of N02.
D. Measurement Methods 243
-------
153514
Wilson, K. W., G. J. Doyle, D. A. Hansen, and B. D. Englert
PH010CHF.HTCAL REACTIVITY OF TR1C"LOROL'THYLENE AND OTHER
SOLVFNTS. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Org. Coatings Plastics Chem.
Preprints, 29 (2) : 445-1*44, 1969. f> rets. (Presented at the
15Hth Meeting of the Am. Chem. Soc. , Div. Organic Coatings and
Plastics Chemistry, New York, Sept. 1969.)
A special smog chamber was built to study the slowly reacting
solvents which, in the presence ot nitrogen oxides, form smog
much more slowly than do automobile exhausts. The chamber has
Pyrex panels with an access wall of cast aluminum. The aluminum
wall incorporates eye ports for measurement of eye irritation,
an access hole tor the optics of a miltiretlection infrared
cell, and sampling ports through which gas is removed for wet
chemical analysis. An air purification system for the chamber
removes contaminants by catalytic combustion over platinum
at 5-8 atm and 500 to 600 C and cools the purified air to below
J21 C and about 1 atm. Performance ot the chamber was validated
by charging it with test hydrocarbons, e.g., ethyler.e, cyclohexane,
tricholoroethylene, xylenes, and paraffins at 1, 4, or 8 ppm
and nitric oxide at 0.25, 1 , or 2 ppm. The photooxirtation
experiments show that the rate of photochemical smog formation
decreases as the hydrocarbon:nitric oxide ratio decreases
and that eye irritation is caused primarily by formaldehyde.
As judged by its rate of disappearance, trichloroethylene is
less reactive than ethylene. Trends observed with changing
concentrations of trichloroethylene also suggest that average
atmospheric concentrations of trichioroethylene would produce
no eye irritation or other measurable smog symptoms.
154PU
Lang, Helen K., W. E. O'Neill, B. A. Coulehan, and R. K. Freed man
CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF DIESEL FXHAUST GAS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE,
CARBON MONOXIDE, OXYGFN, METHANE, AND NITROGEN OXIDES. Bureau
of Mines, Washington, D. C., RI 7241, T»p., March 1969. -9 refs.
CFSTI: PB 183386
A monitoring system was applied to provide rapid, continuous
analyses of diesel exhaust gas. Commercially available
continuous analyzers with strip chart readout were employed for
nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon mor.oxide, and
oxygen. All five continuous analyzers performed satisfactorily
during the preliminary testing and were used successfully during
several actual diesel approval tests. The results were checked
tv two independent analytical methods: gas volumetric and
gas chromatographic analyses. It was shown that the use of
nondispersive infrared analyzers is a generally accepted
technique for on-stream analysis of carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and methane gases. Polarographic analyzers worked
well for on-stream analysis of oxygen. Mass spectrometry was
used to determine the nitric oxide content. Strip chart
recorders provided permanent records or all concentration changes
during the course ot the approval tests. It was believed that
the use of analyzers would speed up the diesel approval testing
procedure.
244 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
15521
Nietruch, Frank and Karl—Ernst Prescher
DILUTION SYSTEM FOP LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF NIT303ES DIOXIDE AND
DETERMINATION OF THE SALTZHAN "ACTOR. (Dosierung Kleiner
Stickstoftdioxid-Mengen and Bestimmung des 'Saltzman-Faktors1).
Text in German. Z. Anal. Chera., vol. 244:291-J02, 1969. aO refs.
A dynamic flow system is described by which dinitrogen tetroxide
(N20ii) is diluted with air in two steps to obtain N02
concentrations in the ppm range. Through therraostatization of
the first stage, the dissociation of the dinitrogen tetroxide
could be taken into account during calculation of the N02 end
concentration. With the N02/air mixture obtained by this method,
the Saltzman photometric analysis of N02, which is based on the
formation o± an intensely colored azo dye was tested. The
results obtained with gaseous N02 and with eguivalent -amounts
of aqueous nitrite solution are compared. At a concentration
of 1.5 micrograms N02 per 25 ml absorbing solution, the dye
formation by 1 mole H02 eguals that of 1 mole of nitrite
('Saltzman-factor' 1.0). It the concentration is 10
micrograms/25 ml,, the intensity of the color effect due to 1 mole
of N02 eguals 0.86 moles cf nitrite ('Saltzman-factor1 0.86).
Only halt the expected color intensity was found when a N02/air
mixture was used that had been prepared by a dynamic two-step
dilution and oxidation of NO ('Saltzman-lactor' 0.5).
15752
Hatterer, Andre and Michel Forissier
PSEDDOCHPOMATOGBAPHIC MICFOANALYSIS UTILIZING GAS-SOLID
EQUILIBRIA. DETERMINATION OF N02, NOC1, C12, HC1, C02 AND H20.
(Microanalyse pseudochromatographigue utilisant les equilibres
gaz-solide. Dosage de N02, NOC1, C12, HC1, C02, H20). Text
in French. 7. Anal. Chem., vol. 2U7.-266-271, Oct. 1969. 12 refs.
Gas separation was carried out in two stages, condensation and
sublimation, in a small metal tube exposed to a temperature
gradient from 77 to 300 K. A non-condensable gas such as helium,
hydrogen or nitrogen was used as a carrier. In the first stage,
the components of the mixture were selectively solidified in the
cooled tube under partial pressures below those of the triple
points. In the second stage, heating of the tube with an inverted
temperature gradient caused sublimation and completes the
separation. Catharometers or mass spectrometers were employed
tor the detection and determination of the gases. Gases could
be determined in the range of 0.000001 to 0.0001 mole/ml of gas.
(Author abstract modified)
1590«
Braman, Robert S.
EKISSION-TYPE DISCHARGE STUDY OF SOME AIR POLLUTANT COMPOUNDS.
Preprint, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., Div. of
Water and Waste Chemistry, 16p., 1969. 3 refs. (Presented at
D. Measurement Methods 245
-------
the American Chemical Society, 158th National Meeting, Division
of Pater, Air, Waste Chemistry, New York, Sept. 8-12, 1969.)
The applicability ot a four-channel DC discharge system to gas
chromatographic analysis of air pollutants was investigated in
laboratory analyses of automobile exhaust and other gas mixtures.
Air pollutants studied included carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, and carbonyl sulfide. Alkanes, alcohols, and
othor compounds were also investigated for comparison purposes.
The lour ma^or wavelengths observed were 5165 C2; 4312 CH; 4216
CM; and 5562 H. The detector gave good response patterns suitable
tor qualitative identification of gases and pollutants and was
particularly useful in confirming the identity of air peaks,
hydrogen, CO, hydrocarbons, and C02. Limits of detection air in
tho ppm range. The limits need improvement if sub-ppm
concentrations are to be directly analyzed and detected in air.
Data presented in the form of tables include wavelength and
band/line spectra ot analyzed compounds, response data, and
emission ratios for a series of alcohols.
246 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
CONTROL METHODS
00003
HEARINGS - S 306. A Bill to Amend the Clean Air Act to
Pequire Standards for Controlling the Emission of Pollutants
iron Gasoline-Powerea or Diesel-Powered Vehicles, to
Establish a Federal Air Pollution Control Laboratory and for
Other Purposes. 89th Congress (1st Session) Senate
Committee on Public Works. Special Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution. April 9, 1965. 308 pp.
This document contains Government reports, statements made by
Government officials and industrial representatives, and
communications to Senator Muskie. The following topics are
discussed: (1) photochemical smog; (2) effects of air
pollution; (3) vehicle use trends; (4) recognition by state
governments; (5) exhaust and crankcase emission control; (6)
tuel evaporator loss control; (7) fuels; and (8) diesels. Also
included are reports on causes and control of automotive emissions,
by J.D. Caplan; and descriptions of visits to General
Motors Research Laboratories, Ford Motor Co. Vehicle
Emissions Testing Laboratory, American Motors Corp.
(Air-guard system tor exhaust control), and to Chrysler Corp.
Laboratories (Clean air package components).##
OOOS7
B.D. Kopa
PNEU1ATIC FUEL ATOM1ZATION AS APPLIED TO AUTOMOBILE AIH
POLLUTION CONTROL. California Univ., Los Angeles, Dept.
of Engineering.(Rept. No. 63-61.) Dec. 1963. 19p.
CFST1, DDC: AD 60102b
The principle of pneumatic tuel atomization as applied to
internal combustion engine carburetion was conceived during
research activity concerned with exhaust gas recycling ana its
effects on engine performance. The goal was to find a
solution to thre engine "power surging" problem, a phenomenon
resulting from exhaust gas recycling as a method of nitrogen oxide
control. The test results were obtained during the operation of
an engine equipped alternatively with a factory standard
carburetor or with a fuel atomization device. The earlier
developed exhaust gas recycling devices installed on engines
equipped with standard carburetors were extensively road tested.
^hey proved to operate trouble-free for test periods extended
over 30,000 miles of driving. Nitrogen oxides reduction averaged
80% and the specific fuel consumption remained substantially
unchanged. The fuel atomization device eliminates the "power
surging" noticeable with the earlier recycling device, and since it
combines the exhaust gas recycling with fuel-air mixture
homogeneation, an additional benefit, namely, substantial reduction
of unburned hydrocarbons and of carbon monoxide is obtainable.
Kore research work, however, is needed in order to gain a
conclusive picture about the full potential of pneumatic fuel
atomization as a method of automotive air pollution control.#t
247
-------
00087
A.?. Bush, R.A. Glater, J. Dyer, G. Richards
THE EFFECTS OF ENGINE EXHAUST ON THE ATMOSPHERE WHEN AUTOMOBILES
APE EQUIPPED WITH AFTEEBURNERS. California Univ., Los
Angeles, Dept. of Engineering. (Bept. No. 62-63.) Dec. 1962.
3$ pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 297976
In order to determine the probable composition of the atmosphere
attrr automobile exhausts are controlled, tests were conducted
using the air pollution rest facility on tne campus at UCLA.
Automotive vehicles were studied with and without afterburners
using various concentrations ct auto exhaust during simulated
driving cycles. The objective of the experimentation was to
simulate ambient atmosphere and to trst this atmosphere for
contamination by exposing known sensitized plants to it and
testinn its ability to produce human eye irritation. Indications
are that atypical plant damage reported is due to oxides of
nitrogen: Fumiaations showed that, in all instances of
elevated formaldehyde measurements, eye irritation resulted.##
00097
L.L. Winkstrom K Kobe
CATALYTIC DEC01 POSITION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE. California
Univ., Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering. (Report 6J-19.)
Apr. l^bJ. UO pp.
CFSTT, DDC: AD 40683U
Reactions of: the oxides of nitrogen are of considerable interest
in current air pollution research. the investigation reported in
this papei is the study of the complete aissociation of N02 in
nitrogen and in air with CuO- Alumina (1:1) and CeO2-Alumina
(1:1) catalysts. The initial concentration of the N02 was
varied within the range 720-2200 ppm. The reaction was studied in
a steady-state isothermal flow reactor with the temperature varied
in the range J0
-------
A review ct industrial air pollution problems and their solution
is presented. The effectiveness of federal, state and ''real
etforts on tffis" pfocrem, as well as the steps that industry has
taken to control it, are discussed. Recommendations include:
education ot the public, a national planning program supported by
industry, federal and state governments, federal legislation, less
costly and more effective equipment for containing and preventing
the nuisances.##
0026V
V. H. Luther, K. lohner, H. Muller, and W. Zander
POSSIBILITIES 0? DECONTAMINATING EXHAUST GASES OF OTTO ENGINES.
Moglichkeiten einer Entgiftung der Abgase von Ottomotoren.
Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg) 18 (12) : 964-972, Dec. 1965. Text in
German.
The composition of motor exhaust gases is discussed.
Measuring methods and the possibility of decontamination before,
in, and behind th^ combustion chamber are described in detail.
Fundamental principles ot the Cleaner Air Package, crankcase
blowby control devices, after-burner with spark ignition, and the
Han-Air-Ox system are given. The state of the art of catalytic
combustion is summarized and it is shown that the combination of
other after-burner systems with small catalyst units are worthy of
further development.#C
00562
E. Hunigen and W. Prietsch
THE ELIMINATION OF NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES. Probleme und Lcsungswege der Schadstoffbeseitigung
bei Verbrennungsmotoren. Technik (Berlin), 21 (6):377-383, June
1966.
Control of air pollution from internal combustion engine is
reviewed. A table is given of maximum permissible concentrations
ot various components of exhaust gases for both Germanies, the
USSR, and USA. The review emphasizes methods of measurement
ot various pollutants. # ft
00569
D. J. Addicott and J. G. Mingle
PARTIAL PSCIBCULATION OF DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST FOR REDUCTION OF
OXIDES OF NITROGEN. Preprint. (Presented at Second Annual
Meeting, Pacific Northwest International Section, Air
Pollution Control Association, Portland, Oreg., Nov. 5-6,
196«.)
N oxides are formed in overlean regions during the heterogeneous
combustion of the diesel engine. This paper describes a series of
tests wherein up to 11% diesel engine exhaust gas was recirculated
E. Control Methods 249
-------
into the intake marifold. N oxides concentration, smoke, power,
exhaust temperature, and fuel-air ratio are shown as a function of
the percent o± exhaust gas recirculated. The results of these
tests show that the concentration of N oxides in the exhaust gas
remained essentially constant, at 300 ppm, up to 8% of exhaust gas
recirculation. The concentration then increased rapidly to 700
ppm at 11% o± exhaust gas recirculation. Increasing the percent
of exhaust recirculaton from zero to 11% caused the fuel-air
ratio to increase from 0. 050 to 0. 065. As the percent of
recirculated exhaust gas increased, so did the temperature of the
recirculated portion of the exhaust increase. This increase of
temperature is postulated to have increased the peak cycle
temperature within the combustion chamber and thus increased the
N oxides emission. It is further postulated that no reduction
in N oxides emission will be obtained from recirculating exhaust
gas unless the recirculated gas is cooled. The concentration of
N oxides in the exhaust gas was determined with a
snectrophotometer constructed at Oregon State University.
(Authors' abstract) ##
00959
B. B. Sundaresan, C. I. Harding, F. P. May, and E.
P. Hendncksor.
A DBY PROCESS FOR THE RE.10VAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES FROM WASTE GAS
STREAMS IN NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE. Preprint. (Presented at
the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
San 7rancisco, Calif., June 20-2':, 1966, Paper 66-96.)
Experimental studies were conducted using a commercial zeolite
to remove NOx from waste gas streams in a nitric acid plant.
NOx retained in the bed was recovered as enriched NOx and
HN03 gy regenerating the bed at elevated temperatures with hot
air and/or steam. Test results indicate that such a system could
be incorporated into an existing nitric acid plant, thereby
eliminating release of significant quantities of NOx into
atmosphere. The conclusions are enumerated below: (1) A
process to remove NOx from the waste gas streams of nitric acid
plants has been found; (2) Complete NOx removal as proved by
this system will eliminate release of NOx into the atmosphere;
( () Commercial zeolite used in this process can remove NOx
along with most of the moisture present in the tail gas; (4) NOx
and H20 retained in the bed has been recovered as enriched NOx
and HKO-i for possible feedback into the process stream; (5) It
has been estimated that in a 300 ton acid plant by feeding back the
recovered NOx into the process stream, about 4 to 5 tons per day
of 60% MH03 now being wasted could ae added to production; and
(6) The increased production should offset the additional
investment tor such a system, making the process economically
feasible. (Author summary and conclusions) *4
01619
NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE (INFORMATIVE BEPT. NO. 5). J.
Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (3) 91-3, Bar. 1964. (TI-2
Chemical Industry Committee).
250 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Nitric acid manufacture by the ammonia oxidation process and the
concentration process are described. The control aspects are
discussed.#*
01645
A. J. Haagen-Smit
THE CONTHOL OF AIR POLLUTION. Sci. Am. 210, (1) 25-31, Jan.
1964.
Dsing the development of Los Angeles' control program as an
example, smog, ausx, fumes, photochemical reactions, automotive
emissions, control methods, emissions standards, and control
devices are reviewed.##
01646
B. Linsky
NEW METHODS OF REDUCING INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION. Bldg. Res.
2, (5) JO-2, Oct. 1965.
New air pollution control methods, costs of control equipment,
directions of current research, needs for additional research, and
the need for collecting information are discussed.##
01701
P. Porter
THE ABATEMENT OR PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES
AND SULFUR-CONTINING FUELS. Preprint. (Presented to the Ad
Hoc Meeting on Technical Means of Abatement and Prevention of
Air Pollution, at the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, Paris, France, Dec. 13-14, 1965.)
Progress in the United States in combatting two of the most
ubiquitous sources of air pollution: emissions from motor
vehicles, and sulfur compounds resulting from otner kinds of
fossil fuel combustion is reviewed. These are the two major
sources tor which technical means for abatement and
prevention—technical means, that is, which are also economically
feasible—have not yet been developed to our complete
satisfaction.**
01791
G.A. Jutze R.J. Lewis
A METHOD FOE CHECKING INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE AT REMOTE
SAMPLING SITES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (7),
323-f-, July 1965.
E. Control Methods 251
-------
This paper describes a quality control technique used by the
central headquarters operation of the continuous Air
Monitoring Program in an eftort to insure valid data
production from instruments located at remote sampling stations.
The procedure consists of preparation of 0.10 to 2.00 ppm
mixtures of S02 or N02 in duplicate Mylar bags, each
encased in a corrugated paper box. These mix-tures are
analyzed during make-up to insure duplication. One box is
shipped to the field station where it is analyzed on-site. The
control mixture is analyzed in the central lab at the same time.
Correlation between measurements indicates the usefulness of this
dynamic calibration check. The techniques used are described and
results of the program are presented. (Author abstract)#3
OIHbO
J.A. Bolt K. Boerma
THE INFLUENCE OF INLET AIE CONDITIONS ON CARBURETOR KETESING.
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 1966. 13
pp. (Presented at the Congress of the Society of Automotive
Engineers, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 10-14, 1966, Paper 660119.)
This paper provides data concerning the enrichment of
automotive carburetors with variation of inlet air pressure
and temperature. These changes occur with weather and the season,
with altitude, and because of underhood heating. The early
opening of the conventional carburetor enrichment value at
altitude can add greatly to the "normal" carburetor enrichment.
Means tor compensating the mixture ratio tor these changes in
inlet air conditions are known, but will almost certainly add to
the complexity and cost of the engine induction system. The cost
of improved devices must be compromised with the possible
reduction in exhaust emissions and improvement in fuel economy.
(Author abstract)##
F.S. Peid, J.G. Mingle, W.H. Paul
OXIDES OF MITPOGEN FROM AIR ADDED IN EXHAUST PORTS. in:
Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE Progress in Technology
Series, Vol. W, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,
New York, 1966, p. 230-240. 6 refs. (Presented at the SAE
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 10-14,
1966. Paper 660115)
This paper presents the results of a study made to examine
quantitatively th° oxides of nitrogen in., the exh_aus_t...Qf an
internal combustion engine installed in a passenger car. The
effects of adding secondary air in exhaust ports, with both a rich
and lean carburetor, and for steady-state conditions, are reported.
Experimental setup and procedures are explained. (Authors'
abstract)#ft
252 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
020b1
J. Feist-
THE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITPOUS GASES DUEISG THE MANUFACTURE OF
NITRIC ACID. Die Katalytische Feduktion Von Nitrosen
Abgas.en Sei Der Erzeugung Von Salpetersaure. Proc.
(Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper
VI/1b). pp. 199-202.
Discusses a catalytic reduction process for reducing nitric oxide
present in the waste gases from nitric acid tor manufacture to a
concentration or lou ppm. Flow sheets illustrate thermal
integration of the catalytic process with the overall process.
Discusses the use of metal and ceramic catalysts. (Author
abstract)##
02J96
E. S. Monroe.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL INCINERATION. Proc. Natl.
Incinerator Conf. 226-30, 1966. (Presented at the National
Incinerator Conference, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York City, Hay 1-4, 1966.)
The paper is a review of improved calculating and design
techniaues, performance rating of incinerators, and a description
of the new open-pit incinerator. Of particular interest is a
curve of nitrogen oxide formation with varying excess air and
temperature developed from thermodynamic equilibrium data that has
been verified by field tests. (Author abstract)*#
(SCIENTIFIC METHODS AND TECHNIQUES TO DECREASE THE POLLUTION OF
THE ENVIRONMENT, THROUGH INHALATION OR INGESTION, AND OF
ACOUSTICAL "NUISANCES.") Moyens scientifiques et
techniques de diminuer la pollution des milieux inhales ou ingeres
et des "nuisances" acoustiques. {Chapter 3: Les pollutions
et "nuisances" d'origine industrielle et urbaine. Tome 1. Leur
prevention et les problems scientifiques et techniques qu'elle
pose en France.) Premier Kinistre, Delegation generale a la
recherche scientifique et technique. June 1966. pp. 17-59.
The functioning of chlorophyll in the course of photosynthesis in
leaves of plants serves as a method of air purification of
sufficient importance to consider its use in control. Vegetation,
like men and animals, can sustain a considerable amount of damage
to the point where the threshold limit of absorption of toxic
substances is exceeded. The three gases causing the most
damage to vegetation are carbon monoxide, the sulfur oxides, and
those containing fluorine. Also to be considered are acid
"smog", toxic "snoq", ozone, and nitrogen oxides. Other
industrial pollutants which have a toxic influence, but less
E. Control Methods 253
-------
sever and localized, are dusts, hydrogen sulfides, hydrochloric
acid, etc. Ethylene and carbon monoxide cause great damage to the
growth hormones, particularly auxin. The effects of S02,
S03, and H250U are related to the quanity of gas emitted, the
degree ot resistance of the species, their state of development,
and the various environmental conditions. The sensitivity of
vegetation to the action of sulfur gases varies essentially as a
function ot the speed of absorption of the gas by the leaves.
Through experimentation it has been found that the plant species
which are most sensitive to 302 are chickweed, alfalfa, barley,
oats, wheat, rhubarb, lettuce, endive, spinich, cabbage, and
tobacco. Apples, apricots, peaches, grapes, corn, and beans are
less sensitive, whereas the floral species such as gladiolus, rose,
and lilac otter considerable resistance. Aquatic vegetation is
often used as purifying means tot polluted streams. Subsoils
purity themselves of pollutant materials in various ways, including
uptake by vegetation and dispersion in the soil with rain water,
etc. In a section on means of decreasing the inhaled pollutants
the following are mentioned: dust collectors, normal methods of
dispersion in the atmosphere, fumes from domestic fires, auto
exhaust fumes, fuel additives, improvement of combustion in
engines, recycling of crankcase gases, post-combustion appliances,
and redesigning of motors. Also given in this section (Chapter
j) is some similar information or. ingested pollutants and on
ot noise.**
0263 /
C. L. Goodacre
"KIEF E'JPVEY 0^ THE LITFRATUPH RELATING TO EXHAUST GAS CONTROL BY
KFAK'- CF ENGINE MODIFICATION (FAPT III OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION: A SURVEY OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE EMISSIONS FPOM
PETPCL-ENGINED VEHICLES AND TPEIB TREATMENT). British
Technical Council of the Motor and Petroleum Industries,
England. Sept. 196S. pp. 6b-7U.
An appraisal is presented ot published worK on: air-fuel ratio;
ignition timing; power output and speed; value overlap;
combustion chamber deposits; manifold vacuum; carburetior.;
combustion chamber shape; engine cycle variations; spark plugs and
electrical eauipmer.t; and pressure fuel systems.**
0 2 6 31-1
P. A. C. Fosterry
EXHAUST SYSTEM DEVICES FOP P2TBOL-ENGINFD VEHICLES (PART IV OF
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: A SURVEY OF SOhL ASPECTS OF THE
EMISSIONS FFOK PETFOL-ENGINED VEHICLES AND THEIR TREATMENT).
British Technical Council ot the Motor and Petroleum
Industries, England. Sept. 196^. pp. 75-92.
The malor work on devices in exhaust systems has been on their
use tor the oxidation ot hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. A
common feature of all these devices is that air is addea to the
exhaust stream in order to allow combustion to take place; 3
methods or coir.busticn are used, leading to 3 types ot devices-
Catalytic converters. Direct flame dfterburners, and Manifold'
air cxidatioi, systems. Devices on which results have been
published hove almost exclusively been related to the requirements
254 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
ot the Calitornian legislation for the control of exhaust
emissions; thus it is convenient to discuss performance where
possible in relation to the requirements laid down by California.
These requirements are broadly that in 12,000 miles of normal
driving the average emissions (as measured during a specified
driving cycle carried out at intervals in the 12,000 mile test)
should not exceed 275 ppm hydrocarbon (measured as hexane on a
nondispersive infra-red gas analyser) and 1.55! carbon monoxide;
certain criteria including ones on reliability, noise, ortour and
safety are also stipulated. Five devices (H catalytic and one
direct flame) have been approved by the Californian
M.V.P.C.B. as meeting their requirements; brief details of
these devices and of their performance in the California tests are
given. A lesser amount of work has been published on the
reduction of oxides of N in exhaust gases. The present relative
status ot the different devices is discussed.#t
030U5
H. Mori
HANSHIN WET TYPZ DUST COLLECTORS. Clean Air Heat
Kanagement (Tokyo) 15, (5) 5-11, May 1966
There are three models of Hanshin Wet Type Dust Collectors
for collecting different kinds of dust and they all operate on the
same principles. Contaminated exhaust gas is forced into a water
tank equipped with turbulance control plates through nozzles at a
high speed. The gas is cleaned while in contact with the water.
The HJ model is for collecting fine particles from such
materials as sand, cement, activated carbon and brick. The
typical collection efficiency tor various particle size
distributions is approximately 99%. The HJS model is designed
for use with oil and coal burners. The mechanics of this model
are the same tor the HJ models, but the HJS model requires the
addition of a sludge tank. The concentration of soot in the
exhaust gas is reduced by a factor of tuo. Appropriate sizes of
HJS models for different boiler sizes are tabulated. HJG
models are designed for the treatment of gaseous contamination in
exhaust gas. They have the same structure as HJ and HJS
models except that a de-mister is added at the top of the tank.
The absorption efficiencies for H2S, C12, S02 and N02 are
tabulated. The efficiency of 98.5% is obtained for H2S by
addition of NaOH to the tank water. #C
H. p. Calvert
AN ABSORBENT FOR PROVIDING CLEAN AIB IN SUBMARINES. Navy
Marine Engineering Lab., Annapolis, Md. (MEL Rept. No.
3UO/66) . AUG. 1966. 18 PP.
CFSTI AD 639 583
The components to be removed from the foul air of a submarine
atmosphere include moisture, C02 and H2, each in a range up to
about 3% by volume, and lesser quantities of. contaminations which
are off-gases from men and materials. These latter include the
halogenated hydrocarbons, other hydrocarbons, CO, sulfur gases.
E. Control Methods 255
-------
nitrogen compounds, etc, which are in high concentration at their
originating sources but may average to only a few parts per
million in the total atmosphere. Occasional situations may occur
when much larger quantities of these components enter a submarine's
atmosphere. In addition it is necessary to remove certain
airborne solids and liquids (i.e., dusts, smokes, aerosols, haze,
bacteria, viruses, etc). Since adsorbents separate gases and
vapors and filter airborne solid and liquid particles from a foul
air steam, their capabilities are broadly inclusive. Cocoanut
shell carbon is the adsorbent now widely used by the U. S.
Navy for vents, filters, gas masks, etc. MS 544 is a sodium
aluminosilicate adsorbent which, recently, became a commercial
product. It is able to withstand thermal treatment in air during
repeated activation to desired adsorbency status. It flows easily
fin air purification process may need easy flowing adsorbent.
This material is an example of the inorganic adsorbents presently
available. Investigation of adsorbents included comparison of
active carbon with an active inorganic adsorbent (MS 544) for
the removal of ?reon-11, Freon-12, C02, H2, moisture, and
background gases and vapors from prepared streams of "foul air."
Adsorption, various desorptions, and heat activation were
programmed in tests to compare the two adsorbents. Pressure
decrease and clean air purge effects are included. It was
concluded that (1) «S 544 is a safer adsorbent than carbon in a
regenerative process and will remove more unwanted components from
foul air, (2) termination of throughput in an air-purification
adsorbent process is dependent upon the nature of the gaseous
components which are to be removed from foul air; (3) moisture is a
principal adsorbate in an airpuritication adsorption process; (4)
heatina is necessary for rapid desorption and for complete
activation prior to subsequent adsorption in a regenerative
air-purification adsorption process.##
03204
K. E h n e r t.
THE REHUVIOP OF NITRIC OXIDE DUSING ELECTROSTATIC GAS
PURIFICATION. Uber das Verhalten des Stickstoffmonoxids bei
QPT eleKtrostatischen Gasreinigung. Brennstoff-Chen. (Essen)
9 (7) : 273-274, Sept. 1966. Translated from German as JPRS H-
HS84-D.
The effects of field intensities, lonizing-electrode diameters,
period of stay of the gas in the electrostatic purifier,
concentrations of nitric oxide in c,ie gas, and the presence of
unsaturated compounds upon the decomposition of nitric oxide were
measured by means of an experimental electro-filter situated in
coke oven plant. Witnin the range of 3 to 3.y kv/cm, the
quantities of NO decline with increasing field intensity, this
decline amounting to only about 10 to 20% at the field strengths of
2 to 3 kv/cm which are commonly used in coke-oven installations.
Industrial-economic considerations however place a limit on the
extent to which voltages can be increased in practice. The period
during which the gases remain in the filter is a factor in the
reduction of fio content, but a doubling of this period from 6 to
12 seconds results in a maximum increase in the decomposition rate
or only 25%. The reduction in NO tends first to decline and
then to increase as the diameter of the ionizing electrode is
increased. The most effective factor in the reduction of NO
contents is the addition of unsaturated compounds; thus the
256 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
addition ot 2.5 ml cyclopentadiene cu/m of gas increases the loss
ot NO by a factor of U under certain experimental conditions.
The experiments show that current commercial coke-oven
practice results in reductions ot about 20% in NO content, and
that an increase in the field strengths together with a rise in the
unsaturated-compound contents can effect reductions of 50-60%.#f
03536
AUTOMOTIVE AIP POLLUTION III. (A REPORT TO THE U.S. CONGRESS IN
COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC L5H 88-206, THE CLEAN AIS ACT.)
Preprint. 1965.
Reduced exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and CO have
become a reality in California with thp introduction of the
196b-m
-------
formation will consequently be reduced to quantities too small
to cause appliance complaints even though the reaction
products are not removed. A considerable amount of control is
necessary to make the process operate efficiently and successful
application in any particular case will depend on the proper
assessment of individual conditions. The protective measures
outlined in the paper were instrumental in eliminating
corrosion from the chlorine dioxide. (Author abstract modified)##
0461B
P. A. Baker and R. C. Doerr
CATALYZED NJTFTC OXIDP REDUCTION WITH CABBON MONOXIDE. Ind.
Enq. Chem. Process Design Develop. 4, (2) 1B8-91, Apr. 1965.
(Presented before the Division of Water and Waste Chemistry,
117th Heeting, American Chemical bBsociety, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Apr. 146U .)
The reductionof nitric oxide by carbon monoxide over a copper
chromite catalyst from 115 to 270 C. and up to 1/36,000 hr. space
velocity is discussed. Reduction of 90% at space velocities of
1/16,000 nr. is obtained at temperatures exceeding 200 C. At a
given space velocity stepwise NO reduction is observed as a
function of temperature. Partial reduction of NO to N20 takes
place at low temperatures, followed by complete reduction to N2
as temperature increases. At 1/12,000 hr. inlet NO
concentrations between 500 and 9000 p.p.m. do not effect reduction
efficiency at temperatures exceeding 150 C. Excess CO has no
effect. Water does not affect NO reduction but leads to ammonia
formation. Oxygen it present preferentially oxidizes CO to
C02. There must be sufficient CO to react with the 02 as
well as NO tor effective reduction of the NO. This system
has practical significance for NO removal from automobile
exhaust. (Author abstract)##
0 U6 J4
T. P. Varshavskn, A. M. Denisov, L. E. Zlatin, and
K. V. Zolotarev
SMOKELESS CHANGING C? COKE OVENS. Coke Chem. (USSR)
(English Transl.) (6) 26-31, 1965. Huss. (Tr.)
A pilot-commercial spokeless charging plant has been built on
No. 1 battery at the Kemerovo Coke and Chemical Works along
the lines of those at VUKhIN and the Magnitogorsk
Integrated Iron and Steel Works. A new smokeless oven
charging system has been devised and introduced on the No. 1
battery at the Kemerovo Coke and Chemical Works based on
separate consecutive emptying of the charging-car hoppers (4,3,2
and 1) with suction of the charging gases only into the coke side
collecting main. The possibility of the saleable tar being
contaminated with ash or heavy tar products has been eliminated.
4.0 tons/day of high-ash tar was obtained from the coke side
collecting main. The nitric oxide content of the raw gas from
No. 1 battery is 16.5 cc/cu meter. Accordingly it is vital to
solve the problem of how to remove the nitric oxide from the
charning gases or how to isolate and utilize them without
purification. The satisfactory operating results of the plant
258 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
enatle this system to be recommended for works which do not supply
gas to nitrogenous fertilizer undertakings. (Author conclusions)t
t
04899
H. D. Daigh and W. F. Deeter
CONTROL OF NITPOGEN OXIDES IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST. API (Am.
Petrol. Inst.) Preprint. (Presented at a Session on
Automobile Exhaust Gas, 27th Midyear Meeting, American
Petroleum Inst., Division of Refining, San Francisco, Calif.
Kay 17, 1962.)
Large differences exist in the concentration of nitrogen oxides
in the exhausts from different makes and models of vehicles and
tor different modes of vehicle operation. Maximum quantities of
nitrogen oxides are emitted during high-speed cruising with large
incremental increases occurring for each 10-mph increase in speed,
Full-throttle acceleration is another mode of operation which
causes the emission of large quantities of nitrogen oxides.
Nitrogen oxides can be reduced by several methods. Modification
of ignition advance and carburetion and changes in fuel composition
reduced emissions but did not achieve the 80-percent reduction
which was the goal of this investigation. However, the use of
recycled exhaust gas was effective, and reductions of 80 percent or
more were generally obtained. A modified system for recycling
exhaust gas was, developed which offers an operable, inexpensive
method for reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides. Adequate
vehicle performance was achieved by recycling the exhaust at
elevated temperatures and by designing the system to shut off the
flow at idle and wide-open throttle. Concentrations of carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons (the latter during deceleration only)
were also reduced. Limited testing with this system did not
reveal any adverse operating effects or abnormal deposit problems.
The results indicated that moderate changes can be made in the
ignition and carburetion of those vehicles requiring such changes
with little sacrifice of nitrogen oxides reduction. Individual
inert gases, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, were equally
effective for reducing nitrogen oxides emissions. The
etfectiveness appears to be due to a modification of the combustion
process resulting in lower peak temperatures. A thorough study
of combustion should be made to identify those conditions
influencing the combustion phenomenon and to determine the
optimum conditions for reducing the concentrations of nitrogen
oxides. (Author abstract) ##
F. G. Lunche, E. E. Lemke, B. L. Weimer, and J. A.
Verssen
AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District, Calif. July 1, 1966.
bl pp.
Los Angeles County, the largest heavily-industrialized,
semi-tropical area in the world, is afflicted with a serious and
well-publicized air pollution problem. This problem is
E. Control Methods 259
-------
accentuated by average wind speeds of less than 6 miles per hr.,
and temperature inversions on more than 260 days per year, which
restrict dispersion ot the air contaminants generated by the
activities of seven million people. Since 1939 population has
more than doubled, industry has expanded from approximately
6000 establishments to more than 20,000 in 1966, and automobile
registration, gasoline consumption and fuels usage have increased
sharply. In addition to nearly two decades of expenditures by the
District tor research engineering and enforcement, industry has
expended dunno this same period 127 million dollars for the
installation of new control equipment units and 882 million dollars
tor basic production equipment. This program is preventing some
50H5 tons ot various air contaminants from entering the Los
Angeles atmosphere each day. Of this total, control measures of
the petroleum industry are responsible for removing some 3425 tons.
The prohibition ot burning of high sulfur fuels accounts for
another 535 tons. The ban on single chamber incinerators and open
burning prevents another 605 tons from entering the atmosphere.
The control of air contaminants from mineral and metallurgical
industries accounts for another <420 tons. Of the 5085 tons of
various air contaminants now prevented from entering the Los
Anqeles atmosphere from stationary sources each day, 1195 tons are
hydrocarbons,"1320 tons are S02, 1945 tons are CO, «70 tons
are aerosols, and 155 tons are oxides of nitrogen- The program
will not be complete however, until effective control over the
gasoline-powered vehicle, fuel oil burning and organic solvent
usaae is carried out.**
05003
J. Fiala
HOW THF CZECHOSLOVAK SYSTEM OF CLOSED INLET AND EXHADST CYCLE
REDUCES THE HARMFUL EFFECT OF EXHAUST GASES PPODUCFD BY INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES. (Czech. Meter Eev.) 12, Sept. 1966.
Two automotive emission control systems employing recirculation
are described. From the driver's seat normal engine operation can
be changed into (1) a semi-open inlet and exhaust cycle with part
ot the gases recirculating or (2) a fully closed cycle with the
engine working independent of the surrounding atraoschere without
emissions and at low noise level. The catalytic chamber also
used with the semi-open system weighs 0.86 kg per liter for engines
up to to liters operating at up to 2000 rpm. The service life of
the catalyzing charge is about 14 months depending on the way the
vehicle is used. The chamber's dimensions are 500 mm x 300 mm x
350 mm. Its efficiency is up to 98% for CO, 95% tor aldehydes,
50% tor NOx, while no traces of SOx have been found in the
art-justed exhaust gases. The closed cycle system brings the
exhaust gas mixture to a regenerator chamber at 160 c where
oxygen and hydrogen are generated from the carbon dioxide and
water vapor. The engine cylinders are charged with the oxygen,
hydrogen and unburnt residues at about 3 kg/sq cm without
supercharger. The light component of the fuel with hign fixed
oxyg°n content is atomized in the induction manifold of the engine.
Tho heavy component of the fuel with high hydrogen and carbon
contents is injected under high pressure directly into the
cylinders. The superoxides of sodium, Canuoi, or even lithium
may be employed in the regenerator. To make the adjusted gas
mixture richer with oxygen a solid pyrochemical source of oxygen
may be employed, for example a mixture of lithium perchlorate with
260 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
extra fine metal manganese and lithium peroxide. lithium peroxide
oxidizes the manganese and is a catalyzer making heat decomposition
ot the lithium perchlorate possible and preventing the escape of
free chlorine. The mixture in the shape of pressed bricks is
equivalent in volume to liquid oxygen and can be made to operate
by an electic ignitor. With the use of two-component fuel and
the closed cycle system a longer time ±or the mixing of fuel in the
working gas mixture and improvement of the combustion in the
engine cylinders is obtained. Due to this the impact load on the
crankshaft mechanism in the internal combustion engine will be
reduced and silent running of the engine obtained.*t
05048
G. H. Peters, J. E. Aker, and E. F. Morello
A SOLID CHEMICAL AIR GENERATOR. Amoco Chemicals Corp.,
Seymour, Ind., Propellants Div. (Kept. No. AMfiL-TDR-64-71.)
Sept. 1961. 55 pp.
The development ot a solid chemical air generator capable of
producing a breathable, oxygen enriched atmosphere for possible
space applications.was investigated. The direct decomposition of
solid ammonium nitrate to produce the desired atmosphere was
studied. This direct method of conversion was found to be
impractical as the reaction products consisted of nitrogen oxides
regardless of the conditions of decompostion. Various catalyst
systems tor decomposition of nitrous oxide were investigated since
the reaction products contained about 40% of this gas and results
indicated this gas could be controlled. Screening of various
catalyst systems produced nickel oxide, 0.5% rhodium on alumina,
0.6% platinum on alumina, and cobalt oxide catalysts - all capable
ot completely decomposing nitrous oxide at high flow rates. The
level of nitrous oxide in the reaction products could not be
increased sufficiently to provide the desired oxygen level, and it
was necessary to decompose the nitrogen dioxide present in the
reaction gases. Catalyst systems based on barium oxide and sodium
silicate were developed which decomposed pure nitrogen dioxide but
were found to be partially deactivated by water forned in the
ammonium nitrate decomposition. The oxygen level in the gas was
increased to approximately 12% (36* of theoretical). A compact
unit was developed that was capable of decomposing solid ammonium
nitrate at a controlled rate on demand and partially converting
the gases to provide an atmosphere containing about 12% oxygen.##
05064
R. A. Baker, Sr. and R. C. Doerr
CATALYTIC SEDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. It, (10) 409-14, Oct. 1964.
The technical feasibility of using copper-containing catalysts to
reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in leaded automobile exhaust has
been demonstrated. Forty-four catalysts were screened and the
parametric effects (concentration, temperature, space velocity)
developed tor the most promising materials. One of the most
promising was a laboratory-developed copper oxide-cobalt oxide
-alumina catalyst which promoted greater than 90% NOx reduction
ot 1500 ppra concentration after 350 hours exposure to leaded
E. Control Methods 261
-------
exhaust- at 10,000/hr space velocity and approximately 500 C.
This same catalyst retained its activity atter exposure to air for
eight hours at temperatures of B70 to 1000 C. This indicates it
will retain activity if overheating occurs as a result of high
speed driving. Design calculations based on this laboratory
-developed material show that a device containing 0.1 cu ft
(12 Ibs.) at the catalyst, placed near the manifold of the
automobile exhaust system, would remove about 86$ NOx without
thernal overload or supplemental air systems. (Author
conclusions) t#
ObO«2
TWO MECHANICAL DEVICES ATTACK THE CAUSES OF SMOG. Prod. Engr.
JH, (6) 22-4, ;iar. 1b, 1967.
The problem of polluted air in most metropolitan areas is the
result ot automotive exhaust products. The development of 2 new
mechanical rather than catalytic smog control devices are the
nitric oxide reduction system, NOP, which meters the exhaust
from a car engine and recycles it for further combustion, and
vehicle vaoor recovery system to prevent unburned gasoline from
escaping by evaporation. The new devices reduce or eliminate the
emissions. Company tests, nitric oxide reduction system, and the
vehicle vapor recovery system are discussed.##
0 b 1 a y
W. F. Hamilton, M. Levine, and E. Simon
SMOG ABATEMENT. Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Burbank, Calif.
(Dec. 1, 19b9) . «H pp. (Rept. No. 14163.)
Techniques were developed for simulating typical smog polluted
atmospheres. Methods and materials for reducing or preventing
smog formation as measured by ozone level were studied. Several
classes of materials were found effective in various degrees.
Best results were obtained by direct addition of iodine to
polluted atmospheres. Additions were effective both prior to smog
qeneration by irradiation or after smog formation occurred.
Attempts to introduce inhibiting materials in gasoline through an
internal combustion engine were unsuccessful. (Author abstract
modified) *#
Ub1b1l
E. A. Kerns
CH^KICAL SUPPRESSION OF NITROGEN OXIDES. Westinghouse Electric
Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., headquarters Mfg. Lab. (1964).
6 pp.
An approach to NO and N02 fume control by eliminating the
fumes before their release from pickling, milling and bright
dipping solutions was investigated. Since classical chemistry
shows a reaction between most primary amines and the oxides of
nitroaen, a study of an available, inexpensive, and readily
262 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
adaptable amide, urea, was undertaken. The investigations
included a thorough study of the urea-nitric acid-nitrogen oxides
reactions for both copper and iron-68 analyses of the urea (for
purity), and o± the evolved gases; and the effect of the urea-
nitric acid system on the various types of stainless steels and
other metals which could be employed. A thorough study of the
possible hazards of the urea-nitric acid system was undertaken also
In the case of chemical milling urea sucessfully lowered the
N02 fumes to almost undetectable levels, but this treatment did
not suppress the HN03 vapors which coincidectally are released
from these hot chemical milling solutions. Thus a small water
scrubbing apparatus is still required to prevent these vapors
from being released to the atmosphere. The use of a HN03-urea
solution system produces a satin finish in less than half of the
time now required to bright dip and release no toxic fumes to the
atmosphere.##
P. D. Kopa, P. fi. Jewell, and P. V. Spangler
EFFECT OF EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON AUTOMOTIVE RING WEAP.
California Univ., Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering and
Richlielrt Research and Development Center, Anaheim, Calif.
(Apr. 1961). 39 pp. Rept. 61-20.) (Published in J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 12 (5). 246-54 (May 1962).)
The effect of exhaust gas recirculation on the wear of automobile
engine piston rings was investigated by means of the radioactive
isotope tracin.g method. The experiments were performed on a test
facility specially designed for evaluation of lubricating oils,
fuels and additives, for their effect on piston ring wear. The
piston ring wear rate was recorded during a series of experiments
at different engine operating conditions and various amounts of
exhaust gas recycling. At the same time, all engine parameters
were recorded and the brake specific fuel consumption determined.
The exhaust gas was analyzed for the nitrogen oxides content.
When 12" of exhaust gas was recycled into the inlet manifold the
following results were obtained: 1) a 95% reduction of" ring wear
at a steady state engine operation, 2) a 50% reduction of ring wear
when the engine was operated on a simulated traffic pattern, 3) a
60 to BO % reduction in nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas, i») a
5% increase in the brake specific fuel consumption. An attempt
was made to explain experimentally and theoretically, the
surprising ring wear reduction resulting from the use of exhaust
gas recirculation. This report also presents the description
of the experimental facility. (Author abstract)f#
0521
A SIMPLIFIED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR NITROGEN OXIDES IN VEHICLE
EXHAUST. Arco Chemical Co., Anaheim, Calif. Feb. 8, 1967.
17 pp. (Also published as 90th Congress ("Air pollution—
1967, Part I (Automotive Air Pollution)" Hearings before the
Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of .the Committee on
Public Works, D.S. Senate, Feb. 13-11, 20-21, 1967, pp.
J69-85.)
E. Control Methods 263
-------
Exhaust gas recirculation is an effective method tor controlling
nitroqen oxides in vehicle exhaust. A system has been developed
tor practical application to the present day automobile. The
N-O-E System offers an attractive approach for controlling
nitrogen oxides because it is: 1) effective - reducing nitrogen
oxids
oxides by 75% to 85%; 2) simple in design; 3)_ can be fabricated
trom readily available materials; 14) located internally and does
not contribute to congestion under the hood; 5) requires little or
no maintenance; and 6) can be designed as an integral part of the
engine at the time of manufacture. (Author summary modified)
05309
F. C. Betz and H. J. Feist
CATALYTIC AFTFB3U3NING OF ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS. Techr.ik
(Berlin) 20 (fe), 395-400 (June 1965). Ger. (Tr.)
Newly developed all-metal catalysts are discussed which are
desiqned on the basis of the building clock assembly svstem; in
practice, they achieve an average running time of 25,000-35,000
working hours. A catalyst, which speeds up a reaction because of
its presence, without itself participating in the reaction,
reduces the decomposition temperature during combustion. A
reaction temperature ot 250-350 C was achieved with all-metal
catalysts developed for catalytic exhaust gas purification. The
cold exhaust gases tlow through a heat exchanger and are preheated.
Then they are heated by means of oil burners, aas burners, or
electrical heating elements until they reach the catalytic
reaction temperature. A fan then moves the exhaust gases to the
catalyst where the irritants are oxidized. The heat released
during catalytic combustion is largely recovered in the heat
exchanger and it is used for heating the cold exhaust gases as
combustion here is exothermal. At a reaction temperature of about
250-350 C, all combustible components are oxidized in the exhaust
aas. As a res-alt of the temperature increase in the exhaust
gas in the catalyst, the positive heat change of this reaction can
measured which gives a figure directly proportional to the irritant
concentration. The catalytic exhaust gas purification unit thus
serves as a measurement instrument for the concentration of the
exhaust gas. A measurement system used tor continual surveillance
is presented in diagram. Applications of catalytic afterburning
are discussed in relation to the following: drying and hardening
processes, phthalic acid and maleic acid anhydride production,
nitric acid production, NO/N02 reduction.##
053bO
Knopp, H. E. U. Joachim, and G. Baumann
TH" INFLUENCE OF GASOLINE INJECTION CN THE EXHAUST GASES OF MOTOE
VEHICLES. (Beeintlussung der Krafttahrzeugabgase durch
Benzineinspritzung.) Motortech. Z. (Stuttgart) 26, (9) 353-61,
Sept. 1965 and Bosch Tech. Ber. 1 (<*), 206-20, (Sept. 1965) Ger.
(Tr.)
The emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and oxides of
nitrogen Iron1 various engines with intake-manifold fuel-injection
systems, and in some cases trom their carburetor equipped
264 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
counterparts, was measured. Under steady running conditions, a fuel
injection system offers advantages by making possible to adopt the
characteristics from poin to point to obtain the most favorable
exhaust conditions. This adoption is described for both a
mechanically and an electronically controlled injsection system.
Fundamental advanatages are obtained with a fuel-injection system
under non-steady running conditions, during acceleration and on the
overrun. A great influence of engine design on hydrocarbon
emission is detectable. Gasoline intake manifold injection offers
a sure way of meeting the current requirements of the California
test of a CO content of 1.b percent by volume. If the limit is
going to be reduced to 1.0 percent as of 1970, as has been
announced then it would seem possible to stay within this value
through additional efforts. As shown in the examples of the small
and the large engine, it is possible to fulfill the current
hydrocarbon requirements of the test, provided the engine design
takes into account the demands made on the exhaust gas. The N02
emission behaves exactly in an opposite fashion to the* CO and
hydrocarbon emissions, because it is at a maximum when the other
components reach minimum values. At the present state of our
knowledge it is not possible to influence this through the mixture.
It is fortunate that the percentage of nitrogen oxides at low
partial load values of the California cycle is low. In principle
it makes more sense to provide maximum combustion completion for
the fuel in the combustion chambers, rather than to install
afterburners. Injection offers the additional advantage of smaller
fuel consumption and larger rotational momentum.
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FBOH NITBIC ACID MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
Pollution and Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington,
D.C. 1966. 96 pp. (999-AP-27.)
Emissions to the atmosphere from the manufacture of nitric acid
were investigated jointly bv the Flan ntacturina Chemists'
A.ssoc. , Inc. and the U.S.P.H.S.; the study was the second in a
cooperative program for evaluation of emissions from selected
chemical manufacturing processes. The report describes the growth
and potential of the nitric acid industry, the principal processes
for production of nitric acid, process variables, emissions from
plants under normal operating conditions, and the methods and
devices used to limit and control emissions. The sampling and
analytical techniques by which emissions were assessed are
presented in detail. (Author's abstract) ##
A. C. Stern
PROSPECTS FOP EXHAUST CONTROL BY ENGINE MODIFICATION.
Preprint. (Presented at the Research Conference on Motor
Vehicle Exhaust Emissions and Their Effects, Los Angeles,
Calif., Dec. 7, 1961.)
Automotive research is much needed on internal combustion
engines designed to reduce pollution e-^ssions from their
operation. If progress is to be made toward the smog-free
E. Control Methods 265
-------
automobile, a new sense of mission and a lot more fiscal support
has to be given and competent researchers have to be encouraged to
undertake the work. Although we cannot predict the results of
research, the several possible approaches which are available lead
one to be optimistic as to the probability of achieving reduction
in exhaust emissions by engine design modifications.**
05857
D. F. Barnhart and E. K. Diehl
CONTROL OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN EOILEK FLUE GASES BY THO-STAGE
COMBUSTION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10 (5),
jjyV-IOfc (Oct. 1960). (Presente at the 52nd Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Los Angeles, Calif.,
Junp i^-ib, 1959.)
Two-Stage Combustion with auxiliary-air ports above the
burners is an effective method for controlling the nitric oxide
concentration in boiler flue gases while still maintaining
acceotable boiler performance. While utilizing this method of
operation, with 95% of the combustion air through the burners, the
nitric oxido level was reduced nearly 30% with both oil and gas
firing. A rrduction of 47% occurred during full-load oil firing
when the air flow through the burners was 90%. The principal
gains made in bringing nitric oxide under control are summarized.
Two-Stage Combustion together with monor changes to the burner
(approach-cone vanes out and air registers wide open) has given a
total nitric oxide reduction of 56% when firing oil at full load.
As mentioned previously, similar results can be expected in gas
firing. It appears that additional reductions in nitric oxide
would be possible it the air flow through the burners were reduced
another 5 or 10*. The limit would be reached when combustibles
(carbon, CO, etc.) were detected at the furnace outlet, or when
the burners became unstable. The Southern California Edison
Companv put the Two-Stage Combustion Method into extended test
operation at their El Segundo Steam Station. Although the
tnel-air mixing process requires caretul balance between rapid
mixing tor best combustion, and delayed mixing for nitric oxide
reduction, the change has not required expensive eguipment nor has
it involved any extensive alterations to the boiler. This method
of turning has also been incorporated in the design of two new
boilers tor Edison's Mandalay Station and two for their
Huntington Peach Station. Two-Stage Combustion is believed
to bp a practical operating method tor the control of nitric oxide
emission froir large gas- or oil-fired boilers. (Author summary
modified)t»
0589U
N. A. Richardson and W. C. Middleton
EVALUATION OF FILTERS FOR REMOVING IfiRITANTS FROM POLLUTED AIR.
Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning JO, 147-54 (Nov. 1958).
(Presented at the Meeting of the Chapters Regional
Committee for Region 4, American Society of Heating and
Air Conditioninq Engineers, Los Angeles, Calif., Hay 6,
195H.)
266 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Two air-tilter media were evaluated by their effectiveness
in reducing human sensory irritation resulting from Los
Angeles smog. The sensory response of one group of
subjects working in a filtered atmosphere was compared with the
response of another similar group working in a non-filtered
atmosphere in identical, adjacent rooms. Sensory response
was measured daily and simulaneous measurements of the physical
composition of the air were obtained. Mcuh of the testing
was with activated carbon filters varying in air detention
time between 0.032 and 0.0030 sec. A significant decrease in
irritation was recorded over the entire range of air detention
times. Differences in effectiveness with respect to air
detention time were not statistically significant, although a
trend of decreasing effectiveness was observed as air detention
time was reduced. Effectiveness of activated carbon in
removing oxidants was directly related to detention time.
N02 was reduced by activated carbon during its early use. A
particulate filter which effectively removes particles having a
diameter less than 0.05 microns was also tested. No decrease in
sensory irritation was detected. Correlations computed between
measurements taken in the non-filtered atmosphere indicate that
sensory irritation is highly related to oxidant level and
moderately to temperature. (Author's summary)##
N. A. Richardson, W. C. Hiddleton, J. D. Isherwood, and
B. Junce
AN INVESTIGATION OF SYSTEMS FOE FEMOVING IRRITANTS FROM POLLUTED
AIF. (In: First report of air pollution studies.)
((California Univ., Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering.))
(Kept. No. bb-27.) (July iy55). 34 pp.
A study has been initiated to determine the effectiveness of
various types and combinations of filtering devices for removing
the irritants from polluted air. Because the irritants in
"smog" have not been identified, the performance of these systems
will have to be evaluated directly in terms of human response.
For this purpose, a questionnaire which assesses human sensory
response to an air environment has been designed and tested.
Filter effectiveness can be evaluated by measuring the sensory
response of a group of test subjects to a filtered environment and
comparing it to the sensory response which the same test group
would exhibit in the absence of the filtering unit. The latter
response must be ascertained by measuring the concentration of
certain selected chemical substances at the filtering system inlet
and relying upon a correlation between group response and the
concentration of these chemical "indicators." The sensory
response of three test groups to an unfiltered air environment was
being compared to several chemical and physical measurements in
order to establish correlations for use in filter evaluation.
Preliminary results suggest that oxidant concentration as
measured by a phenolphthalein reaction may' serve as a good
"indicator" of the severity .of "smog" irritation. (Author
abstract modified)**
E. Control Methods 267
-------
06144
Hirao, 0.
PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION DUE TO VEHICLE EMISSIONS GASES. J.
Japan Soc. Mech. Engrs. (Tokyo) 69,575, 1568-72, Dec. 1965. Jap.
The reduction of air pollution due to automotive exhaust is
estimated to cost the Japanese tax payer $42 million. Likewise, a
great expense will be incurred in correcting pollution from steam
power plants. Automobile exhaust causes pollution in local areas
such, as heavy traffic circles. The harmful effects of such
pollutants as CO, 502, NO, hydrocarbonds, formaldehyde, and dusts
are discussed, expecially pollution due to CO. A supplement of
secondary air to convert CO to C02, and the even distribution of
gases to the cylinders would be useful in cutting pollution. The
production of various hydrocarbons by the engine is tabulated.
Another possible method for lessening the concentration of
automotive emissions would be in construction of over- and under-
passes to avoid bottlenecks on the highway. This method would be
cheaper than design and installation of engine modifications for
each car. For example, it is estimated that it would cost $900
million per year for cars in the United states to be properly
equipped to control automotive emissions, which money could more
favorably be used in carefully designed construction of 3000 miles
of highway.
06277
(Sriry Chemical Center, Edgewood, Md.) (Technical Docu-
mentary Bept. No. SSD-TDH-62-177.) (Nov. 1962). 14 op.
A TEST SERIFS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF USING
WATER FOG OR A THERMAL UPDBAFT TO CONTBOL OR DISPERSE THE FQKES
RESULTING FROM SPILLS OP NITROGEN TETROXIDE.
The object of the work described in this report was to test and
evaluate two different methods of preventing large,
concentrated clouds of nitrogen dioxide from traveling foe
extended distances at ground level. These clouds of nitrogen
dioxide are the tumes which are generated from spills of
nitrogen tetroxide. Since these tests were designed as a
feasibility study only, no attempt was made to collect data;
therefore, the results described in this report are strictly
qualitative. The test results obtained indicated that the
water fog system and the thermal updraft system are feasible
and show much promise as effective methods for controlling fumes
resulting from the spillaae of liauid propellants.##
06J79
I. D. Decker
INCINERATION TECHNIQUES FOP CONTROLLING EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN
OXIDES. Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June
11-16, 1967, Paper No. 67-143.)
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Three commercially available incineration systems for eliminating
nitrogen oxides are described. The first system incoroorates the
use of a two-stage catalytic reacto~Fand employment of natural gas
as a reducing fuel to totally reduce to nitrogen the oxides evolved
from a nitric acid plant. The second type of incineration system
incorporates the use of a carbon bed to smooth out the cyclical
release of oxides such as from a lamp filament core-dissolving
operation, and selective catalytic reduction using a hydrocarbon
fuel to reduce the oxides to nitric oxide. The third system
completely reduces the oxides evolved from closed-reactor
nitration-type processes. In this system, the oxides are used as
the oxidizing agent in a direct flame reduction burner and the
residual oxides are further reduced by a catalytic clean-up step.**
0677B
(INDUSTRY AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN.)
Industrie et pollution atmospherigue en Grande Bretagne.
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d"Etudes de la
Pollution Atmospherigue, Paris, France. (1967.) 6 pp. Fr.
(Rept. No. CI J10.)' (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 24.)
A summary ot the basis ot governmental action in Great Britain
in the struggle against' industrial emissions is outlined.
The regulations imposed by the "Alkali Act" are in most cases
based on "the most practical means." Standards are given for
chimney heights. Statutory limits are given for various
materials emitted such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric
acid, nitric acid, hydrogen sultide, chlorine, arsenic,
antimony, cadmium, and lead. The construction of tall
buildings tends to reduce the benefits obtained oy tall chimneys.
A better knowledge of the effects of pollutants should be
obtained so as not to burden industry with unnecessary expense in
their control. It is urged that international standards
tor emission be adopted.##
(J6B39
A. F. Meyer, Jr.
A I" POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Preprint.
(196H) .
As part of the over-all systems management procedures for
development and procurement of weapons systems, special attention
has been given by the U.S. Air Force to the health hazards
protection requirements associated with Air Force missile and
space booster systems. As part of the mandatory programs, the
possibility of environmental contamination or installations and
adjacent civilian communities must be investigated. Directives
have been issued by the military services specifying procedures to
be followed from initiation of a concept involving use of
potentially hazardous materials through ultimate use and
disposition (Exhibits C through E). The role of the Advisory
Center on Toxicology is defined, and the means whereby military
agencies obtain prompt advice and assistance outlined. These
directives also provide tor the various services' methods of
providing operational preventive measures, and those relating to
their systems development programs. Actual launches from
E. Control Methods 269
-------
operational strategic missile sites are not conducted except in
event of war operations. The principal air pollution hazards at
operational missile sites arise from the possibilities of release
ot vapor from fuels or oxidizer during propellant transfer
operations, or as part ot missile maintenance procedures. In the
case of the Titan II weapons system, the propellants are a
mixture of unsy mraetnca 1 dimethylhydrazine and hydrazine
(aerozene 50), and nitrogen tetrcxide. These do constitute
personnel hazards. Both are toxic and can be involved in
pollution of the air. The Minuteman system uses solid
propellants and no potential air pollution problem from that
source exists at operational bases. Part of the initial site
activation procedures for these weapons systems included the
collection of numerous environmental samples to determine the
existing physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the site
and adjacent areas. During propellant transfer operations
qualified environmental specialists of the Medical Service and
safety technicians are present with appropriate propellant vapor
detection devices.f#
0 6 y 4 4
H. C. Anderson, P. L. Pomeo and W. J. Green
A NTX FA1ILY OF CATALYSTS FCS NITRIC ACID TA,IL GASES.
Engelhard Ind. Tech. Bull. 1 (3), 100-5 (Dec. 1966).
The palladium unitory ceramic catalyst remove oxides of nitrogen
from tail gases produced during the production ot nitric acid was
evaluated. The new catalyst, provides excellent abatement at
V)0 p.s.i.g., using space velocities of 100,000. Ever, at 150,000,
44% of the NOx was removed, with ammonia in only slight excess
over the NOx. Bench-scale and field experience have shown that
the unitary ceramic catalyst is well adapted to the treatment of
nitric acid stack gases.##
06867
M. T. Dmitriev
^FFFCT OF IONIZING RADIATION ON THE COMPOSITION OF TfJE AIB
WITHIN A FACTORY. (Vliyanie ioniziruyushchei radiatsii
na sostav vozdukha proizvodstvennykh pomeshchenii.) Hyg.
Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.) 30 (4), 44-50 (Apr. 1965). Puss.
(TT.)
A study was mad° of the efficiency of the processes leading to
the production of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the air under
the action of ionizing radiation and neutrons. A comparison of
the data obtained with concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and
ozone gases, formed in the air under natural conditions, made
it possible to set the maximum permissible doses of ionizing
radiation and that ot the integral neutron current in the air
of industrial premises. The following values of the permissible
absorbed dose and the integral neutron flux were obtained 530 r
and 1.0x10 to the l^th power neutr./cc tor 03 and 70,000r and
1.3x10 to the 14th power neutr./cc for nitrogen oxides. These
values tor the maximum permissible absorbed doses and the integral
neutron tluxes may be used as initial data for determining the
capacity of ventilation installations in factories where the
270 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
personnel are subjected ot irradiation. Safe entrance into the
rooir alter the termination of irradiation (when the radiation
source has been automatically removed into a special well)
will be ensured by a ventilation factor of 36 during the period
of irradiation, at a typical mean dose rate of 10 r/sec. If
the volume of the roomsis, tor example, 150 cu m, the rate of
the removal ot air should not be less than 1.5 cu m/sec.##
06877
A. I. Ste-zhenskii and 0. A. Zagorovskii
POLLUTION OF THE URBAN ATMOSPHERE BY NITROGEN OXIDES.
(K voprosu o zagryazenii atmosfery gorodov okislami azota.) Hyg.
Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit. ) 30 (6), U08-10 (June 1965). Puss.
(Tr.)
The emission of nitrogen oxides and a possible measure for
reducing N02 content in the flue oases discharged by the gas
turbine were discussed. Nitrogen dioxide content in flue gas of
different installations are compared and the highest N02 content
is found in combustion products discharged by the gas turbine.
The most practicable and efficient method tor reducing the
production ot N02 is the reduction of the cooling (guenching)
rate of the combustion product by lengthening the gas line leading
from the combustion chamber to the turbine and by a gradual
feeding of secondary air through a series of holes arranged at
uniform intervals along the entire length of the gas line. ##
07093
REVIEW OF RESTRICTING GAS EMISSION FBOM NITRIC-ACID PLANTS.
( (VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Keinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany,)) (VDI No. 2295.) (July 1963)
Ger. (Tr.) 12 pp.
The control ot nitrogen oxides during the production of nitric
acid was discussed. Nitrogen oxides emissions are restricted by
aosorption, suitable discharge outlets, and on the basis of
imissions. Because ot the particularities of nitrous gases, the
content ot the waste gases cannot be completely controlled.##
07552
Billings, Charles E., Charles Kurker, Jr., and Leslie
Silverman
SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF ACID GASES, MISTS, AND FUMES WITH
MINERAL WOOL FILTERS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
H (3) : 195-202, Nov. 1958. 20 refs. (Presented at the 51st
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Philadelphia,
Pa., May 26-29, 1958.)
Investigations have indicated that two in. thick filters at four
Ib/cu. tt. packing density will remove up to 80% of acid mist
and up to y?* ot acid gases and tumes. Total filter life depends
upon concentration of contaminant in the entering air. A
E. Control Methods 271
-------
summary ot filter performance is given. Estimated operating life
based upon one use of the filter material can be obtained from the
data given. With particulates such as-iron oxide and fly ash, it
has been found possible to wash and reuse filters about ten times.
When iron oxide was collected simultaneously with S02, filters
were reused about eight times. Acid gas collection is
significantly improved by the presence of moisture on slag wool
filters. Mineral wool filters have several features such as, low
cost (about 1 cents/lg.), small fiber diameter (u micron and
ability to withstand high temperatures (1000 deg ".). Slag wool
will simultaneously remove sub-micron particulate materials with
V)0 to 9S% efficiency. Resistance to flow through two in. slag
wool filters (with an HF efficiency of 954) is on the order of
one or two in. of water, or if continuously moistened, at most 6
in. of water.**
07554
Donahue, J. L.
SYSTEM DESIGNS FOP THE CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF NITROGEN
OXIDES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., « (J) : 209-212., 222,
Nov. 1958. 6 refs. (Presented at the 51st Annual Keeting,
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Philadelphia, Pa., May 25-29,
1958.)
Th<=> control of exhausts from industrial and chemical operations
containing harmful concentrations of nitrogen oxides is
accomplished ty catalytic reduction of the gases. Catalytic
destruction ot nitrogen oxides, system designs currently in use on
industrial applications, and operating performance are discussed.
By mixing a hydrocarbon, or reactive fuel with the gases, and
passing them through a catalyst, the end products are odorless,
color-tree, and harmless gases. Catalytic reduction of nitrogen
oxides can be accorplished at either atmospheric or elevated
pressure. The main components are the preheater, exhaust fan, and
catalyst bed. As the process waste gases enter the system, they
become mixed with and preheated by the recycled portion of the
stream. The combined stream then passes the preheater.
Following this, the reducing fuel is sparged into the system, and
the combined stream enters the exhaust tan, is thoroughly mixed,
and discharged through the catalyst element. Here, the oxidation
ot the sparge fuel and reduction of the nitrogen oxides takes
place, with heat release in proportion to the sparge fuel supplied.
For elevated pressures designers now incorporate a Catalytic
Pressure Reactor, installed between the process tail gas outlet
and the expansion turbine. A dual result is thus obtained; the
catalyst reduces the oxides ot nitrogen to produce a clear, clean,
effluent, and the power recovered through the turbine is increased
many tines by the greatly elevated temperature ot the gases. To
date, there have been no reports of personnel discomfort, or
corrosion attributed to exhaust streams whose oxides of nitrogen
content has been reduced by processing in a catalytic system. In
every case, users report complete elimination ot the characteristic
color and odor, which are otherwise strongly in evidence.##
272 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
0761J
Pidgway, S. I. and J. C. Lair
AUTOMOTIVE AIP POLLUTION: ft SYSTEMS APPROACH. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 10 (t) : JJ6-340, Aug. 196'J. 1 ref.
(Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Los Angeles, Calif., June 21-26, 1959.)
The application ol systems enginearing to the control of pollution
from' automotive exhaust is illustrated. First, the desxgn and
complex mechanical function of the flame afterburner system are
analyzed. The efficiency of the device is discussed. Secondly,
an analysis is made of the natural meteorological modulation of the
concentration of air pollution to form an estimate of the results
that might be brought about by the control of emissions. By
examination of past records, September was found to be the worst
month of the smog season. Concentrations of ozone and carbon
monoxide tor the month of September from 1955-1958 were studied.
It was deduced, on the basis of analysis, that a pollutant which
contributes to smog formation must be reduced in concentration by a
factor of 2 or 3 in order to reduce the worst September
experience to the level of the best. The efficiency of control
devices required to reduce today's pollution is calculated.##
07H81
Grumer, J., M. E. Harris, V. R. Howe, and E. 5. Cook
EFFECT OF RECYCLING COMBUSTION PPODUCTS ON PRODUCTION OF OXIDES OF
NITROGEN, CARBON MONOXIDE AND HYDROCARBONS BY GAS BURNER
FLAKES. Preprint, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., 42p., 1967. 2«
rets. (Presented at the Symposium on Air Pollution Control
Through Applied Combustion Science, 16th Annual Meeting,
American Inst. of Chemical Engineers, New York City, Nov.
26-JO, 1967)
Gas appliances designed to lessen the emi;sion r-f oxides of
nitrogen, r-arbon monoxide^ and hydrorarbons, are desired. The
formation and decay of oxides of nitiogen and carbon nonoxide in
the secondary combustion zone of gas-burner flames were
investigated as functions of temperature, cooling rate (temperature
gradient), and degree of recycling of combustion products into the
primary combustion zone of the flame; preliminary measurements were
made on hydrocarbons trom flames. Recycling, though effective in
reducing nitrogen oxides concentrations in effluent from gas
appliances, makes the flames longer and less stable. Nitrogen
oxides may be reduced by keeping the primary combustion temperature
as low as possible, preferably no higher than about 3,000 dec. F.,
and by startina to cool the combustion gases as soon as possible to
about 2,JOO deg. F at which temperature concentrations of nitrogen
oxides do not increase within the residence time in most gas
appliances. Concentrations of carbon monoxide are lowered by
recycling of flue gases. The oxidation rate of carbon monoxide is
strongly increased by increasing the oxygen concentration.
Although the point has yet to be proven by future research, it
appears that carbon monoxide concentrations may best be lowered by
appliance designs that allow rapid induction of secondary air into
the secondary combustion zones. Hydrocarbons can escape from gas
burner flames by flowing from the preheat zone of partially lifted
E. Control Methods 273
-------
tlaires through the dead space into the surrounding cold atmosphere.
recycling ot combustion gases, very low fuel-air ratio, and very
high flow rates tend to promote partial lifting of flames from
burner ports. It is possible that the emission of hydrocarbons by
gas appliances may largely be avoided by designing for well-seated
flames on burner ports.
0 7 8 H « L
K. Lew, B. Woodruff, W. Johnson, W. Musa
ION EXCHANGERS TN REMOVAL OF AIR CONTAMINANTS. San
^rancisco Bay-Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, Calif., Chemical
Lab.-8024-66, PF-1, ((30))p., March 1967. ((50)) refs.
DDC: AD 80B060L
The ability of ion exchangers to be synthesized, modified,
regenerated, or used in customary form to react with gaseous air
contaminants and effect removal of these contaminants from air
was studied. Pesults show that treated and untreated ion
exchangers will react with a variety of gaseous materials and
thereby cause removal ot these materials from air. Reactions
which occur between ion exchange resins and ionized reactants in
aqueous media will likely occur in gaseous systems. The
possibilities ot reactions between exchangers and organic
cont air i nan ts at nominal temperatures cannot necessarily be
foreseen. Favorable reactions between organic vapors and
exchanged groups on ion exchange resins are being sought.##
0 /H9 i
Stern, Arthur C.
ATR POLLUTION CONTROL PROBLEMS FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEER. Preprint, Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. ,
National Center for Air Pollution Control, 15p., ((1967)).
(Presented at the National West Coast Meeting, Society of
Automotive Engineers, Portland, Oreg., Aug. 16, 1967.)
The contribution of the automobile and other gasoline power
vehicles to pollution are discussed. The adverse effects and the
contributing pollutants are cited. Control efforts are being
undertaken under the mandate of the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution
Control Act, which authorizes the establishment of standards for
the emission or substances harmful to public health. Compliance
certification of new motor vehicles and engines and the technical
problems involved are discussed. Approaches to vehicular-emission
control are discussed, specially the inter-relationship of engine,
fuel, and refinery design. The corresponding problems of the
automotive engineer are cited.
Griswold, S. S.
PTRULATION OF NEW MOTOR VEHICLES. Preprint, Public Health
Service, Washington, D. C., Division of Air Pollution, 7p.,
1466. (Presented at the National Conference on Air Pollution,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 12-1<4, 1966.)
Z74 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
The problem of air pollution from motor vehicles is discussed.
The basis tor the discussion is the Motor Vehicle Air
Pollution Control Act. It is an amendment to the Clean Air
Act of 1963 and was signed by President Johnson on October 20,
1965. Tt is designed to achieve uniform national control by
limiting the emission from all new motor vehicles introduced into
commerce, whether manufactured in the United States or imported
from abroad. It authorizes the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare to establish standards for the emission of
any substance which in his judgment is, or may be, injurious to
public health or welfare and tc require compliance with these
standards. At the same time the Act specifies that appropriate
consideration be given to technological feasibility and economic
costs in prescribing standards applicable to new motor vehicles or
engines. Federal emission standards were formally promulgated on
March 30, 1966. These standards are applicable to the 1968
model year and reflect those currently in effect in the State of
California. To implement these standards, to test for compliance
and, generally, to provide the necessary machinery for insuing that
the public gets the control it needs, the Abatement Branch of the
Division of Air Pollution is establishing a fully equipped
laboratory at the Willow Bun Airport near Detroit. This
laboratory a.lso has the responsibility for evaluating the adequacy
of existing standards and the need for more severe standards and
less complex test procedures. Field surveys of equipped vehicles
in Calitornia and elsewhere are also being being conducted.
Initial certification of new systems is approved on the basis of
performance of test vehicles, but the continued approval for
succeeding years will be determined by the systems' effectiveness
when evaluated under realistic driving conditions.#t
OHU80
Kukin, T.
UTILIZATION OF ADDITIVES IN CONTROLLED COMBUSTION PRODUCTS.
Preprint, Apollo Chemical Corp., Clifton, N. J., 11 p.,
1966. (Presented at the MECAP Technical Symposium on
Combustion and Air Pollution Control, Oct. 25, 1966.)
Practical applications of chemical additives for reducing air
pollution with petroleum fuels are discussed. Successful results
have been achieved in the field by the use of additives for fuel
oils, both distillate and residual fuels. The major pollutants
are: (1) black particulate matter representing primarily unburned
hydrocarbons; (2) sulfur oxides (SO2 and S03). With
distillate fuels, where the sulfur, content generally is below
0.5%, our primary concern is particulate matter and to a somewhat
lesser degree, carbon monoxide, aldehydes and nitrogen oxides.
With residual fuels, sulfur, as S02 and S03, is the dominant
consideration, although the ability to reduce black smoke emission
by means of chemical additive is certainly a valuable
contribution to air pollution control. The three effective
classes of chemical additives are: (1) combustion catalysts, (2)
oil-ash slag modifiers, and (3) chemical neutralizing agents.
In some cases, these chemical agents can be combined to give one
or more benefits. In a recent trial at a power plant, one of our
products, SSI-3(B), reduced the black ,smoke at the same time
that it lowered the S03 content of the flue gas from 90 to 5
parts per million. The case histories cited show how chemical
E. Control Methods 275
-------
additives are being used to reduce air pollution at the same time
that they make their contribution to better overall fuel
utilization. AAM##
08156
Karacharov, T. 5. and Ye. I. Vorontsova
EFFICIENCY OF MINERAL POOL FILTERS. In: Survey of 0. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine. National Bureau of
Sandards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p.
150-156, May 1960.
CPSTI: TT 60-21475
The efficiency of bitumen treated mineral wool in an arc-welding
shop as a dust remover was 80 percent, reaching 90 percent and even
higher in isolated cases. After filtering, the air dust content
did not exceed 1 mg/cu m in a large majority of cases. Filtering
the air through a layer of mineral wool reduced its dust content
from 0.21 to 0.018 mg/cu m, which is approximately a removal of 91
percent of the dust. The content of oxides of nitrogen and of
carbon monoxide in the recirculated air was below the limit of
allowable concentration. The use of mineral wool for the
purification of air from arc-welding aerosols proved practical only
where the air Load per 1 sg in of the filter-layer did not exceed
450 600 cu m /hour; a greater load rendered the filter
inoperative within a short time. The apparatus should be made up
of individual filter cells and the mineral wool overlaid in a wave-
like or zigzag manner. In computing the rate of air recirculation
the residual dust content should be taken into account. It is
suggested that the air supplied to the shop during the cold seasons
should be not less then 30 percent of the total unventilated air
exchange, which amounts to 700-1,00 cu m/hour per 1 kg of burned
electrodes. In these experiments, the dust-retaining capacity of 1
so m mineral filters averaged 200 g. With an initial air dust
concentration of 5 mq/cu m and a rate of air passing of 0.5 m/sec,
a filter pad should last 25 hours or three working shifts. Where
the initial dust concentration is greater than 5 mq/cu m, the time
between filter changes should be shortened accordingly. The use of
mineral wool for the purification of recirculatino air in arc-
w°ldina shops may be more economical than the present fresh air
method ny 4 to 8 times.
OH162
Matsak, V. G.
THE "UPIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTED BY VAPORS AND GASES. In: Survey of
II. S. S. R. Literature from Russian by B. S. Levine. National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. , Inst. for Applied Tech.,
Vol. 3, 177-1d5, May 1960.
CVSTT: TT 60-21475
Methods tor the recovery and purification of noxious substances
elected by gas exhaust and ventilating installations are reviewed.
It was found easier to purity exhaust gases than ventilating air.
The methods include: Chemical purification method. Condensation
method, Liquid absorption method, and Absorption by solid
absorbents (adsorption). Present methods for air and gas
276
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
purification can be rendered close to 100 percent free of most acid
and alkali gases, organic solvent vapors and some other gases. But
no effective and cheap method has been found up to the present for
the recovery of carbon monoxide. Purification of air from solvent
vapors, such as gasoline, acetone, acetates, etc. can be used
effectively only in the case of tail gases and not in the
purification of ventilating air, even though it is effective in
both instances; the high cost makes its use for purification of
ventilation air economically prohibitive. The possibility of using
solid absorbents, such as activated charcoal and silicagel for the
purification of ventilation air may apply to many cases. The
primary obstacle lies in the high cost of adsorbent material and in
the consumption of considerable electric energy in overcoming the
pressure drop of recuperating installations.
08181
Varlamov, M. L., G. A. Manakin, and Y. I. Starosel1skii
PURIFICATION OF EXHAUST GASES OF A SULFUEIC ACID TOWER PLANT
BY A FLOWKETEB PIPE TYPE OF APPAPATUS. Zh. Prikl. Khim. ,
31 (2) : 178-186, 1958.- 19 rets. Translated from Russian by B<
S. Levine, U. S. S. H. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 4, p. 68-77, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
A venturi apparatus for the recovery of spray, sulfuric acid
aerosol, and nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gases ot a sulfuric
acid tower plant is described. The experimental arrangement
consisted of two units: a small assembly, producing up to 50
cu m/hour, and a larger one producing up to 50C cu m/hour. In
one apparatus, the fluid entered the main channel at an angle; in a
second apparatus, the fluid entered tangentially and became
distributed evenly over the perimeter of the diffuser. A third
apparatus had a radial fluid feed in relation to its main axis.
The separator walls of the small unit were arranged concentrically
which forced the passing gas to impinge upon the surface of the
liquid twice in succession. Another type of tube was tested in
connection with the large unit. This tube had two radial fluid
feeds set at 90 deg, and a separator ot the type of abbreviated
cyclone TsKTI. The power consumed in the operation of the
flowmeter tube type of apparatus in the purification of exhaust
gases emitted by the tower nitrose system ranged between 5-6
kilowatt-hours per ton of H2S04, or 10 to 1^% of the total
power used in the production of one ton of sulfuric acid by the
nitrose method.##
08344
Sheppard, Stanton V.
CONTROL OF NOXIOUS GASEOUS EMISSIONS. Proc. MECAR Symp.,
New Developments in Air Pollution Control,
Metropolitan Engineers Council on Air Besources, New York
City, p. 21-28, Oct. 23, 1967. 3 refs.
Several new developments have taken place which have helped
improve scrubber designs for controlling emission of noxious gases.
Some ma^jor new technical developments have been: Greater use of
the crossflow scrubber design principle, availability of light
E. Control Methods 277
-------
weight plastic tower packings, and wider acceptance of corrosion
resistant glass reinforced polyester plastics. Some noxious
gases commonly encountered are oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, chlorine,
chlorine dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans.
In industrial applications, the removal of noxious gases from
exhaust air streams is most often accomplished by bringing the air
stream into contact with a liquid stream for a certain period of
time. The amount of time required to transfer the noxious gas to
the lieu id is a function of several factors. These are: Gas
rate, liquid rate, solubility of gas, mechanism of contact, and
scrubber type. The packed scrubber is used most often today for
controlling emission of noxious gases to the atmosphere. It is
available in three basic operating designs: Counter current,
cocurrent and crossflou. In the counter current packed design,
the air stream containing the noxious gases is passed vertically
uoward in opposite direction to the flow of the down coming
scrubbing liquid. The cocurrent packed scrubber allows the air
stream and the scrubbing liquid stream to pass through the packed
bed m the same direction. In the cross-flow scrubber the air
stream moves horizontally through the packed bed while the
scrubbing liquid moves vertically downward through the packed bed
and perpendicular to the air streams. Three relatively new tower
packing shapes are being used more frequently by engineers in
designing scrubber equipment for removing gases. These packing
materials are constructed of high density polyethylene or
polypropylene. This gives them good resistance to corrosion and
light weight compared to ceramic ring and saddle packing. Fiber
reinforced plastics (commonly designated as FSP) are being used
more and more to replace stainless steel, rubber and PVC lined
steel and other metallic alloys for scrubber bodies. FBP is a
material that uses a combination of polyester or epoxy
t liermosett ing resins and glass fiber reinforcements to give a
finished laminat-e that has excellent corrosion resistance, a high
strength to weight ratio, and light weight.##
oy JUG
Newhall, Henry r.
Cn'IT"OL OF NITPOGEN OXID2S BY FXHAUSI KICIPCULATION A
PPr'LINJINfiRY THEORETICAL STUDY. Preprint, Society of
Automotive Enigneers, 10p. , T->67. 15 refs. (Presented at the
lid-Year Meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers,
Chicago, 111., !^ay 15019, 1467, Paper 670495.)
The control of nitrogen oxides by exhaust recirculation has been
evaluated theoretically by digital computer simulation of the
engine cycle. Nitric oxide emission, power output, and fuel
consumption have been considered. Preliminary results indicate
that effectiveness of the recirculation method of nitric oxide
control can be accounted tor by the attendant shift in the peak
temperature chemical equilibrium species distribution. The
analysis reveals that nitric oxide reduction is highly
dependent on tuel-air ratio, and nomewhat less dependent on the
t<=mperdtur= or recycled exhaust gases. (Author ' s' abstract) #4
278 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
09706*
Spaite, P. V. and J. H. Ludwig
THE FEDERAL POLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION
FROM STATIONARY SOURCES. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
12p., ((1967)).
The Federal Government is currently engaged in a program to develop
economical methods to control emissions from atmospheric pollution.
The Federally sponsored work includes projects being conducted in
government agencies, industry, research institutes, and
universities. The combustion pollution control development project
has three present goals: large-scale prototype and demonstration
studies ot processes for control ot sulfur oxides from power
generation; an intensive search for new sulfur control processes; a
program to develop control of sulfur emissions from sources other
than combustion of fossil fuels. Future programs will depend on
levels of Federal support. Proposals for future programs are:
increased support for engineering research and development;
assessment ot sulfur oxide control processes associated with fossil
fuel combustion; long-term work directed toward development of new
processes designed to meet projected pollution control reguirements
beyond 1980; establishment of industrial-oriented studies; and
development ot eguipment.
0977 i
FAN SCBUBBEF HALTS CORROSION ENDING NEED FOR ROOF REPAIRS. Chem.
Process., 31(4) :f,7, April 1968.
The manner in which escaping acid fumes were controlled at a
particular plant is described. An existing system of water
scrubbers was supplanted by a separator based on a centrifugal fan.
Flow through the separator is 14,000 cfm of an exhaust containing
7bO ppm ot nitric acid and nitrogen oxides and 350 ppm of
hydrofluoric acid. Most of the fumes are separated by centrifugal
force in the tan, into which 6 gpm ot water is sprayed. The
partially cleaned exhaust then passes through a 48 x 80 x 6 in-
thick polypropylene filter which removes nearly all of the
remaining wetted fumes. Fumes leaving the separator were reduced to
trace amounts. Scrubbing water reguirements were reduced by 34
gpm. The complete system was installed at a cost of $8100, less
thatn $.70 ctm.
09795
Chatfielci, Harry.E. and Ray M. Ingels
GAS ABSORPTION EQUIPMENT. In: Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los
Angeles.) John A. Panielson (comp. and ed.). Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 210-232, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
E. Control Methods 279
-------
Gas absorption equipment is designed to provide thorough contact
between the gas and liquid solvent in order to permit interphase
dilrusion of the materials. This contact between gas and liquid
can ba accomplished by dispersing gas in liquid or vice versa.
Absorbers that disperse liquid include packed .towers, spray towers
and venturi absorbers. Fquipment that uses gas dispersion includes
plat'? or tray towers and vessels with sparging equipment. The
principles of designing plate towers and packed towers are
discussed in detail. The following items are included in the
discussion on packed towers: packing materials, liquid dispersion,
tower capacity, tower diameter, number of transfer units, height of
a transfer unit, and pressure drop through packing. An example of
calculations involved in designing a packed tower for the removal
of NH3 is illustrated. Liquid flow, plate design and efficiency,
flooding, liquid gradient on plate, plate spacing, tower diameter,
and the number of theoretical plates are included in the discussion
of plate towers with specific emphasis on bubble cap plates. An
examplo of the calculations involved in determining the number of
plates rejuired and estimated diameter of a plate tower is
illustrated. The choice of gas absorption equipment is usually
between a packed tower and a plate tower. Both devices have
advantages and disadvantages. Factors which the final selection
should be based upcn are listed. Spray-type absorbers and venturi
absorbers are also briefly discussed. These towers are primarily
used for removing particulates from gas streams, though they have
some gas absorption applications. The gaseous air contaminants
irost co.Tmonly controlled by absorption include 502, NH3, NOx,
and light hydrocarbons.
1 n^jq
Pay, Hans and Harry Schulz
A NFW DISTRIBUTING INJECTION SYSTEM AND ITS POTENTIAL FOP
IMPROVING FXHAUST GAS EMISSION. Society of Automotive
Enaineers, Preprint, 10p., 1968. 24 refs. (Present3d at the
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 8-12,
1468, Paper 6800U3.)
The control principles and the design of a fuel iniection system
are described. In this system, injection time and injection
pressure ait- controlled independent of each other. The injection
time is controlled by two rotating discs having slots, which are
turri9ble to each other and which are turned by the influence of
a centrifugal governor in connection with a three-dimensional cam.
With the three-dinensional cam, a punctiform scanning of engine
characteristics can be realized. Scne results obtained with
this injection system are shown tor example, fuel quantity
characteristic, CO and n-hexane characteristic of a H-cyl
t-stroKe engine, injection pressure distribution dependent on
crank angle, and consumption loops for infection and carburetor
operation. (Authors' abstract, modified) tM
1 1 2 3 4
K. C. Tes.= ier, and H. E. Dachman
FUEL ^T.DITIV^S FOR THF. SUPPPE3SION OF DIESEL EXHAUST ODOR AND
SMCKE. PAPT I: PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR SflOKE SUPPRESSION.
280 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Preprint, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York
, Hp., 1968. 28 refs. (Presented at the ASME Winter Annual
fleeting and Energy Systems Exposition, New York, N. Y. ,
Dec. 1-5, 1968, Paper 68-WA/DGP-«.)
? combination of odor mask and barium containing additive in
diesel fuel is effective in reducing smoke, odor and
irritation from diesel exhaust. It has shown no injurious effects
on fuel systems, exhaust systems or engines. This paper discusses
the engine evaluation of these additives in American diesel
engines. The major implications of using barium additives in
the fuel are discussed as well as possible mechanisms for their
action. Of special interest is a description of the results of
using the Ricardo, high speed cine technique to visually study the
combustion of additive treated fuel. This technique shows in
a spectacular way that smoke clearing occurs principally in the
combustion chamber. (Authors' abstract, modified)tt
11912
S. Ruschenburg
EXHAUST GAS MEASUREMENTS DURING A SIMULATED TRAFFIC JAM 111 A
SOAD TUNNEL. ((Abgasmessungen bei simuliertem
Verkehrsstau in einem Strassenverkehrstunnel.)) Text in German.
Stadtehygiene, 19 (6):109-113 , June 1968.
Prior to the opening of the Klostervall-Glockengresserwall
Tunnel, the Hamburg Construction Office for Bridge
Construction and Engineering, utilizing 20 diesel trucks and HO
gasoline-powered automobiles (Volkswagens), tested the
efficiency of the tunnel's built-in mechanical ventilators and
studied the problem of diminished visibility from diesel exhausts.
Schematic drawings of the 5bm tunnel with locations of measuring,
regulation, and warning instruments are presented. A study
was made of the carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous gases, and benzene
hydrocarbons in the tunnel atmosphere while the vehicles, standing
bumper to bumper, idled for 20 minutes to stimulate the worst
possible traffic conditions. Following an initial increase during
startup, the CO concentration decreased slightly and thereafter
increased to 20 ppn with the diesel trucks after 50 minutes. CO
increased to 330 ppm after 25 minutes and 380 ppm after 50
minutes with the gasoline-powered automobiles. Neither the lower
explosive limit nor the maximum allowable hygienic concentration
was reached for the benzene hydrocarbons. No evidence of any
danger from visibility impairment was found. Measurements made
at the various measuring stations showed uniform distribution of
CO in the tunnel although none of the air turbulence which
would have been created by moving traffic was present. The
ventilators were able to move the air column towards the tunnel
exit. The study shows that continuous surveillance of tunnel air
for CO is needed and that automatic installations for measuring
and regulating CO and for warning against it are preferred to
manual operations.##
12010
Frankel, F. J.
PROBLEMS OF MEETING MULTIPLE AIR QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR
COAL-FIRED UTILITY BOILEPS: J. Air Pollution Control
E. Control Methods 281
-------
Assoc., iy(1):18-23, Jan. 1969. 16 ref.
Gaseous wastes and particulata emissions are produced in the
process of burning coal to produce electrical energy. In
attempting to control these gaseous wastes, changes in the
operation efficiency of boilers and secondary equipment are likely
to result, and in addition liquid and solid waste streams are
produced. The interrelationships among the various forms of
wastes and the effects of air quality control on process efficiency
are often overlooked in studies of environmental quality
management. The study was undertaken to evaluate the technical
alternatives for handling gaseous and particulate emissions from
coal-fired boilers and to determine the feasibility of meeting
several standards simultaneously. The gaseous emissions of major
importance in the combustion of coal are particulates, sulfur
oxides and nitrogen oxides. Particulates can be controlled by a
trade off aicong further preparation at the mine (for additional ash
removal), tyoe of boiler, use of dust control equipment and high
stacks for for dispersion of residual emissions, if ambient air
standards are considered. Sulfur oxides reduction depends
currently on fuel substitution, limestone additives in the boiler
and some form of contact process such as wet scrubbing, or the use
of high stacks. Nitrogen oxides control in coal fired boilers is
restricted to small reductions by either changes in boiler
ooeration, such as lower excess air levels, adsorption during wet
scrubbing or by dispersion from high stacks. (Author's
Abstract)##
1 20
NFW OIL ADDITIVES CONTROL AIR POIIUTION. Chem. In Can.,
20 (11) :9, Nov. 1968.
Two new products, one a paint, the other an oil additive, are
proving to be effective in control of air pollution. The first
is a water base paint to prevent low temperature corrosion in
commercial hot water or low pressure fire tube boilers. It must
be applied every 1 to 4 weeks and protects completely against
H2SOU corrosion. The second formulation is a multipurpose oil
additive for industrial and power utility boilers where fire side
surfaces are not readily accessible. The results show it to be
particularly effective in alleviating high temperature slagging
and corrosion, preventing corrosion and fouling of cold end
boiler surfaces, and reducing emissions of NOx, S03, and
acid soot to the atmosphere.**
12958
Sarto, Jorma 0. and Paul G. Fouts
ENGINE FXHAliST 3ECI3CULATION. (Chrysler Corp., Highland Park,
Mich.) U. S. Pat. 3,U44,H46. 6p., May 20, 1969. 6 refs.
(Appl. Apr. 2U, 1967, 8 claims)I
A device is described for the recycling of exhaust gases in ac
internal combustion engine. The formation of nitrogen oxides
does not become particularly objectionable until the combustion
temperature exceeds about 2200 F, but the usual engine
282
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
combustion temperature, which increases with engine load or the
rate of acceleration at any given speed, frequently rises to
about 2500 F. It is known that the recycling of at least 5%
and not more than 25% of the total exhaust gases through the
engine will reduce the combustion temperature to less than
2200 F. The desired result is usually obtained with the ordinary
engine upon the recycling of about 15% of the total exhaust
gases. The invention comprises a bypass duct connecting the
exhaust and inlet headers having its opposite ends in
comirunicaticn with the exhaust header adjacent the hot spot and
with inlet header downstream of the throttle valve, the bypass
duct also having a fixed restriction dimensioned so that more
than 5% but less than 25% and usually about 15% of the total
exhaust gases are conducted through the bypass duct when the
pressure differential between the ends corresponds to cruising
or part open throttle acceleration conditions.
1297B
Pabson, S. R.
VERFTCULTTE If THE ABSORPTION OF GASES, VAPOUHS AND FUMES.
Ind. Chemist, vol. 37:214-220, May 1961.
A method tor the absorption of gases in low concentration is
presented. Exfoliated vermiculite is placed in horizontal beds
containing 0.12 to 0.38 in. granules in a thickness of 2 ft. The
vermiculite is impregnated with a liquid reagent selected
according to the requirements of the gas to be absorbed. The air
containing the gases to be absorbed flows downwards through the
bed at 50 cu tt/m/sg ft surface giving a resistance of 2 in. wg.
This corresponds to a space velocity of 1500 cu ft of gas/hr/cu ft
of material. The bad remains effective for long periods depending
on the reagent used and the type of gas absorbed, can be
regenerated an indefinite number of times. The process has been
found particularly effective for the absorption of gaseous
constituents in very low concentration which are otherwise not
easily absorbed in liquid solutions. Some gas mixtures
successfully absorbed by this method are diesel fumes, NOX, SOX,
and odors.
13011*
Goller, Edward S.
CARUHETOH CONTROL MEANS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.
(Assignee not given.) D.S. Pat. 3,4U6,19«. Up., May 27. 1969.
1 ref. (Appl. June 21, 1967, 8 claims).
Automobiles conventionally employ a butterfly valve in a
carburetor to control flow of fuel to the automobile's engine.
Upon deceleration, this butterfly valve is suddenly closed
resulting in raw fuel being sucked into the engine. This raw fuel
is not burned properly resulting in increased air pollution during
deceleration. An invention is presented to provide means for
automatically holding the butterfly valve open for a few seconds
after deceleration is initiated to admit air into the carburetor
downstream of the butterfly valve for forming a combustible
mixture with the raw fuel hanging on the walls of the carburetor
and intake manifold. The set screw which adjusts the idling
E. Control Methods 233
-------
speed of the engine is replaced by a solenoid having its armature
normally extended to give the engine a faster-than-normal idle.
The armature is automatically withdrawn to give the engine a
normal idle 3 to 10 sec after deceleration has begun. This allows
for combustion of the raw fuel which collected in the engine when
the butterfly valve closed.
13033
Griftina, Margaret E. , Frances W. Lamb, and Ruth E. Stephens
METHOD OF CONTROLLING EXHAUST EMISSION. (Ethyl Corp., New York,
N.Y.) U.S. Pat. 3,449,063. 4p., June 10, iy&9. 5 refs. (Appl.
May 13, 1466, 10 clams).
A method is presented for reducing unburr.ed hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxides or the exhaust gas from internal
combustion engines operating at an air/fuel ratio of 15 by
contacting the exhaust gases with oxygen, ammonia, and a catalyst.
Additional oxygen is first inlected into the exhaust, stream.
Ammoniam carbonate is added and vaporized to ammonia by the heat
of the exhaust gases. The ammonia, oxygen, and exhaust gases are
then contacted with the catalyst at a temperature between 600 and
800 F. The catalyst consists ot an alumina support impregnated
with 0.001 to 25 wt % copper oxide and with 0.001 to 3 wt %
palladium.
1 3160
Kita, Nobuyuki and 1'oshiya Fuse
TS TO INHIBIT NITBOGEN CXID2S DEVELOPED WITHIN THE
EXHAUST SYSTEM OF DIESEL ENGINES. (Diesel haiki gasu chu no
chisso sankabutsu no hassei yokusei ni tsuite no i, 3 no
likken). Text in Japanese. Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc.
Japan), 48 (504) : 241-249 , April 1969. 10 refs.
Nitrogen oxides are the main components ot narmtul gases which
develop within the exhaust system of diesel engines.
Experiments were performed using a one-cylinder Eulperland F-2
diesel engine (compression ratio of 22, 3 horsepower, 1500 rpm) .
Nitrogen monoxide and dioxide were measured by Salzmann's
method. Concentration ot nitrogen oxides ranged from 180 to 550
ppm; the more the load on engine, including the number of rotati
rotations, the more was the concentration ot nitrogen oxides
with the maximum concentration of 1200 rpm. The ratio of
nitrogen dioxide to nitrogen oxides decreased with the
increased load on the engine, and was not influenced by the
number of rotations. The development or nitrogen oxidas was
effectively inhibited by sending the exhaust gas partially back
to the pre-engine combustion chamber. Nitrogen oxides were
slightly inhibited by increasing negative pressure within the
engine chamber. However, engine power was decreased by this
procedure. By delaying tne fuel injection time, formation of
nitrogen oxides was slightly inhibited without decreasing the
ennine power. To confirm these results, these experiments
should be repeated using a larger diesel engine.
284 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
13198
Jefferis, George C. and J. D. Sensenbaugh
EFFECT OF CPEEATING VARIABLES ON THE STACK EMISSION FROM A
MODERN POWER STATION BOILFB. Preprint, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs.,
Paper 59-A-30H, 8p. , 1959- 9 refs. (Presented at the Annual
Meeting of the Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., Atlantic City, N- J. ,
Nov. 29-Dec. U, 1959.)
A series of tests on stack emission from an oil-tired boiler
are described. The effects of windboy air admittance, oil
temperature, burner tilt, excess air, and gas recirculation on
the dust loading, the combustible content of the dust, and the
concentration of nitrogen oxides were studied. In the first
series of tests, closing the main air dampers slightly and
opening the auxiliary dampers quickly produced large increases
in dust loading and combustible content. When a wider range of
damper settings was used, the dust-loading curve did not rise
as sharply, and the combustible content was constant over the
entire range of damper settings. The NO concentration decreased
as the main air dampers were closed and the auxiliary ones
opened. Increasing' the oil temperature by 35 F halved the dust
emission and reduced the combustible portion by 15 to 17%. The
nitrogen oxides showed a decreasing tendency with increasing
oil temperature. With excess air, the dust was reduced by 20%,
and the combustible content by 17%. However, increasing the
oxygen percentage increased the nitrogen oxides from 18<4 to 258
ppni. Burner tilt and gas recirculation appeared to be
interrelated, since the dust loading increased with increasing
gas recirculation at zero tilt. Other tests at positive tilts
with varying gas recirculation gave a constant dust loading.
The combustible content was little affected by the guantity of
recirculated gas, and the nitrogen oxides concentration decreased
with increasing gas recirculaticn.
13202
Schmitt, Karl, Wilhelm Ester, Hans Heumann, and Harry Pauling
NITROGEN OXIDE CONVERSION. (Hibernia Chemie GmbH,
Gelsenkirchen-Buer, Germany, and Harry Pauling, Munich, Germany)
U. S. Pat. 3,153,071. 7p., July 1, 1969. 4 refs. (Appl. May
1fa, 1966, 29 claims).
In the production of nitric acid and other nitrogenous products,
exhaust gas is produced which contains significant guantities of
nitrogen oxides, particularly NO and N02. A process for absorbing
these oxides and' recovering them as ammonium nitrite includes
adjusting the mole ratio of NO to N02 to 1 and then introducing
the adjusted gas into an ammoniacal solution of ammonium nitrate.
The ammonium nitrate content of the absorbent solution is
controlled so that the solution viscosity at any given
temperature is higher than the viscosity of water at the same
temperature. When the ammonium nitrate concentration is
maintained at about 40 to 50 weight percent and the absorption
process is operated at 20 to 30 C, at least half the ammonium
nitrite formation takes place at the liguid-vapor interface.
The remainder ot the ammonium nitrite is produced in the gas
E. Control Methods 285
-------
phase by successive absorption of small amounts of gaseous ammonia
in the vapor space, where it is neutralized with water vapor and
nitrogen oxide to form ammonium nitrates as well as the ammonium
nitrites. These dissolve in the absorbent solution. By
preventing the development of easily decomposable ammonium
nitrite mists, the process minimizes efficiency losses and
explosior dangers.
13205
Plarkvart, Miroslav and Vladimir Pour
SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF NITROGFN OXIDES WITH AMMONIA. (Selektivni
redukce kyslicniku dusiku amoniakem) . Text in Czech. Chem.
Prumysl (Prague), 19(1):8-12, 1969. 12 refs.
In manufacturing nitrogen acids, catalytic reduction of nitrogen
oxides in tall gases is the most effective method of
neutralization. Using ammonia as a catalyst, nitrogen oxides
can be selectively eliminated. The consumption of fuel using
ammonia is approximately ten times lower than with other reducers.
Tests were conducted to gain more information about the method.
All measurements were taken under atmospheric pressure, and the
reaction took place in the kinetic range. Nitrogen oxides were
detected by the standard titrimetric method. Catalyzers were
prepared by depositing active metal on aluminium. In the
absence of oxygen, the reduction is fastest on platinum
catalyzers; 95% conversion is reached with temperatures above
C. In the presence of oxygen on the same catalyzer, the
temperature may be as low as 180 C. The increase in speed of
reaction is most evident with small concentrations. The activity
ot the catalyzer is greatest when the amount of Pt is 1%. In all
of the tests, the greater the speed of the gases, the higher the
temperature must be. The only disadvantage of this method is
that ammonia salts are generated that may deposit on the cool
parts ot the reactor.
1
Hollander, Fgon
PFCUCTION OF NITROGENOUS GASES BY CHARCOAL (Pedukcia nitroznych
plynov drovenym uhlim) . Text in Czech. Chem. Prumysl, 15(8):
U9H-500, 19b5. 9 refs.
Modern methods of reducing nitrogen oxides from emissions of
industrial plants use catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with
combustible gases. In the experiments reported, complete
catalyst-free reduction of nitrogen oxides to elementary nitrogen
was accomplished by the use of charcoal. The gases were fed to a
guartz reduction tower tilled with preheated granular charcoal
followed hy washing with an indicator solution of alpha-
nanhthylamine, sulfanilic acid, and sodium acetate; drying with
calcium chloride, a flow meter, and a dry air pump. Judged by the
high sensitivity of the indicator, the efficiency of the process
can be considered 100%. The remaining ash has a porous structure
which does offer noticeable resistance to the gas passing through
it. At gas speeds of 0.08 or 0.15 in/sec the consumption of
286 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
charcoal is 40 kg/1000 cu m of incoming gas. The upper limit
oi speed for a grain of 3 to 4 mm is 0.29 tn/sec. At higher
speeds the consumption of charcoal doubles. The method is
applicable to any industrial process in which nitrogen oxide
concentration is less than 50 mg/L of waste gases. The
possibilities exist of adapting it to batch processes and of
utilizing the generated heat of reaction. A minimum of equipment
is required, and water is not produced as a by-product.
Austin, H. C. and W. L. Chadwick
CONTROL OF AIH POLLUTION FHOB OIL-BURNING POWEF PLANTS. Mech.
Fng., 82(4):63-66, April 1960. 2 refs.
California law requires that stack-plume opacity not reach or
exceed Ringelmann No. 2 shade for more than 3 min in any hr. To
comply with this law, the Southern California Edison Company
examined their industrial plumes. Gas emissions were measured
for particulates, 502, 503, and NO. Plume opacity was
found to be significantly affected by the amount and size of
particulates, the amount of 303 present, and the amount of
water vapor present. Particulate removal was found to be
most efficient with the use of an electrostatic precipitator which
removes about 90% of the particulate matter. The most effective
removal of S03, S02, and NO, 75-90%, could be accomplished
by the use of a vanadium catalyst at high temperature, followed
by introduction of ozone and electrostatic precipitation. This
process proves to be economically unfeasible, however. It was
tour.'i that NO formation is best limited by delaying the complete
combustion in the boiler and protracting the flame path.
13403
Ganz, S. N., T. Y. Kuznetsov, V. A. Shliter, and L. I. Leykin
REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES, SULFUR DIOXIDE, AND SULFUPIC ACID
MIST AKD SPRAY FROM INDUSTRIAL EXHAUST GASES USING ALKALINE PEAT
SORBENTS. (Ochistka vykhlopnykh gazov ot okislov azota,
sernistogo gaza, tumana i bryzg sernoy kisloty torfoshchelochynymi
sorbetami v zavodskikh usloviyakh.) Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl.
Khim., 41 (4) :720-725, 1968. 1 ref.
Studies on the purification of exhaust gases from the Mills-
Packard process under industrial conditions revealed that the
most effective additive to the peat sorbents was ammonia, the
sorption of gases producing a useful organomineral fertilizer.
Addition of the ammonia directly to the boiling layer of sorbent
was the most efficient method, and three sorbent layers were
used. Successive layer thicknesses were 200-300, 300-400, and
400-450 mm with moisture content 35-40, 40-45, and 45-55 percent,
respectively. Paw material requirements for sanitary purification
ot 60,000 cu m/hr are (in tons per hr): 0.294 ammonia, 1.5 dry
peat, and 3 peat with 50 percent moistu're. The ton-per-hour
trapping rate was: O.J18 nitrogen oxides, 0.405 sulfur dioxide,
and 0.012 sulfuric acid. Data are given for.the effectiveness
ot the resultant fertilizer determined from agricultural study.
E. Control Methods 287
-------
13458
Pawlikowski, Stefan, Stanislaw Aniol, and Stanislaw Bistron
EXPERIMENTS ON THE ABSORPTION BY AMMONIA OF NITROGEN OXIDES
THROUGH THE USE OF NOZZLE SYSTEMS, ON A PILOT-PLANT SCALE. II.
ABSORPTION BY SOLUTIONS CONTAIMING AMMONIUM CARBONATE AND BICAR
BONATE. (Proby araor.iaka Ine j absorpcji tlenkow azotu w
ukladach dyszowych w skali poltechnicznej. II. Absorpcja
roztworen zawierajacym weglan i wodoroweglan amonowy.) Text in
Polish. Przemysl. Chem., 43 (2) :80-8j, 196U. 1 ref.
Best results with respect to nitrogen oxide absorption by systems
containing ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate are obtained when
the NH3:C02 ratio is set as low as possible. This results in
thermal reactions which raise the temperature by only insignificant
amounts, thus reducing the loss of ammonia by volatilization
to 2 - 5% of bound nitrogen, vs approximately 30% by conventional
absorption methods. The experimental plant, approximately one-
tenth the size of a commercial installation, operated at high
efficiency/ 90-997; in terms of nitrogen absorption and 70% in
terms of total absorption. The yield was unaffected by changes
in operating parameters over a wide range. The process is
safe, even when the reactor product becomes acid.
Straschill, Max
THE REPROCESSING OF NITROGEN OXIDE-CONTAINING WASTE GASES IN
PICKLING PLANTS. (Die Aufarbeitung nitrosehalt iger Abgase in
Peizereien.) Text in German. Meta 11-Heinigunq Vorbehandlung,
12(11) : 210-211, Nov. 19f-3. 3 refs.
The most practical method for detoxir icatioc of the nitrogen
oxides that are present in pickling plant waste gases is through
aosotption ana decomposition in aqueous solutions of alkalies,
urea, aminosulf onic acid or ammonia. Of these, the ammonia
procpss, in which a mixture of the waste gases and ammonia is
passed through an activated charcoal filter, possesses the
advantage that the reaction which takes place at the filter
yields stable amironium salts. These do not attack the activated
charcoal, and may be removed by scrubbing, thus restoring the
efficiency or the filter. Other procedures, such as adsorption
of the nitrogen oxides on activated charcoal, activated alumina,
and activated silica are effective but rather expensive.
Ermenc , E. D .
WISCONSIN PROCESS SYSTEM FOP RECOVERY OF DILUTE OXIDES OF
NITROGEN. Chem. Eng. Progr., 52 (11) : 4B8-U92, November 1956.
10 rets.
The Wisconsin Process was proven technically feasible as a means of
producina HN03. The recovery system operated in accordance with
design, except tor minor modifications made in the field. Total
co.-t of the nominal <40 tpd equivalent 100% HN03 plant, including
288 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
engineering and overhead, was slightly over $2,000,000, with about
60% of the cost in the recovery system. The bulk of the operating
costs also occurred in the recovery system. Since the system is
not guite economical enough for the production of a cheap chemical
like HN03 in the U. s. , it may have eventual use in the production
of N204 or recovery of dilute nitrogen oxides for pollution
prevention. There may still be areas in the world where the
Wisconsin Process may be economic, particularly where ammonia is
expensive or not available.
13538
Childers, Eugene, Charles H. Ellis, and Donald J. Byan
METHOD OF REMOVING NITPOGEN OXIDES FROM GASES. (Du Pont De
Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Wilmington, Del.), U. S. Pat. 3,125,408,
March 17, 1964. 6 refs. (Appl. Dec. 19, 1955, 1 claim).
A process for the disposal of stack gases containing nitrogen
oxide fumes is presented. The waste gas is first mixed with an
excess amount of a reducing gas containing 60-90% of an alkane.
The mixture is passed over a platinum catalyst supported on
activated alumina at a reaction temperature between 450 and 1000
C, and a space velocity between 25,000 and 150,000 reciprocal
hr/cu ±t of catalyst. The nitrogen oxide fumes are reacted with
the reducing gas to form nitrogen, water, and carbon dioxide
which can be discharged to the atmosphere.
13554
Cohn, Johann G. E.
METHOD OF PEKOVING NITROGEN OXIDES FFOM GASES. (Engelhard
Industries, Inc., Newark, N. J.) U. S. Pat. 3,118,727. 4p. ,
Jan. 21, 1964. 9 refs. (Appl. Oct. 12, 1956, 11 claims).
A process is described for recovering heating values and purifying
waste gases produced by the oxidation of ammonia in the production
of nitric acid. Waste gases are mixed with a hydrocarbon fuel and
the mixture is passed over a 0.1 to S.OSt by weight rhodium and/or
palladium .supported catalyst at the reaction temperature of
700-725 F. The heat generated in passing the mixture over the
catalyst may be used to raise the gas temperature or to generate
steam isoth^rirally. Space velocity for the reaction may be in
the range of 60,000-110,000 standard vols of gas/vol of
catalyst/hr. The more hydrocarbon fuel used, the more complete is
the removal of nitrogen oxides.
1J662
Ganz, S. N. , A. I. Luk'yanitsa and L. P. Bel'china
COMBINED PRODUCTION OF IFON-NITROGEN FERTILIZERS AND
PfJPIFICATION OF GASES FROM NITSOG2N OXIDES. (Kombinirovaniye
proizvodstva azotnozhelezistykh udobreniy s ochistkoy gaza ot
E. Control Methods 289
-------
okislov azota) . Text in Pussian.
1611, 1964. 2 refs.
Zh. Prikl. Khim., 37(1):1609-
Waste pickling solution from metal-working factories with an
approximate content of 25% FeS04 and 4-5% free H2S04 can be used
tor purification of waste gases containing oxides of nitrogen.
An unstable complex (Fe (NO)S04) is formed when the gases are
passed through the pickling solution, which on heating breaks
down to give FeS04 and pure NO, which can then be used to form
HN03. Treatment of the ferrous suliate with ammonia and water
gives a mixture of iron hydroxides and ammonium sulfate which can
be used as fertilizer. In this paper, rates of absorption of NO
and NO plus N02 by solutions of FeSO<4 were studied at various
conditions and concentrations of NO and NO plus NO2.
13689
Atroshchenko, V. I., A. N. Tseytlin, A. P. Zasorin, and V. S.
Zolotarev
UTILIZATION OF NITPOGEN OVID33 - BY-PHODUCTS OF CERTAIN
INDUSTRIES. (Utilizatsiya okislov azota otkhodov nekotorykh
proi zvod.otv) . Text in Russian. Khim. Prom. (Moscow) , 1 (1) :79-
HO, 1960.
Production of nitric acid from exhaust gas with high NO content
as compared with exhaust gas with low NO content plus N02 is
discussed. A nethod is described which involves cooling the
gases to 25- 30 C, introducing additional air, and carrying out
oxidation in a cooler-oxidizer. About 8% absorption is
achi°vpd with 35% nitric acid absorbent. Specifications for an
operating installation which produces 2500 kg of 55% acid are
given. A modified version using oxygen rather than air is
mentioned.
1 370?
Bylcv, V. D., Yu. D. Znamenskiy, L. P. Kapitonova, 'and M. S.
Shchedrov
ON THE SULFURIC ACID KETHOD OF COLLECTING NITROGEN OXIDES FROM
INCOMPLETELY OXIDIZED GASES. (K voprosy o sernokislotnom
metode ulavlivaniya okislov azota iz nedookislennykh gazov).
Text in Pussian. Zh. Prikl. Khim., vol. 35:1503-1505, 1962. 3
refs.
Incompletely oxidized gases were oxidized with a solution of
HN03 in 93% sulturic acid in a one-tray bubbling column to study
aspects.of sulfuric acid collection of nitrogen oxides. Maximum
removal (73%) was achieved with a 5% HN03 concentration and an
input NO plus N02 concentration of 0.573 volume percent. It is
concluded that effective sulfuric acid removal of nitrogen
oxides with 93% sulturic acid can be accomplished after
preliminary oxidation with a 3-4% solution of HN03 in 93% H2S04
when the oxidation and absorption cycles are carried out
separately in the liquid phase.
290
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
13718
Trofimov, A. I.
REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES FROM COKE OVEN GAS. (Ochistka
koksovogo gaza ot okislov azota). Text in Russian. Koks i
Khim., no. 2:42-43, 1966.
An arrangement for removal of nitrogen oxides from coke gases,
installed at the Yasinovskiy Coal-Tar Chemica] Plant, is
described. It converts NO to N02 (in 110-120 sec at 70-80 C
and 15-16 bar) , which in turn reacts with olefins to form
a resin which, after cooling to 30—40 C, is washed in a scrubber
tilled with residue from 50 x 50 mm Raschig rings. The
installation was designed for operating with a 0.8% oxygen content
in the coke gas, but 0.4-0.5% oxygen is found sufficient,
precluding the need for introducing air. Operational reduction
ol nitrogen oxides is from 12-18 to 2-3 cc/cu m. This
arrangement was installed at a cost of 234,000 rubles.
13741
Ganz, S. N., R. I. Braginskaya, N. I. Gogodetskiy, and K. A.
Lokshin
ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES WITH MILK OF LIME IN MECHANICAL
ABSORBERS OF PILOT INSTALLATIONS. (Absorbtsiya okislov
azota izvestkovym molokom v mekhanicheskikh absorberakh
opytno-promvshlennoy ustanovki). Text in Russian. Izv. Vysshikh
Uchpbn. Zavede-nii Khim. i Khim. Tekhnol. , 5 (1) : 155-159, 1962.
4 rets.
Pilot operation of a 16 cu m-capacity absorber for absorbing
nitrogen oxide with milk of lime was carried out for six months.
Physicucheroicai and nyui_'Odynamic factors were studied to
establish the dependence of degree and rate of absorption of
nitrogen oxides by Ca(OH)2 solution on concentration of nitrogen
oxides in the gas, and the dependence of the concentration of
nitrite-nitrate salts and CaO in the solution on volumetric gas
tlow rate and quantity of liquid in the apparatus. Experiments
were made at 45-50 C and 55-60 C. Estimates indicate this
method will give a ten-told reduction in the cost of HN03
production, with an annual amortization cost of 10,500 rubles as
compared with 165,600 rubles for existing methods.
13746
Daniels, Farrington, William G. Hendrickson, and Elton Gordon
Foster
NITPTC OXIDE RECOVERY SYSTEM. (Wisconsin Alumni Research
Foundation, Madison). U. S. Pat. 2,578,674. 14p., Dec. 18,
1951. 13 refs. (Appl. War. 28, 1949, 18 claims).
A process for the recovery of nitrogen oxides from gaseous
mixtures is presented. The nitrogen oxide-containing gas is first
cooled and then dried by passing it through a body, shower.
E. Control Methods 291
-------
stream, layer, or bed of solid adsorbent having a preferential
adsorbabili t y toward water, and the dried gas is then contacted
with a catalyst mass having the function of accelerating
oxidation of the nitric oxide content of the gas mixture to
nitrogen dioxide. The dry gas mixture is contacted with particles
of a solid adsorbent, such as silica gel, which separates
nitrogen dioxide from the other components of the gas mixture.
Adsorbed nitrogen dioxide is de-sorbed by circulating hot
nitrogen dioxide through and in direct contact with the solid
adsorbent material. The remaining adsorbed N02 is flushed out by
means ot hot dry air contacted with the solid adsorbent. Khen
NO2 is to be converted to HNOJ, oxygen-containing air is used,
and when the N02 is to be linuified, hot airy CO2 or nitrogen can
be used.
Pent, Franklin A.
A process for removing nitrogen oxides, particularly nitric
oxide, from waste gases comprises reduction of the gas with
a chromous compound. The products of the reaction are probably
hydroxlamine or ammonia, depending on the conditions of the
reaction. Chromous salts of organic or inorganic acids may
be used, and the reaction should take place at roon temperature
as high temperatures decrease the amount of nitric oxide taken
UP bv the chromous salt solution. Neutral chromou?
compounds which are water solahle give the best results. Under
certain conditions, it may be advantageous to use chromous
compounds ir. the solid state with or without a support.
In this review and bibliography ot jjb articles on air pollution
control published from August 1MSH through July 14bO, most of the
articles -
-------
13993
Anderson, H. C., P. L. Romeo, and W. J. Green
A NEW FAMILY OF CATALYSTS TOR NITRIC ACID TAIL GASES. Nitrogen,
no. 50:33-36, Nov./Dec. 1967. 6 refs.
A unitary ceramic cartridge was designed to act as a precious
metal catalyst support. The suppor*- consists of a block of
ceramic, through which a multitude ot small parallel channels
pass which are coated with the precious metal. Bench-scale
and field experience have shown that the unitary catalyst is
well-adapted to the treatment of nitric acid stack gases. Using
natural gas as a fuel, decolorization of stack gases is
effected using palladium as the catalyst on the ceramic support.
The ceramic structure is well designed for the two-stage
catalytic removal of NO and N02 in gases containing more than
the 3% maximum oxygen level required for one stage removal.
By applying platinum-alumina on the ceramic cartridge, excellent
abatement (91%) of the nitrogen oxides present in the gases is
achieved at 100 psi and space velocities up to 150,000.
Varlamov, M. L., G. A. Manakin, Ya. I. Starosel'skiy, and
L. S. Zbrozhek
INVESTIGATION OF THE AMMONIA METHOD OF REMOVING NITROGEN OXIDES
FROM THE EXHAUST GASES OF A NITROGEN-OXIDE NITRIC-ACID TOWER
SYSTEM. I.. (Issledovaniye ammiachnogo metoda ochistki ot
okislov azota otkhodyashchikh gazov bashennoy nitroznoy
sernokislotnoy sistemy). Text in Russian. Nauchn. Zap.
Odessk. Politekhn. Inst., vol. 40:21-33, 1962. 1 refs.
Data from laboratory study of the removal of low concentrations
ot nitrogen oxides using gaseous ammonia and ammonia water are
presented. The use of gaseous ammonia, in conjunction with
acoustic coagulation with an aerosol, yielded an average degree
of removal ot 85% when incoming gases were highly oxidized.
Nitrogen dioxide, and an eguimolecular mixture of NO and N02,
reacted with 82-93% completeness with gaseous ammonia, this
value increasing slightly with increased reaction volume. A gas
lift usinq ammonia water yielded 63.6% purification with a
40% content of nitrogen oxides. The degree of oxidation of
industrial exhaust gases is an important factor determining the
degree of purification by this method. The data given
correspond to an eguimolecular NO and N02 mixture.
1 J958
Agnew, W. G.
FUTURE EMISSION-CONTROLLED SPAFK-IGNITIOK ENGINES AND THEIR
FUELS. Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. Sect. Ill, vql. 49:2«2-280,
1969. 26 refs.
E. Control Methods 293
-------
Future trends in vehicle and gasoline design for the purpose of
meeting increasingly stringent air pollution controls are
discussed. Federal exhaust emission standards for 1970 are more
stringent than those for 196y. Standards now require 10% lower
hydrocarbon and CO emissions and measurement methods have been
changed from a concentration basis to a calculated mass basis.
Emission control systems are improved and are integral with the
power plant and the fuel systeir. Included in future plans are
evaporative emission restrictions, nitrogen oxides emission
control, and irore stringent hydrocarbon and CO emission controls.
few devices available for control include large manifold air
injection reactors, catalytic converters, and alternate
power plants such as gas turbines, external combustion engines,
and electric propulsion. Attention will be given to reducing
the extreme deviations of high volatility gasolines in the
summer and low volatility gasolines in the winter and reducing
eye irritation by reducing the amount o± aromatic hydrocarbons
in the engine exhaust gas. Propane may be used since it
permits leaner mixtures. While emission standards are met,
companies will try to maintain or improve present levels of
driveahilitv, reliability, fuel economy, cost, and owner
convenience. At the same time, the oil industry will be making
necessary changes to ensure that the new hardware systems will
operate with the greatest possible satisfaction to the car owner.
1 J4P7
Abthot'f, J. and H. Luther
THE MSASUREMEKT OF OXIDE OF NITROGEN EMISSION FROM DIESEL ENGINES
AND ITS CONTROL BY MODES OF ENGINE OPERATION. {Die Messung der
St.ickoxid-^mission vor. Dieselmotoren und ihre Beeinflussung durch
Massnahmen am Motor). Text in German. ATZ (Automobiltechnische
Zeitschrift) (Stuttgart), 71 (U) : 12i*-130 , 1969. 1U refs.
Fndeavoring to lower the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide
emissions by diesel engines, the authors carried out an extensive
series of measurements on three water-cooled four-cylinder and
three air-cooled single-cylinder diesel engines, three of which
had direct fuel injection, two were equipped with d mixing
chamber, and one worked by the 'PI' method. The standard
equipment of an internal combustion engine performance-test
stand was augmented by apparatus for exhaust gas analysis.
During engine operation, samples of exhaust gas were removed
through ?. tap from the exhaust pipe, cooled, dried, and conveyed
through a branched pipe to three measuring stations. One part of
the sample was analyzed in a flame ionization detector, another
was usf=d tor determination of the CO and C02 contents by
recording infrared absorption analyzers, and the third part was
first oxidized and then admitted to a photometer for
determination of its total N02 content. In the oxidizer,
developed by the authors for speedy intermittent oxidation of NO
to Nr>2, successive exhaust gas samples are pumped alternately
into one of two oxidation chambers. The exhaust gas is
pressurized, oxidized by compressed oxygen, and released through
a pressure-reducing valve into the N02 photometer. In addition,
the possibilities of lowering nitrogen oxide emissions were
discussed: changing the fuel composition (cetane/alpha-
methylnaphthalene mixtures), the use of various ignition
accelerators, recycling of the exhaust gas, changing the fuel-
injection timing, or introduction of water into the combustion
chamber.
294 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
14007
Hsieh, Yu Hsioh
AN EXPERIMENT IN THE PRODUCTION OF NITROGEN FROM NITRIC ACID
PLANT TAIL GAS. (Ts'ung hsiao suar. wei ch'i chih ch'i fan ch' i
ti shih yen). Text in Chinese. K'o Hsueh T'ung Pao, vol. 10:
307-308, 1957. 6 refs.
Py passing nitric acid tail gas first an alkali scrubbing tower
to remove C02 and then through a catalyst reactor to reduce N02
and 02 in the presence ot excess hydrogen, it was found practical
to recover nitrogen. Three types of catalysts were made by
depositing Cu and Hi on soil diatoms: CuO:diatoms, NiO:diatoms,
and CuO plus NiO:diatoms, all in a 1:9 ratio. The highest
absorption rate could be attained with a sodium hydroxide
concentration ot 1?. and a gas linear velocity of 0.2 m/sec. The
concentration of C02 could be reduced to 30 ppm. By using CuO
with a firebrick carrier at a temperature of 600-650 C, a space
velocity of 6000 reciprocal hours, and 4-6% excess hydrogen, it
was possible to produce a gas with 1-b ppm NO, 10-20 ppm 02,
and 400 ppm NH3. By using the copper-nickel catalyst with
diatoms as carriers at a temperature of 300-500 C, a space
velocity of 1500 reciorocal hours, and 5% excess hydrogen, a gas
with 0.4-0.7 ppm NO, 10-20 ppm 02, and 300-500 ppm NH3 could be
produced with the content ot noxious gas within acceptable
limits. The temperature ot reaction increases rapidly with
oxygen content ot the tail gas and with space velocity. Since
the reactor was ot simple construction, there was no way to
control the temperature, and no tests were performed under
conditions ot low temperature and high space velocity.
1402b
Ryason, 9. F. and J. Harkins
STUDIES ON A NF.W METHOD OF SIMULTANEOUSLY REMOVING SULFUR DIOXIDE
AND OXIDES OF NITF.OGEN FROM COMBUSTION GASES. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 17(12):796-799, Dec. 1967. 13 refs.
In this study, a high-sulfur fuel was used and S02 concentrations
were measured ahead of and following the catalyst bed to test
the simultaneous reduction of S02 and NO. Synthetic gas
mixtures of S02 in N2 and CO plus C02 in N2 were combined in
various proportions as the reactant gases. A number of different
metals, supported on an alumina extrudate or on a silica gel,
were tested tor the reduction of 502. The test gas contained
twice the stoichiometric amount of CO. Tests for S03 in the
otfgases were negative, as expected in a reducing atmosphere.
The COS concentration depended on the composition of the reaction
gas mixture. Generally the mixtures stoichiometric in CO showed
somewhat less reduction than did the mixtures containing a
twofold excess of CO. Reactant gas mixtures containing excess
CO deposited sulfur in the cooler parts of the apparatus
downstream from the catalyst bed, but this amount was negligible.
To utilize the reduction reactions in a practical system at
relatively high dilutions requires a catalyst, the most active
being copper supported on alumina. Substantial reduction (90% or
greater) can be achieved in 0.35 sec, corresponding'to a space
rate of 10,000 vol/vol/hr. A side reaction of carbon monoxide
with elemental sulfur to form CCS requires that the initial
E. Control Methods 295
-------
amount ot CO be stoichiometric for the amount of S02 plus the
NO present. To employ this method for the purification of flue
gases would require near stoichicmetric fuel air operation
of the furnace. Thermodynamic considerations show that the
optimum initial ratio of CO to S02 is somewhat less than 2 to
minimize the production of carbonyl sulfide. " Substantial
reduction of undesirable sulfur compounds and essentially
quantitative reduction of oxides of nitrogen are possible with
this method.
mo Ji
Harris, Samuel B., Edwin F. Sorello, and Gavin H. Peters
PROCESS FOH DECOMPOSITION OF OXIDES OF NITRCGEN. (Standard
Oil Co. Inc., Chicago) U. S. Pat. 3,159,494. 2p., Aug. 5,
1969. 4 refs. (Dec. 14, 1966, 10 claims).
A process is claimed that can provide as high as 98 to 100?
decomposition of nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and oxygen. The
method consists of contacting nitrogen oxides with a high-melting
solid catalyst selected frcir, at least one member of the group
comprised ot alkali metal oxides, alkali metal silicates,
alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal silicates,
and mixtures of these, at a temperature above 700 C for a time
sufficient to accomplish the conversion. The contact of the
nitrogen oxides with the catalyst should take place between
about 700 C and 1100 C, and preferably between 800 C and 1000 C.
The degree ot decomposition will depend upon the particular
catalyst and temperature used. Operating details and possible
variations of the process are described. The effectiveness of
the method contradicts previous assumptions of the great
difficulty of carrying out such decomposition, ani by eliminating
the use of platinum and paladium as catalysts, reduces the cost
and adds to the commercial significance of this conversion
technique. The high degree of conversion would make possible
the use of the resulting air mixture for human consumption; by
producing a breathable, oxygen-enriched atmosphere, the process
may have applications in space travel, reduction of air pollution
from industrial gas streams, purification of automobile exhaust
gases, and reduced smog formation. For example a modification
ot the process is described which produces automobile exhaust
emissions substantially free of all harmful nitrogen oxides;
it. is also contemplated that by use of this method, solid
ammonium nitrate grains may be used as the source of nitrogen
oxides in space exploration.
14034
Benson, Jack D.
REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAOST. Preprint,
Society ot Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, N. Y. , 17p.,
1969. 11 rets. (Presented at the International Automotive
Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 13-17, 1969, Paper
690019.)
One of the reactants involved in photochemical smog is NOx,
defined as the sum of nitric oxide [NJ) ana nitrogen dioxide (N02)
296 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
concentrations; NO, emitted by automobiles in exhaust gas,
slowly oxidizes to N02 under atmospheric conditions. Although
the control of nitrogen oxides from automobile exhaust is not
yet required by law, several methods were investigated to
determine how much control is possible and what penalties result.
These methods involved spark timing, carburetion, and exhaust
recirculation. On one test car, a control system was developed
which reduced nitrogen oxides 74% while maintaining hydrocarbon
and carbon monoxide control at current (1968) federal levels.
However, a 13% loss in fuel economy was incurred, and driveability
problems were observed. Application to other car models, deposit
accumulation, durability, and performance under extreme weather
conditions are all open questions at this time. (Author abstract
modified)
Taylor, P. E. and P. M. Campau
THE IIEC A COOPERATIVE PESEAECH PROGRAM FOE AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION
CONTROL. Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. , Sect. Ill, vol. 1*9:309-327,
1969. 5 refs.
The Inter-Industry Emission Control Program, which now is
comprised ot six petroleum companies and tive automobile
manutacturers (including tour foreign firms) , was established in
1967 and expanded in 1968 to pcol the research efforts of the two
industries in the design and development of a virtually
emission free, gasoline-powered vehicle. Specific targets
call for a 90 to 97% reduction in the hydrocarbon, carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions of a typical vehicle
and are ained at improving the quality of the Los Angeles Basin,
considered the most critical air shed area in the United States.
Of some 17 research projects begun under the program, those
associated with catalysts, thermal reactors, exhaust gas
recirculation, and modification of fuel properties are receiving
the major current attention, using techniques ranging from
mathematical modeling to component hardware development and
testing, to the building and testing ot complete concent cars,
which combine various emission control sub-systems into fully-
functioning automobiles for total emission evaluation,
durability testing, and product acceptability evaluation.
Descriptions of the various research problems and methods are
given. Because of Federal emissions testing requirements,
much of the total effort is directed toward designing exhaust
control systems that can operate at high efficiency almost
from the moment of engine start-up. Summaries are given of
the investigations underway that deal with the fuel and hardware
components of a spark ignition engine; these involve the
development of additives to suppress nitrogen oxide formation,
hydrocarbon combustion-improving additives, hydrocarbon
deposit-modifying additives, surface tension and emulsifying
agents, and the study of the effect of fuel volatility on exhaust
and evaporative emissions.
H405U
Ganz, S. N.
ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES BY SOLID ABSORBENTS. PART I.
E. Control Methods 297
-------
(Pogloshcheniye okislov azota tverdymi sorbentani. soobschchen-iye
I). Text in Pussian. Zh. Prikl. Khim.. vol. 31:138-140, 1958.
5 rets.
In a search for an effective solid absorbent for low-concentration
(0.3-0.25%) nitrogen oxides, experimental studies were made
with activated carbon, aluminum silicate, silica gel, manganese
dioxide, cupric oxide, hopcalite, and coke in conjunction with
industrial gas from a nitric acid plant. Data reflecting the
relative effectiveness of these absorbents are plotted and
indicate the descending order given above. Hopcalite, Bn02,
CuO and coke were difficult to regenerate, the first three of
these being unsuitable because ot the chemical nature of
their action. Complete desorption of nitrogen oxides from
carbon, aluminum silicate, and silica gel is difficult,
requiring temperatures on the order of 200-350 C. Aluminum
silicate is regarded as the most suitable material based on its
sufficiently hiqh absorbing capability, high mechanical strength,
and ability to undergo high-temperature regeneration.
14073
LozhKin, A. F. and N. L. Subocheva
RECOVERY OF NITROGEN OXIDES FROM LOW-CCNCENTRATION GASES WITH
ACTIVATED CA3POH IN A MOVING LAYER. (Ulavlivaniye okislov azota
12 nizkokontsentrirovannykh gazov aktivirovannym uglem "
podvizhnom sioye). Text in Russian. Sb. Nauchn. Tr. Permsk.
Politekhn. Inst.., no. 1«:61-74, 1965. 14 refs.
The absorbing capacity of grades KAD and AG activated carbon
were found to be comparable when used in a stationary or
moving layer to absorb nitrogen oxides in low concentration
(about 1%). It was found that the higher the state of
oxidation ot the nitrogen oxides present, the greater the
absorbing capacity of the activated carbon. The possibility
o* determining the linear rate ot carbon motion from data
on the displacement of a point of constant concentration in a
stationary layer is verified. During thermal regeneration,
the absorbed nitrogen dioxide dissociates into nitric oxide
and oxygen, and there is an accompanying combustion loss of
carbon with the formation ot C02. This carbon loss amounts
to about 0.5% of the starting weight for KAD, and 0.4% for
AD carbon.
14093
Kopa, R. D., P. G. Jewell, and R. V. Spangler
EFFECT OF EXHAUST GAS PECIRCULATION ON AUTOMOTIVE SING HEAR.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 12(5):246, 247-254, May 1962.
6 refs.
As a means of controlling nitrogen oxides in automobile exhausts,
it was found that exhaust gas recycling offers an effective
method of controlling combustion temperature with the result that
less nitrogen oxides are formed. To determine how exhaust gas
recycling affects engine wear, a cooperative research program was
undertaken by the Department of Engineering, University of
California and the Research and Development Center of the
298 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Richtield Oil Co. At steady state er.gine operation, a 90%
redaction ot piston ring wear was registered when about 1251 of
the exhaust gas was recirculated back to the inlet manifold.
Experiments performed under simulated traffic conditions
resulted in a 50% reduction of piston ring wear when 1235 of the
exhaust gas was recycled. The temperature of the recycled gas
did not alter the ring wear reduction effect. However, when
condensed water entered the engine inlet manifold, a substantial
wear increase of the piston rings was recorded. No adverse
effects resulting fron exhaust gas recirculation regarding engine
deposits and cleanliness were observed. No attempt was made to
find more optimal conditions by changing the standard tune-up of
the engine with respect to spark timing or air-fuel ratio
carburetor settings. (Author conclusions modified)
Thomas, Fred W.
TVA'S AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil
Engrs., J. Power Div. , Paper 6483:131-143, March 1969. 18 refs.
The air quality program of the Tennessee Valley Authority as
related to its fertilizer and coal- and nuclear-fired power
plants is reviewed. Preventive aspects of pollution control are
basic to the program designed for steam-electric generating
plants. Plants are located at sites where terrain is favorable
to effective dispersion, and air quality measurements are
recognized in planning and designing plant structures. The
program is supplemented by an extensive monitoring system for
measuring sulfur dioxide, fly ash, ozone, and nitrogen oxide
emissions. Mobile sampling equipment is used in conjunction
with stationary monitoring systems because it appreciably
shortens the period required to define air quality in the
vicinity of a plant. TVA also conducts extensive research
studies on plume dispersion, levels o± ground level fumigation
during inversion breakup, and chemical processes for the removal
of S02 from flue gas. At nuclear plants, an extensive network
ot instcuments monitors airborne particulates, radioiodine, heavy
particulate fallout, and rainwater. TVA has sought to prevent
deleterious effects from 502 emissions primarily through the use
ot high stacks designed to limit S02 concentrations at ground
level. As unit size and plant capacity increase, stack heights
are being raised from 170 to 300 to 1000 ft. With increasing
worldwide attention focused on techniques for converting S02
to sulturic acid or fertilizer, TVA is now exploring the use
ot limestone in pulverized coal-fired units and cyclone-furnace
units. Where fly ash creates a nuisance problem. TVA is
substituting 95% efficiency precipitators for mechanical
collectors.
14196
Peters, M. s.
CAUSES, IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL OF NITROGEN/OXIGEN COMPOUNDS IN
THE FIELD OF AIR POLLUTION. (Ursachen, Bedeutung und Kontrolle
der Stickstof f /Sauerstof t-Verbindungen in der Luf tverunreinigung) .
Text in German. Chem. Ing. Tech., 4 1 ( 10) :593-644, May 1969.
13 refs.
E. Control Methods 299
-------
In heavy smog, nitrogen oxide concentrations of 1 to 3 ppm have
been measured over some cities. Physiological effects on humans
have been observed at 3 ppm and 8 hours of exposure. The
nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere come mostly frcm motor vehicles
and power plants, as well as from chemical plants, such as nitric
acid production plants, plants for the recovery of catalysts,
pickling plants, etc. In the gasoline powered engine, a high
nitric oxide concentration is formed at ignition temperature
(2200 C). Since the gases cool rapidly to ambient temperatures,
no equilibrium conditions can be attained and the nitric oxide
concentration of exhaust gas is rather high. There are two
possible methods of avoiding this. The ignition temperature
should be lowered or the gas should be cooled at a slower rate.
Otherwise, a catalyst should be found which speeds decomposition
of nitrogen oxides at low temperatures. There are also several
methods for reduction of nitrogen oxides from stack gases.
Adsorption on zeolites and certain other types of molecular
sieves is a rather promising method. Intense research on these
methods is recommended, since little is known about them.
14202
Bjerklie, J. W. and B. Sternlicht
CRITICAL COMPARISON OF LOW-EMISSION OTTO AND RANKINE ENGINE FOR
AUTOMOTIVE USE. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc.,
New York, 16p., 1969. 16 refs. (Presented at the International
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 13-17,
1969, Paper 690044.)
Pankine cycle external combustion engines, which are currently
used for low emission power plant systems, are considered in
terms ot their application to automobiles meeting future pollution
requirements. A comparative study of theoretical reciprocating
and rotary Pankine cycle engines using steam and organic fluids
with existing Otto automotive engines indicates that the
performance of the former should be superior with respect to
size, torque, economy, emission, response, maintenance, and
reliability. Use of external combustion, which means that the
engine can use the same fuel burned in power plants, will reduce
fuel cost and produce inherently lower emissions. With presently
available fluids and with the most practical machinery presently
known, the steam reciprocator is best able to compete.with the
Otto cycle engine. However, development of an 'ideal' low
temperature, nontoxic, nonflammable fluid should lead to vapor
engines significantly better than the reciprocating steam engine.
These engines will require no regenerator or superheater and will
not have the cost and size disadvantage of the steam system.
Reciprocating vapor engines will develop very high torque merely
by feeding high pressure vapor to the cylinder. It is hoped that
chemical and petrochemical companies will concentrate on the
development of the 'ideal' fluid.
Paleari, C. and F. RenzaTiigo
COMBUSTION PBODUCTS OF DIESEL FUEL. I. THE EFFECT OF AN
300 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
IGNITION IMPROVING ADDITIVE ON THE NITROGEN OXIDE AND CAEBOH
MONOXIDE CONTENT. (Prodotti di combustione di combustibili diesel.
I. Sffetti di an additive proraotore di accensione sui contenuti
in ossido di azoto ed ossido di carbonic). Text in Italian.
Hiv. Combust., vol. 13:419-431, June 1959. 3 refs.
Investigations were made on the eflect of gasoil compositions,
the presence of ignition improvers, and ot engine operation
conditions on the nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide content of
a C.F.R. F-b engine exhaust gas. With all the gasoils used during
these tests, the highest nitrogen oxide contents were observed'
when the engine was running on intermediate loads. The effect of
additives was seen only when the engine ran at minimum speeds.
It was found that nitrate base additives reduce the exhaust gas
CO content, particularly vith low cetane number gasoils in
engines on high loads. (Author summary modified)
14297
Hind, C. J.
CLEAN AIH AND THE DIESEL. Indian Eastern Engr. (Bombay),
111 (2) :77-79, Feb. 1969.
A defense of the diesel engine against criticism that it is a
heavy contributor to air pollution is presented. Under ideal
conditions if all gasoline engines were replaced by diesel
engines, the emission of carbon monoxide, aldehydes, and nitrogen
oxides would be reduced, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and soot
would be increased, and sulfur dioxide would be unchanged. Carbon
dioxide is not seen as a health hazard, and hydrocarbons are not
considered dangerous, as they are in parts of the U. S., because
the other conditions necessary for the creation of photochemical
smog, particularly climatic factors, are not present in the U.K.
Carbon monoxide, possibly the emission most hazardous to health,
would be reduced to almost negligible amounts. Sulfur dioxide
would necessarily be kept to a minimum, since in diesel engines
the sulfur content of the fuel is deliberately kept very low to
reduce internal corrosion ot engines. In addition, because the
diesel engine is more efficient than the gasoline engine, the
absolute quantity ot fuel oil used would be reduced, thus lowering
the total impurities discharged into the atmosphere. Efforts are
underway to reduce the major pollutants from diesels: smoke
(carbon) and odor (sulfur dioxide). Supercharging by making use
of energy remaining in the exhaust gases to drive a turbine
and compressor, is seen as one way of maintaining a satisfactory
fuel/air ratio for smokeless operation and greater efficiency
as fuel input is increased. Improvements in the combustion
process are being investigated as an engineering goal and to
reduce odorous emissions.
14309
Hunter, J. B.
PLATINUM CATALYSTS AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. S. African Mining
Eng. J., 1968:438-440, Feb. 23, 1968. 1 ref.
E. Control Methods 301
-------
A ceramic platinum catalyst support in the form of a honeycomb-
like structure is described. The catalyst is a highly active
platinum tightly anchored to a ceramic base by a new proprietary
technique. This concept in catalyst packaging not only protects
the ceramic structure against breakage but also allows for
catalyst interchangeability. These catalysts were found to be
useful in eliminating nitrogen oxide tumes in systems where
natural qas ar.d purge gas were used as fuels. Examination of the
catalyst after six months ol operation showed no sign of
deterioration. The catalysts were found to be effective for
complete oxidation of organic contaminants and also in nuclear
power installations where intense radiation causes the
decomposition ot water and the gradual rise in concentration of
a hydrogen/oxygen mixture in a closed loop system. A major
advantage ot the honeycomb catalyst is its exceptionally low
pressure drop. Other advantages include more uniform gas
distribution, greater structural strength, no attrition or loss
ot tines, and no channelling or hot spots. From the standpoint
ot systen design, the rigid structure also provides greater
process flexibility.
1 H J 2 5
J_ee , G. and A. C. Coulson
FUPO™A 1. THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GAS SCRUBBERS FOR THE
EUROPA 1 UPP3R STAGES P30PFLLANT SYSTEMS. Weapons Research
Establishment, Salisbury, S. Australia, Dept. of Supply, TN D»D
22, 6bp., Aug. 1968. 24 refs,
CFSTI: Nt>y-27758
The design and development of gas scrubbers for the removal of
N201, unsymicetrical dimethylhydrazine, and Aerozine 50 from
nitrogen carrier streams are described. The final scrubber
incorporates eight stages fitted with sieve plates made out of an
aluminum alloy. At the base of the unit, a stainless steel float
valve controls the water outlet flow and maintains a gas-tight
seal. The water flow-rate can be set at 0.5 gal/min. In the
launcher installation, the umbilical mast vent lines to the fuel
and oxidant scrubbers serving the second stage are fitted with
nozzle plates at the scrubber inlet flange. These control the
gas flow rate. The vent lines from all the other places are
fitted with a flowrator and control valve, the arrangement being
that manual control can limit the gas flow rate and maintain it
while- the pressure falJs. To allow for imperfect scrubbing of
N204 in the gas streams, the vent gases are led to 15 ft-high
stacks situated 750 ft from the installations, and the effluent
water is piped to soskage pits located at safe distances from
inhabited areas. From the results, it was clear that high
efficiencies are obtainable when stripping the fuel gases from an
inert stream, taut it is not possible at any gas flow rate to
remove N204 down to 5 ppm using this technique. In trying to
produce a scrubber system capable of coping with the high impulsive
tlows, it is probable that the best compromise for a gas scrubber
was achieved. The scrubber is best suited to constant flow
conditions or to flow conditions which have a limited range of
variation.
302 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
14333
Dwyer, F. G.
CATALYST SYSTEM MORPHOLOGY AND DESIGN. Franklin lust. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Materials Science and Engineering Dept.
and Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution
Control Administration, Proc. First Natl. Symp. on Heterogeneous
Catalysis for Control of Air Pollution, Philadelphia., Pa., Nov.
196H, p. 73-86. 13 refs.
Common gaseous pollutants that are amenable to catalytic
transformation are discussed. Sulfur dioxide is eliminated by
catalytic hydrodesulfurization, oxidation with a vanadium
pentoxide catalyst, or reduction with carbon monoxide in flue
gases. Nitrogen oxides are eliminated by reduction with chromite
and copper oxide catalysts, which lose their effectiveness.
Carbon monoxide is removed from atmospheric gases by catalytic
oxidation. Wore is known about the mechanism of CO oxidation,
which is catalyzed by transition metal oxides and noble
catalysts, than about acy other methods. Carbon monoxide also
can be oxidized in the presence ot H2 over Mn02, and indium
doped ZnO, based on electronic charge transfer. Mechanisms
for the oxidation of hydrocarbons are similar to those for CO
oxidation but more catalyst efficiency. Interaction of gaseous
pollutants presents a problem in finding the right catalyst.
The complexity of the problem is seen in the exhaust from
internal combustion engines. Here, CO and unburned hydrocarbons
are converted by catalytic oxidation and nitrogen oxides are
converted by catalytic reduction. The transition metal oxide
and noble metal1 catalysts must be supported on a base for ease
ot handling, cost, and thermal stability. Problems encountered
in treating industrial gas streams are those of dilution. A
further complication arises if the diluent interferes in some
manner with the reaction being catalyzed. Poisoning effects,
which are present in all heterogeneous catalytic reactions, must
also be considered. Although none of the catalysts is a panacea,
each brings the solution of air pollution closer.
Fukui, Syoze
HYGIENIC CHEHICAL STUDIES ON PUBLIC NUISANCE BY INJURIOUS GASES.
XI. FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES FROM GASES
BY THE TREATMENT WITH AMMONIA (NO. 2). ON THE MECHANISM OF
REACTION BETWEEN NITROGEN OXIDES AND AMMONIA. (Yudoku gasu
ni yoru kogai no eisei kagakuteki XI. Anmoniya shoriho ni yoru
Chisso sankabutsu no jokyoho (sono 2). Chisso sankabutsu to
anmoniya no hanno kiko) . T.ext in Japanese. Eisei Kagaku
(J. Hyg. Chen;.), 13(1):22-28, 1967. 8 refs.
Treatment of waste gases with ammonia has previously been found
effective in removing nitrogen oxides. The present investigation
concerns the mechanism of the reaction between nitrogen oxides
and ammonia in the gas phase. The reaction proceeds according to
the equation 2N02 plus 2NH3 yields NHtNO3 plus N2 plus H20. If
the ammonium nitrate produced by the reaction is removed by some
mechanical means, the only gase emitted will be nitrogen. Since
nitric oxide did not react with ammonia, it was oxidized to
E. Control Methods 303
-------
nitrogen dioxide or nitrous anhydride by air and treated with
ammonia. The reaction between nitrous anhydride and ammonia is
N203 plus 2NHJ yields NHHN02 plus N2 plus H20. (Author abstract
modifier!)
Nabiyev, M. K., A. A. Kulik, P. T. Herenkov, and A. D. Tikhonenko
PURIFICATION OF KITPOGEK OF EXHAUST GAS IN THE PRODUCTION OF
WEAK NIT3IC ACID FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF AMMONIA. (Ochistka azota
vykhlopnogo gaza pri proizvodstve slafcoy azotnoy kisloty dlya
sinteza ammiaka). Text in Pussian. Dokl. Akad. Nauk Uz. SSE,
20 (1 1) : 1 7-20, 1963. 9 refs.
The small amount of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases was reduced
by natural gas using a nickel catalyst. On a platinum-nickel
catalyst, a volume rate of 2800 cu cm was obtained. Complete
purification occurred at 500-600 deg. The resulting gas
containing 93.85* nitrogen, can be used for the synthesis of
ammonia. A method is proposed for a single-step conversion
to a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture using water vapor and nitrogen
obtained by catalytic purification of exhaust gas.
1U3H9
Perov, Ye. V.
ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES BY MAGNESIUM, STRONTIUM, AND BARIUM
HYDP05TTDE3. (Pogloshchenlye okislov azota gidratami okislov
magniya, strontsiya, bariya). Text in Russian. Tr. Novocherk.
Politekhn. Inst., vol. 121:57-bO, 1961. 14 refs.
Absorption of nitrogen oxides in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5,
and 1.0% witn i flow rate of 0.5 liter/mm at 25 and 35 C over
powdered magnesium hydroxide with a moisture content of 3? was
studied experimentally. Absorption rate was found to drop off
considerably after 60-70 min, at which time the absorbent may be
washed with water to reirove magnesium nitrate and nitrite.
Experiments with Ba(OH)2-8H?0 and Sr (OH)2-8H20 were carried out
at 15 C with a nitrogen oxide concentration of 0.5% and a flow
rate of 0.5 liter/mm. The strontiuir. hydrate crystals retain
their physical properties much better than does the barium
hydrate, which readily deliquesces, making it difficult to use
as en absorbent.
Van Der Drift, J.
CATALYTIC SEFOVAL OF NIIROGEN OXIDES FSCM WASTE GASES OF NITEIC
ACID PLANTS. A METHOD FOP THE PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION.
(Katalytische verw i jrtennq van N-oxyden uit afqewerkte gassen
van sa Ipeterzuurf a bneken. Een methode voor de bestrijding
van luchverontreiniging). Text in Dutch. Chem. Tech.
(Amsterdam) , 24 (10) : 301-305, 1969. 11 refs.
304
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Removal of nitrogen oxides from nitric acid plants can be
achieved by catalytic decomposition or reduction. The catalytic
decomposition follows the reaction 2ND yields N2 plus O/. With
a cooper-silica gel catalyst, the nitrogen oxide content of
waste gas was reduced froir 892 to 277 ppm at 510 C. The
reduction method usas hydrogen, natural gas, or ammonia as
reducing agents. Various installations tor the removal of
nitrogen oxides from waste gases are described. A heat
exchanger is used to lower the temperature of waste gases
from around b15 C to 300 C after reduction. Several commercial
catalysts are described. In an experiment using Honeycombgrid
HCM-S-900 and ammonia, waste gas of 100,000 vol/vol catalyst/hr
containing 0.3% nitrogen oxides and 3% 02 (inlet temp. 286 C)
was reduced to 50 ppm N02 and 86 ppm NO plus N02. Using 0.3%
Pt on a Torvex ceramic honeycomb and natural gas, waste gas
of 100,000 vol/vol catalyst/hr containing 0.3% nitrogen oxides and
2.58% 02 (inlet temp. 4tO C) was reduced to 58 ppm nitrogen
oxides.
A METHOD FOP THE RECOVERY OF NITROGEN OXIDES. (Werkwijze voor
het winnen van stikstofoxyden). Text in Dutch. (Universal
Oil Products Co., Des Plaines, 111.) Dutch Pat. 6,607,036. 13p.,
Nov. 25, 1^66. (Appl. Hay 23, 1966, 8 claims).
The system is particularly suited to handling tail gases from a
nitric acid factory and from the lead chamber process of a
sulfuric acid factory. This method also gives a aistinct
improvement in the output of a nitric acid plant. The waste
gas is passed over a bed of adsorbing coal particles followed
by a hot fluid desorption medium to remove the adsorbed nitrogen
oxides from the particles. The desorption medium consists of
steam at about 10 atm at a temperature greater than 157 C and
preferably more than 177 C. The nitrogen oxide-containing steam
is cooled and the mixture obtained is returned to tha adsorption
zone of the nitric acid plant. The desorption medium can also
be hot air. The depth of the bed should not exceed 0.3m to
prevent a large pressure drop. The stream waste gas through
the adsorption bed is diverted upon saturation with nitrogen
oxides to another bed of adsorbing coal. The coal in the first
bed is then desorbed until the second bed is saturated and
the cycle is repeated. Haste gas from sulfuric acid plants is
treated the same way. The advantages of this method are better
removal of nitrogen oxides with cost reduction, since no extra
fuel is reguired. Due to integration of the units for
preparation of acid and for recovery, higher output is obtained;
output ot a nitric acid plant can be increased by 5% by more
complete use of N02.
11531
Fyzat, °. and J. C. Guibet
SIMULATION OF THE FORMATION OF NITRIC OXIDE DUPING COMBUSTION IN
AN ENGINE. (Simulation de la formation d'oxyde nitrique au
cours de la combustion dans un mcteur). Text in French. Rev.
E. Control Methods 305
-------
Inst. Franc. Petrole Ann. Combust. Liquides (Paris), 22(10) :1530-
1SU8, 1967. 3 refs.
Simulation oi nitric oxide emission in engine exhaust gases by
calculation from the pressure-time diagram was used in a computer
program to determine the best combustion process with respect
to nitric oxide formation and engine efficiency. The calculation
ot the pressure time diagram was first reviewed. Optimum
operation was shown to correspond to rapid and relatively late
combustion. The theoretical calculations of optimum
combustion could be at least partially reproduced in actual
running conditions.
1
Stezhenskiy, A. T. and V. S. Luk1yanchikov
NTTPIC OXIDF FORMATION TK GAS TUBBINZS. (Ob obrazovanii okisi
azota v kamerakh sgoraniya gtu). Text in fiussian. Fiz.
Goreniya, Akad. Nauk Dkr. SSR, rtespub. Mezhvedom. Sb. , 1966:91-
93. 5 refs.
Tt is pstimated that existing gas turbines discharge 3 kg of
N02 per ton of natural gas consumed, or 720 tons of N02 per
1000 kW of useful power per year. The NO concentration in gas
turbine exhaust reaches 0.2 vcl %. Calculations indicate that
cooling of the exhaust gases with secondary air at a rate of
lOOC dog/sec will assure almost complete dissociation of NO
to N 2 and 02.
1 u 6 0 '-I
Hamblin, 5., J. J. and W. J. Faust
CATALYTIC SYSTEMS FOR LEADED AND UNLEADED GASOLINE EXHAUSTS.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Materials
Science and Engineering Dept. and Public Health Service, Durham,
N. C., National Air Pollution Control Administration, Proc. First
Natl. Svmp. on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air
Pollution, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 1968, p. 131-159.
The problems of achieving complete catalytic combustion of
oxiaizable components other than unburned hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxiaa, and nitrogen oxides are discussed. A catalyst
placed in the exhaust system must be capable of dealing with
lead, halogens, sulfur, and phosphorus in all combinations with
oxygen and with each other. The catalyst must have a size and
shape consistent with requirements for good flow distribution
and low pressure drop. The catalyst bed itself and the
individual particles must also not be subject to plugging
by particulate matter. A catalytic converter lowers the
concentrations of all pollutants in the exheust gas stream
and rloes not manufacture any new ones. The automobile
iranufacturers achieved significant reductions in carbon monoxide
and hydrocarbon emission levels by controlling carburetion and
ignition and by adding secondary air to the exhaust system.
However, the still lower levels of emission desired after 1970
will be difficult to attain without further losses in vehicle
306 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
performance. They may even be unattainable without catalytic
converters. The use of present-generation catalysts may permit
the recovery of the performance that already is sacrificed
by engine modifications. The development of catalysts which can
operate successfully for extended mileage en leaded fuels was
accomplished. The performance of catalysts on unleaded fuels
is outstanding. With leaded or unleaded fuel, a catalytic
converter coupled closely to the exhaust manifold, under any
engine operating conditions, assures lower emission levels
than ai;y other, system.
114630
Schmidt, Alfred and Ferdinand Weinrotter
PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF NITROUS GASES
FPOK WASTE GASES. (Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Entfernung von
nitrosen Gasen aus Abgasen) . Text in German. (Lentia G.m.b.H.,
Munich) W. German Pat. 1,075,571. Up., Feb. 18, 1960. 1 ref.
(Appl. Hay 2, 1958, 7 claims).
A process is described tor the removal of nitrous gases from
waste gases, primarily from nitric acid factories. These gases
are treated with a solution of magnesium nitrite, nitrate,
and magnesium hydroxide and carbonate. Magnesium hydroxide and
carbonate bind nitrous gases bv forming magnesium nitrite. The
latter is decomposed by heating to temperatures between 140
and 200 C at 3 to 6 atm according to the equation 3Mg(N02)2
plus 2H20 yields Mg (N03) 2 plus 2Mg(OH)2 plus UNO. A scrubbing
solution concentration of 200 to 300 g magnesium nitrite/1
must be maintained. The solid substance in the solution may not
exceed 20%. The NO liberated in the process can be re-used,
and the magnesium hydroxide which separates in crystal form can
be recirculated. Alkali or alkali earth nitrates are added to
the magnesium nitrite solution prior to re-use of the scrubbing
solution. The equipment for the process consists of a
conventional scrubber, a container heated by pressurized steam
tor decomposition of the magnesium nitrate lye, a reaction
chamber, a chamber for oxidation of NO, and inlet, outlet, and
return pipes.
1U631
R3THOD FOR THF COMPLETE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES. (Werkwijze
voor het volledig verwijderen van stikstotoxyden). Text in
Dutch. (Hibernia-Chemie G.m.b.H., Gelsenkirchen-Buer, West
Germany and Harry Pauling, Munich) Dutch Pat. 6,606,577. 13p.,
Nov. 21, 1966. (Appl. May 13, 1966, 23 claims).
The invention describes a method tor the complete removal of
nitrogen oxides from waste gases using ammonia with recovery
of nitrogen as ammonium nitrats. First, the nitrogen oxides
are completely oxidized and the mixture of NO and N02 is washed
with ammonium nitrate solution of fixed maximum and minimum
ammonia content, i.e., a maximum water vapor: ammonia ratio
of 2:1 and a minimum ratio of 100:1. The ammonium nitrite-
containing solution obtained is converted into ammonium nitrate
solution with the help of nitric acid. The concentration of
E. Control Methods 307
-------
ammoniun nitrate in the solution shoulJ be so high that its
viscosity is equal to or greater than that of water at the same
temperature; at a working temperature of 20-30 C, this
concentration should be from 40 to 50% by weight. There should
be at least two, and pretereably three cr more washers and the
solution passing through the scrubbers should contain at least
().b-b% by wt free ammonia. Each washing stage in the gas washer
installations should have its own inlet and outlet so that they
are connected in series in the direction of gas flow and in
parallel in the direction of solution flow. The degree of
oxidation of the gas, after passing through half or 2/3 of the
washing stages, is corrected to 50?;. A washing stage with mild
nitric acid should be added after the washing staaes with
ammonia. The nitric acid content of the ammonium nitrate
solution is fixed to be 0.5-1.5% and never to exceed 3%. The
solution is vigorously stirred after mixing with air
circulation. The nitric acid ammonium nitrate solution is
circulated with one or more giant air pressure pumps and cooled
it necessary.
1 4 b J 2
Haanen-Smit, A. J.
REMOVAL 07 PAPTICULATF AND GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS FPOK POWER PLANT
FLtir GASES. Air Pollution Control Assoc. Los Angeles West Coast
Section, Proc. Tech. fleet. Air Pollution Control Assoc., West
roast Sect., 1st, Los Angeles, 1957, p. 102-110.
fothods for the removal of power plant flue gases are discussed.
Two pilot plants in operation at the El Segundo Steam Station
are working on the reduction of sulfur trioxide. One is an
APRA unit working on the hot side of the air preheater, and the
other is a Western °recipitat ion unit operating on the cold
side of the air preheater. Many schemes tor the removal of
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are also being tested with
flue gases pumped from one stack tnrough the laboratory and
out to the other stack. Through the loop in the flue gas line
goes 100 cu ft/mm of flue gas of relatively constant
composition and temperature. Processes such as washing with
water to remove S02 were considered but were not economically
feasible for large plants. Other processes, such as scrubbing
with ammonium sulfite are not applicable in their present state
to stack gases containing low concentrations of S02 found from
the combustion of oil. A dry scrubbing method using adsorption
charcoals has promise in that charcoal has a remarkable ability
to remove sulfur from large volumes of flue gas and can be
reused. Since considerable adsorption of S02 from flue gas is
possible at 150 F, cooling the gas is not necessary. The
desorption can be accomplished with steam, aqueous ammonia, or
heatina. In this procedure, S02 is recovered in concentrations
of bO-75% and «0 or N02 is also adsorbed. The breakthrough
point tor nitrogen oxides occurs much earlier than for S02.
Since the adsorption boundary of S02 is sharply defined, there is
the interesting possibility of eluting the two components
separately at different column heights. A continuous flow system
could then be adopted for each of the sections. For the control
of nitroaen oxiaes, the possibility exists of decomposing them.
Another approach consists of reduction with carbon, CO, hydrogen,
or methane. Application of this method to the power plant
problem is difficult, because flue gas contains excess oxygen
308 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
which rapidly consuir.es available reducing agents. Nitrogen
oxides removed by oxidation with HN03 does not work at low
temperatures. A great deal of research is needed to make these
proposed schemes economically feasible.
1 '4633
Varstvavsiciy, T. L. , L. S. Zolotarevskiy, and A. I. Frenkel1
ON THE LIBERATION OF NITBOGEN OXIDES IN ENGINES WITH EXTERNAL
CRRBURETION OPERATING ON FUEL GASES. (0 vydelenii okislov
azota v dvigatelyaKh s vneshnim smeseobrazovaniyem,
ispol' zuyushchikh gazovoye toplivo) . Text in Pussian. Gaz.
Pror., 11(7);J6-39, 1966. 6 refs.
It was experimentally contirmed that the principle pollutants
trom engines operating on fuel gases with lean mixtures are
nitrogen oxides. There are two approaches to the reduction
of these pollutants: shift to a richer mixture (alpha less than
U.9) or to a leaner mixture (alpha greater than 1.35); the
first being used only in special cases because of the resultant
high fuel consumption rate. Adjustment to give minimum yield
of nitrogen oxides requires a leaner mixture than is possible
tor gasoline-operated engines. The use of tuel gases for
automobiles operating in large cities is seen as a possible
prospect.
11664
Atsukawa, Masumi, Yoshihiko Nishimoto, and Naoyuki Takahashi
STUDV ON THE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES FROM EFFLUENT STACK
GASES. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Tech. Rev.,
b (2) -1,:9-13b, Kay 196R. 9 refs.
Pilot plant tests of the Mitsubishi process for removing nitrogen
oxides trom stack gases demonstrate that nitrogen oxides can be
economically reduced to less than 0.02* of gas content. By
limiting threshold concentrations of nitric acid to 200 ppm
or below, the method should meet the removal requirements of the
major sources of nitrogen oxide emissions: metal pickling
plants, nitric acie plants, chemical plants using nitric acid,
nitrate, and nitrite plants. Nitric oxide is converted to N02
by either homogeneous or catalytic oxidation, while nitrogen
compounds are recovered through absorption of stack gases in
wetted-wall towers packed with PVC sheets. Homogeneous oxidation
is a slow process and requires large equipment. However, this
equipment is easy to operate. Catalytic oxidation can be
performed on small-scale equipment, but the catalyst is affected
by water, dust, and mist present in the effluent gas and
regeneration is necessary. The PVC equipment has a large
absorption coefficient and a small pressure drop.
1U76b
Pyason, Porter Raymond
METHOD OF REMOVING SULFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN OXIDES FROM GASES.
E. Control Methods 309
-------
(Chevron Research Co., San Francisco, Cf.) U. S. Pat.
3,<4b4,3b5. 3p., July 8, 1969. (Appl. May 20, 1966, 6 claims).
A catalytic process for the removal of sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides froir flue gases is described. The.flue gas
reacts with a copper, silver, nickel, molybdenum, palladium,
or cobalt catalyst on alumina support in the presence of carbon
monoxide at 750 F for at least 0.1 sec. The carbon monoxide
is at least 75% of the stoichiometric amount necessary to
reduce the sulfur dioxide and other oxidizing gases in the
mixture.
14301
Constantinescu, Mircea, Euqenia Platon, and Olga Tibrea.
PROCEDURE FOR ELIMINATING OXIDES CF NITROGEN FROM GASES OSED IN
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS. (Procedeu de eliminate a oxi-zilor de azot
din rjazele folosite la sinteza amoniacului). Text in
Romanian. (Ministry of Chemical Industries, Bucharest)
Socialist Republic of Romania Pat. 50557. 2p., Feb. 26, 1968.
1 ret. (Appl. Karch 18, 1967, 1 claim).
The patented improvement consists of adding 5-60 mg/1 sodium
dichromate to the wash water, one advantage thus offered being
the oxidation of NO to H02 and N203, which then dissolve more
readily in the wash water instead of escaping into the air.
14821
Olcott, Thomas M.
AND DESIGN OF AN ISOTOPE-HEATED CATALYTIC OXID.IZER
TPACE CONTAKINANT CONTROL SYSTEM (U) . Lockheed Kissiles and
Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif., Biotechnology Organization,
Contract HAS 1-7433, NASA CS-66739, 277p., Feb. 2S , 1969. 79
refs.
N 6
The development and design of an isotope-heated catalytic
oxidizer trace contaminant control system is described. The
program included establishing pre- and post-sorbent bed
designs to control potentially poisonous contaminants (e.g.,
H2S, NO2, S02, and NH3) and to control contaminants that
[tight produce undesirable products. Lithium hydroxide was
selected as the pre-sorbent material. The sizing of the pre-
sorhent bed was accomplished by establishing the stoichiometric
quantity of lithium hydroxide regui-red to remove the poisonous
contaminants and by establishing a satisfactory dynamic
performance level. A trade-off was made between the weight
penalty due to the bed and canister fixed weight and the weight
penalty associated with the fan head rise reguired for flow
to establish the bed configuration. To determine the pre-
sorbent bed requirements, a regenerative charcoal main sorbent
bed system, suitable for the proposed program, was postulated,
and its effect on the contaminant load was assessed. A 180-
day evaluation test of the pre-sorbent bed, catalytic oxidizer,
and post-sorbent bed was conducted. Tests established the
310 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
fabrication and joining techniques and the ccmpatability between
the isotope heat source materials of construction. Additional
tasks included evaluation of candidate electric heater concepts
tor use in a simulated isotope heat source and evaluation of
thermal insulation concepts. The insulation performance was
better than expected and resulted in the reduction in the required
insulation thickness from 1.S-1.0 inches. Solid insulation was
selected tor the final design. The detailed design of the
isotope heated catalytic oxidizer system included a stress
analysis ot the main structure and a review of the thermal
characteristics. The resistively heated unit is an exact
duplicate ot the radioisotope-fueled unit, except that the
thermal power is obtained from a resistively heated element located
in the fuel cavity, and heater element and thermocouple leads
pa.=;s through the heat exchanger core. (Author abstract
modified)
1U850
Trayser, D. A., F. A. Creswick, J. A. Giesefce, H. P. Hazard,
A. E. Heller, and B. W. Locklin
A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF FUEL ATOMIZATION, VAPORIZATION,
ANT NIXING PROCESSES ON POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROK MOTOP-VEHICLE
POWF1PLANTS. Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio,
Columbus Labs., Contract CPA 22-69-9, Phase Kept., 1<*5p.,
April JO, 1969. 120 refs.
A study ot automotive engine induction systems was conducted.
The objective of this con-experimental program was to explore
incentives and approaches for reducing exhaust emissions by
extending the lean-mixture operating limit through improved
induction-system performance. The study was divided into four
raajor subtasks: development of mathematical descriptions of
induction-system phenomena; evaluation of methods for measuring
mixture characteristics; conception of approaches to the
definition and measurement of mixture quality; and evaluation
of alternative atomization methods. The results of this study
indicated that extension of the present limits, made possible
by improved air-fuel distribution, can lead to modest but
worthwhile reductions in emissions ot both unburned hydrocarbons
and carbon monoxide and to substantial reductions in the emission
of nitrogen oxides. Minimizing or eliminating the liguid-fuel
film on the intake manifold walls was concluded to be the most
promising approach to achieving improved distribution. The
liquid film can be reduced by employing atomizing devices that
will produce droplet sizes approaching 10 to 20 microns under
all operating conditions, by designing the induction system
tor minimum impaction ot fuel droplets, and by heating the
manifold walls to vaporize the fuel that is avoidably impacted.
Pecommendations included an experimental program comprising the
design, fabrication, and evaluation of an induction system with
a carburetor employing an alternative, improved atomization
device and a low-impact ion intake manifold.
14402
Andersen, L. B. and H. F. Johnstone
GAS ABSORPTION AND OXIDATION IN DISPERSED MEDIA.
E. Control Methods 311
-------
Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs. J., 1 (2) : 1 35-14 1, June 1955. 8 refs.
The absorption and subsequent liquid-phase reaction of oxygen was
studied with two types of dispersion apparatus: the Venturi
atomizar and the fritted-glass disperser. The systems studied
in both devices included the absorption of atmospheric oxygen
by catalvzed sodiurp sultite solutions and the simultaneous
absorption of atmospheric oxygen with nitrogen dioxide and
with sulfur dioxide by water. Very large values of the liquid-
film mass transfer coefficient for oxygen absorption were
measured in the atomization zone of the Venturi atomizer.
Over-all recovery efficiencies were less that 2.3% for nitrogen
dioxide but. reached as much as 22% for sulfur dioxide. Oxidation
efficiencies ior sodium sulfite solutions ranged up to 808,
depending on the operating conditions. The fritted-glass
disperser gave recovery efficiencies of nitrogen dioxide as high
as y()% from air containing 10% of the gas. The recovery
efficiency decreased at low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide
for both the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser.
(author abstract modified)
14955
Pabson, S. P.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXTPACTION PLANT PO1! THE ELIKIKATION OF
BLASTING FUMES. South African Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Johannesburg, Trans. Seventh Commonwealth Kining
and Ket^ll. Cona., vol. 2:754-774, 19b1. 20 refs.
Nitrous fumes produce acute toxic effects and, when inhaled in
gross concentrations together with siliceous dust, can
accelerate the development of silicosis. Methods for extracting
the oxides of nitrogen from fumes caused by underground blasting
were investigated. A detailed description is given of laboratory
work to analyze the composition of fumes released ir blasting;
the fumes were found to contain nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide/
tetroxii.s, and nitrogen trioxide, with nitric oxide being the
most significant for the problem or fume elimination. Both
laboratory extraction tests and underground oxidation tests were
carried out; the most successful results were obtained with a
combined method of simultaneously oxidizing the nitric oxide and
absorbing the oxidation products. An extraction plant was
developed, based on the use of alkaline potassium permanganate
solution impregnated on vermiculite; the performance of the
trial filter showed the effectiveness of a single verniculite
bed, at least 2 ft thick, impregnated with a solution of 5X
NaCOJ and 5^ KMn04 in oxidizing and absorbing the nitrous fumes;
extraction is good up to 55 f.p.m. Because the bed loses a
considerable portion of its absorbing power aiter extended use,
the air should be by-passed during normal ventilation between
blasts to reduce decomposition of the permanganate by the air.
Despite the good extraction obtained, air from the filter should
still be mixed with ventilating air to a dilution of not less
than 5 to 1 before supplying the air to working places. The
design of a suitable fume extraction plant is described.
312 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
14967
Hein, G. M. and R. B. Engdahl
A STUDY OF EFFLUENTS FBCM DOMESTIC GAS-TIRED INCINFBATOBS.
(American Gas Association, Inc., New York, Proj. DG-3H, 27p.,
June 1959. 24 refs.
Measurements were made of the effluents from nine domestic gas-
tired incinerators, including two new prototype models, five
new commercial units, and two older units. Standard test charges
that typified wet domestic wastes and dry combustible materials,
and two special refuse mixtures were burned. A free-standing
chimney provided natural draft for the units. Sampling and
analytical techniques were based on recognized methods. The
concentrations in ppm in the flue gas and the emission rates in
pounds per ton of refuse burned were determined for aldehydes,
nitrogen oxides, organic acids, ammonia, and hydrocarbons. Grain
loadings and emission rates were determined for particulate
matter which included tarry organic materials. Odor and smoke
density were also determined. Results demonstrated that
significant reduction in emissions has been achieved through
recent improvements in incinerator design. When wet domestic
wastes are incinerated in new units, of up to 6-fold decreases
in the rate of aldehyde emissions are achieved. Decrease in
organic acids is 3-fold; decrease in saturated hydrocarbons is
B-fold. Although nitrogen oxides have increased 3-fold because
of increased gas in the afterburner, their concentration is
still lower compared to other combustion sources. Smoke, odor,
and particulate matter emissions decreased to acceptable levels.
Comparison of these emission rates with those from municipal
incinerators shows that the new improved gas-fired domestic
incinerators have lower particulate emissions, and, in general,
equally low emissions of gaseous pollutants. Emissions from
improved gas-fired units were in most cases lower than those from
other incinerators and large gas- and oil-fired industrial heating
units; they were much lower than those from automobile exhaust.
The results of the study provide a basis for modification of the
present restrictions in certain areas on the use of gas-fired
domestic incinerators and tor confirmation of their present
acceptance in other areas.
1UT/b
Lee, E. C. and D. B. Wimmer
EXHAUST EMISSION ABATEMENT BY FUEL VARIATIONS TO PRODUCE LIAN
COMBUSTION. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,
New York, 2Up., 1968. 15 refs. (Presented at the National Fuels
and Lubricants Meeting, Tulsa, Okla., Oct. 29-31, 1968,
Paper 68C76S.)
Differences in the power producing capacities and exhaust
emission characteristics of various spark-ignition-engine fuels
are frequently obscured by interactions involving the particular
engine system used in the comparison. In an attempt to
minimize this problem, gasoline, propane, methane, and a
hydrogen-methane fuel gas were compared in a single cylinder
engine under conditions that were optimum for each fuel. The
resulting data, coupled with an estimated duty cycle
E. Control Methods 313
-------
representative of traffic service, permitted the development
ot internally comparable data on fuel consumption and exhaust
emissions. Smog-inducing hydrocarcon emissions from the exhaust
of a propane-fueled engine can be less than 13% of the minimum
value obtainable with a gasoline fueled engine. Such emissions
would be substantially eliminated with a well designed methane
engine. Engines designed for propane and methane should have
substantially nc carbon monoxide in the exhaust, and only
10-50% as iruch nitric oxide as an engine cesigned for gasoline.
In addition, lower specific fuel consumptions are possible with
prepare and methane. These benefits are primarily the result
ot better lean combustion performance with the two gaseous
fuels. It is recognized that a fuel gas that might be
steam-retormed from a liguid fuel would have even better lean
mixture combustion behaviour and lower emissions than propane
or r.ethane. (Author abstract modified)
15087
Hucskai, Laszlo
THT? PROCESS OF OXIDATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE PRESENCE OF
EQDIHOLECULAP NO + N02 ABSORPTION IN THE DILUTE TAIL GASES OF
NITPIC-ACID PLANTS. (Nitr ogenoxid oxidacioja hig nitrozus
gazokban ek viroolekulans NO + NC2 folyamatos abszorpcioja mellett)
Text in Hungarian. Hagy. Kern. Folyoirat, 67 ( 1 1) : 488-490, 1961.
1 ref .
A differential equation is derived that gives the incremental
change in the partial pressure of nitrogen dioxide as a function
of incremental change in nitric oxide concentration, oxygen
concentration, the concentration of an inert gas, and the total
pressure. The above conditions refer to the tail gas of a stack
at a plant where nitric acid is manufactured from nitric oxide,
sodium carbonate, and water; the tail gas (NO and N02)
concentration is 0.7-1.0 vol%. Subsequently, the equation is
used to derive another differential equation rendering the time
needed to accomplish an incremental change in NO concentration.
This latter differential equation is considerably simplified
so that it can be integrated. The resulting equation is
presented in the form of a nomogram that can be used to
calculate the volume of the absorber column or the' oxygen
concentration or the time needed to perform the reaction.
15100
Szepesy, Laszlo and Allesandro P. Giona
RE'lOVAL OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF NITRIC OXIDE 3Y ADSORPTION. (Kis
rcennyisegu nitrogen-monoxid eltavolitasa adszorpcioval) . Text
in Hungarian. ilagy. Teem. Folyoirat, 7 1 (9) : 399- 403, Sept.
6 refs.
The presence of 0.1-0.8 ppm nitric oxide during the nitrogen
washing of synthesized ammonia might result in an unexpected and
powerful explosion. This study investigated the feasibility of
NO removal by adsorption and selection of the most suitable
adsorbent. For the test work, NO was produced by Emich's method,
and NO analysis was performed by the Saltzman method using a
314 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Lango Colorimeter. Three kinds of ion-exchange material
(TRA 400, IMAC A 17, and ISAC C 12), two kinds ot molecular
sieves (5A and 13X), silica gel, and activated carbon were used
as adsorbent materials; all materials were in the form of
30-40 mesh sieve fraction. Only the 5A molecular sieve and the
activated carbon (Carlo Erba, Norit) gave appreciable
breakthrough times. Test results of dynamic adsorption
measurements are presented for the two chosen materials, giving
the velocity of progression of the adsorption zone as a function
ot NO concentration and linear gas velocity, and the adsorption
isothermal lines in the investigated concentration regime
(0-13 and 24 p?f) for activated carbon.
1b1b2
Schwanecke, Eudolf
WASTE GAS CLEANING THPOUGH COMBUSTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES.
(Abgasreinigung durch Verbrennen von Stickstoffoxyden). Text
in German. Zentr. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz, 19 (9) :262-26U,
1969. 3 rets.
Various methods for elimination of NO and N02 from waste gases
are reviewed. Absorption ot the nitrogen oxides on silica gel
has recently interested the nitric acid plants. Water vapor
is used tor desorption, and the recovered nitrogen oxides are
returned to the nitric acid plant. It no recovery of the nitrogen
oxides is desired, they can be removed from waste air by
scrubbing with water or bases such as sodium hydroxide or
ammonia water. The reaction follows the equation 3N02 + H20 yields
2HN03 -t NO. As can be seen, only N02 is removed. A patented
process lor dissociation of NO and N02 in the reducing part of
the tlame is based on the reaction of carbon monoxide with N02
and NO in a tlame sustained in an atmosphere of low air. The
reaction tollows the equation 2ND + 2CO yields N2 + 2C02. It
has also been discovered that the nitrogen oxides dissociate
in an atmosphere of 20% or more excess air. The process depends
on the thorough mixing of the gases with the flame, as
accomplished by atcmizaticn. In a chemical plant, NO and N02 are
eliminated by a combination of scrubbing and combustion. Nitric
oxide escapes from the scrubber at a rate of up to 30 cu m/hr with
a temperature of 30 C. It is mixed with air and atomized with
the fuel oil in a muffle furnace; it serves as combustion air and
as an atomizing agent for the fuel oil. About 3 to 5 ppm of
NO and N02 were measured in the waste gas of the furnace.
15270
Schmidt, Karl-Heniz
METHOD FOB REMOVING NITPOGEN OXIDFS, FROM GASES THROUGH CATALYTIC
REDUCTION OF THESE SUBSTANCES TO NITROGEN. (Vertahren zur
Entternung von Stickoxyden aus Gasen durch katalytische
Reduktion derselben zu Stickstoff). Text in German. Hamburg
^aswerke, G.ic.b.H., Hamburg) W. German Pat. 1,259,298. 2p.,
Jan. 2b, 196H. 1 ref. (Appl. Aug. 29, 1964, 2 claims).
E. Control Methods 375
-------
A method tor removing nitrogen oxides from waste gases, flue
gases, etc. involves catalytic reduction of these oxides to
nitrogen at high temperatures in the presence of ammonia or
compounds which liberate ammonia. Appropriate catalysts are
oxides of the sixth to eighth subgroup of the periodic table
of elements. Because these catalysts are resistant to sulfur,
sulfur-containing gases, primarily flue gases,, can be freed of
their nitrogen oxides. Chromium and/or iron oxides are
particularly effective catalysts. The reaction follows the
equation N02 + NO + 2NH3 yields 2H2 + 3H20- The reaction
temperature can range from 150 to 300 C; about 250 C is
preferred for dry gas and above 300 C for very moist gas. The
advantages of this method are that (1) any concentration of NO
and N02 is removed completely, even when sulfur is present, (2)
no scrubbing process is necessary, (3) no by-product
accumulates, and (1) the nitrogen oxides are converted in
oxidizing atmosphere. Two practical examples are given. In the
first case 2bO kg catalyst were used per 300 cu m flue gas/hour.
The dirty gas had a NO content of 120 ml/cu m and a N02 content
of 15 ml/cu m. After catalytic reduction the nitrogen oxides
concentrations were less than 0.01 ml/cu m. In the second case
the gas contained 3000 ppm which were reduced to less than 0.1
ppm.
15271
Andersen, Kolger C.
CLEANING OF INDUSTRIAL GASES WITH PEECIOUS METAL CATALYSTS.
(Industrielle Gasreinigung mit Edelmetallkatalysatoren). Text
in German. Dechema Monograph., «C (616-641) :325-33, 1962.
2M refs.
The applications of platinum metals as cata/lysts for removing
acetylene from olefins, cleaning coke-oven gas, and treating
residual gases froir the nitric acid production are reviewed.
Of the family, platinum palladium is particularly suited for the
hydration of acetylene so that only a few ppm remain. Recent
laboratory tests indicate that at gas throughputs of up to
H500 standard cu m/hr/cu m catalyst, the addition of hydrogen
can be reduced to a mole ratio between hydrogen and acetylene
of 2. In the case of coke-oven gases, acetylene, nitrogen oxides,
carbon oxysulfide, and diolefins are converted into harmless,
easily removable compounds by palladium and ruthenium catalysts.
Catalytic treatment of residual gases from nitric acid
production has three goals: the removal of noxious components,
recovery of the nitrogen in pure form for re-use at the ammonia
synthesis, and production of heat. Recent laboratory tests show
that the process can reduce the nitric oxide content of waste
gases to 9 ppm.
15321
Eberan-Eberhorst, p.
FORWARD-LOOKING EXHADST GAS RESEARCH ?OR THE AUTOMOTIVE PETROL
ENGINE. (Abgasforschung zukunftsweisend fuer den Fahrzeug-
Otto-motor). Text in German. Motortech. Z. (Stuttgart),
30(9):315-323, Sept. 1969. 18 refs.
316 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
The influence of engine operation modification on the emission of
such exhaust gas components as CO, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
is discussed. The use ot an evaporator helps reduce carbon
monoxide emission to the lowest possible concentration. A spinning
motion in the air intake Dipe also reduces the CO content. The
type ot carburetion has almost no effect on the CO or hydrocarbon
emission. Study of the influence of temperature cooling agent on
hydrocarbon eirission showed that emission could be considerably
reduced by raising the temperature ol the agent. When the engine
acts a= a brake, hydrocarbon emissions jump to high concentrations
due to misfiring. Spiral-like intake pipes or vortex-imparting
installations in the intake system, tangential inlets or deflector
valves have a consideraole influence on hydrocarbon emission, which
is decreased because the wall layer is completely burned due to
the higher turbulence. This however, costs power. Compression
ot the intake air and spark timing also reduce these emissions.
With a commonly used idling mixture containing 3% CO, the
hydrocarbon emissions of a 1-liter four cylinder engine were
reduced from 1720 ppm at 30 degree ignition advance to 180 ppm
at 18 degree ignition delay. The emission of nitrogen oxides can
be reduced by exhaust gas return to the fresh air which reduces
the caloric value ot the fuel/air mixture and by water injection
into the intake pipe. Tests with the latter method showed that
nitrogen oxide emissions could be reduced from 2000 ppm to 583 ppm.
At lamda equal to one, a 20% addition of exhaust gas has the same
effect as water injection at a watar to fuel ratio of 1:2.
15322
Teske, Wolfgang
AIR POLLUTION CONTHOL IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. (Luftreinhaltung
in der chemischen Industrie) . Text in German. Zentr.
Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz, 19 (10) :289-294, 1969. 11 refs.
Emissions developing from chemical production processes can be
reduced either by modification of the process itself or by
cleaning the stack gas. As an example ol the first aoproach,
the so-called double contact process is described. Sulfur
dioxide from pyrite roasting is converted by catalytic oxidation
with atmospheric oxygen to S03. Py addition of water, the
latter is converted into sulfuric acid. The reaction is not
complete; in the first stage of the process, 90% of the S02
is converted to 503, which is removed froip the reaction gas
mixture by absorption. The remaining ~\0% 502 is converted to
S03 in the second stage. The residual S02 concentration in the
cleaned gas lies between 0.5 and 0.7 g/std cu m. The emission
ot NO and N02 can be reduced by the use of higher pressures either
during combustion or prior to absorption. The dust emissions
from acetylene production can be reduced through the construction
of a completely closed furnace from which no waste gas can
escape without having first been cleaned. For cleaning of waste
gases, there are several wet and dry methods. Hydrogen sulfide
and carbon disulfide from the manufacture of synthetics are
removed from the waste gas by adsorption on two layers of
activated charcoal. Silicon tetrafluoride and hydrogen fluoride
can be removed by venturi scrubbers, by Doyle scrubbers, where
the gas is accelerated in an annular nozzle so that it hits the
scrubbing liquid at high speed, by cyclone scrubbers, or by
spray chambers.
E. Control Methods 317
-------
15361
Pyason, Dorter Raymond
DFOCEDU"2 FOR ELIMINATION OF NOXIOUS CONSTITUENTS OF.EXHAUST
OR FLUE GASES. (Precede d'elimination des constituants nocifs
ties gaz d 'echappement ou de cheminees) . Text in French.
(Chevron Research Co., Calif.) French Pat. 1,523,635. 5p. ,
"lay J, 1968. 1 ref. (Appl. May 19, 1967, 6 claims).
The invention concerns a procedure tor elimination, at elevated
temperatures, of S02 and nitrogen oxides (NOx) present in waste
oases containina carbon monoxide in the ratio of at least 0.75,
and more commonly 0.8 to 2, molecules of CO for every oxygen atom
present in S02 and NOx. These gases are brought into contact
tor at least 0.1, and preferably about 0.2 to 0.5 sec at a
temperature of at least 4CO, and preferably about 5"0 to 650 C,
with a catalyst consisting of Cu, Ag, Ni, Mo, Pd, or Co cations
aisorbed on ar. alumina agglomerate in amounts of about 0.2 to 2.0
weinht *« o*~ the alumina. To convert the metal cation to the
Ploipu,n<-al state, the dri^d catalyst may be heated to about 480
*o 650 C and maintained ir. a hydrogen atmosphere at that
temperature tor 0.5 to 2.0 hrs. The catalyzed reactions: S02 +
2CO vi°lds 1/2 S2 + 2C02 and 2HOx + 2y(CO) yields N2 + 2x (C02)
are shown to proceed under the above conditions very nearly
to completion.
7 ^FVIVAL. Design Components Eng., no. 2:10-13,
A description of the hot aas engine used to decrease air
pollution by diesel fumes is presented as developed by the
Philips Research Laboratories at Eindhoven in Holland. All
hot gas engines depend on compressing a gas at high temperature
arA expanding it to a low temperature, allowina the gas to do
work or. a piston. Heat is conserved within the engine by
incorporating a heat exchanger between the permanently hot
chamber and the permanently cold chamber. The reaenerator
receives heat from the media during expansion and returns it
to the media during recompression, when the gas is again pushed
back into the hot chamber. Most of the multi-cylinder engines
are based or. work carried out en single-cylinder units. The
invention of the rhonbic drive era Died the use of the out—of-
phase layout and obviated the need tor the pressurized crankcase.
It consists of a geometric shape enclosed by the piston rod yoke
and displacer rod yok-3, and th^ir associated connecting rods
at iny positicn durinj the engine cycle. The working gas is
maintained at high pressure by ^n ancilliary pump which serves
to vary the nean effective pressure i.ithin the cylinder and
the power developed by tne engine. A cylinder burner air
prer.eater shrouds the nest of heater tubes during engine
operation. The 'roll-sock1 seal is used to seal the piston rod
and prevent oil from entering the cylinder from the crankcase.
Analyses carried out on the burner exhaust gases revealed
the following: 1-2 pom of unburnt hydrocarbons, 0.007-
0.0)0* carbon monoxide, and 100-200 ppm nitrogen oxides.
318 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
15513
Jackson, Marvin W.
EXHAUST HYDROCARBON AND NITROGEN OXIDE CONCENTRATIONS WITH AN
ETHYL ALCOHOL-GASOLINE FUEL. Preprint, Society of Automotive
Enaineers, Inc., New fork, 33p. , 1964. 29 refs. (Presented
at Society of Automotive Engineers Summer Meeting, Chicago,
June 8-12, 1S64.)
The exhaust hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide concentrations of a
single-cylinder engine operating on a 25% wt ethyl alcohol-75%
gasoline fuel are compared to those of the same engine operating
on gasoline. Comparisons at an air-fuel ratio below 15.3 indicate
that adding ethyl alcohol to gasoline reduces exhaust
hydrocarbon concentrations bat increases nitrogen oxide
concentrations. At an air-fuel ratio higher than 15.3 ethyl
alcohol reduces both hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide concentrations.
However, tests at the same air-tuel ratio indicate that ethyl
alcohol increases surge and, in some cases, results in a power
loss. To overcome these performance problems, the ethyl
alcohol-gasoline fuel must be operated at about the same percent
theoretical air as gasoline and comparative tests at the same
percent theoretical air show that the additive has little effect
on exhaust hydrocarbon ana nitrogen oxide concentrations. The
fuel mixture offers no promise for reducing pollution by
automobiles. (Author abstract modified)
Ohya, Kasaaki
NITSOGEN OXIDES FROM STATIONARY COMBUSTION FURNACE.
(Koteinenshosochi Karano chissosankabutsu). Text in Japanese.
Sangyo Koqai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 5 (8) : 1446-456, Aug. 25, 1969.
10 refs.
Sources of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere and existing methods
of control are reviewed. Nitrogen oxides are monitored mainly by
electrical conductivity measurements or photo-electric
colorimetry. In urban areas, they are primarily produced by the
combustion of heavy oil, gasoline, or coal. The automobile
exhaust is the main source of ambient nitrogen oxides, which are
produced by the oxidation of nitrogen in the combustion chamber
air of the engine. Their amount is determined primarily by the
fuel ratio. Nitroaen oxides emission from stationary combustion
furnaces, on the other hand, are not very serious at present, but
have growing importance. Nitrogen oxides are more difficult to
control than sulfur oxides; control is effected either by a wet
system using venturi scrubbers, or a dry system using adsorbents,
such as an active carbon. Several ways are described for
controlling combustion. It is emphsized that those methods of
combustion control do not apply to other harmful pollutants. A
method of simultaneous removal of sulfur dioxid9 and nitrogen
oxides is also described, together with the use of a catalyst for
converting SO2 and nitrogen oxides into sulfuric and nitric acids
respectively, and subsequently removing these acids by rinsing.
Future development of control techniques is desired.
E. Control Methods 31 g
-------
15765
Newman, Daniel J.
ELIMINATION OF NITPOGEN OXIDES FPOM GAS STREAMS. (Chemical
Construction Corp., New York) U. S. Pat. 3,467,492. 6p., Sept.
16, 1969. 2 refs. (Appl. Nov. 6, 1964, H claims).
Conventional processes for eliminating nitrogen oxides frora waste
qas streams, such as tail qases from nitric oxide production,
involve reacting raer.nane with waste gases in one catalytic step,
after which the waste qas is passed through a waste heat boiler
and/or a gas turbine; or in two catalytic beds with intermediate
cooling. The former method presents difficulties in design and
operation; the second requires an intermediate exchanger or
boiler, as well as ancillary control devices. In the present
inventiDn, nitrogen oxides are eliminated by a sequence involving
two or more catalyst beds. The waste gas stream is divided into
at least two portions; one portion is heated to 900 v and mixed
with a proportion of methane less than the stoichiometric
requirement for complete reaction with the oxygen and nitrogen
oxides contained in the first portion. The gas mixture is then
passed through the first bed where the stream temperature is
raised to 10UO-140U F. Because the reaction with methane is not
complete, the catalyst bed is not subjected to overheating and
deterioration. The reacted gas mixture from the first bed is
then guench-cooled to 900 F by the addition of a second portion of
methane and cold waste qas. If only two beds are used, sufficient
methane 1= added between beds to react with all the nitrogen
oxid=s, and a final reacted stream free of nitrogen oxides is
produced from the second bed. Advantages of the process are the
substantial savings resulting from the elimination of the
intermediate exchanger and reduction of the six of the heater
required to preheat qases. In addition, improved operation is
irovided because the valves controlling the ilow of waste gas and
intermediate mixtures can be operated at low temperature.
159 16
?l°khotkin, V. F., A. P. Kitts, and S. S. Gavlovskaya
PYAMICS 0' SORPTION OF NIT^O'lEN OXIDES 3Y AV-17 AND FDE-10P ANION
TXHf.N'Gi "35INS. J. Appl. Chem. USS?. (English translation from
Russian of: 7. h. PriKl. Khim.), 42 (7) : 14 10-1 41 J , July 1969. 8 refs.
Ion exchanqe resins are beinq used increasinqly in the sorption of
corrosive Qases, but the dynamics of sorption by ion exchangers are
relatively unknown. An investigation of tne dynamics of sorj-^ion of
nitrogen oxides by AV-17 and FD5-10P anion exchange resins showed
that swollen FDE-10? resins have the longest time of protective
action. Sorption by an 2DE-10P resin is most effective at low
linear gas velocities and at concentrations of nitrogen oxides
not exceedina 4/mg 1. These are the concentrations present in
wast" gases from nitric acid production processes in which gases are
passed thrount- alkaline absorbers before being discharged to the
atmosphere. ? study of the feasability of installing anion
exchanger filters after the absorbers could help solve the problem
of complete removal of nitrogen oxides from industrial waste gases.
320 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
00033
H. E. Swann, Jr., D. Prunol, 0. J. Balchum
PULMONARY RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT OP GUINEA PIGS. Arch.
Environ. Health, 10(1):2U-32, Jan. 1965. (Presented at the
(t7th Meeting, Federation ot American Societies for
Experimental Biology, Atlantic City, N.J., Apr. 1963.)
A method tor measuring total respiratory ilow resistance (thorax,
lungs, and airways) in guinea pigs was modified for use in a long-
terra, day-to-day exposure ot guinea pigs to the ambient air
pollution of the Los Angeles basin. The principle of the
method involves the use of an imposed pressure or volume change,
sine wave in form and at a freguency such that the mechanical
reactance is zero. At this point, the mechanical impedance is
purely flow resistive, and flow resistance (E) may be
expressed as a ratio of pressure (P) and flow (V) amplitude,
H=P/V. The nethod is sensitive enough to measure acute changes
in guinea pigs exposed to 5 ppm of S02 or 5 ppm of N02.
Responses varied from animal to animal ana for the same
animal with repeated exposure. The response to 5 ppm S02 was
much greater than to the 5 ppm N02. This nay be due to
different action ot the two within the animal. The S02 may
cause constriction of the airways either by direct contact with the
airways or by reflex action or both; whereas, the N02 may only
act by direct contact on the airways or the membranes of the
gas exchange area. The speedv return to normal after the S02
is stopped would tend to favor the reflex action. Inspiratory
resistances decreased taster than expiratory resistances during
the recovery period. This indicates constriction of the airways
after S02 exposure.**
00084
G.J. Doyle, N. Endow, J.L. Jones
SULFUR DIOXIDE POLE IN TYE IRPITATION.
Health, Vol. 3:657-667, Dec. 19f>1.
Arch. Environ.
An eye-irritation panel was exposed to steady-state reaction
mixtures generated in a 520 cu. ft. irradiated stirred-flow
reaction chamber. The reactants for one set of exposures were
usually 0.2 to 2.0 ppm by colume of olefins and N02 in
purified air. Reaction residence times ranged from 1 to 2 hrs.
S02 was used as an additional reactant (at a concentration of
about O.J ppm) in a comparable set of experiments. The
reacting mixtures were evaluated for relative eye-irritating
ability, with and without S02. Aerosols derived from the
co-photo-oxidation of S02 and from SC2 itself probably have
little effect on the eye-irritating ability of irradiated reaction
mixtures. The net effect ot the addition of SC2 to the olefin
331
-------
reaction mixtures is a slight decrease in eye irritation
accompanied by the appearance ot an aerosol. Trace concentrations
of branched internal olefins, specifically 2-methy1-2-butene,
and ot a cyclic olefin, cyclohexene, van produce significant
amounts of irritants other than formaldehyde and acrolein. While
no conclusions on the identity of these irritants can be drawn from
the data, it is speculated that they may be compounds of the PAN
type and/or reactive or unstable reaction intermediates. The
use of dynamic (stirred-flow) conditions considerably enhances
the sensitivity of subjects to the irritants. Indications are
that small changes in the flow field about a subject's eyes may
have large effects on response to the irritants in the
flowing air. Adding isobutane, a branched-chain paraffin having
a tertiary hydrogen atom, to a photooxidizing isobutylene-N02
(rixture produced no significant effect, either on the course
of the reaction or on the eye irritation. This finding held
true both with and without S02. A small decrease in eye
irritation was experimentally observed, but there are not
sufficient data to demonstrate that this effect is statistically
significant. The rate ot response to an eye irritant is
a function of the chemical nature of the irritant or
irritants. Ethyler.e and proylene, olefins important in auto
exhaust, can produce significant eye irritation at realistic
atmospheric concentrations.**
0 01 6 b
a. Kieinteld
AC,JTP pULilONflPY EDi'riA OF CHEI1JCAL OBIGIN. Ind. Hyg. Pev.
/, (2.) 1-10, Dec. 196b. (Reprinted from the Arch. Environ.
wealth 10, 942-5, June iy6b.)
Six instances of pulmonary edema due to toxic exposure to ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, cadmium oxide tumes, dimethyl sulfate, hydrogen
sultide and hydrogen fluoride are presented. The problems of
diagnosis are discussed. In view of the unusual severity of these
cases, the following points were stressed: (1) the need of the
physician to be aware ot the possible industrial origin in all
instances where the cause of the pulmonary edema is obscure; (2)
the importance of careful observation of the patient known to be
exposed to an agent capable of producing a delayed pulmonary edema,
oven in the n.itial absence of any symptoms; (3) since certain of
thesp agents, such as ozone and hydrogen sulfide, can act on the
central nervous system to produce respiratory depression, it is
contraindicated to administer morphine in these instances.
Digitalis likewise has no place ir the management of pulmonary
edema caused by exposure to the chemicals mentioned. The
effective treatment is primarily preventive, which calls for proper
ventilation of the work environment and an adequate knowledge of
the operational processes and procedures. The immediate treatment
should include the following: (1) oxygen under controlled
positive pressure to the inspiratory cycle, (2) nebulized bronchial
dilators for the bronchial spasn>, (3) steroids ir. the more severe
cases, (U) broad-spectrum antibiotics for superimposed bacterial
infection, (b) nebulized ronimtant bronchial detergents for
increasing mucous secretion, and (6) tracheostomy as indicated.
(Author) **
322 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
00180
J. A. Sirs
THE IISF OF CAFEON MONOXIDE TO PREVENT SICKLE-CELL FORMATION.
Lancet 1,
-------
on fie effects or such pollution on human health. The acute air
pollution episodes in th° [•'euse Valley, Doncra, London, and
Poza Pica are reviewed. Data, causes, and effects for each
eoir.ode are discussed. ^he symptoms ot illness and organic
ar.1 sy-t^.Tic effects resulting troni manor pollutants such as
carr.>on -nonocide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ozone, beryllium,
fluorides, i<=roa llprgons, carcinogens and pesticides are
d°sc'-ibed. jurt.her research to demonstrate that specific
Dollutants or combinations thereof can cause ill health is urged
in order <~o obtain data to balance health effects against
ecommic aspects for the ourpose ot clearing the air. The
maximum allowable concentrations tor community air, published by
th^ Tussiins, are considered inadequate to solve the air pollution
Droblepi. However, studies already made of the effect of low-level
concpntrations have been used as a base, despite controversy, to
reduce pollution in many loca tions. #t*
00 J12
W. S. Spicer, Jr.,
». P. K°rr, K. E.
P. B. Storey,
tandilord
W. K. C. Morgan,
VH^IATion IN PTSPIPATORY ^UNC^ION IN SELECTED PATIENTS
AND ITS ELATION TC AIS POLLUTION. Am. Sev.
B^spirat. Diseases 8, ;05-12, No
-------
exposed to 0.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide for four hours and killed
immediately. Animals serving as controls were placed for an
hour into the exposure chamber ventilated with ambient air.
Standard histological preparations were made after Carnoy's
fixative and subsequent staining with toluidine blue. The mast
cells ot the control animals appeared relatively intact with no
evidence of disorientation. The cells of the animals exposed to
N02 and sacrificed immediately revealed rupture and loss of
cytoplasmic granules with some disorientation. These changes were
observed in the pleura, bronchi and surrounding tissue with the
effects more marked in the mediastinum. The mast cells of
exposed animals sacrificed about 24 to 27 hrs after discontinuing
the exposure showed in some cases a combination of ruptured and
intact cells with a predominance of the latter, and in other cases
could not be differentiated from the controls. These findings
indicate that 21 hrs or more are required to reverse the acute
effects of N02 inhalation. The toxicological implications will
be discussed. The release of granular substances in the lung
tissue when N02 is inhaled signifies the onset of an acute
inflammation. (Author) t#
00338
J. T. Davidson, G. A. Lillington, G. Haydon, and K.
Basserman
THE ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE LUNGS OF BABBITS
EXPOSED TO N02. Preprint. (Presented at the 59th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco,
Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-6.)
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of
continuous exposure to N02 on pulmonary function and to seek
physiological elucidation of the nature of pulmonary lesions.
Pulmonary function studies under general anaesthesia were carried
out on 20 normal rabbits aged between 6 months and 1 year (control)
and on 13 experimental animals of the same age after 3 to 4 months'
exposure to N02. In addition, some of the experimental animals
were restudied 4 days to one month after the termination of the
exposure period. The overall picture which emerged from
respiratory function tests on rabbits exposed to 8 to 12
parts/million N02 continuously for 3 to 4 months, was one of
severe airway obstruction with marked hyperinflation and arterial
oxygen desaturation. The hypoxemia was not associated with
hypercapnia and most likely was the result of abnormal
ventilation-perfusion ratios associated with nonuniform airway
obstruction rather than hypoventilation. Although the static
pulmonary compliance recorded in the experimental animals was not
statistically different from that of the controls, it tended to be
reduced. A clue to the nature of the lesion associated with the
physiological derangements described here, can be obtained from the
results of the recovery experiments. The major and rapid reversal
in airway obstruction, oxygen desaturation, hyperinflation and
decreased pulmonary compliance points to an inflammatory lesion or
plugging of the smaller airways by mucus rather than to the
destructive process which persists after the animals are removed
from the N02.*#
F. Effects-Human Health 325
-------
0 0 1 J M
G. C. Euell, Y. To.kiwa, and P. K. Kuelier
LI!\'G COLLAGEN \ND ELASTIN DEN AT UP, AT ION IN VIVO FOLLOWING
INHALATION CF NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Preprint. (Presented at the
b'-ith Annual Meeting, Sir Pollution Control Association,
San ''rancisco, Calif., June 20-24, 196b, Paper No. 66-7.)
Trip conversion ot excised rabbit lungs to a lipid-free
powder immediately following inhalation of nitrogen dioxide is
described. From this material, the structural proteins collagen
and eiastin were isolated by a combination of solvent extraction
and enzymatic hydrolysis. From the spectra obtained
by differential UV spectrophotometry, evidence is presented
to show that each of the proteins underwent a change in
conformation following the inhalation of one pom N02 for one
hour. This change appears to be reversible. The relationship
ot respiratory function to in vivo alteration of molecular
structure is discussed. (Author's abstract) (t#
0 U 4 2 a
C. H. Hine, P. D. Cavalli, and P. F. Wright
PTSEA3CH ON THEPAPY OF FULMONABY EDEMA ASSOCIATED WITH
OXTDI7DR3. Hine Labs., Inc., San Francisco, Calif.
(Sept. No. APPL-TP-65-17B). Nov. 196b. 40 pp.
crSTI, DDC: AD 628 b9j
An evaluation was made of candidate therapeutic agents for the
treatment of acute pulmonary edema resulting from nitrogen
dioxide exposure. Treatments consisting of hypdrbaric air and
oxyaen; tracheal toilet; ethyl, isopropyl, and octyl alcohol
vapors; hydralazine; bethanechcl; physostigmine; and isoproterenol
aerosols produced no change in the mortality, survival time, or
lung/body weight ratios of rats suffering from N02-induced acute
pulmonary edema. Putin in large doses caused a decrease in
mortality and an increase in survival time of exposed rats.
Intravenous infusion ot isoproterenol caused a decrease in
mortality in rabbits exposed to N02. The effectiveness of
hyperbaric oxygen, hydrocortisone, rutin and Dethanechol against
moderate exposure to N02 was determined by solvent uptake
measurements with rats. Oxygen administered 4 hours after
exposure increased solvent uptake. There were no significant
effects due to the other compounds. (Author Abstract)##
00424
A. A. Thomas
LOK AMBIENT PS2SSUPE ENVIRONMENTS AND TOXICITY. Srch.
^nviron. Health Vol. 11:J16-J22, Sept. 1965.
CFSTT, DDC: AD 628 b&6
A unique inhalation exposure facility has been built to study the
effects ot low atmospheric pressure and oxygen-rich atmospheres on
the Characteristics ot truly uninterrupted, long-term, continuous
exposure to toxic chemicals. The first experiments reported
326 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
herein include exposure of a large number of mice, rats, dogs, and
monkeys to graded doses of ozone, nitrogen tetroxide, and carbon
tetrachloride in a 100% oxygen atmosphere at 5 psi pressure for 2
weeks duration. Farther, a 90-day exposure to 5 psi 100% oxygen
of a similar animal complement is also reported. Biochemical and
enzymatic changes related to toxic exposure are discussed together
with the future experiments planned for this facility.#t
OOU73
F.G. Hueter, G.L. Contner, K.A. Busch, E.G. Hinners
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AThOSPHEREi CONTAMINATED BY AUTO EXHAUST.
Arch. Environ. Health 12, 553-60, Hay 1966. (Presented at
the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Toronto, Canada, June 20-2«, 1965.)
This report represents a status summary of the biological results
obtained from the chronic exposures of experimental animals to
various concentrations of irradiated and nonirradiated auto
exhaust for periods of 6 weeks to 23 months. The chronic exposure
of experimental animals to various concentrations of irradiated
and nonirradiated auto exhaust-air mixtures resulted
in significant biological effects indicating the following:
irradiated auto exhaust (1) increases the susceptibility to
pulmonary infection and chronic disease during the latter
half of the animal's lifetime, and (2) markedly decreases mouse
fertility and decreases the survival rate of infant mice;
both raw and irradiated auto exhaust cause a stress and adaptation
response in mice as measured via spontaneous activity, increase
bone lead concentrations, and increase the amount of nonfunctional
or abnormal lung tissue. No experimental atmospheric effects
were observed concerning: mortality; histopathology; growth-
bodyweight; immunology; hematology restricted to erythrocyte count,
erythrocyte cell size distribution, hematocrit or hemoglobin
concentration; blood 02 and C02 values; oxygen consumption; or
pulmonary function in relation to permanent impairment. Further
studies are indicated to elucidate more fully the affected
biologic parameters.##
00499
M. Corn and G. G. Burton
THE CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF IRRITANTS IN POLLUTED
ATMOSPHERES. Preprint. (Presented at the American Medical
Association Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Los
Angeles, Calif., Mar. 2-t, 1966.)
Consideration of maximum recorded U.S. concentrations of single
gaseous or particulate pollutants indicated that alterations in
airway resistance and lung compliance in animals or man have not
been demonstrated after inhalation of single irritants at these
concentrations. At this time it is difficult to speculate on the
acute or chronic changes produced, if any, in these functional
measurements by inhalation of complex mixtures of low
concentrations of individual irritants. Certainly, eye
irritation demonstrates that effects which are not predictable on
the basis of the action of a single irritant are produced by
F. Effects-Human Health 327
-------
mixtures of irritants. Airborne particulate irritants should be
assessed with respect to aerodynamic p-article size, because (1)
chemical composition ot particles has been demonstrated to vary
with size and (2) only certain particle sizes present in polluted
atmospheres are capable ot reaching receptors after inhalation by
man. Among tha defects of present routine sampling methodologies
are: (1) size distribution of sampled particles is not known; (2)
the optimum density of sampling stations tor the procurement of
reliable results is unknown, and (3) the irritant potential of
pollutant mixtures is not taken into account when single pollutants
are evaluated. (Author summary)**
00501
F. J. Fairchild, II
TOLERANCE MECHANISMS AS BIOLOGIC DETERMINANTS OF LUNG RESPONSES
TO INJURIOUS AGENTS. Arch. Environ. Health, 1 4 ( 1) : 111- 1 26,
Jan. 1S)67. (Presented at the American Kedical Association
Air Pollution .ledical Research Conference, Los Angeles,
Calif., Mar. 2-4, 1966.)
This presentation has attempted to focus on the conditions and
characteristics of tolerance developmentas a biologic factor
relative to the response ot the lung to injurious agents.
Besides insight to the possible mechanism accounting for
tolerance, attempt was made to point out practical implications
ot the tolerane phenomenon. Thus, the protective mechanism of
tolerance is primarily directed atainst the acute and subacute
effects of deep-lung irritants. The realization of the
d°gree of tolerance and cross- tolerance which develops in
animals, duringinter mittent exposures of varied concentrations,
brings up the fate ot lung tissue, as well as the whole
organism, which is protected against the edema producing
properties of irritants. Besides edema gene sis, irritants provoke
another lung reaction, i.e., proliferation of cellular
elements in the deeper reccesses, which in some instances may
prove tatal. The alterations induced by more subtle, chronic
exposure which should be of concern since tolerance does not
appear to inhibit these; it anything, the tolerance mechanism
may permit provocation ot conditions such as emphysema,
fibrosis, and may permit provocation of conditions such as
emphysema, fibrosis, and other aging phenomena. Studies have
shown that chronic exposures of 0.1-0.2 ppm of produced
myocardial tissue damage in rabbits and mice, as well as
significant increase of first and second generation neonatal
mortality. In animals, at least, repeat exposures to low
concentrations ot deep-lung irritant such as are not innocuous
ever, thouqh tolerance mechanisms are operative. (Author's
sumwary) # #
P.E. Morrow
ADAPTATIONS OF THE PESPIPATOBY TRACT TO AIR POLLUTANTS.
Arch. Environ. Health 1 U (1) : 1 27-1J6 , Jan. 1967.
(Presented at the American Medical Association Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif.,
Mar. 2-4,
328 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
This paper briefly describes the criteria tor establishing certain
biological responses as adaptations. The adaptations of the
respiratory tract to air pollutants discussed in this paper are:
increased endocytosis to the adaptagents, insoluble dusts;
increased mucous secretion to the adaptagents, respiratory
irritants; and the development of tolerance to the actue edema
produced by the adaptagents, oxidar.ts. Some other adaptates
ot less significance are also discussed. For each of the
principal adaptations, an attempt was made to provide some
mechanistic basis. An increase in long term research on low
dose effects and an epidemiologic approach to the procurement
and assessment ot normal physiological parameters are needed.
(Author's Abstract)##
00509
Q. N. Myrvik D.G. Evans
METABOLIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC ACTIVITIES OF ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES.
Arch. Environ. Health 14(1):92-96. Jan. 1967. (Presented
at the American Medical Association Air Pollution Medical
Pesearch Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Mar. 2-4, 1966.)
Normal alveolar macrophages develop a marked increase in
metabolic activity of the gluconic shunt pathway following
phagocytosis of heat-killed BCG. A rise in lysozyme and
acid phosphatase also was observed about 5 to 7 days after
intratracheal injection of BCG. A similar lag in tha
occurrence of a bactericidal factor against Mycobacterium
smegmatis was observed following intratracheal
injection of living H. smegmatis. These observations suggest
that alveolar macrophages respond adaptively to
their phagocytic load and that metabolic stimulation may be a
prereguisite to* iramunologic expression. Nitrogen dioxide
was found to suppress metabolism of alveolar macrophages as well
as their phagocytic function. It is proposed that
certain pollutnats could impair the immunologic capacity of the
respiratory tract leading to chronic low grade pulmonary
infections. Allergic responses, as well as primary tissue
damage caused by proliferating microorganisms, may contribute to
the pathogensis of air pollution disease. (Author abstract)t#
00511
S. E. Pattle P. Down
LUNG SURFACTANT AND ITS POSSIBLE REACTION TO AIR POLLUTION.
Arch. Environ. Health 14(1):70-76, Jan. 1967. (Presented
at the American Medical Association Air Pollution Medical
Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., March 2-4, 1966.)
An outline is given of the knowledge of the alveolar
surfactant, its function and the possible reaction of the
surfactant with atmospheric pollution, of which there is no
experimental evidence available. The difficulty of
obtaining such evidence, with special reference to an imaginary
investigation of the effect of nitrogen dioxide on the surfactant,
is discussed in this paper.##
F. Effects-Human Health
329
-------
00519
W.s. Spicer, Jr.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION AND METEOEOLOGIC FACTORS ON
NORMAL SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE.
Preprint. (Presented at th
-------
irradiated in the presence of NO (and traces of NC2):
ethylene, 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, xylene, and
1,J,5-trimethylbenzene, n-hexane, 3-methylpentane,
2,H,4-tnmethylpentane, and cyclohexane. Mixtures of hydrocarbons
including ethylene and 1-butene; ethylene, 1-butene, and
trans-2-butene; and ethylene, 1-butene, trans-2-butene, and mixed
xylenes also were irradiated in the presence of nitrogen oxide in
air. In addition the photooxidation of the formaldehyde oxygen,
•propinaldehyde - oxygen, formaldehyde - NO and propionaldehyde
- NO systems were investigated. In these dynamic
irradiation experiments the 1 paraffinic hydrocarbon NO systems
produced neither oxidant nor plant damage. In all of these
systems NO was only partially converted during irradiation and
N02 did not peak. When 0.5 ppm of ethyiene, 0.5 ppm of an
ethylene - butene-1 mixture, or 0.5 ppm of xylene was
irradiated with 1 ppm of NO no net oxidant and no plant damage
occurred. At ethylene or toluene concentrations between 3 and 6
ppm with 1 ppin of NO, irradiation produced oxidant but no plant
damage of either the ozone or PAN type. Many of these
mixtures did react somewhat with the disappearance of part of the
hydrocarbon and the formation o.f significant yields of
formaldehyde or aliphatic aldehydes. Propionaldehyde when
irradiated in the presence of small traces of nitrooen oxides
produced severge plant damage. (Author abstract)#t
00637
S. D. Murphy, C. F. Ulrich, S. H. Frar.kowitz, and C.
Xintaras
JLTERED FUNCTION IN ANIMALS INHALING LOW CONCNETRATIONS OF OZONE
AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. Vol.
25:246-253, June 196U.
Quantitative measurements of respiratory function of guinea pigs
were made before, during, and after exposure to low concentrations
of ozone, and nitrogen dioxide. The earliest effects detected
during exposure to either of the gases were increased respiratory
frequency and decreased tidal volume. These effects were noted
during 2-hour exposures to concentrations of ozone as low as 0.34
ppm or within 4 hours of exposure to N02 at a concentration of
5.2 ppm. Previous exposure to ozone did not result in tolerance
to the respiratory function changes produced during exposure to a
1.5-ppm concentration of the gas. Voluntary running activity of
mice was depressed during exposure to concentrations of ozone
between 0.2 and 0.7 ppm and to NO2 concentrations of 7.7 to 20.9
ppm. (Author abstract)##
00638
P. A. Kenline
OCTOBEP 1963 NEW ORLEANS ASTHMA STUDY. Arch. Environ.
Health Vol. 12:295-304, Mar. 1966.
This paper reports on aerometric activities carried out in
New Orleans from Oct. 3 through Nov. 5, 1963. The objectives
of these activities were to establish any difference in air
guality between asthma outbreak days and other days, evaluate
F. Effects-Human Health 331
-------
geographic ar.d temporal variation in pollution characteristics, and
evaluate various uncommon methods of measuring air pollution.
(Author abstract)##
00634
M. B. Gardner
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF UPBAN ATP POLLUTION. III. I'JNG TUMOKS IN
KICF. Arch. Environ. Health Vol. 12:J05-JU, Mar. 1966.
This paper reports the long-terra effect of inhaling Los Angeles
ambient air upon the incidence of lung adenomas in several inbred
strains of mice. Despite the absence of histopathologic evidence
for any specific acute effect related to ambient air pollution in
the experimental mice colonies, the statistical evidence of this
study indicates a strong likelihooc that ambient Los Angeles
atmosphere does possess a definite though slight activity in
promoting pulmonary adenomatous tumors in aging inbred mice.
These findings offer further evidence that some lung tumorigenic
activity floes exist in the indigenous respiratory environment.##
00659
F.L. Estes, C.P. Pan
RESPONSE OF FNZYKF SYSTEMS TO PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION
PRODUCTS. Arch. Environ. Health Vol. 10(2):207-212, Feb.
1965. ("resented at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb.
10-11, 1964.)
Exposure to photochemical reaction products inhibited the activity
of glutamic dehydrogenase from Escherichia coll. Hith a
glutamate substrate the inhibition increased at a rate comparable
to the inhibition of the growth of the cells. Considerably less
inhibition was observed for the reaction in the reverse direction.
With increasing formaldehyde concentrations, the reaction of
glutamic dehydroqenase from mammalian source was more rapidly
inhibited in the reverse than in the forward direction. From
the data to date, it appears that only at very low concentrations
could formaldehyde produce the relationship of the reactions
observed with the photochemical reaction products. There is no
evidence, however, that such concentration would produce
comparable "laanitudes of inhibition with time. (Author
summary) (fit
00660
f.D. Buckley O.J. Balchum
ACUTE AND CHPONIC EXPOSUEFS TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Arch.
Environ. Health Vol. 10 (2) : 220-223, Feb. 1965. (Presented at
the Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Jet. 10-11, 1964.)
This study was an attempt to measure some or the metabolic
effects of the air pollutant N02 en lung and other body tissues.
332 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
To relate changes in oxygen consumption and enzyme activities in
organs to length of exposure it would be well to subject a series
ot aninals to a single concentrtion of KO2 (15 ppm, for example)
and study tissues Iron animals (exposed and control) during regular
intervals after the initiation of the regimen. This would
clarity the observations in oxygen consumption of liver homogenate.
It would also be of value to express enzyme activity in terms
of substrate utilization in order to obtain more information about
the specific activity of the tissue homogenates.*#
00665
D.R. Rounds F.F. Bils
EFFECTS OF AIP POLIUTANTS ON CELLS IN CULTURE. Arch. Environ.
Health Vol. 10 (2) :251-259, Feb. 1965. (Presented at the
Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference., Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 10-11, 196U.)
From an analysis oi oxygen consumption rates, all cell types
tested in vitrc showed a partial but reversible inhibition in
oxidative activity during treatment with NaN02. Morphological
studies of living calls with phase contrast microscopy and of
fixed material with the electron microscope revealed that the
alveolar wall cell showed changes in the shape of the nucleus and
the ultrastructure of the mitochondria during N02 treatment.
These' changes may offer the opportunity to describe and
quai:titatp the biological effects of NC2 and possibly, of other
air pollutants. (Author summary)**
OUbfeB
O.J. Balchum, R.D. Buckley, P. Sherwin, K. Gardner
NITPOGEN DIOXIDE INHALATION AND LUNG ANTIBODIES. Arch.
Environ. Health Vol. 10 (2) :27U-277, feb. 1965. (Presented
at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 10-11, 1961.)
A circulating substance or lung tissue antibody has been
found to appear in the serum of guinea pigs inhaling
nitrogen dioxide in concentrations of 5 ppm and of 15 ppm. It
can be detected in dilutions ot serum greater than 1:100,000
by its property of agglutinating latex particles coated with
normal Tung proteins.
-------
Variations ir. resistdr.ee occurred from month to month, but no
ditterence in resistance was noted between guinea pigs residing
in ambient air and those livinq in filtered air. Total
pulmonary resistance appeared to increase with aging. During the
second year of their life span, the mortality of guinea pigs
living in ambient air was slightly greater than of those living
in filtered air, but this difference was not significent at the
bf level by the chi square test. (Author summary)*#
0 0 y 2 b
A I" POLLUTION AND HEALTH. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med .
<4,?, (7) 588-619, July 1966.
Acute episodes of mortality and morbidity furnish strong
support tor a casual relationship between air pollution and
iniunous effects. The following conclusions were established:
(1) Air pollution in episodes of high levels is harmful and
can be lethal. (2) Although chronic effects have not yet been
demonstrated, it si reasonable to presume that since episodes
brought acute sickness and death, exposure to lesser
concentrations for prolonged periods will have effects. (3) Not
all the injurious pollutants have been identified, nor have their
adverse effects been definitely and specifically established.
recommendations are made based on the conclusions. (Author's
summary) t ^
OUHS ;
H. E. Stokir. aer
A REVIFW OF RFSEAFCH AND INDUSTRIAL
'H&y. Arch. Environ. Health 10, 819-31,
:• a y 1 9 6 H .
Tbe rise of ozone as an important air pollutant and component
ot oxidant sirog serves as the cause for this review of research
ard industrial experience in ozone toxicology for the period
VlbU-1°f>u. After a brief introduction, the author discusses
the material under the following subject headings: Effects on
»an; E x t ra- pu 1 m ona ry Effects on Kan; Effects in
Ar.imals Acute Toxocity; Factors Affecting Toxicity;
Tolerance Development: Cross-Tolerance; Chronic Toxicity;
Effects in lower Organisms and Cell structures ;
Interactions; and Mechanisms, tt o
r, . Freeman and G . ^ . Haydon
EMPHYSEMA AFIFP LOW-LEVEL EXPOSUR^ TC NO^. Arch. Environ.
Health, Vol. y:1^b-H, Jan. 196«. (Presented at the Sixth
Annual Air Pollution Kedical Research Conference £an
Francisco, Calif., Jan. Zti-2'i , 19f3.)
Biological seguelae ot long-term exposures to low concentrations
ot nitrocen dioxide have become of interest because oxides of
nitrogen are a regular constituent of smon. Current studies have
334 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
determined the maximum nitrogen dioxide concentration in air that
does not cause death from acute pulmonary edema and allows rats to
survive tor several months. At this and at lower concentrationa,
lono-term effects are being studied initially, with particular
attention to the pulmonary pathology.##
009 32
T. F. Huber, 5. W. Joseph, E. Knoblock, P. L.
Pedtearn, and J. A. Karakawa
NEW ENVIPONMF.NTAL RESPIRATORY DISEASE (YOKOHAMA ASTHMA)
(PPELIMINABY P3POST). Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupational Med.,
Vol. 10:399-408, 1954. (Presented before the National Academy
of Sciences-National Research Council, Division of Medical
Sciences, Subcommittee on Atmospheric 6 Industrial Hygiene,
1954, and the Committee on Sanitary Engineering and
Environment, 1954.)
The clinical features are presented of a new environmental
respiratory disease occurring in certain areas of Japan during the
winter months among the United States military personnel. From
preliminary atmospheric data there appears to be a correlation
between the incidence of this environmental respiratory disease
entity, the concentration of air contaminants, and smog
formations. Ot the air contaminants investigated, only the
ether-soluble aerosols and dust appear to have significant
correlation with the incidence of this respiratory entity.
Additional investigations will be required to corroborate the
above suggested correlations. (Author summary)**
00433
M. E. Purvis and P. Ehrlich
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RESPIRATORY
ir'FFCTTOM. II. EFFECT OF NITPOGEN DIOXIDE. J. Infect.
Diseases, Vol. 113:72-76, Aug. 1963.
A 2-hour exposure of mice to as little as 3.5 ppm of nitrogen
dioxide significantly increased their susceptibility to respiratory
infection initiated by challenge with an aerosol of Klebsiella
pneumoniae. This effect was observed up to 27 hours after
exposure. Infected animals exposed to 25 ppm of nitrogen
dioxide tor 2 hours showed an increased mortality rate and
decreased survival time. This effect v,as evident up to 72 hours
after infection. Exposure to 2.5 ppm of nitrogen dioxide for 2
hours did not induce any changes in susceptibility to infection.
(Author summary)*»
OU980
L.S. Jatfe
TH" BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIB POLLUTANTS ON MAN
AND ANIMALS. Am. J. Pub. Health, 57 (8) : 1269-1 277 , Aug.
1967. (Presented at the Annual Meeting, 'American Public
Health Association, San Francisco, Calif., Oct. 31 - Nov. 4,
1966.)
F. Effects-Human Health
335
-------
Common manifestations of atmospheric photochemical smog are eye
irritation, respiratory distress, haze formation (reduction in
visibility) , peculiar odors, characteristic vegetation damage, and
excessive cracking of rubber products as well as the presence of
unusually high levels of oxidizing substances identitied as
photochemical oxidants. The photochemical oxidants are a major
class of compounds tound in photochemical smog. They consist
of a complex mixture of atmospheric oxidizing substances
whichvary in time and place and which are not completely defined
chemically. They can be measured routinely in community
atmospheres, however, and analyzed collectively for "total
oxidant", the net oxidizing effect of all such substances in the
atmosphere, thus serving as useful indices of effective levels
of photochemical pollution. Ozone and perocyacyl nitrates
(PAN compounds) have been identified as important oxidants found
in photochemical snog. A review of the important adverse effects
of atmospheric photochemical snog on man and animals expressed in
terms of atmospheric "total oxidant" concentrations is presented
based on published reports and some yet unpublished reports and
research findings. Additionally, data based on laboratory
exposures of man and animals to ozone and PAN compounds are
reviewed. An understanding of the effects of these individual
oxidants in pure form contributes substantially to our knowledge
of the effects of the ambient photochemical "total oxidant"
mixture. The photochemical oxidants, particularly ozone, are
severe respiratory irritants which cause temporarily impaired lung
function in man and animals in short exposures. In prolonged
exposures, there is an increase in mortality of newborn animals as
well as of animals exposed to respiratory infection. Recent
studies indicate a decreased birthrate of laboratory animals
in ptolonhrf rxpodures to synthetic photochemical smog.
Additionally, late studies have shown that an increase in lung
tumor formation occurred in aging mice exposed to atmospheric
photochemical snog over a 16-month study period when compared to
controls exposed to filtered air. (Author abstract) ##
W.J. Jacumin, D.P. Johnston, L.A. Pipperton
EXPOSURE OF MICROORGANISMS TO IOW CONCENTSATI CNS OF VARIOUS
POLLUTANTS. Ind. Hyg. J. , 25 (6) : 595-600, Dec. 1964.
A technique for exposing microorganisms to air-borne
toxicants was developed. Serratia marcescens were exposed to
irradiated atmosphere of clean air, No2 at 0.5 ppm, hexene-1 at 2
ppm, and .No2 plus hexene-1. Only those containing No2 differed
significantly from clean air, suggesting that hexene-1 played no
major role. The technique has inherent difficulties, limiting
its application pending further development. (Author abstract) ##
ooyyu
S.D. Murohy, H.V. Davis, V.L. Zaratzian
BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS IN EATS FROM IBEITATING AIP
CONTAMINANTS. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 6 (5) : 520-528 ,
Sspt. 1964.
The effect of inhalation of acrolein vapors on the activity
of several enzvmes of male rat tissues was investigated.
336 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity occurred following
continuous 40-hour exposure to acrolein at concentrations as low
as 2.1 ppm. Exposure to higher concentrations for shorter
periods cf time also increased liver AP activity, but the
ettect was not constant with a constant Ct. Inhalation of
ozone, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, and sulfur dioxide also
increased liver AP activity. It appears that the hepatic AP
response is a nonspecific effect and may be a symptom of the
alarp-reaction to stress. (Author summary)**
010UO
n. B. Haydon, G. Freeman, and N. J. Furiosi
COVEPT PATHOGFNESIS OF N02 INDUCED EMPHYSEMA IN THE PAT.
P.rch, Environ. Health Vol. 11:776-783, Dec. 1965.
The authors previously have reported effects on rats from exposure
to 25 opm N02. Additional studies of the pathogenesis of
emphysema induced by 12 ppm and of other effects resulting from 4
and !). 8 ppai of N02 are reported. Also, reversibility of the
process following exposure to 25 ppm are described. Pats
exposed to 12 ppm developed respiratory disease similar to
emphysema in humans. At the Icwer concentrations, the process was
relatively covert and survival longer. A relationship appears to
exist between concentration X time to the degree of pulmonary
disease. In discussing extrapolation ot their results to humans,
it was indicated, the combination of widespread low level
concentrations of N02 in the air and the transient intermittent,
very high concentrations inhaled with tobacco smoke may contribute
to chronic obstructive respiratory disease.##
01077
I. I. Lubowe
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE SKIN. "DEP.FI ATITIS UPBIS."
General Practice 27(5): 10-1, 27, May 196'4.
In older individuals the visible signs of aging skin may become
more apparent when continuously exposed to air pollutants. Thus,
the existence of a condition which may be referred to as "city
skin" is conceivable. It appears justified to conjecture that the
pollutants which presen* respiratory hazards, with continuous
long-term exposure, will also affect the epidermis and cutaneous
system. The deposition of soot and dust on the skin affects
bacterial growth and subsequent physiological activity. Contact
dermatitis due to airborne contactants such as smoke and
insecticide sprays is common, as well as industrial darmatoses
related to acids, organic sulfides, and other substances. It
seems lofical to attribute the dermatoses ot the hands and face to
the irritating pollutants of industrial cities. Prophylactic as
well as remedial topical formulas must be devised to overcome this
insidious ettect of air pollution.##
f. Effects-Human Health 337
-------
01090
S. D. Murphy
A REVIEW OF EFFECTS ON ANIMALS OF EXPOSURE TO AUTO EXHAUST AND
SOME OF ITS COMPONENTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
Tl (8) : JOJ-d, Aug. 196<*. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June
9-1J, 196J.)
Tne several series ot experiments that are summarized in this
report have demonstrated that respiratory function and
activity patterns ot experimental animals are altered during
brief exposure to irradiated airrauto exhaust mixtures at
concentrations of total exhaust that were only two to three times
those that occur in certain urban communities during maximum
periods ot photochemical air pollution. These physiological
alterations are reversible following a single exposure of a few
hours duration. Qualitatively different effects on respiratory
frequency and tidal volumes occurred as a biphasic response during
a single tour-hour exposure to exhaust. The data indicated that
the qualitative nature ot the physiological response was dependent
upon the relative concentrations ot individual constituents with
gualitatively different physiological actions. This may be
important to the development and evaluation of control devices or
methods, since the elimination ot one or a class of chemical agents
may shift the physiological-effect balance toward that produced by
another agent or class of aaents that still remain. (Author
summary nodi tied)##
011 68
P. ?. Lutmer, K. A. Busch, and P. L. DeLong
EFFECT OF NITRIC OXIDE, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, OB OZONE ON BLOOD
CARPOXYHEMOPLOEIH CONCENTRATIONS DURING LOW-LEVEL CARBON MONOXIDE
EXPOSURES . Atmos. Environ. 1, 45-8, iy&7.
Compared to exposure to CO alone, no enhancement of blood
carboxyhsmoglcbin concentrations was observed following 8-hour
exposures ot rats and mice to low levels cf CO plus NO, No2,
or OJ. (Author abstract)**
01175
A. J. Honour, G. de J. Lee, R. Marshall, and F. D.
Stott
RSSTARCH ON THE DYNAMICS OF DULSATILE BLOODFLOW IN THE HUMAN
PHLKOHA3Y AFTFRIAL SYSTEM. Oxford Univ., (England),
''adoliffe Infirmary. Sept. 1961. 34 pp.
CFSTI,DDC: AD 631920
Details ot the final design of a pneumatic flowmeter whole body
plethysraograph system are given. The system permits continuous
measurement ol pulmonary capillary bloodflow in man during
simultaneous intravascular pressure lueasurements. Physiological
studies making use of the system are described. The rate of
uota'
-------
plethysmograph were treasured through several cardiac cycles during
slov expiration alter a single breath of 80% of N20 in oxygen.
The profile of N20 uptake that is obtained throughout the
cardiac cycle directly corresponds to the pulmonary capillary
blood flow rate at all instants throughout the cardiac cycle.
This pattern is pulsatile with each heart beat. Preliminary
studies of the relationship between pulmonary capillary blood
flow and pulmonary arterial pressure were carried out in normal
subjects and in patients with mitral stenosis. In normal subjects,
the fastest rate of pulmonary capillary blood flow occurs
approximately 0.2 seconds after the peak pressure rise in the
main pulmonary artery. This time lag indicates a source of
interest for subsequent study both in normal subjects and those
with pulmonary hypertension. Another study was that of time
relationships between oxygen uptake and C02 elimination that
take place at the lung alveoli capillary interface as a result of
pulsatile pulmonary capillary blood flow. It was found that
oxygen diffusion and transport from the lung alveoli is
pulsatile and corresponds closely to the capillary blood flow
pattern obtained from the N20 measurements. Although C02 is
20 times more diffusible than oxygen, CO2 elimination studies
in the plethysmograph indicate that this gas leaves the blood
flowing through the lung capillaries at almost the same time that
oxygen enters the blood during its pulsatile flow through the
alveolar-capillary bed.f*
01176
G. de J. Lee, ?. K. Marshall, and F. D. Stott
RESEARCH ON THE DYNAMICS OF PULSATILE EI.OODFLOW IN THE HUMAN
PULMONARY AFFT2RIAL SYSTEM . Oxford Univ., England, Padcliffe
Infirmary. Apr. 1960. 30 pp.
CFSTI,DDC: AD 6J1919
Continuation of work on apparatus to perform continuous
measurement in man of pulmonary capillary blood flow with
simultaneous intravascular pressure measurement is described. A
pneumatic flowroeter has been built which can continuously record
gas flow trorc a 1500 whole litre whole body perspex plethysmograph
when a human subject within it inhales nitrous oxide gas. While
the tlowmeter was being completed, prototype pulmonary bloodflow
studies were carried out in the dog using the plethysmograph-
nitrous oxide method. In making comparison of this method with
the standard Fick (oxygen) method, it is found that the ratio of
nitrous oxide to the Fick cardiac output estimation was 1:014 with
no systematic variation. With the combined plethysmograph-
flowireter method, a phase lag between pulmonary vascular pressure
gradient and pulmonary capillary blood flow was confirmed but no
detailed analysis made. Using combined broncho-spirometric and
plethysmograph-nitrous oxide techniques, studies of pulmonary
capillary bloodtlow of each lung separately were made in dogs in
whom one main pulmonary artery had been tied when the dog was a
puppy. Although there was no oxygen uptake from the operated
lung, there was considerable N20 uptake.' Responses of the
human systemic and pulmonary vascular systems to intravenous
synthetic angiothensin were studied using standard techniques.
ine cardiac output tell as a result of a bradycardia without
hi^ °n ln stroke volume. There was a marked rise in systemic
blood pressure indicating an increase in total peripheral
F. Effects-Human Health 339
-------
resistance. A slight increase in pulmonary vascular resistance
was also detected. Both right and left atrial pressures rose
during the infusion. tf
01324
E.J. Fairchild, II, S.D. Murphy, H.E. Stokinger
PPOTECTION BY SULFIIH COMPOUNDS AGAINST THE AIR POLLUTANTS OZONE
AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Science, Vol. 130-861-862, Oct. 2,
Two distinct but related pathways of protection against the
lethal effects of ozone and nitrogen dioxide are shown by (i)
simultaneous inhalation of compounds that rurnish -SH or -SS-,
or both, and (ii) by injection of thiourea derivatives several
days prior to exposure to these oxidant gases. The mechanism of
(i) is believed similar to that proposed for the action of
radiation-protective compounds; that of (ii) involves the
development o± a tolerance initiated by the thiourea against the
oxidants. (Author abstract)**
01 J30
J. L. Svirbely and B. E. Saltzman
OZONF TOX1CITY AND SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH ITS PRODUCTION.
A.M. A. Arch. Ind. Health 15, 111-9, Feb. 1957.
(Presented at the 17th Annual Meeting, American Industrial
Hygiene Association, Philadelphia, Pa., Apr. 26, 1956.)
The d^ta obtained from acute inhalation studies indicate that
ozone per se is a highly toxic substance to rats, mice, and
hamsters. The ozone used in these exposures was generated from
various gas mixtures and with two different ozonizers varying in
currant density. nfrared analysis of the scrubbed compressed
air used tor the toxicity studies indicated that no traces of
organic impurities could be detected. Tests for possible ozone
contaminants, such as oxides of nitrogen hydrogen peroxide, and
±'ree radicals (R02, OH, H03, OU, etc.), in <* specially
constructed mass spectrometer failed to reveal significant amounts
of these substances, and, conseguen tly , it is improbable that they
attect the toxicity of ozone in laboratory animals. The injurious
effects of ozone appear to be lessened by a previous exposure to
relatively low concentrations of ozone for a short period. This
tolerance was apparent ±or at least tour and one-half weeks after
exposure. (Author summary) f #
D. L. Coffin and E. J. Bloaimer
ACUTE TOXICITY OF IRRADIATED AUTO EXHAUST INDICATED 3Y ENHANCEMENT
OF MORTALITY FROM STPEPTOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA. Arch. Environ.
Health, 1b(1):J6-38, July 1967. (Presented at the 59th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, San
Francisco, Calif., June 20-25, 1966, Paper No. 66-22.)
340 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Exposure of mice tor 4 hours in each of 10 replicated experiments
in atmospheres of auto exhaust yielding 100 ppm carbon monoxide,
0.35 to 0.67 ppm oxidant, 0.50 ti 1.00 ppm nitrogen dioxide, and
0.03 to 1.96 ppm nitric oxide and subsequent exposure to
streptococcus aerosol produced a fivefold increase in mortality
over those receiving only filtered air and identical simultaneous
exposure to streptococci. Actual mortality for mice exposed to
auto exhaust was 107 out of 200 and for those exposed to ambient
air, 22 out of 200. Studies to determine the end point of effect
showed that mortality was enhanced by exhaust containing as little
as 2b ppm CO and 0.15 ppm oxidant. These results indicate
toxicity of auto exhaust for mice at levels for these two
components well below peak ambient concentrations. (Author
abstract) ##
01346
J. M. McNerney and J. D. MacEwen
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY STUDIES AT REDUCED AND AMBIENT PRESSURES.
I. ACUTE RESPONSE. Am. Ind. Hyg.. Assoc. J., Vol.
26:bbtJ-573, Dec. 1965.
Comparison of the acute response to toxicants at ambient and
reduced pressures (5 psia; 100% 02) were made by exposing monkeys,
dogs, rats, and mice for 2 weeks of continuous inhalation exposure
to N02, 03 and CC14. The experimental results show a
definite reduction in the toxic response to the pulmonary irritants
N02 and 03 at reduced pressure when compared with ambient
pressure exposures. With CC14, a systemic toxicant, no
significant differences between the animals exposed at ambient or
reduced pressure wtre observed. (Author abstract) #(f
01369
J.S. McCarroll, E.J. Cassell, W.T. Ingram, D.
Wolter
HEALTH AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT: HEALTH PROFILES VERSUS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS. Am. J. Public Health, 56 (2): 266-
2/5, Feb. 1966. (Presented at the 92nd Annual Meeting,
Epidemiology Section, American Public Health Association,
New York City, Oct. 7, 1964.)
A severe a'nd continuing air pollution problem in New York City
was demonstrated. The effects of this pollution on the health
of the average city dweller are subtle snd often masked by symptoms
stemming from other causes. Nevertheless, careful analysis
of variations in health of a sizable population followed forward
in time may discriminate between these different etiologic
factors. Subjecting such repetitive observations to the types
of discriminating analysis being developed may permit
identification of many unsuspected health effects of atmospheric
pollution. (Author summary)**
01402
A. P. Altshuller, L. L. Klosterman, P. H. Leach, I.
J. Hindawi, and J. E. Sigsby, Jr.
F. Effects-Human Health 341
-------
PRODUCTS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS FROM IRRADIATION OF NITROGEN
OXIDES WITH FYDROCAPBONS OP ALDEHYDES UNDER DYNAMIC CONDITIONS.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, Vol. 10:81-98, Feb. 1966.
Measurements have been made for chemical reactants and products,
condensation nuclei and aerosol formation, eye irritation and plan*.
damage when a wide variety of individual hydrocarbons or aldehydes
or mixtures of hydrocarbons are irradiated with nitrogen oxides
under dynamic conditions in a large chamber. Comparison of these
results under flow conditions with static measurements also made in
this study show that significant differences do occur in the
chemical results obtained. Under dynamic chamber conditions,
irradiated hioher molecular weight paraftinic hydrocarbon-nitrogen
oxide systems appear to be unreactive. The amounts of individual
olefins consumed in irradiated mu-lti—component olefin-nitrogen
oxide mixtures are the same as in single component olefin-nitrogen
oxide mixtures. When aromatic hydrocarbons also are included in
the multi-component mixtures, interaction effects are observed.
The results of the present study show that irradiated aromatic
hydrocarbon nitrogen oxide mixtures not only undergo chemical
reactions but also cause appreciable levels of eye irritation,
plant damage and. aerosol formation. It also has been shown that a
representative higher molecular weight aliphatic aldehyde,
propionaldehyde, when irradiated with nitrogen oxide will produce
eye irritation, and moderate to heavy plant damage. The
corresponding irradiated formaldehyde-nitrogen oxide mixtures did
not cause damage to any of the plant varieties investigated.
Using dynamic chamber conditions irradiated synthetic mixtures
containing nitrogen oxides and the initial concentration levels of
both olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons present in an irradiated
automobile exhaust system will reasonably well reproduce the
oxidant, aldehyde, eye irritation and plant damage levels measured
in the irradiated automobile exhaust mixture. It is not possible
to reproduce these results obtained for an irradiated automobile
exhaust system, by irradiating nitrogen oxides and the initial
oletin or aromatic hydrocarbon levels only. These results prove
that aromatic hydrocarbons as well as olefins contribute a
significant portion of the reactivity of irradiated automobile
exhaust mixtures.**
0146}
G. S. Doyle, N. Endow, and J. L. Jones
THE EFFECTS OF PHCTCCKSMTCAL AEROSOLS CN EYE IRRITATION (FINAL
PiPT.). Stanford Pesearch Inst., South Pasadena, Southern
California Labs. June 1961.
An eye-irritation panel has benn exposed to many steady-state
reaction mixtures generated in a 520-cubic-foot irradiated
stirred-flow reaction chamber. The re-actants for one set of
exposures were trace concentrations (usually 0.2 to 2.0 ppm by
volume) of various hydrocarbons, predominantly olefins, and
nitrogen dioxide in purified air. Reaction residence times
ranged from one to two hours. Sulfur dioxide was used as an
additional reactant (at a concentration of about 0.1 ppm) in a
comparable set of experiments. The reacting mixtures were then
evaluated tor relative eye-irritating ability with and without
sulfur dioxide. In addition, the reactants and some of the
reaction products, especially formaldehyde, were determined, and
the light-scattering and particulate content of the mixtures were
measured. Some of the conclusions drawn on the basis of the
342 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
conditions of reaction and exposure used in this study are: (1)
Aerosols derived from the cophotooxidation of sulfur dioxide and
from sulfur dioxide itself probably have little, if any, effect on
the eye-irritating ability of irradiated reaction mixture; (2)
Trace concentrations of branched internal olefins, specifically
2-methyl-2-butene, and of a cyclic olefin, cyclohexene, can
produce significant amounts of eye irritants other than
formaldehyde and acrolein. (3) The use of dynamic (stirred- flow)
conditions considerably enhances the sensitivity of subjects to the
irritants; (U) Adding isobutane to a photooxidizing
isobut ylene-nitrogen dioxide mixture produced no significant
effect; (5) The rate of response to an eye irntant is a
function of the chemical nature of the irritant or irritants; and
(6) Ethylene and propylene can' produce significant eye irritation
at realistic atmospheric concentrations. (Author summary
modified) ##
01520
T. D. Sterling, J. J. Phair, S. V. Pollack, D. A.
Schumsky, and I. DeGroot
USBAN MORBIDITY AND AIP POLLUTION (A FIP3T REFT.)- Arch.
Environ. Health, Vol. 13:158-170, Aug. 1966.
Hospital admissions in Los Angeles vere correlated with air
pollution measurements and meteorological data. Once the effect
of the day of the week was corrected, fluctuations in air pollution
and morbidity correlated extremely highly for relevant diseases. tt#
J. L. Jones, N. Endon, E. A. Schuck, R. G. Caldwell,
C.J. Doyle
A P&OGPSSS REPORT ON THE CHEKISTPY OF COMMUNITY AIR POLLUTION.
Stanford Research Inst., South Pasadena, Southern
California Labs. Jan. 5, 1962. 59 pp.
When mixtures of propylene and nitrogen dioxide in
concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 part per million (ppm) were
photochemical! y reacted by irradiation with near ultraviolet light,
the re-action products were irritating to the eyes of human test
subjects. The intensity of the ultraviolet light used in these
laboratory experiments was comparable to 7:00 to 8:00 a.m. fall
sunlight. Preliminary additional work on ethylene reaction
mixtures, which were irradiated with near ultraviolet light
corresponding to 12:00 noon summer sunlight intensity,
definitely produced eye irritating reacton product mixtures.
The evidence from infrared spectra of precipitated model aerosols
formed by the photooxidation of lower olefin homologs nitrogen
oxides sulfur dioxide mixtures at 50% relative humidity indicated
that the principal constituent of the aerosol was sulfuric acid.
A study of the dark reaction of ozone rfith olefins has been
initiated. Preliminary experimental results indicate that a
kinetic reaction mechanise based on a simple bimolecular
reaction between ozone and an olefin cannot account for the
experimental results obtained to date. Some the-oretical
quantum mechanical calculations have been mad.y that
satisfactorily account for some of the experimental rate constants
in the literature. (Author summary modified) ##
F. Effects-Human Health 343
-------
01603
E.A. Schuck, G.J. Doyle, N. Endow
A PFOGPESS PEPORT ON THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF POLLUTED
ATMOSPHERES. Stanford Research Inst., South Pasadena,
Southern California Labs. Dec. 1960. 122 pp
During the photooxidation of olefins, three reactions appear
important: the reaction of oletins with oxyqen atoms, with ozone,
and with active intermediates. The active intermediates may be
tree radicals or zwitterions. The rate of disappearance of
olefin, over and aboi/e that accountable by reaction with oxygen
atoms and ozone, has been termed the "excess rate." The
importance of active intermediates in the mechanism of olefin
photooxidation is suggested by these observations: 1. Some
products cannot be accounted for by simple rupture of the double
bond. 2. The excess rate is proportional to the square root of
the light intensity and to the scuare root of the initial nitrogen
dioxide concentration. The manor products of the photooxidation
are produced by rupture of the double bond, leading to various
carbonyl compounds. However, significant amounts of
formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are formed from olefins in certain
cases in which tnese compounds could not be formed by simple bond
rupture. Secondary photooxidation of the initial products can
also contribute to the products. Alkyl nitrites were identified
among the minor products cf olefin photooxidatior. These
nitrites are probablv contributing to olefin oxidation since, as
was shown previously, alkyl nitrites proraote destruction of olefins
as well as does nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide. Medium to
severe eye irritation was obtained with photcoxidation of mixtures
containing 0.5 ppm each of certain olefins and nitrogen
dioxide. These concentrations are comparable to those existing
in the Los Angeles atmosphere. The amount of eye irritation
caused by photooxidation of auto exhaust probably may be reduced
most efficiently by control of olefins rather than by control of
oxides ot nitrogen. This statement is tased on studj.es of olefin
mixtures or the type found in auto exhaust; these studies shok
that, under certain circumstances, reduction of the oxides of
nitrogen can lead to an increase rather than a decrease in eye
irritation. (Author summary)C#
01604
J. losen C.F. Dohan
RELATIONSHIPS OF ACUTE RESPTSATOPY DISEASE TO MEASUREMENTS OF
ATMPS°HERIC POLLUTION AND LOCAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS (FINAL
PPDT.). Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia, Henry Phipps
Inst. Henry Phipps Inst., Pennsylvania Univ. Mar. 1QP.S.
3» pp.
Three vears1 studies of the relationship between industrial
absenteeism to upper respiratory infections and concomitant air
pollution measurements and climatological data are summarized.
The purpose is primarily to investigate methods of handling
available data, and there are no attempts to hypothesize causative
mechanisms between the several components. The variables
considered art related in time to a fixed geographical location,
which is Metropolitan Philadelphia. The study period began in
September, iyf-0 and ended in December, 196J.tfi
344 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
01785
F. Ehrlich
EFFFCT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON RESPIRATORY INFECTION. Arch.
Environ. Health. 6, (5) 76-80, May 1963.
It is apparent from the experimental data that ozone and nitrogen
dioxide increase the susceptibility of laboratory mice to
respiratory infection caused by inhalation of Klebsiella
pneumoniae. Sufficient information is available which indicates
that exposure to air pollutants can reduce and make the
tracheobronchial tree more vulnerable to airborne bacteria. If
the concentration of the pollutant is sufficiently high, permanent
damage can occur. The experimental data obtained are
compatible with a picture of transient damage of approximately
one day, varying with concentration, followed by essential
recovery, insofar as mortality is concerned. At lower
concentrations this damage is probably only temporary, and
recovery follows. (Author summary modified)##
01806
P. Kotin J.L. Falk
ATMOSPHEPIC FACTORS IN PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER.
Advan. Cancer Res. 7, 475-511, 196J.
In this review of the atmospharic factors in the pathogensis
of lung cancer, the subject is considered under the major
headings of: general epidemiological considerations, experimental
considerations; bioassay studies, clinical lung cancer; and
etiology of lung cancer. There is a bibliography of 19<*
references.##
01855
J.E. Semmers O.J. Balchum
EFFFCTS OF LOS ANGELES URBAN ATR POLLUTION UPON RESPIRATOBY
FUNCTION OF EMPHYSE1ATOUS PATIENTS (REPT. ON STUDIES DONE FROM
JULY 1, 1961 - FEB. 1, 1965.) Preprint. 1965.
Four patients with chronic broncho-pulmonary disease have been
studied under conditions during which they breathed either highly
filtered air or the ar.bient Los Angeles air. Patients residing
in the filtered air rooms and who had moderately severe emphysema
showed improvement in lung measurements. Oxygen consumption
declined steadily while the patients were residing in the
filtered air rooms. The significance of this is not known and
will be studied further. (Author abstract)#*
F. Effects-Human Health 345
-------
01893
0. J. Balchun, P. Buckley, S. Levey, J. Bertolino,
H. Swann, and T. Pall
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EMPHYSEMA. Arch. Environ. Health 8,
132-f, Jan. 1961J. (Presented at the Sixth Annual Air
Pollution Medical Research Conference, San Francisco,
Calif., Jan. 28-29, 1963.)
Serum antibodies to lung tissue are produced in guinea pigs
injected with lung homogenate from animals exposed to noxious
gases and from normal animals. Microscopic sections of the
luras revealed the presence of an interstitial pneumonitis.
Guinea pigs administered the supernatant obtained by low-speed
centritugation of homologous lung hcmogenate, and others injected
with the sediment obtained by high-speed centrifugation of this
supernatant, developed marked changes in the pulmonary vasculature
and interstitial pneumonitis. These pathological alterations of
the lungs are presumed to be a result of antigen-antibody
reactions. Morpholoaical alterations resembling those of human
emphysema were not detected. (Author summary)##
019 1b
V. A. "jazanov.
CFIT^RIA AND METHODS FOB ESTRBLISHIHG .MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION. Bull. World Health Organ.
(Geneva) 32, 389-98, 1965.
Experience in the USSP in establishing standards for air
pollution control is described. It is emphasized that health
considerations must be main criterion in deciding permissible
concentrations, which constitute the "hygienic" standards
ultimately to be achieved. Economic and technological reasons may
dictate temporary "sanitary" standards, which modify the
requirements for a limited period. "Technological" standards
relate to the economic and technological conseguences of air
pollution and do not concern health. The maximum permissible
concentrations of toxic substances used in toxicology and
industrial hygiene are not sufficiently stringent for general use,
and control standards are therefore based on the results of tests
carried out on animals and human subjects. Tests on animals show
that certain concentrations of toxic substances cause functional
chanqss (e.g., in higher nervous activity, cholinesterase
activity, and excretion of coproporphyrin) as well as a number of
protective adaptational reactions. The results are used to
establish maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants within
a 24-hour period. Tests on human volunteers provide a basis for
determining the maximum average concentrations at a given time.
Reactions to odorous substances give the oliactory threshold and
the level of concentration causing respiratory ard visual
reflexes, as well as subsonsory effects such as changes in light
sensitivity and in the activity of the cerebral cortex.
Morbidity statistics also provide evidence of harmful pollution,
but cannot serve as a basis for establishing maximum permissible
concentrations, which should aim not only at preventing illness
but also at avoiding pathological and adaptatlonal reactions.
(Author abstract)4#
346 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
01987
P. G. Hinners
^NGINEFKING THE CHEONIC EXPOSURE OF ANIMALS TO LABORATORY
PPODUCED AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 12, 527-30, Nov. 1962. (Presented at the 55th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Chicago, 111.,
Hay 20-2«, 1962.)
A laboratory tacility designed for studies to determine the
ettects ot lifetime exposure of experimental animals to auto
emissions is described. The emissions produced simulated
atmospharic concentrations and conditions generally found in the
air ot a city like Los Angeles.##
02116
TOXICITY OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Stanford Res. Inst. J. 2,
(it) 10, Sept. 1966.
The toxicity of N02 is being studied by Stanford Research
Institute because of its occurrence as a combustion product in
smog, in tobacco smoke, and its production also as a reaction
product ot ensilage. In general, for the higher concentrations of
N02 (i* pum and above), the deleterious effects were roughly
proportional to concentration and duration of exposure. Young
rats exposed to 12 ppm N02 continued to grow for the first nine
months, but at a reduced rate. The lungs became considerably
larger and heavier. At 25 ppm N02 rats gained little or no
weight during the 43 days exposure, but developed lung disease.
When returned to clean air, they gained weight rapidly and their
breathing improved. All rats, at rest, exposed to all
concentrations o± NC2 breathed more rapidly than the controls.
The rise in respiratory rate roughly corresponding to (3
The rise in respiratory rate roughly corresponding to N02
concentration. It is important to note that at the low
concentration ot N02, such as can occur in severe smog, the
disease, known medically as emphysema, could not be induced in the
rat within its normal lifetime. Hence it is unsafe to conclude
that, because higher concentrations of N02 can be damaging, even
fatal, to rats, lov concentrations are harmful to the lungs of man.
That remains to be demonstrated, although the evidence is
suggestive.**
02213
J.T. Mountain
DETECTING HYPFRSUSCEPTIBILITY TO TOXIC SUBSTANCES AN
APPRAISAL OF SIMPLE BOOD TESTS). Arch. Environ. Health
6, 3b7-6b, Mar. 1963. (Presented at t,he 27th Annual Meeting,
Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 24-25,
1962.)
From observations of an apparent aggravation of a hereditary
defect (Wilson's disease) by exposure to vanadium and from
work on laboratory animals ' made tolerant or susceptible to ozone
F. Effects-Human Health 347
-------
and nitrogen dioxide, the conclusion has been drawn that the
susceptibility of the individual in relation to environmental
exoosure should be a matter of concern. It is pointed out that
tests tor detecting susceptibility to hemolytic effects from drugs
and other chemicals have been developed which can also be useful
in predicting na individual's response to conditions associated
with his employment. A number of factors such as stress, diet,
and disease are known to affect erythrocyte and tissue enzyme
activity and are discussed in relation to their contribution to
the physiologic burden imposed by the working environment.
Tests tor detection or chemically sensitive red blood cells are
considered in reference to their use in distinguishing persons
hypersusceptible to effects from exposure to substances encountered
in industrial operations. (Author summary) ##
0222 i
S.D. Mprphy, C.E. Ulrich, U.K. Leng
ALTERED 7UNCTION IN ANIMALS INHALING CONJUGATED NITPO-OLEFINS.
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 5, (3) 319-30, May 1963,
(Presented in part at the Third Inter-American Conference on
Occupational Kedicine and Toxicology, Miami, Fla.f Aug.
196 1. )
Increased total pulmonary flow resistance and ti-^al volumes and
decreased respiratory rates of guinea pigs and decreased
voluntary activity of mice occurred during inhalation of the
vapors of conjugated nitro-olelins at concentrations near or below
the threshold for human, sensory detection. Increasing
concentrations increased the magnitude ot the effects. Comparison
of the effects of 2-nitro-2-butene, 3-nitro-3-hexene, and 4-
nitro-U-nonene indicated that the effectiveness on pulmonary
function was inversely related to the carbon chain length.
However, 4—nitro-1- nonene was slightly more active than the
butene and hexene in producing depression ot mouse activity.
At the low concentrations tested, the effects of nitro-olefins
were reversible when the animals were returned to clean air.
Injection of atropine sultate overcame the increased pulmonary
flow resistance induced by y-nitro-U-nonene. The response of
animals to inhaled nitro-clefins qualitatively resembles
effects which have been observed when animals inhale high
concentrations of irradiated automobile exhaust. These effects
are, however, relatively nonspecific and are produced by several
other irritating vapors and gases which have been shown to be
present in measurable guantities in exhaust mixtures. (Author
summary) 0, June 1966.
(Presented at the Fastern Section Meeting, American
Thoracic Society, Hartford, Conn., Oct. 22, 19f>5.)
The need to q-uantify pulmonary in-jury in small laboratory animals
exposed to irritant aerosols has suggested the use of DMA
348 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
synthesis rate as indicator of cellular homeostasis. Labeling
DNA synthesis by an autoradiographic technique employing
tritiated thymidine, the effects of inhaled mixture of diluted
diesel exhaust, of nitrogen dioxide, and of phosgene, in separate
experiments, were followed over a period of a few days from the
inhalation. The preliminary results indicate that the DNA
synthesis rate offers the advantage of a simple numerical index,
well suited to quantifying injury. However the sensitivity of
this method appears limited to the effects accompanied by
histological abnormalities. The first evidence of change
apoears within one or two days from the exposure and it tends to
disappear: a week or so after the exposure. (Author summary) ##
02277
H.E. Swann, Jr O.J. Balchum
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN f.IS POLLUTION. UV. EFFECTS OF ACUTE
SMOG EPISODES ON RESPIRATION OF GUINEA PIGS.
Arch Environ. Health 12, 698-704, June 1966 (Presented at the
25th Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Association,
Philadelphia, Pa. Apr. 30, 1964.)
Measurement of total expiratory flow resistances were made
on guinea pigs on days of unusual conditions of weather and smog.
When these resistances were compared with routine monthly
measurements on the same animals, significant increases in
resistance were found at oxidant levels of approximately
0.30 ppm or more. Also, significant increases in resistance
were observed when approximately 40% of alert levels of the
oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons were
present. Only when high temperature was accompanied by
approximately 0.30 ppm oxidant did a significant increase in
resistance occur. During a smog episode when alert levels of
oxidant and 25% of alert levels of carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbon were recorded en two successive days, older gunea
pigs breathing ambient air had highly significant increases in
resistance. Alert smog levels apparently act as a respiratory
stress which was more obvious in the older animals. Some
animals had little or no response to the smcg while some
animals greatly responded and had quick recovery; other
animals greatly responded to the smog and had a slow
recovery or no recovery and died. This suggests a possible
individual difference in sensivity to smog among animals of the
same' species. The pathological findings on the two animals that
died during the episode indicated severe pulmonary
abnormality. Also, some animals that died within 45 days
following the episode and had high resistances during the episode
also had pathological pulmonary changes. Gowever, others that had
high resistances and died had no such alterations. Although high
smog levels produced a significant increase in pulmonary
resistance, this response may or may not be related to the
degree of impairment.#t
023.06
K.H. sancier, G. Freeman, J.S. Mills
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE OF NITHIC OXIDE-HEHOGLOBIN COMPLEXES IN
SOLUTION. Science 137, (3532) 754-5, Sept. 7, 1962.
F. Effects-Human Health 349
-------
The electron spin resonance spectra of solutions of nitric oxide-
hemoglobin and nitric oxide-methemoglobin, and whole blood treated
at room temperature with nitric oxide, all exhibit resonance with
a line width of 8J gauss, a g-value of 2.03, and a spin intensity
corresponding to one unpaired electron spin per heme. The
minimum detectable concentration of these nitric oxide complexes
in solution is 0.00001 P-. Solutions were stable in a nitrogen
atmosphere but when exposed to air in the absence of nitric oxide
the spin intensity decreased with z half-life of about 5 hours.
A preliminary examination of blood of rats exposed for 1 and 9
days to 10 ppro of nitric oxide in air showed no electron spin
resonance. (Author abstract)##
02 i32
T. R. Lewis, F. G. Hueter, and K. A. Busch.
EFFFCTS OF ATMOSPHERES COKTAHItlATED WITH IRRADIATED AUTOMOBILE
FXHA'JST ON PEPPOPUCTION OF MICE. Preprint. 1966.
The exposure of mice to irradiated automobile exhaust prior to
mating significantly impaired reproductive function in male
members of sexual pairs. The impairment was expressed at various
stages of reproduction: conception, fecundity, and infant
survival. These effects imply that the chroicatin content of the
sperm was altered. This experiment suggests mutational effects on
mammalian cells from components or subsequent products of
irradiated automobile exhaust. Significantly, the concentrations
of these pollutants were similar to those present in many urban
communities today. A direct toxic effect on infant mice was noted
during postnatal exposure to irradiated automobile exhaust.
Death rates during the first 8 days of life were higher compared
to those tor controls. (Authors' summary)##
02U8J
G. Freeman, N. J. ruriosi, and G. 3. Haydon.
FFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS EIPOSUPF OF 0.8 PPH N02 ON RESPIRATION
OF PATS. Arch. Environ. Health 13, 4b4-6, Oct. 1966.
Fats were exposed during their natural lifetimes to 0.8 ppm of
No2 and examined for clinical and anatomical changes. They grew
normally and their behavior was similar to that of controls,
except for a sustained elevation in respiratory rate of about 20%.
Tachypnea began almost immediately upon exposure and became
exaggerated during the latter part of life. Occasional minimal
changes in morphology of bronchiolar epithelial cells were not
accompanied by either microscopic or gross criteria ot obstructive
disease. The persistent tachypnea suggests, however, that
exposure of a species with a longer life span might develop lesions
like thos? in the rat breathing concentrations greater than 0.8
ppm. Also, adjunctive pollutants and diseases in man may enhance
the effects of low concentrations. (Author summary)##
350 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
(INHALED NOXIOUS POLLUTANTS.) Pollutants nocifs inhales.
(Part of Chapter 1: Les pollutions et "nuisances d'origine
industrielle et urbaine. Tome 1. Leur prevention et les
problemes scientifigues et techniques gu'elle pose en France.)
Premier Ministre, Delegation generale a la recherche
scientifigue et technique. 13-7, June 1966.
This information on inhaled noxious pollutants, which is
presented in brief semi-outline form, deals with: chronic and
acute effects, influence of dusts on the lungs, influence of
non-carcinogenic pollutants, influence of bacteria and viruses,
and principal areas of concern in research. Pollutants must be
considered both for their independent effect and for that which is
conditioned by the state of health of the person such as that of
persons with cardiovascular impairment or chronic bronchitis.
Reactions from a number of pollutants, including ozone, nitrous
vapors, and carbon monoxide, are of great concern. Research
studies are being pursued with synthetic atmospheres in relation to
synergistic actions; with studies of the atmosphere in certain
areas of Paris during a normal period and during a period of
smog; with toxicologica1 studies of certain chemical agents,
particularly sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and various fluorine
compounds, with a view of fixinq their limits of tolerance; with
the carcinogenic potential of chemical agents as pollutants; and
with consideration of the respiratory tree as influenced by inhaled
chemical agents and studies of respiratory insufficiencies. This
information is given in a section of Chapter 1 of this monograph.
*#
02617
H. C. Boren
CARBON AS A CAHPIER MECHANISM FOR IRRITANT GASES. Arch.
Environ. Health 8, (1) 119-2H, Jan. 1964. (Presented at the
Sixth Annual Air Pollution Medical Research Conference,
San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 2B-29, 1963.)
The question of whether focal areas of lung damaqe can be
produced by mechanisms which concentrate relatively large amounts
of irritant gases in sharply localized portions of lung has been
investigated by exposing mice to carbon with absorbed N02.
Neither a group of control nor mice exposed to inhalation of
carbon alone demonstrated any anatomic abnormality of the lung.
Mice inhaling N02 in concentrations of 250 ppm or greater
developed pulmonary edema, but neither single nor repetitive
exposures produced parenchymal lung lesions. Mice exposed to
inhalation of carbon upon which N02 was absorbed developed focal
destructive pulmonary lesions. The thesis is presented that
carbon acted as a carrier mechanism whereby high local
concentrations of N02 within the lung were achieved. Carbon is
not considered to be a unique particulate carrier nor is N02
considered to be a unique absorbed irritant to produce the
observed effects. The significance of carb6n insofar as air
pollution is concerned is not only that it indicates the
inhalation of potentially polluted air but also that it at times
may allow the transport of damaging substances into the lung,
depending upon the conditions present when the carbon was formed
F. Effects-Human Health 351
-------
and the subsequent history of the newly formed carbon particle
before it is inhaled. {Author summary)**
02842
M. W. Korth
EFFECTS OF THF RATIO Of HYDROCARBON TO OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN
IRRADIATED AUTO EXHAUST. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution, 64 pp., Oct. 1966
HEW yTy-AP-20
As a part of a series of investigations of the problem of vehicle
exhaust as an air pollutant, photochemical reactions are being
studied in detail by the use of large dynamic irradiation chambers.
In these studies exhaust, generated by test vehicles or. a
dynamometer, is diluted with air and irradiated to simulate the
effects of sunlight under mixing conditions similar to those in the
atmosphere. The irradiated nixture is used to study chemical
reactions and to evaluate plant damage and human eye irritation.
In this second series of irradiation tests performed by the
Public Health Service, the ratio of total hydrocarbon (HC) to
oxides of nitrogen (NOx) was varied between 1-1/2 and 24.
Hydrocarbon concentrations were varied from 3 ppm to 12 ppir. total
carbon; oxides of nitrogen concentrations were varied froa, 1/4 ppm
to 2 ppn. Greatest plant damaoe occurred when both the HC/NOx
ratios and hvdrocarbon concentrations were high. The levels of
eye irritation were highest at the higher chamber hydrocaroon
concentrations. "or a given hydrocarbon level, chemical reaction
rates were highest at the high HC/-.NOX ratios. (Author
abstract) ##
U2H71
A.i. Bosnian, A.J.Honour, G de J. lee, R. Marshall,
F.O. Stott
A METHOD FOP MEASURING INSTANTANEOUS PULMONARY CAPIILARY 3LOODFLOW
AND "IGHT VENTRICULAR STROKE VOLUME IN MAN. Clln. Sci. 26,
(21 2 4'/-•••> 0, APR. 1964.
CF3TI,rDC AD 6.36062
A pneumatic tlowmeter has been designed for use with th°
whole body plethysmograph in order to measure the rate of
instantaneous aas exchange within the lungs. The flownietor has a
linear response from 0-2UO mis./sec., and a uniform response
un to 1U u./sec. The rate or N20 uptake by the lums has ceen
recorded using the plethysmo body pleth
recorded using the body plethysmograph and pneumatic tlcwrreter in
order to measure right ventricular stroke volume. T>p cardiac
output measured by this method correlates closely with the
results ootainpd by the FicK method. Simultaneous pressure and
flow measurements within the pulmonary arterial svstei cir. be
made during cardiac catheterisation in man. Clinical
applications of the techniaue are discussed. t tt
352 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
H. Petri
ASSESSING THE HEALTH HAZARDS OF RASEOUS AIR POLLUTIONS. Staub
(English Transl.) 25, (10) 50-7, Oct. 19b5.
CFSTI: TT 66-51040/10
Many gases and vapours in molecular dispersion have
pathophysiologic eftects, that is, effects dangerous to health.
Various substances can be detected by smell even if present in air
in spall quantities, and at a certain concentration they may
become a nuisance; these substances are, for instance, mercaptans,
butyric acid, acrolein and amines, such as trimethylamine; hydrogen
sulphide, carbon disulphide, pyridine, etc. cause nuisance at
silently higher concentrations. Sulphur oxides, hydrogen fluoride
and other acid aerosols, further, ozone, chlorine, bromine and
nitrous gases are dangerous to health, because they irritate body
tissue. As a result of the increase in road traffic the
odourless carbon monoxide has become very important. The
biological assessment of gas or vapour emission with regard to
their effect on man, and special effects of these substances are
discussed in detail. (Author summary) t#
03081
W.S. Spicer, Jr., W.A. PeinKe, H.D. Kerr
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT UPON RESPIRATORY FUNCTION. II. DAILY
STUDIES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSIBUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE.
Arch.' Environ. Health 10), 753-62, Dec. 1966
The effects of selected meteorologic changes and air
pollutants upon the mean daily values of ten respiratory
function tests obtained from small groups of patients with chronic
bronchitis or bronchial asthma have been assessed for two
seven-weeK study periods. A logical biostatistical approach,
which places chief reliance upon the multiple regression
technique, has teen used tc sort out major effects from a mass
of data. The most important environmental-physiologic
relationships appeared to be those associated with temperature,
wind speed, barometric pressure, and sultur dioxide levels. Two
distinct patterns of physiologic response- were found. In the
final analyses, total lung capacity (TLC) and residual volume
(EV) were used to exemplify the volume group and airway
resistance at functional residual capacity and percentage of the
forced bital capacity exhaled in three seconds (?EV 3.0%) the
"resistance" group. Airway resistance and TLC increased as
temperture decreased. Airway resistance increased and
FEV 3.0% fell in both patient groups and EV increased
in patients with asthma either 11 or 3b hours (or both)
following a rise in sulfur dioxide in the second study where the
range of sulfur dioxide levels was greater than in the first
study. Airway resistance increased and FEV 3.0% decreased 21
hours after a fall in barometric pressure while TLC and PV
rose ir. patients with chronic bronchitis 1 u hrs. after a drop in
wind soeed. Particular care has been taken to point out that a
direct cause and effect relationship cannot be implied from these
significant tindinas. (Author suirmary) ##
F. Effects-Human Health 353
-------
OJ151
PI. Corn and G. Burton
THE IRRITANT POTENTIAL OF POLLUTANTS IN THE ATMOSPH2PE. Arch.
Environ. Health 11, 51-16, Jan. 1967. (Presented at the
Fighth Annual American Medical Association Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif. Mar. 2-1,
1966.)
Irritant substances have been thought of as producing acute, and
eventually chronic, surface intlamination of tissues. Over the.
last ten years the meaning of the term "irritant" has been
altered; it is now used to describe a group of substances which
elicit other types of human and animal responses, as well as
inflammation. Concentrations, size and distribution of irritant
substances in polluted atmospheres and the concept of the nature of
irritants are described. Author recommends that airborne
particulate pollutants should be assessed with respect to
aerodynamic particle size because chemical composition of
particles has been demonstrated to vary with size, and only certain
particle sizes present in polluted atmospheres are capable of
reaching receptors after inhalation by man. Among the defects
of present routine sampling methodologies are size distribution of
sampled particles, the optimum density of sampling stations for the
procurement of reliable results, and the irritant potential of
pollutant mixtures when single pollutants are evaluated.##
0 12 11
RFPOPT ON THE RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS O.
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST ON THE HUMAN BODY. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air
-J. Japan Air Cleaning P.ssoc., Tokyo) 1(1):3S-13, 1966.
The measurement of CO, soot, nitrogen oxides, 302, SO3, and
hydrocarbons and their medical psychological effects on the human
body were investigated in September, 1965 in two regions with
contrasting amounts of daily traffic. A quiet region to be
considered was the vicinity of Ohara-Sachi Setagaqya-ku ,
Tokyo and the other was in the vicinity of National Hygienic
Laboratory at Yoga-cho Setagaya-ka, Tokyo. The results are
stated categorically tor each air pollutant. To determine environ-
mental effects meteorological data were supplied by Tokyo Dis-
trict Central Meteorological Observatory.
1. P. Sheruin, S. Winnick, and P. D. Buckley
THE RESPONSE OF LACTIC ACID DE HY DPO G EN A Si.' POSITIVE ALVEOLAR CELLS
IN THE LUNGS OF GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED TO N02. Preprint. 1966.
A method has been developed for determining the ratio of alveolar
cells to alveoli, utilizing lactic acid dehydrogejiase reactivity
of alveolar cells to identify the cells and gelatin inflation of
the lung to permit counting of the alveoli. Ratios have been d
determined or. the lung sections from guinea pigs previously exposed
to N02 C\b ppm continuously tor three months) and have been
354 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
compared with those of lungs from control animals. Significant
differences were found between the two animal groups and the ratios
within each group have been found to be consistent. Applications
for related areas of investigation have been suggested. (Author
summary) #*
03257
P. D. Buckley and 0. J. Balchum
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE ON LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYMES.
(Arch. Environ. Health 14, 424-8, Mar. 1967.) 1965
Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme patterns were examined in
guinea pigs after 26, 33 and 40 days continuous exposure to 15 ppm
nitroge dioxide (N02). Isozymes were separated from lung,
liver and kidney tissue homogenates from exposed and unexposed
animals by disc electrophoresis. Gel samples were incubated with
NAD and lactate, and nitro-BT tetrazolium was employed as
coupling agent. Relative distributions of the isozyme was
determined by densitometry. Inhalation of NO2 resulted in a
decrease in the relative amounts of the last-moving (aerobic)
isozyme and an increase in the slow-moving (anaerobic) isozyme in
lung. Isozyme patterns in liver and kidney were not significantly
altered following any of the exposure periods. (Author summary)tf
03258
R. D. Buckley and 0. J. Balchum
ENZYME ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING NITROGEN' DIOXIDE EXPOSURE.
Environ. Health 14, 687-92, May 1967.) 1966
(Arch
Oxygen consumption aldolase and lactic dehydrogenase
determinations were performed on guinea pig lung, liver, kidney and
spleen tissue homogenates following continuous exposure to^10 ppm
nitrogen dioxide for varying periods of time. Inhalation of
N02 resulted in increased oxygen consumption values in lung but
also in kidney tissue tor each exposure period. Oxygen
consumption in liver and spleen homogenates was significantly
elevated following thirty-two days exposure but did not show a
consistent increase after other exposure periods. Aldolase
activity was significantly elevated in lung following twelve days,
and in lung and liver following thirty-two days exposure to N02.
Significant decreases in aldolase activity were noted in lung,
kidney and spleen after twenty-six days exposure. LDH values
were increased in lung, liver and kidney as a result of inhalation
of N02. The possibility of the presence of circulating
substances resulting from the interaction of N02 and lung or
blood tissue, and/or a general physiological 'stress1 reaction
were suggested as possible explanations for enzyme and oxygen
consumption alterations observed in kidney, liver and spleen. The
possible effects of respiratory infection on the metabolism of
lung tissue was also discussed. (Author summary) ##
03261
V. Pichters, R. P. Sherwin, R. D. Buckle.y, 0. J.
Balchum, and Ivler
F. Effects-Human Health
355
-------
PSCUDOMOMAS: DELAYED OCCURRENCE IN LUNG TISSUE CULTURES FROM
GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED TO N02. Am. Rev. Eespirat. Diseases
9U, (4) b&9-73, OCT. 1966.
In a tissue culture study ot the lungs ot guinea pigs previously
exposed to 10 ppm ot N02, it was noted that numerous cultures
produced Pseudomonas aeruginosa atter one week or more of in
vitro lite. This previously unreported phenomenon is considered
to be unique since bacterial contamination or the use of infected
tissud for culture results in diverse types of bacterial growth,
either shortly after explanation or after the use of contaminated
media. Furthermore, luna cultures of non-exposed guinea pigs were
only occasionally positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and there
were no instances of bacterial growth of ar.y type in the numerous
cultures of various other tissues, human and animal, prepared
simultaneously in an identical manner. Finally, the number of
guinea pig lungs yielding cultures positive for Pseudomonas
increased in accordance with the duration of prior exposure of the
animals to N02. (Author abstract)**
OJ270
W. J. Hamming and R. G. Lunche
EFFECTS OF EMISSIONS OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS ON LOS ANGELES
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Proc. Tech. Meeting West Coast
Section, Air ^ollution Control Assoc., 3rd Monterey, Calif.,
1963 1b3-au pp.
Irradiation of mixtures of solvents and nitric oxide or solvents
and auto exhaust will produce ozone, aerosols and eye irritation.
The aromatic solvents produce the most eye irritation, and their
effectiveness is about 6/10 of that of auto exhaust. The mixed
ketones and chlorinated hydrocarbons are the next most active in
producing eye irritation, and their effectiveness is about 1/5 that
ot auto exhuast; methyl ethyl ketone, the low-boiling aikanes, and
the mixed alcohols are on the average, much less active in
producing eye irritation. The hiqh-boiling alkanes are
unreactive. Relative to their effect on aerosol formation, or
growth ot aerosol, the solvents tested may tentatively be listed in
the following order: 1. Aromatic Solvents, at 2 ppm - 1.2 ppm
auto exhaust greater increase in growth of aerosols 2.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Next in oraer half the effect of
aromatics or less 3. Mixed alcohols = Questionable effect on
aerosol growth t. LB Alkanes Questionable effect 5. Mixed
Ketones = May have slight effect 6. HEK No effect 8. HR
Alkanes - No eftect. There is a general tendency for high
concentrations of solvent to form more ozone than low
concentrations. The quantities of ozone formed by irradiation of
various solvents have the following orders of magnitude: (a.)
Aromatics and HP alkanes produce about 1/1b ppm ozone oer ppm
ot solvent. (b.) LP alkanes and chlorinated hydrocarbons
produce about 1/20 ppm ozone per ppm of solvent. (c.) Mixed
kPtone (probably the active cne is isobutyl ketone), 1/25 p^m ozone
per pptr ot solvent. (d.) Mixed alcohols and MF.K form, about 1/30
ppm ozone per ppm solvent. When mixed with auto exhaust at only
H ppm the IB alkanes, HB alkanes and mixed ketone show ozone
formation that has significant difference from that of auto
exhaust alor.e. 1nder similar conditions both aromatic and
Cl-KC show positive, but signiricant effect on ozone formation.
A larger and more significant eftect might be shown is 8 ppm of
356 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
these solvents had been used. The effect of solvent on the
formation of ozone when mixed with auto exhaust is much less than
when they are mixed with nitric oxide and irradiated.##
0339«
F.J. Catcott
EFFECTS OF AIP POLLUTION ON ANIMALS. World Health Organ.
Monograph Ser. 46 (Air Pollution), 1961. pp. 221-31.
The report of animal morbidity and mortality which followed
major air pollution episodes would be regarded critically.
The investigations of these acute and intense exposures to air
pollution have been done retrospectively. It is significant
that the owners' reports of injury to animals could not be
corroborated by professional observers at the Donora disaster.
The high rate of animal mortality which allegedly occurred at
Poza Rica is generally in contradiction to the
information concerning the relative susceptibility to air
pollutants of animal species which have been studied
experimentally. The synergistic roles of physiological and
of external environmental influences on reactions to air
pollution indicate that the interactions of many factors may be
necessary to produce critical situations. In contrast to the
paucity of information concerning natural exposure to most air-
borne pollutants, the effects of fluorides on animals have been
defined well. Laboratory research has provided important
information concerning the effects of specific pollutants on
animals. Mice, rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats and monkeys have been
utilized to demonstrate the toxic properties of such air pollutants
as sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide, ozone, nitrogen
dioxide, organic compounds, and some dusts. Information which has
been obtained by artifiicial exposure of animals is providing
some indices of both human and animal effects to be expected from
natural exposures. A well-integrated attack, in the field and
in the laboratory, will be necessary to divulge the true details
of the biological effects of polluted air. (Author summary
modified) #
-------
ot fatal and hospitalized patients, and finally, study of general
morbidity; (2) Study of chronic morbidity by dental
examinations of school children, by certain chest
roen^genograms, and morbidity ot selected groups of
individuals; (3) Study of mortality records of the community
and comparing them with similar records of neighboring towns; (4)
Atmospheric studies of air pollutants; (5) Evaluation of
industrial plant effluents; (6) Evaluation ot air contaminants
from other sources; (7) Description ot the topography of the
valley in which the town is located; (H) Hicrometeorological
studies of the valley; (9) Description of the weather during
the acute episode in October, 19H8. Detailed descriptions
ot the methods used are presented since it was believed they
wouli be useful to other makinq similar studies. The study
showed that the cause of the episode was an accumulation
in the atmosphere of chemical irritants, this accumulation
resulting from the weather inversion which existed in this
part of the country during the fateful days. The parts played
by all sources of chemical air contamination are discussed. A
section is devoted to discussing the specific agent or agents
probably responsible tor the illnesses, ana it is deduced that
no one a}ent can be indicated. It was likely that it was due
to i chemical irritant (possibly sulfur dioxide) plus particulate
matter, although, because of the lack of Knowledge about the toxic
effects of low concentrations of the irritant gases, this cannot be
slid with certainty.**
U IU29
D. D. Van Slyke.
THE TASES OF THE BLOOD. Brookhaven Natl. Lab., Upton, N.
Y., Lecture Series No. 41. Nov. 1«, 1964. 20 pp.
CfSTl: BNL H9tf (T36n)
Blood gises and their physiological and medical significance are
discussed in this review. ^hose contained in the blood in
significant amount under ordinary conditions are P2 and M2 tnat
are absorbed from the air, and C02 that is produced in the body,
the most important to existence being 02. The poisonous effect
ot CO CHS was fetnon stra ted by Haldane's study of coal mine
disasters in which he showed that CO displaces 02 from
combination with hemoglobin, thus depriving heaoqlobin of its
ability to supply oxygen to body tissues. CO has more than 200
times as great an affinity as 02 for heroglobin, so that if the
air breathed has one part per thousand ot CO, half ot the
henoilchin will combine with CO. Various other
hiihlights ir, this field ot medical research are discussed briefly.
« 4
B. A. Cross and I. A. Silver
M'lIT ACTIVITY IN THE 4 YPOTH A HI US AND 1HE SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE TO
HY°05IA AND HYPEPCAPNIA. Exp. Neurol. 7, (b) j7b-43, flat
1 (>fv ).
DOC, CFSTI: AD 6J2BO j
358 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
The activity of 232 neurons in the hypothalamus and other
torebrain regions was recorded with stereotaxically oriented steel
microelectrodes in rabbits under light urethane anesthesia.
Inhalation of N2 or N20 for 10 to 30 sec reduced brain oxygen
tension by 30 to 90 per cent and accelerated the firing rate of
27 per cent of neuron tested. Slowing to hyposia occurred in 36
per cent. Inhalation of 80 per cent C02 and 20 per cent 02 for
b to 15 sec elevated brain oxygen tension and 90 per cent of the
neurons tested gave a response to this stimulus. In the
hypothalamus thirty-one of forty—six neurons were accelerated by
hypercapnia. A high proportion of tested neurons in the posterior
and lateral areas o± the hypothalamus were excited by hypoxia,
hypercapnia and pain or auditory stimuli. In addition to the
effects on neuron firing, hypoxia and hypercapnia produced a rise
in arterial pressure, bradycardia and an activation of the
electrocorticogram. Similar changes were elicited by electrical
stimulation of the sympathetic zone of the hypothalamus. It is
suggested that the cerebrovascular supply may be regulated in part
by "sympathetic" neurons in the hypothalamus responsive to hypoxia
or hypercapnia. (Author abstract)*#
03530
W. D. Wagner, 0. J. Dobrogorski, H. E. Stokinger
ANTAGONISTIC ACTION OF OIL MISTS OS AIE POLLUTANTS (EFFECTS ON
OXIDANTS, OZONE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE). Arch. Environ. Health
2, 523-34, May 1961
Both mineral and motor oil mists are capable of reducing acute
lethal effects of the respired oxtiaats^.. ozone and,nitrogen
dioxide, in mice. The protection is demonstrable only after
a latent period following exposure to the oil mist; simultaneous
exposure to oil mist and oxidant results in a moderate
intensification of toxicity. The protection following a single
tew hours' exposure to the oil mist persists for several days,
but is no longer demonstrable after 8 or 9 days. The protection
is not markedly dependent on concentration above a minimal time-
intensity of the oil mist exposure; 1 ppm oil mist, if inhaled
for a tew days, will provide measurable protection. The
effective particle-size range of the oil mist tor the mouse
was found to lie between 0.5 and 1.2 micron mean diameter at a
standard geometric deviation of 1.6. Histologic examination of
the respiratory tract was characterized by marked macrophagic
mobilization and infiltration following an oxidant or oil-plus-
oxidant exposure, but not from an oil exposure alone. Despite
protection of the lung from the acute effects of potent respired
oxidants, tolerance ot ozone developed., indicating incomplete
protection (surface covering) of the lung by oil. Repeated
inhalation of oil mists tor a few weeks appears to result in a
decrease in the protection. A tentative mechanism of oil-mist
protection against the oxidants, 03 and N02 has been
proposed. !Author summary) ##
03603
W. M. Diggle J. C. Gage
THE TOXICITY OF OZONE IN THE PRESENCE 01 OXIDES OF
NITROGEN. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London) 12, 60-U, 1955.
F. Effects-Human Health 359
-------
The concentration of ozone which causes 50% mortality to rats
and sice exposed for one period of four hours has been found
to be in the region of 10 to 12 p. p.m. The cause of death
is acute pulmonary oedema. Dilute mixtures of ozone and
nitrogen dioxide in air react in part to give nitrogen
pentoxide, the amount produced depending on the concentrations
of the reactants. The toxic effects of ozone and nitrogen
pentoxide are qualitatively siirilar, though the latter is about
three times as active as the termer. The effects are
additive and the abserved increase in the toxicity of an
ozone atmosphere brought about by the presence of oxides
of nitrogen can be adequately attributed to the
nitrogen pentcxide present. The effect of these abservations on
the assessment of the toxic hazard from industrial ozone
concentrations is discussed. (Author summary, modified) ##
0 J 6 1 9
H. F. Stokinger
EVALUATION OF THE HAZARDS OF OZONE AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN
(FRCTOFS NOTIFYING TOXICITY) . A. M. A. Arch. Ind.
Health No. lb:1t)1-90, March 1957. (Presented at the
International Ozone Conference, Chicago, 111., Nov. 30,
Experimental evidence is presented that ozone in single
acute exposure is a highly poisonous substance to laboratory
animals. No experimental evidence was round that this
toxicity is modified to a significant dsgree by the presence
ot nitrogen oxides that may accompany ozone production.
Seven factors have been experimentally found that may modify
the toxicity of ozone. Four of these, youth, physical exertion,
alcohol, and respiratory infection, tend to augment the
in-jurious response or act to the detriment of the host; the
remainder, intermittent exposure, premedication, and
pre-exrosure, either reduce or eliminate the injurious effects
ot ozone. Consideration lias been given these factors in the
evaluation of possible hazards to populations from ozone-
containing sirogs. (Author summary) tt#
OJ625
C. F. Throp
INFLUENCE OF NITPCGEN OXIDES CN THE TOXICITY OF OZONE. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. (News Ed.) 19 (12) :686-688, June 25, 19U1.
This report points out a possible cause or discrepancy between
investigators of the toxicity ot ozone, shows how the source of
ozone influences the toxicity, and illustrates with test data
which have been obtained over a period of years in this laboratory.
Tests on B. coll, weevils, and algae show a large difference of
toxinty between pure ozone and ozone containing nitroaen oxides.
The variance of opinion in the literature on ozone toxicity is
probably due to results obtained with ozone containing varying
amounts of nitrogen oxides. Ozone free of oxides of nitrogen is
non-toxic in concentrations below 20 parts per million. Ozone
plus nitrogen oxides may be more toxic than nitrogen oxides alone
360 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
and should be investigated further. Ozone containing 47 percent
nitrogen oxides has bactericidal properties in concentrations over
3 parts per million, but pure ozone does not exhibit bactericidal
properties below 50 parts per million.f#
038-13
Vernot, E. H.
ANALYTICAL CONTROL OF CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION IN EXPOSURE
CHAMBERS. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Atmospheric
Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March - 1 April 1965,
Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th), Wright-Patterson
AFB Ohio, Contract AF 33 (657)- 11305, Proj. 6302.
AMRL-TR-65-230, p. 27-33, Nov. 1965. « refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
Methods used at the Toxic Hazards Research Laboratory in the
control of low concentrations, qf._cpntaminants introduced into
exposure chambers of various sizes are outlined. For ozone the
method consists of pumping through a glass sampling tube or
tonometer, and isolation of the sample after sufficient pumping
for equilibration. The tonometer has a sidearm which can be
capped for sub-sampling by syringes or which may be used for the
addition of reagent solution. This method of sampling has proved
superior to fritted bubblers. For nitrogen dioxide, the
Saltzman method is used. For carbon tetrachloride, gas
chromatography is used. Analytical techniques described require
relatively simple operations which a .technician can carry out with
ease and precision. With this system, satisfactory control was
maintained over contaminant concentrations in exposure chambers.t#
03820
McNerney, J. K.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF TOXICITY STUDIES IN 5 PSIA 100% OXYGEN
ENVIRONMENT. In: Proceedings o£ the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March - 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
bSwright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33 (657)-11305,
Pro> 6302, AMRL-TR-65-230, p. 98-123, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
A 90-day continuous exposure of mice, rats, beagles and monkeys to
a 5 pounds per square inch absolute and 100?(p oxygen environment
produced the following pertinent results: A Wistar-derived
strain of rats proved to be sensitive to altitude conditions early
in the exposure (15% mortality within 14 days of exposure) whereas
a Sprague-Dawley-derived strain proved resistant. A possible
association of increasing serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
levels in beagles with length of exposure was found. Except for
these factors, the experimental animals gave no apparent indication
of being stressed throughout the expsoure. A one-year study has
been initiated to determine if the enxycie change was due to
sampling or is indicative of an accumulating stress. No
significant increase in the toxic response of animals to inhaled
atmospheric contaminants (carbon tetrachloride, nitrogen dioxide,
and ozone) under conditions of 5 psia and 100% oxygen was noted
F. Effects-Human Health 351
-------
when compared with animals exposed under normal atmospheric
conditions (except in the case of mice exposed to carbon
tetrachloride). Based upon mortality data, a definite reduction
in toxic response to pulmonary irritants was found in the presence
of reduced pressure (5 psia) and 100% oxygen when compared with
ambient pressure at the sane concentration for two weeks continuous
exposure. This difference in toxic response may be a beneficial
effect derived from the increased partial pressure of oxygen in the
experimental chambers even though total pressure has been reduced.
Specifically, this is an increase in oxygen partial pressure from
approximately 150 millimeters Hg p02 to 255 millimeters Hg
p02. This increase in oxygen tension at the pulmonary surface
may be acting therapeutically against the pulmonary edema
produced by the lung irritatns, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. In
the case of carbon tetrachloride, a systemic toxicant, no such
benefits were observable.##
0 J821
Back, K. C.
REVIEW 0? AIR FORCE DATA FROM LONG TERM CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE AT
AMBIENT PRESSURE. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March - 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33(657)- 11305,
Pro]. 6J02, AMRL-TR-65-230, p. 124-133, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
Work which was performed under Air Force sponsorship in the area
of environmental toxicology of space cabin atmospheres over the
past 5 years is described. This work gave the warning that
materials in trace quantities could prove toxic when presented to
animals over long continuous exposure periods. ?our exposure
chambers were constructed for this work. This permitted use of
one for a control group of animals and three for contaminant
exposure chambers. All animals were followed by a number of
clinical laboratory examinations before, during and following the
90-day exposure, and the animals were terminally given stress
tests and then necropsied with both gross and microscopic
examination of tissues. Carbon tetrachloride, while not causing
death at 25 ppir, did cause serious clinical and microscopic liver
chancres in all animals exposed. The livers of the rats were so
much involved that the pathologist made a diagnosis of "cirrhosis".
Phenol caused absolutely no problems whatsoever at the 5 ppm level
Hydrogen sulfide (20 ppm) did produce deatn in rats and mice,
but none in monkeys. Methyl mercaptan (50 ppm) caused serious
problems and death in U0% of the monkeys and 43% of the mice.
Tests were conducted to find out whether animals could perform
strenuous tasks following the 90-day exposure and to compare the
long terra, continuous toxicity of some propellants. and propellant
types in which the Air Force has an interest. Hydrazine,
unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, nitrogen dioxide and
decaborane were tested as candidate materials. The results are
discussed.##
362 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
03822
Siegel, J.
REVIEW OF AMBIENT PRESSURE ANIMAL EXPOSURE DATA FROM SELECTED
NAVY COMPOUNDS. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March - 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
Hright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, bBcontract AF 33(657)- 11305,
Proi. 6302, AFRL-TR-65-230, p. 134-147, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DBC: AD 62P622
Studies have been oriented toward operational requirements in a
resolution of existing or anticipated problems, although basic
research aspects are included in the Navy mission. For example
there was, and still is, a constant need to search for better
methods of contaminant generations, for more reliable methods of
analysis and monitoring, for new Cio-chemical predictors, and for
new ways of getting more information from the exposed animal.
Some chamber modifications, animals used, parameters studied, and
classes of materials studied are discussed. Experimental results
and plans tor the future for the Navy Toxicology Unit are
summarized.##
03823
Hueter, F. G.
LONG TEDM INHALATION EXPOSURE EXPERIENCE WITH REFERENCE TO AIR
POLLUTION. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March 1
April 1465. Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33(657)- 11305,
Proj. 6302, AMPL-TR-65-230, p. 148-165, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, ODC: AD 62<)622
As part of the overall program by the Division of Air Pollution
the Laboratory of Medical and Biological bSsciences has been
charged with studying the biological effects of plants and
aiimals, including man, of chronic exposures, long term exposures
to air pollution as it exists in the ambient atmosphere of
communities. The concentration has been or. mixtures of normal
air pollution, not single agents or simple mixtures of pure gases.
The initial studies discussed primarily are concerned with
chronic exposure to auto exhaust-contaminated atmospheres, both
raw auto exhaust as it comes frcm the tail pipe, as well as
irradiated auto exhaust which simulates the photochemistry that
occurs due to sunlight. The results with laboratory animals are
discussed.#*
03853
R. Ehrlich
EFFFCT OF NITROGF.N DIOXIDE ON RESISTANCE TO RESPIRATORY
INFECTION. Bacteriol. Rev. 30, (3) 604-14, Sept.. 1966
The effects of acute and chronic exposures to nitrogen dioxide,
one of the most abundant atmospheric contaminants in many
F. Effects-Human Health 363
-------
communities, on the resistance to infection produced
by respiratory challenge with airborne Klebsiella pneumoniae is
discussed. The reduction in the resistance to infection by a
syr.ergistic effect provides a sensitive indicator of the
biological effects of nitrogen dioxide. A single 2-hr exposure of
inbred mice to 3.5 ppm of N02 before or after respiratory
challenge with aerosol of K. pneumonias significantly
increases the mortality. The same etfect produced in
squirrel monkeys and hamsters required J5 ppm for 2 hr. The
effect of a sinale 2-hr, exposure was not persistent and a return
to normal resistance to infection occurred in 2t hr after the
N02 exposure. Exploratory studies o± the mechanise of the
increased susceptibility tc infection suggests that the
N02 permits better colonization in the lungs of mice and
hansters. Extrapolation of this work to man or to the resistance
to other species of pathogenic organisms can be only
speculative.#*
03«9U
C. H. nine, ?. H. Meyers, F. Ivanhoe, S. Walker, and
G. H. Takahashi
SIMPLE TESTS 0? RESPTPATOPY FUNCTION AND STUDY OF SENSORY RESPONSE
IN HUMAN SUEJECTS EXPOSED TO RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITANTS.
Proc. Symp. Human Exposures to Air Pollutants, Fifth Air
Pollution Medical Research Cont., Los Angeles, Calif.,
Dec. H, 1961. pp. 20-J8.
Thi? report summarizes two basic studies regarded by the
investigators as necessary antecedents to the orderly development
of research in chronic obstructive ventilatory disease. One study
evaluated the degree of sensory responses ar.d the threshold of
detection for several agents. The sensory responses in this study
were carried out primarily to determine whether changes in
respiratory function would be achieved at levels at which there was
no significant sensory respor.se to irritant gases.C#
0 J97H
S. M. Nicksic, J. Harkins, L. J. Painter
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF DATA RELATING TO HYDROCARBON ,'N D OXIDES Of
NITROGr'J RELATIONSHIPS IN PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Intern. J. Air
Water Pollution 10, (1) 15-2J, Jan. 1966.
Results from various photochemical irradiation chanber experiments
were examined by statistical procedures to determine the etfect
of hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen concentrations on eye
irritation. The regression equations are given together
with graphs drawn from these equations. Some aspects of the
practical interpretation of the results are discussed. Data on
existing ambient concentrations of hydrocarbon and oxides of
nitrogen in the Los Angeles atmosphere are compiled. (Author
abstract) *(*
364 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
OU213
I. G. Mobbs, G. D. Parbrook, and J. KcKenzie
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF NITROUS OXIDS ON THE
24-HOUP EXPLANTED CHICK EMBRi'0. Brit. J. Anaesthesia
(Altrinchan) 38, (11) 866-70, Nov. 1966.
The eftects of nitrous oxide or. the early explanted chick embryo
were investigated using the technique of New (1955). After 22 hr
incubation the embryos were explanted and exposed for a further 24
hr to the following gases: air, nitrous oxide (25 per cent),
nitrous oxide (60 per cent), and nitrous oxide (79 per cent).
The oxygen concentration was maintained at normal levels
(20.9 per cent) and the balance of the gases was nitrogen. In a
fifth trial a 60 per cent nitrous oxide-40 per cent oxygen mixture
was used. After exposure the embryos were examined under the
dissecting microscope and in histological sections. These
revealed no effect on the chick embryo after treatment with
nitrous oxide for 24 hr. (Author summary modified)*#
04221
V. P. Paribok and F. A. Ivanova
AI? TEMPERATURES AND THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF NITROGEN OXIDES.
Fed. Proc. (Transl. Suppl.) 25, (5) (Part II) T8b1-3,
Oct. 1960. Russ. (Tr.) (Gigiena Truda i
Protessional'nye Zabolevaniya (Moscow) 9, (7) 22-4, 1965.)
The influence of temperature on the toxicity of the nitrogen
oxides to mice is reported. The nitrogen oxides were produced
by the action of nitric acid on copper and the proportions of
NO and N02 were estimated. The mice were exposed to various
concentrations of nitrogen oxides over the temperature range
10 to JT> degrees C in desiccators. The toxic effects were least
at 15 degrees C. There was less methemoglobin in the blood
at high temperatures. The toxic effects of the nitrogen oxides
are greater at high temperatures because of the disturbance of
heat regulation and reduced oxygen consumption. At low
temperatures the toxic effects are increased by increased
methemoglobin formation and the disturbance of heat regulation.t#
0424J
B. Petr and P. Schmidt
EFFECT OF AIP POLLUTED WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN OXIDES.
(Vozdeistvie na organizm atmosfernogo vozdukha, zagryaznennogo
sernistyn angidridom i okislami azota.) Hyg. Sanit. 31, (7)
111-21, July 1966. Buss. (Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 66-51160/7-9
An attempt was made to provide answers to questions
concerning the effect of atmospheric air polluted with sulfur
dioxide and nitrous gases on the health of children living in
such environments over long periods; to find.out the nature of the
combined chronic effect of these health hazards in the
atmosphere, and to formulate preventive measures for reduction
F. Effects-Human Health 365
-------
of the harmful effect of the polluted atmosphere. Investigations
were carried out in two areas, in the environs of the towns
Lovosice and Pardubice. In each area, three groups of children
were studied living under very similar economic and climatic
conditions, which differed only in the degree of atmospheric
pollution. It was found that residence in an environment
polluted by a mixture of both pollutants has more serious effects
than a stay in an environment polluted mainly by one of them
(S02), provided the ratio of the two substances is 1:1. If the
nitrogen oxides are present in excess over the concentration of
sulfur dioxide, the effect of the mixture is potentiated. If the
concentration of sulfur dioxide is higher with respect to that of
nitrous gases, the effects of the two mixture constituents are
mutually neutralized and the effect of the mixture is attenuated.»l
04600
J. J. Bonica
TREATMENT OF THE ACUTE ?FSPIRATOPY DISTPESS SYNDROME WITH
PROLONGED C£SPIRATCFY THERAPY AND NITROUS OXIDE (ANNUAL
PROGRESS SEPT.)- Washington Univ., Seattle, Dept. of
Anestheiology. Oct. 15, 1964. 18 pp.
DDC: AD 450 380
Clinical investigation into the freguency, etiology, and therapy
of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, particularly that
following cardiopulmonary bypass procedures, revealed that the
appearance of the syndrome is related to the duration of the
bypass, the degree of hemolysis, certain forms of hypoxia, and the
use of hypothermia. Current therapy at this institution is
directed toward combatting the severe atelectatic tendency of the
lungs with respiratory volumes and rates which far exceed the
"normal" respiratory reguirements. Nitrous oxide has been
administered to twenty patients for lengths of time varying from
twenty-four hours to five days to provide analgesia and anmesia for
the period of respiratory care without observing the detrimental
side effects reported by other authors. (Author abstract)##
04698
S, D. Hurphy
MECHANISM OF THE EFFECT OF ACROLEIN ON RAT LIVER ENZYMES.
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmocol. 7 (6) 83J-4J, Nov. 1965.
(Presented in part at the Third Annual Meeting, Society of
Toxicology, Williamsburg, Va., Mar. 9-11, 196U.)
Liver alkaline phosphatase and tyrosine-a-ketoglutarate
transaminase activities were markedly increased in rats at 5-12
hours after injection or inhalation of acrolein. These
effects could be prevented or substantially reduced by prior
adrenalectomy or hy nophysec tcnty or by pretreatment of the animals
with chemicals which inhibit protein synthesis. The data
suggest that the irritant action of acrolein stimulates the
pituitary-adrenal system, leading TO hypersecretion of
glucocorticoids which act to induce or stimulate the sythesis of
increased amounts of the enzyme proteins by the liver.**
366 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
S. N. Rokaw and F. Massey
AIR POLLUTION AND CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE. Am. Bev.
Respirat. Diseases 86, (5) 703-H, Nov. 1962. (Presented at the
Fifth California Air Pollution Medical Research Conference,
Los Angeles, Dec. U, 1961.)
This report summarizes 18 months of a longitudinal study of the
effects of environmental variables on pulmonary function in a
relatively stable group of severely involved, chronic respiratory
patients. Concurrently, a partial study of pulmonary responses
to environment was made in subjects with no known respiratory
impairments, selected from hospital personnel. The study was
conducted at the Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, a chronic disease
center tor the County of Los Angeles. The data resulting from
the studies of the patients and collected from the environmental
monitoring equipment were validated and transmitted for
biostatistical analysis at the Western Data Processing Center.
Programing designed for the IBM 7090 was employed. Methods of
combinatorial analysis and multiple regression were employed to
detect relationships between the observed variations in pulmonary
function test results and the conditions at the time of and during
various periods preceding the time of testing, i.e., 24, i|8, or 82
hours prior time blocks.**
OH966L
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR THE PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS. Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C., Division of Air
Pollution. Sept. 1966. 276 pp.
This document surveys published (and about to be published)
scientific information on the occurrence of photochemicaj. oxidants
in polluted air and the effects of those oxidants on various
receptors. On the basis of this survey, criteria are presented
for the informational use of municipal. State, and interstate air
pollution control agencies. The sources of the photochemical
oxidants, methods of measurements, and typical atmospheric
concentrations in various communities are described. Current
information on the relationship between the
photochemical oxidants and eye irritation and other effects on
humans, various effects on animals and plants, effects on
materials, and effects on visibility (haze formation) are
summarized. This review includes results of both laboratory
studies and ambient air exposure studies, and, for man, the
results of industrial and experimental exposures and the findings
of clinical and epidemiological studies. Tables summarize the
reported effects of ambient photochemical smog. Supplemental
data are provided to cover the effects of pure ozone or peroxyacyl
nitrates—both important atmospheric photochemical oxidants—on
plants, animals, and humans exposed in laboratory studies by
various investigators. A bibliography at the end of the document
lists the important references reviewed in its preparation.
(Author introduction modified)ft
F. Effects-Human Health 367
-------
04981
P. A. Kehoe
AI3 POLLOTTON AND COMMUNITY HEALTH. Proc. Natl. Air
Pollution Symp., 1st, Pasadena, Calif., 1949. pp. 115-20.
The nature ar.d extent of the effects ot industrial air pollutants
upon health are matters tor speculation. The- facts that cau be
brought to bear upon the subject are derived from three
principal sources. The first source is the literature of
industrial toxicology, industrial medicine, and industrial
hygiene. It may be generalized that a systematic study
ot the composition of the atmosphere of working places and
concurrent clinica] study ot relevant groups of workmen has
yielded the irost pertinent information available as to the
effects of specific industrial products upon health. The second
source ot information is the occurrence of air pollution episodes;
each of these incidents, in so far as they have been subjected to
investigation has yielded information. A third source of
information has been that ot the statistical correlation of
trends in the incidence of carious diseases, with trends
in atmospheric pollution. The apparently significant and relevant
facts derived from these three sources are discussed.*#
Ob176
L. G. Wayne
THE CHEMISTRY OF UFBAN ATMOSPHERES (TECHNICAL PROGRESS
REPCPT-VOLUME III). Los Angeles County Air Pollution
District, Calif. Dec. 1962. 22J pp.
A major part of the research conducted by the Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District has been concerned ¥ith
the eftects of fuel composition on smog, potencies of various
compounds as precursors of eye irritation, identification and study
of reaction products in photochemical systems, and plant bioassay
of polluted atmospheres. These studies have been supplemented by
research projects ot other institutions. The objectives, methods,
and findings of such recent research in smog chenistry comprise the
subject matter ot the following chapters. The status of research
dealing with eye irritation as a manitestation of photochemical
smog, including some discussion of the biometric concepts involved
in the measurement of eye irritation are discussed in Chapter 2.
Various suggestions as to the chemical identity of the eye
irritants are critically considered. Karmfal effects ot smog on
plants are discussed in Chapter J. Participation of various
primary and secondary contaminants in the photochemical reactions
in smog 13 studied in Chapter 4. Detailed consideration is
given to the light-absorbing characteristics of primary pollutants
and the chemical consequences of light absorption. Evidence
about the development ot photochemical products as secondary
pollutants is critically reviewed, with special attention to the
role and identity of a unique class ot compounds, first discovered
in the course of smog research, known originally as "Compound
X". A reaction catalogue has been compiled (Chapter 5) listing
the elementary reactions known or suspected to be important in the
development of photochemical smog. The experimental evidence
regarding the importance ot airborne particulate matter in the
chemistry of air pollution is reviewed in Chapter 6.##
368 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
05295
D. M. Pace, J. P. Thompson, E. T. Aftonomos, and H.
G. 0. Hoick
THE EFFECTS OF N02 AND SALTS CF N02 UPON ESTABLISHED CELL
LINES Can J. Biochem. Physiol. (Ottawa) 39, 1247-55,
1961.
The ettects of several concentrations of 'N02, NaN03, and
NaN02 respectively, upon strain L, mouse liver cells, and
HeLa cells, were studied and a modified system designed to permit
continuous exposure of cells to air pollutants is described. In
NCTC medium 109 containing serum, cells tolerate concentrations
of N02 up to U100 p. p.m. and some may even tolerate 8600 p. p.m.
Removal of the serun lowers the lethal concentration of N02 to
less than 100 p. p.m. If the cells were covered only by a thin
film of 3SS (balanced salt solution) medium, a concentration of
100 p. p.m. N02 proved toxic within 1/2 hour. If, however, the
N02 concentration was reduced to 5 or 10 p. p.m., cells survided a
daily 8-hour exposure but many, if not most, of the cells were dead
after several days. The presence or as little as 25 mg% NaN02
retarded proliferation. On the other hand, NaN03 was
tolerated well in ^he three cell lines tested; HeLa cells seemed
to be the most sensitive of the cell strains with respect to these
salts. (Author abstract) ##
05391
Sane, M.
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AS A FACTOR IN RESPIRAT05Y IMPAIRMENT. Arhiv.
Hig. Rada Toksikol (Yugoslavia). 1U, 327-60, 1963.
A review of the literature data on the effect of specific
substances - common in industry as environmental pollutants - upon
respiratory organs is presented. Included are such topics as
respiratory diseases caused by gases, vapors and mist, the
physiological action of irritating chemicals, and occupational lung
cancer. Chronic bronchitis in industry is discussed separately,
especially from the point of view of long-term effects of irritant
gases and inert dust exposure. ? part oi the review relates to the
diagnostic problems of bronchitis, as well as to the study of the
so-called obstructive ventilatory diseases of the lunq in relation
to occupation.
M. Sherman
TOXICITY OF NITROGEN OXIDES (WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER
RESEARCH). Preprint. (1961).
A general survey o± the known facts and suggestions for further
research are included. The topics discussed are nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, acute and chronic toxicity, pathologic features,
studies of eye irritation, and nitrogen pentoxide. Considerations
tor future research include: acute and toxicity studies, effect of
concentration and time, and nitrogen oxides with other smog
components.#f
F. Effects-Human Health 369
-------
0 b H 19
Schuck, E. A. and N. A. Renzetti
EY1^ IRRITATIONS FORKED DOPING PHOTOOXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN
THE PRESENCE OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN. (J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc.) 10 (1), J89-92 (Oct. 1960). (Presented at the 53rd An-
nual Conference, Air Pollution Control Association, -Cincinna-
ti, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
Individual hydrocarbons were irradiated with near-ultraviolet light
in the presence of nitrogen dioxide. Two products of the
photooxidations, formaldehyde and acrolein, were found to be eye
imtents and to account for the majority of the observed eye
irritation found in the photooxidized systems studied. At the
concentrations present in the photooxidized mixtures, epoxides,
most aldehydes, ketones, nitrites, ketene, ozone, alkyl nitrates,
and acyl nitrates were not eye irritants. Terminal olefins in
general led to the greatest amounts of irritation. Internal
oletins were of lesser importance in the formation of eye irritants
in spite of their rapid rates of reaction. Saturates did not
contribute to eye irritation because of their slow rates of
reaction. (Author summary modified)
05HB2
THE HEALTH HAZARDS OF COMMONTTY AIR POLLUTION. (Senate
Committee on Public HorKs, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee
on Air and Water Pollution, June 7, 1966.) 64 pp.
In testimony before the Senate Special Subcommittee on Air
and Water Pollution on June 7, 1966, the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare said: "There is no doubt
that air pollution is a contributing factor to the rising
incidence of chronic respiratory diseases - lung cancer,
emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma." This summary of the results
of scientific studies of air pollution and human health
provides documentation of the Secretary's statement. The topics
covered are: lung cancer, chronic bronchitis (and associated
respiratory diseases), effects on laboratory animals,
radioactibe materials, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxida, oxides
of nitrogen and other facets of the ill effects of air pollution.
There are one hundred sixty one (161) references.#*
OhOUH
I". C. Battigelli, F. Hengstenberg, R. J. Mannella, and
A. P. Thomas
MUCOCII.IARY ACTIVITY. Arch. Environ. Health 1 2 (H) : 460- 466
(April 1966). (Presented at the JOth Annual Meeting,
Industrial Hyaiene Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 20-21,
196b.)
The mucociliary activity of respiratory epithelia, although well
Known over many years, has only guite recently assumed new
importance, being recognized as one of the basic functions that the
370 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
respiratory apparatus applies in responding to unfavorable
environments. Physical, chemical, and biological "noxae" have
been studied in their effects on the mucociliary activity of lower
animals, mammals, and in man as well, with techniques that have
proved accurate and reproducible. In this paper a brief review is
given ot these methods and of the results of investigations
particularly related to the effects ot air pollutants. Results of
investigations on the effect of diluted diesel exhaust on the
tracheal escalator of rats are summarized. An important finding
is that exhaust dilutions that are without measurable effect on the
respiratory resistance of human subjects are actually able to
induce changes in tracheal clearance in some of the animals exposed
tor prolonged duration. With higher levels of exposure tracheal
clearance of small mammals is affected with greater frequency.
The removal of animals from the exposure invariably restores the
original level of activity within a tew days. The particulate
content of the exhaust appears to play an important role in this
type of respiratory injury. (Authors' summary)##
06053
«. C. Cooper and I. S. Tabershaw
BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN RELATION TO AIR QUALITY
STANDADDS. Arch. Environ. Health 12(4):522-530 (Apr. 1966).
Data on the biological effects ot nitrogen dioxide on man and
lower animals over a wide range of concentrations is reviewed and
tabulated. Present evidence suggests that long-continued
exposures should not exceed the range 0.5 ppm to 1.0 ppm. This is
based on the evidence of increased mortality in lower animals
exposed to aerosolized micro-organisms after N02 exposures and
the pathologic effects demonstrable in animals continuously exposed
to levels in the range of 4.0 ppm to 5.0 ppm. Brief exposures of
a general population should not exceed 3 ppm over a period of 1 hr.
This is based on the possible potentiation of infections and on
the odor threshold. The recommendations relate to the possible
effects ot N02 on health alone. They do not consider
potentiation or additive effects nor any contributions to plant
damage and visibility. (Authors' summary modified)t#
06099
P. J. Bryan
INSTRUMENTATION FOR AN AMBIENT AIR ANIMAL EXPOSURE PROJECT.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13 (6) , 254-65, June 1963.
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Chicago, 111., Kay 20-24, 1962.)
A comprehensive physiological study on the problem of air
pollution from automobile exhaust was started by the
University of Southern California under a contract with the
U.S. Public Health Service. Several different types
of experimental animals, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, and
rabbits, were to be exposed at tour separate locations
in the Los Anaeles Basin. In determining the possible
biological effects of automobile-related air pollution on test
aniaitals, the planned studies included those for cancer, lung
F. Effects-Human Health 37]
-------
function, blood analysis, enzyme determiaations, and tissue
tests. The animals were divided into 2 groups, one being
supplied untreated ambient air, and the other purified air
tor a control. All other environmental conditions were
designed to be as nearly identical as possible. The design
ot facilities, including ambient air room ventilation and control
room air purification systems, is discussed. In the design of
facilities, the most important problem encountered was that of
existing limitations on air purification systems. The
experimental design concept used in this project called for no
alteration ot the breathing air provided to control animals
except for the removal of air contaminants. It was r.ot
possible to provide such a system in which removal of CO, lower
molecular weight hydrocarbons, and NO, could be
accomplished effectively. Experience to date, however, indicates
that the air purification system selected does retoove 03, higher
molecular weight hydrocarbons, N02, and filterable black
aerosols quite effectively. The conclusions to date are
limited. However, it is concluded that additional design
and evaluation projects are necessary in order to improve
ventilation and air purification equipment design for
environmental exposure projects.**
06201
Steadnan, B. I., R. A. Jones, D. E. Eector, and J. Siegel
EFFECTS ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS 0' 10NG-1ZPB CONTINUOUS INHALATION
0^ NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 9 (1), 160-70 (July
i y&f>) .
One preliminary acute 8-hour study at a concentration ot 123 mg/cu
rr of nitrogen dioxide, and one JO-day repeated study, at a level of
bl mg/cu m were conducted. Both exposures produced narked lung
irritation and high mortality in all species. The gross pathologic
findings in the lungs ot surviving animals indicated hemorrhagic
pulmonary edema in the 12J mg/cu m study, and vascular
congestionand focal hemorrhage in the 67 mg/cu m study. Five 90-
day continuous studies were run at 0.9, 1.0, 9.2, 21.3, and 21.6 nig/
cum of nitrogen dioxide. Except for a possible slight weight loss,
there were no effects noted at 0.9 and 1.0 mg/cu m. At 9.2 mg/cu m
there was a significant increase ot mortality in guinea pigs and
rabbits, and at the 21.J and 21.6 mg/cu m levels there was a
sinniticar.t increase in mortality in all species except the dog.
Minimal pathologic lung changes were seen dt the highest
concentrations. Cumulative iO-, 60-, and 90-day mortality data for
the continuous exposure studies indicate that one cannot safely
extrapolate from the 30-day results to anticipate the effects which
may occur alter 90 days. Care should also be taker, in extrapolating
continuous-exposure guidelines from data obtained in repeated-
exposure studies. It is believed that the submarine guideline of
0.b ppm (0.9 mg/cu m) will not cause any untoward effects in
personnel exposed continuously for 60 days. The choice of
analytical procedure is critical in measuring the concentration to
which ar.imals are exposed. Absorption of samples in 0.1 N NaOH is
not satisfactory. Absorption directly into the nitriting reagent
is the method of choice. (Authors! summary)
372 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
06264
A. P. Krueger
AIR IONS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION. J. Gen. Physiol.
2J3-11 (Mar. 1962).
Studies on air ions and physiological tunction were designed to
determins air ion effects on bacteria and the mammalian trachea.
In bacteria, the only clear-cut action attributable to air ions
was an increase in the rate of death. Observations on excised
tracheal strips and on exposed tracheas of anesthetized rabbits,
mice, rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys indicated that positive ions
produce: (a) decreased ciliary activity, (b) contracture of the
posterior tracheal wall, (c) exaggerated vulnerability to trauma,
(d) vasoconstriction, and (e) increased rate of respiration. All
live effects are seen in the anesthetized tracheotomized animal
and the first three are seen in the isolated strip. In studies
of gaseous ion effects on the catalytic activity of a modified
Keilin-Hartrce pig heart homogenate, we found that oxygen anions
have a direct effect on cytochrome oxidase and accelerate the
cytochrome-linked conversion of succinate to fumarate. This
would suggest that t^ie same action may produce a cytochrome-linked
oxidation of ?-HT.##
06JH1L
W. B. House
TOLERANCE CRITERIA FOR CONTINUOUS INHALATION EXPOSURE TO TOXIC
MATERIALS (III. EFFECTS ON ANIMALS OF 90-DAY EXPOSURE TO
HYDRAZINE, UNSYMMETRICAL DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE (UDMH), DECABORANE,
AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE). Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City,
Vo. (Feb. 196«). 92 pp. (Technical Rept. ASD-TR-61-519
(III)
DDD: AD 440275L
Monkeys, rats, and mice were exposed for 90 days to: (a) hydrazine
(1.0 ppm) , (b) ansymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) (0.5 ppm) ,
(c) decaborane (0.05 ppm) , and (d) nitrogen dioxide (5.0 ppm) , to
determine the inhalation toxicity of these agents after continuous
exposure. Mortality was high among the animals exposed to
hydrazine and decaborane, whereas the losses of animals exposed to
UDMH and nitrogen dioxide were relatively low. All three
species exposed to hydrazine developed fatty changes in the liver.
In addition,' rats and mice had lung lesion. Liver degeneration
was involved in monkeys exposed to UDMH, whereas kidney and heart
lesions were predominant in rats, and brown pigments, probably
hemosiderin, were deposited in the liver of mice. Honkeys on
decaborane exhibited fatty changes in the liver and occasional
involvement of the kidney and heart. The most marked pulmonary
lesions in rats were found in those exposed to decaborane, and lung
involvement was also prevalent in mice. Tne least pathological
changes were observed in animals on nitrogen dioxide. Monkeys
showed liver degeneration occasionally, whereas both rats and
mice had lung lesions. No trace of any of the test compounds was
found in the blood of monkeys. Mite infestation of the lung,
prevalent among controls as well as treated monkeys, masked
possiole lesions in this organ which may have been caused by any of
the tour chemicals. Changes in physiological state of animals as
F. Effects-Human Health 373
-------
determined by clinical laboratory evaluations, including functional
tests and/or hematology, blood chemistry and unnalysis, were
relatively few in number. (Author abstract)##
06600
Bils, P. F. and J. C. "omanovsky
UT.TPASTRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS OF ALVEOLAS TISSUE OF MICE. II.
SYNTHETIC PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Arch. Inviron. Health, 14(6):
84U-85y, June 1967. 15 refs.
The possibility of using artificial photochemical smog was
investigated. Male A-strain mice were exposed for three hours to
previously irradiated synthetic atmospheres which initially
contained propylene, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and water
vapor to simulate the oxidant concentration produced during a heavy
smog peak. The lungs of these treated mice showed a pattern of
ultrastructural alterations of alveolar tissue similar to that
of tissues in heavy natural smog. Wall cell lamellar bodies
generally increased in size and number in exposed 8-month-old mice,
but only temporarily. Delaying death only 12 hours allowed the
lungs to return to normal. Some permanent changes seemed to occur
in exposed respiratory tissue of 15-month-old mice. Peasonably
good recovery of smog-disrupted alveolar and capillary lining
cells took place, but few wall cells remained. More extensive
disorganization of wall cell cytoplasm and disruption of lining
membranes occurred when the 20-month-old mice breathed the
synthetic smog and delayed death allowed further damage and
revealed cell debris in the alveoli. Since the synthetic smog
produces cytological effects similar to the heavy Los Angeles
smog, it may prove to be a useful tool in farther studies
concerning the ettects or photochemical smog on biological systems.
0 6 61 (J
M. C. Battigelli, R. J. Mannella, and T. F. Hatch
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF WORKMEN EXPOSED TO
DIESEL EXHAUST IN PAILPOAD ENGINE HOUSES. Ind. Pled. Surg., 33,
1 2 1 - U (flar. 1964).
Within the limits of exposure to diesel exhaust products, of
locomotive repairmen in three representative railroad engine houses
over a period up to 15 years (average duration of 10 years), 210
workers (average age — 50 years) did not show any significant
difference in pulmonary function performance from a group of 15U
railroad yard workers (average age — 50 years) of comparable job
status but without history of exposure to diesel exhaust products.
Environmental studies in two engine houses revealed levels of
exposure to several known constituents of diesel exhaust which were
well within the tolerable limits of these substances considered as
separate agents. These low values support the negative medical
and physiological findings. In contrast, this investigation
suggest; higher freguency of respiratory complaints, physical
examination of abnormalities of the chest, and decreased pulmonary
function and performance of cigarette smokers compared to
non-smokers regardless of occupation. (Authors' summary)##
374 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
06675
Z. Ya. Lindberg
EFFECT OF SUPERPHOSPHATE PRODUCTION DISCHARGES ON CHILDREN'S
HEALTH . O.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, Vol. 7, 281-8, 1962. (Gigiena i
Sanit.,) 25 (5), 89-96 (1960). Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTI: 62-11103
In order to assess the possible health effects of emissions from
a superphosphate plant, the freguency of upper respiratory illness
was studied in 2053 children. Of this total, 1375 children
lived in the vicinity of the plant and 678 were controls. Air
samples were taken in the inhabited zones around the plant at
distances of 500 and 3000 meters. The concentrations in excess
of allowable limits are given for 302, H2S04, F, and NOx.
Most of the children involved in the study were given either
x-ray or fluoroscopic chest examinations. The results of these
examinations were correlated with tuberculin skin tests. The
data indicated that children residing in the area of the
superphosphate plant had a higher freguency of both upper
respiratory ailments and tuberculosis.##
06689
Sterling, T. D. , S. V. Pollack, and J. J. Phair
U3DAN HOSPITAL MORBIDITY AND AIR POLLUTION. (A SECOND REPORT.)
Arch. Environ. Health, 1b (3) : 362-37«, Sept. 1967. 3 refs.
This analysis deals with morbidity as indicated by the length of
stay in the hospital of admitted patients. Length of stay
represents a measure ol severity of illness which might be more
indicative of stresses encountered than admission rate in itself.
Also, responsiveness of a hospital patient to a particular
pollutant can be related meaningfully especially if the latter is
measured in close proximity to the place of confinement. This
method may be more sensitive than studying hospitalized cases
coming from various areas of the city, albeit that the service
areas of individual hospitals have a tendency to be fairly
restricted and specific. The investigators were given access to
large data-sets in Cincinnati, Ohio and Los Angeles,
California. The data were in such a form that they could
readily and cheaply be processed by automatic data equipment. The
Cincinnati data recorded accorded them the opportunity to test
out some of their hypotheses on e relatively small volume of data.
Additionally, they were able to develop the relevant computer
techniques and programs. The acquired facility in understanding
and technique was then applied to the more voluminous Los Angeles
data. Thisreport concerns itself with the analysis of the
relation between air pollution and length of stay of patients in
the larger Los Angeles hospitals serving Blue, Cross
admissions. #tt
F. Effects-Human Health 375
-------
06717
Waaner, K. D., B. R. Duncan, P. G. Wright, and H. E.
Stokinqer
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THRESHOLD LIMIT OF HO2. Arch. Environ.
Health, 1 0 (J) : H 55-166 , March 1965. 34 refs. "(Presented at the
Annual meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Assoc.,
Washington, D.C., May 17, 1962.)
In an attempt to provide information on long-term nitrogen
dioxide toxicity, three chronic animal studies that both included
and bracketed the present threshold limit of 5 ppm were
performed. Six sj>ecies of laboratory animals (dog, rabbit, guinea
pig, rat, hamster, mouse) were exposed daily for periods up to 18
months to pure nitrogen dioxide at closely controlled
concentrations of 5 ppm, the present threshold limit, and levels
one fifth as high, 1 ppm, and five times greater, 25 ppm. Control
groups were used throughout the studies. At no exposure level did
changes in body weight, hematologic values, or biochemical indices
deviate significantly from the control data. Studies with a
spontaneous pulmonary tumor-susceptible strain of mice suggested,
under these conditions of exposure, a possible tumorigenic
acceleratera capacity tor N02. Respiratory function test
results on exposed rabbits were equivalent to the controls, with
the exception of the 25 ppm group, which indicated a slight and
transitory elevation in mean 02 consumption. Tolerance in aging
rats and mice to acute lethal effects of N02, following
extended periods of development from exposure at 5 ppm and 25
ppm, was achieved to a significant degree. Detailed histologic
evaluation of tissues of serially sacrificed exposed animals and
their controls presented no evidence, with any of the animal
species used, that nitrogen dioxide, in the concentrations
employed and in the duration of exposures, had any demonstrably
morphologic effect on either production of pulmonary lesions or the
susceptibility of the animals to a pulmonary inflammatory process.
TheS'i data present reliable evidence tor the present 5 ppm
threshold limit value tor nitrogen dioxide, with the added caution
that 5 ppm should represent a ceiling on tne basis of suggestive
luna tumoriaenesis.##
067U5
G. P. Haydon, J. T. Davidson, G. A. Lillington, and K.
W asserman
NIT90GTN DTOXIDF-INDUCED EMPHYSEMA IK SABBITS. Am. 2?v.
Respirat. Diseases 95, (5) 797-305, May 1967.
A study was made of the pulmonary pathology in rabbits after
exposure to an atmosphere containing d-1i ppia of nitrogen dioxide.
This work is an extension of similar work done with rats by
Freeman et al. in which anatomic changes associated with
emphysema developed with excosures to nitrogen dioxide at levels
below those that cause acute pulmonary edema. Babbits were
continuously exposed to an atmosphere of 8-12 ppm of nitrogen
dioxide tor J to H months. Histopathological examination was
made of the lunas of iy rabbits that survived and of 3 rabbits who
were allowed to recover for one week to a month. Irreversible
destructive changes in the alveolar walls, accompanied by an
376 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
abnormal enlargement of the distal air spaces were seen in the
lungs ot the exposed rabbits. The changes were compatible with
diagnosis ot emphysema. Reversible histopathologic changes in the
bronchioles appeared to account for the increase in the non-elastic
resistance measured in seme of these rabbits. Two processes are
postulated which might initiate the pulmonary emphysema. In one,
the principal injury produces focal tissue necrosis in the alveolar
walls that leads, perhaps, to elastic tissue destruction followed
by abnormal enlargement of the peripheral air spaces. In the
other, the principal injury causes a chronic airway obstruction,
leading to hyperinflation ot the lungs, which may be followed by
tissue injury and various degrees ot tissue disruption.##
06VU6
J. T. Davidson, G. A. Lillington, G. B. Haydon, and K.
Wasserman
PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE LUNGS OF BABBITS CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED
TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Am. Bev. Respirat. Diseases 9b, (5)
/90-6, May 1967.
Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of prolonged
continuous exposure to 8-1*! ppm of nitrogen dioxide on the
pulmonary function in rabbits and to obtain a physiologic
explanation ot the nature of the lesion. Ranbits were exposed
continuously to 8-1/i ppm of nitrogen dioxide for 3-U months.
Pulmonary function studies were carried out on anesthetized
controls and experimental animals studied 14 aays to one month after
the termination of the exposure. The functional residual capacity
increased as did the nonelastic resistance. There was no
significant change in the carbon dioxide tension. On removal from
the exposure chamber, the physiologic changes were completely
reversed. Pathologic studies suggest that the obstructive changes
are caused by bronchiolitis. Destructive changes that persisted
during the recovery period resemble emphysema, but were not
sufficiently severe to have resulted in significant physiologic
abnormality.**
07138
Yanysheva, N. Ya.
THE 2FFECT OF. ATMOSPHE3IC AIR POLLUTION BY DISCHARGES FBCM
ELECTRIC POWEP PLANTS AND CHEMICAL COMBINES ON THE HEALTH OF
NFAB3Y INHABITANTS. U.S.S.H. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol.
1:9a-10U, Jan. 1960. (Also published in Gigiena i Sanit.,
(8) :15-20, 1957.) Translated from Russian.
CFSTI: TT 60-21019
A study was made of the effect of industrial discharges on the
health ot inhabitants of a large industrial center the
atmospheric air of which was being polluted by the discharges of
several production acd manufacturing plants. A study was made
of the degree of atmospheric air pollution with dust (fly ash),
S02, sulfuric acid aerosol, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, nitrogen
oxides, and phenol. Air samples were collected by the
a^piration method under the smoke plume coming from smoke stacks
F. Effects-Human Health 377
-------
at distances ranging from 200 to 2,500 meters from a chemical
combine and an electric power plant, and up to 800 meters from a
phenol producing plant. The morbidity rate in two villages in the
industrial area and one village in a control area was studied.
Pollution of the atmospheric air with dust (fly ash), sulfurous
gas, hydrogen sultide in concentrations many times above the
allowable liffits and of aerosols of sulturic acid and chlorine in
concentrations lust above the allowable limits, as well as the
oxides of nitrogen and phenol within the limits of allowable
concentrations deleteriously affected the population's health.
It was concluded that the above mentioned pollutants produced
the following pathologic results: a) Increased by several times
the treguency of occurrence among children and adults of diseases
of the respiratory organs, of the nervous system, of the organs of
vision and of the skin. b) Lowered the resistance of the
population tc such infectious disease as the grippe and angina.
c) Induced in children a state of susceptibility to the
development of rickets and anemia, and brought about early
manifestation? of diffuse cneumosclerosis in isolated cases.##
07162
E. G. Ferris, Jr. and N. R. Frank
AT" ^DILUTION AND DISEASE. Anesthesiology 2 5 ( U) : "4 70- U 78
Aug. 1 9 6 (I.
Atmospheric pollution can be classified under three headings:
general, occupational and personal. The components are complex
and variable so that it is difficult to extrapolate the prevalence
of disease in one area to that of another unless the two have
similar chemical compositions. Signiricant exposures can occur at
work and may produce impairment of respiratory function. It is
emphasized that tobacco smoking, and particularly cigarette
smoking, is a most important factor in the causation of chronic
nonspecific respiratory disease. Much research has been done to
elucidate the mechanism whereby such changes are induced but
specific answers concerning the mechanisms have not been
forthcoming. Tables are included showing types of atmospheric
pollution; comparison of los Angeles and Lonuon types of
pollution; categories of airborne materials with selected examples
that may occur in industry and that may cause disease; age
standardized rates of respiratory diseases by tobacco usage and
sex; age standardized rates (%) of respiratory disease by current
cnarettp smoking habits and s e x. «ft
0 7 1 7 i
D. Henschler, E. Hahn, and W. Assmann.
CONDITIONS FOF AN INCREASE IN TOLFKAKCE UPON REPEATED
INHALATION OF IPPITATTNG GASES SJ H I C H CAUSE PULKJNARY EDEMA.
( (Wirkungsbedinnunqeri einer Toleranzsteigerung bei wiederholter
Finatmung von Lungenodem erzeugenden Eeiz^asen.)) Arch.
Fxptl. Pathol. Dharmakol. Vol. 21<) : Jz5- J U2 (Nov. 6, 1964).
Ger.
Opinions are divergent concerning the effect of lono-term
inhalation of low concentrations of gases and aerosols which can
cause rulmor.ary edema. This paper investigates the time
378 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
relationships in the formation ot increased tolerance to such
qases, its duration, the influence of time and concentration, and
the pathological-anatomical reaction ot lung tissue to the
preliminary treatment. After the protective mechanism was
proved to be independent ot the chemical structure of the
irritant, N02 was chosed as representative of the gases causing
pulmonary edema. Kost of the laboratory animals used were
inbred mice ot the CFH and NMRI families (Zentral-institut fur
Versuchstierzucht, Hannover), which were brought into the test
weighina 18-22 gm. Increased tolerance to high concentrations of
N02 was obtained by exposing the specimens to 40 ppm 5102 for
one 6-hr period. The protection reaction first appears within 24
hr. Maximum protection occurs in 2-5 days and is largely gone
after 10 days. Repeated preliminary exposure with the same
concentrations at 4-day intervals does not increase the amount or
duration of protection.##
07174
H. K. Schlipk.oter and A. Brockhaus
TESTS ON THE EFFECT OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTION ON THE DEPOSITION AND
ELIMINATION OF INHALEC DUSTS. ((Versuche uber den Einfluss
gasformiqer Luftverunreinigungen auf die Deposition und
Elimination inhalierter Staube.)) ZBL Eakt. 191 (12) :339-344
Dec. 1963. Ger.
To be injurious to men, suspended particles in the atmosphere must
be inhaled and deposited in the lungs. Only particles smaller
than 5 microns and especially smaller than 1 micron can
penetrate into deep sections ot the lungs. Other important
factors are the type and dissolvability of the dust as well as the
volume and frequency of respiration. To determine the deposition
ot dust in lungs, it is necessary to determine the difference
between the dust content of inhaled and exhaled air. A test
conducted to determine the effect of gases found in large cities
on the amount of dust deposited in lungs utilized a mixture of 2
types ot soot with air which was sprayed and measured with a
special apparatus. Spectrophotometric and quantitative methods
were used to determine the amount of dust deposited in the lungs of
test persons who respired at a rate of 1% breaths per minute,
temperature of 2J deg. C, and a humidity of about 68%. Typical
gases mixed with the test suspension in the dust chamber were
S02 and C02 or N02 in concentrations which correspond to the
MAK values. An increase in dust deposition in the lungs was
observed only when nitrogen gases were inhaled simultaneously.
Further tests showed that the elimination of deposited dust from
the lungs is hindered by S02 and S03.#t
07191
G. D. Parbrook
EXPOSURE OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS TO NITHOUS-OXIDE-CONTAINING
ATMOSPHERES. Drit. J. Anaesthesia (Altrincham) , 39 (2),114-8
(1967) .
The results cf exposures of experimental animals to atmospheres of
nitrous oxide, nitrogen, and oxygen_for prolonged periods in
special ventilation units are reported. The animal cage is placed
F. Effects-Human Health 379
-------
in a clear plastic bag and the atmosphere "is recirculated through
soda lime and activated charcoal with the watsr vapor being
condensed out in a cold trap. Fresh gases are metered into the
system from rotameters and the oxygen is maintained at 21 plus or
minus 1.5%. Guinea piqs and rabbits were unsuitable for further
study because of a weight loss of over 5% after 48-hr exposure to
60% nitrous oxide. Kice and rats were more satisfactory for
prolonged nitrous treatment. In a series with mice the 60%
nitrous oxide was associated with a 5% weight loss which was
avoided in a series treated with U0% nitrous oxide for 6 days.
The mouse appears to be the experimental animal of choice where
it is essential to avoid any secondary effects from mild appetite
reduction and slight weight loss.**
072tO
Petr, 3. and P. Schmidt
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ATMOSPHE3E CONTAMINATED 3Y SULFUF DIOXIDE
AND NITROUS GASES ON THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN. ((Der Einfluss
der durch Schwefeldioxid und Nitrose Gase verunreinigten
Atmosphare auf den Gesundheitszustand der Kinder.)) Translated
from German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Grenzg. (Berlin), 1 J (1) : ji»-38,
Jan. 1967. 4 refs.
Evidence that sulfur dioxide and nitrogen gases which are
effective in low concentrations also produce changes in the
individual indicators of group diagnostics is demonstrated.
Differentiation was made between effects on control groups and
the group from the polluted atmosphere as well as between the
influence of both the combined effect of sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen peroxide and the effect of sulfur dioxide alone. The
method of the erythrogram is also described. This method is
based on the increase of the number of erythrocytes in children
living in air-polluted areas. The methemoglobin level in the
blood of children is significantly increased by the air pollution
caused by nitrogen peroxide in the surrounding of large chemical
works. Thus, another possible cause of the development of
inapparent [pethemoglobinemia in school children between the ages of
8 to 10 is explained. (Authors' summary, modified)**
0 /bU1
P. Poiu, P. laurent, C. H. Guyotjeannin, D. Thin
AM OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE OF CHIMNEY SWEEPS CLEANING OIL-FISED
FURNACES. (Pathologie professionnelle des rumistes
effectuant le ramonage des chaufferies a mazout.) Text in
French. Arch. Maladies Profess. Med. Trav. Securite
Social (Paris), 26(4-5):U35-446, April-May 1967. 8 refs.
The treguent and consistent symptoms experienced by cnimney
sweeps cleaning oil-fired furnaces appear to present a new
specific syndroire. ?Iost of the efforts of industrial
hygienists have been concentrated on the pollution in the air and
not much has teen done on the chemistry of soots. Findings,
hypotheses a? well as suggestions tor control are presented.
A table is aiven vhich compares the symptoms of the workers
such as irritation of »-he eyes, the upper respiratory tract, the
380 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
mouth, and sKin as well as serious deterioration of their clothing.
The men also complained of loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,
lack ot coordination of movements, amnesia, and headache. In the
same table in parallel columns are listed the symptoms of exposure
to vanadium, sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Based on
an examination of the soct involved it was concluded that the
vanadium was not involved in the symptoms of the chimney sweeps
and that the sulfur content of the fuel was an important factor.
It is recommended that fuels low in sulfur be used, that the
optimum combustion conditions be maintained by keeping the
temperature ot the flame down by a high excess of outside air.
Electrostatic precipitators can cut the emission of S03 by
bO%. The injection ot magnesia in the vicinity of the flame can
meutralize the S03< The use of industrial-type vacuum cleaners
otters a method of furnace cleaning without an occupational
exposure. ##
07H42
Lewis, T. P., F. G. Hueter, and K. A. Busch
IRRADIATED AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. (ITS EFFECTS ON THE
REPRODUCTION OF MICE,) Arch. Environ. Health, 15(1):26-35,
July 196/. 20 refs.
This study attempts to define the relative importance of
pre-exposure of each member ot the sexual pair to irradiated auto
exhaust, and exposure of the female partner and her litter,
following removal of the male with regard to conception, fetal
development, fecundity, and infant survival. There were 150
virgin female mice preconditioned to either filtered air or
irradiated automobile exhaust for U6 days, who were randomly paired
with IbO similarly preconditioned males. All mice were 12 to 13
weeks ot age at the time of mating and were caged individually
during the preconditionino period. Males and females were
paired randomly to form approximately equal numbers of sexual pairs
(1H or 19) in each of eight treatment groups. The experiment was
repeated with a new population of mice of the same strain 15 days
after completion ot the first investigation. The adverse effects
of pre-conditioning male mice with irradiated auto exhaust on
conception, implantation ot fertilized ova, fecundity, and infant
survival appear to be induced by a common mechanism. This is the
first experiment the results of which imply mutational effects on
mammalian cells by components or subsequent products of
irradiated auto exhaust. An effect of the alteration of one
environmental factor in this investigation, i.e. atmospheres to
which the females were exposed, was evidenced by mild stress on
litter sizes'. Litters born in an atmosphere of irradiated auto
exhaust showed a marked increase in mortality in both experiments,
but the magnitude differed. ##
Coffin, D. L. , E. J. Blommer, D. E. Gardner, and P..
Holzman
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON ALTERATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
"ULMONAHY INFECTION. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
f (1«) ) P- , ( (iy&7) ) • 20 refs.
F. Effects-Human Health 331
-------
Exposure to ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and artifical auto smog
increases the susceptibility of mice to experimental infection by
K. pneumoniae. Streptococcus, and D. pneumoniae. Minimal
effective concentrations for 2- to 4-hour exposure are: 3.5 ppm
for M02, 0.08 ppm for OH, and 0.15 total oxidant for auto smog.
The effect appears to be augmented by alterations of the
environmental temperature; tolerance to ozone is manifested.
Continuous exposure to 0.5 ppn N02 for 6 months produced
similar results. Exposure to the pollutants results in increased
survival time of aerosolized bacteria within the lungs, an effect
also noted from treatment with cold, hypoxia, and alcohol.
Studies of cells washed from the bronchial trees of rabbits
exposed to ozone indicate that exposure is followed by an influx of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a corresponding diminution of
pulmonary alveolar macrophages. The latter cells also
exhibited a reduced ability to phagocytize streptococci when the
oraanisms were applied in vivo. (Authors' abstract)##
079 J 6
Hernandez-Gutierrez, F.
ATP POLLUTION 3Y CAFBON MONOXIDE. ((La polucion del aire por
oxido de carbono.)) Text in Spanish. Anales Mod. Cir.
(Barcelona) , 52 (1) : 53-7 7, Jan. 196b.
In adlition to a comprehensive review on the physiological effects
and significance of CO pollution, the entire field of air
pollution is reviewed. Data are given on the amounts of various
pollutants and their effects on health and the economy. The
amounts of pollutants discharged annually into the air in the City
of Barcelona are: 600,000 tons of water vapor, 850,000 tons of
C02, 80,000 tons of CO and 35,000 tons of S02. Snow which
fell in 1962 and in 1965 indicated that the air over Barcelona in
21 hours contained between 3'JO and 580 tons of dust, 6 tons of
nitrogen oxides, and 19.5 tons of S02 and 303. The average
and maximum values of carbon monoxide in various cities are
presented and in London range from an average of 1.8 ppm to a
maximum during a smog of 200 ppm. In garages the
concentration may be as high as 1.250 ppm and concentrations of
20'J ppm ir? not uncommon. The various methods for measuring CO
ar° outlined and control is discussed.##
04026
MacEwen, Jair.°s D. and Robert P. Geckler
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY STUDIES ON ANIMALS EXPOSED CONTINUOOSLI FOR
PERIODS U"1 TO 90 DAYS TO N02, 03": AND CC14 IK AMBIENT AIF
VS. 5 PSIA 100% OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE. In: Proc. 2nd Ann.
Conference Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces,
« and 5 May 196b, Aerospace Medical Research Labs.,
Wright-Patterson AF3, Ohio, Aerospace Medical Div. ,
AMRL-TP-66-120. p. 238-257. Dec. 19b6. 6 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 646512
The data obtained from a 90-day continuous exposure of animals to
the industrial threshold limit value (TLV) of N02, 03 and
CClt are presented. Pnimal exposure facilities of the
382 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories were used for the
90-day continuous experiments. The atmosphere compositions were
100% oxygen at 260 mm Hg pressure and air at either 820 (rho 02 =
1b4 mm Hg) or 7<*0 mm Hg (rho 02 = 148 mm Hg) pressure. The
data are unremarkable except for the deaths at 720 mm Hg pressure
in the o?one exposures. Kice appear somewhat more
sensitive to ozone than the other species. Guinea pigs also
showed mortality upon exposure to ozone, which was the only
material to which this species was exposed. Note that most of the
deaths occurred during the first half of the 90-day exposure
suggesting some degree of adaptation in the survivors. The data
are consistent with the hypothesis that the animals first respond
to the atmospheric contaminant and then adapt to the changed
environment. The data do not, however, reveal significant
differences between those animals exposed to contaminants at
reduced pressure in 100% oxygen and those exposed at normal
atmospheric pressure (740 mm Hg). With respect to the clinical
data, although the values of serum enzymes of exposed animals were
different from the control values, no adverse effects on the
experimental animals were noted. It appears clear that the TLV
for space applications may not be radically different from
industrial TLV if only the factors of continuous dosage,
reduced pressure, and pure oxygen atmosphere are considered.f#
08027
Patrick, B. L.
PATHOLOGICAL FFFF.CTS OF EXPOSURE TO PULMONARY IRRITANTS AT AMBIENT
AIR VS. b PSTA 100% OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE FOP PERIODS UP TO 90
DAYS. In: Proc. 2nd Ann. Conference Atmospheric
Contamination Confined Spaces, 4 and b May 1966,
Aerospace Medical Research Labs., Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio, Aerospace Medical Div., SMRL-TR-66-120, p.
260-262, Dec. 1966.
CFSTI, DDC: AD646512
A study to compare the toxic effects of contaminants under
conditions of 5 psia (pounds per square inch, absolute) and 100*
oxygen and under normal atmospheric conditions is described.
Mortality and pathologic alterations were evaluated, in monkeys,
rats, and dogs exposed continuously to various concentrations of
nitrogen dioxide and ozone for 1 <» days. Animals were exposed to
these compounds, sacrificed, and examined grossly at the Toxic
Hazards Research Unit. Tissues were sent to the Laboratory
tor Experimental Biology to be examined microscopically. All
three species exposed to two concentrations of N02 and ozone
showed greater mortality at ambient conditions that at altitude.
Animals dying early showed similar changes under both conditions.
Survivors of each group showed similar changes except in isolated
instances. Alveolar hemorrhage and edema were the most
prominent changes associated with early death. It would seem that
b psiz, 100% oxygen offered some degree of protection against
alveolar hemorrhage and edema. In some groups inflammatory
changes were more marked under altitude conditions; however, this
is thought to reflect the longer survival of this group.##
F. Effects-Human Health 383
-------
0»052
Fink, B. B., T. H. Shepard, and R. J. Blandau
TERATOGBNIC ACTIVITY OF NITROUS OXIDE. Nature (London).
214 ("5084) : 1 (46-148, April B, 1967. 18 refs.
Exposure ot pregnant rats to an atmosphere containing 45 to 50
percent nitrous oxide resulted in foetuses with abnormalities of
vertebrae and ribs, and in death and resorption of foetuses. The
lethal effects seemed to be selective, for surviving foetuses
showed a snaller male/female sex ratio than did the controls.
Species differences, and the long duration of the reported
experiments, prevent any extrapolation to clinical conditions.
However the rat and nan are similar enough in the susceptibility of
their nervous and haemopoietic systems to depression by nitrous
oxide to raise the question of a similar vulnerability in respect
to congenital malformations.
08054
Gross, Paul, William F. Binebart, and Pobert T.
deTrevilie
THE nilLMCNAPY REACTIONS TO TOXIC GASES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.
J., 2H (4) :.(15-J21 , July-Aug. 1967. 8 refs. (Presented at the
Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Assoc., Chicago,
111., Kay 1-15, 1^67.)
The deep pulmonary response to toxic gases depends upon which of
the two components of the alveolar wall is responding, the
capillary or the alveolar membrane. Injury to the capillary
results in pulmonary edema or bronchopneumonia, whereas a dose of
irritant injurinq substantially only the alveolar membrane causes
the latter to respond with the development of a multi-layered cell
mass that is supported by argyrophilic fibers. Because
collaqenization of this stroma does not usually occur, such septal
lesions caused by noxious gases resolve. The respiratory
bronchiole is the site ot predilection of lesions caused by deep
luna irritants because of delayed clearance in this region.
(Authors1 abstract)##
DISCUSSION ON RESPIRATORY DISEASE AND POLLUTANT EXPOSURES.
IT. LABORATORY RELATIONSHIPS. Arch. Environ. Health,
Vol. d, p. 147-152, Jan. 1964.
A discussion on the laboratory relationships of respiratory
disease and pollutant exposures is presented. Latei
agglutination text in N02 exposed animals, relationship between
skin sensitivity and sensitivity of the bronchial mucosa, and
mechanism ot action in chronic lung disease are discussed.##
384 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
08238
DTSCCSSION OK RESPIRATORY DISEASE AND POLLUTANT EXPOSURES. I.
LABORATORY PEL ATIONSHIPS. Arch. Environ. Health, Vol. 8, p. 129-
131, Jan. 1964.
A discussion on the laboratory relationships of respiratory disease
and pollutant exposures is presented. The fate of the reabsorbed
carbon in these animals exposed to inhalation of carbon alone,
effects on circulation ot exposure to N02 plus carbon, differen-
ces in circulation with different sized carbon particles, mechanism
material and the possibility of usang carbons from different
sources are discussed.
Hamming, Walter J. and Robert D. MacPhee
RELATIONSHIP OF NIT.ROGEN OXIDES IN AUTO EXHAUST TO EYE
IRRITATION — FURTHER PESULTS OF CHAMBER STUDIES. Atmos.
Environ., 1 (b) : 577- 584 , Sept. 1967 10 refs.
Two 1100 cu ft environmental chambers were utilized for
irradiation of low concentrations of auto exhaust under static
conditions. The chambers were constructed of glass panels with
aluminum frames. Artificial lights were used. Eye irritation
was determined by human panels at various times during the
irradiations. Two irritation maxima occurred during a static
test. The first peak has not been correlated with any functions
ot the reactants or products. However, the second eye irritation
peak is shown in this paper to be related to several entities,
among which is the NOx detect. (Authors' abstract) ##
08423
Gross, Paul, Robert T. P. deTreville, Mary A. Babyak,
Marianne Kaschak, and Ethel B. Tclker
EXPERIMENTAL EMPHYSEMA. EFFECT OF CHRONIC NITROGEN DIOXIDE
EXPOSURE AND PAPAIN ON NORMAL AND PSEUKOCON IOTIC LUNGS. Arch.
Environ. Health, 16(1):51-58, Jan. 1968. 7 refs.
The extent to which pneumoconiosis may determine or affect the
development ot emphysema in small animals was investigated.
Quartz, coal, and blast furnace dusts were injected
intratracheally into hamsters, guinea pigs, and rats. One group
of animals was pastured for two weeks and another group for 10
weeks. Animals from the latter group were injected
intratracheally with papain. Both groups were then exposed for
one year (two hours per day) to concentrations ot nitrogen
dioxide (N02) ranging on an average from 22 to 7
-------
tissue unaffected by dust. Intratracheal injections of papain
caused weight loss or reduction in weight gain in control
annuals. In pneumoconiotic animals, this effect of papain was
less marked. Also, pneumoconiotic animals appeared to have less
severe emphysema than the control. Pneumoconiotic foci in lungs
do not determine the location of emphysema whether experimentally
produced (guinea pigs, rats, and hamsters) or naturally
occurring (hamsters). Chronic exposures to N02 had no
accelerating or collagenizing effect on experimental silicosis or
on the pneumoconioses caused by ccal or blast furnace stack dust.ft
0 H U ,' U
Hackney, Jack D., Bils, Robert F., Evans, Kichael J., and
Bounds, Donald E,
FUNCTIONAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF IN VITRO LUNG AND
CYOCARPIAL TEST OBJECTS TO EXPERIMENTAL GAS ENVIRONMENTS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 18(1):9-11, Jan. 1968. 7 refs.
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967.)
Innovations in the use of lung and aiyocardial tissue in vitro have
permitted continuous morphological observation of cells treated
with a controlled gaseoue environment. The mammalian tissues are
covered with a dialysis membrane and cultured in a Pose chamber
containing a large gas phase. Test gases can be flushed
continuously throuch two hypodermic needles in the culture chamber
wall. Rabbit lung tissue was cultured in the Rose chamber and
exposed to NaN02 concentrations which were adjusted to be
equivalent to K02 gas. The use of NaN02 was decided upon to
facilitate the introduction of N02 to the cells. Cell types could
bp recognised for 5 days or more in electron microscopic
preparations. After 1 day of exposure to '40 ppm N02, swelling and
Mebbinq ot the surface of the epithelial cells was seen; none was
found in the control. More extensive involvement was apparent
after 1-day exposure to 100 ppm, and after 3 days of exposure to<*0
ppm NOi'. The beating rate of myocardial cells was found to be an
objective and convenient endpoint for testing the characteristics
ot the exposure system. A comparison of the response of cells in
the qas phase with that ot elements in the fluid phase within the
same chamber suggested that this system can serve as a model for
evaluating the effect of an increasing diffusion barrier.
OP461
Il'nitskaya, A. V.
PROBLEMS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE AND HEALTH MEASURES IN PLASMA
SPRAY-COATING OF METAIS. ((Voprosy gigieny truda i
ozdorovitelnye meropriyatiya pri plazmennom napylenii metallov.))
Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya
(Moscow), 10(7):21-27, July 1966. 7 refs.
Plasma spray coating ot metals is accompanied by health hazards,
such as high-freguency noise, the presence of aerosols, nitrous
oxide, and ozone, as well as the ionization of air and ultraviolet
radiation. The aerodynamic noise levels may attain 128-130 db.
A special polyclinical and physiological examination of workers
showed disturbed vascular tone with a tendency towards hypotension,
386 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
slowed-down pulse and abnormal cardiac rhythm, as well as an
increased threshold of auditory sensitivity by the end of the work
day. Workers with a service record of 2-5 years exhibited
impaired hearing with distorted perception of high-pitched tones.
Recommendations are made for reducing the health hazards of
operators. (Author's summary, modified)##
08570
Boren, Hoilis G.
PATHOBIOLOHY OF AIP POLLUTANTS. Environ. Kes. 1(2):178-197 Oct
19fa7. 100 refs.
Results of inhalation exposures of guinea pigs to carbon followed
by N02, or to N02 followed by carbon, are presented to exempli f-y
both specific and general problems inherent in using animal systems
to determine injurious effects of environmental agents. Inhalation
of carbon alone is followed by a macrophage response. Subseguent
exposure to N02 results in lung destruction. Inhalation of N02
followed by carbon gives a macrophage response of lesser degree.
These findings are interpreted to mean that the sequence of
exposure may determine a given response. The limitations of this
study indicate the necessity of using approaches which control or
measure multiple biologic factors operative at different levels of
organization of diverse animal systems. (Author#s abstract)
08801
Hogger, Dieter
EFFECTS OF IFF MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST GASES ON HUMANS, ANIMALS
AND PLANTS. ((Auswirkungen der Motorfahrzeugabgase auf
Henschen, Tiere und Pflanzen.)) Text in German. Z.
Praeventivmed., Vol. 11, p. 161-178, March-April, 1966. 20
refs.
The various toxic components in automobile exhaust gases are
reviewed. To determine the amount of carbon monoxide inhaled by
the population, the carbon monoxide hemoglobin content of 331
policemen and 597 automobile drivers was determined during a test
tor alcohol. The nonsmoking policemen did not exceed the 5%
limit, but 25X of smoking policemen and 40% of the drivers did.
The amount of lead in the street, in windowsill dust, and in the
street air was well as in the blood of office workers, metal work-
ers and garage workers was determined in Zurich between 1948-1963.
While the amount of lead in the dust of the street, air, and win-
dow sills increased significantly by 1955, the amount found in the
blood increased only slightly. Soot is considered deleterious as
a carrier of other water soluble toxic substances into the lungs.
The hygienic limit of 0.5 cc./cu m for oxides of nitrogen is only
seldom exceeded. Sulfur dioxide emissions are negligible.
Hydrocarbons and polycyclic hydrocarbon emissions from motor
vehicles contribute only a tew percent to the rise in lung cancer.
The paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons are nontoxic to humans,
animals and plants, while ethylene is highly toxic to plants.
while in Europe oxidants do not contribute significantly to air
pollution, compounds such as ozone and peroxyacylnitrite
contribute to air pollution in tropic and subtropic climates with a
F. Effects-Human Health 387
-------
hiqh concentration of motor vehicle traffic, particularly under
adverse meteorological conditions. The psychological problems
caused by air pollution are discussed and it is concluded that
the psychological effects cannot be dismissed lightly.**
0881,?
duller, T. H.
AIP POLLUTION FEOM AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUSTS. OBSEEVATIONS IN BASEL.
((Die Verunreinigung der Atmosphare durch die Abgase der
Motorfahrzeuoe. Beobachtungen in Basel.)) Text in German Z.
Praeventivmed. , 11(2):1b7-160, March-April, 1966. 5 refs.
CO level was sampled in air taken trom 8 areas of dense traffic
during the period 1961-1964. Levels found ranged from 0 to t5
p.p.m., with occasional peaks to 90 p.p.ai. These levels were
about the same each year, in contrast to the sharp increase in the
number of automobiles during that period. No conclusions are
drawn from this observation, but the ambient air concentration of
other exhaust gas components is pointed out as also significant.
Averages are given tor ammonia, 502, N02, and aldehyde. In
order to clarify the possibility of eventual harm from lead
additives in gasoline, urine samples from all traffic policenen
were examined in 1965. There was no evidence of lead
accumulation in any of the samples.##
08B97
Felmeister, Alvin, Mohammad Amanat, and N. D. Weiner
INTERACTION OF NITPOGEN DIOXIDE—OLEF1N GAS MIXTURES WITH LECITHIN
KONOKOLEfULAP FILMS. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2(1):i»0-«3,
Jan. 1S68. 1b rets.
The interaction of nitrogen dioxide-olefin gas atmosphere with
saturated lecithin monomolecular films were investigated using.
surface pressure measurements. Films of dipalmitoyl lecithin, a
saturated phospholipide, showed no interaction with any of the test
atmospheres used. Films of egg lecithin, an unsaturated
phospholipide, showed significant changes in the urface pressure
surface area curves in the presence of all atmosphere containing
nitrogen dioxide. The observed effects appear to be the result of
a chenncal interaction of N02 with the double bonds of the egg
lecithin rather than a simple physical penetration of the film.
Biological implications are diecussed. (Authors' abstract.)
0899S
Petr, B. and P. Schmidt
SOVE NEW POSSIBILITIES FOP OBSERVING THL INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN OF
TH" CHANGE IN LIVING ENVIRONMENT. I. LYMPHOCYTE REACTION AND THE
FONOCYTE. ((Nektere nove mozncsti sledovani vlivu smeneneho
zivotniho prostredi r.a detsky organismus. I. Lymfocytarni reakce a
monocytogram.)) Text in Czech. Cesk. Pediat. (Prague),
21 (6) : bU2-504, 1966. 8 refs.
388 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
a total of 128 children (aged 8-10) from 3 Czechoslovak towns were
examined (Bohd_anec, Qhrazenice and Hosice). S02 levels of 0.03-
0.32 mg/cu ID and nitrogen oxides of 0.005-0.07 mg/cu m were found
in 2 towns; the other town with clean air was used as a control
environment. The pollutants cause an increase in erythrocyte count
as well as a change in their size. Lymphocyte count increased and
monocyte proliferation decreased significantly in children from the
8995
more pronounced in childre exposed to both S02 and nitrogen oxides
than in children exposed to S02 alone.
09368
Thomas, Heriberto V., Peter K. Mueller, and Richard L.
lyman
LIPOPEROXIDATION OF LUNG LIPIDS IN RATS EXPOSED TO NITROGEN
DIOXIDE. Science, 159 (3814) :532-534, Feb. 2, 1968. 7 refs.
Absorption spectra characteristic of diene conjugation and
typical for peroxidized polyenoic fatty acids can be induced in rat
lung lipids after 'the rats have been exposed to a scant amount of
nitrogen dioxide (1 part per million) for 4 hours. The
peroxidative changes do not occur immediately but appear to reach a
maximum between 21 and 48 hours after exposure. The peroxidant
effect ot" this atmospheric pollutant in rat lung lipids may be
partially prevented by prior treatment of the animal with large
doses of alpha-tocopherol. (Authors' abstract)**
09412
Ranier, W. Gerald, David L. Kelble, James P. Newby, and M. Sanchez.
EXPERIMENTAL EMPHYSEMA. Ann. Thorac. Surg., 3 (6) :539-548, Jane
1967. <40 rets. (Presented at the 3rd Annual Meeting, Society of
Thoracic Surgeons, Kansas City, Ho., Jan. 23-25, 1967.)
Chronic sublethal exposure to 75-125 ppm N02 for 30-min. periods
cgmbineji with selective expiratory airflow obstruction is
investigated in the rabbit. Similar histological effects were
produced by both the Venturi principle and aeronautical flow
obstruction tubes. Mortality of the exposed animals was quite
high. Of 53 rabbits exposed to N02, only 21 survived 1-6 months
after last exposure; of 62 animals with obstructive tubes only, 7
survived 1-6 months after surgery; of 41 rabbits undergoing both
gas exposure and surgery, 14 survived 1-6 months. Exposed animals
exhibited diffuse alveolar destruction, with minimal fibrosis and
reparative changes in the bronchiolar epithelium. There is a
definite correlation between the lenght of the delay period prior
to sacrifice and the degree of alveolar destruction, provided the
animals were subjected to at least 20 NO2 exposures. Exposed
rabbits with obstructive expiratory tubes developed expiratory
wheezing, increased respiratory rates, and intolerance to even
minimal exercise as delay periods were lengthened.
09440
HcCarroll, James, Michael Lebowitz, Doris Kolter,
Fric Cassell and Donovan Thompson
F. Effects-Human Health 339
-------
AIR POLLUTION AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESS. Preprint,
Washington Univ., Seattle, School of Medicine, ((2B))p.,
1967. (Presented at a joint meeting ot the Pacific Northwest
Section, American Industrial Hygiene Association and
Northwest Association ot Occupational Medicine, Portland,
Oregon, Nov. 12, 1967.)
A three year study was conducted in New York City to determine
what variations in the health cf a normal urban population might be
related to variations in their environment. The population
studied included whites, Negroes, and Puerto Ricans from upper,
middle, and lower income groups, and was divided into four
categories: children (those under 15 years of age); adults;
heavy cigarette smokers; and non-cigarette smokers. The total
number of participants in the study was 1747 and each was observed
for an average of Ub weeks. A guestionnaire was developed
containing approximately 120 items regarding variations in health.
Each family was visited each week by a trained health
interviewer who orally asked the questions in the guestionnaire;
questions were asked tor each of the seven preceding days. An air
pollution monitoring station was established in the center of the
study area and measurements were made of 502, particulates,
carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Also, monitoring records of a
variety ot other pollutants were obtained from the City.
Continuous records were maintained on common meteorologic
variables. The association between the daily prevalence rates of
various health symptoms and the levels of air pollution are
examined by several methods. The multiple correlation
coetticientn and the multiple regression coefficients of some of
the symptom prevalence rates with air pollutants and meteorological
factors are summarized. Tt is concluded that: a) there are
associated relationships between symptoms in a normal urban
population and a variety ot environmental factors and b) no one
factor, including air pollution, acts alone to produce most of the
common illnesses.#t
Wayne, Lowell G. and Leslie A. Chambers
PTOLnniCAL EFFECTS OF U*!BAN AIR P DILUTION. Arch. Environ.
Health, 16 (fc) :871-88b, June 1969. 14 refs.
Podents exposed to the ambient atmosphere of Los Anqeles
throughput their lives have been studied in comparison with animals
maintained in smog-filtered atmospherees. In aging inbred mice of
certain strains, there was an increased incidence of pulmonary
adenoma. In one strain mortality of males (but not females) during
the first year of life was increased. Severe smog episodes caused
lung tissue alterations at the ultrastructural level, especially in
mice older than IS months. Severe episodes produced transient
increases in pulmonary resistance in old guinea pigs but no
demonstrable chronic or cumulative effects on this parameter. In
auinea pigs sensitized by prior stress treatment, urinary excretion
ot 17-ketogenic steroids was enhanced by ambient atmosphere exposure
Alter two or three years ot exposure, rabbits exhibited reduced
activity of glutamic oxalcetic transaminase in blood serum.
(Authors' abstract)
390 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Piddick, J. H. Jr. K. I. Caapbell, and D. L. Coffin
THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC NITROGEN DIOXIDE EXPOSURE ON DOGS: I.
HISTAPATHOLOGY OF THE LUNG. Preprint, Pufilic Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, (14)p.
1968. 17 refs.
The experiments reported were instituted to determine whether a
larger, species, the dog, would react similarly to nitrogen dioxide
(N02). Results indicate that such exposure produces pulmonary
emphysema and associated interstitial fibrosis, increased reticulum
tibers, and elastic fibers. No significant regression of these
lesions was apparent in two dogs examined 8 months after termination
of exposure.
10192
Holzman, R.S., D. E. Gardner, and D. I. Coffin
IN VIVO INACTIVATION OF LYSONZYME BY OZONE. Preprint,Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air
Control, 196H. (1J)p., 17 refs.
Bronchial mucus contains large quantities of the antibacterial
en-zyme iysozyme. Acutely exposing mice or rabbits to ozone reduced
the amount of active Iysozyme obtainable by bronchopulmonary lavage.
The effect was- proportional to ozone concentration as well as to
duration of exposure. Enzyme activity returned to normal levels
during the 12 hours following exposure. Five parts per million ozon
tor 3 hours reduced Iysozyme levels approximately 30 percent.
Studies of the release of Iysozyme by alveolar cells support the
theory that loss of activity is due to in vivo oxidation of Iysozyme
(Authors' abstract)
Gregory, Kenton L. , Victoria F. Malinoski, and Charles B.
Sharp
CLEVELAND CLINIC FIPE SURVIVORSHIP STUDY 1929-1965. Preprint,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air
Pollution Control, (22)p., July 22, 1968. 7 refs. (Presented at th
9th American Medical Association Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Denver, Colorado, July 22-2U, 1968.)
A long-term study was conducted to determine it there was an
effect on the mortaJity e-pprience oi persons exposed to. gases., such
as HCN, CO, and NO, produced by the decomposition of nitrocellulose
ray film. Such exposure occurred in a fire at the Cleveland Clinic,
Cleveland, Ohio on May 15, 1929. Information was gathered concernin
the 1965 survival status of all persons who were in the building or
who helped with the rescue efforts. These data were categorized by
exposed and unexposed groups and were analysed by modified life tabl
methods. The results of these analyses and the problems incurred in
this type of study are presented. (Author's abstract, modified)
F. Effects-Human Health 39]
-------
10613
Anthony A. Thomas
SPACE CABIN TOXICOLOGY. In: NASA, Marshall- Space Flight
Center Sth Annual Meeting, Air Force Systems Command,
Wright-Patterson AF3, Ohio, p. 207-217, March 3, 1967.
IB refs.
NASA: N6B-17369
Space cabin toxicology is a new and challenging area of
research in life support. The unique problem of this branch
of toxicology is the truly uninterrupted continuous nature
of exposure to chemical toxicants. Fundamental research in the
last two years has answered the following most urgent basic
questions. Continuous exposure can lead to a "summation of
interest" type of toxic effect because daily recuperative
periods from exposure are non-existent. The exotic atmospheric
environment can influence the outcome of toxic damage; reduced
barometric pressure and oxygen-rich atmosphere are influencing
factors. All cabin materials can and must be screened
by analytical and biological methods to increase the health and
performance of the crew in future manned space missions.
To answer these questions, experiments were conducted with
animals in controlled atmosphere chambers at reduced pressure.
Various contaminant materials were introduced for long
exposures times. The tests themselves lasted up to eight
months, thus giving a good indication ot the effects of
long-term exposure to a "space cabin" atmosphere.*"*
1 0685
Bils, Robert F. and Michael J. Evans
THE EFFECTS CF OZO»'E, NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND CT4ES GASEOUS AIR
POL1UTANTS ON MAMMALIAN EESPTRATOBY TISSUES — A REVIEW OF LIGHT
AtlD KLFCTPON KICEOSCOPE STUDIES. Preprint, Allan Hancock
Foundation and University of Southern California, Lcs Ange-
les, Dept. ot Biological Sciences, 20p., 1968. ((49)) refs.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting ot the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968,
Paper 68-83.)
Morphological changes associated with the toxicity of ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and other gaseous
air pollutants are reported. Microscopical investigations have
been made using concentrations of ozone ranging from 0.2 to 50 ppm
on nice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, and dogs. Methods of exposure
varied from single doses for 1 to 6 hours, to multiple or
continuous doses for up to 433 days. Morphological changes seen
with the light microscope after a single dose are accumulation of
edema fluid and migration of leukocytes into the alveolar space.
Electron microscopy has revealed swelling and rupture of
endothelial and epithelial cells and accumulation of cell debris
in the alveoli. In prolonged studies chronic pneumonitis and
contracted alveolar septa are seen. The effects of nitrogen
dioxide on mammals are seen mostly in the respiratory tract.
Experimental exposures as high as 400 ppm cause bronchopneumonia
and death within minutes in laboratory animals. At 40-80 ppm
severe ultrastructural alterations were seen in niddle-aged mice
392 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
exposed to N02 for about 1 hour. The same age animals exposed
tor 24 hours at 25 ppm showed slight damage to lung lining
membranes. A similar effect was produced at 15 ppm for four
hours each day for six weeks, but such changes are easily
reversible. Very slight histopathology is evident with levels in
the 0.5-5 ppm range continuously for 1 £ months or more. Sulfur
dioxide produces little or no morphologic change in lungs even with
daily exposures of 2b-50 ppm for a month. Severe ultrastructural
damage to the lungs has been reported after 15-30 minutes of
0.5-1.0% carbcn monoxide. Natural Los Angeles smog affected
mouse lungs much like the ozone at 1.3 ppm,##
11211
E. M. Roth, B. H. Teichner, and A. 0. Mirarchi
CONTAMINANTS STANDARDS. (SECTION 1J.) In: Compendium of
Human Responses to the Aerospace Environment, Volume III,
Sections 10-16, Smanuel K. Poth (ed.J, Lovelace Foundation
tor ledical Education and Research, Albuquerque, N. Hex.,
CONTRACT -.NAS-115-, p. 1-115, Nov. 1968. 233 refs.
CFSTT: NASA CP-120b(III
Toxicological problems in space operations _over three
situations: (1) the acute, short term, high-level exposure either
in ground support or space cabin conditions; (2) the 8-hour work
day exposure found in manufacturing and ground support
situations; and (3) continuous, long term exposure to trace
contaminants, such as would be anticipated in extended space
missions. In view of the necessity tor provisional limits of
manned space flights of 90 to 1000 days duration the following
criteria for trace contaminant control in manned spacecraft have
been derived: Contaminants must not produce significant adverse
changes in the physiological, biochemical, or mental stability
ot the crew. The spacecraft environment must not contribute to a
performance decrement of the crew that will endanger mission
objectives. The spacecraft environment must not interfere with
physical or biological experiments nor with medical monitoring.
Based on these criteria air quality standards for prolonged manned
missions have been established. The following topics are
discussed: kinetics of contaminants in space cabins; toxicological
factors; toxicology in the spacecraft environment; source of
contaminants; particulates and aerosols; microbial contaminants.
Tables presenting chemical analysis of all contaminants with
standard.levels for space cabins are listed.**
11297
Buckley, Ramon D. and Clayton G. Loosli
EFFECTS OF K02 INHALATION ON GFRMFREE MOUSE LUNG. Preprint,
University ot Southern California, Los Angeles, School of
Medicine, 19p., 1968. 17 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Medical Research Conference, Denver, Colo.,
July 22-2U, 1958, Session IV: Animal Toxicology, Paper 3.)
Structural and metabolic responses of germt'ree and gnotobiotic
rrnnse luna to nitrogen dioxide were studied. The course of
respiratory infection in mice mono-contaminated via aerosol Clauds
ot bacteria or virus was also determined. Histological
I F. Effects-Human Health 393
-------
observations showed that germfree mice exposed continuously to
N02 developed changes in the bronchial epithelium. Tissue
localization and relative activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
acid and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were used to study
alterations in lung metabolism induced by N02 at the cellular
level. The lungs of N02 exposed mice showed intense LDH
activity. The results ot oxygen consumption studies on lung
slices of N02 exposed germtree mice showed a significant
increase in oxygen consumption after 15 mm. incubation and from
each time internal thereafter. The lung clearance rate of
germfree N02 exposed mice to bacteria was not impaired. Studies
indicated that germfree control and N02 exposed animals
responded similar to virus infection.#*
11306
Henry, Mary C. , Pichard Ehrlich, and William H. Blair
FFFECT OF N02 ON RESISTANCE OF SQUIRREL MONKEYS TO K.
PNE'JMONIAE INFECTION. Preprint, ((22))p., 1968. 9 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Medical Pesearch
Conference, Denver, Colo., July 22-24, 1968, Session IV:
Animal Toxicology, Paper 2.)
There is an effect ot nitrogen dioxide on the resistance to
respiratory infection in monkeys. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide
may permit better colonization of bacteria in the lungs of
monkeys by inhibition of the mechanism of bacterial clearance from
lungs and thus resulting in increased mortality.##
1 1307
Emik, L.O. and R.L. Plata
DF.DPKSSION OF RUNNING ACTIVITY IN MICE 3Y EXPOSURE TO POLLUTED
ATP. Preprint, California Univ., Riverside, Statewide Air
Pollution Research Center, 12p., 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Denver,
Colo., July 22-24, 1968, Session IV: Animal Toxicology,
Paper 1.)
Mice in activity wheels were exposed continuously to diluted raw
or irradiated and unirradiated auto exhaust for a period of 8
weeks, using a diurnal cycle simulating Los Angeles conditions
in heavy smog. Those in irradiated exhaust showed an immediate
depression greater than those in raw exhaust, each gradually
recovering and finally surpassing the controls by the end of the
experiment. A balanced half each of control and irradiated
exhaust groups was switched to the other exposure for the second
4 weeks. The controls later placed into irradiated exhaust ran
significantly less than any other group. On a daily basis, no
significant treatment effects were found although the LAF males
always ran significantly (P less than .01) farther than their
BALE chamber mates. The exhaust atmospheres appeared to modify
the diurnal cycles of activity, generally flattening the usual
night peak, but no detailed analyses' were made. The mice
exposed to ozonized gasoline fumes gradually recovered their
control level of activity when continually exposed for several
weeks. With this background of experience, mouse activity was
included as one measure ot the effects of ambient air pollution
exposure. •*#
394 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
11308
Freeman, Gustave
THE SUB-ACUTE N02 LESION OF THE RAT LUNG. Preprint, Stanford
Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., Dept. of Medical
Sciences, 5p-, 1968. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Denver, Colo., July 22-2<»,
1M68. Session IV: Animal Toxicology, Paper 6.)
Two main issues were explored in studies with N02 in rats. One
was the highest level of N02 in ambient air that would not
acutely injure the respiratory tract, and the other was the
contribution N02 might make in the pathogenesis of pulmonary
emphysema in man. Investigations were limited to concentrations
below which N02 could incite acute effects such as edema,
destruction of cells, and inflammatory reaction in the lung.
Hats grew normally and survived natural lifetimes in an atmosphere
containing the realistic concentration of 0.8 plus or minus 0.2 ppm
N02, but they consistently exhibited a moderate degree of
tachypnoea without apparent distress. A similar series was
exposed to 2 plus or minus 1 ppm, with similar results. In both
cases, the lungs appeared grossly normal and contracted on exposure
to the atmosphere. Microscopically, however, sections revealed
changes of the terminal bronchiolar epithelium in the latter group
that were seen only rarely in the 0.8 plus or minus 0.2 ppm group
but not in controls. The development of emphysema-like lungs was
accompanied by enlargement of the thoracic cage, with dorsal
dyphosis. The unrelenting effect of continuous N02 might not
allow time tor much pulmonary tissue to be destroyed before death
but this might occur with somewhat less persistent exposures.##
113 0 y
Tshikawa, S-, D. H. Bowden, V. Fisher, and J. P. Wyatt
THE EMPHYSEMA PROFILE' IN TWO MIDWESTERN CITIES IN NORTH
AMERICA. Preprint, Manitoba Univ., Winnipeg, Dept. of
Pathology and Saint Louis Univ., Mo., Dept. of Anatpmy,
11p., 1968. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Medical
Research Conference, Denver, Colo., July 22-24, 1968,
Session VI: Emphysema, Paper 3.)
In a comparitive study there was considerably more emphysema in
St. T.ouis than Winnipeg and the anatomic emphysema was found
much earlier and appeared to progress more rapidly. In neither
city were cases of severe emphysema observed in non-smokers. From
these basic observations on these two cities, which have striking
differences in the degree of environmental pollution, it appears
that smoking is not the only factor concerned in the development of
emphysema. The importance of environmental pollution is further
strengthened by the fact that the incidence of severe emphysema in
comparable groups of cigarette smokers is lour times as high in
St. Louis as it is in Winnipeg. These findings suggest that
the development of emphysema may be related to a synergistic effect
of smoking and environmental pollution. The sharp distinction
between the emphysema profiles of these two cities further
emphasizes the epidemiologic value of correlating various
parameters -of urban living with patterns of lung pathology.##
F. Effects-Human Health
395
-------
1 131U
Lewis, Trent P., Kirby I. Campbell, and Thomas P.
Vaughan, Jr.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS ON CANINE PULMONARY
FUNCTION. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, 15p., 1968.
21 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Denver, Colo., July 22-24, 1968, Paper «.)
The purpose ci the present investigation was to assess toxicity,
in terns _a±._pu.ljLan.ajL¥_ t.uiLCtJLOJU.- ID canine subjects exposed to tw.o
chronic inhalation regimens. The first study was to
determine effects and interactions ot individual and combined
oxides ot sulfur in normal subjects compared with "impaired"
subjects (previously exposed to N02 and determined to have lung
pathology), as well as to determine residual functional effects in
the "impaired" and "unimpaired" animals. The second study was
intended to determine pulmonary functional alterations in animals
exposed to N02 plus a relatively inert particulate material,
Fe03 dust. The nitrogen dioxide - oxides of sulfur experiment
(study 1) yielded statistically significant results for diffusion
capacity, compliance, and resistance. Dogs receiving H2S04
aerosol had a lower mean diffusion capacity (6.5 ml/mm Kg/min)
than the mean diffusion capacity tor the other four treatment
qrouos that did not receive H2S04 (7. H ml/mm/ Hg/min) . ''"his
difference in diffusion capacity was statistically significant at
0.01 probability level. It should be noted that the H2S01
aerosol effect on diffusion capacity was independent of the S02
or N02-impairnient, which the animals may or may not have
received.#*
Nakamura, K.
RESPONSE OF PULMONARY AIPWAY RESISTANCE BY INTERACTION OF
AEROSOLS AND GASES IU DIFFERENT PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL NATURE.
Translated from Japanese. Japan. J. Hyg. (Tokyo), 19(5) :322-
333, 19&H. 37 refs.
Inhalation tests were conducted on 25 healthy males to determine
their response in pulmonary airway resistance to the interaction of
aerosols and irritant gases. The subjects were divided into 3
groups; Group 1 inhaled S02 for 5 minutes, followed by a
misture of S02 with a large-size NaCl aerosol; Group 2 inhaled
"02 for 5 minutes, followed by a small-sized NaCl aerosol; and
Group 3 inhaled N02 for b minutes followed by a mixture of
N02 and a large-size NaCl aerosol. The airway resistance
(ASS) values immediately after inhalation were measured by the
airway interruption technique, and the intensities of the
reactions were compared. The control values for the AWR were
thos° prior to the tests. The AWR increased synergistically in
Groups 1 and 3. In Group 2 the AWR for N02 and N02 plus
aerosol was higher than the control value, and practically no
change in reaction was observed when the N02 was mixed with the
NaCl aerosol. The syneraistic effect of an irritant gas and an
inactive aerosol is greatest when the aerosol particle size is
396 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
around 1 micron, and the increase in airway resistance in this
case is believed to be due to reactive constriction of the
respiratory bronchiles and alveolar ducts.##
11470T
Henschler, D.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PPETREATKENT WITH SMALL GAS CONCENTRATIONS
AGAINST FATAL PULMONARY EDEMA CAUSED BY IRRITANT GASES.
( (Schutzwirkung einer Vorbehandlung mit geringen
Gaskonzentrationen gegen todliche Reizgas-Lungenodeme.))
Translated from German. Arch. Ixp. Pathol. Pharmakol.
(Berline) , Vol. 238, p. 66-67, 1960. U refs.
In order to elucidate the mode of effect of irritant gas, the
mechanism of a tolerance increase was studied, as it develops
following the effect of small gas concentrations. This effect,
which is known for phosgene and ozone, was determined also for
nitrous gases. These three gases exert a protective effect of
differing intensity with respect to each other, with the exception
of the combination of nitrous gases and phosgene. This protection
is consequently neither a principle valid for all conbimations of
irritant gases, nor is it specific for any one type of gas. This
finding permits exclusion of an antibody-antigen reaction as the
mechanism involved. The following working hypothesis regarding
the mechanism of the protective effect is proposed: irritant gases
diffuse through the alveolor wall and only that portion which is
not hydrolytically disintegrated exerts an edema-inducing effect,
by reacting with structural elements of the pulmonary capillaries.
The hydrolysis of acid gas is conseguently not, as has often been
assumed, the basis for the formation of an edema, but an essential
factor of detoxication.*#
11UU4
Gol'dberg, M. S.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AND HYGIENIC
STANDARDS FOE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS OUTSIDE THE USSR.
((Problema biologicheskogo deistviya atmosfernykh -zagryazneii i
ikh gigienicheskogo normirovaniya za rubezhom.)) Hyg. Sanit.
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 33 (
-------
INHALATION TOXICITY 0? THE AIR POLLUTANT PEEOXYACETYL NITPATE:
DEPRESSION OF VOLUNTARY ACTIVITY IN MICE. Preprint, California
Univ., Riverside, Statewide Air Pollution Research Center,
and Dublic Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air
Pollution Control Administration, ((14))p., ((1968)). m refs.
Sublethai acute toxicity, in terms of depression of voluntary
Physical activity (wheel-running), was determined iiujn.ice
inhaling the photochemical air pollutant peroxyacetyl nitrate
(OAN) for 6-hour per ods at concentration of 2.8, 3.7, 5.5, 6.4,
and H.6 parts per million by volume (ppm) - All concentrations
tested depressed both 6-hour (test period) and 24-hour activity,
following which recovery to standard level required 2 to 4 days.
The concentration depressing activity by 50* (termed
"ActivitySO") was estimated at 4.5 and 4.1 ppa for the 6- and
24-hour activity respectively. By use of ActivitySO index the
toxic potency of PAN was compared with that of other pollutants
as follows (descending rank): ozone, acrolein, nitro-olefins,
ozonized gasoline vapor, ?pan, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide,
irradiated and non-irradiated auto exhaust. The criterion of
activity depression at threshold exposures is discussed briefly.
(Authors' abstract)##
11 539
MacEwen, J. D. and R. P. Geckler
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF 90-DAY CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO 03, N02
AND CCL4 AT REDUCED AND AMBIENT PRESSURES. (FINAL REPORT.)
Aerosjet-General Corp., Azusa, Calif., Contract AF
33 (657)-11305, ^rol. 6302, Task 630201, AMRL-TR-67-68, 67P.,
Feb. 19b8. 25 refs.
CFSTT, DDC: AD 669079
Ninety-day continuous animal exposures to ozone, nitrogen dioxide
an-1 carbon tetrachloride at Threshold Limit Values were
conducted under ambient pressure and 100* oxygen-reduced pressure
(5 psia) conditions. Four species, dogs, monkeys, rats, and mice
were exposed to each material. Guinea pigs were also used for
ozone exposures due to their reported susceptibility to this
pulmonary irritant. Minimal biologic responses were observed
witn exposure to each of the compounds tested and, consequently,
lower tentative exposure limits are recommended for space cabin
environments. The recommended limits, based on the time period
tested, are 1 ppm for nitrogen dioxide, 0.01 ppm tor ozone, and 0.5
ppm tor carbon tetrachloridp. (Authors' abstract)**
11565
Freeman, G., S. C. Crane, P. J. Stephens and N. J.
Furiosi
PATHOGENESIS OF THF NITROGEN DIOXIDE-INDUCED LESION IN THE RAT
LUNG: A REVIEW AND PRESENTATION OF NEW OBSERVATIONS. Am.
Rev. Respirat. Diseases, 98 (3) : 429-443, Sept. 1968. 50 refs.
The induction of an emphysema-like condition in rats by
continuous exposure to nor.eden\a-proa.uci.ng and non-necrotizing
levels of N02(10 to 25 ppm) is described. The increased weight
ot the voluminous, air-cor.taininq lungs was shown to result from
398 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
widespread hypertrophy of respiratory epithelium, especially in
alveoli closely associated with alveolar ducts ard in terminal
bronchioles. Neither excessive fluid nor areas appeared
compressed. Concentrations of 2-H ppm during the natural lifespan
of the rat (about two to three years) did not cause grossly
enphvsematous lungs but were associated with either reduction or
disappearance of bronchiolar cilia, clear inhibition of normal
exfoliation and blebbing of the epothelial cells, and the
appearance o± cytoplasmic, crystalloid inclusions of uncertain
nature.*#
11568
Horn, K.
AN UP-TO-DATE REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE
POPULATION. ( (Uber die Auswirkung der Luftverunreinigung
auf die Bevolkerung - Eine neure Ubersicht-)) Text in
German. Z. Ges. Hyg., 1t(6):410-413, June, 1968. 24 refs.
The effects of the increasing incidence of air pollution on
human health- are discussed. Distinction is made among the
immediate (24-49 hr.), delayed (weeks to months) , and chronic
effects (years) of exposure to air pollution. Four areas
considered are: non-specific respiratory diseases; experimental
and epidemiological studies on chronic effects of air pollution;
studies on premorbid conditions resulting from air pollution; and
incidence of lung cancer. Air pollution is viewed as one of many
etiological factors influencing incidence of colds, influenza and
other respiratory conditions, but it may be a precipitating factor
in the development of chronic conditions. Statistical
correlations between air pollution (oxides of nitrogen, sulfur,
and silicon) and urban incidence of chronic bronchitis,
keratoconjunctivitis, atonia and penumonia have been reported.
Pheumatic heart disease seems more related to socioeconomic
factors than to air pollution. Urban children exposed to air
pollution show microcytic anemia and retardation of bone
development. Correlation between urban air pollution and lung
cancer has been noted. A decrease in lung cancer mortality
was reported among British immigrants to USA, Australia or
South Africa even though their cigarette consumption remained
the same or increased.##
116J2
Vaughan, Thomas R., Jr., Lesta F. Jennelle and Trent B.
Lewis
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON
PULMONARY FUNCTION IN THE BEAGLE. Preprint, Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio National Air Pollution Control
Administration, ((19)) p., ((1968)). 29 refs.
One hundred and four beagles have been exposed for 18 months to
natural and. .photocjieasically reacted auto exhaust, oxides of
nitrogen and oxides of sulfur. No differences in single breath
carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, dynamic pulmonary compliance
or total expiratory pulmonary resistance were found between
exposed and control animals. Removal of reactive gases in the
upper airway was studied during brief exposur.es in an additional
F. Effects-Human Health- 399
-------
small group of animals. Under these conditions, 100% removal of
03 and S02, 90% removal ot N02, 73% removal of NO and no
removal of CO or hydrocarbon were found. (Authors' abstract)##
11670
Donald E. Gardner, Robert S. Holzman, and David L.
Coffin
FFFECTS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE ON PULMONARY CELL
POPt'LATION. Preprint, Public Healtn Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Rational Air Pollution Control Administration,
( (1 1) ) P. , ( (196B) ) . 11 refs.
Studies have shown that ozone has produced changes in the
number and function of cells obtained by pulmonary lavage. In
similar experiments, idooits exposed to levels of N02 from
ambient to 6.0 ppm demonstrated increased numbers of
polymcrphonuclear leukocytes in the lung washings. This
phenomenon persisted for more than 72 hours following a single
J-hour exposure. When streptococci were instilled in the lungs of
N02-exposed anesthetized rabbits 30 minutes prior to lavage, a
pronounced inhibition of phagocytic activity was observed. Using
these criteria, N02 appeared less effective than ozone as a
pulmonary irritant. (Authors' abstract, modified)##
1 1679
N. D. Weiner, K. Amanat, D. Elondo, fi. Caprioli, N.
Dinerman, and A. Felmeister
INTERACTION OF N02 WITH MONOLAYERS CF PHCSPHOLIPIDS
EXTRACTED FPOM E. COLI AT 1 *> DEGPEE C AND 37 DEGREE C.
Preprint, Columbia Univ., New York, Coll. of Pharmacy, 12p.,
March 29, 196K. 10 refs.
Phospholipids were extracted from E. coll grown at 15 degree C
and 11 degree C. The fatty acid residues of the 15 degree C
phospholipids were found to be considerably more unsaturated than
the J7 degree C phospholipids. These phcspholipids were spread
as monomolecular films and exposed to N02 containing
atmosphere. Whereas the 37 degree C phospholipid films
showed no interaction, N02 was found to expand considerably the
1b degree C phospholipid films. The results demonstrate that
simple changes in environmental conditions may affect markedly
the interaction of air pollutants such as N02 with biological
membranes. (Authors' abstract)##
11682
11682
'Ivin Felmeister, Mohammad Amanat ana Norman D. Weiner
INTERACTION OF PROTEIN AND LIPOP»OTEIN HONOLAYF3S WITH
NITROGEN DIOXIDE-TRANS 2-BUTSNE GASEOUS MIXTURES. Preprint,
Columbia Univ., N'ew York, Coll. of Pharmacy, ((8))p.,
( (1968) ) . U refs.
The interactions of pollutant atmospheres with oriented protein
and lipoproteir. films was studied. A gas train assembly. lefiOD.
400 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
coated trough, and Wilhelmy plated method of surface pressure
measurement was used. The films were then exposed to a standard
atmosphere (i.e., air flowing at the rate of 300 ml/min) or to
the following test atmospheres, all flowing at this same rate of
300 ml/rain: (a) 0.33% nitrogen dioxide in air; (b) 0.08% trans
2-butene in air; and (c) 0.33% nitrogen dioxide and 0.08% trans
2-butene in air. Significant changes in the -A curves for
the pure protein films were observed in the presence of all
atmospheres containing nitrogen dioxide, while the trans 2-butene
did not interact with the film, nor did it appear to influence the
nitrogen dioxide film interaction. However, whereas exposure of
unsaturated phospholipid films to nitrogen dioxide containing
atmospheres resulted in a large expansion ot the film, exposure
of bovine albumin film to these same test atmospheres resulted in
a significant contraction of the film. The data obtained suggest
that the effect ot NC2 on the lipoprotein films studied, appears
to be a function only of the phospholipid component of the film.
In general, membrane lipoproteins contain a large proportion of
unsaturated phospholipids attached to structural and functional
protein. In vivo interaction of the supporting phospholipid with
nitrogen dioxide, or other reactive pollutants, could result in an
expansion of the exposed cell membrane. This expansion would then
lead to a change in the conformation of the attached protein.
In the case of a functional protein, changes in conformation would
be accompanied by changes in enzyme activity, ftt
12038
HEALTH AND AIR POLLUTION SUBJECT OF NEW STUDIES. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 2 (4) : 246-249, Apr. 1968.
For the next seven years, Hazleton Laboratories Inc. will be
studying the effects of air pollutants ou laboratory. ajiiaals»
including guinea pigs and monkeys. One study financed by Edison
Electric Institute and National Coal Association is intended
to provide data useful in setting criteria tor the three most
conspicuous pollutants emitted from stacks of coal-burning plants:
S02, H2S04 mist, and flyash. Test animals exposed to the
pollutants are being checked regularly to determine whether their
respiration is being affected and if so, how much. The second
study, financed by the American Petroleum Institute will
emphasize the possible role of synergism in air pollution. This
study will cover various concentrations of five air pollutants:
CO, N02, S02, lead chlorobromide, and CaS04.#*
12949
Soda, Reiten
POLLUTED AIH PRODUCTION WITH GASEOUS PARTICLES. (Gasujo no
osenbutsu ni yoru osen-kuki sakuseiho). Text in Japanese. Kuki
Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 6 (7): 10-
17, 1969. 17 refs.
Special techniques have been devised using scattering cells,
permeation tubes, or multiple step dilution to obtain a
reproducible contaminated atmosphere. Artificially polluted air
is used not only in the evaluation of a high efficiency air
filter, but also in the experimental analysis of harmful effects
F. Effects-Human Health 401
-------
on animals. Different gas particles are used and gas
concentrations are also varied for different experiments. For
example, CS2 (0.1 ppm) and C6H6 (1 pptn) are used for animal
inhalation experiments and hydrocarbons (100 ppm) , SO:) (10 ppm),
and nitrogen oxides (10 ppm) are used for the measurement of
collection ratios of high efficiency air filters. To perform
these experiments and measurements correctly, purity,
concentration, temperature, and pressure of the polluted gas
should be stable.
1J852
Buckley, Ramon D. and Clayton G. Loosli
"FFECTS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE INHALATION ON GERFIFRF.E MOUSE LUNG.
Arch. Environ. Health, 18(4):588-595, April 1969. 16 refs.
The role of nitrogen dioxide (NC2) alone as a causative agent
ot structural and metabolic alteration to lung tissue.
without the synergistic effects of superimposed bacterial or
viral infections, was investigated by exposing germfree mice
to pure N02 in sterile chambers and then killing them after an
appropriate exposure period. This method made possible the
production and characterization of a chemically induced lesion
not altered by the presence of respiratory disease-causing
oraanisms. Examination of the N02-exposed tissue showed that
alterations involved primarily the bronchiolar epithelium
and alveolar tissue near terminal bronchioles and suggested that
a stimulation in cell activity, rather than damage and
destruction, results from N02 inhalation, at least at the
exposure levels involved. Results also suggested that
only cells in direct contact with N02 undergo structural and
metabolic change. In an additional study, both germfree and
conventional mice, after N02 exposure, were contaminated
with either staphylococcus aureus bacteria or with influenza
virus. Although there was greater deposition of organisms in
the lung ot N02-exposed animals than in the germfree control
group, the lung clearance rates for S. aureus of both groups
were nearly identical. Control and N02-exposed germfree mice
both responded to virus contamination with significantly
increased resistance, much the same as conventional mice, a
phenomenon which is not understood at present.
1 J860
Feldstein, PI.
TOXICITY AND ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. J. Forensic Sci.,
1U(j):JJ7-Jb1, July 1969. U4 refs.
T-he emission of solids, liquids, and gases from industrial
operations, power and heat generation using fossil fuels,
combustion of organic waste materials, and auto exhaust
constitute the major sources of air pollution. Carbon
monoxide, as a community air pollutant, is emitted to the
atmosphere from most combustion operations where incomplete
combustion ot organic matter occurs. Exposures to 30 ppm for
four to six hours may result in blood carboxyhemoglobin
concentrations as high as 8% of the total pigment. Nitrogen
dioxide is the primary reactant in photochemical smog, and is
402 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
found to cause acute pulmonary edema. Physiological response
to low concentrations of both S02 and S03 is similar and involves
bronchial constriction. The response with 303 is H to 20
times greater in experimental animals than with S02 on an
equal concentration basis. It is now believed that there
is no tolerable dose of a carcinogen. Skin tumors vere
produced in animals by as little as 0.4 micrograms of
benzpyrene. Part of the reason for increased lung cancer is
ascribed to carcinogens present in air pollution. Several
other pollutants and the various ways of analyzing pollutants
are also discussed.
1 JB68
Yokoyama, Eiji
VARIATIONS OF VENTILATOPY DYNAMICS IN EXPERIMENTAL. EXPOSURE
TO 502 AHD N02. (SO2 oyobl N02 jikken-bakuro-ji no kanki-
rikiqaku-chi no henka). Text in Japanese. Arerugi Nippon
Zasshi (Jap. J. Allergy), 16 (10) :b6-60, Oct. 1967. 17 refs.
Six healthy adults aged 20 to 36 were experimentally exposed
to S02 gas, and five healthy adults aged 18 to 37 were exposed
to N02 gas. Pulmonary flow resistance, pulmonary compliance,
FRC, and respiratory rate were measured. Concentrations of S02
during the experiment were 36 to 10 ppm; those of N02 were 6 to
17 ppm. Experimental exposure to these two gases and similar
analyses were made in anesthetized dogs and guinea pigs. Flow
resistances of the lungs and thorax because of bronchoconstriction
were commonly increased by both S02 and N02 in three experiments.
The following response to these gases, however, differed.
Increase of pulmonary flow resistance to S02 was inhibited
by the subcutaneous administration of 0.7 mg of atropine
sulfate, but no inhibition by atropine was observed with N02.
Respiratory rate was increased by N02 and decreased by S02 in
an experiment with guinea pigs. Variation in pulmonary
compliance was more marked with N02 than with S02. The S02
was found to stimulate mainly the upper respiratory tract
(nose, throat, and upper trachea) because it is water-soluble
and because more than 95)1 of it is absorbed within the upper
respiratory tract. The N02 was found to stimulate mainly the
peripheral portion of the lung because it does not dissolve
easily in water and thus is easily brought to the peripheral
portion of the respiratory tracts. Nitrogen dioxide was found
to have an oxidizing action and to damage the pulmonary
mucosae more markedly than the reductive action of S02.
1U050
Gregory, Arthur N. and Charles H. Hine
NEONATAL RESISTANCE TO LUNG EDEMA. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,
vol. 128:693-695, July 1968. 15 refs.
The resistance of newborn rats and mice to lung edema was
determined by simultaaeQiisly Injectiag adult rodents and their.
newborn offspring with thiourea and by comparing the toxicity of
inhaled N02 in adults and newborn. Newborn rodents survived
injections in good health but the mothers, in grooming their
young, ingested fatal amounts of thiourea. Their deaths were
F. Effects-Human Health 403
-------
characterized by pulmonary edema and -hemorrhage. The median
lethal dose (LD50) of thiourea tor adult rats was 47 rag/kg; that
tor newborn rats was 1.2 arc/kg. Resistance to N02 was also high
in the young. These results are in direct contrast to both
orioinal data and data from the literature on the ordinarily
increased sensitivity of newborn animals to most drugs and toxic
agents. It is theorized that immaturity of the pituitary-
adrenal axis, together with thyroid deficiency and thyroid
insensitivity, is important in the resistance of newborn animals
to these inducers of lung edecia. Hyj-oventi lat ion is also
suggested as a possible protective mechanism.
1 U065
Seiner, N. D. , .1. Amanat, D. Blondo, K. Caonoli, N. Dinerman,
and a . Felneister
INTFRACTION 0? N02 WITH MONOLAYERS OF PHOSPHOLIP IDS EXTEACTED
FROM E. COLI AT 15 AND 37 DEGREES. J. Pharm. Sci., 57(8):1398-
TiOO, Aug. 196H. 10 refs.
The ouroose ot the study was to determine whether the membrane
phospholipids extracted from Escherichia coll grown at 15 and 37
d°g would exhibit differences in their interaction with an air
pollutant such as N02. mhe tatty acid residues ot the 15 deg
phosonolipids were found ro he CDnsiderably more unsaturated than
the 37 leg phosphol ipid s. These phospholipids were spread as
monomolscular films and exposed to N02-containing atmospheres.
Whereas the 37 deg phospholipid films showed no interaction, N02
was found to expand considerably the 15 aeg phospholipid films,
probably the result of the interaction ot N02 with the double
bonds ot the unsaturated fatty acid groups. The results
demonstrate that simple changes in environmental conditions may
markedly affect the interaction of air pollutants such as N02 with
biological membranes. (Author abstract modified)
110 7 y
Abe, Mutsuo
EFFtCTS OF MIXED NO2-S02 GAS ON HUMAN PULMONABY FUNCTIONS. Bull.
Tokyo led. Dental Univ., 1 « («) : 4 1 5-433 , iyb7. 30 refs.
Experimental studies were carried out on the effects of SO2, N02,
and a mixed S02-N02 gas on the human pulmonary functions by
measuring the values of ventilatory mechanics, by spirometry, and
by peak flow rate. The effects ot S02 are immediate but not
durable. Those ot N02, on the contrary, are late-acting and
durable. The effects.ot a mixed S02-N02 gas are intermediate
between those of N02 and S02 alone, showing no cumulative effects
of the two oases, only additive ones. Such differences of the
effects between two gases are supposed to oe attributed to the
grade of water solubility or each gas; S02 is readily soluble
and N02 difficultly soluble. (Author abstract modified)
404 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
1D081
Kleinerman, Jerome and C. Pichard Cowdrey
THE FFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS HIGH LEVEL NITROGEN DIOXIDE ON
HAKSTERS. Yale J. Biol. Red., 40 (b-6) :579-590, April-June 1968.
11 refs.
In an attempt to experimentally produce emphysema lesions by
exposure to r.itrogen dioxide, the experimental design of earlier
studies was altered so that the previously untested iyi.-j.dii
hamster species could be continuously exposed (20 to 22 hrs/day)
tor a prolonged period to concentrations of N02 sufficiently high
to produce a moderate mortality (45-55 ppm). Experimental
findings are presented. While the size of the alveolar spaces
appeared enlarged in the exposed animals compared to the controls,
there was no evidence of destruction of alveolar septal tissue,
leading to the conclusion that a tissue-destructive form of
emphysema was not produced in this experiment. The use of
continuous exposures for prolonged periods, even at concentrations
that produce a mortality of approximately 35%, does not appear to
alter the nondestructive character of the tissue response. The
hamster thus joins>the other rodent groups previously studied,
by these authors as species that respond characteristically to
S02 inhalation by an exudative and proliterative reaction without
evidence of tissue destruction. The character and degree of the
epithelial and inflammatcry response appear similar in kind and
proportional in extent to the time concentration product imposed.
The variability in the response among bronchioles in a single
lung is seen as even more disquieting than the differences in
degree of reaction among animals similarly exposed, suggesting
that profound differences in the uniformity of distribution of
the inhaled noxious agent exist. These observations are
consistent with physiological observation, but their fundamental
basis remains unclear. The rapid and almost complete involution
of the epithelial hyperplastic and inflammatory response
produced by N02 in the animals studied JO days after cessation of
exposures is considered remarkable and is thought to demonstrate
the extensive reparative properties of the lung. The return
toward normal of the lung volumes and right ventricular weights
in this group again suggests that a reversible lesion is being
repaired and lends support to the conclusion that no permanent
tissue destruction has been produced by these profound experimental
exposures. Two factors are discussed as possible causes of
apparent differences between these results and those of other
investigators carrying out similar experiments: the use of
varying definitions of the term emphysema and varying techniques
to inflate' anc! fix lung tissue. A record of a discussion of this
paper is included.
11*1 19
Heuss, Jon H. and William A. Glasson
HYDROCH3BON REACTIVITY AND EYE IRRITATION. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 2 (12) : 1109-1116, Dec. 1968. 21 refs.
Twenty-five hydrocarbons and nitric oxide were irradiated in a
smog chamber. Eye irritation and various chemical reaction
rates and product yields were used to measure hydrocarbon
F. Effects-Human Health 405
-------
reactivity. Although the chemical measurements of reactivity
correlated with one another to a fair degree, there was no
correlation between any of the chemical measurements and
eye irritation. A correlation was iound between hydrocarbon
structure and eye irritation; a hydrocarbon reactivity scale
based on eye irritation is presented. The most potent
precursors ot eye irritation were benzylic hydrocarbons and
aromatic oletins. A new and extremely potent eye irritant,
peroxybenzoyl nitrate, a lachrymator 200 times as potent
as formaldehyde, was identified as a product from the
irradiation of benzylic hydrocarbons and aromatic olefins.
(Author abstract modified)
14 J77
Froeian, Gustave, Sheldon C. Crane, Robert J. Stephens, and
N. J. 'unosi
FACTORS IN EMPHYSEMA AMD A MODEL SYSTEM WITH N02.
Yale J. Biol. Wed., 40 (b-6) : 566-575 , April-June 1968. 44 refs.
A model ot an emphysema-like disease based on the covert effects
of environmental N02 is described. The model suggests how
some of the features that define emphysema in nan may occur.
Twenty-one month-old rats were exposed to concentrations of
O.H ppm of N02, a level already achieved in smog. They and an
equivalent control group lived out their natural lives of 2-3
years and died of similar commonplace diseases of old age
apparently unrelated to N02 exposure. The only difference
between the groups vas a sustained tachypnoea of about 20%
above normal in rats exposed to J102. Kicroscopica lly, lungs
w»re essentially without blemish except for occasional evidence
ot bronchial epithelial changes. A similar experiment with
2 r>pm of N02 produced the sane results. The bronchial
epithelial cells exposed to N02 were more uniform in size and
the luitenal surfaces were smoother than in the controls.
Functionally, it was suggested that inhaled particles,
infectious or not, might be retained due to deficient ciliary
cleansing ot alveoli and bronchioles. The next higher
concentration, 4 ppm, was terminated after 16 weeks. Grossly,
the lungs were not clearly different from the controls, but
the terminal bronchiolar epithelium was hypertrophic,
characterized by increased height and uniformity of the cells.
In all cases, continuous breathing of 10 pptn N02 gave rise
to large, air-containing lungs that did not collapse under
atmospheric pressure. Aninals exposed to 10 ppm began to die
ot respiratory failure after 16 months. They grew less well
and developed thoraces with increased anterior-posterior
diameters. Lungs ot rats dying of exposure to 12 or 25 ppm
N02 looked alike, except that the Icnger survival of 1fi-30 months
of the former allowed changes in them to become more advanced
than in rats that died after 5-6 months from 25 ppm. It was
concluded that by selective tuning and dosage of N02, lesions
ot the lung [ray be achieved that resemble more closely the
Generalized destructive, bullous-torming stage of the disease
recognized by many pathologists as the determining symptom
of terminal emphysema in man.
406 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Chen, C., K. Okamoto, and T. Naka"jima
TH^ HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE LUNG OF MICE EXPOSED TO
0.7-O.B PPM NC2 GAS FOS A MONTH. (NO2 gas (0.7-0.3 ppm) ni
renzoku ikkagetsukan bakuro shita mausu hai no byori soshiki gaku
teki kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi
(Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):91, April 1969.
To study the eftect of exposure to nitrogen dioxide gas on lungs
and trachea, mice tour weeks of age were placed in a exposure
chamber and continuously exposed for JO days to 0.7 to 0.8 ppm
concentrations ot nitrogen dioxide gas, supplied by heating
liquid N02. Air for dilution was passed through a dehumidifier,
filter, and activated carbon. Air velocity in the chamber was
b cm/sec, temperature 24 to 26 deg, relative humidity 40 to 70%,
and the light transmission rate of dust was less than 1%. The
mice were given ample food and water. A control group of mice
was raised under similar conditions but in the absence of N02.
No statistically significant difference in growth rate was
observed between groups. On the 15th day of exposure to the gas,
accelerated secretion of mucus, degeneration, and desguamation
were observed at the mucus epithelium of the trachea. Lung
congestion and increased secretion of mucus in bronchial tubes
was also noted. By the JOth day, advanced negative and
degeneration of the mucus epithelium was evident in both lungs
and trachea. The results show that catarrhal changes in lung and
trachea occur following exposure to less than 1% (sic; 1 ppm/)
K02 gas.
1
-------
15012
Los Anaeles County Med. Assoc. Calif.
K7.PLY PBIEF OF THE LOS ANGELFS CCUNTI MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
presented before the U. S. Federal Power Con-mission in the
Matters ot Transwestern Pipeline Cc., Docket nos. CP63-20U,
CP6U-91; El Paso Natural Gas Co., Docket no. CP64-76; and Gulf
Pacific Pipeline Co., Docket no. CP63-223, 25 p., Aug. 2,
1465.)
In arguing against oil producers and ID tavor of increased
availability ot sufficient supplies of natural gas to end
industrial fuel-oil burning, it is pointed out that not only
sulfur oxides but nitrogen oxides, sulfates, and suhmicron
particulate matter, are contaminants derived from oil burning,
and that these emissions constitute a serious health hazard.
Industrial hygiene exposure limitations are not considered
ar.olicable to exposure of the general population to ambient
air, and no single research experiment or epidemlologica1 study
can establish that a particular concentration is a safe level
under any and all circumstances. In adaition, it is felt that
California state standards do net establish a sate atmospheric
limit tor community air pollutant concentrations and require
modification in the light ot recent findings. Los fingeies levels
ot S02, NO, and particulat.es are considered harmful despite
selected monthly averaces showing 'harmless1 levels; such
monthly averages do not present a true picture of pollutant
concentrations to which a population has been exposed. Clinical
and opidemioloaical evidence indicates that present levels
of air pollution in Los Angeles pose a serious risk to public
health; it is believed that such considerations demand the
elimination of pollution from industrial fuel oil burning.
15215
Freeman, 3., S. C. Crane, and N. J. Furiosi
FFALTNG IM RAT LONG AFT^P SUBACUTE EXPOSURE TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE.
Am. Rev. ^espirat. Disease, 100 (5) :662-676, 1964. 1j refs.
The nature of healing was observed in rats after 1, J, 1C, 16, and
20 weeks of continuous exposure to 1b -r or - 2 ppri nitrogen
dioyidr. Animals from each group were allowed to recover for 0,
H, 20, and 52 weeks and were compared with control rats of the
same age. Lung weights increased at two different le in the ductal areas.
Between the two increments, lung weights were equivalent to those
of control animals. Healina in the longer-exposed rats left some
inhomogeneity of the air spaces of the parenchyma and seme
partial or possibly complete closure by fibtosis of the
terpinatj.ors of the bronchioles. Septal wails were sometimes
attenuated ana fractured. >?oth atresia of terminal bronchioles
408 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
and discontinuities in altered elastic tissue may account in part
tor the apparently reduced elastic recoil of lungs of exposed
animals. (Author summary modified)
15U90
Holland, George J. , David Benson, Albert Bush, Georoe Q. Rich,
and Robert P. Holland
AIP POLLUTION SIMULATION AND HOKAN FEBFORMANCE. Am. J. Public
Health, 50 (9) : 163K- 1691 , Sept. 1968. 35 refs.
The effect ot short-term exposure to moderate levels of
photochemical air pollutant constituencies on the efficiency of
various types of human motor performance was determined. Eeaction
time, vital capacity, and submaximum work performance on the
bicycle ergometer were measured in 14 college student vol-unteer
subjects. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two
groups according to the Latin sguare method of experimental
design. They served alternately on two occasions as either
control subjects in a normal atmospheric environment or as
experimental subjects in an air pollution environment. In order
to simulate the conditions of the Los Angeles Basin, a test
facility was designed. Irradiated exhaust gases from an automobile
were pumped into an exercise booth near the reaction tunnel. A
ventilation system was used to replace the exhaust gases with
filtered atmospheric air during the control experiments. Air
samples were analyzed for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxidants, hyarocar bons, aldehydes, and
formaldehyde. It did not appear from the study that the
performance ot fine neuronuscular tasks such as reaction time or
cardiorespiratory work efficiency were significantly altered by
short-term exposure to moderate levels of air pollution. More
study is required to elucidate the effects of air contaminants on
other types of human psychotaotor performance, especially maximum
work capacity. Many atmospheric pollutants may have an insidious
qualitative biochemical effect on human physiological processes
which can only be identified through careful longitudinal study.
Future studies involving higher levels of contamination with more
precise measures of airway resistance are recommended.
Yokoyama, Eiji
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF SC2 , N02, AND 03 ON THE PULMONARY
VENTILATION OF GUINEA PIGS. (SC2 to NO,? oyobi 03 no kankino
moyobosu eikyo no hikaku-monumotto no okeru bakuro jikken) . Text
in Japanese. Sangyo Igaxu (Jap. J. Ind. Health), 1 1 ( 1 1 ): 563-568,
Nov. 2Q, 196V. 21 refs.
Ventilatory functions of guinea pigs were quantitatively measured
before, during, and after 2-hour exposure to S02, N02, and 03.
The gases caused an increase in the flow resistance of the animals,
although the degree of change varied for the three gases. A
significant difference was observed in the direction of change
in the respiratory rate. Sulfur dioxide caused a decrease in
the respiratory rate while N02 and 03 caused a decrease. The
tidal volume changed in a direction opposite to the change in
the respiratory rate. The changes in the ventilation function
ot the respiratory system were attributed to differences in
lung area between exposures. (Author abstract modified)
F. Effects-Human Health 409
-------
157J2
Won, William D. arid Harold Poss
"FACTION OF AIPBOPNE RHIZOBIUM HELILCTI TO SOME EN V IPONFIENTAL
FACTORS. Appl. Microbiol. , 18 (U) :555-557, Oct. 196". 9 refs.
The laboratory findings on the behavior of airborne P. meliloti
(102F5) in relation to relative humidity (EH), ultraviolet light
radiation, and certain common qaseous atmospheric pollutants
were rpporteri. Survival of R. meliloti in aerosols at 20 C was
maximal at high FF and minimal at low PH. Relatively high
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, sultur dioxide, or
formaldehyde were needed to significantly reduce viability of R.
meliloti in aerosols at 50% PH. Fxcept tor the reduction in
activity of formaldehyde by S02, there was no additive or
antagonistic effect of mixing pollutants. High environmental RH
enhanced bactericidal activity of N02 and S02. High PH
minimized and low PH accentuated the biological effect of
ultraviolet light of 3CC to <400 nm wavelength. (Author abstract
iioditied)
Belanaer, William F.
A ST'JDY OF TPE FFFICTS OF AI1! POLLUTION ON HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS.
Preprint, Philadelphia Dept. of Public Health, Pa., Air
Management Services Div., 8p. , Sept. 1969. (Presented at
Air Pollution Committee Meeting, Philadelphia County Medical
Society, Philadelphia, Oct. 27, 1969.)
A preliminary study on the effects of air pollution on health was
conducted. Total oxidants, soiling index, sulfur dioxide, and
nitrogen oxides were measured near the hospital. Hospital data
were drawn directly from the patient-card files. Hospital
admissions, after elimination of admissions not directly concerned
with pollution effects, were broken into total respiratory
admissions, respiratory infections only, respiratory infections
including undiagnosed cases, respiratory growths, total respiratory
tor children under 10, total respiratory tor adults over 60, eye
irritation, cardiac patients, and vascular patients. Sixty-three
visual comparisons yielded one very strong correspondence between
soiling index and total respiratory admissions. An additional
relationship between sultur dioxide and total respiratory
admissions was weak. The breakdown of respiratory admissions
into subcategories yielded numbers of admissions too low to
make a comparison, and so the prediction of the sensitive areas
ol the population was not possible. Coefficients of correlation
were calculated for individual months tor total respiratory
admissions aoainst air pollution variables. Data showed
significant correlations for soiling index, sulfur dioxide, and
nitrogen oxides. The correspondence between soiling index and
respiratory admissions was especially marked. This effect
occurred as low as 0.75 COH. It was apparent that the
correspondence of soiling index peaks and peaks in respiratory
admissions should be further investigated. It was recommended
that the soiling index be related to air quality standards with
a maximum of about 0.75 COH.
410 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
00009
0. C. Taylor
"OXIDANT" AIP POLLUTANTS AS PHYTOTOXICANTS. California
Univ., Riverside, Air Pollution Research Center. (Paper
6H-91) . 1964. 13 pp.
This report attempts to outline some of the advances made in the
identification and study of oxidizing toxicants other than ozone in
the "smog" complex and to indicate seme of the avenues of
research that are prerequisites to the establishment of effective
control measures. Assuming that the total elimination from the
atmosphere of oxidant-torming pollutants is not economically
feasible, it is essential that investigations be continued to
determine acceptable levels of the pollutants, to find resistant
plant materials and to search tor chemical additives that might
offer protection to the vegetation.##
00229
J.T. Middleton A.J. Haagen-Smit
THE OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND
MEXICO. 3. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 11 (3) :129-13U,
Mar. 1961. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, Kay 22-26,
1960.)
The cracking of rubber, production of elevated oxidant and the
occurrence of both ozone and oxidant plant damage are shown to be
manifestations of photochemical air pollution. Geographic areas
considered are Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, D.C.;
urban and non-urban areas.##
H.W. Wolf
MICROORGANISMS AND OXIDIZING - TYPE AIR POLLUTION (DOCTOR'S
THESIS). (For the degree of Doctor of Public Health,
California Div. Los Angeles.) 1965. 119 pp.'
The possibility that oxidizing-type air poullution might suppress
411
-------
the viability of bacterial cells was investigated. Sampling
activities were conducted at the Azusa Station of the Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District.
Micoorganisms indigenous to the air of the area were sampled
with an Andersen sampler. Bacteria and yeasts (together)
recovered during high-oxidant periods (total oxidant = greater
than 0.14 ppm) had a median equivalent diameter (MED) 0.3 microns
greater than those recovered during low-oxidantr periods (total
oxidant equal to or less than 0.19 ppm). This difference was not
considered significant since wind velocity was higher during high-
oxidant periods. Higher wind velocities effect a longer MED by
increasing the relative concentration of large-sized particles.
Although more organisms were recovered on the small stage during
low-oxidant periods than during high-oxidant periods, the level
of significance (O.t)1;) is low. Further, it was speculated that
sunlight night exert such an effect. Background studies showed
aram-negative rods to be highly Icg-noriral in size distribution,
while gram-positive rods deviated from normality. This deviation
ot gram-positive rods was possibly due to the predominance
ot two morphological types, large spore-formers, and small non-
spore-torniers. Molds, including ectinomycetes, were markedly
non-normal in distribution. The highly log-normal distribution,
and absence of spore-forming types, of the gram-negative rods
deserve special attention from future investigators. A
permeable-membrane technique was used to expose selected
microorganisms to high-oxidant levels. (Author's abstract)##
00301
,. D. Thomas
GAS DAMAG3 TO PLANTS. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 2, 293-322,
1951.
A detailed review is given of gas damage to plants with references
containing important bibliographies. Investigations on the
effects on vegetation of sulfur dioxide, other sulfur-containing
g=ises, halogens and hydrogen halides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia,
mercury vapor, and carbon compounds are cited and results
discussed. Phytotoxicities of the dirferent gases seem to depend
on (a) absorbability, which is related to water solubility and
reactivity with the tissues; (b) acidity or alkalinity; (c)
oxidation or reduction reactions; (d) hormonal properties; and
(e) toxicity of the element itself. Carbon monoxide, hydrogen
cyanide and hydrogen sultide are or comparatively low
toxicity. Greater toxicity is evidenced by chlorine and sulfur
dioxide due to their rapid oxidizing or reducing properties.
The even greater toxicity of fluorine and iodine compounds is due
to their rapid absorption and inherent toxicity as elements in
themselves.# t
00316
1. P. Gregory
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON EDIBLE CROPS. Korth Carolina
Univ., Chapel Hill, Dept. of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering. May 19f>U. pp. 21-3.
412 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
The effects ot air pollution on edible crops should be
differentiated at the onset from the effects of air pollution
on vegetation in general. For example, sulfur dioxide
has a very pronounced effect or pine needles, but pine needles
are a minor food source. It has been variously estimated
by different authorities that the annual loss of vegetable
produce amounts to 40 to 60 million dollars. Although this
over-kill type of damage is very real to the vegetable producer
and is-ot great economic interest, it is ot lass concern
to those in public health. Their concern is with the damage
that alters the content s of crops but does not alter the
appearance sufficiently to prohibit their sale. This
results in threats to public health through the insidious
route of the gastro-intestina1 tract. The alterations
in edible crops that are usually not apparent to the
consumer fall into two categories: (1) loss of nutiirnts
such as vitamins, proteins, essential fatty acids, etc. and
(2) the addition ot some substance to the food which is
toxic when absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. The
loss of nutrients has been established in many cases.
Some of the substances which have been shown to produce
nutrient damage to produce are: ozone, nitroolefins,
perocyacyl nitrates, nitrogen oxides, and ethylene. Of
probably greater importance to health now and assuredly in
the future is the addition of some toxic substance to the
produce. With the advent of possible atomic power plants, Be
was studied tor toxicity and found to be extremely toxic.
It was found that Be taken up into bush fceans was not only
toxic itself, but decreased the Cu content. In this way
it tell into the category of primary toxicant and also into the
category of nutrient depletor. Many other compounds also
tail into both categories. With the many new insecticides,
herbicides and larvicides being manufactured, it has become
imperative to be aware ot the problem of both the effect on
edibles of a toxicant and also its effect on the plant, that
is, loss of minerals, vitamins, etc.##
00696
A. F. W. Cole and M. Katz
SUMMER OZONE CONCENTPATIONS IN SOUTHERN ONTAEIO IN PELATION TO
PHOTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS AND VEGETATION DAMAGE. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. Vol. 16 (4) :201-206, Apr. 1966.
(Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Toronto, Canada. June 20-24, 1965, Paper No.
6'b-IIJ.)
This paper describes an air pollution investigation at Port
Burwell, Ontario to determine the pollutant responsible for
fleck damage. The study was part of a cooperative project with
groups representing the Canada Department of Aariculture, the
Meteorological Branch of the Canada Department of Transport,
the Air Pollution Control Branch of the Ontario Department of
Health, and Imperial Tobacco Co. of Canada Ltd. In 1960 and
1961 the air pollution phase of the project was undertaken by the
Occupational Health Division ot the Department of National
Health and Keifare.##
G. Effects-Plants and Livestock 413
-------
00461
I. J. Hindawi and A. P. Altshuller
PLANT DAMAGE CAUSED BY IRRADIATION OF ALDEHYDES. Science
116 (J6UH) :b10-512, Oct. 23, 1964.
The report that damage to petunia has been correlated with
the presence cf aldehydes in the atmosphere is discussed in
relation to recent laboratory findings. Laboratory investigations
hsve shown that irradiation of formaldehyde in air will not cause
plant riamaae to the varieties ot petunia, pinto bean, and tobacco
wrapper used, even when nitrogen oxide is added to the system.
Irradiation ot propionaldehyde in air does cause damage to these
plants. Addition ot nitrogen oxide to the irradiated
propionaldehyde- in-air system does not markedly increase damage.
(Author abstract) #*
U 0 9 h i
Taylor, 0. C., and F. H . Faton
S'iop->Tc;5-oK rir PLANT GPOWTK BY NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Plant
Physiol. Vol. ul:H2-1Jb, 1966. 9 refs.
Nicotians qlutinosa and pinto bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris)
were exposed tor short periods (j aiys or less) to high
concent cations of NC^ (1.1 1-20. b3 Kg/cubic n>et = r) tc compare the
resuitinn leaf lesions with ozone damage produced at concentrations
ot 0.1J to IN NFW JEP5EY AIR THAT CAUSES PLANT DAMAGE? New
Jersey Agr. U" , 11-J, Aug. 1962
Air samples were tafcen in Carlstadt, Eordentown and at
New Brunswick, and SO^,03 and NC2 were determined daily
during =i 1-hr period. With regard to S02, Carlstadt was the
most polluted. New Brunswick next, and Boraentown had the
lowest pollution. In Carlstadt and New Brunswick S02
otttn exceeded 0.1 ppir which is believed to cause damage to
alfalfa, violets and crab apple. In all three locations
OJ frequently exceed the O.OJS ppm which causes fleck on
tobacco and ether IP or-' sensitive plants. N02 is a
414 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
constituent of some of the photochemical reactions which produce
material toxic to plants. High barometric pressure and low
wind speed are associated with an increased air pollution load.##
01B09
J.T. Middieton
T9YHDS IM AIP POLLUTION DAMAGE. Arch. Environ. Health 8,
19-23, Jan. 1961. (Presented at the Sixth Annual Air
Pollution Medical Hesearch Conference, San Francisco,
Calif., Jan. 28-29, 1963.)
Plant damage from particulates, oxidants, ozone, ethylene,
fluonde and sulfur dioxide are discussed. The trends
in California are emphasized. The relevant literature is
reviewed.*#
02209
W.l*. Dugger, Jr., O.C. Taylor, E. Cardiff, C. R.
Thompson
STOKATAL ACTION' IN PLANTS AS RELATED TO DAKAGE FROM
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS. Plant Physiol., 37, U87-91, 1962.
The role of stomates, as a factor in controlling the injury to
plants from the photochemically produced pollutants, ozone and
[.eroxyacet yl nitrate (PAN), was investigated. Stomatal action
was quantitatively treasured by determing the resistance of air
flow through the stomates with a Wheatstone bridge
resistance porometer. By a combination of measurements
involving apparent photosynthesis, transpiration, and degree of
leaf damage produced by the air pollutant oxidants it was
shown that: (A), Stcmates open rapidly in the light, even after
a long dark period, and close slowly in the dark; (E),
Transpiration rate from plants transferred from the dark to the
light equals the rate of control plants in the light within 30
minutes; (C , The physiological aqe of bean plants and not the
degree of Stomatal opening determines the susceptibility to the
two oxidants. Five and six day old bean plants are not damaged by
ozone yet the stomates are functional. Plants of this age are
most susceptible to PAN damage; (D), Apparent photosynthesis
and degree of Stomatal opening are not significantly reduced in
pinto bean by a 30 minute fumigation with ozone. The length of
the pre-fumigation dark period determines the extent of leaf damage
Iron this pollutant. The nature of ozone damage and the
protective action of a long pre-fumigation dark period suggest that
the level of carbonhydrates in the leaves nas some role in
predisposing plants to damage from this oxidant. (Author
summary) #»
G. Effects-Plants and Livestock 415
-------
.i.T. Middleton
PLAN-r DAMAGE: Atl INDICATOR OF THE PRESENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF
7\TR POLLUTION. Full. World Health Organ. (Geneva)
3U, (3) T/7-yU, 19t6.
Air pollutant? may damage plants and cause death or
destruction of tissue with visiole pathological symptom.;, reduce
Growth, productivity, and commodity quality, and interfere with
biological processes without causing visible injury symptoms. The
contaminants resoonsicle fcr damage ir.ay be either particulate or
gaseous in nature. The solid carticles released into the
atmosohere are sometimes the cause ot soiling of. fruits and
vegetables, tissue damage tc exposed leaves and fruits, growth
reduction: in addition, they add a toxic burden to forage crops
used as teedstuffs tor livestock. Liquid particles, such as acid
aerosols and toxic mists, are sometimes responsible for leaf
spotting. The greatest amount of damage to animals and vegetation
is usually caused by gaseous air contaminants, which directly
ir.jure plants and indirectly injure animals by the toxic effects
prociiced after the animal has consumed contaminated forage and
+ ood supplements. This discussion of plant damage symptoms and
responses has been directed to the qualitative aspects necessary
tor assessing the presence and distribution of pollution. As to
the ^valuation ot the concentration anu duration of exposure to
specific pollutants, experimental systems are available, or can be
designed, to meet- these specific quantitative needs once the
presence ot given pollutants has been determined.**
i) 32 u?
F. r. Purleson, E. ». Stephens, and E. A. Cardiff.
THF PRODUCTION OF PUR" PEPOXYACYL NITRATES. Preprint.
(""resented at the Sixth Conference on Methods in Air
Pollution Studies, California Dept. ot Public Health,
Berkeley, Calif., Jan. f>-7. 1 9 6 u .)
Some naturally occurring photochemical products of "smoa" were
first identified as "compound X" by Stephens et al in 1956. In
1'J6U, the first member ot the series Was recognized as
percxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) by Stephens et al. The C3
honolooje, peroxypropiony1 nitrate (P?N) was reported in syntne-
tic mixtures by Stephens in 1961. Both the CJ and C3
homolcgnes were detected in ambient air by Darley et al in 1963.
orly from synthetic preiarations. The first 3 oroanic N com-
pounds have been synthesized and purified at the Air Pollution
Research Center, University oz California, Riverside, for the
p=ist several years. Dlant fumigations have demonstrated that
th°se compounds are capable of inducing injury symptoms
me: s 11 riauishable iron those caused by photochemical smog. They
are also powerful eye irritants. They have beer, identified (as a
class) in artificially irradiated dilute auto exhaust, and in
artificially irradiated mixtures ot realistic concentrations of
purr- hydrocarbon plus oxidos ot nitrogen. The three purified
416 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
synthetics have been used in plant fumigation tudies, in eye
irritation studies, in physical and chemical studies designed to
contirm the structure ot the compounds, and in instrument design
and calibration. The principal problem in this preparation is the
extreme instability of these compounds.**
0 -
M.D. Thomas
EFFECTS OF AIP POLLUTION ON PLANTS. World Health Organ.
Monograph Ser. 1*6 (Air Pollution), 1961. pp. 233-7a.
The literature on t h'e effects of air pollution on plants has
been reviewed with special reference to those pollutants that
present major problems - viz., 302, HF, London type smog, and
Los Angeles type smog. The others, which are definitely of
rnincr importance, are referred to more briefly. S02 has long
been recognized as an air pollutant because it arises from the
combustion ot nearly all fuels, especially coal, and trom the
roasting ot sulfide ores. It is phytotoxic in concentrations
above 0.1 x 0.2 p.p.m., depending on the length of
exposure. Below about O.U p.p.m., the gas tends to be
oxidized in the cells as rapidly as it is absorbed, and
interference with functions such as photosynthesis is slight.
Toxic concentrations of sulfate are finally accumulated. Chronic
rather than acute injury, it any, is generally manifested with
these small concentrations. Above about 0.4 p.p.m., acute injury
occurs more frequently, owing to the reducing properties ot sulfate
in the cells. Temporary interference with photosynthesis or
"invisible injury" can occur to some extent, but these
concentrations cause acute injury if maintained tor more than
short periods, and recovery is rapid when the fumigation is
stopped. HF behaves somewhat similarly to S02, except that
with a few species of plants it is effective in causing lesions and
interfering with photosynthesis in concentrations 2 or 3 orders
ot magnitude smaller than in the case of 5O2. With most
species it .is up to 10 times as effective as 502. Fluoride
accumulated in the cells in sublethal amounts interferes with
photosynthesis as does sulfite, but whereas the latter is
deactivated by simple oxidation to sulfate, the former must be
removed by translocation, volatilization, or some obscure chemical
reaction, which makes much slower the recovery of the plant
functions attar HF fumigation. There appears to be a
concentration of HF for each .species below which "invisible
injury" does not occur. The Los Angeles type smog is fairly
well understood as to its mode ot formation and its phytotoxic
effects, but the actual compounds that cause these effects are
still unknown. The smog causes characteristic leaf lesions
which are quite different trom those produced by other
pollutants, including ozone, which may oe a constituent of the
smog. It also causes some "invisible" injury. Visible
damage to crops in Southern and Northern California was
estimated at over $5 000 000 and 51 100 JOO respectively,
annually, in 19b6. (Author summary modified)**
G. Effects-Plants and Livestock 417
-------
E. F. Darley, W. PI. Dugger, J. R. Mudd, L. Ordin,
0. C. Taylor, and E. t». Stephens
PLANT DAMAGE BY POLLUTION DERIVED FFOM AUTOMOBILES. firch.
Environ. Health 6, 761-70, June 1463. (Presented at the Fifth
Session, Air Pollution Research Conference on "Effects of
Motor Vehicle Emissions on Visibility and Vegetation," Los
Angeles, Calif., Dec. 6, 1961.)
Emissions from motor vehicles are now known to be the principal
source of the raw materials contributing to photochemical air
pollution in California. Seme of the products of the reaction,
ozone, peroxyacyl nitrates, and the unidentified products of
ozone-oiefin reactions, are very damaging to the leaves of a
variety of crop plants. The injury that was once confined to
Los flngeles County now occurs in many states and causes economic
loss estimated in excess of 325,000,OUO annually. Ethylene,
one of the compounds found in the exhaust, is also very injurious
to several crops. The ability of a given toxicant to incite
injury is dependent on the age of the leaf and the conditions of
illumination under which the plant is grown prior to, during, and
after fumigation. In addition, the growth of plants, even in the
absence of visible injury, is materially affected. Evidence is
presented to indicate that the chemical and physical systems
within the plant are disrupted by the phytotoxicants. (Author
summary) int
0 .16 1 b
J. T. Middleton
PHOTOCHEMICAL AIP POLLUTION DAMAGE TO PLANTS. Ann. Rev.
Plant Physiol., Mo. 12:U31-UUH, 1961.
Ihe toxic components in photochemical air pollution are typically
the oxidation products of hydrocarbons and result either from
the dark reaction ot ozone and olefins or the photolytic
reaction of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence
ot sunlinht. This paper describes the occurrence and
distriD'jtion ot photochemical air pollution, enumerate some of
the raw materials and products of these oxidation systems
responsible tor plant damage, and indicate the biochemical,
physiological, and pathological etrects cf these
cont? -i.nants upon plants.##
OJ61H
E. F. Stephens, E. F. Darley. 0. C. Taylor, W. E.
Scott
PHOTOCHEMICAL ?EACTION PRODUCTS IN AIR POLLUTION. Intern. J.
Air Water Pollution 4, (1/2) 7'i-IOO, 1961. (Presented at the
418 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
25th Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum lust. Division of
Refining, Detroit, Mich., Hay 11, 1960.)
When low concentrations of simple oletins and nitrogen oxides
in air are irradiated with artificial sunlight, the olefin
trolecule splits at the double bond. One end forms a carbonyl
compound, and the other yields a variety of products. Among these
is a highly oxidized, unstable organic nitrogen compound
previously described as compound X or peroxyacetyl nitrite (PAN)
and detected in polluted atmospheres. This compound has now been
purified by qas chroraatographic techniques, and its
chemical, physical, and physiological properties have been
examined. At concentrations well below 1 p.p.m. in air,
this compound produces damage symptctcs on plants, similar to those
observed from oxidant air pollution but different in some
respects from the phytotoxicant from ozoue-olefin
reactions. PAN is the first pure compound isolated from
photochemical reaction mixtures which has been found to produce
the characteristic oxidant damage symptoms. It is also
a strong eye irritant at concentrations in the 1 p.p.m. range
ar>d is therefore probably responsible, along with acrolein and
formaldehyde, for the eye irritation in photochemical air
pollution. (Author abstract)**
fl. S. lurakhovich
AT10SPHH1IC POLLUTION BY DISCHARGES FROM CHEMICAL PLANTS.
(Zaaryaznenie atirosfernogo vozdukha vybrosami khimicheskikh
prprtpriyatii.) . Hyg. Sanit. J1, (9) 4J7-UO, Aug. 1966. Buss.
'(Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 6o-b1160//-9
The purpose of the investigations was the determination of one-
time concentrations of injurious substances in the ambient air of
populated areas within a radius of JOOU-4000 m. from two chemical
plants. Anong the substances included in the determinations
verp; nitrogen oxides, methanol, anmonia, hydrogen sulfide,
formaldehyde, and cyclohexane. The effect of emissions from a
power plant, on coniferous torests, was also studied. Needles
froir dried trees contained areater concentrations of sulfur
compounds than needles from healthy trees.#S
Darl°y, £. F., Nichols, C. W. and Middleton, J. T.
IDENTIFICATION OF f.1^ POLLUTION DAKAGE TO AGRICULTURAL CROPS. (AIR
POLLUTION RESEARCH REVEALS CH^IICAL TOXICANTS INJURING VEGETATION
IN POPULOUS AREAS OF CALIFORNIA.) Call*. Dep. Agri. Bull., 55(1) :11-
19, 19t6.
The subject of this paper is the damage air pollution does to the
plants that teed us, clothe us and please our aesthetic sense.
G. Effects-Plants and Livestock 419
-------
This damage is considerable. "stiir.ates of visible damage to
agricultural crops amount annually to about $8 million in
California and anproximately !18 million along the Atlantic
seaboard. Damage to vegetation has increased with
industrialization and urban development. Several decades ago
sultur dioxide and fluorine were recognized as the principal plant
toxicants. These two gases continue to be very important but within
the last 20 years a new group of toxicants has been identified.
These are products of atmospheric photochemical reactions between
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. The principal products of these
reactions are ozone and the peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) . The
distribution of plant damage in California shows that it occurs
only in recoanized geoaraphical areas which, in each instance, are
located within airsheds. Because damage to plants is often the
first indication of air pollution, it is important that the
surveillance of pollution damage to agriculture be continued. Such
information will help communities, in their planning, to take
cognizance of the relationship between the air ressource and the
community needs for commercial and industrial development, energy
production, fuel usage and transportation, agriculture, and forest
and recreation land. The air contaminants responsible for damage
may be either particulate or gaseous in nature. The greatest
amount of damage to animals and vegetation is usually caused by
cjaseous air contaminants which directly injure plants and
indirectly injure animals by the toxic effects produced after the
animal has consumed contaminated forage and food supplements.
Darley, 3. F., and Middleton, J. T.
PTOELEV5 OF AIR POLLUTION IN PLANT PATHOLOGY. Ann. ^ev.
Phytopathol. U, 10J-1B, 19f>6.
Air quality affects plant growth and development. Whereas oxygen
is necessary for aerobic plant respiration and carbon dioxide is
necessary tor photosynthesis in green plants, a number of
pollutants nay alter plant metabolism arid incite disease. It is
the ourpose of this paper to enumerate some of the principal air
pollutants which adversely afreet plant growth and reproduction, tc
describe the diseases incited by theiu, and to identity some of the
problems of air pollution in phytopathoiogical research. A primar)
responsibility of the pathologist is to alert agriculturists of
impending air-pollution problems, so that social action may be
taken to insure the continued productivity of crop, pasture, and
forestry enterprises. Another responsibility, because plants are
early indicators of an air pollution problem, is to assist public
health and resource agencies in the planning, conduct, and
evaluation of air-pollution abatement programs. Plant pathologists
must become increasingly concerned with the effects of air quality
on plant growt h.
Dames, P. H., I. A. Leon, and E. Prennan
AIP POLLUTION AND PLANT PESDONSE IN THS NORTHEASTERN UNITED
420 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
STATPS. In: Agriculture and the Quality of Our
Environment. Brady, N. C. (ed.), American Association for
the Advancement of Science, Washington, D. C. AAAS-Pub-85,
p. 11-31, 1967. 56 refs. (Presented at the 133rd Meeting,
American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Washington, D. C. Dec. 1966.)
A review of pollutants that have been found to elicit plant
response is confined to the discussion of acid gases, primary
products of combustion, and products of reactions occurring in the
atmosphere. Other topics discussed include: plant response as an
indicator of meteorological conditions and the fuels used for heat,
light, and power.##
05H21
Herriman, G. M.
FLUORIDES AND OTHER' CHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS AFFECTING ANIMALS.
In: Agriculture and the Quality of Our Environment. Brady,
N. C. (ed.), American Association for the Advancement of
Science, Washington, D. C. AAAS-Pub-85, p. 91-95, 1967. 11
refs. (Presented at the 133rd Meeting, American Association
tor the Advancement of Science, Washington, D. C., 1966.)
A review of air pollution problems involving animals is presented.
One pattern of procedures useful in investigating and controlling
the effects of chemical air pollution upon animals was developed
during United States and British studies of effects of fluoride
effluents upon cattle. Generally the effluents collected upon the
surfaces of vegetation and exerted their effects only after
ingestion by animals. The investigational procedures included
methods of detecting pollutant effects upon animals, diagnosis and
evaluation of effects, consideration of pollutant sources, and
pollutant control as related to animal well-being. All
procedures depended on research with laboratory and farm animals.##
05«85
W. M. Noble
AIR POLLUTANTS. Lasca Leaves. 15 (1), 7-1b (Jan. 1965)
After years of careful study, some of the components of smog
have been sorted out. The more important ones, their effects on
vegatation, and a list of sensitive and resistant plants are
discussed. The components are peroxyacetyl nitrate, ozone,
ethylene, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide and aerosols.##
05558.
H. A. Rodenhiser
EFFECTS OF AI5 POLLUTION ON CROPS AND LIVESTOCK. Preprint.
G. Effects-Plants and Livestock 421
-------
(Presented at the National Conference on Air Pollution,
Washington, D.C., Dec. 10-12, 1962, Paper D-3.)
""he damage done by air pollutants is costly both to f.armer and
consumer. The sensitivity of plants and trees to various
pollutants (fluoride, sulfur dioxide, PAN, and nitrogen oxides)
is discussed, with emphasis on current and future research efforts
to erradicate these pollutants. Although there is no good measure
ol the total national loss from air pollution, fugures have been
published for some localties. In Southern California, for
example, loses of vegetation due to oxidants are thought to be
around 10 million dollars a year. This includes only the readily
demonstrated loses of vegetable crops downgraded because of
markings or lett unpicked in the field. The general conclusion is
that air-pollution research in the field oi agriculture must move
ahead before a greater oap is created in this area.##
05610
B. W. Peck
DL!>.MT INJURY INDUCED BY PHOTOCHEMICAL PEACTION PRODUCTS OF
PPOPYLENE-NITPOGEN DIOXIDE MIXTURES. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 14 (7) :255-26 1, July 1664. (Presented at the
56th annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963.)
Plants developed typical ethylene injury symptoms when fumigated
for 21 to ty hr with ethylene or various combinations of ethylene,
acetylene, propylene and nitrogen dioxide. When propylene and
nitroaen dioxide were included in the gas mixture and the mixture
irradiated typical cxidant symptoms were recorded. Slight to
•=evere necrotic spotting, due to nitrogen dioxiie, was noted in a
4H hr fumigation at one ppm nitrogen aioxide and in a 21 hr
fumigation at 3.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide. Twelve hour fumigations
using irradiated mixtures of ethylene, acetylene and•propylene at
three concentrations (2,1, and 8 ppm) each in combination with one
DDF of nitrogen dioxide gave typical oxidant damage with only the
propylene-r.i trogen dioxide mixtures. From reported oxidant injury
symptoms the propylene-nitrogen dioxide irradiated mixture
produced plant injury which is typical of both ozone and PAN.
The oresence of other phytotoxicants was not dicounted but the
severity of injury, under the conditions jsed, made it difficult
to evaluate other possible types of oxidant damage. The
oroduction of the phytotoxicants using various ratios of
propylene-nitrogen dioxide mixes was determined using the plants as
biological indicators. A ratio of one ppm I«02 to 2-3 ppm
propylene produced the highest concentration of the phytotoxicants.
The effects of varying light and temperature conditions during
the tunigation period indicated that plants must be in the light
before they are sensitive to oxidant damage and that a temperature
above or below noriral will reduce oxidant injury. Results stress
*he need for studying the interrelations of oxidant injury and
various environmental factors. (Author's summary)##
422 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Ob90J
B. L. Pichards, ,7. T. Middleton, and W. B. Hewitt
AIR "DILUTION WITH RELATION TO AGPONOMIC CHOPS: V. OXIDANT
STIPPLE OF GPAPE. Agron. J. 50, 559-61 (1958). (Presented
at the bOth Anniversary fleeting, American Society of Agronomy,
Nov. 20, 1957.)
Small, brown to black, discrete, punctate lesions occur on the
upper leaf surface of grape grown in areas polluted by air-borne
oxidants. The lesions are typically restricted to the palisade
layer and may be easily distinguished from other grape disorders
because of their stippled appearance. Tne disease can be incited
in arape by fumigation with ozone. Toxic ozone levels occur in
the polluted air mass above the Los Aiigeles and San Francisco
areas where oxidant stipple is found. Stipple has not yet been
seen in the grape producing areas in the Coachella, Napa,
Sacramento, and San Joaquin valleys of California. Oxidant
stipple can be distinguished from smoc-type oxidant injury due to
oxidized organics in that the upper leaf surface is stippled in
grape and there is no common and pronounced silvering or glazing
of the lower leaf surface as found on herbaceous crops and weeds in
and adjacent to affected vineyards. Leaf injury to grape due to
foliar fluoride accumulation can be readily distinguished because
it is marginal red to brown in color, necrotic, and commonly
exhibits zonate markings. Stipple can also be easily separated
from foliar salinity and drought injury, both of which produce
marginal and intercostal leaf necroses similar to those induced by
fluorides. Although ozone occasionally may cause leaf injury to
some plants particularly grasses, grown in areas receiving
naturally polluted air, it is unusual to note ozone damage to
agricultural crops; oxidant stipple ot grape is, therefore, a
unique disease both in its symptcmology and etiology.#S
06J26
H. K. Heck, L. S. Bird, M. E. Bloodworth, W. 3.
Clark, D. P. Darling, and M. B. Porter
*NVI90NMENTAL POLLUTION 3Y MISSILE PFOPELLANTS. Texas
Agricultural end Mechanical Pesearch Foundation, College
Station. Apr. 1962, 120 pp. (Sept. HRL-TDR-62-38.)
CFSTI, DDC: AD 2829B«"~
The effects of 21 missile fuel components on aquatic organisms,
soil microflora, plants ana soils were determined. Goldfish and
Daphnia were subjected to 0,1,10,100 and 1000 ppm of the test
compounds tor 72 hours in the aquatic studies. Some or all of 10
goldfish and 1J Daphnia died, when exposed to 100 ppm of the test
chemicals. Counts of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in the
soil microflora studies showed no significant decrease in any of
ths organisms with a 100 ppm application of test chemical to the
soil samples. Three ot the chemicals may sterilize the soil of
actinomycetes. Plant studies were threefold•using squash,
soybean, cotton, cowpea and corn; germination studies using 1000
ppm of each test chemical produced consistent inhibition of
G. Effects-Plants and Livestock 423
-------
germination by two ot the compounds and two ionic species; seedling
studies using a soil drench of each test chemical at 100 ppm,
produced toxic symptoms with three of the ionic components;
seedling studies using three test cheniicals (gases) at 100 ppm as
air pollutants produced severe injury to death of all species with
each of the test gases. Soil studies (1000 ppm) included the
leachability and runort potential of each test chemical as well
as the effects on soil. (Author abstract)##
0 ft it 9 B
L. Ordin, and 3. Propst
FvFFCT OF PHOTOCHEMICAL!'/ PRODUCED OXIDANTS ON GROWTH OF AVENA
CCLLOPTILE SECTIONS. Plant °hysiol., 36(3), 326-30, (May
Avana coleoptile sections incubated in solutions through which
photochetnically oroduced oxidant mixtures, ozore or peroxyacetyl
nitrate (PAN) are passed, display subsequent repressed growth in
fresh solutions to which auxin has been supplied. Treatment by
oxidant recording as 1. <4 ppm derived from an irradiated mixture of
trans-2-butene and N02 results in about 507° inhibition of
elongation. About 1.^ ppm °AN also inhibits growth to the same
degree or more. Approximately 170 ppm ozone produced comparable
magnitudes of inhibition. In all cases basal respiration was
inhibited little or not at all. Although the concentrations dealt
with here are about tenfold above those found in the atmosphere
(200-fold for ozone) the results may be helpful in the
interpretation of mechanisms of growth inhibition in the field.
There are probably several reasons why high concentrations of
PAN are reguired to produce growth inhibition in Avena
coleoptiles while much lower concentrations affect more sensitive
intact plants. Although the coleoptile is cutinized and has few
storcata, suggesting a transport barrier, there are indications that
root tissue which is neither cutinized nor -jubenzed to any great
extent may be even less sensitive. Thus the answer is more likely
to lie either in the resistance of the cellular membranes
themselves to the uptake of the oxidants OL in the presence of
reducing agents in the cell or, simply, less sensitive enzyme
svstems. It was found that intact seedlings in the gas stream are
not sore sensitive than sections floating in water during gas
exposure. The lack of illumination during exposure may also be a
factor, since even sensitive petunia plants exposed in the dark to
V.^> ppm oxidant derived from an irradiated mixture were not
damaged.**
06494
L. Ordin and B. Propst
EFFECT OF Alff-BORNE OXIDANTS ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF
INDOLEAC3TIC ACID. Botan. Gaz. 123(3), 170-5 (Mar. 1962).
This investigation concerns the effects ot some of the known
424 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
atmospheric pollutants, namely ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN),
and ultraviolet-irradiated mixtures of olefin and N02 on
indolacetic acid in vitro. It is apparent from the results that
air-borne oxidants such as PAN and ozone can inactivate IAA in
vitro. Whether such a mechanism of inactivation is of importance
in the living plant cannot be answered fully at present. Ascorbic
acid prevented the inactivation of IAA by chemically reducing
the oxidant level in the solutions. The residual ascorbate, or
its decomposition products, in the growth solutions exerted a
slight subsequent inhibitory action on coleoptile growth. This
observation does not agree with the results of other investigators.
Since the concentration of ascorbate was much higher in the
present experiments than that used by other investigators, it is
possible that the growth-stimulating range was exceeded in the
present investigation. The failure of IAA activity to recover
despite low residual amounts of PAN or ozone in solution and,
more particularly, despite the addition of ascorbate to -the
previously treated solutions indicates that the inactivation is
not similar to that caused by H202 or peroxides. In the
peroxide-induced inactivation, there is an apparent interference
with the bioassay rather than an irreversible change. In the case
of inactivation by ozone or PAN the change is irreversible as
shown by the changes in ultraviolet spectra. Some light on this
irreversible inactivation is shed by the ultraviolet spectra.
They show that the change in IAA caused by ozone and PAN is
probably a ring alteration.##
07786
Hansbrough, J. P.
AIR QUALITY AND FORESTRY. In: Agriculture and the Quality of
Our Environment. Brady, N. C. (ed.), Norwood, Mass., Plimp-
ton Press, AAAS-Pub-85, p.45-b5, 1967. 25 refs. (Presented at
Meeting, American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Science, Washington, D. C. , «DEC. 1966.)
A review which cites examples of injury to forests by specific air
pollutants. The source and the nature ot the pollutants are
discussed. Also, the contribution of trees in combating the air
the 133rd. Meeting, American Association for the Advancement of
pollution problem is speculated on. As technology changes, trees
wherever they grow and for whatever purpose are increasingly
subjected to toxic substances in the atmosphere. There is a
considerable body of knowledge already available but it is dwarfed
by the magnitude of what is not yet known. More information on the
nature and source ot air pollutants and their present and expected
impact on our torest and shade tree resource is necessary.
10206
10206T
Kaut, H. Van and H. Stratmann
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE ON
PLANTS. Transaction ot the Land Institute of. Pollution
Control and Soil Conservation of the Land of North
G. Effects-Plants and Livestock 425
-------
Rhine-Westphalia, Essen. ( (Schrittenreihe der Landesanstalt
fur Immissions- und Bodennutzungsschutz des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Essen.)) Translated from German. No.
7:50-70, 1968. ((25)) refs.
The effect of N02 on plants was studied. Because NO is
always present wherever there is N02, NO was also introduced
into the exposure chambers containing test plants. Included in
the tests were various dicotyledons, monocotyledons, conifers, and
deciduous plants. Symptoms of damage included necrosis, chlorosis,
striping, and spotting. The toxic tolerances of many plants
are listed, along with specific damage symptoms for each. Effects
of stage of growth and soil conditions are considered. The
concentrations of N02 which were damaging are compared to the
toxic concentrations of 302 which have been thoroughly
studied in the past.##
120U2
Heggestad, H. E.
DISEASES OF CHOPS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS INCITED BY AIR
POLLUTANTS. Phytopathology, 58:1089-1097, Aug. 1968. 80 ref.
Air pollution injury to crop and ornamental plants is increasing
in the U.S.A. Estimates of annual losses to agriculture from
air pollutants, which ranged from $150 to $500 million during the
decade 1951-1960, are now $500 million. Although most of the loss
is due to growth suppression or chronic injury, it is the acute
injury that suggests the nature of the air pollutant and reveals
the distribution of the problem. Each pollutant tends to produce
its own pattern of injury, leaving graphic records of air pollution
episodes. Photochemical oxidants, ethylene, sulfur dioxide,
fluoride, and other pollutants produce marked reactions in various
types of plants. The recent developments and current research
trends in the assessment of these reactions are reviewed.ft
12045
Johnson, H.
THE HIGH COST OF FOOL AIR. The Progressive Farmer, U pp.,
April 1968.
The President's Science Advisory Committee reported in 1965
that air pollution damage to plants had been observed in 27 states,
the District of Columbia, Canada, and Mexico. Total damage
each year to crops in the United States is estimated at $500
million. Heather fleck damage to tobacco, which is caused by
ozone, has caused substantial crop loss in all producing states.
Sulfur dioxide, fluorine, ethylene, and photochemical smog are
known to be harmful to plants. A research program to solve
unanswered questions, and a program to enforce the cleaning up of
pollution sources is urgently needed.##
426 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Dairies, Robert H., Filear Erennan, and Ida Leone
AIR °OLLUTANTS AND PLANT RESPONSE. J. Forestry, 65 (6) :381-364,
June iyf>V. 15 refs.
The effects of a number of acid gases and photochemically-
produced pollutants on plants are described. A great variation
in susceptibility to damage by such gases as fluorides and S02
exist both among plant species and within a single species.
Injury from these gases cccurs primarily to younger leaves,
with little or no damage shown by old leaves. Symptoms usually
consist of marginal and tip necrosis with accompanying
discoloration of the affected areas. Limited studies with
chlorine suggest that it is less phytotoxic than hydrofluoric
acid, requiring about 0.1 ppm to injure the more sensitive
plants. Among the photochemcally-produced pollutants,
ozone has been known for many years to be toxic to a wide variety
of plant species: ozone toxicity symptoms appear as flecks,
stipple, streaks, spots, and tip necrosis. Injury appears on
mature leaves, with the oldest leaves of young plants and
middle-aged leaves of old plants being most susceptible.
Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) and its analogues are highly phytotoxic,
producing symptoms called 'silver leaf1 and 'leaf banding' in
California, the northeastern U. S., ana other urbanized areas.
Like ozone, these compounds are believed to cause severe annual
economic losses in crop damage. Investigations of damage caused
by other photochemical pollutants, namely ozonated hydrocarbons,
bisulfite reaction products, and nitrogen dioxide, are briefly
summarized, and the major sources of all the pollutants
discussed are noted.
G. Effects-Plants and Livestock 427
-------
EFFECTS-MATERIALS
0011b
F. L. Ajax, C. J. Conlee, and J. B. Upham
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLOTION ON DYED FABRICS. J. Air
Poll"tion Control Assoc. 17, (4) 220-4, April 1967.
This report details results from the first 6 months of a 2-year
study begun in February 1965 by The American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colorists and the Public Health Service
to evaluate the effects of air pollution upon dyed fabrics.
Groups ot 69 dye-fabric combinations representing widely used
dyes have been exposed in liqht-free cabinets to ambient
environments at urban and rural sites at Chicago, Washington,
D.C., Tacoma, and los Angeles, and at urban sites at
Cincinnati, Phoenix, and Sarasota. Results from consecutive
3-month seasonal exposures and controlled-environment exposures
utilizing irradiated and nonirradiated automobile exhaust for
short duration show an extreme fading on one quarter of the
dyed-fabrics, a higher fading at urban compared with rural sites on
susceptible fabrics, and a marked effect upon the dyed fabrics by
the photochemical by-products of automobile exhaust. (Author
abstract)##
00695
B. V. Chiarenzelli and E. L. Jofca
THE EFFECTS OF AIH POLLUTION ON ELECTRICAL CONTACT MATERIALS: A
FIELD STUDY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (3) 123-7,
Mar. 1966. (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June
20-2U, 1965.)
A long-term field and laboratory program designed to determine and
understand the effects of air pollutants on electric contact
materials and their performance has reached the one-year mark.
An extensive variety of precious and nonnoble metals and alloys
has been exposed for periods ranging up to one year (August 1963
to August 1964) at 6 field environments. These environments
were selected to provide a wide range of air pollutants in typical
data processing or process control situations and comprise such
diverse locations as an air-conditioned data processing room in
New YorK City, an east coast oil refinery, an east coast
chemical plant, a business location in Los Angeles, a paper mill
in the south, and a heavy manufacturing plant in Buffalo. The
program undertakes to correlate material degraduation as a
function of time and environment. Humidity, temperature, and
sulfur dioxide are measured on a continual basis, and point-in-time-
measurements of dust, HF, aldehydes, oxidants (ozone), N02,
429
-------
502, H2S, NHJ, and Cl are made on a quarterly basis.
Materials are returned periodically and evaluated in the
laboratory by contact resistance probing, electrolytic reduction,
and standard metallographic techniques. The results of the
program to date are presented, and preliminary correlations are
drawn. The program is evaluated from the vantage point of the
one vear mark. Deficiencies and aspects of special utility are
described. (Author abstract)#?
U198J
A. P. Altshuller, A. F. Hartburg, I. P. Cohen, and
S. F. Sleva
STOSAGT OF VAPORS AND GASES IN PLASTIC BAGS. Intern. J. Air
Water Pollution 6, 75-81, 1462.
Plastic bags of "Scotchpak" are satisfactory over 24 hr periods
tor storing synthetic and atmospheric samples of aliphatic
hvdrocartjons and acrolein, but not for storing formaldehyde, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide. 'Plastic hags of "Hylar" are satisfactory for
storing synthetic mixtures containing formaldehyde over 2'4 hr
periods ar.d ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide for at
least several hour periods. Formaldehyde in atmospheric gases can
be stored tor several hours. New bags ot these materials should
be conditioned for several hours using the gases of vapors of
interest at the same or somewhat higher concentrations than are to
be used in the investigations to follow. Bags which are so
treated should serve as convenient storage containers for the
gases studied, as well as many other chemical species over
periods of many hours. However, very appreciable losses of many
of these gases may occur when oresent as part of combustion gas
mixtures collected in such plastic containers. (Author
abstract)##
U206U
Z. Travnicek.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON TEXTILES, ESPECIALLY SYNTHETIC
FIBRES. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London,
iy&6. (Paper VII/4). pp. 224-6.
The Czechoslovak Knitting Industries Research Institute's
laboratory tor atmospheric defectochemistry of fibres has
investigated the deterioration ot fibres due to atmospheric
pollutants. By analyzing witnesses' reports, by inspecting
textiles damaged in the open and, above all, by operating special
simulation apparatuses it has been established that apart from hot
particles textiles, especially those of some synthetic fibres, can
be destroyed by sulphur dioxide, especially it the latter is
absorbed to solid carrier aerosols, by nitrogen oxides, by some
substances contained in automotive exhaust gases, by various
acid fumes, by strong oxidizers and by solvent vapours. Exhaust
gases cross-link the fibre-forming polymers while, at the same
tiire, degrading them. Light stabilizers in fibres also act as
preventers of damage by exhaust fumes, to a certain degree.
Dyestaffs can be efficient in a similar way. Automotive exhaust
430 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
gases are sometimes more destructive if present in great
dilutions in air irradiated by sunlight. In this case, a
formation ot strong oxidizers from residual olefins and nitrogen
oxides is suspected. (Author abstract)##
02270
C. H. Giles
THE FADING OF COLOURING MATTERS. J. Appl. Chen. (London) 15,
541-50, Dec. 1965. (Presented at the Second International
Conference, International Inst. for Conservation (I.C.C.),
Delft, Netherlands, July 7, 1964.)
This paper describes roost ot the influences which affect the
permanence of colouring matters, yet in making practical
suggestions for prolonging the life of museum specimens little
can be added to the recommendations made by Russell ** Abney 77
years ago. It the specimens are coloured with organic
colouring matters, store them in a dry, clean, acid-free and
oxygen-free atmosphere, and allow them to be illuminated in the
weakest acceptable light, without ultraviolet radiation, for the
shortest practicable time. (Author conclusion)#t
02380
J. B. Upham.
MATERIALS DETERIORATION AND AIR POLLUTION (PRESENT STATUS OF THE
PUBLIC HEALTH SFRVICE'S PROGRAM). J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 1b, (6) 265, June 1965. (Presented at the 57th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Houston,
Tex., June 21-25, 1964, Paper No. 64-31.)
Four separate studies dealing primarily with atmospheric corrosion
are oresently in orogress and constitute the first phase of an
over-all program to assess materials deterioration due to air
pollution. The objectives of these studies and the methodology
used are described, and limited preliminary data are reported.
From the findings of these and subsequent studies we hope to
determine the role of air pollution in the deterioration of many
materials. (Author summary)##
02941
V. S. Salvin
EFFECT OF AIF POLLUTANTS ON DYED FABRICS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (9) 416-22, Sept. 1963.
(Presented at the 5bth Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963, Paper No.
63-B4.)
The fading of dyes through chemical reaction with atmospheric
contaminants has been responsible for complaints from air pollution
areas. Oxides of nitrogen and ozone are contaminants which have
H. Effects-Materials 431
-------
beeen established as reactants. Sulfur dioxide is the source of
absorbed acid which can accelerate the reactions. The lading of
dyes by ozone takes place in air pollution and in rural areas.
The contribution of air pollution to increased ozone and
oxidant concentrations is demonstrated in service exposure fadings.
Sunlight tastness results are shov/n to require consideration of
simultaneous change due to atmospheric contaminants. Exposure
to irradiated auto exhaust gases under controlled conditions gives
fading results which are equivalent to service exposures in Los
Angeles. *#
0 i 2 9 U
T. V. Steading.
A STUDY OF THE F??ECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON COMPUTERS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3) 99-101, Mar. 1965.
(Presented at the Sixth Conference on Kethods in Air
Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1964.
The project at the IBM San Jos? Product Testing Laboratory
is directed at determining the mechanisms of failure caused by the
air pollutants and to evaluate the design chances (either material,
configuration, or isolation) to eliminate the problem. The first
step taken has been the characterization of the indoor office
environment where computers are used or could be used. Indoor
loadings of up to 1,000 microqraii'S per cubic meter are not unusual
and many offices would have periods of significant duration at 500
micrograms per cubic meter and higher. Indoor dust levels showed
no direct relationship to outdoor dust levels. Air conditioned
areas, which many thought gave a cleaner indoor environment,
showed the same level as non-air conditioned offices except where
special air filtering equipment was installed. Traffic through
the office area is probably one of the prime factors. In the two-
week studies ]n two locations, we found the daily patterns were
found to be repeatable and higher in maximum to minimum levels.
Variations of 10:1 occur and are considered normal. The dust
test chamber, the test dusts, the particle counter, the gaseous
environment simulation chamber, and the instrumentation are
described. *
-------
08612
Bacskai, Gyula
AIR POLLUTION BY THE CHEMICAL INDUSTEY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE
CORPOSION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. ((Vegyipari atmoszfera
szennyezodese es hatasa a szerkezeti anyagok korroziojara.)) Text
in Hungarian. Plagy. Kern. Lapja (Budapest), 22 (10) : 534-539, 1967.
7 refs.
Concentrations of air pollutants,such as chlorine,phenol,
ammonia.. S02, and N02, in different Hungarian chemical plants are
given and the effect of these pollutants on corrosion of
construction materials, particularly iron and zinc is discussed.
Corrosion is increased by the gaseous and solid contaminants of the
atmosphere. Deeper insight into atmospheric corrosion mechanisms
is required to provide efficient protection.
11(926
Kohayashi, Y., T. Matsuzawa, G. Uwamino, M. Saigo, T. Kuwajima,
and S. Nishimura
STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN OUTDOOR AND INDOOR.
(Gaiki oyobi shitsunai ni okeru taikiosen bushittsu no kodo ni
kansuru chosakenkyu). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean
Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 7(2):18-24, June 1969.
8 refs.
It is assumed that the major reason for telephone dialing
trouble lie.= in air pollution. The purpose of this study was
to check the influence of air pollutants on the stationary
machines in a telephone exchange office. Fifteen offices were
examined for the dust density outside and inside, the amount
of dust accumulated on the floor and sulfur oxide, nitrogen
oxide, and acidic gas concentrations. The outside dust density
was as follows: Osaka area, 0.8-5 mg/cu m; Tokyo area,
0.1-1.2 mg/cu m, Yokohama area, O.U-0.6 mg/cu m; and the others
were O.OJ-0.4 mg/cu m. The dust density indoors had a maximum
of 1.2 mg/cu m in Osaka and a minimum of 0.02 mg/cu m in
Aizuwakamatsu. The ratio of the dust density of the indoor air
to office air and to exchange room air was 0.3:1:0.1. Dust
density varied directly with height from the ground; maximum
concentration was recorded from the first to the third floor.
Sulfurous acid erosion did not show a noticeable relation to
dialing trouble, so it was thought that nitrogen oxides were
responsible.
15679
Fujikawa, Fukujiro, Kunio Hirai, Teruhisa Hirayama, Mitsuo Fujii,
Jitsuzo nakita, Fusako Sugiyama, Kazumi Ichinomiya, Jiro Takimoto,
Hiroshi Yamada, Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Masaki Sawatari, Yukichi
Matsuyaroa, Junichi Ueda, Teiji, Hatsutori, Masaaki Kadoma,
Katsuji Okasak, Hiroshi Nakamura, Yasuo Mantani, and Nobuo Takeda
THE INFLUENCES OF AIR POLLUTION ON SOME CULTURAL ASSETS. I. 01J
THE AIR-POLLUTIONAL MEASUREMENT BY THE FILTER PAPER 'METHOC AND
H. Effects-Materials 433
-------
THE INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION ON M3TALLIC LUSTES. (Taikiosen
niyoru bunkazai nitaisuru eikyo (dai 1 po) anukariroshiho niyoru
taikosennodo no sokutei to soreno kinzokukotaku nioyobosu eikyo
nitsuite.) Text in Japanese. Eisoi KagaKu (J. Hyg. Chem.),
T5(6):J77-387, Dec. 31, 1969.
Concentrations of sulfur oxides and nitrogen dioxide in the
atmosphere were measured by an alkaline filter-paper method in the
summer and winter at 100 locations in Kyoto. The grounds of
shrines and temples where important cultural properties were
placed were included on the study. A significantly higher
concentration ol sulfur oxides and nitrogen dioxide was observed
in the winter than in the summer. The effect of the pollutants
on the metallic luster of the cultural properties was also
investigated. It was found that the rate of decrease in
metallic luster was about 10% lower in winter than in summer.
Although it was supposed that weather conditions were responsible
tor the decrease in metallic luster, a correlation was found
between the concentration of sulfur oxides and rate of decrease
in luster. No correlation was found for nitrogen dioxide
concentration and luster. (Author abstract modified)
434 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
0563d
B. E. Kohn
LEAF BURNING (AN ECONOMIC CASE STUDY). Sex. Citizen 9,
(l») 71-5, Apr. 1967.
The application of benefit/cost analysis to leaf burning in a St.
Louis, 7issouri, suburb (Claytcn) is presented. It consists of
defining five items: the benefits of avoiding pollution; the
benefits of avoiding other leaf-burning hazards; the possible
sci citizen
the effects that leaf-mulching will have on this control cost.
The benefits are computed separately and then put together as are
the costs. The result figured by dividing the aggregate benefits
by the aggregate costs indicate whether it is economically
feasible to replace leaf-burning with a municipal collection
program. The study confirms the usefulness of benefit/cost
analysis for air pollution control. In addition, the study
indicates that municipal leaf collection can result in economic
gains for both home owners and municipalities, and that leaves,
like many other "waste" products, can be converted into a useful
resource, ft*
435
-------
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
00005
S. Hochheiser, S. B. Horstman, arid G. H. Tate, Jr.
A PILOT STUDY OF AIF POLLUTION IN BIBMINGHAH, ALABAMA
(HIDE-ANGLE VI3H OF BIPMINGHAM FROM VULCANS STATUE). Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, 0iv. of Air Pollution.
Kay 1962, 68p.
Air samples were collected tor measurement of dustfall,
suspended particulates, smoke shade, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, total oxidants, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide.
Air pollution data obtained during the summer phase of the study
can be considered as representative. Mean values of gasaous
pollutants were: S02, 0.01 ppm; nitrogen oxides, 0.04 ppm;
oxidants, 0.03 ppm; CO, 1.8 ppm. Maximum levels measured
were: SO2, 0.18 ppm; nitrogen oxides, 0.14 ppm, oxidants, 0.14
ppm; CO, 12.5 ppm. Mean values for particulate pollutants,
measured during the fall study, were: dustfall,
76 tons/sg.mi./mo.; smoke concentration, 1.5 cons/1000 linear ft.;
suspended particulates, 113 micrograms/cu.m. Maximum levels were:
dustfall, 121 tons/sq.mi./rao.; smoke concentration, 6.2 cohs/1000
linear ft.; suspended particulates, 274 icicrograms/cu.m. Mean
values measured during the summer study were: dustfall, 49.3;
smoke concentration, 0.6; suspended particulates 106. Maximum
levels were: dustfall 9b.6; smoke concentration, 3.0; suspended
particulates, 206. Substantially higher levels of particulate and
gaseous pollutants were recorded in the tall, indicating that
emissions resulting from the combustion of fuels for industrial,
commercial and domestic space heating contribute significantly to
over-all air pollution during the heating season.##
00017
AIF QUALITY DATA. (ANNUAL REPORT FOE 1962) (NATIONAL AIP SAMPLING
NETWORK) . Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio Div.
of Air Pollution, 52p.
This report contains summaries of air quality data for
particulate and gaseous pollutants obtained from samples collected
by stations of the National Air Sampling Network during 1962.
Included also are data obtained by the analysis of selected
particulate samples collected during the period 195P-1961. For
the first time data from State Air Sampling Network report.
This is a logical step, as procedures are standard and data are
comparable. The following state networks provided data for
inclusion in this 1962 report: Maryland, Massachusetts,
Montana, Texas, and Washington. (Author)##
437
-------
OOOU1
W.F. A she
HEALTH EFFECTS OF ACUTE AIR POLLUTION EPISODES. Ohio State
Univ., Columbus, School of Cedicine. (Presented at the
National Conference on Air Pollution, Washington, D.C.,
NOV. iyb8.) i;ov. iy, iubb, 9p.
Air pollution can and has produced serious illness and even
death. However, since all industrial cities, the world over,
produce air pollution in tons per day all the time, and since there
are only a handful of authenticated episodes of acute illness
due to it, one must conclude that acute illness and/or death due
to nur pollution is unusual. The situation which produces
danoerous air pollution is a particular Kind of weather which is
predictable. The prediction and prevention of air pollution
episodes must be approached with utmost caution.**
0 01 1 0
P. I. I.arsen
DETFRILNINr, SOURCE REDUCTION NEEDED TO FEET AIP DUALITY
STANDARDS. Froc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong.,
london, 1966. (Paper III/8.)pp. 60-4.
Air pollutant concentrations can te expressed as a function of
location, averaging time, and frequency that a certain
concentration is exceeded. Concentration data can DP used with
air cuality standards to calculate the overall source reduction
needed to meet a standard. The calculations can be refined to
consider the effects of future crowth, rural background
concentrations, secondary pollutants arising from photochemical and
other atmospheric interactions, and the contribution from each
source or source type in a city. (Author)#*
001b2
AUTOMOTIVE AIP ?OLLUr"ION IV. (A REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, A:ID WELFARE TO THE U.S. CONGRESS PURSUANT TO
PUBLIC LAW H«-'20f, - THE CLEAN AIR ACT.) Byth Congress
(2nd Session.) (Document No. 101.) July 2H, 1466. 15 pp.
Emission standards in accordance with section 202 of the amended
Clean Air Act have been established to limit the cranlccase
emissions and the exhaust hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
emissions of all passenger cars and light commercial vehicles with
engines larger than SO cubic inches total displacement, effective
with the 1'JbH models. Drocedures are in the final stage of
development to enable manufacturers who so request to make
application for certification that their vehicles or engines do
conform with the Federal regulations as jrov:ded tor in section
20ft of the Clean Air Act. A Federal motor vehicle compliance
laboratory is being established in Metropolitan Detroit for
confirmation and surveillance testing and to provide assistance
and guidance to the vehicle manufacturers. Emission tests of
14f)b-model cars equipped with California-type exhaust emission
438 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
controls are being conducted to determine the effectiveness of the
systems, and, to some extent, their maintenance history is being
reviewed. It is anticipated that when the 1967 models are
introduced in California the program will be expanded to include a
nunber of these cars as well. Extensive reports of industry
progress in dealing with the automotive air pollution problem are
appearing in technical presentations before the Society of
Automotive Engineers; 18 such presentations were made in January
1966,. and '! more are scheduled for June 1966. The Public
Health Service is placing increased emphasis upon studies which.
will lead to improved test procedures and which will form the basis
tor possible revisions in emission standards for future
application. (Author)**
00241
R.W. Hurn D.F. Seizinger
AIR POLLUTION INVENTORY - ENTER THE DIESEL. Proc. Am.
Petrol. Inst., US (111) : 127-1 J2, MaY 1965. {Presented at the
30th Midyear Meetina, American Petroleum Inst. Div. of
Penning, Montreal,' Canada, P!ay 1C, 196b.)
Exhaust gases from truck-type diesel engines tested on a
dynamometer stand were shown to involve hydrocarbons, oxides of
nitrogen, and formaldehyde in significant quantities. Without
reference to sinilar modes of operation, each class of pollutant
was found to be generated in the diesei combustion in
concentrations comparable to concentrations found in automotive
(gasoline-powered) eguipment. Although soiae trends in the data
were observed, the experimental program was not extensive enough
to justify conclusions regarding effects of fuels, engine design,
or mode of engine operation. In comparing present findings with
previously published information, the authors have noted
interpretations of data that do not readily reflect the significant
magnitudes of diesel emissions. Both the real contribution of
diesels to air pollutant ioadina and the participation of these
pollutants in the photochemical system should be weighed more
carefully. (Authors' abstract)!"*
00251
L. R. Reckner, W. E. Scott and W. F. Eiller
THE COMPOSITION AND ODOR OF DIESEL EXHAUST. Proc. Am.
Petrol. Inst. 45 (1 1 1) : 1 J3-1U7, May 196b. (Presented at the
JOth Midyear Keeting, American Petroleum Inst. Division of
Refining, Montreal, Canada, May 10, 1965.)
Sampling and analysis techniques are described for determining
Light hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, formaldehyde, acrolein,
total aldehydes, total particulate, and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust. Using the techniques described,
results are reported on the composition of exhaust from two diesel
engines, a two- and a tour-cycle, under a variety of operating
conditions. Smoke ratings using different techniques are also
reported and compared to total particulate results. No
correlation was found between smokeroeter ratings and particulate
loadings at other than black smoke conditions. Human panel
J. Air Quality Measurements 439
-------
observations ot exhaust odor are being made as part of a
continuing program, but no panel data are reported. (Authors'
abstract) **
0 0 1 2 1
". I. I.arsen, r. u. Zimmer, D. A. Lynn, K. G.
"Lem =>!
ANALYSING MS POLLUTANT CONCFNTPATI 0N AND DOSAGE DATA. J.
Air "Dilution Control Assoc. 17, (2) 8b-93, Feb. 1967.
(Presented at the 54th Annual fleeting ot the Air Pollution
Control Association, Fan Francisco, Calif., June 20-2U,
1S?bfa, "aper Mo. f>f>-4j.)
Continuous air pollutant concentration data have been
analyzed tor carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, oxidant, and sulfur
San 'rancisco, and Washington for years 1962 through 1964.
Concentrations are approximately lognormally distributed
tor ail pollutants in all cities for ail averaging times.
"laxirum concentration is inversely proportional to averaging
time to an exponent. Air pollutant dosage (concentration
times tiire) above various threshold concentrations has been
computed tor all ot the pollutants in all of the cities for
y«ir 196^. Eauations have been developed from these analyses
to predict the tregu°ncy of occurrence ot air pollutant
dcs?ges ot various intensities as a function ot the geometric
T,ean ind standard geometric deviation. An example is shown
for predicting tne number ot occurrences or sulfur dioxide
dosaqes that irinht cause acute plant damage. (Author) #C
I) 0 1 '4 h
f. ?. "iller and G. r. Holzworth
A\ A"KOS»HEPir DIFFUSION 10DFL FOP MFTPOPOLIT AN AFEAS.
"•reprint. J. Air Doliution Control Assoc. 17, (1) U6-SO,
Jan. 19t>f. (Trosent^d at the b9th Annual Keeting, Air
"Dilution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June
20-24, lyiH'S, Paper No. h^-JU.)
An urban diffusion nodol, which does not require the use ot an
electronic computer, is presented. The main simplifying
assumptions are that: (1) continuous pollutant sources are
unitormly distributed over the urban area, which may be
treated as a series or uniform crosswind line sources, and (2)
vertical diffusion occurs until the effluent iron each line source
reaches the top of the mixing layer, arter which the effluent is
jiitormlv distribute! through the mixing layer. After the
apnrooriate vertical diffusion coefficient is specified, the
calculated concentration is a function ot the source strength, the
linear dimension of the ir€-trcpolis along tne wind direction, the
11.1x11117 depth, and the wind speed. The calculated concentration is
interpreted either as a representative maximum concentration or,
through integration, as the average concentration over the
metropolitan area. When a representative pollutant concentration
13 known, the model may be used to determine the apparent "uniform"
source strength. The modeJ is being considered as a basis for a
440 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
quantitative national air pollution forecasting service.
(Author) **
Middleton, J. T.
CONTPOL OF FNVI30NKFNT - ^CONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PPOSPECTS.
Preprint. In: Environ. Improvement: Air, Water, Soil,
pp. bJ-71, Oct. 1966. (Presented at the Dept. of Agriculture
on or about nay <"« , 19bfa)
Han's exploitation of land, water, and air has caused serious
pollution ot his environment, not only affecting man but other
living organisms, quality ot the land, Hater, and air resources.
Not only must large sums of money be spent to restore the
quality of man's environment, but it must be done quickly. The
quality ot air is determined by the uses made of air and by the
pollutants injected into it by man. While some air contamination
results from pesticides and chemical manufacturing the greatest
degradation results from the use of air to support combustion.
Principal pollutants from combustion for the development of
energy and the propulsion ot motor vehicles, and the manufacture of
goods are liquid and solid particles, oxides of S and N, organic
vapors, C0'2 and CO. The pollutant released in
largest quantities throughout the nation is 302, amounting to
2J,JOO,000 tons a year. The quality ot air within a given air
sh°d depends upon the nature of pollutants, the quality of the air
supply and the geographical and meteorological factors affecting
the movement and dispersal of contaminants. One result of
multiple pollution sources is the combination of N oxides and
organic vapors in the presence of sunlight, resulting in
photochemical air pollution i.e. ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate
(DAN) , aldehydes, and organic acids. The resulting pollution
effects are metal corrosion, building and fabric deterioration,
cracking of rubber, visibility reduction, forest and agriculture
damages, livestock injury health problems, and the spoiling of air
environment. The recognized importance of these effects, the
recognition ot air pollution as a social problem, and the
enactment ot legislation to control air quality has occurred at
both state and national levels.**
P. E. Hatcharc!
PORTLAND'S NEW AIR QUALITY CCNT30L PROGRAM. Preprint.
("resented at the Second Annual Meeting, Pacific Northwest
International Section, Air Pollution Control Association,
Portland, Oreg., Nov. S-6, 196U.)
After ten years ot developmental steps, the city of Portland
is moving forward rapidly to implement the new Air Quality
Control Code. The new registration program will produce a large
quantity ot detaild information regarding community sources. The
ten dollar fee is helping to finance the initial program costs.
The relatively large numbers ot complaints received are being
investigated and where violations are found, corrective action is
forthcoming. Many long-standing smoke and other particulate
source problems are being controlled. In the future, increased
J. Air Quality Measurements 44]
-------
emphasis will be placed upon the control ot local geographical
areas within the City. This approach "will be balanced with a
planned community-wide control of similar industrial, commercial
and public sources. Additional public informational activities
are needed to develop support for the necessary changes to improve
°ortland's air quality conditions. (Author's summary) tit
U U b 31*
C. 3. Robinson, F. L. leadows, and 3. J. Henderson
SIP POLLUTION PATTERNS IN THJ GREATER 3IBKINGHAfl ARES.
"reprint. lyb^.
In 1462, the Alabama Despiratory Disease and Air Pollution
Study was initiated to determine the prevalence or various
pulmonary disorders and to relate these findings with air quality
data. This paper describes part ot the aeronetric effort begun in
December 1963 in the Greater Birmingham Area. Samples for
analysis ot suspended particulate, dustlall, sulfation, and 24-hour
gases (nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxiae, and aldehydes) were
collected routinely from 21 stations located primarily xn
residential areas. The sampling network, analytical methods, and
statistical procedures used are discussed. Air quality results
ar° presented with emphasis on spatial aiui temporal variations.
(Authors' abstract) #s
0 0 7 J y
C.E. dimmer P.I. Larsen
CALCULATING AIR QUALITY AKD ITS CdNTPOL. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 1 b (1 2) : bfab-b'7 2, Doc. lytb. (Presented at the
b^th Ar.nua] Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Toronto, Canada, June 20-2U, 196j.)
Sir duality is shown as a function or averaging times ot five
minutes to one year for carbon uonoxide, hydrocarbons, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, oxidant, and sulfur
dioxide in Chicago, Cincinnati, Los Angeles, New Orleans,
Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington, D. C.
Concentrations are approximately lognoriraliy distributed for all
pollutants ir. all cities tor all averaging times. Maximum
concentration is inversely proportional to averagino time to an
exponent. The exponent is a function ot the standard geometric
deviation. General air quality and control parameters are derived
and shown tor one example, nitrouen oxides in Washington, D. C.
These values are compared to one air quality standard. (Authors'
abstract) (t#
0 0 H o i
I. IJ. Williams
AN A7MOSPH2PIC SURVEY OF CHILLIWSCK, iiE'ITISH COLUMBIA.
Preprint.
S one-year study ot the air pollution level ot the City of
Chilliwack has been completed. f-ethods employed and data
442 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
collected tor -iustfall, sulfation rates, soiling index,
hydrogen sulfide, oxidants and total hydrocarbons are
presented. Difficulties experienced in the determination of
very low oxidant levels are discussed. The results obtained
indicate that the City is particularly free of air pollutants
and thus will serve as a suitable base for comparative
studies on the relationship between air pollution and other
factors in the prevalence of certain chronic respiratory diseases.
(Author abstract)##
008H7
J.D. Williams N.G. Edmisten
AN AIR PESOUBCE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE NASHVILLE METROPOLITAN
AREA. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of
Air Pollution. Sept. 1965. 160 pp.
GPO: 822-811-8, HEH: 999 AP - 18
This report is based on the numerous technical and scientific
papers resulting from a major study of air pollution and effects
made in Nashville, Tennessee, by the Public Health Service,
Vanderbilt University, and state and local agencies during
19b8-59. These papers have been supplemented by field
investigations to complete the background information needed for
preparation of an air resource management program plan. The
report summarizes a number of the technical and scientific papers
and uses all of them to develop new concepts as well as unify new
and old approaches to air pollution control in preparation
ot the air resource management program plan. Air quality
goals and the means to reach those goals are suggested.
Supporting data are provided and methodology adapted for relating
air quality goals to control of emissions. Methods for predicting
air pollutant levels by use ot mathematical models are presented.
Public opinion survey results and their implications for the air
resource management program are given. The report has specific
use for development of an air resource management program in
Nashville and general use tor program development and reference
in many other places. (Author abstract) #(t
01010
A REPORT TO THE LEGISLATURE ON AIR POLLUTION IN COLORADO.
Colorado State Dept. of Public Health, Denver. Feb. 5,
1964. 66 pp.
A series ot studies by the State Department of Public Health,
local health departments and other interested agencies and
groups led to the present Colorado Air Pollution Law calling
tor the State Department of Public Health to study the air
pollution problem and to recommend ambient air standards and
control measures. Colorado is experiencing a rapid growth of
population, urbanization and sources of air pollution, and
meteorological and topographical features over much of the State
are conducive to the development of serious air pollution
conditions. With the assistance of the Colorado Air Pollution
Advisory Committee, -the State Dept. of Public Health has
recommended standards for ambient air quality in the State. Air
J. Air Quality Measurements 443
-------
quality monitoring programs in six of Colorado's largest cities
were conducted and much information about the extent and nature
ot the air pollution problem was obtained. Three monitored
areas (Denver Metropolitan Area, Boulder and Pueblo)
definitely do not meet the ambient air quality standards
established ani one (Grand Junction) might not meet the
standards. The geographical air pollution basins o-f the areas
that do not meet the standards have been outlined, with the
exception ot Boulder. The geographical boundaries for Boulder
will he determined at an early date. Measures for the abatement
ot air pollution within the State have been recommended and are
listed. (Author summary)**
01066
P.T. Larsen
UNITED STATFS AIR DUALITY. Arch. Environ. Health Vol
8:'J2b-JJJ, Feb. 196U. (Presented at the Lead Symposium held
at lettering Lab. in the Dept. of Preventive Medicine and
Industrial Health, Coll. of Medicine, Cincinnati Univ.,
Feb. i^-i'l, 1963.)
Partictil-i te pollutant parameters are given for 20 particles
measured in United States urban air. Gaseous pollutant
parameters are aiven for sulfur dioxide concentrations
measured in Chicago, Cincinnati, Los Angeles, Nashville,
Now Orleans, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington.
Data tor carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide concentrations in
scmf-: ot these cities ire also presented. Pollutant concentration
is relate-5 to city size and distance from city center. Sulfate
narticulate concentration is related to sulfur dioxide
concentration. Pollutant concentrations aro discussed in terms
ot relative ettects and absolute units. Means are presently
available or are baing developed to control the emission of all
these pollutants except the nitrogen oxides, which come from all
combustion sources. There is no known easy method for controlling
nitroqen combustion sources. There is no Known easy method for
controllina .nitrogen oxides. In the decades ahead, the ultimate
solution to pollution from the nitrogen oxides as well as the ohter
pollutrats may be the use ot much less high-temperature
combustion, in homes, vehicles, and industry. Fuel cells and
atomic fission or fusion might then power the nation
electrically. (Author Summary)**
01270
H. Katz
QUALITY STAfDARDS FOR SIR AND HATES. Occupational Health Rev.
(Ottawa) 1/(1):3-8, 1965. (Presented at the Occupational
Health and Safety Conference, Canadian Conaress of labour.
North Pay, Ontario, Nov. 16, 196«).
Author reiterates air quality standards and threshold limit values
tor gases and vapors (ppm) in the USSR and USA: ambient air
quality standards and workroom air threshold limit values for some
gases (carbon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ethylene,
ozone, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide); air duality
standards and threshold limit values tor solids or liquids; and
444
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
comparative ambient air quality standards for particulate matter.
Data are given for California, Oregon, USSfi, Czechoslovakia
and Best Germany.t#
01427
J. P. Lodge, Jr. and J. 3. Pate
ATMOSPHERIC GASES AND PARTICULES IN PANAMA. Science, Vol.
153:<408-410, July 22, 1966.
The concentrations of trace gases in tropical air from samples
taken on the Isthmus of Panama are compared with those reported
by others. The role of a tropical land mass as a sink or source
ot atmospheric components is discussed. (Author abstract)##
01594
AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS OF THE NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING
NETWORK - ANALYSES OF SUPENDED PAPTICULATES 1963. Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution.
1965. 90 pp.
In 1963 the National Air Sampling Neteork encompassed some
200 stations. This report presents the results of analyses
performed on samples collected at these stations in 1963 and
also results of analyses performed in 1963 on some samples
collected in previous years. These results are tabulated
in the Summary Table. Most pollutant levels are reported
as geometric means (designated hereafter as 'neans') for
reasons discussed in Appendix A. Where it is not feasible
to calculate the geometric parameters, arithmetic means are used.
(Author summary modified)##
01770
F. A. Bell, Jr.
SHORT-TEPM AIP POLLUTION STUDIES. Civil Eng. N. Y. 33,
48-51, Feb. 1963.
Air pollution studies designed to measure the concentration of
oxidants, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide and
nitrogen dioxide.in the cities ot Washington, D.C., Lynchburg,
Virginia, Tucson, Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona and Fresno,
California are discussed. The area surveys are conducted over a
short term time period and author elucidates the advantages and
disadvantages of this approach.##
01790
A.N. Heller D.F. Walters
IMPACT OF CHANGING PATTERNS OF ENERGY USE ON COMMUNITY AIR
QUALITY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (9) 423-8,
Sept. 1965
J. Air Quality Measurements 445
-------
The air quality of an urban area depends to a great extent upon
the quantity and type of fuel consumed. Thus, a marked change
in energy demand from 1960 to 2000 A.D. will affect the air
quality ol all of our urban centers. Interwoven with this
potential effect is the anticipated influence of the change
in type and quality of fuels, e.g., nuclear fuels, high sulfur
coals, and a major modification in energy arived motive power,
i.e., fuel cells, and the subsequent depletion of natural
gas as an energy raw material. The current trend is to greater
urban population densities, and it is estimated that bv the year
2000 A.P., H5 percent of America's population will live on only
10 percent of thre land mass. To assess the potential impact of
the energy demands tor the next half centary or. air quality,
particularly of America's urban centeis, a review of current
practices of combustion cf coal, petroleum, and natural gas,
and the ootentiai effect on community air quality will be
developed. To meet the impact of the interrelated changing
patterns of population growth, urban developments, energy
requirements and available sources, research needs on both a short
and long term bas:s will be explored. (Author abstract)»#
0 1 H 2 9
H. J. Pasbacill
AIK CONTR"1IKA'.'? IFPSUFEMTNTE AT FOOSrVElT FI£LP, NASSAU COUNTY,
N7W VQPKfJANUAPY PPPRUAPY 19ba). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, P i v. of Air Pollution. July 1965. b 3 pp.
Based on the ireteorolooica 1 conditions observed, contaminant
levels measured during the stuay may te considered typical for this
site during the winter months. Since there were no cases of
severe atmospheric stagnation during the study, measurement of
maximum contair ina t ion levels was not possible. Conclusions based
on the data otta^neo in this study are: (1) Particulate matter
contamination as indicated by soiling index measurements was
"heavy" to "extremely heavy" about 9? of the tine, this indicates
tha* air contamination from emission of small-sized particulates
should be reduced. (2) S02 concentrations were excessive.
Action to control emission of this contaminant should be
considered. (J) CO and oxij"3 ct nitrogen concentrations were
somewhat nreater than desirable. (4) Photochemical smog was not
present, nor was it expected at this time of year. It is
recoil me p. del thit the existing air monitoring proaram be expanded.
The number of samplina sites should be increased and measurement
of other contaminants should be initiated. These data will
indicate seasonal variations in pollution, measure the
effectiveness of air resource maragemoi't programs, document
long-term trends of air quality as related to changes in the
nature of contaminant sources, and relate air contamination to its
effects. Because air contamination does not recognize political
boundaries, this air monitoring program and other aspects of the
air resource Taruqement program should extend throughout the
entire county. Data from surrounding "jurisdictions should be
considered also.$*
and J. H. ludwiq
THE DISTRIBUTION 07 VFHICULAP AIP POI.LUTI01, IN ^HE UNITED STATES.
446 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Preprint. (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June
20-2<*, 196t>, Paper 65-21.)
The contribution of automotive vehicular emissions to air
pollution and the magnitude of the effects of these emissions have
been well documented in los Angeles County and to a lesser
extent throughout the State of California. Data are
presented which show the presence of photochemical "smog" and
prevalence of "smog" in eastern communities is not as high as in
Los Angeles; however, evidence from most large cities where
atmospheric pollutants have been measured shows some photochemical
activity with production of oxidants throughout the year and severe
"smog" when adverse meteorological conditions occur. flant damage
of the types associated with photochemical pollutants has been
observed in many areas throughout the country and further indicates
the presence of adverse levels of inotor-veh icle-derived
pollutants. Sourcei surveys in a number of cities in the United
States show that motor vehicles are responsible for very
appreciable amounts of the total emissions of hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. The racts presented
clearly point to potential problems under current conditions and
problems of increasing severity as population densities and use of
motor vehicles increase. (Author abstract) ft*
0186U
SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AUCKLAND AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH
COMMITTEE. (Annual Pept. 1965). Auckland Air Pollution
Research Comirittee, New Zealand Mar. J 1, 1965. 42 pp.
This is the Sixth Annual Report of the Auckland Air
Pollution Research Committee presented to the Local
Authorities of Metropolitan Auckland, and it summarises the
tirst 3 years of the planned 5 year survey. The main work
ot the Conmittee has beer in three fields. The first field has
been a continued study ot the meteorological and topographical
conditions -that affect air pollution in the metropolitan area.
Inversion conditions which contribute to concentration of
pollutants in certain areas, exist quite frequently during the
night, particularly in autumn and winter. However, present
records show that these conditions do not persist during the day,
so that cumulative concentrations are avoided. The second field
has been the continuation ot the five-year metropolitan air
pollution survey, now in its third year. The records continue to
indicate that no major problem yet exists. The third field
concerns atmospheric pollution by motor vehicles. Records
indicate that the position is satisfactory, even though the ratio
ot vehicles to population in Auckland is similar to that in
Los Angeles where a serious pollution problem is known to exist.
New and modern equipment, including an infra-red gas analyser,
have been used in obtaining these records. Pollution figures
have been obtained in city streets and in offices at various
locations above street level. Smoke from heavy diesel vehicles
is the main adverse feature, and this is particularly evident in
the Newmarket results. This points to the need in a number of
cases tor better maintenance of transport fleets, and regular
checks on their operating efficiency. (Author introduction)##
J. Air Quality Measurements 447
-------
U1912
D. A. lynn and T. B. McMullen.
AT" OQLLUTION IN SIX .14JOR U.S. CITIES AS MEASURED BY THE
CONTINUOUS ATP MONITORING PROGRAM (CAKP). J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 16, («) 186-90, Apr. 1966. (Presented at the
5»th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Toronto, Canada, June 2C-24, 1965, Paper No. 65-92.)
Data obtained by the Continuous Air Monitoring Program
(CAC"D) in six cities during 2 years are summarized. Six
gaseous pollutants were monitored in Cincinnati, Chicago, New
Orleans, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.
during 1962 and 1963. The data serve as a basis for describing
several contrasts and similarities in the nature of air pollution
experienced in six cities, which represent a broad geographical and
climatologica1 range ot urban environments. Specific topics
covered are: tvpical pollutant levels, patterns of daily and
se-isonai variations, and unusual phenomena such as atmospheric
stagnation periods and photochemical smog formation. (Author
abstract) t*
019U9
P. W. Hilaebrand and ". L. Stock mar.
AIR DUALITY It: rLP."K CniJNTi, WASHINGTON. Washington State
Dept. oi Health, Olympia, Division of Environmental Health.
This is a report on a community air pollution survey which began
Feb. 1, 1961 and which was conducted in cooperation with the
Clark County Air Pollution Committee and the Clark-Skamar.ia
Health District. The following findings, and conclusions, are
given. Clark County air pollution problems are primarily
restricted to localized ar«as in the immediate vicinity of specific
sources. Existing nuisance conditions and the potential for an
ar<=-a-wiip problem in the near future warrant corrective and
preventive action on the part of the community. Air pollution
concentrations in Portland, Oregon are demonstrablv higher than
those measured in Clark County leading to the conclusion that
area-wide pollution in the County will increase as community
development progresses. Air pollution efrects that can be
established include fallout ot solid materials, odor, soiling, and
esthetic considerations. Heating and transportation make
significant contributions to the total problem. Gaseous emissions
and concentrations have not been studied sufficiently to establish
their effects upon the community. Local legislation is presently
inadequate to control the orobl"in on either a corrective or
oreventiVc basis. This report recommends that an air pollution
control district, as provided for by the laws of the State of
Washington, be established enconpassinj Clark County and the
c 111 e o ~>t Vancouver and C a m =. s. * *
019H1
A. p. lltshulier and I. Cohen
TH^ GAS PHASE 3EACTIO\S OF NTTROGJM CXIDES HUH OLETINS.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution 4, (1/2) 55-b9, 1961.
448 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
(Presented at the 13«th .Annual Ke-ating, American chemical
Society, Chicago, 111., Sept. 1958)
The nature ot the condensation products formed in the gas phase
reactions ot nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide with pentene-1,
2-roethylbutene-2, and 2-methylfcutadiene-1,3 was investigated.
The reactants were combined at partial pressures in the range of
0.1 to 2.5 mm with the total pressure at one atmosphere. The
products were determined by infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy
and colorimetry. The condensates included primary and
secondary nitro compounds and alkyl nitrates. Strong hydroxyl
and singld bond carbon to oxygen stretching vibrations indicate the
presence of either nitroalcohols or simple aliphatic alcohols
formed through oxidation reactions. Carbonyl stretching
trequencies observable in some of the reactions support the
conclusion that a portion ot the reactants disappear
by oxidation rather than by nitration processes. The available
results do not indicate the presence of appreciable amounts of
tert.-nitrocoi.oounds, conjugated nitro-olefins, oc
gem-dinitroalkanes. The reactivities of the olefins with the
nitrogen oxides are in the decreasing order:
2-niet hyibutadiene-1 , 3 , 2-m°thylbutene-2, pentene-1. (Author
abstract) **
0 211 y
\. ". Altshuller
AIS POLLUTION. Aral. Chem. 35, (5) JR-10H, Apr. 1963.
Author presents a literature review in the field of air pollution,
January, 1961 to February 1962. There are two hundred forty
(210) references.**
0213J
R. Piumann, E. Kadan, J. A. Schedling, and G. Wagner
(SOM~ HEASUPSX^NTS 0" THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLID AND GASEOUS AIR
POLLUTION IK THF VIENNA AREA.) Uber einige .lessungen der
Konzentrationen tester und gasformiger Luftverunreinigungen
im Faun von Wien. Hadex Rundschau (Austria) (U) 210-57,
ISbfc.
Results of T.easuremects ot air pollution in the Vienna area
during a two year period are reported; dust concentration was
measured at one point, lead concentration was measured at various
points in the city with approximately 50 random samples. Samples
were also obtained at the same stations for the determination of
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide fumes. Dust concentration was
higher during the winter months; maximum values during these
periods were also much higher. Comparison with average monthly
values in other European cities showed that Vienna has higher
concentrations than Hamburg, Geneva and Copenhagen. The dust
was analyzed chemically tor its carbon and lead content, and
tiiures compared with data trom the USA. Concentration of
gaseous air pollution decreased with distance from traffic
lanes.*»
J. Air Quality Measurements 449
-------
02179
L. E. Niemeyer.
SUMPIFR SUN CINCINNATI SHOT-: A RfiCZNT INCIDENT. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 1J (8) J81-4, Aug. 1963.
Three conditions are considered necessary lor the formation of
photochemical air pollution: sources emitting air pollution, slow
atmospheric dispersal o± pollutants, and solar radiation. As we
have seen, all three conditions were fulfilled in Cincinnati on
the 16th and 1Hth of May. The city acted as the source of
pollution. Probably the greatest contributors were the city's
inhabitants as they came ir.to the city by car and bus to begin
their daily routine. The stagnated anticyclone that dominated the
region, with its attendant clear skies, light winds, and
well-developed radiation inversion, brought about slow atmospheric
dispersal of pollution and permitted the sun's rays to act on the
contaminated air mass without obstruction. The intense solar
radiation did produce the photochemical reactions, but also
produced enough surface heating to mix the contaminated air mass
to heights well above 5000 feet-alleviating, to a degree, the high
concentrations that occurred before inversion breakup. The
meteorological conditions that brought aDout this incident,
although not freguent in southern Ohio, may be expected
periodically. These conditions can lead to excessively high
pollution levels it the sources of contaminants remain at their
present number or increase in quantity.**
02241
W.H. Perry E.G. Tabor
NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK MEASUREMENT OF 302 AND -.M02.
Arch. Environ. Health 4, 2b«-61, Mar. 1962. ("resented at
the Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, TT.C. ,
Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 2b-26, 1961).
The air in the cities participating in the NASN is currently
monitored tor sulfur dioxide ana nitrogen dioxide. The
sulfur dioxide method used by the Network psssesses good
collection efticiency and sufficient sensitivity for the levels
encountered. Slight losses of pollutant may occur in the
inlet system and on aging of th» solution after collection;
these losses are minimized by periodic replacement of the
pretilters and prompt analysis of all samples on receipt from the
field. The nitrate solutions collected in the nitrogen dioxide
method have adeguate stability, and no significant influence is
exerted by the inlet system. The method is necessarily empirical
because of low collection efficiency and incomplete knowledge of
the reactions involved in the conversion of mixtures of oxides of
nitrogen to the nitrite ion. (Author summary)**
02J1 !
V.J. Easbaqill J.L. Dallas
AIF QUALITY IN BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS ( NOV EH E ER-DIC E MB F1! 1963).
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
450 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Pollution. Nov. 1964. b5 pp.
A short-term air contamination pilot study was conducted using a
mobile air-saipling laboratory. This laboratory, designed and
constructed by the Technical Assistance Branch, Division of
Air Pollution, Public Health Service, contains continuous
automatic equipment for ironitorinq air quality, manual air-sampliag
equipment, meteorological instrumentation, and laboratory
facilities. This mobile laboratory was used to: (1) obtain
comprehensive measurements of gaseous and particulate air
contaminants at a single test site, (2) train air-contamination
investigators in the application of methodology, (3) evaluate and
compare air-contamination measurement techniques, and (U) enhance
public awareness of the air-contamination problem to encourage
support tor local air-contamination control and monitoring
programs.*#
02340
AIP QUALITY DATA FPOM THE NATIONAL AIH SAMPLING NETWORKS AND
CONTRIBUTING STATE AND LOCAL NETWORKS 1964-1965. Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air
Pollution pc. 128, 1966.
The Air Quality Section of the Public Health Service's
Division of Air Pollution, with the assistance and cooperation
ot state and local agencies, carries on a variety of air sampling
activities to obtain information about air quality in the United
Statos. This report summarizes data gahtered during 1964 and
1965 at nearly 300 stations that gathered bi-weekly samples of
suspended particulate matter, about 30 stations that gathered
bi-weekly samples of two gaseous pollutants, and another seven
stations that continuously monitored six gaseous pollutants,
suspended particulates and soiling index. This volume also
continues the policy of including summaries of data contributed by
state and local agencies that operate their own air sampling
networks. This effort to bring together in one publication as
much air quality data as possible is particularly important in
light of the continuing rapid expansion of state and local
sampling activities. In addition to the hasic data on suspended
particulates and gases, data on several fractions of the
particulate matter are included herein. (Author abstract) *#
S. Hochheiser and R. E. Wetzel
AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS IN INDIANAPOIIS (JUNE-JULY 1963).
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
Pollution and Bureau ot Air Pollution Control, Indianapolis,
Ind. 67 pp., July 1964
The Indianapolis Bureau ot Air Pollution Control and the
Division ot Air Pollution, U.S. Public Health Service
conducted a joint air pollution study in June and July 1963. A
mobile air sampling laboratory was used in the study. This
laboratory contains continuous automatic equipment for
monitoring air quality, manual air sampling equipment,
meteorological instrumentation, and laboratory facilities. This
J. Air Quality Measurements 451
-------
mobile laboratory is used mainly to (1) obtain comprehensive
measurements ot gaseous and particulate air pollutants at a single
test site in various communities; (2) train air pollution
investigators in the application of methodology; (3) evaluate and
compare air pollution measurement techniques, and (4) enhance
public awareness ot the air pollution problem and encourage support
tor local air pollution control and monitoring programs. Some
ot the data obtained in this study, such as the range of
concentrations of air contaminants, relationships airong levels of
air pollutants, and the relationship ot meteorological factors and
air pollution levels are presented nere. Detailed tabulations of
air pollution and meteorological measurements are given in the
Appendix. (Author introduction modified) ##
S. Hochheiser, M. Nolan, and H. J. Dunsmore
AIH POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS IN DUQUESNE, FE H NS5f LV ANI A (SEPTEMBES-
OCTQBEP 19(23). Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Div . of Air Pollution and Alleaheny County Health Dept. ,
Duguesne, Pa., Bureau ot Air Pollution Control. Oct.
iyf>u. J7 pp.
Air pollution levels are ot sufficient magnitude to justify
further planning and development ot the air resource management
program serving the Duquesne area. Pollution due to particulate
matter 13 a manor problem. Atmospheric particulate
concentration exceeded 290 nicrograms per cubic meter 50 percent
ot the time. Pollution due to sulfur dioxide is also a major
problem. Hourly sulfur dioxide Jevels reached 0.66 ppm during
a period of relatively poor atmospheric ventilation.
Photochemical-type smoq was not detected nor was it expected
dun.ici the tail season. The potential ot photochemical smog in
Duquesne is greatest during the summer ironths. The resources
available should f?o increased to permit a more extensive air
resource man^gement program. A continuing air monitoring program
should bo instituted at strategic sampling sites throughout the
area to determine seasonal and yearly trends of pollution, and to
provide information upon which to base control program decisions. #*
T. E. KreichPlt and F. W. Dahle, Jr.
AIP POLLUTION MEASU12KENTS IN BALTIMORE, XD. (MARCH AND APRIL
V)h4). Puclic Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of
Air Pollution and Baltimore City Health Dept., Hd., Bureau
ot Industrial Hygiene, Nov. iyt><4. 5H pp.
G?0: H1/-2H8-2
Air pollution concentrations measured in this brief study are
sufficiently great to justify further planning and development of
an air resource management program in the Baltimore area.
Conclusions based on the limited data ot this study are as
follows; Pollution due to particulate matter is higher than
desirable. Atmospheric particulate concentrations exceeded 200
jricrograms per cubic meter b out ot 36 days of the study or 14
percent ot the time. Soiling index values were rated as "heavy"
452 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
or greater during 22 percent of the study period. Pollution due
to sultur dioxide as sometimes a problem. The average sulfur
dioxide concrntration during the study was 0.06 ppm but did reach
an hourly concentration of 0.2« ppm. Photochemical-type smog was
neither detected nor expected during the spring season. The
relatively large concentrations ot oxides of nitrogen,
hydrocarbons, and aldehydes present suggest, however, that
photochemically produced smog may be a problem during the summer
months with the occurrence of greatest intensity and longest
duration ot sunlight. (Author conclusion modified)t#
028«0
G. B. Welsh and T. E. Kreichelt
CLEAN AIR FOP CHATTANOOGA. Public Health Service, Atlanta,
Ga., (Pegion IV) and Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. July 1964, 77 pp.
The results ot limited investigations, based on air quality data
obtained during a 30-day sampling period, other available air
quality data, evaluation ot existing information related to the
air pollution problem and a review of the present air pollution
control program are presented. Ot primary concern in Chattanooga
are improper combustion of coal and fuel oil, particulate
materials, odors, and tly ash. The sources are industrial,
domestic, solid waste and open burning, and motor vehicles.
Local meteorological and toocgraphical factors contribute to the
accumulation of air pollution in Chattanooga. Low-level
inversions occur frequently (about 35 percent of the total hours
per year). Although Chattanooga has had a smoke abatement
prooram since 1935 and some progress has been made, there is an
apparent need for a mere comprehensive air pollution control
program.»l
03001
TH" AUCKLAND AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH COMMITTEE (SEVENTH ANNUAL
PEPT. FOP YEAR ENDING MAR. 31, 1966.) Auckland Air
Pollution Research Committee, New Zealand. 33 pp., 1966
The conclusion of the fourth annual survey in Auckland, New
Zealand, is that no significant increases in air pollution
have occurred in the last year. The specific areas of
consideration are: (1) smoke levels, (2) odors, and (3) pollution
by motor vehicles. The report reflects an increased awareness by
the public of the air pollution problem and is exemplified by the
adoption of smoke regulations.#*
03013
S. Hochheiser, M. Burchett, H. J. Dunsmore
AIB POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS IN PITTSBURGH (JANURAY-FE3PUABY
1963). Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division
ot Air oollution and Allegheny County Health Dept.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., Bureau of Air Pollution Control. 53 pp.,
Nov. 1963
J. Air Quality Measurements 453
-------
Pollution detected in this brief study at one location is of
sufficient magnitude to justify further, continuing studies
of air quality in the Pittsburgh area. This work is necessary
to rpovide air quality data for the determination of: (1) Extent
of adverse effects of air pollutants, (2) trends in air
quality, (3) effects of air pollution control regulations and
other factors influencing pollutant emissions, and (4) plans
tor air resource iranagement, including revision of emission
regulations. Pollution levels observed during' this brief
study reasonably represented the average winter in Pittsburgh.
Because, however, no period of severe atmospheric stagnation was
encountered, the present study has not indicated the unusually high
pollution levels that would occur at such times. Tentative,
preliminary conclusions based on the limited data of this
study are as follows: (1) Pollution due to particulate matter
is above the average for urban centers in the United States,
as indicated by measuremrnts of total suspended particulate
tratter. Soilina index, visibility, and atmospheric
urbirlity measurements confirm these data; (2) Concentrations
of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aldehydes tend to be
slightly greater than suggested levels; and (3) Presence of
photochemical smog was not demonstrated. Measurements of
oxidant levels during late spring and summer may, however, cast
a different light on this matter. Although oxidant
measurements were very lew in the current study, concentrations
of hydrocarbons and nitrcaen oxides were such that, at titres of
areater sunshine and lesser concentrations of sulfur dioxide,
higher oxidant values could be expected.**
SI.H1.1PPY OF DATA F=OK T'lF CONTINUOUS AIR KONITO?IN'G FHOG^AP!.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air
Pollution. Oct. 1965. 16 pp.
This report contains data gathered furing 1962, 196J, and 1964,
with the data from 196U presented more extensively than
data from the earlier years. The annual average
concentrations, the maximum and minimum monthly average
concentration, and the maximum daily concentration of the several
pollutants sonitortd are summarized. The minimum daily
average concentration was, in each case, below the minimum
concentration detectable by the instruments. The following
summaries are contained in tables: 196U average and maximum
pollutant levels in greater detail for the several cities.
Pelative cumulatively frequency distributions for I960 3f basic
CAMP data recoreded at 5-minute intervals, and similar
distribution of data tor 19b2 and 196J. These rrequency
distributions permit the ready determination of the
concentration that was exceeded only 5 percent of the time, the
median concentration. Total oxidant data for 196U in the
form of the number and percent of day when the macimum hourly total
oxidant concentration equalled or exceeded O.lb, 0.10 and O.G5
ppm, and the average and maximum soiling index levels for 1964.##
030^7
J. D. Williams, F. D. Maddox, T. 0. Harris, C. <1.
Copelev, Jr., and W. Var.d Dokkenturg, Jr.
454 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY PHASE II PROJECT REPORT. VI.
EFFECTS OF AIB POLLUTION. Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control
66 pp., Dec. 1966
The Air Quality Goals Subcommittee, appointed under provisions
of item b-A-5 of the Interstate Air Pollution Study Phase
II Project Agreement, reviewed literature, met with
consultants in the air pollution effects field, and selected air
quality goals tor consideration by the Project Executive
Committee. The Cor.mitt.ee limited its consideration to goals
because it does not have authority to adopt air quality standards,
a function restricted to legally constituted governmental agencies.
The Committee does, however, by approving this report, accept the
consensus of professional and technical personnel. The
explanations of effect levels presented herein were prepared by the
staff of the Public Health Service Technical Assistance
Branch who utilized the advisory resources available within the
Division of Air Pollution. The effects of air pollution as a
program element, is only one part of an air resources management
program. Air pollution effects, air-quality levels, and pollutant
emissions are the major program elements that provide the basis
for air quality goals. Actually, if no consideration were given
to the length of time needed to reach goals or to the priorities of
community needs, air pollution effects would be the only program
element to be considered in establishing goals. Suggested goals
are listed and are based on the air quality (indicating major
types and amounts of pollutants present) as well as actual and
anticipated effects of air pollutants in the Interstate Air
Pollution Study area. The effects of air pollution have been
considered in this report from the viewpoint of a consultant whose
task has been the development of a set of goals that will meet the
future need of the area. Some of the quantitative relationships
between effects and air quality levels have not yet been
established, but enough is known that a guide for a constructive
air resource management program has been provided for the
Interstate Air Pollution Study area. This guide is intended
to serve the needs of the study area only, and is not intended to
have general application.##
OJ104
H.C. Wohlers M. Feldstein
INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE POSSIBLE NEED FOR A REGULATION ON
ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES IN THE SAN
FRANCISCO BAY ASEA. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15,
(5) 226-9, Kay 1965.
On the basis of evidence presented, it is concluded that
photochemical smog is a major air pollution problem in the San
Francisco Bay Area. Attempts should be made to reduce
the intensity of photochemical smog effects by controlling the
emission of organic compounds to the atmosphere. In order
to reduce the intensity of photochemical smog effects in the
Bay Area, it is estimated that an 80 percent total reduction of
organic material emitted to the atmosphere is necessary. The
nitrogen oxide problem needs clarification. Because of the
complexity of the photochemical smog reaction in open atmospheres,
technical answers to all phases of the problem are not available.##
J. Air Quality Measurements 455
-------
03363
M. S. Sokolcskii, Zh. L. Gabinova, B. V. Popov, L. F.
Kachor, and E. S. Levine, "Translator"
SANITAPY PROTECTION OF MOSCOW ATMOSPHERIC AIR (U.S.S.R.
LITERATURE ON ATP POLLUTION AND RELATED OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES,
VOLUME 14). Moscow Sanitary-Epidemiological Station. 1965.
6B PP.
CFSTI, TT 67-60046
Moscow is a large industrial center with various types of
industries discharging a complex of solid and gaseous, organic and
inorganic chemical substances into the air, causing considerable
damage to the National economy. This work reviews the Kcscow
Sanitary Service in its efforts to control air pollution from the
many sources described. #t
0 3404
D. S. Mathews J.J. Schueneman
T OF DADE COUNTY'S AIR PESOU3CES. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution.
(In cooperation with Florida State Board of Health and Dade
County Dept. ot Public Health, Fla.) Oct. iy62. 43 pp.
HEW
Metropolitan Dade County has a long history of being a desirable
area in which to live, work, and play. A great sub-tropical
agricultural industry abounds. Tourism is one of the largest
income producing industries in this area. Population
and urban development are increasing rapidly. In general, these
trends have to reduce agricultural income. Due to the dominance
ot tourism and agriculture, economic return has been somewhat
uncertain ahd has not been balanced equally throughout the year.
To compensate for this situation, a significant effort is being
put forth to bring new kinds of income producing activities into
Dade County. A specific proposal has been made to construct
and operate a petroleum refinery near Homsestead as part of an
extensive industrial development. The Dade County Manager
and the Dade County Department of Public Health requested
technical assistance from Florida State Board of Health and the
United States Public Health Service in reviewing the
refinery proposal, evaluating it spossible environmental effects
and in planning a long range air resource management program.
Air pollution aspects are considered and presented herein.
(Author introduction modif ied) ##
03406
P. L. Mecham, J. S. Ameen, P.. W. Slater, Jr.
A PILOT STUDY OF AIR QUALITY IN HI NSTON-S ALEM, NORTH CAROLINA
(NOV. 28 - DEC. 5, 1962). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution; North
Carolina State Board of Health; and Forsyth County Health
Dept., N.C. Apr. 1963. 29 pp.
" HEW
456 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
A one-week pilot study covering a limited number of pollutants
at a single location is reported for a short period of the
year during which the wind speeds were two to three times
the normal values for the season. Such abnormal wind conditions
had a considerable effect on the results of the study. Even
under these favorable conditions for dispersion of pollutants,
high soiling index values were observed. Oxidant concentrations
indicated the possibility that photochemical smog may be a
problem. Infrequent peak concentrations of sulfur dioxide
indicated that it may be a possible probelm source.
Recommendations made were based on the data collected in
this one-week sampling study and other available data. There
are figures on the variation of gaseous pollutants and soiling
index, and tables on measurement of carbon monoxide, hydrogen
sulfide, oxidants, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur
dioxide and soiling index.##
03107
Q. M. Hees R. L. Wortman
PRELIHINAEY HEPORT AI? POLLUTION SURVEILLANCE STUDY, TUCSON,
ARIZONA. Arizona Univ., Tucson, Coll. of
Engineering. (Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No.
13, Civil Engineering Series No. 6.) Aug. 1960. 64 pp.
A study of recent population figures as well as prevailing
meteorological conditions in the Tucson area provides ample
evidence that these conditions are prevalent. Visual evidence
of the growing problem becomes obviou's when viewing the
Tuscon valley from vantage points provided by the surrounding
mountain ranges. In order to attempt an evaluation
ot the problem as well as provide basic data for future
studies of a comparative nature, it was decided that a jointly
sponsored project be proposed to extend over a ten-month
period beginning in September, 1959. In addition to providing
surveillance data, the program was to serve both research and
instructional purposes in Sanitary Engineering at The
University of Arizona. The U.S.P.H.S., through its
Region IX office, and the Arizona State Health
Department were to cooperate by rpoviding technical
consultation, some air pollution equipment loans, and certain
manpower assists. The project was to be conducted within the
framework of the Engineering Experiment Station of The
University ot Arizona. The period of sampling extended from
September 10, 1959 through June It, 1960 During the
regular sampling days throughout the sampling period, observations
were made for oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, sulfur
dioxide, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter. The period
of testing extended from 7 A.M. through 5 P.H. Beginning
January 1, 1960, the U. S. Public Health Service
established a National Air Sampling Network Station at The
University of Arizona. Operation of this station involves
collecting a 2U-hour High Volume air sample twice a month and
sending it to the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio, for analysis. Although the gaseous pollutant
levels could not be considered as high levels of pollution when
compared to a city such as Los Angeles, it should be pointed
out that the population of Los Angeles is approximately twenty
times that of Tuscon. Data from the U.S. Public Health
Service's National Air Sampling Network (an average of
141 cities) over the two-year period of 1957 and 1958 showed an
J. Air Quality Measurements 457
-------
average pollution ot 130 micrograms per cubic meter for the
Tucson area for the subject sampling period. Oxidant
concentrations compared very favorably with other cities.##
03U04
G. J. Raschka
AN APPPAISAL OF AIP POLLUTION IN MINNESOTA. Minnesota Dept.
of Health, Minneapolis, (In cooperation with the ''ublic
Health Service.) Jan.. 1961. 78 pp.
This appraisal ot the air pollution situation in Minnesota
arose iron a growing concern about air pollution problems
in the state. Increasing requests for information and assistance
registered with the State Department of Health Service were
obtained concerning methods of conducting a survey which
would establish the nature and extent of the air pollution
problem in the state and indicate what activity is needed on the
part of the state and local governments in meeting the
problem. Data used in preparing this report were obtained
by interviews, direct observation, questionnaires, limited
air sampling, and review of: existing information. The appraisal
was made from October 19bS to July 1960. *#
E. C. Tabor, J. E. ileeker, and J. M. Leavitt.
ATF POLLUTION IN ST. BERNARD, OHIO. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution , 1 958. 17 pp.
An area survey was conducted in St. Bernard, Ohio. It was
determined that the levels of suspended particulates and crude
orqanics were considerably higher than that in downtown
Cincinnati for the same days. The average levels of 270
micrograms ot suspended particulate per cubic meter of air and
feb.b micrograms of crude organics per cubic meter of air were
somewhat higher than for other communities of size comparable to
St. Bernard. Nitrate and sulfate concentrations also were
slightly higher. The highest levels of sulfur dioxide, while not
hiqh enough to be ot great concern, were associated with northerly
winds. On several occasions the level of oxides of nitrogen was
hiqh enough to be detectable by the odor. The large amount of
aliphatic hydrocarbons in the organic natter was very unusual. It
was considerably higher than that from any other community in the
United States tor which similar measurements have been reported.
The soiling power of the air was higher when the wind blew from
the •>!orth.#*
F. A. Bell, Jr., G. Bisel, Jr., T. N. Hushower,
L. E. Perry, F. J. Schuette, and E. Vihman.
FRESNO AIR POLLUTION STUDY. Public Health Service,
Washington, D. C., Div. of Hir Pollution; California
458
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley; and Fresno County
Health Dept., Calit. July 1960. 2b pp.
HEW
Haze and other air pollution effects have occurred in the
Central Valley of California. In order to answer questions
regarding present pollution levels and to estimate the future
pollution potential ot an area which is just beginning to
experience air pollution, Fresno was selected as a representative
growing metropolitan area of the Central Valley. Air pollution
concentration levels together with visibility reduction
measurements and subjective observations indicate that
photochemical smog occurs in the Fresno area. The Fresno rural
station in Kerney Park had AISI particulate matter results
which were in general higher than the results at the Fresno city
station. AISI particulate matter results indicate that episodes
of air pollution occur widely throughout the Valley. Comparisons
ot average results from stations at Feesno, at Kearney Park,
Sacramento, Stockton and Bakersfield show that the AISI
results were two to four times higher for the December 3-9 period
than tor the September 1U-17 period for all stations. An
estimate of pollutan-ts being emitted to the atmosphere indicates
that motor vehicles are the main and most significant sources of
smoo-forming raw materials in the Fresno area.*#
OJU34
F. A. Bell, Jr., W. J. Beck, J. H. Shrimp, and
G. B. Welsh.
A PILOT STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN WASHINGTON, D.C. Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C., Div. of Air "Dilution.
Dec. 8, I960. 19 pp.
H!!H
The study covered seven days, including one weekend, and one
all-night sampling period for intensive air pollution sampling.
The period covered was December 2 through Decenber 8, 1960,
from 9:00 AH to 5:00 PM. The all-night sampling period
covered 9:00 AM, December 5 through 9:00 AM, Demembpr 6.
The gas and particulate pollutants under test were selected to
be indicative of the general air pollution of the area. Oxidant,
nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, smoke and
participate were sampled. Visibility measurements to ground level
objects were taken every hour. The roof of the seven-story
District of Columiba Municipal Center Building, 300 Indiana
Avenue, N.W., was selected as the sampling site. The following
equipment was used in the study: Multiple gas sampling
apparatus; High volume particulate sampler; AISI automatic
smoke sampler; and Sepctronic "20" analyzer.##
OJU11
CLE-AN AIR FOR CALIFORNIA (INITIAL REPORT OF THE AO POLLUTION
STUDY PROJECT, CALIFORNIA STATE DEPT. OF PUBLIC .HEALTH).
California State Dept. ot Public Health, San Francisco.
Bar. 19bb. 60 pp.
J. Air Quality Measurements 4S9
-------
This is an early survey report ot the air pollution situation in
California. The body of knowledge, available at that time, on
the growing problems ot polluted air is discussed and a plan for
action outlined. Attention is focussed on the air pollution
problem in the Los Angeles area, where eye irritation, plant
damage and other harmful eftects, such as discomfort, decreased
visibility and nuisance occur most frequently. Recommendations to
State and local Governmental authorities, to universities and
other research organizations, to the industry and public are made.*
*
0 J i* b 1
w . C. Cope, Chairman.
AND AIR "OLLUTION NTTW YOPK - NEW JERSEY. Interstate
Sanitation Commission, New York City. Feb. 1958, 9S pp.
Pollution in the metropolitan area was studied by: aerial
reconnaissances and photography; and surveys in the communities.
Sioniticant information was collected on: relationships of
met poroloqy , visibility and pollution; interstate movement of
pollution as indicated by releasing tracer dust in or.e state and
collecting in the other; amount of vehicle exhaust fumes and
other organic materials in the air; sulfur dioxide
concentration on Stater, Island, and ozone on Staten Island and
in Carteret, N.J.; effects of the polluted atmosphere on health,
vegetation, materials and transportation; and a study and
evaluation was made of existim laws in the State of New York,
New Jersey and Connecticut, and other jurisdictions. Air
pollution originating in regions of New York and New Jersey
within the New York He tropolitan Area is interstate in
character, affects public health and comfort adversely, and damages
property. While the control and abatement of air pollution at its
sources is the primary obligation of the states, counties or
mun iciDalit les in which it originates, the problems of interstate
air pollution cannot be solved wholly by governmental agencies
independently ot one another. The abatement of existing
interstate air pollution and the control of future interstate air
pollution is ot prime importance to the persons living and industry
locatPl in the area atfected thereby, and can best be accomplished
through the cooperation of the states involved, by and through a
cot.iion agency or instrumentality. An interstate instrumentality,
ep'ploying the administrative practices followed by the Interstate
Sanitation Commission in the abatement of interstate water
Dollution, should be created to deal with the problems of
interstate air pollution. Drafts of proposed legislation to meet
the situation described in this report should reflect fully the
opinions and needs of many agencies, local governing bodies,
moml'.ers ot the Legislatures, representatives of industry, and of
the public. T.iere has been insufficient time between the
completion of the study and the submission o± this report to afford
opportunity to interested agencies to express their views on the
torm which leqislation to abate interstate air pollution should
t a k e . tt *
(J J 1 b «
D. H. Keagy and J. J. Schueneman
HIP POLLUTION IN THE 3IPKINGTON, ALABAMA, AREA. Public Health
460 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (Kept.
No. A5«-y.) May 19b8. 80 pp.
HEW: A58-8
The purposes of this survey were to: (1.) Review the existing
and potential air pollution situations. (2.) Review existing air
pollution control activities; and (3.) Develop recommendations
for organization, stafi, facilities, program, and legislation
relative to air pollution control activities. The scope of the
study was limited to consideration of available information
relative to air pollution including: types of activity which
cause pollution, evidences of pollution levels, meteorological and
topographical influences on the dispersion of pollutants, existing
or authorized governmental activity for control of air pollution,
and other relevant community characteristics. The study area was
the boundary of Jefferson County.**
E. E. Lemke, N. R. Shatter, and J. A. Verssen
SU1MARY OF AIR POLLUTION DATA FOR LCS ANGELES COUNTY. Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.,
Engineering Div.
Emission concentrations of pollutants for Los Angeles,
California are given. The levels cited are a result of the
Board of Supervisors of Los Angeles giving the authority
to the Air Pollution Control District - County of Los
Angeles. Also included are sixty-two (62) industrial control
programs started in the Los Angeles area, along with the dates
installed and the cost.tttt
OJH67
". I. larsen
BASES AND TYPES OF AIR QUALITY CRITERIA. Preprint. 1964.
Article is an evaluation of present air quality criteria and
recommendations tor future considerations. The salient points
considered were the following: (1) Conduct research to
establish what pollutant concentration or combination of pollutant
concentrations cause what effects, (2) Decide which adverse effect
to protect against and, (i) Choose pollutant concentration below
the threshold that will cause the undesired effect.**
03U68
M. D. High, R. W. Slater, and G. G. Costantino
A PILOT STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN PBOVIDE'NCE, RHODE ISLAND.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Robert A. Taft
Engineering Center. (Rept. No. A62-15.) June 1962. 49 pp.
HEW: A62-15
This study covered two equal periods of 15 sampling days each.
Samples were collected for determination of sulfur dioxide,
J. Air Quality Measurements 451
-------
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and total
oxiaants, on a bi-hourly basis. Visibility ±rom the sampling site
was determined on the same scnedule; photographs were taken to
document visioility restrictions. Particulate pollution levels
were monitored continuously in three ways. Soiling index was
determined with the AISI strip tilter paper sampler with a
4-hour sampling time; suspended particulates were collected on a
24-hour basis for determination of total weight; and a single
dusttall sample was collected over the entire period of each
Dhase of the study. Methods of measurement are described in the
appendix, and the primary sources of pollutants are listed.##
0:)b04
E. P. Hendnckson, D. K. Feagy, and P. L. Stockman
EVALUATION OF AIS DOLLUTION IN THE STATE Or WASHINGTON (A JOINT
REPORT WITH TME STATS OF WASHINGTON DZPA3IKENT OF HEALTH-JULY 1
THPOUGH NOVEM3EP 30, lybb). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. "Iy57. 165 pp.
The objective of this study was to estimate the current and
potential air pollution problems in the State of Washington and
to provide a basis for the State to determine the appropriate
action it should take. The survey consisted of a study of
population distribution and trends, geography and topography,
meteorology and climatology, and existing and potential sources of
pollution. The sources of pollution which were considered include
transportation, domestic activities, agricultural practices,
industrial activities, refuse disposal, out-of-state sources, and
natural sources. In addition, a determination was made of
available resources in the State tor research and investigation in
air pollution problems. On the basis of the findings of this
state-wide survey, it is recommended that: (1) Air pollution be
recognized as a matter of State concern. (2) Ways and means of
prevention and control or air pollution, including consideration of
local and regional aspects, be investigated. (3) A continuing
State program include surveillance, study and cooperation and (4)
An agency be designated to represent the State in interstate
and Federal air pollution matters.»#
U3C>01>
il. D. Hornedo and J. H. Tillman
AIP POLLUTION IN THE EL PASO, TEXAS AREA. El Paso City -
County Health Unit, Texas. iyb9. 104 pp.
The primary purpose of this study was to obtain basic scientific
air pollution data concerning the type, extent, source, and effect
of the waste trora industry and other air pollution in the El
Paso ar?a. Another purpose was to determine the need and nature
of a permanent air pollution control program. The scope of the
program was limited by two factors; the gathering of those samples
which were within our means to analyze and the collection of
pollutants commonly found in any city.tt*
462 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
OJb06
P. A. Kenline
AIR POLLUTION IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (Rept.
A60-6.) 1960. 32 pp.
HSW: A60-6
At the request of the South Carolina Department of Health and
with the cooperation of the Charleston County Health
Department, the Public Health Service made an appraisal of
factors relating to air pollution in the Charleston area. The
purpose of this appraisal was to determine the status of the air
pollution situation, and the need for government activity in
solving air pollution problems. This report is an analysis of
information collected relating to sources of pollutants, dispersion
of pollutants, indication of pollution levels, and the status of
local activity in the air pollution field. Charleston lies in ac
area of freguent stagnating high pressure systems - the
meteorological model associated with major air pollution episodes -
and tor this reason bears surveillance. However, because of its
proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its level topography,
Charleston usually receives good ventilation in part because of
the sea breeze. This advantageous phenomenon decreases inland.
The atmospheric pollutants of immediate concern derive from
industrial sources. However, domestic, commercial, and municipal
sources do contribute to the overall pollution.load of the
atmosphere. To date, public complaints relate to nuisances,
particularly industrial odors. There have also been a few
allegations of vegetation and property damage. Measurements by
the Public Health Service's National Air Sampling Network
in the City of Charleston indicate that the particulate loading
is not excessive, as judged by comparison with cities of comparable
size. The sampler is located in the center of the city and is
not indicative of pollution levels in other areas. Of greatest
interest and concern is the North Charleston "neck" which
contains within a limited area a complex of air pollutant sources
and residences. No data are available to indicate pollution
levels in this area, although analysis of the Network data
implies that they are significantly higher than in the city.
There is presently no local or State air pollution program, nor
is there routinely available to the local area any agency with
authority and competence in this field. On the basis of this
appraisal and the general available knowledge relating to air
pollution, the following recommendations are made to the
Charleston County Health Department. (1) Information should
be developed relating in detail to air pollution levels and
sources in the Charleston area, particularly to the north of the
city limits. (2) A modest public education program should be
undertaken. (3) A modest air pollution program should be
developed within the County Health Department. («) In
OJblO
0. Paganini, M. D. High, and P. A. Kenline
APPRAISAL OF AIR POLLUT-ION IN TEXAS (S2PCRT 0? A COOPERATIVE
SURVEY BY THE TEXAS STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND THE U.S.-
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, PUBLIC HEALTH
J. Air Quality Measurements 463
-------
?"PVTCE, DECEK5FR 1957 THROUGH 1958). Texas State Dept. of
Health, Austin. 1958. 112 pp.
HEW
•This state-wide appraisal of the tactors relative to air pollution
in Texas resulted iron the interest and concern expressed by
citizens and orcanizations in the State. Realizing the need for
action, the ""exa? State Department ot Health requested
assistance Iron the United States Public Health Service in
corductino a general appraisal to determine the status of air
pollution in tne State and the need for additional activity on the
part ot the State government in meeting its air pollution
problem';. Data used in preparing this report were obtained by
interviews with informed individuals, by direct observations, by
questionnaires, and by review of existing information.
Information was secured which would indicate the occurrence of
air pollution problems, the general nature of local control
programs, the preser.ee ot potential pollution problems and adverse
pollution tactors, and the need tor future activity to insure
adequate protection ot the vital air resources of the State.
The appraisal was conducted from December 1957 through July
195H. Air pollution problems exist in many areas of the State.
Ot the 71 larger cities in the State, to which field visits were
m'de, over three-fourths (5fa cities) were found to have
object ion able air pollution in their arta. Of the "10
questionnaires returned trom the city and county health officers
ot the smaller towns and rural areas ot the State, 194 indicated
th° presence of objectionable pollution. Very little work in the
air pollution rield is currently being done. In the absence of a
d^tinito state air pollution law and of specific appropriations for
the purpose, the activities ot the State Health Department in
this field are limited to investigation of complaints when
requested by the local health departments. (Author summary
modified) »*
OJ51 j
A ^ILOT SmUDY OF MB POL1UTTON IF LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA. Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C. and City of Lynchburg, Va.
Feb. iy
-------
OJ51U
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE GREAT KANAWHA RIVER VALLEY
INDUSTRIAL AREA. West Virginia State Dept. of Health,
Charleston, Bureau of Industrial Hygiene and Cincinnati
Univ., Ohio, Kettering Lab. 1952. 184 pp.
The purpose of the survey was to (1) establish factual information
as to the atmospheric pollution problem of the valley, (2) compare
the present particle-fall load of the valley to that of a previous
survey made by the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, West Virginia
Department of Health from June 1945 to December 1947 and (3) to
determine the present or future needs of establishing an agressive
air pollution control program for the area. The total daily load
of particulate solid matter discharged to the atmosphere was
found to be approximately 500 tons, derived mostly from burning or
processing of coal; that of gases, fumes, and vapors, most of
which are sulfur gases from the use of coal, amounted to about 370
tons. While the particulate matter (fly ash, etc.) can be
controlled to acceptable levels through selection of coal and
installation of collectors, it does not appear that there is any
prospect of "cleaning up" the valley completely, although there
is evidence that much more can be accomplished by economical means.
It is further indicated that even with a consistent uniform daily
loading of the atmosphere with particulate matter, the ground
level concentrations may vary greatly, depending upon
meteorological conditions. The elimination of sulfur dioxide
arising from the use of coal is an extremely difficult problem,
since low sulfur coal is not obtainable locally in sufficient
quantity, while chemical methods of control would be economically
prohibitive at the present time. Odors, which are extremely
annoying at times, have not been explained satisfactorily in many
cases. Analytical methods of identification are not available
except in a tew cases, although special equipment might be
valuable in identifying such contaminants. Greater assistance
from industry is required to identify such materials, to determine
their toxicity and to establish the quantities discharged into the
atmosphere. Two episodes of eye irritation of fairly severe
character occurred in 1951. While these were of short duration,
they served to indicate that pollution in the valley, under adverse
conditions, can cause demonstrable ill effects. (Author
summary modified) tt#
03701
J. Cholalc, L. J. Schater, H. J. Younker, and D. W.
Yeager
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SULFUH DIOXIDE AND PAETICULATE BATTER IN
THE ATMOSPHERE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 19, (5) 371-7,
Oct. 1958. (Presented at the 19th Annual Meeting, American
Industrial Hyoiene Association, Atlantic City, N.J., Apr.
2«, 1958.)
The purpose of this aerometric survey was to study the
relationship between the selected pollutants in the natural
photochemical formation of the oxidant type smog. This paper
describes the features and the patterns of occurrence of
particulate matter and sulfur dioxide as observed in Cincinnati
J. Air Quality Measurements 455
-------
since 1916. The findings obtained in the survey permit
interesting comparisons with those obtained in earlier surveys.#(t
0 J725
C. P. Hosier
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY (RADON-222) AND AIR POLLUTION
MEASUREMENTS IN WASHINGTON, 0. C. J. Appl. Keteorol. 5, (5)
653-62, Oct. 1966.
Atmospheric concentrations of radon (Rn222) were measured at
urban, suburban and rural sites in the Washington, D.C.,
metropolitan area during a stagnant weather regime in mid
August 1965. An analysis of air guality data, radon
concentrations and meteorology indicates that the stagnant weather
conditions which lead to the accumulation of smoke, haze and
gaseous pollutants in the air, are conducive to the
accumulation of radon in the lower atmosphere. During
maximum stagnation radon concentrations were 2-4 times higher
than normal; the high levels of natural radioactivity reflect
the limited volume of air available for dilution, caused
by a restriction to vertical mixing that prevailed
throughout the stagnant period. This case study suggests
that high concentrations of natural radioactivity will be
indicative of air pollution potential conditions existing in the
atmosphere. Also, air quality data indicated that heavy
rains and vigorous irixing associated with a squall line were
ineffective in cleansing or displacing, for a significant length
of time, the polluted ajr mass. (Author abstract)**
0 J7 1U
J. Cholak and L. J. Schater
TH" CONCENTRATIONS OF OXIDANT (OZONE) AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN
THE AIF OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.
21, 452-8, Dec., 19bO. (Presented at the 21st Annual Meeting,
American Industrial Hygiene Association, Rochester, N.Y.,
Apr. 25-28, 1960.)
The ourpose of this paper is to describe observations concerning
the concentrations of oxidant, nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide.
The frequencies of the occurrence of certain average hourly
concentrations of oxidant and nitrogen dioxide in the air at the
three stations and of nitric oxide at the Avondale station are
illustrated graphically. Higher concentrations of oxidant were
tound in the Avondale section ot the city. Values in excess of 1
pphir occurred 50% of the time at the Avondale station, 38? of
the time at the perimeter residential station (French Park) and
only 26% of the time at the downtown station. An average hourly
concentration in excess ot 10 pphm was never reached at the
downtown station and occurred only 0.01 and 0.05% of the time at
the French Park and Avondale stations respectively. The
order of rank of the three stations with respect to the levels of
concentration of nitrogen dioxide difrered from that shown by the
oxidant. The levels of concentration were higher in the downtown
area, and decreased in the air at the two residential areas in
accordance with their distance from the central core area of the
city. Concentrations ot nitrogen dioxide, averaging less than 1
466 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
pphm per hour were found HH% of the tiae at the French Park area,
11% o± the time at the Avondale station and only 2% of the time
at the downtown station. Data on nitric oxide were collected for
several months during 1958 and 1959 only at the Avondale station.
Thpse data indicate that the average hourly concentration in
Rvondale was less than 1 pphm tor BIJc of the time. Average
hourly concentrations in excess ci 10 pphm occurred only 0.5% of
the time.*?
or/is
J. Cholak, L. J. Schater, D. Yeager, and W. J. Younker
GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS IN THE ATMOSPHEPE. A.M.A. Arch. Ind.
Health 15, 198-206, Bar. 1957. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Symposium, 130th Meeting, American Chemical
Society, Atlantic City, N.J., Sept. 17-21, 1956.)
This paper deals with the concentrations of oxidant, nitrogen
dioxide, sultur dioxide, and carton monoxide found in the air in
the course of prolonged tests during three seasons of the year.
The concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air of Cincinnati
varied with the season. It was lowest during the summer when the
combustion of solid fuel was at a minimum. The level of
concentration of oxidant as recorded by the potassium iodide
recorder varied inversely with the concentration of the sulfur
dioxide present. The highest levels of concentration were found
during the summer season. The oxidant usually reached its maximum
value during the afternoon and was lowest during the night. The
concentration of oxidant in the atmosphere of Cincinnati ranged
between 0.2 pphm and 6 pphm. Tho diurnal fluctuation in the
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide indicated that the
concentrations were generally higher at night than during the
daytime. The lowest levels of concentration were found during
periods when the oxidant reached its highest value. The levels
ot concentration of nitrogen dioxide ranged between 0.2 and 9.5
pphrr,. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the air during all
three periods was very near the limit of detection of the method
employed, being below 1 ppm generally.##
011616
J. E. Dickinson
ATP QUALITY OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY (TECHNICAL PROGRESS EEPOET -
VOLUME II) . Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District, Calif. Feb. 1961. 306 pp.
Volume II of the Technical Progress Report is concerned with
chronicling the air monitoring program of the los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District between 1951 and 1959.
Topics, covered include: Chemistry of the Atmosphere; Air
Monitoring; Evaluation of Smog Effects Data; Estimation of
Total Air Pollution in Los Angeles County; Utilization and
Analyses of Total Air Pollution Data. without the data
accumulated as the result of the sampling programs of 1951-57 it
would not have been possible to discover the unique problems
involved with Los Angeles smog and to determine what kind of
control measures would be needed to abate them. Thus, it was
possible (1) to identity in the atmosphere the contaminants
J. Air Quality Measurements 467
-------
considered to be the most important with regard to photochemical
smog formation theory; (2) to establish their approximate
concentration ranges; (J) to contirm theories of photochemical
smog formation and transport; and (4) to define the areas of the
Basin most severely affected by smog and the areas in which most
of the contaminant sources were concentrated. Correlation
between meteorological trends and smog occurrence, without
radical change in emission concentrations, indicate the
importance of weather conditions to smog occurrence.**
0 i» 6 51
?.. T. Commins P. F. Waller
OBSERVATIONS FIOI P. TE N- YV n R- STUDY OF POLLUTION AT A SITE IN THE
CITY OF LONDON. Atmos. Environ. 1, (1) U9-68, Jan. 1967.
Us part of an extensive study of the effects of air pollution
on health, measurements of pollution have been made at a site in
Lonoon for more than ton years. The results of daily
measurements of the concentration of smoke and sulfur dioxide
made throughout that period and of more frequent measurements
made during episodes ot high pollution are reported. These
show a reduction in the annual mean and peak concentrations pf
smoke during the ten year period, but there have not been
any significant changes in the concentrations of sulfur
dioxide. Occasional measurements of a wide range of other
pollutants are also reported and results from a series of
measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons indicate
a decline in the concentration of this potentially
carcinogenic component ot pollution in London. (Author
abstract modified)**
0477 0
J. F. Yocom, J. H. Farrow, °,. K. Gagosz and J. C.
" a g y a r
AIR POLLUTION STUDY OF THE CAPITOL REGION (IlMFRIM FEPOPT).
T^C Service Corp., Hartford, Ccnn. 196fa. 65 pp.
The objectives were: (1) Evaluate the air pollution problem in
the Capitol Pegion, both existing and potential with emphasis on
the latter. (2) Procure data for determining the need for a
regional air pollution control program and delineate rational
Doundaires tor such a program. The purpose of this Interim
Peport is to present and summarize the completed Source
Inventory and to report on the status of the other phases of the
study. The pattern of air pollution emissions is strongly related
to land use and road systems and is regional in nature. Although
the towns making up the Capitol Segion differ widely in character
, the pittern of emissions are not related to town boundaries.
Carbon monoxide emissions are related almost entirely to
automobile use. Automobiles are also the principal contribution
to hyarocarbon emissions, but home and municipal retus° burning
and industrial processes make sianifleant contributions. Nitrogen
oxides are contributed in almost equal amounts by automobiles and
heating systems. This accounts tor tne relatively even
distribution ot this pollutant. Sulfur oxides are produced mainly
468 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
in industrial heating and power generation plants burning high
sulfur tuel. Therefore the emission of this pollutant type is
clearly related to industrial land use. Particulate matter
is produced largely by industrial heating and manufacturing
processes with significant contributions from domestic and
municipal refuse burning. The distribution of particulate
emissions is dependent to some degree on land used for heavy
industry such as metallurgical and mineral processing. Levels of
pollutants measured were, in general, low. Except for a few days,
weather conditions readily dispersed pollutants before they could
accumulate. High concentrations of pollutants occurred during a
prolonged stable atmospheric condition during late November as
recorded by the State Department of Health. The differences in
pollutant levels from station to station, could, in general, not be
accounted for based on surrounding land use and estimated
emissions (Source Inventory) without specific knowledge of the
prevailing weather patterns. Inversions occur freguently during
the niqht and early morning hours in both the Connecticut and
Farmington Valleys. Only two of the towns in the Capitol
Pegion have specific regulations governing emissions of air
pollutants. Kost of the towns have some measure of control over
potential air pollution emissions by means of zoning ordinances. ##
H. K. Kovey, Jr.
AIF POLLUTION IN WFSTCHFSTEP. Westchester Cooperative Air
Pollution Control Study, (iestchester County, New York. (In
cooperation with Mount Vernon City Health Dept., New
Pochelle City Health Dept. , Westchester County Health
Dept., and Yonkers City Health Dept.) 196b. 86 pp.
Within the framework of the New York State Air Pollution
Control Act a series of air pollution surveys was initiated to
provide data for carrying out the directive in the law. Among
these was a comprehensive study of the air pollution potential in
Wostchester County, undertaken from July, 1962, until
September, 1961, as a cooperative effort by the Ht. Vernon,
New Pochelle, and Ycnkers City Health Departments and the
Hestchester County Health Department. The objective of this
study was to define the nature and extent, and causes and effects
of the air pollution potential in Westchester County. Both the
industrial and nonindustrial air pollution potential were
studied by conducting an inventory of possible air contaminant
sources to determine contaminant emissions within the county. The
inventory was supplemented by an atmospheric sampling network
consisting of 23 stations located throughout the county.
Recommendations were based on the findings from combined
inventory and atmospheric sampling data. Many problems are
created by the 182,000 tens of air contaminants (exclusive of CO,
estimated to te more than 830,000 tons per year) emitted annually
to the outer air in Westchester County, although there are no
major county-wide air pollution problems. Traffic concentrations
in the southern portions of the county tend to increase the
potential problem from CO. Westchester County has a
meteorological regime relatively favorable to good dispersion and
diffusion of contaminants in the atmosphere. Only 23* or 42,000
tons of Westchester County's air contamination comes from
industrial sources while 78% or 140,000 tons of the total
contamination comes from nonindustrial sources. Of this amount
J. Air Quality Measurements 469
-------
over 100,000 tons comes from motor vehicle and other transportation
sources. Southern Westchester County is densely populated and
has most of the county's industry with the exception of the
villages or Dobbs Ferry, Elrasford, Larchmont, North Pelham,
Pelham and Scarsdale, and the City cf Eye.##
New YorK State Air Pollution Control Foard, Albany. 19(S5.
15 pn.
AIP OOLLUTION/CHJIMUNG COUNTY (SUPPLEMENT TO COKPPEHENSIVE
APEA SUSVEY PEPC^T NUMBER ONE (GPEATEE ELKIHA).
Since the degree of air pollution is low in this rural portion of
Chemung County, proper steps would oe taken to insure
continuing low levels of air contaminants. All new sources of air
pollution can be controller) by adherence to ruJes and regulations
promulgated by the New York State Air Pollution Control
Board in 1962. Local officials, in cooperation with the Board,
can insure new sources or modifications to existing sources and
meet minimum requirements as established by the Board. Pules
and regulations tor this area shculi be made at the sane time as
those for Greater Llmira, using ambient air quality objectives
as promulgated by the Board. When applying the ambient air
quality objectives, both the present survey area and Greater
Elmira should be classified as one region. In this manner, all
of Chenung County may have a uniform set of rules and
regulations at the same time. Refuse disposal practices should be
reviewed in each community. Open burning of refuse by private
individuals should be prohibited and central collection
instigated. Disposal should ce properly-operate 3 , sanitary
landfills or any other acceotable method. (Author summary) tt#
0 u 8 f ) u
New vorx state Air Pollution Control Board Albany. 1454.
96 pp.
AI« DOLLUTIOK NIAGAPA COUKTY (CC f: cpp K EN SI V E APEA SURVEY
Peport number three).
The objectives of this study are to define the nature and extent
of the air pollution potential in Niagara County so as: (1) To
provide information by which rules and regulations can be
established tor the control of existing air pollution; (2) To
provide technical data needed tor implementation of a practical
and reasonable air pollution abatement program; (3) To assess the
effectiveness of existing controls and determine what steps must
be taken by Governmental agencies to control both existing and
potential air pollution; and (4) mo provide background data needed
to check the effectiveness of any future control program. ##
04986
J. Cholak
THE NATURE OF A ^MO 5 P r|rR 1C POLLUTION IN A NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL
C01[
-------
An expanded electrostatic precipitator sampling program
for investigating certain more general characteristics of the air
pollution of Cincinnati was resumed in 1946. Starting with
twelva sampling sites, the program was gradually enlarged
in scope during the period 1916-51 to include the measurement of
a number ot gaseous pollutants as well as determinations
of the composition of the particulate matter suspended in the air.
Various other pollutants were included in the investigation as
facilities tor collecting samples and techniques tor their
analysis were improved. During this same period opportunities
presented themselves tor the study of pollution problems of a
number of other communities. Since these data, obtained by
comparable methods, are of interest in showing the
similarities and differences in the character of the
atmospheric pollution of various communities, it is
our purpose (1) to describe the nature of the air pollution of
Cincinnati, (2) to compare the Cincinnati data with the
findings obtained during the course of shorter studies in other
communities, and (3) to amplify the picture with results of
observations reported in the literature. In making such use
of the data of othe-r investigators the analytical approach
has been given careful consideration in order to make
certain that comparable data were being dealt with.##
04496
M. Katz
SOURCES OF POLLUTION. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution
Syirp., 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. 95-105
The wind and cloud conditions in the Detroit River area for
five years are summarized. Sulfur dioxide was measured by
antometers. Hydrogen sultide, chlorine, oxides of nitrogen,
and ammonia were sampled. Suspended particulates were
collected. The distribution of dust fall components is
tabulated. About twenty metallic elements were identified by
x-ray diffraction of suspended particulates. Community
health surveys covering morbidity and mortality records and
accounting tor ethnic and socioeconomic factors are outlined.##
0500H
New York State Air Pollution Control Board, Albany. (Feb.
1966.) 132 pp.
AIR POLLUTIOK/THE FID-HUDSON: GREENE, ULSTER, BOCKLAND,
COLUMBIA,DUTCHESS (COMPREHENSIVE ARBA SURVFY R^POFT NUMBER SIX).
A comprehensive study of the air pollution potential in the Mid-
Hudson area was undertaken as a cooperative effort by the
Columbia, Dutchess, Rockland, and Ulster County Health
Departments, and the State Health Department's Oneonta
District Oitice (for fireene County) and Kiddletown District
Office (tor Beacon City). The objective or the study was to
define the nature and extent, and causes and effects, of the air
pollution potential in the Mid-Hudson area. Both industrial and
nonindustrial air pollution were studied by conducting an inventory
of possible air contaminant sources and determining contaminant
emissions within each county. The inventory was supplemented by
J. Air Quality Measurements 471
-------
an atmospheric sampling network consisting of U1 stations located
throughout the five counties. ##
New York State Air Pollution Control Board, Albany. June
1966, 3S pp.
ALP POLLUTION NASSAU COUNTY ( CO!" PPE HEN S I V E AEEA SURVEY REPORT
NU1BrR ''OUP).
A comprehensive survey of local sources of atmospheric
contamination was conducted by the Nassau County Department of
Health in order to appraise the present status of and the
potential for air pollution ir. the County. In defining the
nature and extent of existing and potential air pollution, the
objectives of this study wer-=>: (1) To provide information from
which rules ar,1 regulations may be established tor the control and
abatement of existina air pollution in Nassau County; (2) To
provide technical data needed to implement a practical and
reasonable air pollution abatement program; (J) To assess the
effectiveness of existinci controls and determine what steps must
be tiken by governmental agencies to control both existing and
potential air pollution; (U) To provide background data needed to
checK the effectiveness of anv future control program; and (5) To
obtain information for presentation to the State Air Pollution
Control Poard for use by the Board in establishing rules and
regulations for control of air pollution as mandated by law. An
inventory of air contaninant sources, an aerometric sampling
network, and an investigation of complaints and air pollution
effects were undertaken to obtain the date needed. ##
ObU 10
New York State ?i.r Pollution Control Board, Albany. (July
19bd.) 76 op.
A PEVI7-J OP AI1) POLLUTION IN NEW VQHK STATi.
This report contains current knowledge of air pollution problems
affecting Mew York State. Previous, study results are
sumiiisrizei and more icpori-ar.f factors influencing air pollution in
the state ar" discussed. The nature and types of air contaminants
, their effects, and the elements or air pollution legislation are
considered. Study areas tor future activities of the Air
Pollution Control Poard and priorities ror action are proposed.*
Obi 10
W. J. Hamming, S., D. MacPhee, and J. B. Taylor
CONCENT P AT TONS IN THE ATKOSPHEBE 0" LCS ANGELES
COUKTY . J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10, (1) 7-16, 93,
Feb. 1^60.
472 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
The primary purpose ot this study was to analyze long-term
pollution trends as treasured by the Los Angeles air monitoring
network. Except for work in England on a distinctly different
tyoe ot air pollution problem, there are tew data available which
span any appreciable number of years. The District's
monitoring was accomplished with 24-hr recording devices. Its
usefulness is justified primarily as a protection and warning
measure. A by-product ot this operation is the generation of data
from which pollution can be studied. The findings may be
summarized as follows: (1) During the three-year period, 1956-59,
the general level of CO rose. The rise in CO of one ppm per
year was not reconciled with weather or other pollution factors.
The rise in N02 was small and trends are available only from
19b7. S02 varied slightly without changing its general level.
Particulates declined during 1956 and 1957 which could have been
due in part to the District's incinerator ban. A preliminary
study on the basis of comparable weather factors appeared to
justify this conclusion. The oxidant, eye irritant, and plant
toxicant declined in 1956 and 1957 from a high in 1955, but
exhibited a slight upturn in 1958. Hinds and inversions appear
to the determining factors tor trends in eye irritant, oxidant and
plant toxicant. (2) In examining the monthly average data used as
the basis tor the trend lines, it was observed that certain
contaminant and weather tactors could be grouped together.
Monthly averages tor primary, or Type I factors exhibited annual
peaks in midwinter. These were CO, hydrocarbons, N02,
particulates, 302 (not perfect fit) , frequency of morning
surtace inversions, and the inverse ot 1600-1900 PST windspeeds.
In addition, the Type I contaminants are known to yield bimodal
diurnal variations. Secondary, or Type II, entities showed
annual peaks in the autumn, and single daily peaks. These
included aldehydes, eye irritant, oxidant, plant toxicants, ozone
alerts, restricted visibility, the frequency of Pule 57 Days, and
the inverse ot 2U-hr average windspeeds. Both the yearly and the
diurnal cycles confirm the distinction between Type I and Type
'II contaminants. (Author conclusions modified)**
05112
Bogers, L. H.
NITPIC OXIDE AND NITEOGEN DIOXIDE IN THE LOS ANGEL3S ATMOSPHERE.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 8(2), 12H-B, Aug. 1958.
(Presented at the 1J2nd National Meeting, American Chemical
Society, New York City, Sept. B-1J, 1957.)
The objective ot the studies reported here was to identify the
interrelationships between NO, N02, OXIDiNT AND OXIDANT
precursor in the Los Angeles atmosphere. A tour-channel
instrument was used to monitor the atmosphere, except for the
oxidant studies where a different instrument was used. The
instrument included a U-channel Brown strip chart recorder which
made successive readings on a special 7-cell colorimeter. The
colorimeter provided a means ot measuring the reaction from 14
absorbing columns, one for each of the atmospheric components.
N02 was measured after contacting the air with' modified Griess
reagent; HO plus N02 was measured by first converting NO
to R02 with a controlled concentration of ozone, and measuring
the total N02 with modified Griess reagent: oxidant was
measured with 20% neutral KI; oxidant precursor was measured by
first passing the air sample through a 50 1. Pyrex flask
J. Air Quality Measurements 473
-------
irradiated with-four mercury arc lights, and then into a
contacting column containing 20% neutral KI. average oxidant
precursor showed a greater value than oxidant both day and night,
although the maximum was about the same for both components in the
middle of the day. Oxidact precursor was distinctly greater
during the hours when the sun's intensity diminished, and at night
A minimum was observed at 5 to 6 A. M. The average
oxidant-torming power of the atmosphere, as measured by the
oxidant precursor values, averaged more than -15 pphm. NO was
found to occur at larger concentrations than N02 during the
night, but a reversal occurred during the daylight hours.
Moreover, there were two maxima for both components at about
8 A.«. and again about 6 to 10 P.!"!., with two minima: One in
the middle of the day at about 11 A.M. to 2 P.M. and in the
early morning at about t to 6 A.K. The minimum observed in the
middle ot the day occurred at the same time as the maximum oxidant
value measured. The rough parallelism between No. and N02
concentrations at night suggests that N02 is being formed from
NO, presumably by the reaction 2NC + 02 yields 25)02. ##
Ob336
C. E. Scnumann and C. W. Gruber
AIR QUALITY DATA-1966. Cincinnati Dept. of Safety, Ohio,
Div. of Air Pollution Control and Heating Inspection.
(May 1967). 3j pp.
The purpose of this report, published tor the first time as a
separate document by the Cincinnati Division of Air Pollution
Control, is to summarize air quality levels of pollutants
currently being measured in the City of Cincinnati, including:
(1) measurements made wholly by this Division; (2) results of
cooperative projects with the U.S. Public Health Service; and
(3) summaries ot Cincinnati air quality compared to other cities
tor certain pollutants. Tabular data are given for: dust fall
(setteabie particulates); soiling index; suspended particulates;
wind-blown particulates; gaseous pollutants; and Southwestern
Ohio-Northern Kentucky air pollution survey. (t#
AHBIENT AIR: GUILFOPD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA. Guilford
County Health Dept., Greenboro, N.C., Division of
Environmental Health. 1966. 52 pp.
The purpose of this report was to provide tactual information
tor the citizens and government of Guilford County for use
in the development of a program to'control air guality in the
area. The County covers an area of 691 sg. miles and has a
population of 2U6,520 (1960 census statistics). Industrial
activities include: textile, wood products, machinery and metal
products, food products, mineral products, printing and
publishing, paint, chemical and fertilizer manufacturing.
Pollutants resulting from these activities include: dusts, fines,
fumes, smokes, organic vapors, odors, and gases. Sampling
data for the year between 196U and 1966 were obtained by the
following methods: high volume samplers for suspended
474 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
particles, dustfall jar sampling for dusts, AISI tapes for
soiling index measurements, and gas samplers for S02, NO and
N02. The sampling data are tabulated for the various
pollutants. Estimated fuel usage in the County for the year
of 19bb is tabulated. Estimated sulfur content for coal was
0.9% and 1.0% for commercial and domestic use, and
industrial use, respectively. Meteorological aspects here
pertaining to air pollution are also reported. Results indicated
that an undesirable concentration of air pollution existed, based
on levels established in other sections of the nation. More
detailed and concentrated efforts are needed on gaseous sampling
tor achieving meaningful conclusions.#t
05500
J. L. Sullivan
PA9TICULATE AND GASEOUS POLLUTION IN NEW SOUTH WALES CITIES.
Proc. Claan Air Conf., Univ. New South Wales, Vol. 1,
1f>p., 1962, Paper 1.
Measurements of smoke density, sulphur dioxide and oxidant
levels have been made in New South Hales on a routine oasis
since 19bB. Smoke densities were found to be high by the
standards of American cities but low in comparison to Great
Britain. During the months of winter the measured smoke
density was above t coh units per thousand linear feet for
approximately 1/3 to 1/2 ot the total time and levels above
10 coh units per thousand linear feet occurred on most
winter mornings. Sulphur dioxide varied from approximately 1 to 6
parts per hundred trillion and extreme levels reached only
10-12 parts per hundred million on the basis ot 24 hour
samples. The peak hourly concentration measured was 37.0 parts
per hundred million, though higher readings were observed in the
vicinity of specific sources. In one case a peak of 13.5 parts
per million was recorded. Oxidant concentrations, measured by
absorption in neutral potassium iodine, varied between the
normal background of 0.02 ppm and 19 ppm. Higher concentrations
ot smoke were observed to occur during anti-cyclonic conditions
when a moist maritime flow of air produced stable lapse rates
over the coastal area. The extreme smoke density levels were
associated with these conditions during the winter months and
cold drainage currents from the Dividing Range. The
meteorological factors associated with higher oxidant
concentrations have not yet been established in Sydney.
(Author abstract) **
05562
B. Tonoroura
COOPERATION OK INSTRUMENTS AND MEASURING. Preprint. 1966.
Since January 1964, measurements have been made on the dust
particles, CO. S02 and nitrogen oxides, with a special
emphasis on automobile exhaust gas, at several places ot heavy
traffic in Tokyo by means of automatic continuous measuring
instruments. Measuring instruments for S02, dust, CO, and
nitrogen oxides employed an electro-conductivity system, a
J. Air Quality Measurements 475
-------
scattered light system, an IR adsorption system, and a
spectrophotometer, respectively. These instruments were placed in
a chamber having a blower alongside the road provided with an
inlet ot the air at the height ot 2.5 meters on the boundary of
human and vehicle traffics. Maximum, minimum and average of the
concentrations of each substance by hour with traffic density for
the years 1964 and 1965 are tabulated as well as the distribution
ot dust fall and S02 concentrations for 22 Japanese cities in
1963. Graphic presentation of the Tokyo findings for the year
1965 are also presented. Generally speaking, the amount of
traffic and CO showed a fairly good correlation up to 2,000
cars/hour. Nitrogen oxides as well as dust particles showed high
concentrations in one area and are believed to be due to exhaust
gas of vehicles. The low concentration of S02 is considered as
characteristic of a residential area.ttt
055 73
L. B. Hitchcock, W. L. Faith, M. Neiburger, N. A.
Renzetti, and L. H. Pogers
AIS POLLUTION SITUATION IN LOS ANGELES AN AEROMETPIC SURVE'Y.
Proc. Natl. Air "Dilution Symp., 3rd, Pasadena, Calif.,
1955. pp. 12-23.
This paper summarizes the methods, the results, and some
preliminary indications and conclusions employed in the survey.
A major ourpose ot the survey was to monitor presumably important
variables so as to provide a more adequate basis for diagnosis of
the general problem. Pinto beans were used to measure the plant
damaging effects of smog. Also measured were oxidants, nitrogen
dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, aldehydes, sulfur dioxide,
particulates, and meteorological factors. Some of the
recommendations derived from the survey are that more complete
neteoroloaical measurements be obtained, that plant damage as a
measure ct smog be oiven irore extensive study, and that a minimum
oi 1U monitoring stations be established in the Los Angeles
Basin. *•»
05627
H. ". Scott, 3. R. Stephens, P. L. Hanst, and R. C.
Boerr
FUBTHE? DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE.
Preprint. (Presented at the Session on Air Pollution,
22nd Kiiyear I'eetino, American Petroleum Inst. , Division of
Philadelphia, Pa., Mat 14, 1957.)
Tho technique ot long-path I? spectroscopy is currently being
usea at the Franklin Institute both for direct studies of
atmospheric pollution and for laboratory experiments. Kith the
field instrument, concentrations of most of the important
pollutants in the Los Anqeles atmosphere were measured as a
function of time and meteorological conditions. These studies
supported the general picture of atmospheric pollutants and their
reactions which was developed from laboratory studies both at
The Franklin Institute ana in ether laboratories.
Laboratory studies indicated the concentrations of NO and N02
would be quite low in smoa. The organic nitrogen compound,
476 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
identified as perozyacyl nitrite, was a prominent product in the
laboratory studies, and it was predicted that this compound would
be found in the smog. Both of these conclusions were confirmed by
atmospheric analysis. The presence of ozone, long used as the
primary smog indicator, was also confirmed. Air analyses for
several major pollutants, made after sundown, showed a close
similarity to an analysis of diluted automobile exhaust and to an
analysis of air taken near a heavy traffic center. Several
compounds whose presence in polluted air has been suspected were
found to be below the limit of detectability. Among these were
H2Co, HN03 and CH30H. Reaction products of 03 with
olefins at low concentration (30 ppm to 60 ppm) were identified as
aldehydes, CO, C02, water, and, from propylene and 2-pentene,
ketene. Other products of the reaction between O3 and the
higher olefins were indicated. Yield of CO and C02 indicated
a definite connection between chain length and the decomposition of
products. Several pure ozonides were prepared at low temperature,
and their infrared spectra recorded. In some cases the
decomposition products were determined.##
05652
Anderson, D. O., Williams, I. H., and Ferris, B. G., Jr.
THE CHI1LIWACK RESPIRATORY SURVEY, 1963: PART II. AEROMETRIC
STUDY. Can. Pled. Assoc. J. 92, 95U-61, May 1, 1965.
A study of the guality of the ambient air at Chilliwack, British
Columbia, was conducted from May 1963 to April 196
-------
06290
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center
tor Air Pollution Control
WASHINGTON, D. C. , METROPOLITAN AREA AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT
ACTIVITY. ((212))p., Nov. 1967. 18 refs.
From February 1967 to August 1967 the Public Health Service
conducted a technical investigation in the Washington, D.C.,
metropolitan area to provide information that could form a
basis tor recommendations for abatement in accordance
with the tenets of the Clean Air Act. The results are
presented of the 1967 investigation ana the methods, techniques,
and procedures are described. In concert with cooperative
regional and local agencies, an air guality network was establish-
ed, an emissions inventory was conducted, extensive meteorological
data were acguired, air pollution effects on vegetation and
various materials were investigated, and special data processing
and summarization techniques were developed. The boundaries
tor the activity conformed to the Metropolitan
Washington Council of Governments' area which includes the
District of Columbia; the Maryland counties of Montgomery and
Prince Georges; the Virginia counties of Arlington,
Fairfax, Loudoun, and Prince William; and the independent
cities of Alexandria, Falls Church, and Fairfax.*t
06 700
NATIONAL AT" SURVEILLANCE NETWORKS - FIPST QUARTER TABULATION
1967. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National
Center tor Air Pollution Control. (1967). 217 pp.
The data obtained by the National Air Sampling Network
(NASN) during the first quarter of 1967 are presented. The
tabulations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and include
data on suspended particulate, S02 and N02.S*
06701
NATIONAL AIR SURVEILLANCE NFTKOPKS CONTINUOUS AIP MONITORING
P?OG"AM (1966 DATA TABULATIONS AND SUMMARIES F05 CHICAGO,
CINCINNATI, DENVER, PHILADELPHIA, SI. LOUIS, AND WASHINGTON,
D.C.). Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National
Center for Air Pollution Control. (1966). bb1 pp.
Th° Continuous Air Monitoring Program is the National Air
Surveillance Network which operates six continuous monitoring
stations in major cities throughout the country. The data
tabulations in this booklet are summaries of hourly concentrations
of gaseous pollutants and 2-hourly summaries of soiling index
levels during 1966. Also enclosed is a brief summary of monthly'
means and maxima, and annual freouency distributions of data from
all stations.M
478 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
06707
SUMKAHY OF 1964-1965 SIB QUALITY MEASUREMENTS. 90th
Congress ("Air Pollution —1967, Part 3 (Air Quality Act")
Senate Committee on Public Works, Washington, D.C.,
Subcommittee on An and Water Pollution, April 19, May 2-4,
8-10., 1967.) p. 129801306.
Air pollution surveillance activities conducted by the National
Center tor Air Pollution Control include a nationwide network
at stations equipped for periodic measurement of suspended
particulate matter and, in some instances, such gaseous pollutants
as sultur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide; a six-city network of
stations equipped for continuous measurement of several gaseous
pollutants; and a relatively new network of stations designed to
provide a general indication of eftects of air pollution on various
tyoes ot materials in interstate regions. Data from both the
periodic and continuous air sampling stations are discussed.##
06760
N. Saruta
AIR POLLUTION IN NORTHERN KYDSHJ. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air
J. Japan Air Cleaning ftssoc., Tokyo) 4, (2) 35-45, July3
196fr. Jap.
A preliminary investigation of air pollution in northern Kyushu
was started in 1952 and studies on existing conditions have been
carried out since 1959. The yearly and monthly amounts ot dust
fall and S02 in the five wards of northern Kyushu are
tabulated for 1959 through 1965. The results show decrease in
dust fall (from 26.49 to 20.73 tons/sq. cm./month) and in increase
in S02 (rrom C.25 to U.64 mg/100 cc/day). Tabulations of dust
tall and SO? are given for the industrial, business, and
residential sections. The Fe2C3 present in red smoke has also
been measured and averages between 2.0 and 2.8g/sg. m/month.
Measurements of J,4-benzopyrene and components ot automobile
exhaust such as CO, S02, Fb, NO, and N02 are also
tabulated lor the five wards.**
05872
K. L. Shesterikova F. N. Strogal'shchikova
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION EY NITROGEN OXIDES. (Zagryaznerie
atmosfernogo vozdukha okislatni azota.) Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i
Sanit.) 30" (5) , 232-3 (May 1965). Buss. (Tr.)
Determinations ot nitrogen oxides concentration over the streets
in Chelyabinsk, Fussia, during peak traffic hours were
compiled. In 51% of the samples, nitrogen oxides exceed
the maximum permissible concentration (0.3 mg/cu m). The lowest
concentrations of nitrogen oxides are found at two points, where
the traffic density is lower and the broad streets are
situated on an elevation, therefore in a well ventilated
position.*fc
J. Air Quality Measurements 479
-------
0678H
(STUDIES OF AIR POILDTIOK IN THF DEPARTMENT OF THE SEINE IN 1965.
FAPT 3. CONDITIONS AT ORLY AIRPOPT.) Etudes de Pollution
Atmosuherigue dans le Departement de la Seine en 1965.
Troisieme Partie. Operation "Aerodrome d'Orly."
laboratoire Municipal de la Prefecture de Police, Paris,
Prance. (Apr. 1966.) pp. 1-2, V, 11, 1J-7. Fr.
The results of an air pollution study made at Orly Airport
at the request ot th3 ir.edical services at the airport are given.
The survey covered the exposure to ground personnel and an
investigation ot the components of the tuel and emissions from
jets. The investigation was conducted by a mobile air
pollution laboratory located at the field during the study. In
general, the pollution was neglible, the emissions from the jets
were not ? matter of concern, but there was a nuisance hazard to
workers on piston planes. The carbon monoxide was determined
by infra-red absorption with an average reading recorded every
Ib min. The averages ranged from 0.5 to 18 ppm. The other
contaminants that were determined included carbon dioxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, aldehydes, lead, 3, 3PITAIN, CONNECTICUT (SUMMARY
PFPORT) . ( (TRC Service Corp., Hartford, Conn.)) (Sept.
T-166) . J8 pp.
The City ot New Britain Health Department conducted a survey
ot air pollution in the city. It was the purpose of the survey to
develop information on the major sources of air pollution in the
city and determine their geographical distribution, to collect data
on tho general level ot air quality in tern.s of several pollutants,
and to measure meteorological conditions associated with the air
quality measurements. The survey was started in October 1965 and
480 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
was completed in July 1966. Air sampling and meteorological
measurements were made concurrently over approximately a one month
period in each of the <4 deasons. Between the winter and spring
sampling periods several samples for suspenaed particulate matter
were collected in the vicinity of suspected manor sources of
particulate iratter. The source inventory was conducted throughout
the entire survey period. The survey was designed to enable the
Health Department to assess the need for an 3ir pollution control
program and to serve as the basis for developing such a program.##
06977
AI9 5ESOU3CES IN THE MID-WILLAMETT3 VALLEY. Mid-Willamette
Valley Air Pollution Authority, Salem, Oreg. (Dec. 1966).
HO pp.
In October of 196b, a survey and sampling program was initiated
to determine the quality of air within the five counties of
Benton, Linn, Marion, Pol* and Yamhili. Phase I of this
survey was accomplished by location of major sources of air
pollution, identification of amounts and kinds of pollutants
and, with meteorological data, establishment of dispersal and
disposition patterns of pollution. Sources of pollution in the
Mid-Willamette Valley consist mainly of combustion of
fuels for heat and power, process emissions, and industrial and
community solid waste disposal practive. Other sources of
lesser significance at this time include auto exhaust emissions
and agriculture and forest management practices. Intermittent
build up of suspended particulates occurs during inversion periods
throughout the year. Any month of the year in Salem will see
inversions two of every three mornings. In conclusion, the
earlv findings in the study do not indicate the need for a crash
program ot ail pollution control. There is a strong indication
that unless a preventive program is initiated to cope with the
expansion and growth ot communities and industries, the quality
ot the air supply will rapidly deteriorate.##
07166
K. Horiuchi
A STUDY ON THE STATUS QUO OF AIP POLLUTION IN JAPAN. Osaka
City Med. J. (Japan) 10 (1) :Id 1-200 (1964). (Presented at the
Expert Committee on Air Pollution, World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Oct. 15-21, 1963.)
The major sources ot air pollution in Japan and the important
pollutants, are discussed and tabulated. Results of
epidemiological surveys are described including morbidity and
mortality data. Regulations ot the Japan Public Health
Association are listed and items covered are: maximum allowable
concentrations; emission standards; and .analytical, sampling, and
measurement methods.##
J. Air Quality Measurements 431
-------
07198
Y. Kawanami
AIP POLLUTION IN TOKYO. Kukl Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan
Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo) a (2): 11-22 (July 1966). Jap.
A definition of smog is given as the restriction of visibility to
less than 2 km in the city and vicinity, excluding the restriction
by rain. Out of 154 days when smog occurred in Tokyo in 1965,
6U were caused by heavy fumes and 90 by mist or haze. The
differences in times of occurrence of heavy fume-type smog and mist
or haze-type smog is discussed. The yearly variation of the
number of "smog days" is graphed indicating seasonal influences.
Smog decreases in winter but increases in summer and fall. The
current status of air pollution in Tokyo is also covered with
respect to dust and soot fall, floating dust, sulfuric acid,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and lead compounds. Measurement of
dust and soot fall in Tokyo began in 1955 and yearly variations
are graphed through 1965. Dust fall reaches a peak between
February and May and then again in August and September.
These peaks are related to the meteorological influence of strong
winds i-n spring and large amounts of rain in spring and late
summer. Therefore, July and December are considered the best
times to investigate air pollution without meteorological
influence. Lengthy discussion is given to daily and hourly
variations of pollution peaks in urban, industrial, and suburban
areas. ##
07371
Hayashi, S.
THE PRESENT SITUATION OF COUNTER MEASURES FOE PUBLIC NUISANCE IN
JAPAN. Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J.
Japan Air Cleaning Assoc.,) (Tokyo), 1(1):8-12, 1961.
General information on public nuisance in connection with the
rapid development of industry in Japan is given. As for the
present status of air pollution, the amount of dust fall, S02,
and automobile exhaust are investigated. Dust fall and S03
measured at 296 places is tabulated where the maximum dust fall is
137 tons/sg. km. per month (in northern Kyushu) and the minimum is
2 tons/sg. km. per month, and for S03 the maximum is 2.7
ir.g/100 sg. cm. per day. In 1962, the maximum S02 value of 0.23
ppm/hr was recorded and a concentration of 0.1 ppm/hr lasted for
iy hours in Tokyo. As for automobile exhaust, an instant CO
value of 10 to 20 ppm has been recorded very often and a maximum
ot N02 was found between 0.02 to 0.05 ppm. A "public nuisance
prevention" law has been established mainly for the three largest
industrial areas, but some prefectures will not enforce it.##
0
C. B. Bobison, J. C. Chambers, J. N. Bates
DEFINING THE PROBLEM OF AI" POLLUTION IN METBOPOLIT AN
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA. Preprint, Jefferson County Dept. of
Health, Ala., ((32)) p., June 1967. 15 refs.
482 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
The air pollution problen in Metropolitan Birmingham,
Alabama is presented. The results and recommendations of
previous and current studies of air pollution in Jefferson
County are compiled. Possible methods ot air pollution
control are also discussed. The topography of the Birmingham
area is irregular, consisting of ridges with intervening valleys.
The city proper is in a valley. The main climatic effect
ot the topography is that during winter months it produces
extrem-e temperature inversions and rather low minimum temperatures.
The range ot annual averages of suspended particulate matter
in the 10 station sampling network varied from 12 to 281
microgram/cu. m. Pesults show that 20% of the time suspended
particulate matter in Jefferson County exceeds 265
microgram/cu. m. The annual averages for dustfall range from
9.5 tons/sg. mi./mo to 87.8 tons/sq mi./mo. Sulfation levels
are generally rather low in Jefferson County. Sulfur dioxide
levels are generally low year round with the winter season
having the highest concentrations. Nitrogen dioxide was-the only
gaseous pollutant found in any significant guantities with the
range of daily levels beir:g 0.7 to 62.7 parts per hundred million.
Daily aldehyde lebels ranged from 0 to 4.0 parts per hundred
million. Air pollution comes from four main sources:
(1) Domestic, (2) Transportation, (3) Commercial and (4)
Industrial. Stationary sources include the domestic,
commercial and industrial. Industrial sources account for
approximately 98% of the particulate emissions, 88% of the
gaseous emissions and 53* of the hydrocarbon emissions from
stationary sources. In comparison with stationary sources
transportation contributes only slightly to the particulate
matter. The results of the public opinion survey showed that
54* of the people within the City of Birmingham and an average of
42% of the people outside the city limits were annoyed or affected
adversely in some way by air pollution. #
-------
1.92 mg/cu. m., when the plenum-exhaust ventilation was turned
oft. When it was working, the concentration of czone decreased
to 0.3<4 - 0.8J. Yamate
AT" POILUTION BY TOXIC G/\S AND ITS COUNTER MEASURE. Text in
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air, J. Japan Air Cleaning
Assoc., Tokyo) 3(2):19-25, 196b. 5 refs.
The present status of air pollution in Japan and its counter
measures are described according to the chemical composition of
the pollutlants: sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, halogen
compounds, organic compounds, and solid particles (dusts). The
hourly variation of S02 concentration is graphed. In Tokyo,
there is a peak around noon of about 15 pphm; N02 ranges
trom 1 to 1.5 ophm with little variation. Concentrations of
484 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
S02, NO, $02, H2S, and CO were measured in Yokkaichi,
Csaki and Ube as well as in Tokyo. Graphs relating amount
ot trattic to CO concentration show almost the same pattern.
Concentrations of HC1 and HF in the air are quite small
(0.3b ppm and 0.3-0.4 micrograms/cu m. , respectively) near
chemical plants producing these gases. Counter measures used
against the various pollutant emissions are: the dry method,
wet method, activated carbon method for sulfur oxides; alkali or
oxidation method for nitrogen oxida; dry iron oxide and dry
absorption methods for H2S; and water washing method for
HC1 and HF. Afterburner methods by sparking and heat
concentration are described for control of automobile exhausts.
However, problems encountered with the afterburner methods are
the high temperature required and nitrogen oxide increase. The
equipment required is also rather large. Another method employing
catalysts is described in which loam, molybdenum, white gold,
nickel or vanadium are used effectively.**
07712
Braverman, M. M.
TRENDS AND LEV3LS OF AIR POLLUTION IN NEW YORK CITY. Am.
Ind. Hyg. Ass/c. J. 28 (3) :291-243, May-Juae 1967. 6 refs.
The Bureau of Laboratories of the Department of Air
Pollution Control of New York City has maintained a
comprehensive monitoring program of significant parameters of air
pollution tor over ten years. Trends and levels of concentrations
of gases and par^iculates over this period are presented.
Comparisons of the concentrations of gaseous pollutants with
their threshold limit values (TLV) present a novel perspective of
their significance. Gaseo'is pollutants that emanate chiefly
from motor vehicles for which adequate control devices were not in
use, continued to show a slight upward trend. Particulates
continue to show a slight downward trend. Evidence is presented
which demonstrates that more significant val,ues may be achieved
when absolute concentrations of gaseous pollutants are compared
with their respective threshold level values.##
OH067
Alkire, G. J. and C. R. Hyss
AIR QUALITY SURVEY AT SELECTED SITES ON THE HANFORD PROJECT.
Battelle-Northwest, Richland, Hash., Pacific Northwest Lab.,
Contract AT (
-------
Average sulfur dioxide concentrations Here less than or equal to
background 96% of the time at two sites, and 89^ of the tine at a
third site. Aldehydes and hydrogen sulfide were not detected
above background during the survey. (Authors' abstract)#f
08297
Spinazzola, A., L. Marraccini, c,. Devoto, and S. Zedda
DISTRIBUTION OF SEVERAL VOLATILE TOXIC PRODUCTS WHICH APE
INDICATORS OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITY OF CAGLIAEI. NOTE I.
NITROGEN DIOXIDE. ((Studio su1 comportamento di alcuni prodotti
tossici volatili guale indice di inguindiaento atmosfenco nella
citta' di Caglnn. Nota I. Gli ossidi azoto.)) Text in
Italian. Folia Med. (Naples), U9 (B) : 569-579, Aug. 19b6. 19 refs.
Measurements of the level or nitrogen dioxide were made at 18
locations from 8 A.M. to 8 P.M., from Dec. 1, 1965 to July 15,
1966. Selective samplers were placed 150 and 200 era above street
level at each monitoring location and sampled 60 1/hr of air. N02
was oresent at levels ranging from 0.0018 to O.OU70 ppm. The
highest level is seen at street corners with traffic lights (0.0470
and 0.0316 ppm) and in areas with congested traffic (0.0330-0.0200
ppm). Areas with light traffic did not exceed 0.0090 ppm. Levels
generally reach a peak during rush hours. The results are compared
with those from other studies in Naples, Milan, and Bologna. It is
concluded that the probable source of N02 is the combustion of
diesel oil or gasoline.
08300
flaga, John A. and Asce, M.
VEHICULAR POLLUTION EFFECTS IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT. Proc.Am. Soc.
Civil Engrs., J. Urban Planning Develop. Div. , 93(UPU): 2J1-241,
Dec. 1967. (^resented at the American Society of Civil Engineers
Transportation Engineering Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 17-
21, 1966.)
Toxic emissions from motor vehicles such as carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in urban areas were measured.
The tabulated results indicate that operation of large numbers of
motor vehicles cause high concentrations of these contaminants in
the urban atmosphere. The direct relationship between emissions
and atmospheric concentrations is found in localized situations as
well as communitywide air pollution. The quantity of exhaust
contamination emitted can be related to traffic patterns and
vehicle operating modes. Stop and go driving results in more
pollutants than unimpeded flow. The present approach to a
reduction of motor vehicle emissions, which is based mainly on
engine modification and the use of control devices, is not
sufficient. Additional benefits can be obtained through highway
design, mass transit, and urban planning.
486
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
08301
Bush, Albert F., Asce, K. and Nottage, H. B.
CARBON DIOXIDE AS AN INDICATOR OF AIR POLLUTION. Proc. Am. Soc.
Civil Engrs., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 93 (SA6) : 21 1-2b3, Dec. 1967.
Carbon dioxide as an indicator of chemical air quality, its
relationship to other indices of air pollution, and its
characteristics in an urban atmosphere were investigated. Infrared
C02 analyzers were installed at the Continuous Air Monitoring
Program (CAMP) stations in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Data
were obtained also trom San Diego. Sufficient continuous data were
obtained trom March 1964 to Feb. 1965 from the Los Angeles analyzer
to allow a comparative analysis of C02 with other indicators
measured by CAM?—CO,.NO, N02, Ox and S02. Since all the data were
obtained at the West Coast, S02 concentrations dia not reach
sufficient intensity to be significant. The chemical and
meteorological relationships of the above pollutants were also
determined. Data from a mobile C02 unit are presented as they
relate to a freeway study, a residential heating study, and an
ocean study. The results show that carbon dioxide is a good
indicator ot chemical air guality in the urban atmosphere. In
ahsoute magnitude it indicates the levels of the other indices of
air pollution. Seasonal norms of each variable are reflected in
corresponding seasonal norms for C02, and daily exposure patterns
as well as diurnal patterns indicate approximate levels of other
indices. The gross meteorological pattern of the atmosphere is also
reflected in the daily build-up ot C02. Recommendations include a
different layout for freeway construction to reduce air pollution,
more rugged, simpler and fully automotive instruments for measuring
C02, and continuous measurement of atmospheric C02 at Weather
Bureau stations throughout the rinited States.
08327
Pobison, Charles B., Frederick L. Meadows, and John J.
Henderson
ALABAMA RESPIRATORY DISEASE AND AIR POLLUTION STUDY. II. AIR
POLLUTION PATTERNS IN THE GREATER BIRMINGHAM APEA. Arch.
Environ. Health, Vol. 15, p. 703-727, Dec. 1967. 22 refs.
In 1962, t)ie Alabama Respiratory Disease and Air Pollution
Study was initiated to determine the prevalence of various
pulmonary disorders and to relate these findings to air guality
data. This paper describes part of the aerocetric effort begun in
December 196J in the Greater Birmingham Area. Samples for
analysis of suspended particulate, dustfall, sulfation, and
2t-hour gases (nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and aldehydes)
were collected routinely trom 21 stations located primarily in
residential areas. Annual cumulative frequency distributions for
suspended particulate, dustfall, sulfation, nitrogen dioxide, and
sulfur dioxide displayed a log-normal distribution. Aliphatic
aldehydes were found to be normally distributed. Suspended
particulate and dustfall levels were extremely high in certain
locations throughout the area. The annual mean for suspended
particulates from this network was 125 microgram/cu m, which is
considerably higher than the national urban mean. Seasonal means
at several stations often exceeded 200 microgram/cu m. The annual
J. Air Quality Measurements 437
-------
mean for dustfall was 22 tons/sg. mi/mo, which is higher than the
annual mean reported in either Nashville or St. Louis. This
annual mean reflects the influence of seven stations in very clean
areas, which consistently reported seasonal means less than 15
tons/sq. mi/mo. Sulfation and sulfur dioxide levels showed
similar seasonal patterns. For the entire network, both of these
pollutants were found in relatively low concentrations. The
annual mean for sulfation was 0.16 S03/10C sq. cm/day, and for
sulfur dioxide, 0.2 pphm. The nitrogen dioxide annual mean for
the 21 stations was 7.1 pphm, which is higher than levels found in
most NA5N cities. Seasonal means for nitrogen dioxide varied
less than those tor other gaseous pollutants. The annual mean
for aliphatic aldehyde was 1.4 pphm. Aldehyde sampling has been
done on a very limited basis in the United States and
consequently no data are available to compare with these 24-hour
concentrations. (Authors' summary)##
084 JH
Berdyev, Kh. 5., Pavlovich, N. V., and Tuzhilina, A. A.
EFFECT 0? MO^OS VEHICLE EXHAUST GASES ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN
DWELLINGS AND IN H MAIN STREET.
((Vliyanio vybrosov avtotransporta na zagryaznenie vozdukha
zhilyfch pomeshchenii i ulichnoi magistral!.)) Hyg. Sanit.
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.) 32 (4-6):424-426,
Anril-June 1967. 1 ret.
C7STI: TT 67-51409/2
Considerable concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
load compounds and dust were measured in the atmosphere of the main
street and in the living premises, exceeding the maximum
permissible concentrations. The 50 percent increase in the density
of vehicular traffic in 1963 in comparison to 1961 (from 7BO to
1,200 vehicles per hour) increased only the carbon monoxide
concentratioh in the street air (by 50 percent), all other indices
remaining at the previous level. A comparison of the
concentrations of health hazards at different levels revealed the
hiqh°st concentration of carbo n monoxide in the living rooms of
the third story and those of dust and lead in the first story. The
concentrations of nitrogen oxides were the same in the street, in
the first ard the third stories.
09018
Hess, W.
SUMMARY OF THE ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES IN THE CITY OF ZDBICH BETWEEN
1961 AND 1965. Z. Praeventivmed. (Zurich), 11 (2) : 144-156,
1966. 5 refs. Translated from German. Joint Publications
Research Service, Washington, D. C., H-8942-D, 14p., Jan.
12, 196«.
Measurements of CO, S02, and !)0x concentrations were made
at several important intersections of heavy traffic.
Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations were measured in the blood of
traffic officers and were correlated with CO measurements. The
concentrations of the various pollutants fluctuated within a wide
range and depended on the density of traffic and meteorological
conditions.##
488 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
091 17
Alvisatos, G. P., B. N. Bazas, J. Alexopoulos, and E.
Verykokakis
AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITY OF ATHENS AND SURROUNDING TERRITORY.
1'Igiene Iloderan, 60(1-2):J-25, Jan.-Feb. 1967. 42 refs.
Air pollution in Athens is discussed with emphasis on emission
sources, population density, and city planning. An air sampling
survey, conducted trom mid-1962 to the early part of 1966, is
described. The survey concentrated mainly on determining the
amounts of smoke, S02, CO, dust particles, dustfall, and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The results are tabulated. It
is concluded that no immediate health hazard exists from air
pollution in Athens because it is a windy and dry area.
Recommendations are made to avoid hazardous air pollution in the
tuture.
-------
Short-term studies of air pollution in" eight Tennessee towns
selected on the basis ot geographic location and population - less
than 1(0,000 people are described. The studies indicated that at
least, some of the towns had significant levels of particulate
air pollution as measured by weight of such particulates and by
soiling potential of the particles. It was also found that the
gaseous pollutants measured were of no immediate concern in towns
ot this size. (Author's abstract, modified)t#
11224
Vpnezia, R. and G. Ozolins
INTERSTATE AIP POLLUTION STUDY PHASE II PROJECT REPORT. II.
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY. Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
bOp., Dec. 1966. ((50)) refs.
An emission inventory was conducted during 1963-196U as part of
the St. Louis - East St. Louis Interstate Air Pollution
Study. The Study covered an area of 3,567 square miles and
included the City ot St. Louis and the six surrounding
counties - St. Louis, St. Charles, and Jefferson Counties in
Missouri and Madison, St. Clair, and Konroe Counties in
Illinois. Kore than 95 percent ot the population and almost all
ot the industrial activity are located in the 400 sguare miles of
the centrally located urbanized part of the Study area. The
pollutant emission data presented can be almost entirely attributed
to this urbanized portion ot the area. Population density and
land-use maps, which provide an excellent index to the areal
distribution of most pollutant emissions, are presented. The
pollutants considered in this survey are those emitted in large
quantities from a variety and multitude of sources dispersed
throughout the area. Included are aldehydes, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (calculated as nitrogen dioxide),
sulfur oxides (calculated as sulfur dioxide), particulates, and
benzo(a)oyrene. The emissions of other pollutants are generally
associated with d specific process or operation and in general, are
not distributed throughout the community. (Authors' abstract,
modified) #ft
11267
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of
Air Pollution.
FOUR-YEAR SUMMARY OF DATA FROM THE CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING
PROGRAM.
Preprint, ((23))p., Aug. 1966.
Continuous air monitoring data gathered during 1962 1965 is
summarized. Ambient atmospheric concentrations of siz gaseous
air pollutants from several major american cities are given.
7hes° include sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide,
total oxidants, total hydrocarbons, and carbon monozide, and
sailing index values. Summaries by city and year are given of
the annual average concentrations, the maximum and minimum
monthly averaoe concentrations, ana the maximum daily average
concentration of the several pollutants monitored.**
490 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
13964
Detrie, J. P.
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN7 THE PARIS
A?EA. (Conditions meteorologiques et pollution atmospherique
dans la region parisienne). Text in French. Meteorologie, no.2:
273-293, April-June 1967.
The evolution of sulfur dioxide in Paris and its environs is
being determined by daily measurements made by the Laboratory of
Hygiene. This sulfur dioxide is almost entirely the product of
combustible solids and liquids; the amount of pollution due to
motor oils and gases is small and consists of nitrogen oxides.
Where chimneys open at rooftop level, the velocity of exit gas
temperatures is not an important factor in the dispersion of
emissions. Dispersion due to vertical drop in temperature and
the albedo (reflective power) of the city is important," ensuring
good atmospheric diffusion of pollutants even when winds are
weak. Calm periods, with an inversion of temperature, hinder
dispersion of emissions and cause an important increase in
contamination. Strong winds reduce the concentration of
contaminated air. ,The maximum number of pollutants appear in
winds from the northeast or southeast. Winds from the west carry
few pollutants. The strongest pollution corresponds to the
anticyclone barometric pressures. Rain reduces pollution but
coincides with winds from the west. Beginning with
arrondissements with 3,000 occupants per sg km, a good correlation
exists between population density and pollution. Below this
figure, pollution is independent of population density.
V41CO
Gordon, Pobert J. , Henry Mayrsohn, and Raymond M. Ingels
C2-Cb HYDROCAPSOHS IN THE LOS ANGELES ATMOSPHERE. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 2(12):1117-1120, Dec. 1968. 12 refs.
A joint study was carried out in Los Angeles in the fall of 1967
to define more closely the actual concentration of oxides of
nitrogen and various hydrocarbons in the atmosphere on days of
differing smog intensity. Part or the study involved gas
chromatographic analysis for light hydrocarbons, ethane to
isopentane, at two sites. Almost 700 samples were run during 16
days. Averages were presented for the hourly samples subdivided
into groups of high or low oxidant development. Light paraffins,
especially propane, were found in concentrations too high to be
ascribed to auto exhaust, but their source was not pinpointed.
The average morning concentration of oxidant at various locations
was closely similar, hour by hour, in spite of large differences
in the levels of primary pollutants. The ratios of acetylene
and high olefins to nitrogen oxides were found to be higher than
the average in exhaust generated in a test cycle on a dynamometer.
11*531*
COMMISSION ON EARTH, WATER AND AIR, ROTTERDAM. Annual Report
196B. (Verslag over het jaar 1968). Text in Dutch. 72p.
J. Air Quality Measurements 491
-------
This report deals with the soil, water, and air pollution
problems in the vicinity of Rotterdam. Thirty-three cases
ot soil pollution reported in 1968 were mainly due to leakage
in underground tanks and pipes. The average chlorine content
at low tides at the measuring station ot the HoringerdilJk
reservoir was 139 mq/1, 7 mq/1 lower than in 1967. The level
ot air pollution during 1968 was more or less constant in
comparison with 1967. A study ot the 1218 bronchitis complaints
ot male civil servants indicated that bronchitis occurs with
increasing trequency in the age group above 40 and especially
above 60. A study of chronic bronchitis and asthma in
elementary school children in two sections of Potterdam indicated
that in Crosswijk, b.5% of 455 children had chronic bronchitis
and 2.2% had asthma. In Hillegersberg, 1.0% of 480 children
had chronic bronchitis and 1.71* had asthma. Measurements of
precipitation, smoke, polycyclic hydrocarbons, CO, ozone, N02,
and sulfur oxides are presented. The smoke meter results show
a usual smoke content of 100 micrograms/cu m or pore during
long periods of mist which occur during the winter months. In
the first and fourth quarters, the polycyclic hydrocarbon values
were much smaller than those of 1964. Of 174 samples of carbon
monoxide, 1H were more than JO ppm; in 1967, only one sample was
higher than 30 ppm. The hiahest lead content was 1.5 micrograms/
cu in. Ozone content of the air was less than 20 micrograms/cu in
on cloudy days. Nitrogen oxide concentration ranged from 100-
150 micrograms/cu m. Ninety-one days were recorded with S02
content egual to or greater than 350 micrograms/cu m, and 89
days were recorded with smoke content egual to or greater than
250 microqrams/cu m. The declining tendency for smcke pollution
was attributed to the increasing use of natural cas.
147/6
Lahmann, Erdwin
STUDIES OF AT? "OLLUTIOK CAUSED ?Y HOTOP VEHICLES.
(Untersuchur.gen ueber Luttverunreinigungen durch den
Kraftverkehr). Text in German. Schriftenreihe Ver. Wasser Boden
Lutthyg. (Berlin), no. 28, 80p., 1969. 123 refs.
A measuring station for determining the extent of air pollution
caused by motor vehicles was erected in front of the city hall
in West Berlin, considered to be the busiest point in the city.
The Uras infrared analyzer was used for continuous measurement
of CO and C02 concentrations 75 cm above the ground; ozone was
continuously measured at 2 and 20 m with a unit developed by
Damaschke und Luebke based on liberation of bromine from a
potassiun bromide solution by ozone. For continuous measurement
of hydrocarbons at 75 cm, a Beckman 109A analyzer was used.
Discontinuous sampling was employed for measurement of NO, S02,
formaldehyde, and phenols. A hiqh volume sampler was used for
determination of the total dust concentration. Traffic counts
were conducted throughout the measurement period, and the driving
cycles were determined. The results are listed in detail in
numerous tables and diagrams. The influence of meteorological
factors such as wind direction and speed, humidity, temperature,
and pressure is discussed. The maximum half-hourly average CO
concentration was 60 ppm with concentration peaks in the morning
and afternoon rush hours. Maximum C02 concentration was somewhat
less than 500 ppm and thus only 50% higher than the natural C02
concentration of the atmosphere. No dangerous ozone concentrations
492 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
were measured. All NO2 concentrations were below 0.2 mg/cu m.
Peak S02 concentrations occurred in between rush hours, which
indicates that they are due to domestic heaters. A linear
relationship between the various pollutants was found. The
results ot these measurements are compared with results in the
literature.
Franco, P. and C. De Pcmpeis
INQUIRY INTO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE CITY OF PESCAFA.
(Indagine sull1 inquinamento atmosferico nella citta' di
Pescara). Text in Italian. Igiene Sanita Publica (Rome),
2!»(11-12) :b>50-567, Nov. -Dec. 1968. 29 refs.
This Italian city of 120,000 inhabitants and 20,703 motor
vehicles has light to medium industry, relies heavily on tourist
trade from surrounding resorts, is the fastest-growing city
outside "ome, and is intersected (rather than by-passed) by the
Adriatic national highway. Homes are heated, mostly with heavy
naphtha, from early November to late March. Fifty percent of
approximately 1000 home heating plants lack official approval.
No central facility for burning trash is provided. In May
1967 and April-June 1968, the air was tested at 15 critical
points with Craeger 19/31 gas detectors, located 1-1.70 m above
street level, tor the presence of CO, C02, S02, hydrocarbons,
and the nitrogen oxides, from 8:30 to 12 a.m. and 7-8 p.m.
Carbon monoxide was detected at six points; at one point,
where crosstown and Adriatic highway traffic meet, the
concentration was 100 ppm. Sulfur dioxide was detected at two
points. Practical proposals were made: better placement of
bus stops, timed traffic lights, installation of air purifiers,
possibility of more electrically driven public transport,
education of motorists in ' anti- pollution1 driving habits,
and use of larger zones of vegetation in congested areas. The
authors feel that confinement of Pescara's expansion to the
seacoast has been salutary and they oppose future expansion
into the hilly inland region, because such expansion would
promote more severe air pollution problems.
1U930
Nafcano, Michio
AIR MONITORING NETW03KS IN THE CITY, ITS SITUATION AND PROBLEMS
(II). (Toshi taikiosen monitaringu netto waku. Sono gen jo
to mondaiten (II)). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), b (6): 29-33, June 1969. 6 refs.
Eleven stations in Osaka city and six stations in Sakai city were
established to collect air pollution data in a composite network
system. Placement areas were chosen based on population density
in the compact industrialized sections. Each station measures
sultur oxide gas by conductivity and floating dusts by digital
meter, as well as wind direction and velocity. These data are
sent to the central station every twenty minutes. With these
facilities and equipment, industrial pollution is monitored
by computer. Receiving offices in factories record and respond
to the same data, taking prompt action in the case of hazardous
J. Air Quality Measurements 493
-------
pollution levels. In addition, mobile. observation cars travel
around the cities recording nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide
levels. Similar air monitoring networks are being developed in
other cities.
1 U 9 9 /
Hilst, Glenn P., John E. Yocom, and Norman E. Bowne
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMULATION MODEL FOP AIR POLLUTION OVER
CONNECTICUT. VOLUME 1. (SUMMARY REPORT.). Travelers Research
Center, Inc., Hartford, Conn., Grant RSA-67-4, 66p., Oct. 1967.
3 rets.
CFSTI, DDC: PB 182 60H
A working, computer-oriented simulation model of the state-wide
Connecticut air pollution system was developed. This simulation
model is designed to estimate the cumulative air pollution loading
of Connecticut's atmosphere with a spatial resolution of one mile
and a time resolution or one hour. Any arbitrary distribution of
the air pollution sources can be evaluated with regard to
resultant air guality over the region. As a management tool for
evaluation of alternative air pollution control practices, this
model provides an unprecedented information and evaluation
system. In addition to the construction of this very versatile
simulation model, an inventory ot the location and hour-by-hour
emission rates of the varied sources of five pollutants was
completed, the major variabilities of the atmospheric dispersion
processes over Connecticut were assessed. These products serve as
the input variables to the simulation model. The source
inventories show that, in 1967, man-made sources of air pollution
in Connecticut will emit some 300,000 tons of oxides of sulfur,
129,000 tons of the oxides of nitrogen, 1,290,000 tons of carbon
monoxide, 328,600 tons ot hydrocarbons, and 63,900 tons of
suspended part icula tes. "xemplary calculations of the expected
air pollution levels in Connecticut under various meteorological
conditions, as predicted by the simulation model, are presented.
These examples show clearly the regional variability of air
quality; they illustrate the power of the model to evaluate of
complex planning and control problems inherent ir effective air
resource management. Connecticut will have the advantage of a
system that can evaluate the air quality implications of control
plans before th»v are implemented and also define, in
unprecedented detail, the causes of present and future air
pollution problems. (Author summary modified)
Weather ley, M.-I. r . M.
AIS POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS AT ISLINGTON, LONDON, IN 1964. PAST
II. GASEOUS POLLUTANTS SAMPLED INTERMITTENTLY: NITFOGFN
OXIDES, CARBON MONOXIDE, AMMONIA, AND SULFUH DIOXIDE MEASURED
BY THE THORIK METHOD. Preprint, Warren Spring Lab., Stevenage,
U. K. , Atmospheric Pollution Div. , LR 40 (AP), 19p., Aug. 1966.
10 refs.
Concentrations of carbon monoxiae, nitrogen oxides, and gaseous
ammonia measured intermittently at Islington, London in 1964
were analysed tor the frequency distribution of concentrations
and correlations between pollutants. Estimates of sulfur
494 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
dioxide from measurement of total sulfate and of net acidity,
corrected for ammonia, are compared. Attention is drawn to the
fact that the NO/N02 ratio rises with NO concentration at levels
norm-lily found at Islington and that the rate of increase
appears to decrease as smog levels are reached. The ratio is
correlated with NO rather than N02. It is suggested that low
concentrations of nitric oxide are completely oxidized by
ozone and that the proportion of NO oxidized decreases as the
concentration rises and tha ozone is used. The higher
correlation between nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide compared
with that of smoke suggests that nitrogen oxides at Islington
arise mainly from nondomestic combustion. The presence of
ammonia was not a major source of error in sulfur dioxide
determination by the peroxide method, suggesting that the method
is adequate for sulfur dioxide surveys. The borate net acidity
method of measurement usually gave slightly higher
concentrations than the thorin total sulfate method, suggesting
that the borate method may be taking account of acid cr acid-
producing gases in the air not measured by the thorin method.
On a few occasions the net acidity method gave very much lower
concentrations than the thorin method, even after correction
tor ammonia. Differences between the two methods are more or
less independent of concentration. (Author conclusions modified)
15161
Yamate, Noboru
SUMMARY OF AIF POLLUTANTS LEVELS IK THREE AIP MONITORING
STATIONS IN TOKYO, 196«. (Tokyotonai 3 chiten no taikiosen
sokuteimo sokutei kekka no gaiyo). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 7(3):45-61,
Oct. 1969.
Outlines of numerous figures, charts, and indices obtained by
the air monitoring stations at three locations in Tokyo from
January to December of 1968 are reported. The purpose of these
monitoring activities was to determine exact and accurate
pollutant levels in conjunction with traffic situations at the
three monitoring station points. Measurements were made of seven
pollutants using an automatic recorder. The tested pollutants
were S02, carbon monoxide, NO, N02, dusts, formaldehyde, and
total oxides; traffic situation was recorded simultaneously.
The average values measured were classified into hourly, daily,
monthly, and yearly rates, and each maximum and minimum rate
was reported. The relationship between traffic status and
pollutant levels was obtained by the regression expression
method. The quantities of CO, 302, and HCHO showed the existence
o£ a relationship, but NO2 and atmospheric dust did not show a
particular relationship. The interrelationship between each
pollutant level is reported and summarized. The general tendency
ot the pollutant levels determined for the past five years showed
that both carbon monoxide and atmospheric dust were increasing,
while nitrogen oxides remained almost the same and 302 decreased.
1b1V3
Tonomura, Masaharu, Nobuo Yamate, and Kusuo Tsuji
OBSERVATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION WITH THE AID OF AUTOMATIC CONTINUOUS
ANALYSERS. II. REIATIONSHIP AMONG THE CONCENTRATIONS OF VARIOUS
J. Air Quality Measurements 495
-------
KINDS OF POLLUTANTS IN ATMOSPHERE. (Renzoku sokutei kirokukei ni
yoru taiki osen no kenkyu (dai 2 ho) Taikichu ni okeru osenbutsu
kan no sokan kankei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Eisei
Shikensho Hokoku (Bull. Natl. Inst. Hyg. Sci., Tokyo), no. 85:35-
UO, 1967. 4 refs.
In a study conducted from January through December in 1964, air
pollution in Tokyo was determined. The relationships between the
concentrations of various kinds of pollutants, such as CO, S02,
NO, N02, and dust particles, were determined as a function of
their concentrations in the air. The pollutants were collected in
three heavy traffic areas in Tokyo: Kasumigaseki, Itabashi, and
Shinjuku. A previous survey indicated that a relationship might
exist among the atmospheric contaminants originating from
automotive exhaust gases. To evaluate this possibility,
correlation coefficients between the concentrations of CO-S02 and
CO-NO were calculated using data from the automatic and continuous
analyzers. The correlation coefficients revealed that a nearly
perfect linear relationship exists between both sets of
contaminants. For CO-N02 and S02-N02, no significant
relationships could be obtained. It was concluded that formulas
could be used to estimate the concentrations of some pollutants,
primarily those originating from automotive exhaust gases.
(Author abstract modified)
1b610
Odaira, Toshio
AIP POLLUTION FBOM HOTOB VEHICLE GASES IN TOKYO AND OSAKA.
(Dai toshi ni okeru jidosha haiki gas ni yoru taiki osen no
jittai). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 5(5) : 337-353, 1969. 17 refs.
Various pollutant concentrations were determined near highways
and surrounding areas in Tokyo and Osaka. A large amount of
carbon monoxide was found near the highways, and gradually
decreased in the surrounding areas. The difference in the height
of the pollutant between the highway and surrounding areas could
not be measured to 100 m if the wind was slow and natural
convections occurred. The carbon monoxide concentration was
found to be related to traffic density. The four pollutant
patterns differed from each other in the dust content, sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen dioxide content, carbon monoxide and nitric
oxide content, and ozone content. The average CO was 3 to
8 ppm/yr; however, 40 to 50 ppm/hr was not rare. In the middle of
the city, over 10 ppm/hr was measured 21% of the time. In the
districts that were 100 to 200 yards from the highway, the monthly
average was 5 to 6 ppm, but 30 to 50 ppm/hr sometimes occurred.
In winter, this became serious. Nitric oxide concentrations were
0.05 to 0.25 ppm along the highway; N02 was estimated to be less
than 0.05 ppm. For the surrounding districts, NO was 0.05 to 0.15
ppm in winter and 0.01 to 0.05 ppm in summer. Hydrocarbons
averaged 2 ppm/mo along the highway. Carbon monoxide, NO, and
the hydrocarbon concentration curve changed during the day.
Oxidants averaged 0.02 to 0.06 ppm/mo and sometimes 0.1H to
0.25 ppm/hr. These measurements reveal that photochemical smog
is important in Tokyo. Lead was 3 to 9 mg/cu m along the highway
and 0.7 to 5 mg/cu m in the surrounding districts.
496 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
OOlfeS)
A. J. Benline
ANNUAL PEP01T - DEPAPTH3NT OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL - CITY
OF NKW YORK. Dept. of Air Pollution Control News 8, (5)
Apr. 1966. i() pp.
City ot New York, Department of Air Pollution Control,
Annual Report for 1965, describes New York City air pollution
progress as it relates to administration and personnel;
engineering; public opinion; types ol pollution; means and methods
to curtail air pollution.#t
OOJ11
AIH POLLUTION (A SURVEY OF EXISTING LEGISLATION) .
Intern. Digest Health Legislation 14, 1B7-229, 1963.
This report contains a comparative survey of existing
legislation tor the control of atmospheric pollution, and
discusses specific laws and regulations of following countries:
Australia, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czechoslovakia, France,
federal Republic of Germany, Ireland, Jamaica, New Zealand,
Poland, England and the Inited States.#»
OOJ36
G. Czolins and R. Smith
A PAPID SUPVEY TECHNIQUE FOP ESTIMATING COMMUNITY AIR POLLUTION
EMISSIONS. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Division of Air Pollution. Oct. 1966. 83 pp. (Presented at
the b9th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
San Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-11.)
A technique has been developed for surveying pollutant emissions
within a community or metropolitan area in 3 to 6 man-weeks. The
fflethods for conducting such a survey are describee) in this paper.
An important feature of this technique is the concept of reporting
zones. The quantities of pollutants released can be assessed not
only for the total community but also for different subdivisions of
the area. The results are emission maps of a community depicting
emission of pollutants in quantities per unit area. Seasonal
variations in pollutant concentrations are considered, and emission
rates of pollutants can be calculated for specified times of the
year. The tour major source categories considered are combustion
ot fuels in stationary and in mobile sources, combustion of refuse
497
-------
material, and industrial process losses. Each category is
considered in detail relative to sources of information, seasonal
variation in emissions, methods tor estimating pollutant emissions
by areas, and use of emission factors. Results obtained by
application of this technique in two metropolitan areas are
summarized. (Author)##
00897
H.P. Malbos
(THE STRUGGLE AGAINST AIR POLLUTION IN NEW Y03K. REGULATIONS
AND OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR APPLICATIONS.) La Lutte Centre
La Pollution de 1'Air a New York. Reglementation et
Observations sur 1'Application. Pollut Atmos. (Paris)
B (29) : 311-47, Jan.-Har. 1'J6&.
Two leaflets which were punlished and which concern the general
methods to be used in New York's fight against air pollution are
summarized. The first leaflet, published on October 1, 1964,
gives the "New Code" for the control of air pollution, which
includes the control methods, standards to be met for discharges,
the rules for installing and maintaining machinery and
appliances, and the standards of fuels to be used. The second
leaflet, June 22, 1965, is the technical report of the Special
Enquiry committee on Air Pollution, and gives the results of the
measures put into effect against the different polluting agents
in New York, the evaluation of discharges from different
sources, and the role of the various municipal administrations set
up for the control and surveillance of the work. (Author
summary)*#
01604
R.A. Venezia
THE INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY: ST. LOUIS - EAST ST. LOUIS
METROPOLITAN AREA. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (Presented at Missouri Public
Health Association Convention, Kansas City, Kay 11, 1965.)
1965. 22 pp.
The Interstate Air Pollution Study of the St. Louis - East
St. Louis metropolitan area is described. The study was in
keeping with the air resource management concept. Dustfall,
suspended particulates, soiling index, sulfur dioxide, oxidants,
odors, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and visibility were measured.
The effects indicated by steel corrosion, nylon and cotton
deterioration, asthma, opinion surveys, and complaints were
examined. An emission inventory, meteorology, fluorescent
tracer diffusion, diffusion models, economic losses, legal
aspects, and public relations were studied during the study.##
02055
E. P. Grant and W. E. Nissen.
CALIFORNIA'S PROGRAM FOP MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL.
498 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Mr Cong., London, iy66.
(Paper VI/19). pp. 210-^.
The paper gives a general account of the extent of air
pollution in the State of California and the measures taken so
tar to control it. It proceeds to deal in greater detail with
the investigations undertaken by the motor industry,
especially by the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board and
the various devices that have proved to be effective in keeping the
objectionable emissions under control. (Author abstract)##
U2376
ATR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PPOGPAM SOUTHWESTERN OHIO-NORTHERN
KENTUCKY. Preprint. Published as report: Air Pesource
Management Program for Southwestern Ohio-Northern
Kentucky, Mar. iy67, !) 1 pp. SWO NK (Southwestern Ohio
Northern Kentucky) Air Pollution Survey, Cincinnati, Ohio,
SWO - NK Technical Committee. 1966.
The primary purpose of this report is to assist the citizens and
governments of southwestern Ohio and norther Kentucky in
understanding the nature of their air pollution problem and in
developing a course of action an air resource management program
- to assure desirable air quality both now and in the future.
This report is the culmination of over a year of study and effort
under the title. Southwestern Ohio Northern Kentucky
(SWO-NK) Air Pollution Survey. The survey, established by
tormal agreement on March 31, 1965, brought together governmental
officials, interested citizens, and industrial leaders from both
sides of the Ohio River to consider a problem common to them all
and to propose a solution, of necessity, common to them all. This
reoort also presents a general discussion of the air pollution
problem and applies to it the ideal methodology for solving the
problem, the air resource management concept. Various aspects of
the air pollution problem in the project area are summarized from
Technical Committee reports to provide background for the
program proposal. The current status ot control is also covered.#
*
033b3
DIGEST OF MUNICIPAL AIR POLLUTION ORDINANCES. Pittsburgh
Univ., Pa.., Law Center. (PUS Publication No. 132.) 1962.
$20 pp.
Regulations, ordinances and their administration regarding
allowable concentration for air pollutants are presented.
Enforcement procedures, inspection procedures, and penalties for
violation of specific regulations are presented for urban areas.
Air pollution control starts with the premise that no one has the
right to use the atmosphere as a receptor of wastes in a manner
which will adversely affect the health, comfort or property of
others.##
AIR POLLUTION IN NEW YORK CITY (INTEBIR TECHNICAL REPT.
M-970). New York City Council, Special Committee to
K. Legal and Administrative 499
-------
Investigate Mr Pollution. June 22, 1965. 74 pp.
Authors cover the following topics of air pollution as they relate
to New York City: (1) air quality - a statistical analysis,
(2) The effects of air pollution on health as well as agricultural
and plant life, (3) The major sources of air pollution in New
York City, covering categories such as fuel combustion in
stationary sources, vehicular exhaust, refuse combustion,
industrial processes, and emission calculation, (t) The influence
of weather, (5) and analysis of air pollution control program.t*
PECULATION 3. Bay Area Air Pollution Control District,
San Francisco, Calif. Jan. 4, 1967. 44 pp.
This Regulation applies to emission of reactive organic gases
from source operations defined and to the registration of each
person responsible for organic gas emissions, for which limits are
established by this Regulation. Analytical procedures
prescribed are intended to facilitate the determination of
concentrations or quantities of the various kinds of air
contaminants defined in this Regulation. Any procedure which
provides tor such determination with accuracy equal to or greater
than the prescribed procedure shall be acceptable, provided that
the burden of demonstrating such accuracy shall rest upon the
person proposing the procedure.##
03944
MOTOR V3HICLE POLLUTION IN CALIFORNIA (A STATUS REPORT).
California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau
ot Air Sanitation. Jan. 1967. 11 pp.
A review of all the factors involved indicates that there is no
simple and inexpensive solution to the complex problem of motor
vehicle created air pollution. The problem has many
aspects. It is legal, political, social, economical and
technological. The final solution must incorporate
considerations for all these aspects. The motor vehicle control
program in California has reduced emissions of hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. In spite of the
increasing number of vehicles, there has been a reversal in
emission trends for the first time. It the goal of prewar air
quality is to be achieved, there must be a high degree of emission
control. Consequently, the program requires that effective
systems be available, and that virtually no cars be exempt. Lack
ot efficient control of some emissions, large numbers of cars
uncontrolled, and deterioration in efficiency of control system
will lead to air quality poorer than that desired. Under the
present program, which is oriented towards the installation
of control systems on new cars, the reduction of contaminants
emanating from raotor vehicles will be gradual. In order to
accomplish a rapid improvement, within a few years, exhaust
emissions from all cars (new and used) must be controlled.
Even it events follow the predictions growth of motor
vehicle usage beyond 1980 leads again to a rising trend.
Curtailment time. Motor vehicle registration is increasing
at a rapid pace; control programs are usually less effective
than planned; there is a long time delay between the
establishment of standards and the development of exhaust and
500 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
evaporative control devices. For these reasons, and because
ot the poor prospect of exhaust control for used cars, it is
important to consider far more stringent motor vehicle
emission standards than those already adopted. (Author
conclusion) t#
Ob571
F. N. Frenkiel
AIR POLLUTION IN THE GROWING COMMUNITY. Ptoc. Symp. Cleaner
Air 'Jrban Areas, Philadelphia, Pa. pp. 1-15 (1956).
Like any living being, a living community breathes. Its
automobiles, railroads, home heaters, rubbish disposals, industry,
power plants....all inhale air and exhale polluted air into the
atmosphere. Here, Dr. Frenkiel discusses methods for studying
the relative contributions ot various pollution sources to a
community's pollution problem, the increase of pollution in a
growing community, and the effectiveness "of certain methods for
reducing pollution. He explains how a mathematical treatment can
clarify the interplay among the many features of a community that
contribute to its general air pollution problem the location and
density of pollution sources, meteorological conditions, community
geography, and control measures. The main object of these
mathematical studies, he points out, is to determine the probable
patterns that pollution will take, and the contribution ot each
source to the pollutant concentration at any given location. He
cites a study ot this sort made using as ar. example of Los
Angeles County. This mathematical treatment, or "model", then
helps determine what measures must be taken when atmospheric
pollution threatens to reach emergency levels, how effective
various pollution control plans might be, what effect a new source
might have on the pattern of concentration, forecasts ot patterns
that would result from contemplated urban expansion, and the effect
ot urban planning on predicated pollution levels.#t
05S98
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION. Ohio Legislative Service
Commission, Columbus, Ohio. (Staff Research Rept. 8U.)
(Feb. 1967) . B7 pp.
This study deals separately with air and water pollution "problems.
Chapters five, six, seven, and eight are concerned with air
pollution. They consider the nature and effects of air pollution,
the extent to which it is a problem in Ohio, the programs and
efforts being made to reduce the problem in Ohio, some problems in
existing programs, and finally some suggested approaches for
improving control ot Ohio air pollution. The chapters dealing
with water pollution are treated in essentially the same way. The
sources of air pollution are pointed out as motor vehicle exhausts,
industrial emission, and power generation as major sources and
refuse disposal and space heating as minor sources. The effects
that are caused by pollutants are varied but generally they
attect human health, comfort, and welfare. In Ohio, a highly
industrialized and urbanized state, the potential for serious air
pollution problems is great, but an absence of uniform and complete
data on all known air pollutants in the state precludes an
K. Legal and Administrative 501
-------
accurage state-wide assessment. It, of course, reflects the
national trend in terms of pollutants. However, air pollution
a particular area has not yet been evaluated. 2t is known that
the levels of some pollutants are declining, .but data on some
gases are not available. Ohio is currently using five basrc
functions in their air pollution control program: abatement,
prevention, monitoring, research and planning. Federal, state,
local and intergovernmental levels are all being used to attack
the problem. The Peport of the Committee to Study Air a.nd
Water Pollution is included, and it stresses the need for more
stringent regulations to enforce present and future statutes,
especially at the local level.##
061H8
Larsen, Ralph I.
DETERMINING PEDUCED-EHISSION GOALS NEEDED TO ACHIEVE AIR QUALITY
GOALS—A HYPOTHETICAL CASE. J. Air Pollution Control ASSOC.,
17 (12) :823-829, Dec. 1967. 37 refs. Presented at the Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc.', Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16,
1967.) "
Air management steps involved in determining reduced-emission goals
include determining the effects of various pollutant concentrations
on man, animals, plants, and property; deciding which effects to
prevent; selecting ambient air quality goals that will prevent
these effects; ireasuring and evaluating pollutant concentrations
from sources and in the ambient atmosphere; calculating overall
source reductions needed to achieve selected ambient air quality
goals; and finally, determining reduced-emission goals for
the various source types. Examples are cited of the various
decisions and actions involved in determining a set of reduced-
emission goals for stationary and mobile combustion sources.
06734
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, AIE POLLUTION
COMMISSION, AMBIENT AIR QUALITY CRITERIA. 90th Congress "Air
Pollution — 1967, Part IV (Air Quality Act)" Senate
Committee on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on
Air and Water Pollution, May 15-18, 1967.) p. 2396-7.
Ambient air quality criteria are tabulated as set forth in section
5 (±) (8) ot the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act of
January a, I960, P.L. 2119. These criteria were adopted on
April 2b, 1967 by the Air Pollution Commission. Included in
the tabulation are: particulates, lead, beryllium, fluorides,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and others. References are
provided tor the sampling and analytical methods employed for
each pollutant. ##
(EXCERPTS FROM THE' ANNUAI REPORT FOR 196U OF THE STATE
INSTITUTE FOE THE PRESERVATION OF CLEAN AIR AND AGHICULTUHAI
LAND.) Aus dem Jahresbericht 1964 der Landesansta^t fur
Immissions- und HodennutTungsschutz. Reinhaltung der Luft im
Land Nordrheim-Westtalen (3) 39-48, 196b. Ger.
502 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
A survey was made ot the activities of an agency of the State of
North Rhine-westfalia concerned with air pollution problems.
Mr pollution control programs are described, in particular the
first, second, and third program tor measuring S02 and dust
concentrations. Instrumentation for measuring 302, F, H2S,
N02, aid NH3 is mentioned. Some practical results of
reducing the emission in various industrial plants are presented,
mostly of the metal and coal-using industries. Extensive
experiments have been made to determine harEilul effects of air
pollutants on plants. A list of plants ordered according to their
susceptibility is given.**
07072
M. E. McLouth and J. P. Terry
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AT CAPE KENNEDY. ((Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J.)) 26 (2), 172-6 (Apr. 1965). (Presented at the
American Industrial Hygiene Conference, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Apr. 26-JO, 1964.)
larger missiles and the increased use of toxic propellants require
effective planning and operations to prevent the development of
major air pollution problems. At Cape Kennedy Air Force
Station, large-scale air-borne sources are of an instantaneous
rather than a continuous nature. Significant air contamination
sources include missile exhaust, aborts, spills of volatile
propellants, disposal of toxic materials, and normal industrial or
transportation activities. Abatement techniques incorporating
equipment design, operations support, and environmental studies are
discussed. Special emphasis is given controls, test data, and
problems associated with the Titan II missile program.
(Authors' abstract)#t
0751S
Chass, Robert L., Michael Pratch, and Arthur A. Atkisson
THE AIH POLLUTION DISASTER—PREVENTION PROGRAM OF LOS ANGELES
COUNTY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., tf(1):72-81. May
iybH. (Presented at the 50th Annual fleeting. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., St. Louis, Ho., June 2-6, 1957.)
The objectives of the L.A. disaster prevention program are as
follows: (1) To identify the specific contaminants present in smog
which are capable ot inducing health disturbances. (2) To
establish concentration standards for these contaminants which
provide a safe margin in the event of adverse meteorological
conditions which would tend to concentrate their dosage in the
Los Angeles Basin and to prevent their rapid dispersion and
evacuation from populated areas. (3) To establish neans of
measuring continuously the presence of these critical contaminants
in the Los Angeles atmosphere. (4) To establish emergency
methods which may be implemented in the event measured
concentrations approach the standards established as potentially
harmful to the public. The approach used to attain each of these
objectives is described.##
K. Legal and Administrative 503
-------
0 /
Philadelphia Dept. of Public Health, Pa.
AIR POLLUTION FPOH FUEL COMBUSTION PBOCESSES IN PHILADELPHIA.
"reprint, Bp., Sept. 1966.
The combustion of fuels is the greatest single source of air
pollutant emissions within a metropolitan area. As much as 80% of
the total weight of pollutants discharged to the atmosphere result
from the burning ot fuels tor electrical power generation, for
industrial and commercial heat and power, for domestic heating, and
tor vehicular power. The purpose of this report is to summarize
the present status of the problem in Philadelphia and to recommend
necessary regulations and other action required to deal with the
problem.* *
0 7 S u 7
Heller, A.
FAXIMUK ?v!>ilinSIBLF CONCENTRATIONS FOB AIR POLLUTION IN THE
FEDERAL PDPIJBLIC 0? GEBEANY. Preprint, Federal Inst. of
Hygiene ror Water, Soil and Air, Berlin, Germany, 10p., 1963.
(Presentad at the Inter-P^oional Symposium en Criteria for
Air nuality and Methods cf Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland,
Aua. t--lt, 196J, Paper No. WHO/AP/H.)
An advisory committee set up by the Federal Government gives
expert advice on the proposals ot the Clean Air Commission of
the Association of German Engineers regarding permissible
emissions as well as on the maximum concentrations of "immissions"
- the FIK values tor various air pollutants. The task ot the
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure Commission is to set scientific
and technical bases tor appropriate air pollution control measures.
The main task of the Commission is to draft recommendations for
new technical regulations as a basis for the determination and
control ot air pollution, as follows: Minimum requirements
regarding the concentration and precipitation of dusts and gases
in the atmosohere, bases for calculating the distribution of dusts
and erases and for determining the required height of chimneys,
limits to the emission ot dust and gas from sources of air
pollution, and procedures tor measuring dusts and gases. The
provisions recommended for examining applications for licences to
establish new plants or to alter existing plants are reviewed.
^ntorceraent ot these regulations will depend on the local
situation, especially the existing pollution load. They will also
depend on the extent to which further pollution could occur,
without exceeding the tolerance limit or the MIK-value for the
most sensitive among the reaction partners, whether human being,
animal or plant, and on the technical processes of the industrial
plant in question. In principle, ill reasonable technical and
economic possibilites for purifying waste gases should be
exploited in equal tashin by similar industrial plants. Finally,
industry should be prepared to bear more tar-reaching demands
regarding waste-gas removal, it a licence tor a new industrial
Plant or for the extension of an existing plant is to be issued in
an area already polluted. MLK-values have been set and are
discussed tor; sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, some nitrous gases
and chlorine. ##
504 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
0/H77
Downing, George
A PF.FOPT ON AI» POLLUTION AND MR POLLUTION CONTROL IN
CLEVELAND. Preprint, 1956 Union Commerce Building, Cleveland, Ohio,
((76)) p., Sept. 21, 1967. <*« refs.
The contents are: (1) a brief survey of the national air pollution
crisis; (2) a survey of the air pollution crisis in Cleveland; (3)
statistics on the Cleveland pollution problem and how they are
obtained; (4) the major sources of air pollution in Cleveland,
effectiveness of present measures for their control,
recommendations for future control; and general observations. A
report of the National Center for Air Pollution Control on Relative
Severity of Air Pollution in the 65 standard metropolitan
statistical areas, August, 1967; Table on air pollution in 302 U.
S. Cities prepared by the Division of Air Pollution of the Public
Health Service, 1966; and Little Hoover Commission Report on
Division of Air Pollution Control of the City of Cleveland,
January, 1967 are appended.
UH19U
Kalyuzhnyi, D. N., Y. I. Kostoveskii, S. A. Davydov,
and M. 3. AKsel'rod
3FFECTIVENESS OF SANITARY CLEARANCE ZONES BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL
ENTERPRISES AND RESIDENTIAL QUARTERS. Gigiena i Sanit., No.
4:9-12, 1952. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, Vol. j, p. 179-183, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: T TT 60-21913
Results of atmospheric air studies in the vicinity of chemical
and metallurgical plants demonstrated that dust, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sultide and nitric oxide were absorbed from polluted air
by suitable types of plant life to a considerable degree. It is
recommended that in creating intervening sanitary clearance zones
provisions should be made for planting suitable trees and other
types of plant life. AS##
08163
Boss, Laurence W.
SIZING UP ANTI-POLLUTION LEGISLATION. Chem. Eng.,
7
-------
09053
Copeland, John 0.
AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, S»p., 1967. (Remarks made at a meeting of the Illinois
Society of Professional Engineers, Edwardsville, 111., Oct.
20, 1967.)
In a talk based on information from other U. S. Public Health
Service publications, the air pollution problem is described as
one of emissions, effects, regulation, and control touching the
technical, social, political and economic aspects of our
society. U. S. Public Health Service 1966 estimates of 142
million tons of pollutant emissions per annum are reported by
type and source with predictions for rapid increases unless air
pollution is controlled in the near future. Air quality
criteria are stressed as necessary guidelines for control.
Authority for control is described as lying with many
jurisdictions with the trend being toward centralization to cover
every locality within the United States. The Federal role in
air pollution is discussed. The need for the skill and
knowledge of the professional engineer in the air pollution field
is described as unlimited.##
091 21
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington,
D. C.
AIS POLLUTION BY FEDERAL FACILITIES. (A REPORT TO THE UNITED
STATES CONGRESS IN COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC LAW 90-148 THE CLEAN
AIR ACT, AS AMENDED.) Preprint, ((41))p., Jan. 1968.
The present status of the program for the control of air pollution
from Federal installations is discussed. The National Center
tor Air Pollution Control has established a Federal Facilities
Section which will devote full time to the surveillance of air
pollution problems arising from Federal activities, the extension
of technical assistance to other agencies and departments, and to
studies of the scheduling of the necessary improvements in control
ot the emissions at Federal establishments. The Secretary of
DHEit has established limits on the emission of sulfur oxides to
the atmosphere from Federal facilities in Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Areas or Standard Consolidated Areas which have a
population exceeding 2 million and a population density exceeding
1b,000 persons per sguare mile. (Presently New York, Chicago,
and Philadelphia). Information received indicates that all
agencies intend to comply with the regulations as rapidly as
possible. The General Services Administration and the
Department of Defense have begun studies of problems associated
with fuel supply nationally and with specific emphasis on New
York, Philadelphia and Chicago. The Department of Defense
has initiated a program of testing fuel oil for its sulfur content.
Potential beryllium emissions from rockets have been controlled by
DOD and National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Potential widespread atmospheric pollution with toxic chemicals
under development for use in Federal missile and aerospace
activities has been presented. Both DOD and NASA insured
506 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
compliance with recommended guidelines issued with the Public
Health Service policy statement on beryllium. The Public
Health Service has recommended that catalytic reduction units be
installed to reduce the emissions of nitric oxides to the
atmosphere trom the nitric acid plants at the Volunteer Army
Ammunition Plant in Tennessee. Cooperation continued with the
Tennessee Valley Authority in its plan to control air pollution
trom its new plant in Cumberland City, Tennessee. The air
pollution plan for 14 departments and agencies covers proposed
corrective actions for fiscal years 1969 through 1973 affecting
approximately 435 projects. The Bureau of the Budget approved
tor financing in 1969 all projects for facilities located in the
New York City, Chicago and Philadelphia metropolitan
statistical areas, the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area,
areas where violation of regulations exist, areas where health
hazards exist, and interstate areas where DHEW has started
abatement proceedings. A list of these projects is presented.
A list of the projects scheduled to start in 1968 is also
09137
Cyrankiewicz, J.
PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTION. Dziennik Ustaw
(Warsaw), No. 42:103-404, Oct. 8, 1966. Translated from
Polish. Joint Publications Research Service, Washington,
D. C. , R-9119-D, 3p., Jan. JO, 1968.
Maximum allowable concentrations of S02, H2SC4, NOx,
H2S, CO, gasoline, dust, and CS2 in "special protection
areas" and "protected areas" in Poland are outlined. Special
protection area includes areas of health resorts and health
protection areas, national parks, and reservations of natural
resources. Protected area includes other terrains of the land,
with the exception of land occupied by manufacturing establishments
or other sources of pollution and protective zone areas.
Exceptions for a specified period can be granted in the following
cases: 1) Difficulties involved in the installation of air
purification facilities in the manufacturing establishments due
to exceptionally high investment costs, lack of opportunities to
find a producer of such equipment or appropriate technical methods.
2) Excessive agglomeration of manufacturing establishments in a
given area, which causes air pollution in excess of the permissible
concentration in spite of the utilization of appropriate
purification facilities. 3) When it is necessary to build in a
given area-a new manufacturing establishment which will result
in exceeding the permissible concentration of air pollution in
spite of the tact that the most adequate equipment has been
installed to reduce the pollution.##
U9281
California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board, Los Angeles
SMOG: THE SILENT ENEMY. (FOURTH BIENNIAL EEPORT FOR CALENDAR YEARS
196b-66.) 32p., Jan. 1967.
California has led the world in the fight for cleaner air. Nowhere
are found such dynamic and aggressive programs, both on local and
Statewide levels. Nowhere are there more dedicated men and women
K. Legal and Administrative 507
-------
engaged in the effort. Admittedly, the automobile is a major
factor in befouling our atmosphere. The ultimate solution to the
motor vehicle pollution problem may lie in a completely redesigned
automobile engine or in a new motive power source. The Board has
thoroughly examined these possibilities, such as the turoine and
battery-powered car, and is encouraged for the future, perhaps a
decade hence. But, until that time, the State must proceed with
its present plans to reduce auto-created pollution with workable
control systems or engine modifications. Through sustained,
persistent efforts by a determined Administration, State
legislature, and Board, the automobile industry has acknowledge and
complied with California|s leadership. Today, emission control is
a fundamental factor in automobile engineering. For the first time
all the world|s engine designers are hard at work on the problem.
Today, emission control is (built-in,| not ladded on,| to every
Detroit product. This represents a phenomenal advance in the space
of six and a half years. It will continue to result in a better
product for the California car purchaser. All new California
automobiles now come equipped with both crankcase and exhaust
emission control systems. The Highway Patrol is making random
roadside checks to make sure that motorists are complying with the
law, and the Department of Kotor Vehicles has co-operated in
carrying out the necessary registration procedures for controlled
vehicles. Stricter emission standards must be applied in 1970.
Oxides of nitrogen control systems will be incorporated into
existing controls, if they are in harmony with hydrocarbon and
carbon monoxide controls. Evaporative losses must also be reduced,
with a consequent economic saving to the motorist. The Board is
actively seeking and hopes to find a simple portable measurement
device for all emissions. This would simplify annual emission
inspection tor all vehicles. There is no doubt that as time passes
emission reduction systems will improve rapidly. The art and
science of emission control are still in their infancy, but moving
ahead.
092B5
H. Wolozin
FEDERAL FISCAL POLICY IN AIF POLLUTION CONTROL. (PREPARED
DISCUSSION.) Preprint, Massachusetts Univ., Boston, Dept.
of Economics, <4p., 1966 (Presented at the National
Conference on Air Pollution, Washington, D. C., Dec, 12—14,
1966.)
Important questions to consider in determining policies on
air pollution are how much is presently known about
polluted air, how extensive are damages and whether the damages are
progressive and irreversible. Policy recommendations would be
different if time were not of the essence and damages were
remediable. Measurement techniques are confined to direct
effects of high levels of contamination. It is recommended that
priority be given to research on measuring indirect and insidious
effects of low level exposures of long duration. The air
pollution problem poses the need for serious considerations
of alternatives to influence management decisions. Research
is required to determine if effective control will not
ultimately demand basic modification of traditional
government-industry relations. It is recommended that air
pollution authorities be given the authority and resources
to pay for air pollution filtering and control devices or
508 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
bear the cost of modifying existing equipment. In return
authorities would receive the right through public commissions to
participate in corporate decisions directing emission of
pollutants.f#
09:170
Stockton, Edward L. and Winthrop C. Shook
AUTOMATIC AIP MONITORING AND TELEMETERING TO CENTRAI POINTS IN
ALLEGHENY COUNTY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
18(J) : 162-16U, March 1968.
In 196b an automatic monitoring system will supplement existing
air sampling stations in Allegheny County (Pittsburgh). This
system will measure pollutant levels and weather conditions at
several remote sites. "On-site" recorders are equipped to
telemeter the data in analog form to a central station. At the
central station a multipoint recorder is supplied for each
pollutant measured. This basic system, purchased for a modest
initial investment, has complete capabilities for future expansion.
An estimated fifteen sites will provide representative pollution
data for Allegheny County. However, the basic system can be
expanded to include industry installed monitoring
stations—a possibility now being considered. Further expansion
to a complete data management system including a computer based
data logger to calculate emission inventory, peak averages, and
other control data is also provided for. (Authors' Abstract
Modified) ##
09765
Minnesota State Board of Health, Minn.
A BEPOET ON AIR POLLUTION IN MINNESOTA. MSBH-L-i72, p. 1-27,
July 31, 1966.
Air pollution is of increasing significance in the State and
requires the attention of the State. The J.egal problems of
authority, obligations and jurisdiction are complex and require
careful deliberation for their resolution. Prolonged deliberation
should not delay the establishment of a State control program.
Existing State laws are sufficient for the initial establishment of
a technical air pollution control program by the State Board of
Health if adequate funds are made available.
1020b
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
PROGRESS IN THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. FIRST
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE TO THE
UNITED STATES CONGRESS. PURSUANT TO PUBLIC LAW 90-148, THE AIR
QUALITY ACT OF 1967. 2nd Session, 90th Congress, Senate
Document No. 92, 85p., June 28, 1968.
GPO
Recent activities initiated under the Air Quality Act of 1967,
which was signed into law on November 21 are described, and the air
K. Legal and Administrative 509
-------
pollution problem as a whole is placed in historical perspective,
summarizing the continuing efforts being made to cope with it.
Included are: (1) the progress and problems associated with control
of automotive exhaust emissions and the research efforts related
thereto; (2) the development of air quality criteria and
recommended emission control requirements; (3) the status of
enforcement actions taken pursuant to this Act; (U) the status of
State ambient air standards setting, including such plans for
implementation and enforcement as have been developed; (5) the
extent of development and expansion of air pollution monitoring
systems; (6) progress and problems related to development of new
and improved control techniques; (7) the development of
quantitative and qualitative instrumentation to monitor emissions
and air quality; (8) standards set or under consideration pursuant
to title II of this Act; (9) the status of State, interstate,
and local pollution control programs established pursuant to and
assisted by this Act; and (10) the status of the President's Air
Huenigen, E.
PRESENT STATUS OF EXHAUST GAS CONTROL IN THE DDR (EAST
GERMANY). ((Bisherige Ergebnisse der Abgasbekampf ung in der
DDR.)) Text in German. Freiberger Forschungsh. A.
387:17-30, 1466.
The research council on the control of internal combustion engine
exhaust gases of the German Democratic Republic (DDR) set as
its goals in 196U: a) the improvement of the quality of diesel
motor exhausts; b) reduction of the hazards from exhausts of
two-phase gasoline motors; c) development of suitable analytical
methods, measurement installations and testing programs; d) an
extensive detoxif icatior, of exhaust gases from the diesel motors of
specialty vehicles. In the furtherance of these aims, a
thorough state-of-the-art study of diesel smoke density measurement
was carried out, including actual testing of over a dozen
difterent types of instruments. The results of these tests and
studies are described and illustrated. Difficulties in the
determination of CO, C02, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbon
residues, and benzopyrene, are discussed. An investigation of the
influence of a French after-burner device on CO emission and
smoke density showed unsatisfactory abatement results. The use
in West Germany of "liquid gas" as an automotive fuel yielding
low CO and hydrocarbon exhausts is mentioned. ##
11U21T
Filers, H.
AIR POLLUTION. IV. ALERm AMD ALARM REGULATIONS IN SOME
FOREIGN CITIES. ((Waakzaamheids- en alarmstelsels in enkele
buitenlandse stoden.)) Translated from Dutch. Ingenieur,
80(10):G33-G38, March 8, 1968. 17 refs.
Air pollution alert and alarm regulations in Ingolstadt, and the
Urhr area, Germany, New York city, and Los Angeles
County are discussed in detail, tabulated and compared. The
differences in predominant types of pollution - eg photooxidation
in Los Angeles, S02, soot, etc. in New York, and S02 in the
510 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Urhr area - are noted, with a detailed explanation of the
complexities of Los Angeles smog and of the various alarm stages
used. The possibility and desirability of introducing an alarm
system in the Netherlands is discussed. With increased
motorization, the chance for damage to horticultural districts is
increasing, and an alarm system, resulting in the limitation of
traffic under unfavorable conditions, may be reguired.##
13366
Japan. Prime Minister's Office.
1969 WHITE PAPER ABOUT PUBLIC NUISANCES. (Kogai hakusho).
Text in Japanese. (Prepared in collaboration with 11 ministries
and agencies, Government of Japan, for submission to the
Japanese Diet). Tokyo, Printing Bureau of the Ministry of
Finance, 1969, 2JOp.
This report summarizes the status, monitoring technigues, and
management, including laws, of air and water pollution, noise
and vibration, and soil erosion in Japan in April 1969.
Particulate air pollutants in Japan are of four types: falling
dust, which contains large particles and includes soot from
burning coal or muddy dust; sulfur oxides, which are becoming
increasingly important because of the increasing use of
petroleum in recent years; floating dust, which has very small
particles and includes mainly molecules of metallic compounds
from burning materials and carbohydrates; and engine exhaust gas
containing CO, N02, hydrocarbons, and aldehydes. The amount of
falling and/or floating dust has been gradually decreasing with
the decreasing use of coal, especially in large industrial
cities. At the same time, sulfur oxides, especially S02, have
been gradually increasing and have the highest concentration
(more than 1.5 mg S03/100 sg cm/day) in Kawasaki, Yokohama,
Nagoya, Tokyo, Osaka, Muroran, and Yokkaichi. Among the harmful
ettects of polluted air on the human body, the ill effects on
the respiratory tract (especially on the lungs) are most
important. Chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pulmonary
emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary cancer, and cor
pulmonale are the main lung diseases induced by polluted air.
3, U-Benzopyrene, which is a component of automobile exhaust gas,
was experimentally proved to be carcinogenic. In May 1962, the
law entitled 'Provisions on the emission of smoke' was
established to control the ambient air system, and three large
city groups (Tokyo-Yokohama, Osaka-Kobe, and Kitakyushu) were
designated as air-polluted areas. Several cities, including
Yokkaichi, were subseguently designated. This law was improved
in May 1968, especially from the viewpoint of prevention. A law
which sets limits for automobile exhaust-gas emissions has also
been in force since September 1966. Air pollution is monitored
in Japan at more than 170 points. In recent years, several
technigues of preventing air pollution have been devised with
varying success: use of activated carbon or activated manganese
dioxide to reduce S02 concentrations; quantitative and
qualitative measurement of air pollution severity using a
simulation model of a polluted area; modification of internal-
combustion engines; and development of electric automobile
engines.
K. Legal and Administrative 511
-------
STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
00157
Maga, John A. and John R. Kinosian
HOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDS PRESENT AND FUTURE.
In: Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE Progress in
Technology Series, Vol. 12, New York, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Inc., 1966, p. 297-306. 10 refs. (Presented at the
SAS Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan.
10-14, 1966.)
In California, the State Dept. of Public Health has
established motor vehicle emission standards for exhaust
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and smoKe; for fuel tank and
carburetor evaporative losses; and for crankcase hydrocarbon
emissions. The data on which the standards are based and the need
for improved measurement procedures are discussed. At this time,
exhaust emission standards tor oxides of nitrogen and for odor are
being considered as additional standards. Future standards may
rate hydrocarbon emissions according to their smog potential.
Another possible change that is discussed is to specify the
quantity rather than the concentration of pollutants that may be
emitted from the exhaust of motor vehicles.##
00111
K. Horn
(THE PROBLEM OF HYGIENICALLY PERMISSIBLE LIMITING CONCENTRATIONS
OF AIR POLLUTION.) Zur Frage der Hygienisch zulassigen
Grenzkonzentrationen fur Luttverunreinigungen. Angew.
Meteorol. (Berlin) 5 (Special Issue) :J9-43, 1965. Text in
Ger.
The problem of determining permissible limits of air pollution is
discussed. After listing four categories of pollution ranging
from decreased visibility and injury to sight and smell to acute
illness and possibly death, the aurthor states that pollution
should be kept below the limits of the first category. He
distinguishes between limits permissible in a factory area
and in a residential area, the first being higher. Permissible
limits for 40 chemicals established in 1963 for single
occurrences and average 2U hour concentrations for East
Germany are tabulated.*t
01149
S. W. Stalker and C. B. Robinson
METHOD FOB USING AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS AND PUBLIC OPINION
513
-------
TO ESTABLISH AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS . 3. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 17, (3) 142-H, March 1967. (Presented at the
59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
San Francisco, Calif., June 20-25, 1966, Paper 66-95.)
A household emission and opinion survey was conducted in
Jefterson County, Alabama, to provide information that could be
correlated with air quality data. A 21-station air sampling
network was operated for one year previous to the opinion survey.
Public attituda toward air pollution as a general nuisance in
metropolitan Birmingham can apparently be estimated from
dustfall, and to some extent, from suspended particulate levels.
Based on public opinion versus ambient air pollutant level
correlations, and assuming that no more than one-third of the
people should be adversely affected by air pollution, it was found
that ambient particulate levels should not exceed 30 tons/sg.
mi. /mo. as dustfall nor 150 micro gs/cu. m as suspended
particulate matter. When dusttall reaches HQ tons/sg. mi. /mo. or
suspended particulate matter reaches 2JO micro gs/cu. m, 50% of the
households say that air pollution has become a general nuisance.
(Author summary) #f
Huenigen, Edmund and Wolfgang Prietsch
ON THE PROBLEM OF LIMITING EMISSION OF TOXICANTS BY MOTOR
VEHICLES IN EUROPE. (Zum Problem der Begrenzung der
Schadstof femission bei Kraf tf ahrzeugen in Europa) . Text in
German. Motortech. Z. (Stuttgart), 30 (7) : 256-259, July 1969.
24 refs.
Maximum allowable emission concentrations in exhaust from motor
vehicles in Europe are presently being worked out by an
organization of the United Nations, the European Economic
Commission. It has been suggested that the MAC values be
determined by the "European driving cycle exhaust gas test' (EFA)
Maximum allowable concentrations in the atmosphere have been set
by individual European countries. A table compares the values
set by the German Democratic Republic, the German Federal
Republic, and Russia and shows that the limits are far more
stringent in the GFR. The toxicological importance of carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in each country will
form the basis for working out uniform European limits. Eased
on the MAC for CO and on the premise that the MAC values should
correspond to the toxicological importance of the pollutants,
the MAC ratio for CO, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides is
1:1.9:0.1. As measurements shew, at present only CO emissions
need to be limited. The other toxicants will not be limited
until more measurements have brought detailed information
concerning the relationship between emissions and air pollution.
Limitations of CO emissions during idling is urgently needed.
1 <463U
Dmitriyev, M. T.
APPLIED ASPECTS OF THE RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF A NITROGEN-OXYGEN
SYSTEM. (Prikladnyye voprosy radiatsionnoy khimii sistemy
azotkislorod) . Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl. Khim., 41(5):973-
982, May 1968. 21 refs.
514 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Relationships were derived for determining the number of ions
formed per unit time and the steady-state concentration of
ions and electrons tor a known radiation dose in air. It was
established that concentrations of ozone occurring in normal
air are produced by 25-30 r doses, and 50-60 r imparts an ozone
odor to the air. Doses of about 3000 r produce the odor of
nitrogen oxides. Up to 250 r, the concentration of ozone and
nitrogen oxides does not reach the maximum permissible value.
Maximum permissible dose for drinking water was established at
6 Mr based on nitrate ion, or 1.2 Mr based on nitrite ion;
0.05-0.<» Mr is recommended for purification tif tap water;
0.05-1.2 Mr for water under field conditions, and 1 Mr for spring
water. The maximum permissible dose for ammonia is O.U Mr.
Maximum permissible doses tor foodstuffs are as follows: liquids-
1.2 Mr, moist foods-11 Mr, frozen foods-15 Mr, dry concentrates-
95 Hr.
1«772
Weaver, Neill K.
ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS AND STANDARDS. STATUS REPORT. J.
Occupational Med., 11(9):U55-U61, Sept. 1969. 23 refs.
The federal Air Quality Act of 1967 furnishes the methodology for
the abatement of air pollution. Its previsions include the
designation o± air quality control regions and the issuance
of air quality criteria and control technology documents,
which will be followed by the promulgation of ambient air
standards and emission standards at regional, state, and local
levels. The atmospheric pollutants of current major concern
are sulfur oxides, particulates, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons,
oxidants, carbon monoxide, fluorine, and lead. Their toxic
and other deleterious effects, exhibited at various
concentration-time exposures, can be related to levels reached
by the individual contaminants in the air of cities. While
such an evaluation does not allow for possible interactions
between pollutants, it appears that sulfur dioxide, oxidants,
and carbon monoxide may be harmful to human health when the
agents are concentrated, as in focal areas of emission or
during sustained meteorologic inversions. Gains to be
achieved by controlling these and other contaminants during non-
peak conditions are probably derived from aesthetic, economic,
and welfare benefits rather than health. Abatement procedures
should eliminate rises in pollutant levels beyond the average
ranges generally present in urban ambient air. (Author summary
modified)
01532
S.L. Dobko
AIR POLLUTION IN ALBEPTA. Can. J. Public Health
(Toronto), 5V (2) :8
-------
years. StacK monitoring and two types of area monitoring to
detect violations of the regulations are described. ##
J. P. Goldsmith
SOKF IMPLICATIONS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. Arch.
Environ. Health 1, 151-67, Feb. 1962. (Based in part on a
paper presented at the bUth Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, New York City, June 13, 1961.)
Author discusses the parameters ot the air quality standards in
California, starting with the efforts in 1959 and updating the
progress to 1962. Allowable concentrations of oxidants are given;
a general discussion of health based on air guality studies is
given and, the general policy of California air quality
standards is reviewed. #)*
02010
E.A.J. Mahler
STANDARDS OF EMISSION UNDEF THE ALKALI ACT. Proc. (Part I)
Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. Paper 111/12).
PD. VJ-6.
The evolution of standards ot emission under the Alkali Act
over the past 100 years is briefly reviewed. The necessity for
considering heights of discharge of pollutants as well as their
concentration in the emissions and mass rates of discharge
to atmosphere is stressed. It is also indicated that standards
should be simply and clearly expressed in such a manner that their
due observance can readily be checked by short and simple
tests. An outline is given of the principles adopted in arriving
at the current standards and these, both in regard to
concentrations in emissions and heights of discharge, are listed.
The aurhor expresses the personal view that present tendencies
in ever increasing size ot production units and complexity of
operations on one site must inevitably lead to necessity in the
future further to reduce emissions. Because of the cost of such
a steo he suggests that setting up and adoption of
international standards is a desirable end. (Author abstract)##
02580
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN
ATMOSPHERIC AIP POPULATED PLACES. (Predel1 no dopustimye
kontsentratsii vrednykh veschestv v atmosfernom vozdukhe
naselennykh mest.) Hyg. Sanit. 29, (5) 166-8, May 196«.
CFSTI: TT65-50023/5
A list of maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances
in the atmosphere of populated areas in the USSS, as ot June 20,
1963.*#
516 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
03007
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS FOR AMBIENT AIB QUALITY AND MOTOR VEHICLE
EXHAUST (TECHNICAL REPT.) California State Dept. of Public
Health, Berkeley. 1959. 129 pp.
The salient points in the table of contents are: I. The
s'tandards and theic significance. II. Technical bases for
standards tor the quality of ambient air. III. The technical
bases tor motor vehicle exhaust standards. In establishing the
standards, an attempt was made to determine what effects the
various pollutants were known to have at various levels of
concentration on human health and confort, on animals, and
plants, and on visibility. The resulting air quality
standards together with data concerning motor vehicle emissions
and their reactions then became the bases for motor vehicle
exhaust standards. The air standards do not establish a fine line
below which is good air and above which is bad air. They indicate
the approximate point at which air under some circumstances may
produce undesirable effects.##
03583
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS FOR AMBIENT AIR AND MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST
(TECHNICAL REPT.). California State Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley. 1959. 16 pp.
These standards are presented as a yardstick which may be
applied in maintaining and improving air quality. A graded set of
ambient air standards was established which recognized the
relationship between the seriousness of the effect ot the pollutant
and the urgency of control. Three levels of air pollutants were
defined: adverse, serious, and emergency. The standards of motor
vehicle exhaust contaminants are: hydrocarbons-275 ppm by volume
as measured by a hexane-sensitized nondispersive infrared
analyzer; carbon monoxide-1. 5% by volume measured by a
nondispersive infrared analyzer. The exhausts are to be measured
during an eleven-mode operating cycle.##
0529:1
Pennsylvania State Dept. ot Health, Harrisburg, Air Pollu-
tion Commission. (Apr. 25, 1967). 5 pp.
AMBIENT AIB QUALITY CRITERIA.
In accordance with Section 5 (f) (8) of the Pennsylvania Air
Pollution Control Act, the Act of January 8, 1960, P. L.
2119, on April 25, 1967 the Air Pollution Commission adopted
the Ambient Air Quality Criteria, which will be used by the
Commission in: 1. Evaluating the results of community air
pollution studies conducted by the Department of Health. 2.
Determining the need for air pollution control regulations in
regions ot the Commonwealth to achieve these objectives. 3.
Developing rules and regulations in accordance with Section 5
(t) (2) ot the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act. The
sampling and analytical procedures employed to measure ambient
levels of contaminants are to be consistent with obtaining accurate
results which are representative ot the conditions being
evaluated.t#
L. Standards and Criteria 517
-------
3. Just
CRITERIA FOB THE EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION AND
STANDARDS OF AIR QUALITY USED IN POLAND. Warsaw Inst. of
Hygiene, Poland. (Presented at the World Health Organization
Inter-Regional Symposium on Criteria tor Air Quality and
Methods ot Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-12, 1963,
Paper No. WHO/AP/12.) (July 23, 1963). 6 pp.
A general discussion is presented of the air conservation
problem in Poland. Some ideas are advanced regarding the proper
location of newly constructed industrial sources and restrictions
imposed upon them in terns of pollutant concentrations. Maximum
allowable concentrations for sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid,
nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon disulfide are
tabulated.
068H5
Gol'dberg, «. S.
HYGIENIC CRITERIA OF AIR PURITY IN POPULATED AREAS (ACCORDING
TO MATERIALS OF THE GENEVA SYMPOSIUM). ((0 kriteriyakh
gigienicheskoi otsenki chistoty atmosternogo vozdukha naselemnykh
n\9st) ) ( (Po materialam Zhenevskogo simpoziuma) ) . Hyg. Sanit.
(Gigiena i Sanit.), 30(1):90-98, Jan. 1965. Translated from
Hussian.
CFSTI: TT 66-b1033
In recent years there has been a steady increase in hygienic
research on air in populated areas. The need for planning of
measures tor the control of atmospheric pollution is becoming
increasingly urgent. The necessity for an international
discussion ot this subject, which would be a starting point for all
measures undertaken for the sanitary protection of urban air, led
the World Health Organization to convene an interregional
symposium in Geneva from the 6th to the 12th of August, 1963,
which was devoted to criteria for the guality of atmospheric air
and methods of its investigation. The discussion was centered on
the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in
urban air. After a lively discussion, the symposium adopted
Prof. V. A. Ryazanov's proposal to establish a unified scale
ot standards for the quality of air by merging together the Soviet
and American standards. In this way, an international scale
for the atmospheric pollution has been established for the first
time. The symposium drew up recommendations on the trend in
medical research on the effect of atmospheric pollution on the
health ot the population, and a further elaboration of criteria and
standards ot atmospheric air quality in populated areas.
Participants at the symposium also noted the necessity for the
further development of scientific research on the mechanism of
development ot fibrotic pulmonary reaction induced by atmospheric
pollutants, and for studies of the reaction of the mucosa of the
respiratory tract, ciliary activity, etc. The symposium pointed
out the necessity for paying special attention to studies of new
synthetic chemicals which contaminate the atmosphere when
discharged by industrial enterprises or when used in'the
household, as in the case of disinfectants.##
518 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
07197
PECOFWENDATIONS FOE ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION (1966.) Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo)
U(U):62-66, 1966. Text in Japanese.
A report is given by a committee of the Japanese Association of
Industrial Health on "Allowable concentration". The values of
allowable concentration are worked out for a healthy man working
8 hr per day doing moderate work. Proper consideration must be
given to cases in which more than 8 hr of exposure take place, more
than one pollutant is involved, or the concentration of pollutants
increases suddenly during the work schedule. Included is a
discussion on dust measurement. It is important to measure dusts
having a Stokes radius ot less than 5 microns, especially at a
height of 1 to 1.5 m from the ground. The relation between the
source of dust and the point cf measurement is illustrated. ##
Suzuki, T.
ON THE PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN SOME
COUNTRIES. Text in Japanese. J. Jap. Petrol. Inst.
Tokyo, 7 (2): 87-91 Feb. 196U. '4 refs.
There are no "international" permissible values of air pollutant
concentrations at present. The maximum allowable concentrations
and their methods of determination differ between countries.
Values obtained in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, West
Germany, and the United States are compared. The values of
permissible concentration are very low in the Soviet Union, even
seemingly impossible of realization. Permissible values for 32
substances are tabulated. In West Germany, the values are
expressed by MIK (Maximale Imission Konzentration)
recommended by the VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) .
According to definition, the "Imission" value is the
concentration of the elements found undesirable for "normal air".
With MIK, only S02, nitrogen oxides, H2S, and chlorine are
regulated. Consideration of exposure time is also given.
Values obtained in Czechoslovakia are for 16 materials
determined as was done in the Soviet Union. As for the United
States, present methods cf establishing MAC (Maximum Allowable
Concentration) are described. Values for S02 determined in
California are tabulated. t#
U8H20
Brodovicz, Bey A.
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOT PENNSYLVANIA. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 18(1):21-23, Jan. 1968. 4 refs.
In late 1965 the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Commission
appointed a Council of Technical Advisors to develop air
guality criteria. Recently this Council set forth its
recommendations for ten pollutants. The philosophy of the
Council is expressed. The major difficulties and rationale are
L Standards and Criteria 519
-------
mentioned. The recommendations are given and the potential use
of the criteria is also explained. The establishment of firm
guidelines of air quality is based solely on consideration of
effects both on health and aesthetics. The criteria are broken
into two distinct groups; air basin average and single point
measurement. The pollutants included: 1. Suspended
particulates (total), 2. Settled particulates (total), 3. Lead
(tentative), 4. Beryllium, 5. Sulfates (as H2S04), 6.
Sulfuric acid mist, 7. Fluorides (total soluble, as HF), 8.
Sulfur dioxide, 10. Oxidants, 11. Hydrogen sulfide, and 12.
Carbon monoxide.##
U8H03
Hunigen, E., and W. Prietsch
PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF SOLUTION OF ELIMINATING NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES
FBOK INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. ((Probleme und Losungswege
der Schadstoftbeseitigung bei Verbrennungsmotoren.)) Translated
from German. Technik, (Berlin), 2 1 ( 6) : 377-383, June 1966.
The composition of exhaust from internal combustion engines is
discussed. Maximum permissible concentrations ot harmful
components are tabulated for five countries with standards for the
following substances: hydrocarbons (benzene, etc.), aldehydes
(formaldehyde, etc.), carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, lead (and tetraethyl lead), mineral oil mist, and carbon.
Some equipment for the measurement of air pollutants is touched
upon, including a description of an East German continuous
sampling apparatus for hydrocarbons, CO, C02, and 02.tf
520 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
00001
A. P. Altshuller and I. a. Cohen
ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOOXIDATION OF THE ETHYLENE-NITPIC OXIDE SYSTEM.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, Vol. 8: 611-632, 195U.
Because ethylene is not only a phytotoxicant but also is reactive
in the photochemical type of air pollution, a detailed study has
been made ot the photooxidation of ethylene-nitrogen oxida mixtures
in air. The effects were determined of varying the concentrations
ot ethylene between 0.1 and 5 ppm and of nitric oxide between 0.2
and 10 ppm on the rate of ethylene consumption, the rate of
nitrogen dioxide formation and on the yields of various products.
The greater part of the ethylene consumed could be accounted for
in the products as formaldehyde or carbon monoxide. Tt was not
possible to obtaina nitrogen balance in thii. system, although a
small amount of methyl nitrate was produced. Ethylene-nitrogen
oxide mixtures react rapidly in static irradiations at reactant
co5centrations below 0.5 ppm. For example, photooxidation of a
mixture initially containing 0.2 ppm of ethylene and 0.2 ppm of
nitric oxide resulted in a nitrogen dioxide peak in 30 min and half
conversion of ethylene in about 80 min. At equal ratios of
reactants, ethylene-nitric oxide mixtures actually are more
reactive at lower concentrations of reactants. In order to
explain the experimental results it appears that free radical chain
reactions must be postulated. A discussion of various
mechanistic r-eaction steps is given. (Author) ##
0003K
J.J. Bufalini A.P. Altshuller
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG REACTIONS.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, Vol 7:769-771, 1963.
Results of measurements made for the photo-oxidation of
trans-2-butenenitric oxide in air and for 1,3,5-
trimethylbenzene-nitric oxide in air are discussed. The
initial concentrations of the reactants in the two systems were as
follows: trans-2-butene, 10 ppm; nitric oxide, t.2 ppm;
1,3,b-trimethylbenzene, 6 ppm; nitric oxide, 3 ppm. The
conversion times for both systems decreased by approximately
a factor of two and the rates increased ty a factor of two when
the temperature was increased from 20 to 40 degrees. The
conversion time at the nitrogen dioxide maximum and the rate of
half-conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide are
two independent measures of reactivity which give good agreement
on a relative basis. Similarly which give good agreement on a
relative basis. Similarly on a relative basis, good agreement
is obtained on the times at which the hydrocarbon reaches half of
521
-------
its initial concentration and the normalized rates at these times
in the reaction although they do represent somewhat different
measures of reactivity. The results from these two systems
should not be taken as indicating that temperature changes are
independent of the nature of the hydrocarbon used as a
reactant. The investigation showed that temperature
difference of a few degrees can cause measurable changes in
photo-oxidation rates.t#
00053
P.J. Ayen Y.S. Ng
CATALYTIC SEDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE BY CARBON MONOXIDE.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution Vol. 10:1-13, Oct. 11, 1965
Pate data tor the catalytic reduction of NO with CO were
obtained using a flow reactor operated differentially at
atmospheric pressure and at temperatures of 160, 200, 220 and 210
C. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide partial pressures
were varied from 0.005 to 0.05 atm using helium as a diluent to
bring the total gas flow to 2000 cc/min. A dual site mechanism
was postulated for the reaction in which the rate determining
step was a surface reaction between adjacently adsorbed CO and
NO molecules. From the data, rate and adsorption constants
were evaluated for the corresponding rate expression. This
expression is of practical use in the design of a catalytic
converter to removre oxides of nitrogen from automotive exhaust
gases and other exhaust streams. (Author)##
00128
K. W. Egger and S. W. Benson
NITPIC OXIDE AND IODINE CATALYZED ISOMEHIZATION OF OLEFINS.
VI. THERMODYNAMIC DATA FROM EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES OF THE
GEOMETRICAL AND POSITIONAL ISOMEETZATION OF N-PSNTENES. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 88, 236-40, Jan. 20, 1966.
The equilibrium of the iodine catalyzed gas phase isomerization
of l-oentene and 2-pentene was studied over a temperature range
from 11!*.5 to 335.3 degrees. The measured values for constants of
both the positional and the geometrical isometizations yield
straight lines when plotted vs. 1/T (degree K) . Entropy and
enthalpy values were derived by application of least-square fits
of data to linear equations using a standard computer regression
program yield with standard errors (for a mean temperature of
500 K.) The data can be equally well fitted to both linear and
quadratic equations. The data for the heats of isomerization are
in very good agreement with values calculated from the data on the
heat of formation reported by Prosen and Rossini and quoted in
the API tables. The entropy differences between the isomers
obtained from the direct experimental ,data agree reasonably well
with the comparative estimates of Kilpatrick, et al. Values for
partial group contributions and corrections thereof were
calculated from the data of this work and results reported
earlier from related studies on n-butenes and 1,3-pentadienes.
They are in excellent agreement with earlier estimates.t#
522 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
00238
E.R. Stephens, F.R. Burleson, E.A. Cardiff
THE PRODUCTION OF PURE PEPOXYACYL NITRATES. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3) 87-9, Bar. 1965. (Presented
at Sixth Conference on Methods in Air Pollution Studies,
California State Dept. of Public Health Berkeley, Jan. 6-7,
1961.)
Three different reaction systems have been used to prepare the
first three members of the PAN homologous series Two of these
involve photolysis by ultraviolet black light lamps and one is a
dark reaction. All are carried out in the gas phase: (1)
Photolysis of dilute (100 ppm) mixtures of a symmetrical olefin
(e.g., 2 butene) with eigher nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide
in dry oxygen or air. This was the original method and it most
closely resembles the way in which these compounds are formed
in polluted atmospheres. (2) Photolysis of dilute alkyl nitrite
in oxygen. This is the preferred method for PAN and PPN.
It was successful tor the preparation of the four carbon
homologue. (3) The dark reaction of the appropriate aldehyde with
N02 and 03 at low concentration in oxygen. This is the
preferred method for the preparation of tne four carbon
homologue. The starting material is n-butyraldehyde. In all
cases the sam e gas chromatographic procedure is used for
purification. (Author) ##
OOJ54
L. F. Phillips H. I. Schiff
MASS-SPECTSOMF.TRIC STUDIES OF ATOMIC REACTIONS. V. THE
REACTION OF NITROGEN STOWS WITH N02. J. Chem. Phys.
«2, (9) 3171-4, Hay 1, 1965.
The reaction of N atoms with N02 was studied in a fast
flow system, using a mass spectrometer to monitor the
composition of the reaction mixutre. The rate constant
tor removal of N02 by N was found to be 1.8 plus or minus
0.2 to the -11th power cc/mol/sec. By a combined mass-
spectrometric and photometric method the relative contributions
of the different primary reactions were determined as follows
(errors shown are standard deviations): N plus N02 YIELDS
N20 plus 0 (0.43 plus or minus 0.04); N plus N02 yields
2NO (0933 plus or minus 0907); N plus N02 yields
N2 plus 02 (0.10 plus or minus 0.12); N plus N02 yields
N2 plus 20 (0.13 plus or minus 0.11). (Author)##
0035/
H. E. Avery R. J. Cvetanovic
REACTION OF OXYGEN ATOMS WITH ACETALDEHYDE. J. Chem. Phys.
«3, (10, Part I) 3727-33, Nov. 15, 1965.
The reaction of the ground-state triplet oxygen atoms with
M. Basic Science and Technology 523
-------
acetaldehyde at room temperature has been reinvestigated.
Two different sources of ocygen atoms have been used: mercurcy
photosensiti2ed decomposition of nitrous oxide and photolysis
of nitrogen dioxide at 3660 A. The results confirm the earlier
conclusion from this Laboratory that the primary attack involves
the abstraction of the aldehydic H atoms and not an insertion
into the CH bonds of the aldehyde nor other primary steps
suggested recently in the literature.##
00612
E. Miescher
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECTPUM OF THE NITRIC OXIDE MOLECULE
(ANKtTAL SCIENTIFIC BEPOBT NO. 2). Basel Univ.,
(Switzerland), Dept. of Physics. (Rept. No. AFCBL-66-35.)
Oct. 2, 1965. 16 pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 628 818
The absorption spectrum of the fourth isotope N15018 was
photographed with high resolution between 1770 and 1380 angstrom
units. With medium resolution spectra of the four different
isotopes N1U016, N1b016, N1UO18, N15C18, have been obtained
down to wavelenghts beyond 1300 angstrom units. New
Bydberg-states ns, np, nd, nf... are reported. Data for a lower
vibrational level ot the 12 sigma plus non-Hydberg state are
given. The former non-Kydberg state P2 pi is discussed
and it is suggested to assign it as level v equal K of the
L2 pi state. (Author abstract**
00700
I.C. Hisatsune
NITROGEN .OXIDES NECESSITY FOB A SYSTEMATIC APPPOACH
IN THEIR STUDIES. Preprint. (Presented at the 58th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada,
June 20-24, 1965, Paper No. 65-169.)
The nitrogen oxides, oxyacids, and ocyhalides, most ot which
=>re highly reactive and thermodynamically unstable, can be
identified conveniently from their infrared absorption spectra.
However, there are numerous coincidences in the positions ot the
absorption bands of these molecules, and they have lead
often to incorrect assignment of the spectra. Systematic studies
ot the vibrational spectra of these compounds have eliminated
these difficulties, and characteristic spectra of many of
them have been identified. Progress in these studies
and in the use of the spectra data to determine thermodynamic
properties are reviewed. (Author abstract1 #,#
524 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
00923
j. N-. Pitts, Jr., J. H. Sharp, and S. I. Chan
EFFECTS OF WAVELENGTH AND TEMPERATURE ON PRIMARY PROCESSES IN THE
PHOTOLYSIS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND A SPECTROSCOPIC-PHOTOCHEMICAL
DETERMINATION OF THE DISSOCIATION ENERGY. J. Chem. Phys.,
40 (12):3655-3662, June 15, 196U.
The quantum yields of oxygen production in the photolysis of
nitrogen dioxide have been determined at a series of wavelengths at
Loom temperature and as a function of temperature at 3660, 4047,
and 1358 A. These values were satisfactorily correlated with the
extent of dissociation into NO and 0 atoms by means of 02
tracer techniques. On the basis of the above correlation .and
inert gas experiments, a general mechanism is proposed for the
photolysis of N02 from 3130 to 4047 A. Temperature effects are
discussed in terms of a theoretical calculation based on the
population of the rotational energy levels of N02. This leads
to a spectroscopic-photochemical determination of the dissociation
energy of N02 in good agreement with that calculated from
thermodynamic data. (Author abstract)##
00939
J. J. Butalini and E. R. Stephens
THE THERMAL OXIDATION OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution, No.
9:123-128, 1965.
The Kinetics of the thermal oxidation of nitric oxide in air have
been studied in the parts per million range under static and
ctyhamic conditions. The results shown that the third order rate
constant tor the oxidation of nitric oxide with oxygen is (1.80
plus or minus/0.21) x 10 to the fourth power L square/mole
square/sec. With the presence of ultraviolet light and nitrogen
dioxide, the simple third order rate expression does not adeguately
describe the system. A mechanism is given that describes the
system under these conditions. (Author abstract)ft
01026
Foote, J.K., M. H. Ballon, and J. N. Pitts, Jr.
THE VAPOR PHASE PHOTOLYSIS OF BENZENE AT 1849 A. J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 88 (16) :369B-J702, Aug. 20, 1966. 28 refs.
The quantum yield of disappearance of benzene vapor at 1849
degrees is 0.9 plus or minus 0.3. The major irradiation product
appears to be a valence isomer of benzene, tentatively identified
as "benzvalene". Addition of diluent N2 reduces the rate of
formation of the product but, up to 50mm total pressure, increases
its maximum concentration. Small amounts of fragmentation
products, i.e. methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, are also
observed as well as considerable amounts of polymeric or
M. Basic Science and Technology 525
-------
carbonaceous deposit on the cell walls. These products may be
formed in the secondary photolysis of "benzvalene". (Author
abstract)##
01075
A. P. Altshuller and I. P. Cohen
ATMOSPHERIC REACTIONS 0? PROPIONALDBHYDE IN AIR MIXTURES.
Atmos. Environ. Vol. 1(3):319-25 (Kay 1967.)
A type of oxidant that has not been identified previously is
present in atmospheric-type systems. It has not yet been shown
whether ethyl hydroperoxide or other n-alkyl hydroperoxides are the
phytotoxicants formed when aldehydes are photooxidized. These
experimental results suggest that aldehyde reactions can become
increasingly important it atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen
oxide are reduced to low levels. (Author summary modified)##
01102
J. S. Arnold, P. J. Browne, E. A. Ogryzlo
THE RED EMISSION BANDS OF MOLECULAR OXYGEN.
Photobiol., Vol.4:963-969, 1965.
CFSTI,DDC: AD 63181U
Photochem,
The temperature dependence and the absolute emission intensity of
the 6340A band of molecular oxygen have been measured. The
results indicate that the emitting pair of molecules is not bound
and possesses a radiative half life of about 25 msec. The
implications of these results on some chemiluminescent reactions
are discussed. (Author abstract)##
01318
H..T.H. Stevenson, D.E. Sanderson, A.P. Altshuller
FORMATION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AEROSOLS. Intern. J. Air Water
Pollution, Vol. 9:367-75, June 1965. (Presented at the
American Industrial Association Conference, Philadelphia, Pa.
April 29, 196<*.)
Aerosol was produced photochemically by irradiation of a number
of hydrocarbon-nitrogen dioxide mixtures, some requiring sulfur
dioxide. In those reactions not requiring sulfur dioxide, its
addition increased the aerosol production in most cases. Mixtures
of hydrocarbons gave more aerosol than expected from their
production individually. Shorter wavelength illumination had
little effect indicating that sulfur dioxide' activation is
unimportant. The size of the aerosol depended upon the
conditions of the experiment. (Author abstract)##
526
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
01579
F.C. Alley L.A. Hipperton
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANT PRODUCTION IN
A BENCH SCALE REACTION SYSTEM. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Vol. 11:581-584, Dec. 1961. (Presented at the
5«th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
The tabulated results of nine irradiation runs are given for
olefin and nitrogen dioxide mixtures. The oxidant production
is shown as a function of time of irradiation and temperature.
Oxidant production was calculated by subtracting the initial
oxidant reading before the lights were turned on from the oxidant
reading at the particular sample interval. The peak oxidant
production was approximately doubled for each 10 degree
temperature increase. The average hydrocarbon reaction rate
for each tour-hour irradiation period is plotted against
temperature. The rate increased sharply as the reaction
temperature increased from 13.5 to 25 C, then decreased slightly
AS THE TEMPERATURE INCPEASED TO 3b.0 C. FROM THESE PESULTS IT
is concluded that the peak oxidant production occurring during the
irradiation of olefin and nitrogen dioxide mixtures is dependent
on the reaction temperature. The magnitude of this temperature
effect is of the same order as that which would be predicted for
a thermal reaction.C#
01680
K.W. Egger S.W. Benson
IODINE AND NITRIC OXIDE CATALYZED ISOKERIZATION OF OLEFINS.
VII. THE STABILIZATION ENERGY IN THE PENTADIENYL RADICAL AND THE
KINETICS OF THE POSITIONAL ISOMEPIZATION OF 1,t-PENTADISNE.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88 (2) 241-6, Jan 20, 1966.
The kinetics of the iodine atom catalyzed isomerization of
1 1-pentadiene to form 1,3-pentadiene has been studied in the gas
phase over a temperature range from 129 to 211. The formation
of small amounts of n-pentenes and cyclopentene does not change
the basically very simple rate law for the positional
isomerization of n-pentadienes which is governed by the rate of
abstraction of a hydrogen atom from 1,U-pentaaiene by iodine.
When compared with the activation energy for the analogous
hydrogen abstraction from n-pentane, assuming the activation
energies for the back reactions to be equal (HI attack on pentyl
and pentadienyl radicals), one obtains 15.4 plus or minus 1 kcal./
mole tor the resonance energy in the pentadienyl radical.
This value is only 25% larger than the allyl stabilization energy.
These stabilization energies are discussed in terms of a simple
model of three-electron bonds and related to energies in the
benzene system. (Author abstract modified)##
01787
W.A. Guillory H.S. Johnston
INFRARFD ABSOPPTION BY PEROXY-NITFOGEN TRIOXIDE FREE RADICAL
M. Basic Science and Technology 527
-------
IN THE GAS PHASE. J. Chem. Phys. 42, (7) 2457-61, Apr. 1,
1965.
In the course of studying the low-pressure thermal oxidation of
nitric oxide by oxygen, a new absorption band occurring on the
shoulder of the P branch of nitric oxide at 1840 cm was observed.
The new absorption band was shown to be first order with respect
to both nitric oxide and oxygen. The variation of this absorption
band with tiire indicated that it was probably due to the free-
radical intermediate present in this system, and was assigned to
peroxy-nitrogen trioxide. The structural assignment OONO,
rather than the symmetrical nitrate radical is based on the
absorption frequency and by a comparison with frequencies expected
tor OONO and symmetrical N03. By assuming a value for the
absorption coefficient of OONO, which is presumably formed by
the rapid reversible reaction 02 + NO equilibrium OONO,
thermodynamic data concerning OONO and the equilibrium
constant were estimated. (Author abstract) #(t
01875
M. F. Brunelle, .}. E. Dickinson, and W. J. Hamming
EFFECTIVENESS OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS IN PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
FORMATION (SOLVENT PROJECT, ?INAL HZ?T.). Air Pollution
Control District, Los Angelas County, Calif., Evaluation
and Planning Div. July 1966. 188 pp.
The principal objective of this study, the determination in an
environmental chamber of the smog-forming potentials of individual
organic solvents likely to be emitted to the atmosphere, was
accomplished and it is now possible to reach certain conclusions
based on these data. By compound types, the effects to which each
solvent group was found to contribute can be summarized as follows:
(1) Aromatic hydrocarbons, except benzene, contribute
substantially to aerosol formation, rapid 03 formation, eye
irritation and total aldehyde formation. (2) Chlorinated
hydrocarbons exhibit almost greater 03 forming activity than
the aromatics. 'Jye irritation was moderate to severe, depending
upon the test conditions, and aerosol formation was negligible.
On the basis of an experiment with tetrachloroethylene (8 ppm)
and NO (2 ppm), alone, it is concluded that most of the activity
of the mixed chlorinated solvent may be attributed to
trichloroethylene. (3) Aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes), both
high-boiling and low-boiling, contribute primarily to 03
formation-. They also produce total aldehyde concentrations
comparable with those produced by irradiation of auto exhaust.
The high-boiling alkanas tested tend to exhibit greater reactivity
than the low-boiling materials. (4) Ketones contribute
significantly to O3 formation (0.3 - 0.4 ppm after 5 to 6 hours'
irradiation) and, to some extent to eye irritation, though mostly
at higher concentrations or with mixtures. As with several other
solvents, aerosol formation is negligible. A single test with
acetone (8 ppm) and NO (2ppm) showed little activity by this
compound with respect to ozone formation or aerosol formation, and
only very slight eye irritation was indicated. Data indicate that
the branched ketones are considerably more reactive than
straight-chain ketones. (5) Alcohols are the least active class
of compounds tested.##
528 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
01878
F. Cramarossa and H. S. Johnston
INFERRED ABSORPTION BY SYHMETRICAL N03 FREE RADICAL IN THE
CIS PHASE. J. Chem. Phys. 43, (2) 727-31, July 15, 1965.
A new infrared absorption band between 1325 and 1375 cm to the
minus one power has been observed in the N205-03 system at low
pressure in an 80—m path-length cell. In such systems the
presence of the symmetrical N03 free radical is well known in
terms of its visible absorption spectrum, which varies in the
unusual way of Kss (N205) to the one third power (03) to the
one third power. The new infrared bana lies at a frequency just
below that for the antisymmetric stretch of the symmetrical
planar nitrate ion; the absorption optical density varies as
(N205) to the one third power (03) to the one third power;
and the new absorption has been assigned to the symmetrical N03
tree radical. (Author abstract)##
01880
K. B. Egger and S. W. Benson
IODINE AND NITRIC CXTDE CATALYZED ISOMERIZATION OF OLEFINS.
V. Kinetics of the Geometrical Isomerization of
1,3-Pentadiene, a Check on the Rate of Eotation about Single
Bonds, and the Allylic Resonance Energy. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
87, (15) 331U-9, Aug. 5, 1965.
The kinetics of the nitric oxide catalyzed, homogeneous, gas
phase isomerization of 1,3-pentadiene have been studied over a
temperature range between 126 and 326 degrees. Analysis of the
data shows that the rate-controlling step in the NO-catalyzed
geometrical isomerization of pentadiene is the rotation about the
single bond in the intermediate radical. Iodine is shown to form
a much more stable intermediate radical, and results indicate that,
in the 12-catalyzed system, the addition reaction of I atoms is
rate controlling. The rotational rate constant log kc was
calculated to be (11.5 plus or minus 0.3) - (5.3 plus or minus
1.0)/theta sec. compared to (11.2 - (3.8)/theta sec.) as
reported earlier for the iodine catalyzed cis-trans isomerization
o± 2-butene. (Author abstract modified)*#
01881
K. W. Fgger and S. W. Benson
NITRIC OXIDE AND IODINE CATALYZED ISOHERIZATION OF OLEFINS.
IV. Thermodynamic Data from Equilibrium Studies of the
Geometrical Isomerization of 1,3-Pentadiene. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 87, (1b) 3311-4, Aug. 5, 1965.
The measurement of equilibrium constants of the iodine-catalyzed
gas phase reactions of olefins and their parent hydrocarbons has
been shown to be a very simple direct, and valuable method to
M. Basic Science and Technology 529
-------
determine precise differences in the thermodynamic properties of
the reactants. Applied to the cis-trans isomerization of
1,J-pentadiene, the present paper reports an appreciable amount of
side reactions and considerable difficulties in product separation.
This result is in contrast to the clean-cut experiments on the
isomerization of 2-butene. The important two side reactions, the
polymerization of 1,3-pentadiene and the formation of diiodide in
the lower temperature range, are shown to be a consequence of the
considerably more stable radical intermediate formed with
1,3-pentadier.e compared to 2-butena. The NO-catalyzed system
showed excellent reproducibility and no measurable side reactions.
N02 gave rise to the same difficulties obtained with the iodine
catalysis. This is to be expected from the C-ONO bond
strength of about SU kcal.*#
01978
A. P. Altshuller, I. R. Cohen, S. F. Sleva, and S. L.
Kopczynski
ATE POLLUTION: FHOTOOXIDATION OF AKOPIATIC HYDROCARBONS.
Science 138, (J538) 4U2-3, Oct. 19, 1962.
A number of aromatic hydrocarbons participate as effectively as
the olefins in atmospheric photooxidation reactions in the presence
of nitrogen oxides and n ^ l-raviolet light. Judged both on the
basis of reactivity ani concantrations in the atmosphere, the
aromatic hydrocarbons cannot be ignored as contributors to the
photochemical type of air pollution. (Author abstract)##
01990
A. Goetz and T. Kallai
THE SYNTHESIS OF DEFINED AEROSOL SYSTEMS. Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J. 2>4, Ub3-61, Oct. 1963.
Instrumentation and procedures for the synthetic production of
photochemical aerosols within a laminar airflow along a tubular
channel are described. Special micro-dosimetry quantitatively
facilitates continuous addition of reactive trace components
(hydrocarbons, NO, N02, S02) and of defined nucleating
particulates. The flow is subsequently irradiated symmetrically
in the spectral range (320-USO millimicrons) in a special channel
section without temperature increase, at adjustable intensity
levels and exposure durations up to several times solar intensity
at ground level. The resulting aerocolloidal components are
analyzed with the Aerosol Spectrometer for determining the size
and mass distribution of the photoactivated particulates at various
reaction stages. Examples of smog-type reactions between traces
of N02 and oletins, and of modifications of natural aerosols, are
presented. (Author abstract)##
530 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
02328
F. C. Gunton and T. M. Shaw.
AMBIPOLAR DIFFUSION AND ELECTRON ATTACHMENT IN NITRIC OXIDE IN THE
TEMPERATURE RANGE 136 TO 358 K. Phys. Rev.' 140, (3A)
A748-A7b5, NOV. 1, 196b.
CFSTI, DDC AD 634223
Ambipolar diffusion and electron attachment rates were measured in
nitric oxide at pressures from 0.01 to 16 Torr and at temperatures
from 196 to 3b8 K. The gas was photoionized ty single pulses of
ultraviolet radiation, at and near Lyinan alpha from a hydrogen
lamp. Pulse lengths ranged from 10 to 300 microsec and
ionization levels were kept low to reduce electron-ion
recombination. Rates for the latter process are reported in a
separate paper. Electron loss rates were measured by a microwave-
cavity method used to record the decay following a single ionizing
pulse. Ion identification was made by a mass spectrometer which
sampled the ions diffusing through a small hole in the wall of the
microwave cavity. Ultrahigh-vacuum techniques were used in gas
purification and in production and measurements of ionization.
The diffusion results are to some extent consistent with theory
ot diffusion of electrons and a single positive ion species in the
presence of negative ions. The mass-spectrometer observations
indicate that NO plus is the dominant positive ion in
photoionized NO at all pressures. The principal negative ion
observed with the mass spectrometer was N02(-) , and no NO(-) or
N02(-) ion were detected. Direct attachment ot N02, present
as a minute impurity, seems unlikely; the N02 (-) ion may be
formed by rapid charge transfer from a primary negative ion or by
an attachment reaction involving rearrangement. (Author abstract
modified)f#
02412
A. Goetz P. Fueschel
THE EFFECT OF NUCLEATING PAPTICULATES ON PHOTOCHEMICAL AF30SOL
FORMATION. J. AIF POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOC. 15, (3) 90-5,
Mar. 196b. (Presented at the Sixth Conference on Methods
in Air Pollution Studies, Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1964.)
The role ot nucleating particulates in the formation of
photochemical aerosols was studied in a steady, laminar flow of
ultrafiltered air containing H02 and octene-1 in the
concentration range ot: (30 - 170 ppm) , when subjected to intense
irradiation under isothermal conditions. The particulates
consisted of monodisperse polystyrene latex (d egual 0.36 micron)
in concentrations similar to these in the atmosphere; the
irradiation intensity varied between: (6 - 40,000 lumne/liter) and
the mean exposure duration between 30 180 sec. Samples of the
flow, prior to and after its photoactivation, were withdrawn
either by an Aerosol Spectrometer (AS) or by a Poyco
Aerosol Photometer. The photometric data include all
colloidal components in the airborne state, whereas the counts
obtained from the AS-deposits refer only to the nucleated latex
particles. The following pattern is evident: The
photochemical reaction yields fractional products (less than 3)1)
M. Basic Science and Technology 531
-------
which have the tendency to agglomerate (or polymerize) due
to their relatively low volatility — independent of the presence or
absence ot nucleating particulates. The growth process appears
principally different trcm that cf fog formation by H20)-
cond-=nsation, where, for identical supersat ura tion, it is .inversely
proportional to the nuclear concentration. In the absence
of nuclei, autonucleation, i.e. self—agglomeration, occurs
at a much lesser reaction rate and higher photon demand. The
growth rate ot the nuclei, when present, depends on the
concentration of the oxidation catalyst (N02). Under
identical conditions the mass of nuclear accumulant is directly
proportional to the concentration of the- reactive hydrocarbon,
while the growth rate depends on the light intensity and the
exposure duration. The findings indicate that density and nature
ot particulate matter present in an air Eiass prior or during
photo-activation are, aside from the chemical reactant levels,
ot major significance in aerosol formation. (Author a-bstract
modi fied) ##
02b08
D. G. Clifton
APPROXIMATE THEE MODYNAH1C FUNCTIONS FOR THE N02(G) ION
(TECHNICAL REPT.). General Motors Corp., Santa Barbara,
Calif., GM Defense Research Labs., Aerospace Operations
Calif., Defense Pesearch Labs., Aerospace Operations Dept.
Hay 1966. 13 pp.
CDC AD U84367
Approximate values for the free-energy function, enthalpy
function, entropy, and constant-pressure heat capacity have been
Cuuip'iten and tabulated for the temperature range from 300 K
to 6000 K for the S02 (g) ion. (Author abstract)**
02734
PARTIAL OXIDATION PRODUCTS FOPMFD DURING COMBUSTION (SIXTEENTH
FPOGRSSS HEPT. JULY 1 TO DEC. 31, 1966.) California Inst. of
Tech., Pasadena, Chemical Engineering Lab. 1966. 16 pp.
During the period covered by this report, primary effort was
directed to the xnvestiaation of the effect of the nature of fuels
upon the formation of the residual quantities of the oxides of
nitrogen and upon the microscopic nature of the perturbations
resulting therefrom. Tables summarize results of these studies.
Table I sets forth the experimental conditions in connection
with the investigation ot the behavior of the propane-air and the
n-butane-air system. In Table II, the composition of the
reaction products of the ethane-air system propane-air and
n-butane-air systems are summarized. The analysis of the
perturbations in normal stress obtained in connection with the
propane-air and ethane-air systems is given in Table III.
Plans tor continuation of these studies upon the renewal of the
Public Health Service Grant No. AP-00108-Q8 are discussed.
532 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
02761
H.H. ^earner B.H. Sage
OSCILLATORY COMBUSTION AT ELEVATED PRESSUEES. Preprint. 1966.
The eftect of combustion conditions upon the magnitude of the
nerturbations. in normal stress and in total light intensity
have been investigated in a cylindrical combustor 1.0 in. in
diameter and approximately 21* in. in length. The results
are presented in graphical and tabular form. The quantities of
oxides of nitrogen for a number of combustion conditions have been
included. (Author abstract) *#
02837
C. S. Tuesday
THE ATPIOSPHFEIC PHOTOOXIDATION OF TBANS-BUTENE-2 AND NITBIC
OXID^. General Motors Research Labs., Warren, Mich. 1961.
35 pp. (Presented at the International Symposium on Chemical
Reactions in the Lower and Ucper Atmosphere, San Francisco,
Calit., Apr. 18-20, 1961.)
To elucidate the mechanism of the atmospheric photochemical
reactions ot olefins and nitrogen oxides, the reactions that .occur
upon the irradiation ot oxygen-nitrogen mixtures containing several
parts per million of nitric oxide and trans-butene-2 were
investigated. Trans-butene-2 was used as a model olefin because
ot its symmetry and relatively rapid reaction rate. The effects
of several variables on the rates of trans-butene-2 disappearance
and nitrogen dioxide formation were determined together with the
effect ot these variables on the concentrations of reaction
products. -Reaction variables investigated include nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, trans-butene-2, and oxygen concentrations as
well as light intensity and total pressure. A reaction scheme is
proposed to rationalize the observed effects these reaction
variables have on the rates of trans-butene-2 and nitric oxide
photooxidation and on the concentrations of reaction products.
The experimental results support the general conclusion that a
tree radical chain reaction initiated by the reaction of oxygen
atoms with trans-butene-2 is very important in the atmospheric
photo-oxidation of trans-butene-2 and nitric oxide.#*
0283K
W. A. Glasson, and C. S. Tuesday
TH? ATMOSPHEPIC THERMAL OXIDATION IN NITBIC OXIDE. General
Motors Research Labs., Warren, Mich. 1963. 1« pp.
(Presented in part at the 141th National Keeting, American
Chemical Society, Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 5, 1963.)
The kinetics of the thermal oxidation of NO in oxygen nitrogen
BiXturjiS tajte been determined in the parts-per-miliion range by
long-path infrared spectrophotcmetry. The results of this
M. Basic Science and Technology 533
-------
investigation indicate that the reaction is second-order in NO,
first-order in oxygen, and independent of the concentration of
added N02, with a third-order rate constant, at 23 C, of
1,57 (plus or minus .09) times 10 to the minus 9 power per
(sq ppro - mn) . It is concluded that the kinetics of the thermal
oxidation of NO are adequately described by a simple third-order
rate law and do not require the complexities suggested by
Treacy and Daniels. In addition, it was found that there is
no effect on the rate of the thermal oxidation due to either
(a) addition of several olefir.s or (b) photolysis of the product
N02. (Author abstract)**
02851
F.P. StGDhens
THE POLE OF OXYGEN JT0.1S IN THE ATMOSPHERIC REACTION OF OLEFINS
WITH NITRIC OXIDE. Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution 10,
(11-12) 793-803, Dec. 1966.
The photoconversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide in the
presence of olefin at low concentrations in air was studied with
LWO uojectives: (1) ru test the hypothesis that oxygen atoms
are the principal reagents attacking the olefin in the absence of
ozone; and (2) to determine the average number of nitrogen dioxide
molecules formed for each molecule of olefin consumed to see
whether the conversion has the aspects of a chain reaction. On
the basis of the 0-atomshypothesis it is predicted that the
rate of oxidation ot a given olefin should be proportional
to the produce of the light intensity and the nitrogen dioxide
concentration. It should not be affected by the addition of
a second olefin. This was found to be nearly true for a wide
variety ot reaction conditions. About one to two nitrogen
dioxide dioxide molecules were formed for each molecule of propene
oxidized.t#
0 J 0 2 0
F. Kiescher
ANALYSIS OF THE SPFCTRUM OF THE NITRIC OXIDE MOLFCOLE
(FINAL SCIENTIFIC FEPT.). Basel Univ., Switzerland, Inst.
of Physics. (Pept. No. AFCHL-66-1UO) 7 pp. Mar. 31, 1966.
The experimental studies of the spectrum of the NO molecule are
reviewed. A short description of the observed 3 delta states
and of Pydberg-complexes is given. Problems left for future work
on the NO spectrum are discussed.##
534 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
03066
D. Durant and G. R. McMillan.
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF PHOTOCHEMICALLY GENEBATF.D T-P3NTOXY
RADICALS. J. Phys. Chem. 70 (9) 2709-13, Sept. 1°66.
Previous studies on excited aikoxy radicals formed in
photochemical processes were extended to the t-pentoxy species,
whicn is well Known to decompose by two parallel paths. The
ratio of rate constants k sub 1/k S'J1> 2 was estimated to be 104 at
111 degrees from experiments on pyrolysis of t-pentyl nitrite.
For radicals formed by photolysis of this compound, k sub 1/k sub
2 depends strongly on the absorbed wavelength but dees not reach
the expected limiting value of 101 at the longest wavelength
which could be studied. The dependence of quantum yields at
3660 A on pressure of an added scavenger, nitric oxide, showed
that the k sub 1/lc sub 2 obtained from photochemical experiments
could be accounted for quantitatively by a contribution from
excited radicals and a contribution identical with the ratio for
unexcited radicals, obtained from pyrolysis experiments. These
results provide limited justification for the "alpha method" often
used in kinetic treatment of excited radical effects.
Quantum-yeild measurements at high pressures of added nitric
oxide suggest preferential removal of excited radicals of lower
energy and disclose a broad energy distribution of the excited
radicals. (Author abstract)##
03107
P.M. Boubel I. A. Fipperton
OXIDES 0' NITBOGFN AMD UNBURNED HYDROCABBONS PRODUCED DURING
CONTROLLED COMBUSTION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15,
(6) 270-1, June 196b.
A diffusion tlaire burner was operated to determine the effect of
several parameters on the quantity of NOx and unburr.ed
hydrocarbons produced. The statistical analysis indicated
the unburned hydrocarbon emissions to be dependent upon the
rate of heat release in the system, the amount of excess
combustion air, the fuel molecular structure, and the
interaction between the fuel structure, and the amount of excess
air. The NOx emissions reached a maximum at the conditions
which yielded minimum ur.burned hydrocarbon emissions. Multiple
regressions were made which yielded predicting equations for
both the unburned hydrocarbon and the
NOx tor the apparatus used. (Author abstract)##
031 m
B.A1. Glasson C.S. Tuesday
HYDHOCA330N REACTIVITY AND THE KINETICS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC
PHOTOOXIDATION OF NITRIC OXIDE. General Motors Corp.,
Warren, Mich., Fuels and Lubricants Dept. (Research
Publication GMR-586) Hug. 15, 1966. 23 pp. (Presented at
M. Basic Science and Technology 535
-------
the byth Annual leeting. Air Pcllution Control
Association, Sdr ^rancisco, Calif., June 20-21, 1966.)
The reactivity in the atmospheric photooxidation of NO has
recently been determined tor a large number of hydrocarbons. To
aid in the application of these hydrocarbon reactivity
measurements, the kinetics of the atmospheric photooxidation
were studied. The hydrocarbon investigated covered a wide
range ot reactivities and structures and included: 2,3-dimethyl-2-
butene, 2-methy1-2-butene, 2-methy1-1-pontene, propylene,
mesitylene, and n-hex^ne. The rate ot NO photooxidation
increases less than linearly with hydrocarbon concentration for
all the hydrocarbons studied. The degree of non-linearity,
however, varied with hydrocarbon structure and
reactivity. The effect of the NO and the N02
concentrations on the rate of NO photooxidation also depended
somewhat on hydrocarbon structure and reactivity. For all of
the hydrocarbons studied, however, the NO photooxidatioTi rate
increased linearly with increased light intensity. The effect
of complex hydrocarbon mixtures on the rate NO photooxidation
was investiaated using 3 commercial gasolines. The NO
photooxidation rates measured for these mixtures agreed within
experimental error with calculated rates based on
chromatographic analyses ot the gasolines and the reactivity in
NO) photooxidation of the individual hydrocarbons in the
gasolines. (Author abstract) #t(
OJ160
K. Kimura 0. Tada , K. Kumotsuki, and K. Nakaaici
ON THE GENERATION OF SUIFL'RIC ACID MIST FROM SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. J. Sci. Labour k1, (10) 510-11, Oct. 196b.
Experimental studies are reported on the simulated oxidation of
sulfur dioxide in atmospheric air. It was observed that the
higher the air current velocity, and the higher the relative
humidity, the more marked the decrease of S02 concentration.
Sulturic acid studies showed that it is produced by oxidation of
S02 in the air and that the coexistence of N02, 03 or H202
enhances the production of H2SOU. Microscope studies of the
sulturic acid mist formed by S02 oxidation revealed that the
presence of particulate matter contrioutes to the formation of the
acid mist. Electron microscope studies substantiated experimental
results by showing that samples of city air contained particles
similar to-sulturic acid mist particles obtained experimentally.**
0 3179
L. Spialter and J. D. Austin.
THE CLEAVAGE OF SILAFES BY OXIDES OF NITROGEN. J. Am. Chem.
SOC. 88, 182y, 1966.
CFSTI, DDC AD 6J8B36
The cleavage of silanes by oxides of nitrogen is reported.
TriethyIsilane reacts exothermallv with N02 to yield
triethylsilanol and hexaethyldisiloxane. in a separate
535 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
experiment, under similar conditions, triethylsilanol readily
gave the dehydration product, hexaethyldisiloxane. The
silicon-silicon bond in hexamethyldisilane is also cleanly cleaved
by No 2 to hexamethyldisiloxane in 95% yield. Rupture of the
silicon-alky! bond was observed whan tetraethylsilane was allowed
to react with N02. The principal products obtained were
hexaethyldisiloxane and acetic acid. Under similar conditions,
hexaethyldisiloxane yielded hexaethylcyclotrisiloxane,
octaethylcyclotetrasiloxane, and octaethyltrisiloxane. The
silicon-aryl bond was also cleaved in trimethylphenylsilane by NO
2 to produce hexamethyldisiloxane and nitrobenzene. When all of
the phenyl group had been removed from silicon, the vapor phase
chromatogram of the crude reaction product did not show the
presence of any polysiloxane components other than the disiloxane.
The rate of cleavage of an ethyl group from hexaethyldisiloxane by
N02 was slow compared to that from tetraetnylsilane. However,
all other cleavage reactions proceeded readily and with
exothermicity at room temperature to give reaction products in good
(90%) yields. NOo cleaved triethylsilane to triethylsilanol at
room temperature. NO also produced the silanol with complete
reaction in less than 6 hr, whereas K20 gave only 10% conversion
after 6 hr. It appears that the oxides of nitrogen behave
similarly toward organosilanes, but with ditfereing degrees of
activity, i.t-., in decreasing order of reactivity, NOx, N03,
NO, and much slower N20.##
03349
I. C. Hisat-sune.
STRUCTURES OF SOME OXIDES OF NITROGEN (SUMMARY PROGRESS PEPT.
OCT. 27, 1965 - DFC. J1, 1966). Preprint. Dec. 31, 1966.
The kinetic study of the third order reaction between NO and
02 was completed. Partial pressures of NO and 02 were varied
from one to 200 mm and one to 470 mm respectively, and mole ratios
of these reactants were chosen so that the final partial pressures
of the reaction product N02 were between one and 14 mm.
Nitrogen gas was used as diluent in order to maintain essentially
a constant total pressure (near 480 mm) during the .reaction. The
reaction was followed by recording1 the changes in the absorption
intensity of the 1640 cm-1 N02 TR rundamental band. Kinetic
runs were made with one reactant ir. excess, and the resulting
experimental data gave pseudo first or second order rate plots
which were linear over 80 to 90 percent of the reaction. The
temperature dependence of the rate constants was studied between 1
and b5 C. In this case, both the reaction cell and the reactant
storage bulbs were maintained at constant temperature. From the
tabulated experimental data a rate constant for this third order
reaction was obtained: k (6.IB + or - 0.20)x103 exp(+0.50 + or -
0.40 kcal/mole)/HT) liter 2 / mole 2 -sec where the estimated
uncertainties are maximum errors. Kinetic studies on the
NO-C12 and N0-Br2 systems were initiated. In the case of the
chloride system, the reaction was found to be influenced by
fluorescent light but not by the IR light source. Tentative
values of the rate constant at 22.7 C were found to be 19.6 + or -
0.7 and (7.92 + or - 0.42) x 1000 liter 2/mole 2 - sec respectively
tor the chloride and the bromide.t#
M. Basic Science and Technology 537
-------
OJJ61
B. H. Sage
FORMATION OP OXIDES OF NITROGEN DURING COMBUSTION AT ATMCSPHEHIC
PRESSUFE. Preprint. 1966.
Experimental measurements were made of the perburbations in
monochromatic and total optical intensity. Supplemental
measurements of tne perturbations in normal stress were made. All
of the measurements were carried out at a natural gas mixture ratio
of approximately 0.88 stoichiometric. The composition of the
products of reaction is set forth. The mole fraction of oxides of
nitrogen as veil as the principal components including carbon
dioxide, oxygen and carbon monoxide are included. A significant
variation exists in the perturbations in normal stress and in
monochromatic intensity with respect to time. The perturbations
in monochromatic intensity seem to undergo more
variation than do the perturbations in normal stress. For the
most part the frequency of the perturbations in normal stress and
in monochromatic intensity, corresponding to the wavelengths of
carbon dioxide and water, is substantially egual. A limited
number of measurements were made in the upper part of the combustor
with regard to the perturbations in optical intensity. The
relative magnitude was comparable to the perturbations encountered
near the flameholder. Comparisons are presented of the
perturbations in normal stress and the perturbations in
monochromatic intensity corresponding to the emission of carbon
dioxide at two different time scales. The variations in the
stability of the two types of perturbations are markedly different.
The frequencies of these perturbations are closely allied and
appear to offer credence to the assumption that they are directly
related. A similar comparisor is made for the perturbations in
monochromatic intensity of the wavelength corresponding to the
emission of water. Again, the irregularities of the fluctuations
in the nature of the perturbations in monochromatic intensity/ as
compared to the relatively regular perturbations in normal
stress, are evident.**
OJU28
C. S. Tuesday.
THE ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOOXIDATION OF OLEFINS: THE EFFECT OF
NITROGEN OXIDES. General Motors Research Labs, Warren,
Mich., 1961, 25 pp. (Presented at the Conference on Motor
Vehicle Exhaust Emissions and Their Effects, Los Angeles,
Calif., Dec. 5-7, 1961.) (Rept. No. GMB-355.)
The role of the oxides of nitrogen in the atmospheric
ohotooxidation of olefins was further investigated. A previous
study from this laboratory indicated, among other things, that the
photooxidation of trans-2-butene was both promoted and inhibited
by nitric oxide depending upon the concentration. To explain and
extend this observation, the effects of various concentrations of
N02 and NO on the photooxidation rates' of propylene,
isobutene, trans-2-butene, and 2,3 dimethyl-2-butene were
determined together with the effects of NO concentration on
reaction products. The olefins investigated differed not only in
538 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
photooxidation rate for a particular N02 concentration but also
in the dependence of this rate on the initial concentration of
N02. Initial increases in N02 concentration increased the
photooxidation rate of all the olefins studied. When the initial
N02 concentration was increased further each oletin behaved
differently. "he photooxidation rates of trans-2-butene and
tetramethylethylene increased with increasing concentrations of
NO up to a maximum rate. Further increases-in the initial
concentration of NO reduced the photooxidation rate of both these
olefins. Further increases in NO concentration inhibit the
olefin photooxidation rate by decreasing the concentration of ozone
and the rate of the ozone-olefin reaction. The decreased rate of
ozone plus clefin reaction also decreases the rate and amount of
compound X formation since compound X is apparently formed by
further reactions of some of the products of the ozone plus olefin
reaction. The role of the oxides of nitrogen in the atmospheric
photooxidation of olefins is quite complex. NO promotes or
inhibits olefin photooxidation depending upon the ratio of
reactants. N02 promotes or inhibits olefin photooxidation
depending both on the relative concentration of reactants and the
nature ot the olefin.*#
03561
E. £. Febbert.
PRIMARY PROCESSES IN THE PHOTOLYSIS OF ETHYL NITFATE. J.
Phys. Chem. 67, 1923-5, Sept. 1963.
Photolysis of ethyl nitrate was conducted mainly at room
temperature and at J130 A. with conversions of approximately
0.25%. The main products for the gas phase photolysis at low
conversions were ethyl nitrite, acetaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, and
oxygen. Methyl nitrite, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitric oxide,
and carbon dioxide were minor products. No attempt was made to
detect or analyze nitromethane, formaldehyde, or nitrous oxide.
The peaK due to nitromethane would be lost on the chromatograph in
the excess ethyl nitrate peak. Nitrogen was produced but the
results were not consistent. The rates of formation of methyl
nitrite are not accurate and should be regarded as relative rates
only. The quantum yields ot ethyl nitrite and acetaldehyde
formation extrapolated to zero time are 0.139 and 0.091,
respectively. In the liquid phase at 0 degrees, oxygen is no
longer a product. Ethyl nitrite and acetaldehyde are still the
main products with small amounts ot methyl nitrite. The
distribution of products at low conversions is: acetaldehyde,
53.6%; ethyl nitrite, 46.0%; and nethyl nitrite, O.U%.#*
03575
P. P. Austin, R. W. Lewis, and P. Donaldson, Jr.
A NEW ATMOSPHERE IPPADIATION CHAMBER. Intern. J. Air Water
Pollution 4, (304) 237-46, 1961.
The irradiation of atmospheric samples of air with ultraviolet
light produces oxidants when hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide are
present and thus permits a measurement of the smog-forming
M. Basic Science and Technology 539
-------
potential of the air. A new high irradiation intensity chamber
using fluorescent ultraviolet lamps has been developed. Data are
given for the irradiation of seme hydrocarbons in air in the
presence of nitrogen dioxide. Some data are also given for
atmospheric samples. The performance of the new chamber is
compared to that of the fifty-liter chambers which have been in use
in the past. The chamber volume is eight liters. Power required
has been reduced from 1600 watts in the fifty-liter chamber to
160 .watts. Oxidant. levels produced at the sane sampling rate on
atmospheric samples are approximately equivalent to the levels
produced in the fifty-liter chamber. (Author abstract)t#
OJbBB
G. N. Richter, H. H. Reamer, and B. H. Sage
EFFECTS OF STABILITY OF COMBUSTION ON THE FORMATION OF THE OXIDES
OF NITROGEN. California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Chemical
Engineering Lab. Aug. 30, 1960. 111 pp.
It has been established that the nitrogen oxides are undesirable
products of combustion processes from the standpoint of air
pollution. An investigation concerning the effect of
perturbations during combustion upon the torir.aticn of the oxides of
nitrogen was carried out upor> a premixed flame, utilizing air and
natural gas as reactants. The first part consisted of
reconnaissance measurements by which the effect of audible
oscillatory combustion upon the residual quantities of nitrogen
oxides in the products of reaction was determined. The second
part comprised more carefully controlled and quantitative
measurements by which the microscopic variations in conditions in
the combustion zone were evaluated as a function of time and the
effect of the variations upon the residual quantities of the
nitrogen oxides was determined. The results indicate that
perturbations in the combustion process exert a pronounced
influence upon the formation of the nitrogen oxides. However, the
nature of the oscillatory combustion appears sensitive to
environment, and it is difficult to maintain sufficiently steady
macroscopic conditions to avoid large variations with time in the
microscopic perturbations. The variation in the mole fraction of
nitrogen oxides in the products of reaction under carefully
controlled conditions was an order of magnitude less than that
encountered under the less well controlled conditions of
combustion. (Author abstract modified)**
0396B
Cadle, Hichard D. and Margaret Ledford
THE REACTION OF OZONE WITH HYDROGEN SULFIDE. Intern. J. Air
Water Pollution, 10 (1) :25-JU, Jan. 1965. 7 refs.
The gas phase reaction of ozon° with hydrogen sulfide in a
mixture ot oxygan and nitrogen serving as carrier gas has been
investigated. The only products found were sulfur dioxide and
water, and the stoichiomctry corresponded approximately to the
equation: H2S plus OJ yields H^O plus S02. The reaction
kinetics were investigated with a flow system, and a method was
developed tor titrating with nitric oxide the ozone remaining
540 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
after reaction with hydrogen sulfide. The reaction has orders
near zero and 1.5 in hydrogen sulfide and ozone respectively, and
follows a given rate law. It is at least partially
heterogeneous. The results can be used to set an upper limit for
the rate of this reaction in the atmosphere. (Authors' abstract,
modified)##
03969
J. G. Christian and J. E. Johnson
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS OVER HOPCALITE.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution 9, (1/2) 1-10, Feb. 196$.
Catalytic combustion studies showed Hopcalite, an unsupported
coprecipitate of connor and manganese oxides, to provide
substantially complete oxidation at ca. 300 C of vapors of several
types of hydrocarbons, oxygenated compounds, nitrogen compounds,
and halogenated compounds. The lower molecular weight
hydrocarbons proved resistant to oxidation; methane was oxidized
only to the extent of 30 per cent even at <*00 C. The organic
nitrogen compounds produced the theoretical amount of CO2 as well
as appreciable amounts of nitrous oxide (N20). Ammonia
produced 70% nitrous oxide at 315 C, and about 2% nitrogen dioxide
(N02). The decomposition of organic halogen compounds ranged
from slight in the case of Freon-12 to virtually complete for
methyl chloroform. In addition, new organic halides were formed
by the oxidation of methyl chloroform and Freon-11. There is at
least partial retention of halogen on the catalyst when
Freon-11UB2 and Freon-11 are decomposed. Aerosols of
dioctylphthalate, a hydrocarbon-type lubricating oil, and a
triarylphosphate ester lubricant were quantitatively oxidized by
Hopcalite at 300 C. (Author abstract)**
OH277
N. Cohen and J. Heicklen
REACTION OF NO(A2SIGMA) WITH C02. Aerospace Corp., El
Segundo, Calif. (Rept Nos. SS-TR-fa6-155 and
TP-669 (6250-40)-16. ) June 1966. 25 pp.
In the presence of CO2, NO (A2Sigma + ) was produced by
irradiation of NO-C02 mixtures with a cadmium arc. The
products monitored were N2, whose yield dropped as the
(C02)/(NO) ratio was enhanced, and CO, whose yield rose with
the (C02)/(NO) ratio to a constant upper limit. Product
formation was unaffected by temperature changes (23 to 300 C) or
by the addition of xenon or N02. The results are explained by
the simple competition NO(A2Sigma+)+ NO yields N2 + other
oroducts and NO (A2Sigma + ) + C02 yeilds N02 & CO. Carbon
dioxide is about 3.1 times more efficient than NO in the
competition. (Author abstract)##
M. Basic Science and Technology
-------
04286
K. F. Preston and R. J. Cvetanovic
ON THE POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF A MOLECULAR MECHANISM TO THE
PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Can. J. Chen. 44,
244b-8, 1966.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 642-455
The determination of the extent of 0-atora exchange during the
photolysis of mixtures of N02 and 02 (36) at 2537 Angstrom units
and at other wavelengths has bean investigated. This method is
based on the underlying assumption that only free oxygen atoms are
capable of exchange with 02 (36) while other potential
intermediates (such as, tor example, N02) are not. The
exchange reaction is therefore used as a rest tor the
involvement of tree oxygen atoms in the photolysis of N02. *#
0463J
P. A. Leigh-ton
S01E REMARKS ON THE NITRIC OXIDE — NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONVERSION.
Preprint. (Presented at the Air Pollution Pesearch
Conference on "Atmospheric Reactions," Univ. of Southern
California, Los Angeles, Calif., Dec. 5, 1961.)
Nitric oxide-nitrogen dioxide photochemical conversion theory is
reviewed. It has been almost universally postulated that the
products of oxygen-olefin and possibly ozoiie-olefin reactions,
which promote the above mentioned conversion, are tree radicals.
The extent to which these reactions produce radicals and the
nature of the radicals produced in air have not been established.
Other unresolved questions pertaining to this conversion reaction
involve reaction kinetics and reactant concentrations.##
04653
J. M. Singer, E. 3. Cook, M. E. Harris, V. R. Rowe,
J. Grumer
FLAME CHARACTERISTICS CAUSING AIP POLLUTION: PRODUCTION OF OXIDES
OP NITROGEN AND CARBON MONOXIDE. Bureau of Mines,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (Presented at the Symposium on Combustion
Reactions of Fossil Fuels, 152nd National Meeting,
American Chemical Society, New York City, Sept. 11-6, 1966
and at the Basic Research Symposium, Chicago, 111., Mar.
14, 196 7.) 40 pp.
Concentrations of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide in
combustion qases of leati, stoichiometric, and rich propane-air
flames are predicted irom theoretical Kinetic and
thermodynamic calculations. Experimental values are higher
than the theoretical by factors of 2 to 7. Lowering the
primary flame temperature with cold flue g?s reduces the nitric
oxide and increases the carbon monoxide concentrations.
542 NITnOGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Cooling rates of 5500 degrees to 10,000 degrees P/sec starting
at about 3500 degrees R maintain the nitric oxide in the
primary combustion zone at the initial value and do not
prevent oxidation ot the carbon monoxide.##
04671
0. L Bernitt, F. H. Miller, I. C. Hisatsune
INFRARED SPECTRA OF ISOTOPIC NI1FY1 HALIDES. Spectrcchim.
Acta 2JA, 237-48, 1967.
The infrared spectra of nitroger.-14 Ond 15 isotopic species of
nitrji chloride and fluoride were examined in the vapor and
solid states. Assigments of two fundamentals in both
halides were changed from those proposed by earlier investigators.
A band at 1/460 cm reported earlier tor the fluoride was shown
to originate from an impurity. Therir.odynmaic functions and
new sets of force constants from both the valence and the
Urey-Bradley force fields were calculated. (Author abstract)##
OH870
PHOTOLYSIS OF NIT^GOEN COMPOUNDS. Natl. 3ur. Std. (U.S.)
Tech. News Bull. 51, (4) 72-4, Apr. iy67.
In order to precisely define the amount of energy available to
NO in this investigation of the photolysis of nitrogen compounds,
gaseous"nitLvjyen compounds and mixtures were irradiated with
monochromatic light. Fluorescence of the excited species was
obtained by passing a stream of sample gas through a reaction
chamber across whichthe exciting light was directed. Peactions of
a variety ot mixtures and pressures of N20, N02, NO, 02,
and HN3 W2RE STUDIED UND3R CUZV RADIATION AT 12162A, A MIXTURE OF
1165 A, 1470 A and wavelenghts greater than 1600 A.
12J6 and 1165 A, 1470 A and wavelenghts greater than 1600 A.
Fluorescence ot excited HO was obtained in beta and gamma bands
corresponding to different energy levels of excited NO. The
beta band of NO fluorescence was obtained by photolysis of pure
N20, but was replaced by gamma-band fluorescence with the
introduction of even small amounts of NO for all exciting
radiations except those of wavelengths greater than 1600 A. The
suggested seguence ot reactions originating from N20 and the N20
and NO mixtures with the emission of beta and gamma radiation
respectively are discussed. The photodecomposition of the
triatomic molecules N02 and HOC1 was studied by observations
ot the rotational and vibrational distribution ot excited NO.
In this study both beta and gamma bands were given off by N02
subjected to the 1165 A - 1236 A mixture and to 1295 A; only
the gamma bands were given off by NOC1 subjected to the same
radiations.*1
M. Basic Science and Technology 543
-------
0 '4 H 7 H
n. N. Pichter, H. r. Wiese, and B. H. Sage
OXIDES OF NITROREN IN C01PUS"ICN. Premixed Flame. Combust.
Flame f., (1) 1 - 8, far. 1962.
This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of
combustion conditions in pr°niixed tlai.es upon the formation of the
oxides ot nitrog°n. [Measurements were made of the residual
aiMntity of the oxides of nitrogen in samples taken as a function
of the sriatiBl position in a cylindrical combustor. The
influence ot mixture ratio and of rate or flow of the reactants for
a premixed, natural gas-air flame was studied. In addition the
apparent temperature and mole fraction of carbon dioxide, oxygen
and carbon monoxide were determined as a function of spatial
position in the combustor. It was found that the local
perturbation ot pressure encountered in the combustion was one of
the principal factors in increasing the residual quantities of
oxides ot nitrogen in the products of reaction. The results are
presented in graphical and tabular ±orm. tests are tabulated. The influence or the maximum
apparent temperature upon the residual nitric oxide ratio is
indicated schematically tor compositions containing O.U mole
fraction nitrogen, 0.2 mole fraction oxygen, and O.U mole
traction helium. A markedly hiaher nitric oxiae ration for the
same maximum apparent temperature was found for the tests in which
the light piston was used (initial sample pressure of approx.
1.16 p.?,.!.). Data tor an initial sample pressure of
approximately U.62 p.s.i. shows much less, if any, difference
between the behavior with the liaht ai.d the heavy piston.
Variation in the nitrogen-oxygen ratio haa relatively sirall
irtluence upon the relitionship ot the residual nitric oxide ratio
to the maximum apparent temperature. Approach to chenical
equilibrium in the ballistic piston was established troir a series
of tests made with t h <= piston weighing 3.jy pounds. Measurements
were made upon mixtures which contained equal mole fractions of
nitrocjon and oxygen with O.H mole fraction helium and mixtures
which contained 0.2 mole traction nitric oxide with 0.8 mole
fraction helium. ^he residual nitric oxide ratio resulting from
the nitric oxide-helium sample decreased with an increase in the
maximum apparent temperature. On the other hand, the residual
nitric oxide ratio in the mixture of nitrogen and oxygen
increased with an increase in the maximum apparent tern perature.##
544 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
01914
E. p, Sakaida, R. G. linker, Y. L. Wang, and W. H.
Corcoran
CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF NITRIC OXIDE. A.I.Ch.E. (Am.
Inst. Chem. Fngrs.) J. 7, (4) 658-63, Dec. 1961.
Catalytic decomposition of nitric oxide at a concentration of
0.40i» and 0.1(32% by volume in nitrogen was studied in a
tubular flow reactor. The packing consisted of alumina pellets
impregnated with 0.1% by weight of platinum oxide and 3.0% by
weight of nickel oxide. Tests were conducted at pressures of 1
to 15 atm. and temperatures from 800 to 1,000 F. A rate
eguation correlating the data as a function of temperature,
pressure, and compositions was developed. A reaction mechanism
compatible with the rate eguation is proposed. The rate of the
heterogeneous decomposition of nitric oxide over a platinum-nickel
catalyst supported on activated alumina was found to be second
order with respect to nitric oxide, retarded by atomic oxygen, and
further retarded by the excess nitrogen in the system. The rate
eguation is applicable for the decomposition of nitric oxide
present in nitrogen at concentrations of less than 0.5% within the
temperature range of 800 to 1,000 F. aad a pressure range of 1 to
1b atm.*«
04^20
G. N. Bichter, H. fi. Reamer, and B. H. Sage
OXIDPS OF NITROGEN IN COMBUSTION (EFFECTS OF PRESSURE
PFETUPBATIONS). J. Chem. Eng. Data 8, (2) 215-21, Apr.
1963.
Experimental information was obtained concerning the residual
quantities of the oxides of nitrogen under conditions of
oscillatory combustion. Results indicated a marked variation in
behavior with change in mixture ratio. The treguency of the
oscillations shifted significantly from one regime to another in
the vicinity of a stoichiometric mixture ratio. The quantities of
oxides of nitrogen changed from 2 to more than 60 X .000001 mole
traction with a change in mixture ratio. (Author abstract)##
04921
n. N. Bichter, H. C. Wiese, and G. H. Sage
OXID"S OF KITPOGFN IN COMBUSTION (TUPBULENT DIFFUSION FLAME).
J. Chem. Una. Data 6, (3) 377-84, July 1961.
The influence of mixture ratio and level of turbulence upon the
macroscopic nature of the combustion process was studied.
Particular empr.asis was placed upon the formation of oxides of
nitrogen. The combustion tube was 3.826 inches in inside
diameter and approximately 162 inches long. A cooling jacket-
surrounded the tube and sampling ports were located along its
side. A flow of air at the desired rate was initiated, after
M. Basic Science and Technology 545
-------
which a tlow of natural gas was introduced and adjusted to the
desired rate. Combustion was initiated by an electric spark
located just above the turbulence grid. Studies were made at the
level of turbulence realized ir. the free stream of air and
natural gas, and at thres levels of turbulence induced by three
sots of grids. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen were
determined by conventional Orsat methods. Oxides of nitrogen
were determired by a phenoldisulfonic acid method. Mixture ratio
exerts a pronounced influence upon the formation of the oxides of
nitrogen, and a mixture ratio between 80 and 100% corresponds
approximately to the maximum quantity cf the oxides of nitrogen
in the products of reaction. Perturbation, maximum temperature,
approach to equilibrium, and inhibiting effects of carbon
monoxide all appear to be important in establishing the
formation of the oxides of nitrogen.##
A. J. Haagen-?mit, C. F. Bradley, M. M. Fox
FORMATION OF OZONE IN LOS ANGELES SMOG. Proc. Hatl. Air
Pollution Symp. , 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. 54-6.
When bent pieces ot rubber were exposed to sunlight in the
presence of oxygen and nitrogen dioxide no cracking took
place. Rubber cracked in nitrogen dioxide in air but not when
the air was filtered through charcoal. Rubber cracked
in J-methylheptane and K02 in air but not when either was used
alone; it cracked when introduced to a mixture exposed to
sunlight for several hours. Ozone was identified as the rubber-
cracking material. Rubber cracked in some organic acids
photooxidized with N02 in air; ozone was again isolated
and identified. ?ubber cracked in gasoline photooxidized with
N02 in air. Ozone formed when 4-n-nonene was photooxidized
with N02 in air. Eiacetyl in air cracked rubber when
exposed to sunlight; ozone was identified. Rubber also cracked
with biacetyl and N02 in air. Rubber cracked in butyl nitrite
in air exposed to sunlight. The concentrations of the organic
materials and ot N02 were of the same order as those found
in Los Angeles smog.#*
05204
M. Nicolet
NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE CHEMOSPHERE. Pennsylvania State Univ.,
University Park, Dept. of Electrical Engineering. Dec. 10,
1964. J2 pp. (Scientific Rept. Ho. 227.) (Rept. No.
AFCRL-64-939.)
A study is made ot the various reactions in which nitrogen oxides
are involved in the chemosphere. The hydrogen compounds do not
P-LOV an important role, and it is found that the essential
aeronomic reactions depend on ozone and atomic oxygen. Thus, the
ratio nitrogen dioxide-nitric oxide can be determined. The
absolute values of the N02 and NO concentrations depend on the
dissociation ot molecular nitrogen in the chemosphere. The
chemical conditions cannot be applied in the mesosphere since the
546
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
lite-time of NO is relatively long, and a downward transport is
involved. Very specia] assumptions concerning chemical reactions
would be necessary to reconcile the photochemical picture and the
observational results. The introduction of ionic reactions,
considered in an accompanying paper, will lead to a correct
interpretation. (Author abstract)##
Ob226
E. Ferht, and P. A. Back
THE REACTION OF ACTIVE NITROGEN WITH MIXTURES OF ETHYLENS AND
NITEIC OXIDE . Can. J. Chem. Hi, 1899-904, 1965. (Presented
at the Annual Conference, Chemical Inst. of Canada,
Kingston, June 1964, N.R.C. No. 8406.)
The reaction of active nitrogen, produced in a condensed
discharge at 1 mm pressure, with mixtures of ethylene and nitric
oxice has been studied with mixtures ranging in composition from
pure ethylene to pure nitric oxide. The sum of HCN + 14H1SN
produced from mixtures of C2H4 and 15NO remained constant and
equal to the HCN produced from pure C2H4 for NO
concentrations up to 50 mole %. As more NO was added, this sum
rcse towards the value ot 14N15N produced from pure 15NO.
Those data appear to lend support to the HCN yield from
ethylene as the true measure of nitrogen atoni concentration. It
is suggested that 15NO also undergoes a concerted reaction with
excited 14N14N molecules, to produce 14N15N, and that these
excited molecules can quenched by collision with ethylene or
mothane without consuming nitrogen or forming HCN. (Author
abstract)
Ob267
H. A. Taylor, and D. S. Sethi
NITRIC OXIDE PHOTOLYSIS (FINAL KEPT.)- New York Univ., pBn.y.
(Aug. J1, 1965.) 4 pp. (Pept. No. CP 68048.).
An Aerograph eras chroma t.ograph was used with a millivolt range
recorder. The absorbent was a six inch column ot silica gel, used
at room temperature with helium as the carrier gas at flow rates in
the range ot 60-65 ml/rain. Samples were injected using a
gas-sampling value connected directly to a vacuum system, pressures
being treasured on an octoil manometer. In elution, N2, NO and
N02 were removed in the first ten minutes and N20 around twenty
minutes. The NO and N02 peaks were not always separable, the
one appearing as a shoulder on the other peak at some
concentrations but the retention of the 1J20 permitted easy
separation ar.d therefore recognition. Py calibrating standard
mixtures ot N2, NO, NO2 and N20, a lower limit for the
detection of N20 was established at 10 to the-8th power mole.
Some twenty photolyses of NO at 1470 A were made and the
products analyzed by the new procedure. None of these shewed any
N20. Since there appeared to he seme small variation in the
retention time of N20 from sample to sample of the calibrating
standards, the photolysis product analysis was sandwiched between
two standard runs. No I!2O peak appeared. In an effort to
M. Basic Science and Technology
547
-------
increase the. concer.tratior. of N02 with which N atoms might
react during photolysis, small amounts of oxygen were added to the
NO before photolysis. Still no N20 could be found. Finally,
small amounts of N20 were added initially to the NO and the
mixture photolyzed at 1470 A. The products after the run
contained no N20. It is apparent that during the period of the
photolysis any N20 that iright be produced was decomposing. It
is to be concluded that the N20, suspected in the earlier work
reported in the accompanying reprint, was actually C02 and that
under the experimental conditions with a duration of photolysis
ot from 15 to 20 minutes no N20 is present among the final
products. While definitely answering the question of the presence
ot N20 in the system studied earlier, it must be realized that
another question is posed in its place, namely, if the duration of
the photolysis were shortened, could N20 be found among the
products before its decomposition. To investigate this, as well
as to attempt to answer the question of the effect of a change in
the duration of photolysis, a research assistant has undertaken as
his doctoral problem, NO photolysis at 1470 A by a flow method.*
05286
J. P. Devlin, and I. C. Hisatsune
UREY-SRADLEY POTENTIAL CONSTANTS IN NITPOSYL AND NITRYL HALIDES.
Spectrochim. Acta. 17, 206-17, 1961.
The T'rey-Bradley force field has been used to calculate the
vibrati ortl force c/->ns* = ntp in NOF. NOC1, NCBr, N02F and
N02C1. Refined force constants using harmonic frpquencies of
N'OCl and N02 molecules containing isotopic nitrogen atoms have
also been evaluated. The transfer of Urey-Bradley force
constants from N20U and NOX ro N02X yielded reasonably good
results except for the N - F stretching mode in N02F. For
the nitryl fluoride a possible change in assignment is suggested
trom the present calculations. (Author abstract)##
05288
T. c. Hisatsune, and K. K. P.hee
THE INFRARED SPECTRl'H OF N203. (In: Advances in Molecular
Spectroscopy.) Proc. Fourth Intern. Meeting of Molecular
Spectroscopy, 1959. 3, 989-98, 19b2.
The infrared spectrum ot a mixture of N203 and N20<» was
studied in the liquid phase from 2 to 25 microns and in the solid
phase from 2 to 35 microns, both at low temperatures. By
comparing this spectrum with that ot pure N2CU in the same
phases, absorption bands belonging to H203 were identified. A
tentative assignment ot all but three ot the fundamental
vibrations in N203 is presented. (Author abstract)##
548 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Ob289
I. C. Hisatsune, J. P. Devlin,
INFRARED SPECTRA OF SOME UNSTABLE ISOMERS OF N204 AND N203.
J. Chen. Phys. 33, (3) 71U-9, Sept. 1960.
The temperature dependence of the infrared spectra of N204 and
N203 in the solid phase at liquid-nitrogen temperatures has been
investigated. From these spectra of both 11N and 15N isotopic
molecules, absorption bands which may be assigned to unstable
isomers of these nitrogen oxides have been identified. A
reasonable interpretation of these absorption bands can be made by
assuming the existence of two unstable forms of N20U and one of
N203. (Author abstract)**
Ub290
I. C. Hisatsune
THT ASSIGNMENT OF THE N204 SPFCTRUM. (In: Advances in
Molecular Spectroscopy.) Proc. Fourth Intern. Meeting of
Molecular Spectroscopy, 19b9. J, 982-8, 1962.
Results from recent investigations of the infrared and Raman
spectra or N20<* in the liquid and solid phases at low
temperatures are presented and discussed. An assignment of the
fundamental modes is made and with this the heat capacities of the
solid Irom 20 to 262 K (the melting point) and the entropy of the
solid at the m. p. have been calculated. These calculations agree
well with the experimental values. A normal coordinate
calculation using a modified valence force field has been
attempted and these results are discussed. (Author abstract)##
Shaw, E., F. ?. Cruickshank, and S. W. Benson
THT; REACTION OF NITRIC OXIDE WITH 1,3- AND
1,1-CYCLOHEXANDIENES. J. Phys. Chem., 7 1 (13) : 4538-U5<»3 Dec.
1967. 16 refs.
The gas-phase reactions of nitric oxide with 1,3- and
1 ,«-cyclohexadiene have been studied in a Pyrex reaction vessel
between 306 and 3b9 deg. Initial pressures were varied:
1,3-CH, 3-b7 torr; 1,4-CH, 10-71 torr; and NO, 6"-i*36 torr.
No pressure change could be detected. Products identified by gas
chromatography and mass spectrometry were water, nitroux oxide,
benzene, and traces (about 1U% o± the benzene) of cyclohexene.
Good mass balances were obtained tor the hydrocarbons, but the
water analyses were erratic and the nitrous oxide was less than
given by the stoichiometric equation. The rate of production of
benzene was unaffected by increasing the surface to volume ratio
20 times and was first order in cyclohexadiene and nitric oxide.
The rate-determining step is given. (Authors' abstract,
modified)**
M. Basic Science and Technology 549
-------
05611
S. W. Nicksic, J. Harkins, and E. A. Fries
A RADIOTHACER STUDY OF THE PRODUCTION OF FOHHAI.DEHYDF IN THE
PHOTO-OXTDATION OF ETHYLENE IN THE ATMOSPHERE (PART II—THE
EFFECT OF OTHER COMPOUNDS ON YIELD AND CONVERSION). J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (6) 224-8, June 1964.
In this study, the tracer procedure was used to study some aspects
of the ettect of composition of the irradiated mixture on the
amount of formaldehyde produced from ethylene, the latter being the
dominant olefin in auto exhaust. The irradiation chamber
contained oxidants, N02, CH20, hydrocarbons and aerosols.
Oxidant, nitrogen dioxide, and aerosols were measured in order to
obtain a more complete monitoring record of the reaction.
Chemical formaldehyde and radiochemical formaldehyde measurements
together with gas chromatographic determination of hydrocarbons,
were used to establish yields and conversion. Results showed:
(1) Ethylene gives more formaldehyde ia the presence of oxygenates
and certain aromatics because the reactions are faster; the
fraction converted, however, remains constant. The quantitative
aspects of the effect of oxygenates remain to be studied. (2)
Formaldehyde yield from ethylene irradiated alone depends on the
nitric oxide-hydrocarbon ratio. (3) In the presence of other
oletins, the nitric oxide dependency is much less. (4) Production
ot formaldehyde from ethylene is not influenced by other olefins
except for the nitric oxide effect. In reference to changing
composition of exhaust, oxygenates can be expected to increase
formaldehyde formed during photo-oxidations, but it is not yet
possible to state how big the ettect might be. The removal of
olefins will probably affect formaldehyde production in proportion
to the extent of removal. Removal of other olefins will not
affect the reactions ot ethylene per se except for the nitric
oxiae-hydrocarbon ratio effect.**
0561 J
Levine, M., V. F. Hamilton, and E. Simon
ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HALOGENS AND BUTYL
HALTDES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
14(o):220-223, June 1964. (Presented at the 56th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Detroit, Mich.,
June 9-13, 1963.)
This investigation was oriented toward delineation of the
interactions involved in the chemical inhibition of smog exhibited
by iodine and to a much lesser extent by the other halogens.
Apparatur used for handling and irradiating polluted atmospheric
air was d 500 cu ft chamber enclosed by a "Mylar" polyester film
1 nl thick. The chamber is mounted on large casters allowing
positioning ot the unit for optimum sunlight exposure. When
thermal (dark) reactions are studied, the entire chamber is rolled
into a large, light tight, thermostatically controlled oven.
Other details concerning the laboratory 'procedure are given. The
results of these tests show that neither temperature, over the
range ot about 100 to 200 F, nor sunlight greatly influences the
reaction ratio of 03 with iodine 2, and that sunlight has a much
550 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
greater eftect on the reaction rates of the halogens with 03 than
does temperature. The qualitative rates of halogen-ozone
reactions in purified air in sunlight are iodine 2 greater than
Br2 greater than C12. The effectiveness of iodine 2 in
reducing 03 in a smoggy atmosphere is enhanced over its effect on
03 in purified air, whereas the effectiveness of Br2 and C12 in
quenching smog 03 is diminished. The eftectiveness of Pr2 in
reducing 03 is inhibited by the presence of both saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons, whereas the iodine 2-03 reaction is
unattected.##
05628
E. Briner, K. Pfeiffer, and G. Halet
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY 0? PER07IDATIOK OF NITPOGEN
OXIDS-III (THE INCFEASF IN THE SPEED OF NITROGEN OXIDE
PEHOXIDATION AT VF.PY LOW TEMPERATURES)- J. Chira. Phys.
(Paris) (Translated as JPRS P-8527-D.) 21, 25-4U (1924). Fr.
(Tr.)
The process ot peroxidation of nitrogen oxide, whose speed
increases as the reaction temperature drops, is a purely chemical
process in flat contradiction with the general rule that the
speed of a reaction increases with the rise in temperature. A
systematic study of this phenomenon, measuring the reaction speed
at increasingly low temperatures was conducted. By means of
suitable apparatus and operating methods, the process of
peroxidation over a temperature ran.je from plus 75 deg. to minus
190 deg., was observed. For various temperatures within that
range, the absolute constants of speed as well as the temperature
coefficients were determined. To show clearly the influence of
temperature as it occurs in practice on nitrous gases, whose
composition is generally given in percentages of NO by volume,
the values for the relative constants and the half-reaction times
for various temperatures above and below 0 deg were calculated.
The halt-reaction times are particularly interesting to consider,
since because of the formation of N203 they indicate good
conditions tor recovering nitrous mixtures. To bring out the
effect ot refrigeration at minus 183 deg. and for a mixture
containing 1? NO in air, a mixture about the same as the gas from
an arc furnace, the hall-reaction time is 58 times shorter than
at ordinary temperatures. Intense refrigeration of the nitrous
gases will thus make it possible to reduce the volume of oxidation
chambers by very large pronortions.##
056H3L
H. H. "earner
PARTIAL OXIDATION PRODUCTS FORMED DURING COMBUSTION. Preprint.
1466.
During the period covered by this report, primary effort was in
the investigation of the eftect ot the fuel employed upon the
characteristic perturbations and the residual quantities of the
oxides ot nitrogen. The experimental conditions encountered in
connection with the investigation of the behavior of the
M. Basic Science and Technology 551
-------
propane-air and the n-butane-air system are given. The average
reaction pressure was approximately <«1 p.s.i.a. The composition
of the products of reaction for the ethane-air, propane-air,
n-butane-air and r.atural qas-air systems are tabulated. All the
measurements involving natural gas-air, ethane-air, propane-air
and n-butane-air, were carried out at a stoichiometric mixture
ratio ot approximately U.yj. Variation, in the perturbations of
rormal stress and the frequency, as a function of the molecular
weight ot the fuel are reported. The quantities of residual
oxides ot nitrogen increased rapidly with an increase in molecular
wt tr.om that of the natural gas-air system to that of the
ethane-air system and progressively increased with further
increases in molecular wt. to propane and n-butane. On the other
hand, the perturbations in the double amplitude of the normal
stress decreased progressively with an increase in molecular wt. of
the tuel. Phase relationships between the upper and lower ports
were almost exactly 180 decrees. The frequency was approximately
b09 cycles per sec in the case of the natural gas—air system. An
increase to 521 cycles per sec was founa for the ethane-air system
and a small decrease to b18 and b16 cycles per sec for the
propane-air and the n-butane-air systems respectively was observed.
The analysis of the perturbations in normal stress obtained in
connection with the propana-air and ethane-air systems is
included. It is apparent, as in the case of the ethane-air
system, that a phase relationship slightly reater than 180 degrees
exists between the>upper and lower ports, again confirming that the
primary nature of the perturbations involved a longitudinal wave.t*
Ob824
L. G. Wayne
ON THE MECHANISM 0? PHOTO-OXIDATION IN SKOG. Preprint.
("resented at the Joint Research Conference on Motor
Vehicle Exhaust Emissions and Their Effects, Los Angeles,
Calif., Dec. 5, 1961).
The action of sunlight on urban atmospheres contaminated with auto
exhausts promotes oxidation of hydrocarbons and NO and eventual
accumulation of 03. Some very intriguing problems of chemical
mechanisms are presented by these reactions. It is the purpose
ot this paper to subject to an elementary kinetic analysis some of
the proposed reaction schemes and to introduce a mechanism which
shows promise of explaining certain features of the photooxidation
process. Experiments have established that the oxidant material
is mainly O3. The various hydrocarbons present in automobile
exhaust disappear at different rates; olefins in general react more
rapidly than paraffins, and most olefins react more rapidly than
ethylene, which is the predominant, olefin in auto exhaust.
Relevant information available from experiments involving the
irradiation of synthetic atmospheres containing low concentrations
ot hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen has presented reasoning
leading to the conclusion that react chains are very probably
involved in these systems. Briefly, the reasoning is that, since
NO2 is the only likely primary absorber of actinic light
products, hydrocarbons are probably involved by reaction with the
oxygen atoms produced in the photolysis of N02; but since the
rate of accumulation of products is sometimes faster thar. the
estimated rate of reaction between hydrocarbon molecules and
oxygen atoms, each appropriate oxygen atom collision must lead to
several subsequent steps, i.e., to a chain of reactions. Such a
552 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
chain might promote the conversion ot NO to N02 in either of
two ways: by direct consumption of NO, or by consumption of
molecular oxygen to form 03. Kinetic implications of chain
mechanisms of 3 different types ot examined: (1) A mechanism
offered by Saltzman, in which chains are initiated by free
radicals formed in a hydrogen abstraction reaction by oxygen atoms;
(2) A scheme suggested by Leighton incorporating some suggestion
of Schucfc and Doyle; (3) A new hypothetical mechanism,
serving to illustrate the possible consequences of a chain-
branching step. Further study, particularly of the relative
rates of photooxidation of nitric oxide and olefins in systems with
very little nitrogen dioxide, should provide evidence bearing on
tha importance ot branching chains in the urban photochemical smog
system.**
06320
E. S. Fishburne, D. M. Bergbauer, R. Edse
THE CATALOYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF NITROUS OXIDE AND THE THERMAL
DECOMPOSITION OF NITSOGEN DIOXIDE. Ohio State Univ.,
Columbus, Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Labs.
(Aug. 1965). 35 pp. (Rept. ARL 65-169.) (Contract AF
33(657-8951.) (Project 7065.)
CFSTI, DDC: AD 622692
The reaction between atomic oxygen and N20 has been studied
at temperatures ranging from 1500 to 2100 K. The atomic oxygen
in this study was generated by either the thermal decomposition
ot N02 or the thermal decomposition ot ozone. To determine
the amount of atomic oxygen released in the thermal
decomposition of N02 it was necessary to study this
decomposition in detail. This study was conducted also at
temperatures ranging from 1500 to 2000 K and over a wide
range of concentrations and pressures. The reaction rates
obtained tor the various steps in the decomposition of N02
are in general agreement with those obtained by other
investigators. The reaction of nitrous oxide in the presence
of N02 with Ar as the diluent was studied to determine if
the oxygen released in the decomposition of N02 would accelerate
the decomposition of N20. No noticable acceleration was
observed. Many experiments were conducted with a N20 mole
traction ot 0.02 and 03 mole fractions varying between 0.005 and
0.06, In these experiments the diluent was molecular oxygen.
The presence of atomic oxygen definitely produced ar} increase in
the rate of decomposition ot N20. It is found that the
reaction between atomic oxygen and N20 is pressure dependent. It
is shown that the different rate constants obtained by other
investigators may be reasonably explained on the basis of a
oressure dependent step in the reaction mechanism. (Author
abstract)#*
06U73L
Bonner, B. H.
REACTION RATE DATA FOP SOME NITROGEN/OXYGEN SPECIES. Rocket
Propulsion Establishment, Westcott, England, SPF-TM-425,
M. Basic Science and Technology 553
-------
24p., 1966.
DDC: AD808585
Reaction rate data for sixteen gas phase reactions involving
species composed of nitrogen and oxygen are presented. The
sources of the data presented in each table are given as
references, together with brief indications how the data were
obtained.
06U7/
N. P. Carleton
STUDIES OF METASTAPLE MOLECULES OF ATMOSPHEBIC INTEREST (FINAL
REPT. JUNE 1, 1961-AUG. J1.1966). Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory, Cambridge, Mass. (Oct. 1966). 52 pp. (Pept.
No. AFCHL-66-717.)
CFSTI, DDC: AD 642 851
The work described in this report has focused on the study of
meta.stable states of atoms => nd molecules of atmospheric interest.
The technique was to form a thermal molecular beam and produce
metastables in the beam by electron bombardment. The metastables
drifted along with the beam, and were observed to decay in flight,
to collide with other molecules in a low "pressure gas cell, and
to strike metal surfaces (with subsequent ejection of electrons) .
The following observations were made: (1) N2 metastables excite
the gamma bands of No with a rate of about 1% of the
momentum-transfer collision rate, populating only low vibrational
levels. (2) A long-lived 02,, metastable state around 10.8 ev
reported by others apparently does not exist (but rather belongs
to impurities, in the 02). (3) Long-lived metastable molecules
can effuse directly from a region containing a short duration
( a few msec) afterglow of N2 and (t) Excited N2 molecules
can maintain their excitation after collision with a teflon
surface, with a reflection coefficient of 40% + or- 20%. A
theoretical estimate of the mode of decay of long-lived metastables
shows that electric dipole radiation resulting from spin-orbit
coupling will almost always dominate magnetic quadrupole radiation.
(Author abstract modified)
06698
R. W. Hum, B. Dimitriades, and R. D. Fleming
HOW HYDROCARBON TYPES DETERMINE SMOG-FORMING POTENTIAL OF EXHAUST
GASES. S.A.E. (Soc. Automot. bBeng.) J. 7 H (2), 59-61
(Feb. 1966) .
Relationships between automobile exhaust gas reactivity under
irradiation and composition of unburned hydrocarbons in the
exhaust was studied over a wide range of fuels and driving
conditions. Indices measured were: rate at which NO is
converted to N02; oxidant formation; and formaldehyde formation.
These were correlated with concentrations of; unsaturates
plus oxygenates; non-aromatic unsaturates plus oxygenates; and
non-aromatic unsaturates plus oxygenates, less acetylene and
554 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
propylene. Correlation between composition and chemical
reactivity is not consistent. Oxidant formation is constant
within experimental error limits. Variability in the rate of
N02 formation is considered to be due to variations in
composition, including variations in molecular weight, within each
ot the general classifications with which reactivity correspondence
was sought. Inherently low precision of the analytical method may
be at fault for the + or - 3<456 scatter shown in
formaldehyde-formation data. For exhaust samples of similar
origin (that is, the same fuel), a fairly well defined correlation
exists between reactivity and composition. Extracting all or part
of the unsaturates and oxygenates from exhaust samples does tend
to reduce their reactivity. Nitrogen oxides also play a complex
role in determining reactivity. In a hydrocarbon-nitrogen oxides
mixture, reactivity is more or less a monotonic function of the
hydrocarbon concentration, but its dependence on nitrogen oxides
is not monotonic. Comparing the reactivity ot two exhaust samples
, therefore, means taking account not only of reactive hydrocarbon
concentrations, but also their ratios to nitrogen oxides, as well
as the direction in which the hydrocarbon to nitrogen oxides ratio
affects reactivity.#t
B. H. Sage
FORMATION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN DUPIHG COMBUSTION AT ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE (FIFTEENTH PROGRESS BSPOPT: JANUARY 1 TO JUNE 30,
1967) . Preprint, California Inst. of Tech. , Pasadena,
Chemical Engineering Lab., <(2U))p., 1967. 5 refs.
Experimental results showed that it was not necessary to make any
significant modifications in f-^ combustor used tor this
investigation. The transducers with the flame shields removed
have been found to function satisfactorily at a large number
of ports which are located in the walls of the combustor. A
reflecting disk mounted on a rod was lowered into the
combustor. Provisions were made for movement of the reflecting
disk to different positions along the combustor at distances
from about 60 to 90 inches above the fiameholder. The
experimental program was directed to an understanding of the
longitudinal resonant phenomenon which appeared to be rather
complicated. The perturbations in radial stress and
frequency were determined at ports 12.7, 22.7 and 76.7 inches
from the tlameholder for a relatively large number of
positions ot the reflecting disk. Diagrams ot the equipment
used are shown. Experimental conditions and results of analysis
of the perturbations in radial stress and frequency are presented
in tables, along with other measurements.tt
Sage, B. H.
PARTIAL OXIDATION PRODUCTS FOBBED FURING COMBUSTION (
PARTIAL OXIDATION PRODUCTS FORMED DURING COMBUSTION (SEVENTEENTH
PROGRESS REPORT: JANUARY 1 TO JUNE 30, 1967). Preprint,
M. Basic Science and Technology 555
-------
California Inst. ot Tech., Pasadena, Chemical Engineering
Lab., ((31))p., 1967.
The iconochr omator and collimator employed in the atmospheric
combustor, reported under the 1bth progress report have been
adapted to the pressure combustor. Results obtained after changes
are reported. Tables and diagrams are presented.**
07681
Fontijn, Arthur and Daniel E. Rosner
NO + 0 CHEHILDMINESCENT REACTION USING ADIABATICALLY EXPANDED
NITRIC OXIDE. Virginia Univ., Charlottesville, Dept. of
No. NR- -,,Technical Rept. No. AC-6-P, 7p., Jan. 1967.
18 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 6147978
The rate constant tor the chemiluminescent reaction NO + 0 yields
N02 + hv has Decently been observed from upper-atmospheric chemical
releases and simulated releases in a low-density wind tunnel to be
several orders o± magnitude higher for adiabatically expanded than
for "normal" NO. In this note, it is shown that this enhancement
can be attributed to the presence of clustered NO based on super
saturation calculations and recent mass spectrometric gas-sampling
data. These clusters allow the normal three-body excitation step
to be replaced by a two-body step tor which the observed rate
constant is shown to be quite reasonable. (Authors' abstract,
modified)
07771
Hedley, A. B.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FOPHATION OF SULPHUR TRIOXIDE IN FLAME
GASES. J. Inst. Fuel, 40 (315) :142-151, April 1967. 48 refs.
The formation of sulphur trioxide within flame gases not due to
catalytic oxidationbjy stationary surfaces over which the gases
pass is discussed. Thermodynamic considerations are briefly
presented as well as a discussion of previous work on sulpjur
trioxide formation in flames which is divided into enclosed and
unenclosed flame studies. In a section on the kinetics and
mechanisms involved, the role of oxides of nitrogen as a
homogeneous catalyst, and airborne ash particles as a heterogeneous
catalyst, are discussed. The importance of residence time and
temperature of gases in combustion appliances is emphasized and the
paucity of information available on suitable reaction rate data is
indicated.
556 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
OBB45
Altshuller, A. P., s. L. Kopczynski, W. A. Lonneman,
T. I. Becker, and D. Wilson
PHOTOOXIDATION OF PROPYLENE WITH NITPOGEN OXIDE IN THE PRESENCE
OF SULFUF DIOXIDE. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
((10))p., ((1967)) . 13 refs.
The photooxidation of 2 ppm of propylene and 0.5 ppir, of nitrogen
oxide was investiqated under dynamic flow conditions with sulfur
dioxide~presert in the reaction mixtures at concentrations from 0.0
to 1.2 ppm. Application of the statistical 't' test showed no
significant differences in rates of consumption of propylene and
nitrogen oxide or in yields of oxidant, peroxyacetyl nitrate,
formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde among tests at the various levels of
sultur dioxide, including zero ppm. Amounts of sulfur dioxide
consumed in the reactions ranged from 25 to 50%. Although a
sultur balance was not obtained, appreciable amounts of sulfate
were measured as a product of the oxidation of the sulfur dioxide.
On the basis of previous investigations, the sulfate is believed
to be present as sulfuric acid aerosol. These results suggest
that appreciable levels of oxidant may occur in urban atmospheres
even when high concentrations of sulfur dioxide are present.
(Authors' abstract)##
09046
Sage, B. H.
PARTIAL OXIDATION PRODUCTS FORMED DUEING COMBUSTION.
(F.IGHT2ENTH PROGRESS REPORT: JULY 1 TO DECEMBDR 31, 1967.)
Preprint, California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Chemical
Engineering Lab., ( (65) ) p. , 1967. ((21)) refs.
The modifications in the pressure combustor were found to function
satisfactorily and have permitted measurements of both the
perturbations in normal stress and the perturbations in total and
monochromatic optical intensity. Experimental activities have
been limited primarily to obtaining information concerning the
perturbations in total and monochromatic optical intensities
utilising air and natural gas as fuel. Results are presented in
several tables. To more fully explain the behavior in the
pressure combustor, a set of routine computer programs to permit
the prediction of the composition of the products of reaction for
any mixtures of air and any hydrocarbon was completed. The
•calculations have been carried out for varying rates of heat loss
from the combustor. The exit temperature from the combustor was
computed in this fashion. It was also computed from the rate of
flow of gas through the converging-diverging nozzle at the exit of
the combustor. Rather good agreement was obtained between these
widely different means of evaluating the exit temperature. The
complicated behavior of the perturbations in normal stress at the
two ends of the combustor is depicted. The behavior depicted can
be explained by the difference in temperature at the two ends of
the combustor and the markedly greater radial temperature
distributions near the exit of the combustor. Furthermore, the
velocity of wave propagation is somewhat different at the same
point in the combustor depending on the direction of propagation as
M. Basic Science and Technology 557
-------
a result ot the local momentum velocity of the gases. A
manuscript derived from the work upon the oscillatory combustion in
the pressure combustor, has been completely reworked. A
significant amount of additional experimental information was
included. The revised manuscript which covers all of the
experimental work that has been completed with the pressure
combustor tor the air-natural gas system, is appended-##
U907B
Cadle, R. D. and F. E. Grahek
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THE SYSTEH KETESE-NO-H2. In: International
Conference on Photochemistry Held at Kunchen, September 6-9,
1967,Fart I, Preprints. Hax-Planck-Institut fuer Kohlenforschung,
Muelheim an der Ruhr, West Germany, p. 113-125, Sept. 1967.
CFSTI: ?B 176466
Nitric oxide has been found to react rapidly with singlet methylene
produced by the photolysis of ketene and possibly also with excited
ketene, judging from the ratios ethylene produced/ketene reacted.
The presence of nitric oxide prevented the formation of methane and
ethane when ketene-NO-K2 mixtures were irradiated at room
temperature or 200 C. The products resulting from the presence
of nitric oxide were all of low molecular weight, judging from the
mass spectra. Eight products were separated using gas
chromatography and their mass and infrared spectra determined.
Only one, hydrogen cyanide, was definitely identified. (iuthors|
abstract)
09U79
K. F. Preston, R. J. Cvetanovic
THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF BUTENE-1 BY NITROGEN DIOXIDE AT SHORT
WAVE-LENGTHS. In: International Conference on
Photochemistry Held at Munchen, September 6-9, 1967, Part I,
Preprints. Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kohlenforschung,
Muelheim an der Buhr, West Germany, p. 166-192. Sept. 1967.
17 refs.
CFSTI: PB 176166
The photooxidation of butene-1 by nitrogen dioxide has been
studied at 2288 A and at longer wavelengths. From the measured
effects ot additions of inert and other gases on the product
yields it is concluded that 1D2 oxygen atoms participate in the
photooxidation at 2288 A. Ground state oxygen atoms, produced by
the photodissociation of N02 and possibly by quenching of
0(1D) by the oletin, are also important in the
photooxidatun at 2288 A, and are believed to give rise to
practically all of the observed yields of the addition porducts,
n-butanal and 1,2 epoxybutane. The indications are that the
reaction of 0(10) with butene-1 at total pressures below one
atmosphere yields very little stabilized addition product.
(Authors' abstract)##
558 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
09755
Cullis, C. F. , R. M. Benson, and D. L. Trimm
THE KINETICS OF THE HOHOGENSOUS GASEOUS OXIDATION OP SULPHUR
DIOXIDE. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London). Ser.A, Vol. 295, p.
72-aJ, Nov. «, 1966. 20 refs.
Studies ot the gaseous oxidation of sulphur dioxide show that in
the absence of added catalysts an apparently homogenous reaction
can be observed only over a rather narrow temperature range (900 to
1050 deg. C) . On the basis ot the dependence of the rate of this
reaction on the concentration of the reactants and of the value of
the activation energy a tentative reaction mechanism is proposed
which involves initially the collisional activation of sulphur
dioxide. In the presence of nitric oxide, reaction takes place at
an appreciable rate at temperatures as low as too deg. C. The
catalysed reaction is essentially homogeneous and its rate is
unaffected by nitrogen and water vapour. At fairly high
concentrations of nitric oxide, the rate is approximately
proportional to the square of the catalyst concentration and to the
first power of the oxygen concentration, but is almost independent
ot the concentration of sulphur dioxide and of temperature. In the
presence ot lower concentrations of the additive, the rate is
approximately proportional to the first power of both the nitric
oxide and oxygen concentrations, increases slightly with the
sulphur dioxide concentration, and is appreciably dependant on
temperature. The observed kinetic relationships car. be
satisfactorily explained in terms of a mechanism involving the
interaction of sulphur dioxida with the species, N02 and H03, the
relative contribution of the two reactions vary with the
concentrations ot the reactants and with temperature.
10129
Hum, R. W., Basil Dimitriades, and R. D. Fleming
EFFECT OF HYDROCARBON TYPE OF REACTIVITY OF EXHAUST GASES. In:
Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE Progress in Technology Series, Vo.,
12, New York, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1966, p. 1-9.
6 refs. (Presented at the Mid-Year Meeting, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Chicago, 111., May 1965.)
Unburned hydrocarbons and other products of combustion are
recognized as contributors to photochemical air pollution. The
work reported here was a tirst approach in finding an expression of
exhaust gas quality—or compositional characteristic—that
would associate directly with the photochemical activity of the
composite sample. Olefins, aromatics, and partial oxidation
products have been cited as the principal smog precursors in
exhaust gas. However, results of this study indicate that for the
general case, collective determination of these classes provides
and unreliable indication of reactivity. The findings are expected
to be useful in further development ot methods to measure — or
predict — the air polluting potential of exhaust gas with
increased reliability. (Authors abstract)
M. Basic Science and Technology 559
-------
10907T
Lunge, G. and E. Berl
NITPOGBN OXIDES AND THE LEAD CHAMBER PPOCESS. II. BEHAVIOR
OF A MIXTURE OF GAS2S, PRESUMABLY NO + N02, IN CONCENTRATED
SULFURIC ACID AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE 1/5 N. ((Untersuchungen
ueber Stickstotfoxyde und ueber den Bleikammerprozess. II.
Verhalten eines Gasgercisches von der ungefaehren Zusammensetzung
NO + N02 gegen konz. Schwefelsaeure und 1/5-n.
Natronlauge.)) Translated from German. 2. Angew. Chem.
(Weintieim) , 1 9 (1 9) : 857-869 , May 1906.
The behavior of a gas [fixture containing NO and N02 in
suit uric acid and sodium hydrp_xide_ was investigated with the result
that for analytical purposes sulfuric acid is the only absorption
liquid tor this gas mixture. Also the behavior of nitrogen oxide
in the presence of oxyaen and water was studied together with the
kinetics of nitrogen oxide oxidation with oxygen or air. The
kinetic curves indicated that the reaction 2NO+02=N2OU takes
place at a constant rate which indicates that the oxidation takes
place directly without formation of N203 as an intermediate.##
11279
Jaffe, Sigmund and Fritz S. Klein
ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE REACTIONS OF ATOMIC OXYGEN PRODUCED BY THE
PHOTOLYSIS OF N02 AT 3660 A. Trans. Faraday Soc.
62(527), Part II, pp. 3135-3141, Nov. 1966. 26 refs.
Isotopically labelled atmoic oxygen, produced by the photolysis
of N1302 at: 3660 angstroms, was allowed to react with CO,
C02 N20, 02 and COC12, respectively. The rates and
mechanisms of the exchange reactions are discussed. The
specific rate constants were determined for the process.ft
13212
Kjellman, B.
VENTILATORS EFFICIENCY, CAPACITY AND LONG VOLUMES IN HEALTHY
CHILDREN. Scan. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 23(1):19-29, Feb. 1969.
UB refs.
The ventilator? efficiency of healthy children was investigated
with a nitrogen wash-out technique. Nitrogen elimination tine
was considerably shorter than in adults and the reproducibility
was lower. The reproducibility of wash-out volume, functional
residual capacity (FRC) and lung clearance index (LCI) was as
high for the children as that reported for adults. -The mean and
SD values of LCI agreed with those found in adults, investigated
with the same equipment. The range of the Lichtneckert-
Lundgren index of alveolar ventilation (IAV) was in agreement
with that found in adults. Lung volumes and ventilatory capacity
differed in some respects from the findings in earlier
investigations of healthy Swedish children. .(Author abstract
modified)
560 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
1 3223
Adrussow, Leonid
THE CATALYTIC NITRIC OXIDE REDUCTION AND AMMONIA OXIDATION (IV).
(Uber die katalytische Stickoxyd-Peduktion und Amraoniak-
Oxydation (IV)). Text in German. Chem. Ber. , vol. 60:536-540,
1927. 13 refs.
For further clarification oi the ammonia oxidation which was
studied in three earlier works, it seemed desirable to also study
the reverse process, i.e., the reduction of nitric oxide to
ammonia. For this purpose, a mixture of nitric oxide and
hydrogen was passed with constant speed over a Pt screen
catalyst. After a period of 50 to 80 min required to establish
equilibrium, the vessels for the analysis were connected.
Ammonia was absorbed by distilled water in the apparatus and a
constant flow of oxygen for oxidation to NO was added. The
nitric oxides thus obtained were absorbed in sodium hydroxide
and frozen with liquid air. Compared to the rapid oxidation of
ammonia, the effect of molecular hydrogen on nitric oxide with
a platinum catalyst is rather sluggish even at contact times
1000 times as long. Even at the high temperature of 850 C, half
of the nitric oxide passed the catalyst without dissociation.
Prolonging the contact period from 0.001 sec to 0.006 and 0.003
s°c lead to a 90% reduction of the nitric oxide. Between 600
and 650 C, a considerable amount of nitrogen formed, due to the
dissociation of ammonia product. Without a catalyst, the
effect of hydrogen on nitric oxide remains sluggish even at high
temperatures.
1322U
Hanchot, W. and Hans Schmid
THE STUDY OF METAL NTTROSO COMPOUNDS: A NITRIC OXIDE COMPOUND OF
MANGANESE. (Zur Kenntnis der Metall-Nitroso-Verbindungen: Uber
eine Stickoxyd-Verbindung des Mangans). Text in German. Chem.
Ber., vol. 59:2360-2363, 1926. 3 refs.
A nitric oxide compound of manganese was prepared for the first
time. MnC1
-------
cooling, JO cc alcohol are added. Then, in a nitric oxide
atmosphere, 6.5g (5 mol) potassium cyanide in 15 cc water is
added at 0 C or at room temperature. A considerable but
varying amount ot gray-green KMn(CN)3 forms, while the solution
turns purple. Alter several precipitating and filtering
operations, about 1 to 2 g of crystallized pure substance is
obtained. The results ot the analyses show complete agreement
with the experiments on nitric oxide binding by MnC12 and
potassium cyanide mixtures. Manganese is neither oxidized nor
reduced. The compound corresponds to the sodium nitroprusside
of Ts (II) .
1 3265
Pierce, J. A.
A STUDY OF THF REACTION BETWEEN NITBIC OXIDE AND HYDROGEN
SULPHIDE. J. Phys. Chem., 33(1):22-36, Jan. 1929. 15 refs.
The conditions of the reaction between nitric oxide and hydrogen
sulfide were studied at tempfiiatures between 28 and 100 C.
Peaction conditions varied by conducting a series of experiments
in, (a) a plain glass chamber, (b) with added silica gel, and
(c) with added glass wool. The reaction proceeded under all
conditions; the slowest velocity was obtained when no catalyst
was used. Increased surface provided by glass wool accelerated
the reaction to a rate comparable to that with silica gel. The
reaction is heterogeneous, as confirmed by the slowing of the
reaction in the presence of inhibiting colloidal sulfur. The
stoichiometric expression for the reaction is: 2ND 2H2S yields
2H20 2S - N2. A negative temperature coefficient was found and
ascribed to decreased association of NO to form N202 at the
higher temperatures. The accumulation ot colloidal sulfur as
a result of the reaction is the cause of the inhibitory effect
observed. It appears to be a mechanical coating of the catalyst.
The glass wall of the reaction chamber and the filaments of glass
wool were acted upon by water and H2S with formation of
amorphous silicon dioxide. (Author summary modified)
13312
Schonfeld, E.
COMPUTER CALCULATED CONCENTRATIONS IN THE REACTIONS OF NITROGEN
AND OXYGEN. J. Chem. Educ., U5 (3) : 173-175, March 1968.
The efficiencies of the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen to form
NO at high temperatures and the further oxidation of NO to N02
at low temperatures can be calculated as a function of the
initial gas composition, temperature, and pressure. Three
computer programs were developed to perform all the
computations. The first one computed eguilibrium constants
for all the reactions as a function of temperature. The input
values to the program were the thermodynamic values that can be
obtained from tables. The second and third computer programs
solved the eguilibrium concentrations ot the high temperature
reactions and low temperature reactions, respectively. These
programs permiteed the determination of the eguilibrium yields
ot NO and N02 as a function of temperature, pressure, and initial
conditions (for any N/0 atom ratio). The computer programs were
written in Fortran.
562 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
133U1
Jshmore, P. G. and B. P. Levitt
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Ses. Correspondence,
9(6) : S25-S26, June 1956- 3 refs.
Dnusually high initial rates were observed for the thermal
decomposition of nitroqen dioxide at low pressures near deg C.
The decomposition reaction followed second order kinetics and
therefore the graph of 1/N02 against time should be linear.
With runs at higher pressures, however, the slope reached a
constant value rapidly. This non-lir.earity was completely
suppressed by the addition of an equal pressure of nitric oxide.
Nitrogen did not have the same effect, even at pressures up to
0.5 atm. A reaction scheme involving the H03 radical was
suggested to explain these results.
Stopperka, K., F. Volf, and G. Suss
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE REACTIONS BETWEEN NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND
SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE GAS PHASE. (Untersuchungen uber die
Umsetzung zwischen Stickstot tdioxid und Sch wef eldioxid in der
Gasphase) . Text in German. Z. Anorg. Allgen. Chem. , 359(1/2):
14-29, June 19f)8. 21 rets.
After reviewing earlier work on nitrogen dioxide/salt ar d-ioxide
reactions, it is conclude"! ^hat the catalytic action of water
was never properly investigated. In the present work, the gas
phase interaction between N02 and S02 at H20 partial pressures
of 0.005 Torr and 0.000001 Torr and temperatures up to 230 C
were manoroetrica lly investigated. At an H20 partial pressure of
less than O.U00001 lorr, the reaction started at 225 C according
to the equations: 2 N02 yields 2 MO plus 02; 2 S02 plus 02 yields
2 303; and 2 S03 plus N02 plus NO yields (NO) 2S207. In the
presence of water vapor at a partial pressure less than 0.005
Torr, the reaction 3 N02 plus 2S02 plus H20 yields 2 HOHSOU plus
NO proceeds rapidly even at 25 C. An equilibrium between N203
and N02 plus NO is established. Alter all water is consumed, the
reaction doesnot stop, but it changes to the following: 3 N203
plus 2 S02 yields (NOJ2S207 plus U NO, and NO plus 3 N02 plus 2
302 yields (NO) 2S207 plus 2 NO. During all reactions, the walls
of the vessels were covered by hard, white crystals which were
identified as (KO)2S207 with admixtures of NOHSOU. Since this
reaction is important for gypsum-sulf uric acid plants, other
catalysts were investigated. Glass wool, Pt-asbestos, rust, and
V205 did not influence the reaction other than as water carriers.
The apparatus used is described and the compound (NO)2S207 was
identified by its melting point and Debye pattern.
13355
Brcic, Branko S., Danilo Dobcnik and Ljubo Golic
THE "FACTION KINETICS OF NITROGEN OXIDES KITH CALCIUM OXIDE.
(Uber den Vprlauf der Bindung der Stickstoffoxyde an
M. Basic Science and Technology 563
-------
Calciumoxyd) . Text in German. lonatsh. Chem., 9U(6):11U5-
115J, 1963. 6 refs.
For the isothermal measurement ot the sorption of nitrogen oxides
on CaO at. pressures froir 0.05 to 1 atm and at temperatures from
20 to 650 C, the CaO was freshly prepared frcm CaC03 by heating
to 900 C within yo mm and maintaining this temperature for 30
min. The specific surface obtained was 5.0 plus or - 0.2 sg m/g.
Th
-------
1J392
Addison, W. E. and B. PI. Barrer
SOHPTION AND REACTIVITY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND NITBIC .OXIDE IN
CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS SILICEOUS SORBENTS. J. Chem. Soc.,
Part 1, p. 757-769, 1955.
Zeolite-induced reaction processes occurring in an intracrystalline
environment were investigated by observing the sorption and
reactivity of nitrous and nitric oxide in crystalline sorbents
(chabazits, roocdenite, taujasite and the synthetic zeolite Na-A)
and amorphous sorbents (porous glass, Doucil, and silica gel). All
sorbents were outgassed for 2H hr at indicated temperatures, and
tirst characterized and compared by a study o± oxygen and argon
sorption. The affinity between oxygen and the sorbent varied
according to the cation present. Nitrous oxide was sorbed much
more strongly than oxygen or argon so its sorption was studied
between -78 and 350 K. Both chabazite and mordenite were effective
in bringing about the reaction 4NO equals N203, but irtracrystalline
nitrate and nitrite reduced the sorption activity of chabazite.
Disproportionation of sorbed nitric oxide was noted in the
reactivity of sorbed nitric oxide towards oxygen. Findings
indicate striking differences between zeolites acting as
disproportionation catalysts and the relatively feeble catalysts
observed with siliceous gel sorbents. It was concluded that
an intracrystalline environment promotes reactivity.
1JU07
Gehlen, Heinz
ON THE REACTION AND PPOPEPTIES OF NITRIC OXID2 AND ITS COMPOUNDS.
II. STUDIES OF THE SAITS OF NITPIC CXIDE-SULFU^OUS ACID. (Ueber
Reaktionen und Eigc-nschatten des Stickoxyds und seiner
Verbindungen, II. Mitteil.: Zur Kenntnis der Salze der
stickoxyd-schwetligen Saeure.) Text in Geriran. Chem. ?er.,
65: 1130-11KO,' 1932." 19 rets.
While the alkali salts of nitric oxide-sulfurous acid, e.g.
K2SOU. wv>0 (2HONHSOHK plus 2KOH plus 0 yields K2S04.N20 plus K2S03
plus JH20), had been studied in detail, the corresponding heavy
metal salts could not be obtained. But the reaction between
heavy metal salts and K2S04.N20 yields double salts,, some of
which are described here. The salt K2SOU.N20 was prepared by
the reaction o± nitric oxide ga.<= with potassium sulfite. A
reaction of this alkali salt with zinc sultate produced
Ki»Zn(S04,N20) 3. Similarly, K4Co (S0<4 ,N20) 3 , K4Kn (SOU, N20) 3, and
K2Cd(SOU,N2C) 2 were obtained. The coloration of aqueous solutions
of these double salts indicates complex formation. Addition of
sulturic acid destroys the color, while K2SOU.N20 restores it.
The decomposition temperatures were determined. The chemical
analysis at the tour double salts is briefly described. The
thallium salt T12SC4.N20, was also prepared. The absorption
rates of. nitric oxide on the sulfites of thallium, lithium,
sodium and potassium were also studied, and no differences in
the rates were found. The homolcgous compounds, i.e., the
selenites and tellurites, cannot absorb nitric oxide in alkaline
solution. It is proposed that the easy and complete decomposition
of K2S04.N2C be used tor the preparation ol N20. Nitrous oxide
was determined by the explosion method after mixing with hydrogen.
M. Basic Science and Technology 555
-------
Haseba, S., T. Shimose, S. Kubo, and I. Kitagawa
NITETC OXIDE EXPLOSION. Chora. Er,q. Progr. , 62(4):92-96, April
1466. B rets.
P method was tound to analyze lew-concentration hydrocarbons
assumed to have contributed to an explosion in the second heat
exchanger of a nitrogen wash unit. Acetylene, 1,3-butadiene, and
allene existed in the crude gas in the order of 2 to 3 ppm, 0.2
to 0.5 ppm, 3n<3 (J«2 to 0.3 pprr, respectively. Nitric oxide was
detected at concentrations IP the order of 0.005 to 1 ppm through
oxidation with permanganate and sulfuric acid, followed by
calorimetric detection with, the Gness-Salt zman reagent. Findings
showed that more than 90% ot NO entered the unit accumulated in
the second heat exchanger, mo.= t of it oxidized to nitrogen dioxide
and nitrous anhydride, which is more reactive with hydrocarbons
than NO. Experiments confirmed the possibility of spontaneous
ignition in the second exchanaer and the composition of reaction
products between nitrogen and conjugated dienes. An adsorption
process is now used to remove NO, in which Na2Cr02 or C12 are added
to the wash-water circuit.
1311 /
Spealraan, y. L. and K. H. Podebush
THE REACTION OF SOKE OXIDES OF NITPOGEN KITH ATOHIC OXYGEN AND
NITROGEN. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 57 («) : 14 74-1 4 76 , Aug. 1935. 6 refs.
Laboratory observations of the reaction N02 plus 0 equals NO plus
02, indicated a reaction probability of .00001 per collision at
40 deg. The reactions N plus N02 equals 2ND, and N plus NO equals
N2 plus 0 are shown to be rairly rapid. It is further reported that
the reaction NO plus 0 equals Hc2 probably takes place by
triple collision, and is accompanied by an oxygen afterglow.
13452
Clough, P. N. and B. A. Thrush
FOPMRTION OF VIEPATIONALLY EXCITED N20 IN THE REACTION OF N ATOMS
WITH N02. Discussions Faraday Soc., No. 44:205-207, 1967. 7 refs.
Nitrogen dioxide was added to active nitrogen from a microwave
discharge to learn if vibrational excitation characterized the
newly torineo oonds ot the polyatomic reaction products N20 plus
0 plus 42.4 kcal. At 0.5 mm, Hg, emission of v1 plus v3 and v2
plus v3 was found, but at 0.05 mm Hg the intensities of bands
involving vl and v2 were found to be greatly reduced relative to
those involving only v3, demonstrating the collisional
redistribution of energy from v3 to v1 and v2. When total pressures
were raised, there was no evidence of either 2v3 or v2 plus v3, and
it was concluded that less than 10% of the molecules formed with
stretching vibrational energy have any excitation of v2. The
failure to detect excitation ot the bending vibration v2
suggests a 'repulsive' type of surface wnere the eneray is
released during product separation.
566 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Dunnlcliff, H. B., Sardar Mohammad, and Jai Kishen
THS INTERACTION BETWEEN NITRIC OXIDE AND HYDROGEN SULPHIDE IN THE
PRESENCE OF WATER. J. Phys. Chem. Vol. 34:1-721-1734, 1931.
18 refs.
The reactions of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfides in the presence
ot water, ammonium nitrite, ammonium sulfide, or ammonium
thiosuifate were studied and their products were determined and
measured. Nitric oxide reacted with hydrogen sulfide solution
giving ammonium nitrite, ammonium thiosuifate, sulfur, nitrous
oxide, and nitrogen. An ammonium sulfide solution was decomposed
by nitric oxide to give polysulfides of ammonium and small amounts
of ammonium thicsulfate and nitrous oxide and nitrogen were
evolved. Excess o* the reducing agent gave pure nitrogen, but
excess of the oxidizing agent increased the yield of nitrous
oxide. Saturated hydrogen sulfide solution completely reduced
nitrous oxide to nitrogen and ammonia, and slpwly converted
ammonium nitrite into ammonia and small amounts of nitrogen.
Nitric oxide slowly converted dilute solutions of ammonium
thiosuifate into ammonium sulfate and nitrogen.
13503
Click, H. S., J. J. Klein, and H. Squire
SINGLE-PULSE SHOCK TUBE STUDIZS 0? THE KINETICS OP THE REACTION
N2 PLUS 02 YIELDS 2NO (2ND YIELDS N2 PLUS 02) BETWEEN 2000-
3000 K. J. Chem. Phys., 27 (4) :850-857, Oct. 1957.
The design of conbustors for jet engines, the calculation of
the properties of hypersonic flow fields, and the modification
and improvement of chemical processes are among the problems
requiring data on high chemical reaction kinetics. In the
single-pulse shock tube method, developed at the Cornell
Aeronautical Laboratory for processing a reactant gas sample
with a single closely controlled, high temperature reactant
qas, data on high temperature kinetics is obtained by analyzing
'debris' produced by the high-temperature pulse. The kinetics
ot nitric oxide formed in the temperature range 2000 to 3000 K
were studied, using krypton, argon, and a mixture of argon-
helium as diluents. The variation observed in the apparent
activiation energy for k2 with different diluents indicated
that the bimolecular mechanism is not dominant. When experiments
were- performed at constant room temperature (2580 K) , it was
observed that k2 varied as the inverse square root of the
concentration of air. When an oxygen nitrogen mixture was
used at a constant reaction temperature of 2500 K, the k2 varied
inversely with the square root of the molecular oxygen
concentration parallel Zeldovich's findings. The rate-
determining step in the chain is: 0 plus N2 yields NO plus N,
with deltaH2500 deg equals 75.8 kcal/mole. The reactivation
energy tor this step is 74 plus or minus 5 kcal/mole. The
collision cross-section is 10 to the minus 16 power sq cm,
which corresponds to a steric factor of about 0.05.
M. Basic Science and Technology 557
-------
"ichailova, F. A.
THE KINTTCS OF THE REACTION PFTWEEN AMMONIA AND NITRIC OXIDE ON
THE SURFACE OF A PLATINUM FILAMENT. Acta Physicochim. USSR,
10 (b) : f-b l-blb, 19J
-------
New experimental data gave further information on the mechanism
for the chemiluminescent NO—O-Atom reaction. Results were
obtained for the change of emission intensities from 10 to
300 microns pressure. Some studies were also made on the
effects of Ar, C02, He, N20, 02, and C£U as third bodies.
The results support a simple two body recombination
tor the mechanism of light emission: NO plus 0 equals N02
plus energy.
Hlmmelblau, D. M., C. R. Jones, and K. B. Bischoff
DETERMINATION OF RATE CONSTANTS FOR COMPLEX KINETICS MODELS.
Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals, 6 (4) : 539-543, Nov. 1967. (31)
ref s.
A aethod of determining kinetic rate coefficients for conplex
reactions by user-oriented iterative methods is described.
The differential equations representing the reaction system may
be nonlinear in the dependent variable, but must be linear in
the coefficients. Direct integration of the model for a
sequence of time steps permits the model coefficients to be
estimated by maximizing the multivariate correlation coefficient,
which is the same as minimizing the sum of the squares of the
weighted deviations. Three weighting schemes are compared.
It is concluded that this method of calculating rate parameters
can be used for nonlinear systems and fairly complex systems
with reasonable accuracy. Its main weakness is the sensitivity
of the desired parameters to errors in the initial integrals.
This can be compensated for in experimentation by obtaining
a greater number of data points during the rapidly changing
stage of the concentration-time curve.
Jordan, C. V., A. L. Ward, and W. H. Fulweiler
GUM DEPOSITS IN GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. VAPOP-PHASE GUM
(CONTINUED). Ind. Sng. Chf>m. , 26 (10) : 1028-1 038, Oct. 1934.
10 rets.
A study of the ettect of the vapor-phase gum accumulating on
;he adjusting needles ot gas pilot lights showed that the amount
of gum required to extinguish an ordinary pilot light is
0.000065 g and that the gum is produced by the catalytic
oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen peroxide followed by the
reaction of the peroxide with unsaturatec! hydrocarbons.
Freedom from the vapor-phase gum can be assured only when the
quantity of nitric oxide is on the order of 0.000005% or lower
by volume. Since combustion products are the principle source
ot nitrogen oxides, the formation of vapor-phase gum can be
controlled at its source. A suggested method of reducing
nitrogen oxides is to reduce the negative pressure on retorts
or ovens and to purge combustion products in water-gas sets,
thereby producing a blue gas containing less than 3% total
nitrogen. Methods involving oil scrubbing and steam spraying
had no appreciable effect on nitric oxide.
M. Basic Science and Technology 569
-------
1354b
Stoddart, E. H.
THE REACTION OF PHOSPHORIC ANHYDEIDE WITH NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND
KITH NTT7IC OXIDE. J. Chem. Soc., p. 1459-1461, 1938.
It was shown that nitrogen dioxide and phosphoric anhydride
react at 250 deq to form a glassy compound, P205.2NO, with
the liberation of oxygen. The compound P205.XN02, previously
identified by Smith (J. Chem. Soc., 1926:1886), does not
appear to exist. It is clear that when Smith treated his
material with water, nitric oxide was evolved but not noticed,
in the reaction P205.2NO plus H20 yields 2KP03 plus 2NO, and
this gas reacted with the oxygen present to give the brown
nitrogen dioxide. The compound P205.2NO is also formed by direct
union of nitric oxide and phosphoric anhydride. The observations
arp important in considering the influence of intensive
drying on the reaction between nitric oxide and oxygen.
1 J55H
Barrer, "ichard M. and William E. Addison
DISPOQPORTIONATION OF NITRIC OXIDF USING CRYSTALLINE ZEOLITES AS
CATALYSTS. (Union Carbide Corp., New York, N. Y.) U.S. Pat.
2,K5J,.i65. 7p., Sept. 23, 195d. 1 ref. (Appl. Feb. 7, 1955,
1 2 claims.)
A process for disproportionating nitric oxide to form nitrous
oxide and hiaher nitrogen oxides is presented. The nitric oxide
is absorbed by partially dehydrated zeolite crystals at a
temperature below 0 c. At this temperature, the nitric oxide
is decomposed to nitrous oxide and nitrogen peroxide. At 150 C
the nitrous oxide is liberated and the nitrogen peroxide forms
nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide. Nitrogen dioxide is liberated
by heating the zeolite crystals to 200 C.
1 J559
Caudle, D. G. and K. G. Denbigh
KINETICS OF THE ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN PEROXIDE THTO WATER AND
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. Trans Faraday Soc., 49:3^-52, 1953. 9 refs.
Experimental measurements were made on the rate of absorption of
nitrogen peroxide Tito water and aqueous solutions of sodium
hydroxide and calcium chloride. The absorption speed was
determined as a function of the gas composition, the gas and
liquid flow rates, and the temperature. Over a large range of
conditions it is found that the absorption rate is a linear
function of the concentration ot N204 in the gas phase. This
indicates that the speed of the process is determined by the
chemical reaction of N204 with water, and not by diffusion. In
order to explain the effect of ga«^ and liquid flow rates some
tentative new ideas are put forward which represent a departure
from the traditional 'two film' tneory. It is suggested that, at
570 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
any moment, the whole ot a gas-liquid interface is not equally
active in absorption, and that the activity of any part is
determined by the local conditions of eddying and mixing which,
in turn, depend both on the gas and liquid flow rates. Attention
is also drawn to the phenomenon of rippling at the interface.
(Authors' abstract modified)
1Jb61
Chambers, F. S. , Jr. and T. K. Sherwood
ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE BY AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. Ind. Eng.
Chem., 29:1415-1422, 1937. 24 refs.
The significance ot diftusional resistances in the absorption of
nitrogen dioxide by water and aqueous solutions of nitric acid or
alkali was studied. Nitrogen dioxide was absorbed from a mixture
in nitrogen using basic solutions varying from 2.7 to 34.1% NaOH
and acid solutions varying from 5.7 to 69.8% HN03. Similar tests
were carried out in a wetted-wall tower and in a batch absorption
vessel. The observed absorption rates for N02 were compared with
corresponding evaporation rates of water in the same apparatus.
The rate of absorption was greatest for pure water, and much less
in strong acid or oasic solution. The gas film diffusional
resistance was the controlling factor in absorption rate. The
results are explained by the hypothesis of reaction in the gas
phase, with the deposition of a nitric acid mist in the gas film.
New data are presented on vaporization of water, desorption of
ammonia trom aqueous solution absorption of ammonia by water and
acid, and absorption of sulfur dioxide by Base IP. the wptted-wall
tower. (Authors' abstract modified)
135b4
Johnston, Harold S. and Harvey J. Crosby
KINETICS OF THE FAST GAS PHASE REACTION BETWEEN OZONE AND NITSIC
OXIDF. J. Chem. ?hys. , 22 (4) : 689-692, April 1954. 7 refs.
The rate of reaction between ozone and nitric oxide was measured
optically at -43 and -75 deg. A diagram of the apparatus was
provided. The stoichiometry of the reaction was established with
reactant concentration and temperatures (-45 deg to rooir
temperature) higher than those used for rate studies. Under those
conditions, the rate would have been too fast to follow. The
reaction was a very fast second-order process, and the reactants
and products were simple molecules of well-known kinetic
properties. The mechanism was biraolecular: NO plus 03 yields N02
plus 02. In view of the low activation energy lor this reaction,
it was compared to other similar himolecular processes which have
higher energies of activation. There appeared to be no systematic
difference in pre-exponential factor between the fast and the slow
reactions.
M. Basic Science and Technology 57]
-------
1 3 b 6 6
Shiels, D. 0.
THE SOSPTON CF SULPHUP DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND NITROUS OXIDE
BY ACTIVATED CARBON. J. Phys. Chem., jJ:1J86-1397 , 1929. 9 refs.
The adsorption of carbon dioxide, i.itrous oxide, and sulfur dioxide
by Geiman activated gas-mask charcoal at 25 C was determined froa
0 to UO mm pressure tor the tirst two gases, and from 0 to 22 mm
pressure for sulfur dioxide. The amounts adsorbed at any given
pressure were in the order of the respective critical temperature.
The adsorption process was reversible in the case of carbon dioxide,
but hysteresis occurred with nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide. The
adsorption of N20 and C02 are represented by Patrick's equation and
their isotherms nearly coincide.
1 Jb74
Foster, E. Gordon and Farrngton Daniels
PECOVSRY OF NITROGEN OXIDES BY SILICA GEL. Ind. Eng. Chem.,
<*J(U) : 986-992, April 19b1. 10 refs.
Work was undertaken to develop an economical process for
the recovery of the 1 to 1. b% nitric oxide produced by a
thermal process for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
which was developed at the University of Wisconsin. Basic
data are presented for the dehydration and adsorption steps
of a recovery process involving cooling of the product gas
from the fixation furnace in a spray tower, dehydration of
the gas in silica gel dryers, catalytic oxidation of the NO to
N02, and N02 concentration by adsorption on and desorption
from silica gel. A method for correlation of the rate of NO
adsorption on silica gel was of great interest. The effects
of silica gel depth, temperature, particle size, and gas velocity
or. rates or adsorption are described. Diffusion of the
adsorbed NO into the solid adsorbent may be the rate-
controlling step.
13576
Holmes, J. M, and B. A. Beebe
ADSORPTION STDDIES ON A SEEIES OF HEAT TREATED SHAWINIGAN
ACETYLENE CARBON BLACKS. Can. J. Chem., 35 (12) :15H2-155U,
1957. 30 refs.
An experimental study has been made of the adsorption of
nitrogen^ jsuj-fur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia on
Shawinigan acetylene carbon black and several derivatives of
this material produced by heat treatment up to temperatures
of 3000 deg. The effect of the heat treatment of the Shawinigan
carbon black on its adsorption of the polar and non-polar
gases studied is compared with the behavior of other heat
treated carbon blacks. The effect of the low oxygen content
572 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
of the Shawinigan black is considered. The isosteric heats of
adsorption for ammonia on the most highly graphitized material
(Shawinigan 3000) have been calculated. The results are in
general agreement with previous calorimetric work. A special
type of hysteresis for the system ammonia - Shawinigan black
has been observed. This may be due to a reversible swelling
of the graphitic material.
13633
Gehlen, Heinz
ON REACTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF NITRIC OXID3 AND ITS COMPOUNDS.
I. ON THE REACTION BETWEEN NITRIC OXIDE AND SODIUM HYDROSULFITE.
(Ueber Raaktionen and Eigenschaften des Stickoxyds und seiner
Verbindungen, I. Mitteil.: Uber die Einwirkung des Stickoxyds auf
Natriumhydrosulfit.) Text in German. Chem. 3er. , 64:1267-1276,
1931. 20 refs.
The method ot Jellinek for preparing pure sodium hydrosulfite
has been improved. By this simple laboratory process, 18.5% pure
Na2S20U, free of chloride, can be obtained. Commercially
available Na2S204 can be purified without elaborate filtering.
The process is described in detail, including all wet chemical
checks tor purity. One mole of Na2S204 in aqueous solution
absorbs U.31 moles ot NO. The chemical reactions taking place
are: Na2S20U plus 6NO plus 2NaOK yields Na2S03.N202 plus Na2S04
plus 2N20 plus H20; and to a lesser degree, Na2S204 plus 6NO plus
2NaOH yields 2Na2S03.N202 plus U20 plus H20.
136UO
Reysig, V. A., S. A. Stadnik, and G. H. Shchegolev
HIGH-TFHFEh«TUBE FIXATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES. (K voprosu o
vysokotenperaturnoy fiksatsii okislov azota). Text in Russian.
Khim. Vysokikh Energiy, 1(6):587-591, 1967. 12 refs.
Results ot numerical solution to a system of kinetic equations
describing the change in state of dissociated air as a function
of change in temperature and cooling rate are presented. These
results are in good agreement with experiments. A method is
given tor obtaining from calculated data a law of cooling for
NO-containing dissociated gases (especially air) which assures
maximum hardening (irreversible freezing of reacting gas
composition) ot nitrogen oxides. The effectiveness of using the
slot heat exchanger in plasmochemical processes is demonstrated.
137U2
Nesterenko, V. B. and B. Ye. Tverkovkin
REACTION KINETICS FOR THE REVERSIBLE SYSTEM N20U IN EQUILIBRIUM
WITH 2N02 IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH 2NO PLUS 02 IN A FLOW.
(Issledovaniye kinetiKi khi^iicheskikh reaktsiy sisteir.y N20U
M. Basic Science and Technology 573
-------
v ravnovesii s 2N02 v ravnovesn s 2NO plus 02 v potoke). Text in
Russian. Vestsi AKad. Navuk Belarusk. SSR, Ser. Fiz. Tekhn.
Navuk, no. 2:12-19, 19bb. 6 refs.
The reversible reactions S204 yields 2N02 yields 2ND plus 02 are
assumed to take place in a moving- gas with vacyina moisture
concentration and average tlow temperature and tc significantly
affect flow hydrodynamics. The stationary system of differential
equations describing the reaction kinetics of this system is then
analyzed to yield irore reliable information regarding the space-
time changes in concentrations of the mixture components and
average tlow temperature than is given by classical approaches.
The following variables are plotted as functions of channel
length: average gas temperature (Tg), degree of dissociation
(alpha), partial pressure of mixture components, Tg and alpha
for various residence times of the mixture in the channel, Tg and
alpha tor various pressures in the channel, Tg and alpha for
various residence times in the case of cooling, partial pressures
of components for various residence times in the case of cooling,
Ta and alpha tor different starting temperatures (from about
430-770 K) . The importance of experimental reaction rate
constants, determined under actual dynamic conditions, tor the
stud/ of reaction kinetics in flows is stressed.
1 374B
Stevenson, F. J. and S. J. Swaby
NTTFOSATION OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER: I. NATURE OF GASES EVOLVED
DURING NITPCIJS ACID TREATMENT OF IIGNINS AND HUMIC SUBSTANCES.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., p. 773-778, 1964. 15 refs.
Manometnc and infrared studies of the gaseous products formed by
reacting HN02 with humic and fulvic acids, lignins, lignin-
building units, and polyphenols showed the presence of N2, N20, and
C02. In addition, methyl nitrite (CH30NO) occurred in the gases,
obtained from lignins and certain phenolic derivatives. The
CH3CNO originated through dismutation of phenolic ethers, the
CO2 from decarboxylation of aromatic acids and cleavage of ring
structures. Aromatic-like substances interfere with the
determination of free amino groups in soil organic matter by the
Van Slyke nitrous acid method. (Author abstract)
1 3680
Atroshchenko, V. I., V. n. Kaut
KINETICS OF NITROGEN OXIDF ABSORPTION BY CONCENTRATED NITRIC
ACID. (Kinetika pogloshcheniya okislov azota kontsentrirovannoy
azotnoy kislotoy). Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl. Khim., vol.31:
352-360, 1958. 11 refs.
New experimental data regarding the kinetics of absorption of
nitrogen oxides by concentrated nitric acid are presented.
Dependencies between the absorption rate coefficient and basic
physicochemical factors such as N02 and N20 concentration in the
gas phase, content of nitrogen oxides in the gas, HN03
574 WTROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
concentration in the acid, N204 content of the solution, and
temperature are established. A depcr.ler.ee between absorption
rate coetficicnts and basic hydrodynaanc factors is demonstrated.
13683
Kobe, Ken and L. L. Vikstrom
CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF NITPOGEN DIOXIDE. Preprint, Am. Chem.
Soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., Div. Water, Air Waste Chem., 268-273,
1963. 11 refs. (Presented before the Div. of Water and Waste
Chem., Am. Chem. Soc., Los Angeles, March 31 - April 5, 1963).
Studies on the catalytic decomposition of N02 in N2 and in air
were carried out with CuO- and Ce02-alumina catalysts at 30U to
520 C at gas soace velocities ranging from 1400 to 11,200/hr.
With CuO-alumina catalysts and initial N02 concentrations of
1260 ppm, 99% of the N02 was dissociated to NO, N2, ar.d 02. At
higher flow rates, the conversion varied linearly with the gram
weight of the catalyst per flow rate ot the reactant in moles
per sec, indicating that the rate of dissociation o± both N02
and total nitrogen oxides is zero order. At lower flow rates,
the conversion approached a constant value. Specific rate
constant values were determined tor different temperatures,
activation energy, and freguency factor of zero order reactions.
At a given temperature, tlow rate, and initial concentration,
the conversion of N02 to N2 and 02 in air was less than in N2.
No distinct reaction order fits the data obtained for this
reaction. Ce02 was more active than CuO between HBO and 520 C,
but less active below 41*0 C. It is assumed that the catalysts
selectively adsorbed N02 on active sites which were on the order
of 10 to the 11th power/sg cm.
13685
Ganz, S. N. and L. I. Mamon
KINETICS OF TILB ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN (II) OXIDE BY FES04
SOLUTIONS. (Kinetika plenochnoy absorbtsu okisi azota
rastvorami FeSOU). Text in Russian.. Zh. Prikl. Khim., vol. 30:
364-379, 1957. 5 refs.
The kinetics of film absorption of NO by FeS04 solutions was
studied experimentally in crder to establish the nature of the
driving forces of the process as a function of change in sorbent
concentration and partial pressure ot the absorbing component.
It was found that at relatively low concentrations of NO in the
gas and a gas flow speed of 0.1-1 m/sec, the (JO absorption
coefficient increases as the 0.8 power of the gas speed. The
total absorption coefficient may be taken equal to the partial
coefficient (Kg) along the gas film, since the resistance of
the latter is the process-limiting factor. An empirical kinetic
equation expressing Kg as a function of the gas Reynolds number
is given in dimensionless form and is suitable for designing
industrial absorption equipment.
M. Basic Science and Technology 575
-------
1 J68B
Ganz, S. N. and H. A. Lokshin
EFFECT OF BASIC PHYSICOCHFFICAL FACTORS ON RATE OF ABSORPTION OF
NITROGEN OXIDES BY A SOLUTION OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE IN
MECHANICAL ABSORBERS WITH A LARGE NOHEER OF ROTATIONS. PART II.
(Vliyaniye osnovnykh fizikokhimicheskikh faktorov na skorost1
absorbtsu ofcislov azota rastvorom Ca(OH)2 v mekhanicheskikh
absorberakh s bol'shim chislom oborotov. Soobshcheniya II).
Text in Pussian. Zh. Prikl. Khim., 30(10)^1525-1535, Oct.
1957. 6 refs.
New data on the ettect of basic physicochemical tactors on the
rates of NO. N02^ and N203 absorption by Ca(OH)2 solution are
presented. It is established that: absorption rate decreases at
temperatures above 45-50 C; an increase in concentration of
nitrogen oxides under the hydrodynamic conditions studied leads
to acceleration of the absorption process; in the absence of
nitrite-nitrate salts, a change in CaO concentration has
practically no effect on process rate; in all cases an increase
in concentration of, nitrite-nitrate salts reduces the
absorption rate, an increase in CaO concentration retarding the
decrease in absorction rate in this case. It is established
that absorption of N203 and N02 proceeds at practically the
same rate under turbulent conditions. Preferential accumulation
of nitrate salts in the solution indicates rapid oxidation of
NO to N02 taking place in the liguid phase and the occurrence of
an inversion process under the experimental conditions used.
13822
Serdyuk, L. S. and t. S. Tabachnikov
THEPMODYNAHIC PROPERTIES OF NITRIC OXIDE AT 200-2000 F AND 1000
BAP. (Termodinamicheskiye svoystva okisi azota v intervale "
temperatur 200-2000 K i do davleniy 1000 bar). Text in Pussian.
Inzh. Fiz. Zh. , 13 (1) : 11 <4-1 17, July 1967. 4 refs.
A previously derived equation of state was used to calculate
molar density. en*-halDv, and entropy for nitric oxide at each
100-deg interval from 200 to 1000 K and each 200-deq interval
from 1200 to 2000 K for 18 different pressures ranging from
1-1000 bar. Three pages of data are tabulated.
13823
Pozin, M. Ye., V. V. 7ubov, L. Ya. Tereshchenko, E. Ya.
Tarat, and Yu. L. Ponomarev
SOLUBILITY OF NITRIC OXIDE IN HATER SOLUTIONS OF CERTAIN SALTS.
(Pastvorimost' okisi azota v vcdnykh rastvorakh nekotorykh
soley). Text in Russian. Izv. Vysshikh Uchebn. Zavedenii,
Khim. i Khim. Tekhnol., ft(4):608-616, 1963. 16 refs.
Statistical methods were applied to new experimental data on
the solubility O-F tin ln water solutions of CuS04, CuC12, MnS04
H3PO<*, CoSOU, NiSOU, Cu 2 (N H 3) nCl 2, Na2S03, FeS04, and Fe<~l2
576 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Maximum NO solubility under absorption conditions was exhibited
by Na2S03, FeSO«, and FeC12 solutions and ammonia solutions
of monovalent copper, the process of NO absorption being
reversible in all cases except with sodium sulfate. Solutions
of divalent iron salts and of sodium sulfate are seen "as
industrially important NO absorbers. Equilibrium of the NO - iron
salt solution systems at salt concentrations up to 20-30% was
studied for the temperature range of 10-90 C. An approximation
formula for determining the equilibrium constant for salt
concentrations greater than 0.7 g-mole/liter is presented.
Nomograms fcr determining the NO equilibrium pressure in FeC12
and FeSOU solutions are plotted.
13824
Tseytlin, A. N. and K. Ye. Romanenko
ABSORPTION OF NITROGEM OXIDES 3Y SOLFUBIC ACID. (K voprosy ob
absorbtsii okislov azota servoy kislotoj). Text in Russian.
Izv. Vysshikh Ochebn. Tavedenii, Khiin. i Khim. Tekhnol. ,
<*(1):8b-88, 1966. 12 refs.
The dependence of absorption rate on composition of the liquid
phase {sulfuric acid monohydrate and N03 content), temperature,
linear gas flow rate, and reflux density was studied. It is
shown that as linear gas rate increases, the absorption
coefficient increases to some limit, depending upon the
composition of the liquid phase, and reaches a maximum near
0.8-1.0 m/sec. Reflux density has negligible effect on the
absorption coefficient of nitrogen oxides (with complete surface
wetting). Absorption coefficient increases with sulfuric acid
concentration only up to 87-88%. Increasing the N03 content and
temperature leads to a reduction in absorption coefficient which
limits the nitrosyIsulfuric acid content of the final solution.
Data presented may be used in designing absorbers. Production
of high nitrosylsulfuric acid concentrations requires using
sulfuric acid concentrations of at least 80-82%. Sulfuric acid
of this concentration car. be obtained by the tower process as
well as by the contact process.
13876
H. and W. Hene
ADSORPTION OF GASES BY ACTIVE CHARCOAL. (Ueber die Adsorption
von Kasen durch aktive Kchle). Text in German. Kolloid - 2.
(Germany), 61 (3) : 31 J-322, Dec. 1932. M refs.
The adsorbability of a number of gases by a highly active charcoal
was studied. A sinple relationship was found to exist between
th» adsorbabilities at 1b C and the vapor pressures of the
liquefied gases at 1i> C. The dependence on pressure of
adsorption at room temperature (1b C) of the gases H2, 02, N2,
N20, C02, S02, and CH3C1 was investigated as was the dependence
on temperature of the adsorption at atmospheric pressure o± the
gases H2, C02, S02, NH3, and CH4. An empirical formula was
derived which jointly represents the adsorbabilities of the
latter qases at those temperatures at which their vapor pressures
M. Basic Science and Technology
577
-------
are equal. t feu exploratory experiments were carried out on the
adsorption ot gas mixtures by charcoal. It was discovered that
with any ot the several gas mixtures used, the total amount
adsorbed was not related simrly to the sum ot adsoroabilities
ot its individual components. However, tins amount corresponded
approximately tc the nean value ot the adsoibahilities of the
individual conponents ot the mixture.
1 3HH4
•latte, Sigmund and Fritz S. Klfir.
PHOTOLYSIS OF N02 IN TH" PRESENCE OF 302 AT 3660 A. Trans.
Faraday Son,, 62 (52 1) : 2 1 50-21 57 , [lay 1966. 16 refs.
Nitrogen dioxide was irradiated at 3660 A in the presence of
S02. Quantum yields were p-asured as a function of 302 pressure,
and the specific rate constant for 0 plus S02 yields S03 was
determined. The ratio ot rate constants for the proposed
reactions: S03 yields 0 plus S02 and S03 M yields S03 plus M,
was estimated to be 0.077 mole/1 by the combination of the results
ot Quantum yields with those ot isotopic oxygen scrambling.
A simple, bimolocular dark reaction was also observed.
1 3 '3 9 u
Mirzoyeva, L. H.
TH"PKODYNAMIC EQM I L IITHM COMPOSITION AND T H E R.10 DY NAM 1C
PAPAilETFRS OF NITROGfN-OXYGEN HI GH-TEH PEBATUPE REACTION
PPOD11CTS. (Termodinamicheskiy ravnovesriyy sostav i
termodinamicheskiye parametry produktov reaktsil
azotno-kislorodnykh smesey pri vysokikh temperaturakh). Text
in Russian. Izv. Akad. Nauk Azer. 3SP, Ser. Flz. Tekh. i
Mat. Nauk, no 6:70-75, 1967. a refs.
Usina data from the literature, calculations of composition
and thermodvnamic parameters were made tor nitroqen/oxygen
ratios (0) ot l:i and 1:3 at 2000-6000 K and 1-10 atm. Reaction
is assuned to take place in a plasma column containing a mixture
ot N2, ^2, HO, N, and 0. Maximum NO yield was found to occur
at about 3bOO K for all values of Q. The followina dependences
are plotted: NO molar traction vs temperature at 1 atm for
both values of O; NO molar traction vs temperature with 0 of 1
at t.2 and 10 atm; enthalpv ot gas vs temperature for Q of 1
and 1/3 at 1.2 and 10 atm; molecular weight of air and gas vs
temperature for p ot 1 and 1/3 at 1.2 and 1U atm.
1 3 H y -3
Ro/lovskiy, A. I.
KINFTICS AND KECHA"ISM OF NITRIC OXIDE DISSOCIATION. (Kinetika
i mekhanizm razlozheniya okisi azota). Text in Russian. Zh.
578 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Fiz. Khim., 30 (6):1349-1355, 1956. 15 refs.
Dissociation of nitric oxide is catalyzed in the presence of
oxygen in amounts commensurate uith NO content. An equation
describing the reaction kinetics for any oxygen content is
presented, observed regularities being subject to the formation
of reaction chains. Initial reaction centers "arise through
equilibrium dissociation of oxygen at the reaction walls. Over
a wide range of experimental conditions, the reaction proceeds
with simultaneous chain and bimolecular mechanisms. Observations
indicate a constant rate for the bimolecular reaction. These
findinos contradict those of other Soviet authors requiring a
retardation of NO dissociation by oxygen. This contradiction
is seen as stemming from an erroneous assumption regarding
the ratio of reaction constants for N plus 02 and N plus NO,
there being no possible assumption regarding the rate-
detprmining stage which will lead to the need for retardation
of the chain reaction by oxygen. A quantitative explanation
of explosion experiments with excess oxygen and a qualitative
explanation with excess fuel are thus made possible.
13897
Rodionov, A. I., Yu. S. Mishchenko, A. P. Klimov, and E, A.
Bogdanov
ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES BY IIMESTCNE SUSPENSION.
(Absorbtsiya okislov azota suspenziyey izvestnyaka). Text
in Pussian. Tr. Mosk. Khim. Tekhnol. Inst. , vol. 40:74-77,.
1963. 6 refs.
Absorption of nitrogen oxides by a limestone suspension containing
10-110 a/liter CaC03 was studied in a sieve-plate bubbling
column. The following was observed: an increase in degree
of oxidation of the gas from 0.32 to 0.92 increases the degree
ot absorption from 42-45 to 62-65%", the aegree of absorption
increases with increased concentration of nitrogen oxides; the
degree of absorption is independent of CaC03 content, but the
height of the foamy layer decreases, reducing the resistance
of the plate; the degree of NO plus N02 absorption remains
the same when the temperature of the foamy layer is increased
from 16 to 58 C.
13900
Harding, John Windsor
KINETICS 0? CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF NIIEIC OXIDE. Illinois
Univ., Urbana, Ph.D. Thesis, Ann Arbor, Kich., Univ. Microfilms,
Inc., 1969, 76p. 25 refs.
This thesis presents the results, correlation, and interpretation
ot an experimental study of the rate of decomposition of nitric
OAide on an aluminum oxide catalyst. The constants of the
correlations are interpreted in terms of Langmuir-Hinshelwood
mechanisms. Experiments wers conducted in a different fixed-
bed reactor. The reactor was operated at 644 to 807 C with
space velocities ot 168 to 2280/hr at standard temperature and
M. Basic Science and Technology 579
-------
pressure. Input to the reactor was 10 to 15 mole % nitric
oxide diluted with nitrogen or helium. The 0.2 to 2.0% resulting
conversion was measured with a photoelectric colorimeter. The
rate ot decomposition of nitric oxide was correlated as a
function ot nitric oxide concentration for all results. The
mechanism supported by calculations is the reaction of two
adjacently adsorbed nitric oxide molecules as the slow step
with nitric oxide and nitrogen in equilibrium between gas and
adsorbed phases. In this interpretation, nitric oxide is much
more strongly adsorbed than nitrogen. After prolonged heating
at approximately 740 C, the activated catalyst loses activity,
following which the interrelations of the activation energies
aoparently change, although the form of the rate equation is
unaltered. (Author summary modified)
1 J9U1
Kuz'minykh, I. N., A. T. Rodionov, and Yu. S. Kishchenko
ABSORPTION OF NITPOGEN OXIDES FHCPI WASTE GASES IN A PILOT PLANT
COLLI1N. (Absorbtsiya okislov azota iz khvostovykh nitroznykh
gazov v poluzavodskoy barbotazhnoy kolonue). Text in Sussian.
Tr. Moslc. Khim. TeKhnol. Inst., vol. 33:43-47, 1561. 7 refs.
Data are reported from pilot operation of a sieve-plate bubbling
column designed tp_ r.eiDQve NO and N02 from waste gases down
to the current sanitary norm of 0.1 vol % and using a 10%
soda solution as the absorber. Total nitrogen oxide content in
the incoming gas was about 0.3%, the flow rate was 1.3 m/sec,
and the reflux density was 4.3 cu m/sg m-hr. Foam height was
about 35-40 mm with the temperature maintained at 20-25 C.
Maximum absorption (about 65-75%) took place at an acidity of
0.5. The degree of absorption did not change appreciably when
gas flow rate was increased to 2 m/sec, but the absorption
coefficient increased from about 200 to about 300 kg/sg m - hr -
kg/cu m. Both degree of absorption and absorption coefficient
were independent of reflux rate under the above conditions.
Mirev, D., C. Balarew, L. Bojadziev, and D. Larobiev
III. A3SOSPTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE VIEBATING LAYER CF
SODIUH CARBONATE SOLUTIONS. (Ill, Absorption von Stickstoffoxyden
in der vibrierenden Schicht von Natriumkarbonatloesungen). Text
in German. Compt. Rend. Acad. Bulgare Sci., 1 <1 («) : 345-348, 1961.
3 refs.
The absorption of nitrogen oxides in the vibrating layer of
sodium carbonate solutions was studied under various conditions.
Experiments were made with mixtures of gases containing 0.55 to
1.85S of nitrogen oxides, with a degree of oxidation of
20 to 60%. The effects of the degree of oxidation of NO to
N02, of the oxygen content of the gas mixture, of the rate of flow
of the gas stream, of the concentration of the absorbent, and
of temperature on the efficiency of separation, expressed as the
ratio ot the absorbed nitrogen oxides over their initial
concentration, were studied. The optimal conditions for
580 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
implementation of the process were established. The experimental
findings are in agreement with the present views of the mechanism
ot oxidation ot NO, according to which it proceeds vigorously on
the gas-liquid inter phase. It is shown that with the -absorption
in the vibrative layer the content ot nitrogen oxides in the
exhaust gas is considerably lower than with the ordinary process
ot absorption by barbotage.
13922
Rosenberg, P. B. and D. S. Hacker
FORMATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AERATED HETHANE FLAKES. Preprint,
Bm. Chem. Soc., Washington, D. C., Div. Fuel Chem., 10(3):91-103,
1966. 5 rets.
fin investigation to determine the kinetics of the formation of
nitrogen oxides produced in aerated methane flames is discussed.
When a bunsen flame was used, NO formed in a narrow region near
the outside edge of the flame and then diffused toward the
center of the burner and into tha secondary air stream where
it was oxidized, forming N02. Very little N02 was found in the
burning gas. Because the shape and position of the reaction
zone from a bunsen flame made kinetic analysis difficult, the
experimental work was changed to a flat flame. Nitrogen
dioxide tormed very close to the flame and then rapidly
decomposed. Its concentrations decreased to zero with fuel-rich
and stoichiometric primary mixtures. However, some H02 was
found at all heights above the burner with fuel-lean primary
nixtures. Three observations were drawn from this stoichiometric
flame: (1) N02 is the nitrogen oxide formed in the flame; (2)
N02 decomposes to NO; and (3) NO is also formed by another
mechanism in the combustion products above the flame.
13930
Mueller, Ernst and Heinrich Barck
ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF NITRIC OXIDE BY HEATING WITH METALS.
(Uber die Zersetzung von Stickoxyd beim Erhitzen mit
Ketallen) . Text in German. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. vol. 129:
309-320, July 19, 1923. 3 refs.
The question ot" whether small pieces of heated wire of various
jnetals would be useful in reducing nitric oxide was investigated.
It was hoped that this process could then be used in the
microar.alysis of organic compounds. Copper with zinc
impurities reduced up to 88% NO at 400 C. Pure Cu reduced only
Ub% NO. Details of the experiments and method of analysis
are given. Peasons for the incomplete reduction and
inconsistency in the results are probably due to nitride
formation and the production of N20. Silver does not reduce NO
below 700 C. Iron reduces NO better than Cu. Brass reduced
nothing below 600 C and 29% at 700 C. Tin is ineffective below
100 C, and above that, nitride is formed. Zinc does not reduce
below 3bC C, but reduces NO slowly and completely at 600 C.
Bismuth produces Be203 at 400 C, reducing 73.6% NO. Lead
reduces H6.6X at 600 C. Magnesium, Ca, and Al became slowly
M. Basic Science and Technology 531
-------
ettective at 600 C. tin reduces 6B7> NO at 400 C. Other metals
tested were Cr, terrochromium, lead superoxide, lead oxide,
and vanadiurp trioxide. All quantitative conditions and
experimental results are given.
Foerster, ?., T. Burchardt, and E. Fncke
PRODUCTION OF CONCENTRATE NITRIC ACID FBOM MITROUS GASES. PARTS
A AND B. (Ueber die Gewinnung konzentner ter Salpetersaeure
aus nitrosen Gasen) . Text in German. Z. Angew. Chem. (Heinheim) ,
vol. 1:113-11/, May 11, 1920. PAKTS C, D, AND E. Ibid.,
p. 129-132, Kay 25, 1920. 10 refs.
A detailed description and discussion is presented of two series
"t experiments on <-he formation of nitric acid from nitrous
gases. In the tirst series, a mixture of gaseous nitrogen
dioxide and oxygen was passed through a bell-type wash tower
tilled with a nitric acid solution. In the second series,
oxygen was passed through a mix'ture ot nitric acid and liquid
nitrogen dioxide or else known amounts ot oxygen and that
mixture were thoroughly shaken together. Conclusions are as
follows: 1. The notion derived from previous experiments that the
process of nitric acid formation from gaseous NO2, 02, and water
cannot proceed beyond the nitric acid solution with the lowest
vapor pressure, is erroneous. 2. The rate ot this process in
the range of concentrations of nitric acid at the lowest vapor
pressure is so low that an enrichment of nitric acid beyond
this range requires a rather long reaction time. 3. For such
an enrichment, the smallest possible excess of oxygen and a
low rate of flow of the mixture are preferable. t. With
sufficiently long test durations and with progressively decreasing
utilization ot the N02, even under the most favorable test
conditions, nitric acid concentration rarely goes above 80%.
5. The reason for this is that when a steaming gas mixture is
used, the conditions favoring a good utilization of N02, namely,
a small oxygen excess and low rate of flow, are highly
unfavorable tor the thorough mixing of the reaction solution with
oxygen which is also required. 6. However, one can easily
attain even the highest nitric acid concentrations if one mixes
less concentrated solutions of it with an appropriate amount of
liquid N02 and shakes this mixture thoroughly with oxygen. 7.
The process proceeds especially rapidly when the excess of
liquid N02 is so great that, due to its lircited solubility in
nitric acid, the liquid mixture is heterogeneous and remains
so during the reaction. 8. When nitrous gases act on water,
from the equilibrium 2N02 yields N2OU, the latter is dissolved
in water and yields the primary reaction N201 plus H20 yields
HN03 plus HN02. 9. The dissociation of the nitrous acid into
nitric acid, nitric oxide, and water (3HN02 yields HNO3 plus 2NO
plus H20), and the rapid oxidation of the latter, effects the
transformation of the nitrous gases into nitric acid up to its
highest concentrations.
682 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
1 3968
Bodenstein, M.
RATE OF THE REACTION BETWEEN NITRIC CXIDE ANL OXYG3N. (Die
Geschwindigkeit der Reaction zwischen Stickoxyd und Sauerstoff ) .
Text in German. Z. Elekrochem. , 24 ( 1 j- 14) : 18 J-201 , July 1, 1918.
26 refs.
A very detailed description is presented or an extensive series of
experiments on the reaction o± NO with 02 that were carried out to
reboive a controversy between Luage and Berl and Paschig. Both
gases were mixed at very low pressures and thd reaction was
followed by observing the pressure drop, with a correction being
made for the formation of N204. It took place strictly in
accordance with the third-order eguation and its rate was found to
decrease quite noticeably with increasing temperature in the
interval between 0 and 90 C. Furthermore, this reaction was found
to be independent of additons of N02, water vapor, and S02. The
oxidation of 302 at the temperature used (60 C) was not catalyzed
by the nitrogen oxides. The results of experiments of Lunge and
Berl, evaluated in an analopous manner, were in excellent agreement
with those of the author, while those of Raschig were but
moderately so at conversions of more than 50%. In the light of the
present knowledge of the solution process of the higher nitrogen
oxides, Faschig's hypothesis regarding the role of N203 in the
process of oxidation of MO to N02 is no longer tenable.
1"»0b5
Kurin, N. P. and I. 0. Blokh
CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF CITRIC OXIDE. PART I. (Katali ticheskoye
okisleniye okisi azota. Soobshcheniye I). Text in Russian.
Zh. Prikl. Khim., 1 1 (5) : 7 34-749, 1938. 10 refs.
Experimental study of three materials is reported: silica gel,
vanadium catalyst used in the contact method of nitric acia
production, and chromium-zinc catalyst used in methanol
synthesis. These catalysts were used to oxidiza NO to N02
with a volumetric flow rate of 200-600 per hour at 25-200 C.
The incoming gas was dried over concentrated sulfuric acid and
had the following composition (vol %) : NO, 3.0; 02, 7.8;
atmospheric nitrogen, balance. Catalytic action occurred in all
cases, total degree of oxidation decreasing with increased flow
rate. As the temperature increases above 200 C, reaction rate
decreased (greatest decrease with silica gel) . Silica gel was
tound to be the best catalyst for temperatures up to 100 C.
In the 150-200 C range, silica gel and vanadium catalyst were
comparable, both being more active than the chromium-zinc
catalyst. Pate equations are given. The apparent energies of
activation tor these catalysts are 4700, 1860 and 340 cal/mole.
Nesterenko, V. B. and B. Ye. Tverkovkin
REACTION EQUATIONS FOP TH^ REVERSIBLE SYSTEM N204 YIELDS 2N02
YIELDS 2NO PLUS 02 IN A FLOW. (Uravneniya kinetiki
M. Basic Science and Technology 583
-------
khitricheskikh reaktsiy sistemy N204 yields 2N02 yields 2NO plus
02 v potoke). Text in Russian. "estsi Akad. Nauk Belarusk. SSB:
Ser. Fiz. Tekhn. Navuk, no. 1:34-43, 1966. 13 refs.
A mathematical description of the reaction kinetics for the
reversible system involving nitrogen tetroxide, nitrogen
dioxide, nitric oxide, and oxygen in a flow is presented. A
mathematical model ot heat and mass transport in the presence
ot chemical reaction is described in general using the
differential equations ot mass, momentum, and energy
conservation. Good agreement with experimental data from the
literature is found. The proposed method may be applied to the
auestion of heat flow in cases both with heating and with
cooling, and also to more complex chemical reaction schemes.
The question of heat exchange within tne chemically reacting
mixture is not treated.
141 46
McCaa, David J. and Dietmar E. Pothe
EMISSION SP1CTRA OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES EXCITED BY AN ELECTRON
EEAK. AIAA (Am. Inst. .leron. Astronaut.) J., 7 (8) : 1648-1651, Aug.
1969. 6 refs.
The molecular gases NO, 02, H20, CO, and C02 were excited by
electron beam techniques to study their interaction with the
N2(plus) (1-) spectrum from 2300 to 6600 A and at 10 to 100
micron pressures. The intensity of the nitrogen fluorescence
spectrum exceeds that of any other system observed. Spectra
ot N2, 02, CO, and C02 are composed of molecular ion bands
with some atomic lines present, while the spectra of NO, H2, and
H20 consist primarily of atomic lines. Atomic lines follow
a linear intensity dependence with pressure. The molecular ion
bands, with the exception ot N2 (plus) exhibit quenching at
higher pressures, the pressure at which quenching becomes
significant varying among gases. Relatively strona self-
quenching was observed tor the first negative system of
02(plus), tor the comet tail system of CO(plus), and for the
Fox, Duttendack, and Barker system of C02 (plus). Characteristic
self-quenching pressures tor these systems appear to be 50,
20, and 150 microns Hg, respectively. Strong relative
enhancement or neutral CO bands by secondary electrons was found
at higher pressures. At gas pressures below 100 microns, the
intensity ot the N2 (plus) (1-) system is not severely affected
by the presence of 02, K2, H20, or CO. (Author conclusions
modi tied)
14179
lyengar, P. D. and V. V. Subba Rao
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (N02) ADSORBED ON ZINC
OXIDE. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90 (12) :3267-3269, June 5, 1968. 10
rets.
The electron spin resonance (esr) spectra of N02 adsorbed on zinc
oxid° was investigated. Tests was made on high-purity zinc oxide
samples with surface areas ot 3 square meters per gram. Before the
584 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
treatment with ultrahigh-purity N02, samples were outgassed for
'I hours at 500 C 0.000001 torr. The resulting esr spectra were
reprinted and discussed. The outgassing procedure and
thermodynamics were varied, and subsequent signal changes were
analyzed. Chlorine treatment of the sample was seen to produce
a sharp signal at g equal 2.015, indicating that the same peak
previously noted was not due to chemisorbed oxygen atoms, the
previous notion. Investigations to this point suggest the
presence of shallow levels on 7nO which give rise to the signal
after the loss of an electron to the interacting gas at the
surface.
14219
Oza, Trambakial Mohanlal and Vasantrai TramcaKlal Oza
THE ACTION OF DINITFOGEN TETPOXIDE ON KYPONITRITES, NITRITES AND
OXIDES. THE INDUCED DECOMPOSITION OF HYPON11RITES. J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 7B(1b):3564-3567, Aug. 1956. 15 refs.
To elucidate the effect of nitrogen dioxide on oxides, nitrates,
and hyponitrites, all of which are present in the thermal
decomposition of hyponitrites, N204 and N02 were reacted with
Ag2N202, SrN2C2-5H20, and SrN202; with AgN02, Ca (M02) 2-H20, and
Ca (K02) 2- 1/4H20; and with Ag20 ard CaO. Both solid and gaseous
products of the reactions were quantitatively analyzed. Results
show that (1) the nitrogen of the hyponitrite molecule does not
remain intact; (2) water exercises a profound influence on the
reactivity of the nitrites, hydratea nitrite reacting even at 0
deg and anhydrous silver nitrite reacting only at 120 deg; (3)
nitrate is the primary product of the reaction of N204 or N02
with CaO, but both nitrate and nitrite are produced bv the
reaction with Ag20; and (4) formation of nitrous oxide and
nitrogen from the action of dinitrogen tetroxide on hyponitrites
does not take place directly froir X204 but originates from the
hyponitrites. The thermal decomposition of the hyponitrites is
shown to occur in the sequence M2N202 yields M20 plus N20 and
(2) 3M2N202 yields 2N20 plus 2MN02 plus 2N2. Lack of appearance
of oxide in the products and appearance of nitrate can be
ascribed to secondary reactions of the oxide and nitrite forced
with N2U4 and N02.
Peatman, W. B., T. 3. Borne, and E. W. Schlag
PHOTOIONI'.ATION RESONANCE SPECTRA. I. NITRIC OXIDE AND BENZENE.
Chem. Phys. Letters (Amsterdam), 3(7):492-497, July 1969. 21
rets.
A new method is described for the study of ionized molecules by
direct observation of opti_cal resonance in photoionization. This
method interposes an electron filter in the system so that a
signal is detected in the measuring circuit only at the point
where the optical monochromator sweeps through a resonance
transition. Photoionization is carried out at the intersection
M. Basic Science and Technology 535
-------
ot a well-tocused beam ot light and a high intensity molecular
beam at right anqles to the photon beam. Electrons are withdrawn
perpendicular to both ot these bparrs. The energy of the
photoionization resonance is directly read oft the setting of
the optical uonochromator. Contributions from lower
photoionization processes are avoided. Photoionization
resonance scans of benzene show the presence of two peaks at
1U.38S and 10.4V1 eV, respectively. It is thought that these
peaks are due to a new electronic level of C6H6(plus) at
10.3B5 eV and that this level corresponds to the removal of a
Sigma electron from the benzene irclecule. Data obtained for
NO (plus) using this method were compared with data previously
obtained by other methods. The average lonization potential
ot five experimental runs was in exact agreement \n the
spectroscopic value ol other investigations.
1U31 3
Lederer, "5. L.
VERIFYING ADSORPTION FORMULAS BY "BANS Of ADSORPTION MEASUREMENTS
KITH ACTIVATED CHARCOAL. (Pruefung von Adsorptionsformcln an
Hand von Adsorptionsmessungen bei einer hochaktiven Kohle).
Text in German. Kolloid-Z. (Stuttgart), 61 (3) :323-328, 1932.
1S refs.
Data reported by Remy on the adsorption ot gases and vapors on
activated charcoal were used tc verify isothermal and isobaric
adsorption laws. In the isothermal case, no decision can be made
between a logarithmic law and the formula of Langmuir. In the
isobaric case, a logarithmic law seems to fit the results best.
The isosteric curve of Trouton and Poole and the relationship of
Gurwitsch tit the data only moderately well. The relationship
between the vanor pressure and the adsorbed volume of various
gases indicates that egual amounts ot different gases are
adsorbed, referred to corresponding states. Gas mixtures are
adsorbed proportionally, provided the concentrations are modified
by the influence ot the mean molecular velocities and the shape
ot tha molecules. The adsorption data for the following gases
were used: C02, N20, HC1, H2S, NHJ, C12, CH3C1, S02, CHI, and
COC12.
1431 /
Warneck, Peter
PHOTODETACHMENT OF N'02(-). Chem. Phys. Letters (Amsterdam),
3 (7) :b32-b33, July 1969. 10 refs.
The photodetachment of electrons from NO2 (-) ions by light in the
violet 2or-LLon °t the visible spectrum was observed. Negative
ions were extracted from a discharge source, accelerated to a
speed of about ft,000,000 cm/sec, coilimated, and mass separated
in a 90 degree, stigmatically focusing magnetic analyzer. After
passing the photodetachment chamber, the ions were trapped and
discharged in a Faraday cup. Photoelectrons were withdrawn
at right angles by a weak electric field and were detected with a
Venetian blind electron multiplier. The signal was processed by
586 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
a phase sensitive amplification and was displayed on a strip
chart recorder. The apparent photodetachment threshold is
approximately H1HO A, which corresponds to an energy of 2.74 eV.
The derived threshold energy provides only a lower limit to
the vertical detachment energy because a portion of the N02(-)
ions are vibrationally excited. Subsequent tfi the formation
of a negative ion in the discharge, the ion drifts toward
the anode, picking up energy in the electric field and losing
energy by collisions. This mechanism leads to ? auasi-Foltzmann
vibrational energy distribution among the ions equivalent to
an estimated temperature of several thousand degrees. The excess
vibrational energy cannot be dispersed because the radiative
lifetime of the involved states is about one hundred times
greater than the transit time of the ions in the apparatus. A
semi-logarithmic plot of nhotoionization cross sections versus
energy of ground state molecules, as compared to that of
vibrationally excited ones, often indicates the beginning
photoionization by a break in the cross section curve. A break
occurred at -J.10 eV and was identified as the first ionizaticn
potential of N02{-)f so that 3.10 eV is the electron affinity
of N02. These results provided the first direct determination
of the electron affinity of N02.
Ganz, s. N.
KINETICS OF ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES 5Y SULFL'RIC ACID -IN
BOTANY ABSORBERS WITH A IAPGF NUEPER OF BEVOLUTIONS. (Kinetika
absorbtsii okislcv azota sernoy kislotoy v rotatsionnykh
absorberakh s bol'shim chislom oboroiov). Text in Pussian.
Zh. Pnkl. Khim., 29 (7) :1018-102B, 1956. 5 refs.
Absorption of nitrogen oxides with 7b and 92% sulfuric acid
in a hiah-rpm horizontal absorber was studied experimentally.
The test absorber, designed to take advantage of bubbling, spray,
and film absorption, is described in detail. The effectiveness
of such absorbers tor use in sulfuric acid productior was
demonstrated. Experimental data is used to determine rate
coefficients for nitrogen oxide absorption as functions of disk
rotation rate, volumetric gas flow rate, concentration of
nitrogen oxides in the gas, sulfuric acid concentration, and
temperature. These coefficients iiay be used for mechanical
absorber design. It was established that with a highly
turbulent regime, th= absorption rate tor an equimolar mixture
of NO and N02 exceeds th? rate for N02 alone but to a lesser
degree than under conditions ot film absorption.
1H3B2
Po;in, M. E., B. A. Kopylev, and G. V. Bel'chenko
ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES WITH A SODA SOLUTION IN A FOAH
APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SODIUM NITRATE. (Pogloshcheniye
okislov azota sodovym rastvorom v pennom apparate dlya
proizvodstva nitrata natriya). Text in Russian. Tr. Leningr.
Tekhnol. Inst. Imen. Lensoveta, vol. 36:120-32, 1956. 12 refs.
M. Basic Science and Technology 587
-------
A toam apparatus proved ettective tor the alkaline absorption
ot nitrogen oxides for the purpose of producing nitrates and
decreasing the loss ot nitrogen oxides in the production of
utric acid. The coefficient of efficiency of a single
platform-cascade apparatus was decreased from 30 to 16% on
increasing the linear gas flow rate from 0.5 to 3 m/sec in a
cross' section of the foam apparatus. The coefficient of
absorption increases with increase in the linear flow rate of
the gas, attaining a value of 1860 kg/sq m-hr-kq/cu m, which
was approximately 6-7 times larger than the value of the
absorption coefficient for a packed column under laboratory
conditions, and 20-25 times greater than for factory-type
scrubbers. Kith increase in the rate of flow of the liguid, the
efficiency of a single platform ot the apparatus and the
coetticient of absorption increased insignificantly. Thus,
increase in the rate of flow of the liquid by 1 times (from
1 to 3 cu ui/hr) at a gas flow rate of 1 m/sec leads to an
increase in efficiency ot 22-24%. Increase in the concentration
ot absorbent in solution from 5 to 20% Na2C03 at a linear gas
flow rate ot 1 m/sec leads to a decrease in efficiency from
26 to 16%. Correspondingly, the coefficient of absorption is
also decreased. If the initial concentration of nitrogen oxides
in the gas is increased froin O.Ob to 1.4% at a linear gas flow
rate of 1 m/sec, the value of the efficiency of a single platform
of the apparatus increased from 8 to 25%. Choice of the number
ot platforirs in the apparatus can be based on the data for a
single plattorm in accordance with the required degree of
absorption of nitrogen oxides.
1U384
loshpa, I. Ye.
KINETICS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE ABSOEPTION BY A SULFUP-NITPCGEN
MIXTURE. (Kinetika protsessa absorbtsu dvuokisi azota serno-
azotr.oy smes'yu). Text in Russian. Dokl. Vses. Nauch. Konf.
Rab. Katedr Tekhnol. Neorg. Veshchestv, Nauch. Uchrezhd. Proekt.
Organ., 1th, Tashkent, iy&4, p. 74-81.
If a sulfur-nitrogen mixture is saturated with a gas containing
32% N02 at 30 C, it is possible to obtain a solution containing
14-15% N203 and 10-11% HNOj. It was found experimentally that
at 30C, the absorption rate coefficient can be raised from
l.j^! to 7.75 o/sq m-hr-mm Hg by irrigating the column packing
with a solution ot the following composition: 7.78% N203,
0.3788% HN03, 87.24% H2SC4, and 4.57% H20. An experimental
curve was plotted which allows determination of the height
of the packing and the mass-exchange surface area needed to
achieve N02 removal to near equilibrium concentration. Curves
are also given tor determining the required packing surface
area for saturation of a sultur-nitrogen solution with N02
to the appropriate concentration with respect to N203 and HN03.
The coefficient ot absorption rate as a function ot packing
height was plotted and can be used to differentially calculate
the reguired packing surface area under industrial conditions
in series-connected towers. A correction factor is derived
which relates the coefficient of absorption rate for the
ring-shaped test packing to that ot 25 times 25 times 3 mm
industrial packing. This was done by examining the kinetics of
absorption ot ammonia by water or. the same installation under the
same hydrodynamic regime.
588 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Stezhenskiy, A. I., V. S. Luk'yanchikov, and V. B. Protsenko
OXIDATION OF NITROGEN DURING COMBUSTION OF METHANE-NITROGEN-
OXYGEN MIXTURES. (Okisleniye a?ota pri gorenii metano-azoto-
kislorodnykh smesey). Text in Russian. Khim. Prom. Ukr.
(Ukr. Ed.), no. 1:7-9, 1967. 2 refs.
A methane-nitrogen-oxygen mixture was burned at a rate of 50
cu m/hr. Enriched air with an oxygen content of to to 73% was
provided in an excess of i.j to 2.6. Inlet temperature ranged
from 300 to 600 C and maximum NO yield (1.82S) was obtained
with an oxygen content ot 70% and an air excess of 1.7
(equivalent to equimolar nitrogen-oxygen ratio in combustion
products) . It is concluded that such a continuously operating
arrangement for fixing atmospheric nitrogen has a number of
advantages: constant NO concentration, ease of process control
and possibility of automatic control, low thermal cycling
assures prolonged and reliable operation of refractory materials
made of "IgO or 7r02. The combustion chamber used was described
in an earlier article.
14U16
Winter, E. R. S.
THH DECOMPOSITION OF NITROUS OXIDE ON THE RARE-EARTH
SESQUIOXIDES AND RELATED OXIDES. J. Catalysis, 15 (2) - 144-152,
1969. 11 rets.
The decomposition of N20, catalyzed by 15 M203 oxides including
11 of the rare earth-C crystal structure, is represented with
reasonable accuidcy at 10-20 cm by an equation where the
desorption of 'molecular oxygen is an important rate-determining
step; this is also the rate-determining step in the isotopic
exchange between 02 gas and the oxide surface by a dissociative
process on the surface, which was recently measured for this
series of oxides. A strong correlation exists between both
Ao and E in the Arrhenius expression for the exchange reaction
and the corresponding functions for N20 decomposition. Since
these functions vary in a regular manner with lattice parameter
tor the exchange reaction, so too do Ao and E for the
decomposition of N20. No correlation was found for such
properties as the magnetic moment of the M(III) ion which do not
vary regularly with the lattice parameter. (Author abstract
modified)
1UU71
Schischkov, D., M. Kojcharova, D. Iwanov, Z. Galunski, G. Dimov,
K. Gruev, and D. Grueva
A STUDY OF THE CONVERSION OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND THE
SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF NITRIC OXIDE AND OXYGEN FROM THE
SYNTHESIS GAS WITH LOW-TEH PERATURF CATALYSTS. (Studie ueber die
Konvertierung von Kohlenoxid und die gleichzeitige Entfernung
M. Basic Science and Technology sag
-------
von Stickoxid und Sauerstoti aus Synthesegas mit Hilfe von
Tieftemperaturkatalysatoren)- Text in German. Allgem. Prakt.
Chem. (Vienna), 20 (J) : 68-70 , 1469. 8 rets.
Low-temperature catalysts developed at the Chemical
Technological Institute in Sofia, Bulgaria, were tested with
respect to their activity in the conversion of carbon monoxide
and hydrogenation of nitric oxide and oxygen. The synthesis
gases had an average composition of B8% H2, 3.5% N2 and Ar,
b.4% CO, 2.b* methane, 0.6% C02, up to 5 mg/cu m H2S, up to
0.5 ppm NO, and up to 1000 ppm 02. Catalytic activity was
judged by the residual content oi CO, NO, ana oxygen in the
synthesis gas. The basic constituents of the catalysts are
the oxides of zinc, copper, and chromium. The specific surfaces
of the non-reduced catalysts were between 30 and 60 sg m/g. To
protect the catalysts against sulfur compounds, they were coated
with a layer of desulf unzed zinc oxide. Reduction of the
catalysts took place at temperatures below 250 C with a gas
mixture diluted with nitrogen. The results showed that the
same carbon ironoxide concentration was obtained with all
catalysts. They further showed that the throughput velocity
had a considerable influence on the residual CO content, but
that this influence becomes weaker at higher temperatures. The
catalysts have the capacity to reduce nitric oxide and oxygen,
making it feasible to convert carbon monoxide and clean the
synthesis gas in one step.
14514
Whittaker, Colin W., Frank 0. Lundstrom, and Albert R. Plerz
PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM NITPATS FHCI-j SOLID POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
AND NITROGEN PEROXIDE. Ind. Eng. Chem., 23 (1 2) : 1 4 10-1 4 1 3, Dec.
1931. 1 rets.
Ey passing nitrogen dioxide gas through a tower packed with
potassium chloride crystals containing 2.4% moisture, nearly
complete convtLSion of potassium chloride to potassium nitrate
was accomplished within 3 hrs. After the tower was flushed
with oxygen to remove nitrogen-containing gases, the remaining
salt had, after drying at 120 C, a nitrogen content corresponding
to 92.23% potassium nitrate. As indicated ty decided increases
in temperature of. the tower wall at the reaction zone, the
reaction is exothermic. The small amount of water necessary for
the reaction suggests that its function may be catalytic, perhaps
by taking part in an intermediate reaction. The most complete
conversion is obtained by continuing the nitrogen dioxide flow
for a time after the reaction zone IE, passed. Nitrosyl
chloride is produced simultaneously.
14570
Ivanov, V. N.
KINETICS OF NITPIC OXIDE DISSOCIATION STUDIED 3Y ABSORPTION
SPECTRCSCOPY. (Izucheniye kinetiki raspada okisi azota
metodom absorbtsionnoy spektroskopii). Text in Russian. Izv.
Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz., 27(1):35-37, 1963. 5 refs.
590 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Dissociation of NO at concentrations of 0.32 to 1.9H times ten
to the. . 19th jiower moles/cu en at 650 C was studied by
absorption spectroscopy, the rate of dissociation being
determined from the intensity ot the N02 line. In all cases,
equilibrium was reached in about 10 hrs. Introduction of 0.5%
oxygen caused the dissociation rate to double, the resultant
N02 being the actual catalyzing agent. Comparison is made with
contradictory data found in the literature.
1U60J
Shelef, M.
CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE. Franklin Inst. Pesearch
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Materials Science and Engineering Dept.
and Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution
Control Administration, Proc. First Natl. Syir.p. on Heterogeneous
Catalysis lor Control of Air Pollution, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov.
1968, p. 87-112. 2H refs.
A method was sought tor the selective heterogeneous reduction
ot nitric oxide in the presence of excess oxygen. The
decomposition rate of KO on a series ot catalysts was studied
in a conventional flow apparatus using NO as such or diluted
with He. It was concluded that the decomposition reaction' is
too slow for practical application. The reduction of NO by CO
was studied in the same flow system and used a mass-spectrometric
technique. The hypothesis advanced is that the limiting stage
ot the oxidation mechanism with the participation of NO differs
from that with 02. With 02 as the oxidizing agent, the rate-
limiting catalyst-oxygen bond scission occurs during the
reduction ot the catalyst. In the oxidation with the
participation ot NO, the slow step may be the re-oxidation of
an active site involving the accomodation oi the nitrogen atom.
The formation ot the N-N bond is postulated, which for the
formation ot N2 requires the presence of a pair of NO molecules
situated in close proximity. The requirement of the formation
or the N-U bond r.ay explain why the re-oxidation step of a
surface site by NO could be a low probability event. The
accepted view of NO chemisorption is through the nitrogen end
ot the molecule undergoing a surface rearrangement tor the
oxidation of a reduced surface site. The appearance of N20 is
observed when passing NO on a reduced surface in the absence
ot CO, which supports the role of the M20 as an intermediate
in the overall process. This hypothesis, which assumes the
interaction of NO with the reduced surface as being the limiting
process, explains the preferential participation of oxygen in
th
-------
Bririer, ?.. , G. H. Lunge, and A. van der
RESEARCH ON THE REACTIONS BETWEEN NITROGEN PEROXIDE AND SULFUR
DIOXIDE. (Pecherches sur Ics reactions entre le peroxyde
d'azote et 1"anhydride sulfureux). Text in French. Helv.
Chira. Acta, vol. 11: 1 125- 1144, 192U. 15 refs.
Laboratory techniques tor studying the reactions of nitrogen
dioxide and sultur dioxide, both in the liquid and gas phase,
are elaborated. In the liquid phase, unaer 100 at in pressure,
the following overall reaction occurs: 3/2 H204 plus 2S02 yields
SJN209 plus NO. The compound S2N2O9 behaves like an anhydride
of nitrosyl sulturic acid in its reactions with water, alkali,
and 302. It is stable at ordinary temperatures even in a vacuum.
Heat decomposes it into the compounds S2N07 and NO2; the reaction
is slightly reversible. The reaction forming S2N209 from liguid
sultur dioxide and liguid dinitrcger. tetroxide is very exothermic;
its heat of reaction has been evaluated at 112 cal/g-mole.
In the gas phase, the reaction between dinitrogen tetroxide and
S02 proceeds somewhat slowly at ordinary temperatures and
pressures and more ^rapidly at elevated temperatures. Reaction
products at 80 deg 'and above have an average nitrogen content
less than that of the compound S2N209. Curves representing the
course of this reaction reached a plateau long before it had
been formed. The reaction does not take place if the gases are
placed in contact at sufuciently low pressure. In the presence
ot catalysts, the reaction is very rapid but does not go to
completion even at low pressures.
14624
Rozlovskiy, A. I. and Ye. P. Podin
HIGH-TEMPERATURE CHILLING OF NITROGEN OXIDES.
(Vysokotemperaturnaya za'olka okisi azota). Text in Russian.
Doklady Afcad. Hauk SSSR, 177 (2) :397-400, 1967. 9 refs.
This thernodynamic analysis of nitrogen oxidation, based on
the literature, is directed toward an understanding of the
etiects ot 'chilling' of the reaction products at high
temperatures. Cooling rate as a function ot temperature is
plotted over the range 1900-4200 K for an equimolar
N2-O2 mixture at 1 atm for an NO concentration of 15%. Nitrogen
oxide losses during chilling are tabulated for temperatures
ranging troir. 2663 to 4000 K at pressures of 0.77, 1, and
10 atm, with an 02-N2 ratio of 1:1, 1:4, or 1:10, and chilling
rates ranging from 20,000 to 100,000,000 deg/sec.
14635
Satiullin, N. Sh. and A. N. Tseytlin
ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES BY SULFURIC ACID. (Absorbtsiya
okislov azota sernoy kislotoy). Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl.
592 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Khin., vol. 36:490-495, 1963. 15 refs.
Studies made with gases containing 0.15-0.20% NO-N02 showed
that the absorption of nitrogen oxides increases with an
increase in sulfuric acid concentration up to 85^, but that
further increase in concentration has no significant effect
on absorption rate. Increasing the linear rate of the gas
above 0.5 m/sec and the reflux density above 6—7 cu m/sq m-hr
has no noticeable effect on the rate or completeness of
absorption. As the N2O3 content of the sulfuric acid increases
(from 0 to 4.4% HN03), the absorption rate of nitrogen oxides
decreases by 8%. The absorption rate is significantly affected
by the process temperature; relative absorption rates at 18,
(40, and 60 C are 1, 0.48 and 0.38, respectively.
14636
Rogers, E. and E. H. Sage
SOME STUDIES 0? THE OXIDES OF NITBOGEN. Office Naval Kes. ,
Monthly Res. Pept. , p. 23-25, Jan. 1952. 9 rets.
ATI: 139788
An evaluation of the specific volume, thermal conductivity,
and viscosity of the liquid phase of nitrogen dioxide and its
mixtures with nitric oxide show that these compounds are
suitable oxidizing components tor binary liquid propellant
systems. The compressibility of saturated nitrogen dioxide
first increases, then decreases with a progressive rise in
temperature. This anomaly is not present in the case of the
liquid, where specific volume is a function of pressure and
temperature. Under usual operating conditions, the vapor
pressure of nitrogen dioxide will remain below 100 psi. The
relatively high freezing point of nitrogen dioxide is effectively
lowered by solutions of nitric oxide, which increase two-phase
pressure. Twenty wt% nitric oxide increases the bubble point
pressure of nitrogen dioxide mixtures to 445 psi at 180 F. The
vapor pressure of pure nitrogen dioxide at this temperature is
about 196 psi. Nitric oxide is more nearly a perfect gas than
nitrogen dioxide, deviating only about 5% from the behavior
of a perfect gas at pressures up to 2500 psi at 100 F. Its
compressibility factor is a function of pressure for several
temperatures. Neither nitrogen dioxide nor nitric oxide
undergoes significant decomposition when stored in steel
containers.
15023
Flynn, G. &., M. A. Kovacs, C. K. Rhodes, and A. Javan
VTBRATTONAL AND ROTATIONAL STUDIES USING Q SWITCHING OF
MOLECULAR GAS LASERS. Appl. Phys. Letters, 8(3):63-65, Feb. 1,
1466. 5 refs.
Vibrational and rotational relaxations in the C02 and N20 laser
systems were studied by Q-sHi.tchj.ng techniques. It is shown
that during the time in which Q-switchiny taKes place,
thermalization of the rotational levels can re prevented.
M. Basic Science and Technology 593
-------
Thermalization in the presence of laser oscillation leads to
a coupling between various rotational levels and, consequently,
a decrease in the nuirber of oscillating laser transitions. At
low pressures, where thermalization rates are slow, the
populations of various rotational bands are entirely decoupled
during the C~switched pulse and various rotational transitions
oscillate independently. At elevated pressures thermalization
occurs even during 0-switching ture. The presence ot a nonthermal
population distribution within the rotational levels is an
important conseauence or the lacK of thermalization during the
Q-switch period. This implies the presence of sizeable
population inversion within the levels during the Q-switch period.
1 b 1 6 6
Moruzzi, J. L., J. Vi. Ekin, Jr., and A. V. Phelps
ELECTRON PRODUCTION BY ASSOCIATIVE DETACHMENT OF O(-) IONS WITH
NO, CO, AND H2. J. Chen. Phys., 48 (7) : 3070-3 076 , April 1,
26 r«2ts.
Flectron currents produced in asrociative uetachirent reactions
involving n (-) ions were detected and measured in an electron
drift tube. Th« reactions studied were those between 0 (-) and NO,
0 (-1 and CO, and 0 (-) and H2. The associative-detachment rate
coei<- icients were obtained from analyses ot the electron current
waveforms. The results indicate that the associative detachment
proceeds by a two-body p,... cess. The observed rate coefficients
are consistent with results obtained from studies of 0 (-)
destruction using IT ass spectromet ric techniques. Associative
detdi-hment rate coefficients of 2.2, 6.5, and 7.5 times 10 to the
minus 10th power cu cm/sec were measured at near-thermal ion
energies for the 0 (-) plus NO, 0 (-) plus CO, and the 0 (-) plus
R2 reactions, respectively. The average energy of the 0 (-) ions
ranaed from thermal up to 0.16 eV. A search for a reaction
between 02 (-) ar.d CO was unsuccessful, indicating that the rate
coefficient ot this reaction is less than 10 to the minus 14th
power cu cum/sec. (Author abstract modified)
Ibl y
-------
ranges near the center ot each peak and the apparent width of
emission lines is caused by lack of resolution in the grating
mirror, but no attempt was made to utilize the full width of the
grating to attain the maximum resolution. This can be
accomplished by placing the grating at some distance from the
active plasma. The emission spectra were obtained by existing
only 2 m of the 6 ir-long laser tube. It is assumed that the
grating device can be applied to a study of other high-grain
infrared bands.
Paulson, .1. F.
SOKE NEGATIVE ION PEACTTONS IN SIMPLE GASES. In: Symp. Ion-
Molecule Reactions in the Gas Phase, Robert F. Gould (ed.),
Washington, D. C. , American Chemical Society, 1966, p. 28-43.
20 rets. (Presented at the Am. Chem. Soc., 152nd Meeting,
New York, N. Y., Sept. 12-13, 1966.)
Charge transfer and icn-atom interchange reactions of D(-) with
n/0 and ot 0(-) with 02, N20, and N02 were studied with a
magnetic sector mass spectrometer. Competition between electron
transfer and ion-atom interchange was observed in the production
of 02(-) by reactions ot 0(-) with 02, an endothermic reaction.
The negative ion of the reacting molecules is formed in 02,
N20, and N02, but not in D20. Rate constants were estimated
as a function of repeller potential. These studies are
considered preliminary in the sense that the rate constants
obtained are averages OV«=T a wide range ol interaction energies
and may net apply to ions having well-defined kinetic energies.
Definitive tests of the dependence of these rate constants upon
kinetic energy can only be carried out using ion beam techniques
in which angular distributions of the products are measured.
(Author abstract- modified)
1b22b
Miescher, F.
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECTRUK OF THE NITRIC OXIDE HOLECUL2. (Easel
Univ. (Switzerland) , Dept. of Physics, Grant AF-20AB-65-74,
AFCBL-69-02fcB, 9p. , April 1b, 1969. 17 refs.
DDC: AD 689 398
The vacuurr-ul traviolet absorption spectrum of four different
isotopes of nitric oxide gas was photographed with the most
powerful existing spectrogranhs. The infrared and the visible
emission spectrum emanating from a discharge through rapidly
streaming NO also was recorded with very large instruments.
In the vacuum-ultraviolet, it was photographed with a 1 meter
grating. Comprehensive rotational analyses of the many band
structures observed on the plates were carried out. The result
of the investigation is the knowledge ot the excited states of
the MO molecule exceeding the present knowledge for any other
molecule as far as completeness and theoretical understanding
is concerned. Several novel features in band structures could
be studied, particularly electronic interactions and extreme
Rydberg state uncoupling. Important molecular constants could
be derived with high accuracy. (Author abstract modified)
M. Basic Science and Technology 595
-------
Nlles, F. E.
AIR-LIKE DISCHARGES WITH C02, NO, N02, AND N20 AS IMPURITIES.
Ballistic Research Labs., Ai>erd?eu Proving Ground, Hd., BRL-R-1437,
7Jp., Jane 1969. 1U refs.
AD 690816
Computer solutions to 24 times-rate-ot-change equations were
obtained tor air-like discharges attainacle in a laboratory
designed EOT che study of reactions of ionospheric importance.
The manner in which the solutions are affected by initial number
densities of C02, KO, N02, and N20, corresponding to the
impurity levels of 0, 0.1, 10, and 1000 ppra , is presented.
Solution of the time -rate-of-change equations demonstrate_d the
importance of knowing the initial concentrations of minor
constituents. The initial N20 densities did not affect the
solutions. The initial C02 densities are not very important to
the solutions. The COJ (-) solutions are influenced by the
ozone density, which is affected by the N02 density. The
initial N02 density greatly affects the reactions forming the
negative lor.s. The initial NO density greatly affects the
observable positive ion densities. While the solutions were
obtained for the laboratory facility, similar effects on the
charged particles in the upper atmosphere can be expected for
various densities of NO and 1102. Hence, measurements of the
NO and N02 densities should accompany charged particle
measurements in the upper atmosphere.
Mfijer, R. J.
THE PHILIPS-STIRLING ENGINE. (Der Phi lips- S t ir 1 in giro tor) .
Text in German. Motortech. Z. (Stuttgart), 29 (7) : 284-298, July
iyf>H. 14 rets.
The development of the Philips-Stirling engine is described and its
advantages are enumerated. The engine is based on the principle of
moving gas back and torth between a hot chamber and a cold chamber
by a displacement piston. Development of the Stirling principle
began in 1938 in the Philips research laboratories with the
construction of small hot-air engines. Through the invention of
the double acting engine, the path to larger Stirling engines was
opened. Development of the rhombic gear in 1953 permitted
operation with a pressureless cranKcase. Hydrogen and helium
replaced air. The engine efficiency could be raised to 38%, the
specific power to 110 hp referred to the piston displacement
volume. Better gaskets improved the longevity of the engine. The
problems of thermal tension and heat transfer have been solved.
Laboratory models of 10, 40, and 90 hp per cylinder have been built
and tested while experiments on a model with 400 hp per cylinder
are under way. A Stirling engine performs as well as or even
better than a diesel engine. It the Stirling engine is driven with
a fossil fuel, the exhaust gases are quite clean. They contain no
CO or hydrocarbons owing to a steady combustion in a chamber fenced
in by hot walls. Concentrations of NO and N02 are low. A table
comparing the exhaust gas composition of the Stirling engine with
a gas turbine indicates this quite clearly. The reason for the
596 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
reduction in emissions is not fully understood since flame
temperatures in the burner are very high. To study the
relationship between the temperature of the preheated air and
the NOx content, an electrically driven air preheater was
installed in a 90 hp one-cylinder engine. It was found that the
NOx content decreases with decreasing temperature of the
preheated air. If part of the exhaust gas is returned to the
combustion air, the NO content can be further reduced.
15253
Young, 5. A., G. Black, and T. G. Slanger
VACUUH-ULTRAVIOLFT PHOTOLYSIS OF N20. III. REACTION RATES OF
0(S1). J- Chem. Phys. , 50 (1) : 309-3 11, Jan. 1, 1969. 13 refs.
(Also: Stanford Research Inst., Kenlo Park, Calit., Contracts
Da-31-1?4-ASO-D-434 and DA-31-124-AEO-D-446 and Grant 544,
Pepts. 51J4.11-P and 609J.11-C, 1969.)
AO 686936
Photolyses of N20 at 1470 A (Xe resonance lamp) and C02 at 1048 +
1067 A (argo_n resonance lamp) were used as sources of 0 (S 1)
atoms. "Quenching rate coefficients for this species relative
to those for N20 or C02 were determined for a'wide variety of
gases (NO, C2N2, 02, CO, H2, CH4, N2, Ar, He, ethylene, and
acetylene).
15268
Kovacs, M. A., G.. N. Flynn, and A. Javan
0 SWITCHING OF MOLSCTJLAP LASER TRANSITIONS. Appl. Phys. Letters,
8(i):62-63, Feb. 1, 1966. 3 refs.
Q-switching techniques were applied to an investigation of C02
and N20 molecular laser transitions. A Brewster-angle discharge
was used, and the Q-switchod laser was operated either with dc
excitation ot the discharge by means of internal electrodes or
with rt excitation by means of external electrodes. The
optimum Q-switching performance was achieved in an N2-C02-HE
mixture. It was obtained at the highest mirror rotation speeds.
At low speeds nultipulsing occurred. The relaxation time for C02
laser levels is less than 2 msec. The energy storage time in
each Q-switched pulse is determined by lifetimes of the C02
levels and is not less than 0.3 msec. The width of the pulses
is less than the response time ot the detector and is 20 nsec
or less. Accordingly, the power in each Q-switch pulse of 1 mJ
energy is about 50 kW.
15272
Young, K. A., G. Black, and T. G. Slanger
VACU'IM-ULTSAVIOLFT PHOTOLYSIS OF N20. II. DEACTIVATIOK OF
N2(A 3 (SIGMA SUE U) +) AND N2 (B 3 (PI SUB G) ) . J; Chem. Phys.,
50(1) -.303-3C8, Jan. 1, 1969. 27 refs. (Also: Stanford
M. Basic Science and Technology 597
-------
Research Ir.st., Menlo Park, Calit., Contracts DA-31-124-ARO-D-434
and DA- n-124-APO-D-446 and Grant GA-544, Repts. 5134. 10-P and
609J.10-C, 1969.)
AD: 687064
Quenchina of F2(A 3 (sigma sub u) +) , produced during
photodissociation of N20 bv 1470 A radiation, was studied using
tne TJ gamma-band emission as a monitor. The relative quenching
efficiencies of a variety of gases are given. At 1236 A, the
state ot N2(B 3 (pi sub 9)) was produced during photolysis of
V20 and the variation ot the intensity ot N2 first positive
emission with N20 pressure was used to evaluate the quenching
ra^-e of N2(B J (pi sub g) ) by N20. The value obtained was 1.6
times 10 to the minus 10th cc/roolecule/sec. Quenching
efficiencies for other gases (NA3, NO, C2N2, 02, CO, CO2, H2,
CHU, N2, Ar, He, ethylane, and acetylene) were determined
relative to N20 and are aiven. (Author abstract modified)
Scholten, J. J. F. and J. A. Konvalinka
"RACTION OF tlTTPOUS OXIDE WITH CCPPIF SURFACES. APPLICATION
TO THE DE^ITMTNATICK OF FPEF-COPPER SURFACE AREAS. Trans.
Faraday Soc. , vol. bb ?art 9 (56 1 ): 2465-247 j , Sept. 1969. 14 refs.
Oxygen adsorption via nitrous oxide decomposition on various
copper powder samples and three copper-or.-MgO catalysts was
investigated rrom 0 to 140 C at 20 cm Hg. As with germanium,
the reaction of nitrous oxide with copper surfaces has an
activation energy that increases with coverage. Plots of
oxygen chemisor pti on via nitrous oxiae decomposition at various
temperatures as a function of contact time show that adsorption
increases with temperature, indicating that there is no
adsorption equilibrium. Because of the activated nature of the
N2O decomposition-adsorption process, small increases in
temperature of th<= samples caused by the heat ot reaction can
result in higher coverages. The magnitude of such small
temperature rises will depend on the surface area per g and on
the hoat dissipation during measurements; this accounts for the
poor reproducibility of the coverages found at 0, 20, and 50 C.
Measurements of tree-copper surface areas of catalysts arour-d
90 to 100 C show oetter reoroducibi iity . There is a full surface
coveraae in this range, so that a relatively high kinetic
barrier has to be overcome before bulk oxidation sets in. The
lower reactivity in both surface and bulk reactions of nitrous
oxide as compared rfith that of oxvger. is discussed. It is
presumed to be related to the difference in electronic structure
of the two molecules. The linear nitrous oxide molecule has the
lower reactivity, since it is apparently stabilized by resonance.
Oxygon is more reactiv0 ->winq to its pseudo-radical character
cins°d bv the presence ot two unpaired electrons.
n troshchsnKo, V. I., 0. K. Goncharenko, and S. G. Sedasheva
KINFTICS OP ABSORPTION OF HTTROGFN DIOXIDE BY SOLID CALCIUM
OVTSE. (Kinetika vbirannya avookisu azotu tverdim okisom
598
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
kal'tsiyu). Text in Ukrainian. Khim. Prom. Inform. Nauk Tekh.
Zn. , no. 1:27-29, Jan.-Karen, 196"). 1 ref.
Experimental study of the absorption kinetics for 10% nitrogen
dioxide over solid calcium oxide was made at 50-300 C. The
absorption rate constant at these temperatures ranged from 0.0572
to 0.572, while the corresponding degree of absorption increased
trom 7.3 to H6.5*. These values were determined at 7-9?.
saturation of the absorbent, which occurred in 0.191-0.107 sec.
Reducing N02 concentration to 5% resulted in a 10-20% reduction
in the degree ot absorption. This reaction is recommended for
production of calcium nitrate fertilizer.
Dodonova, N. Ya. and V. V. Sobolev
ISFfclFED EMISSION 0* NITRIC OXIDE IN ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE.
Vestr.. Leninar. Univ., S = r. "iz. i Khim., 2 (10): 3-5, 1956.
1; refs. Translated from Pussian. Dept of the Army, Fort
DetricK, Frederick, Hd., Up., 4uq. 1956.
CFSTI, DOC: AD 6K2563
The emission of nitric oxide in an electrical discharge at
pressures of 10-200 mm Hg was studied. Nitric oxide was
produced by a solution of KH02 + KI reacting with dilute
sulturic acid and k'as dried with phosphorus pentoxide and
sulturic acK". The emission spectrum obtained from the discharge
had maxima at J, U,U, and 4.8 microns. Comparison of the NO
emission spectrum with the absorption spectra of NO showed that
the bands which were detected do not belong to NO, but to oxides
of nitrogen formed in the discharge by decomposition of NO and
by chemical reactions. The only exception may be the 3
micron band which could belong to NO. It was concluded that the
addition oi nitrogen to the nitric oxide in the discharge does
not affect the emission intensity of the "4.H micron band. This
does not agree with previous views.
15756
Navalles, Henri, Gerard Dorthe, and Pichel Destriau
BEACTION OF OXYGFH WITH KITPODS OXICE. (La reaction de 1'oxygene
avec 1'oxyde azoteaux). Text in French. Bull. Soc. Chim. France,
no. 4:3Cf6, 1969. 14 refs.
A study ot the chemiluminescence that occurs when nitrous oxide
and hydrogen react at temperatures and pressures of 726 C and
300 mm Hg and B20 C and 600 mm Hg, refutes the hypothesis that
in the following sequence of reactions, the last two are of little
significance: N20 f N20 yields N2 t 0 + N20; 0 + H2 yields
OH + H; 0 + KL'O yields 2 NO; and 0 + NO yields N02 yields F02 +
hv. It is concluded that it would be difficult to account for
the luminous emission if the last reaction does not take place.
M. Basic Science and Technology 599
-------
Polliday, Michael and Bryan Deuben
THr PF ACTON OF KYDPOHFN WITH NITPCUS OXIDE. (La reaction de
1'hydroaene avec 1'cxyde azoteux). Text in French. Bull. Soc.
Chin*. France, no. 9:3087, iy69. 6 rets.
The mechanism of the reaction between hycrcgen and nitrous oxi-de
was discussed. Th*1 activation energy of the reaction was
approximately 62. b kcal. This was in accordance with the initial
reaction, N20 yields N2 + 0 followed by a series of
intermolecular chain-breakinn reactions. The effect of adding
nitric oxide to the system was also examined. Pesults were best
explained by the reaction of OH and H radicals, rather than 0
radicals with ritric oxide. This mechanise was in agreement with
the Known rate constant of the reaction. Chemiluminescene was
not observed in the slow reaction and it appeared that this was
due to a relatively insignificant side reaction rather than a major
termination process. (Author abstract modified)
Yanate , Noboru
PHOTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF AIH POLLUTION. II. STUDIES ON
PHOTOCIiElirf L PRODUCTS OF AUTO EXHAUST. (Taiki osen no kokagaku
kenkyu (dai 2 ho) jilosha haiki gasu no koshosha seiseibutsu ni
tsuite) . Text in Japanese. Eisei Kagaku (J. Hyg. Chem.) ,
1b (U) : 24B-2b2, 196". 5 refs.
Autoironile exhaust was irradiated with xenon or solar light under
static conditions, and the concentration changes of hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, and irradiation products were
analyzed. Hydrocarbon concentrations were determined by
hydrogen-flame ionization gas chromatog raphy ; nitrogen oxides and
formaldehyde concentrations, by colorimetry; and irradiation
products, by elect r on-ca ptare gas ch roma tog raphy . Irradiation
decreased the concentrations of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
but increased formaldehyde concentrations. The irradiation
products were methyl nitrite, ethyl nitrite, methyl nitrate, ethyl
nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, isocutyl nitrate, biacetyl, and
peroxyacetyl nitrate. These photochemical reactions of auto
exhaust presumably occur in the atmosphere.
600
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Abe, ?l. *14079-F
Ahthoff, J. *13987-E
Adams, D. F. 06050-1)
Addicott, D. J. *00569-C
Addison, W. E. *13392-M
1355S-M
Adrussow, L. *13223-N
Agnew, W. G. *13958-H
Ajax, R. L. *00115-II
Aker, J. E. 05048-E
Alivisatos, G. 1'. 09117-J
Alkire, G. J. *08067-J
Alley, F. C. *01264-C
*01579-11
Altshuller, A. 1'. *03058-A
*00109-B *00302-C
*14019-G *01718-C
*01984-C 02352-C
*02777-C *03858-C
*05533-C *00757-C
*02162-1) *03727-l>
*00622-F *01402-F
00961-G *01983-G
*01981-J *02129-J
*00001-M 00034-M
*()1075-n *01978-M
*08845-M
Amanat, fl. OS897-F 11679-F
11682-F 14065-F
Ameen, J. S. 03406-J
Aintower, R. E. 02845-D
Andersen, II. C. *1S271-E
Anderson, 1). 0. *05652-J
Anderson, II. C. *06844-1:
*13893-1:
Andersen, L. B. *14902-E
Ando, II. 07391-n
Aniol, S. 13458-C
Antliony, A. *10G13-F
Antoshechkin, A. G. *06889-0
Applebaum, D. *13540-;i
Arnest, R. T. 00081-Ii
Arnold, J. S. *01102-il
Ascc, M. 08300-J 08301-J
Aslie, IV. F. *00041-J
Ashmore, P. G. *13341-II
Atroshdicnko, V. I. *13689-E
*15495-:!
Atsulcawa, II. *14664-E
Austin, II. C. *13394-P.
Austin, J. D. 03179-M
Austin, R. R. *03575-M
Avery, II. E. *003S7-M
Aycn, R. J. *OOOS3-M
*13530-;i
Ayers, R. U. *12521-B
B
Bachman, II. E. 11234-E
Back, K. C. *03821-F
Rack, R. A. OS226-M
Bacskai, G. *08612-II
Bailey, R. L. *13031-E
Baker, R. A. *04618-E
Baker, R. A., Sr. *05064-1:
Balarew, C. 13916-11
Baldium, 0. J. 01855-P
01893-F 02277-F
03257-F 03258-F
00660-F 0066S-F
Ball, 1C. E. *06279-D
BandyopadJiyay, P. K. 13087-D
Barchas, ;i. 00092-1)
Barck, II. 13930-M
Sarnliart, D. II. *05857-E
Barrett, C. R. 01306-B
Barrer, R. M. 13392-M
*135S8-II
Barrington, A. E. *02406-D
Basbagill, W. J. 02745-D
*01829-J *02317-J
JJattinelli, II. C. *00650-B
*02266-F *06048-F
*06640-F
Bazas, B. IJ. 09117-J
Bazhcnov, V. A. 15729-C
Beaver, II. *097S2-B
Beck, W. J. 03434-J
Belnnann, C. 09737-B
Beighton, J. *07925-B
Belanger, 17. E. *15747-F
Bell, F. A., Jr. *01989-I)
*01770-J 03433-J
*03434-J
* Asterisk indicates first author
601
-------
Benedict, II. M. *OS586-D
Benline, A. J. 00169-K
Itennett, R. R. 15210-1)
Benson, D. 15490-F
Benson, F. B. 01807-D
Benson, J. D. *14034-E
Benson, S. W. 00128-M
01680-M 01880-iI
01881-tl
Bent, F. A. *13550-E
Berdyev, Kh. B. *08438-J
Bergbauer, I). M. 06320-'!
Berl, E. 10907-M
Bernitt, D. L. *04674-,M
Bethell, K. 1). *13932-D
Betz, E. C. *05309-E
Billings, C. E. *075S2-E
Bils, R. F. 00665-F
08424-F *06600-F
*10685-F
Bird, L. S. 06326-G
Bisel, G., Jr. 03433-J
Bjerklie, J. W. *14202-E
Black, G. 15253-M
15372-M
Black, H. II. 03420-B
Blakeney, B. C. *03438-A
Blokh, I. 0. 14055-M
Blomrer, E. J. 01335-F
07847-F
Bloomfield, J. J. 04052-A
Blum, J. H. *00454-B
Blumenthal, J. L. *03110-B
Bockian, A. II. *15308-C
Bodenstein, M. *13968-M
Boddy, J. II. *02635-B
Boerma, tl. 01850-E
Bokhovern, C. *01432-D
Bolt, J. A. "01850-E
Bonamassa, F. *03401-A
00324-B 15308-C
Bonica, J. J. *04600-F
Bonner, B. II. *06473-M
Boren, II. G. *02617-F
*08570-F
Borne, T. B. 14293-11
llosman, A. R. *02871-F
Boubel, K. W. *03107-M
Bovcc, H. II. *12579-D
Balden, U. II. 11309-F
Bradley, C. E. 04992-M
Bradley, D. W. 00214-D
03537-D
Braginskaya, N. I. 13741-E
Braman, R. S. *15904-D
Bravcrnan, M. M. *07712-J
Breysse, P. A. 12579-1)
Brcic, B. S. *01830-J
*13355-M
Brccn, W. II. 05586-D
Brcnnan, E. 01666-G
14968-G
Breuer, U. *02066-B
*14076-D
Brewer, A. 1\'. 01331-1)
Brewer, A. ':,'. (ed.) 09333-D
Briner, E. *05628-M *14620-P!
BroclJiaus, A. 07174-F
Brodovicz, B. A. *08420-L
Broering, L. C., Jr. *05S36-D
Brogan, T. R. *03072-1!
Brown, G. ?I. 03983-E
Browne, U. J. 01102-:;
Brubachcr, II. L. 0015S-I)
Brunclle, ?I. F. *01875-M
Brunner, M. *03122-B
*114S7-B
Brunei, I). 00033-F 00779-F
Bryan, R. J. 01266-D
*06099-F
Buck, FI. 04018-D *082S6-D
Buchherg, II. *00177-C
*06599-I)
Buckley, R. D. *OOG60-F
00668-F 01893-F
*03257-F *03258-F
*11297-F *13852-F
Budinger, F. E. 04635-1)
Buell, G. C. *00339-F
Bufalini, J. J. *10489-1)
00757-J *01244-J
*02352-J *00034-M
*00939-M
Buraldiovidi, II. S. *04256-G
Burchardt, T. 13948-M
Burcliett, M. 03013-J
Burckle, J. 0. *09026-B
BurWiart, J. K. 00142-D
Burleson, F. R. 01076-B
03292-C 00238-M
Burlin, R. M. 04792-B
Burton, G. G. 00499-F
03151-F
Buscaglia, R. *06284-D
Bush, A. F. *03265-B
*00087-E *OS301-J
Bush, K. A. 01168-F
B>'lov, V. D. *13707-E
Cadle, R. D. *0498S-C
*0396S-M *09078-!1
Calapaj, G. G. 15599-B
Calvert, 'A'. R. *03145-E
Campau, R. M. *00160-B
14036-E
Campbell, K. I. 10490-F
11314-F *1153S-F
Cann, G. R. *03584-B
Garetto, L. S. 14924-B
Carleton, M. P. 06477-11
Cassell, E. J. 01369-F
Catcott, E. J. *03394-F
Caudle, P. G. *13559-M
Cavalli, R. D. 00428-F
602
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Cejka, M. *14619-B
Chadwick, W. L. 13394-E
Chambers, F. S., Jr. *13561-M
Chambers, J. C. 07448-J
Chambers, L. A. 10456-F
Chandler, J. M. "05292-B
*13S62-B
Chapman, R. L. 09111-D
Qiarlson, R. J. 15661-C
Chass, R. L. 05864-B
09785-B 03010-D
*07519-K
Chatfield, H. E. *09795-E
Chen, C. *14493-F
Cherniack, I. *01266-D
Chevalier, C. E. *099G9-I)
Chiarenzclli, R. V. *00695-II
Childers, E. *13538-E
Chironis, N. P. *05312-B
Cholak, J. *03701-J
*03714-J *04986-J
Chrisman, K. F. *02354-D
Christian, J. G. *03969-?1
Clarke, J. F. *01068-C
Cleary, G. J. *08633-B
Clifton, D. G. *02508-M
Clingenpccl, J. II. 01169-D
Clough, P. N. *13452-M
Coffin, D. L. *01335-F
*07847-F
Cohen, I. R. 01718-C
01934-C 02777-C
02732-D 01981-J 00001-?!
01075-?! 01978-?!
Cohen, M. *04277-?I
Colin, J. G. E. *13554-E
Cole, A. F. :•/. 06011-D
*00696-G
Color™, A. I. 01650-C
Cominelli, A. *0769()-B
Coinmins, 15. T. 07930-D
*04651-J
Constock, E. G. *05352-n
Compton, 1). M. J. 06480-C
Conlee, C. J. *01673-B
00115-11
Connor, V,'. D. *00620-D
Connolly, T. J. *05070-n
Constantincscu, M. *148ni-E
Conte, J. F. 14033-15
Contncr, G. L. 00473-F
Cook, E. B. 04653-F
Coons, J. D. 00288-B
Cooper, II. H. II. 05601-1)
Cooper, W. C. 06053-F
Cope, N. C. 03454-J
Copeland, J. 0. 09056-K
Corcoran, K. II. 04696-D
Com, M. 00027-15 OS099-S
*00499-F *03151-F
Coulson, A. C. 14325-E
Cowdrcy, R. 14081-F
Cramarossa, F. *01878-F
Crane, S. C. 11565-F
14377-F 15215-P
Craxford, S. R. *03119-1)
Crecelius, H. J. 14837-D
Crcswic*. F. A. 14850-E
Crosby, II. J. 13564-?!
Cross, B. A. *03521-F"
Grouse, '.V. R. *00337-I5
03154-B
Cruickshank, F. R. 05425-.'I
Cuffe, S. T. *014S2-B
*02355-B 03113-13
*05067-I5 *09838-!3
*C3592-I)
Cullis, C. F. *0975S-:i
Cummins, R. L. *03255-3
Cvctanovic, R. J. 00357-M
04286-1!
Cyrankiev.'icz, J. 09137-1;
Dahle, E. '.'/., Jr. 02825-J
*06960-J
Daigh, II. D. *04899-E
Dailey, W. V. 07540-D
Daines, R. II. *05420-G
*14968-G
Dalhamn, T. *00189-F
Dallas, J. L. 02317-J
Daniels, F. *13746-E
Danielson, J. A. *09784-I5
Darley, E. F. *01076-B
*03596-G 03618-G
*05342-G *05344-G
Davidson, J. T. *00338-F
06745-F *06746-F
Davis, F. II. *07857-D
Davis, 11. V. 00994-F
Davis, R. F. *01457-D
Dean, C. ?!. 02355-15
Decker, L. D. *06379-E
Deeter, iV. F. 04899-E
Del Vecchio, V. *03202-B
Demidov, A. V. *02439-D
Denbigh, K. G. 13559-1!
Dcnisov, A. M. 04634-E
De Pompcis, C. 14785-J
deTreville, R. T. P.
08423-F
Detrie, J. P. *00453-C
13964-J
Devitofrancesco, G.
09430-C
Devlin, J. P. *05286-M
05289-fl
Devorkin, II. *03010-D
Dickinson, J. *09785-B
Dickinson, J. E. 01504-C
*04616-J 01875-?!
Diehl, E. K. *013G2-B
05857-E
Diggle, W. M. *03603-F
Author Index
603
-------
Dinitriadcs, B. 04S57-D
*07S38-D *10242-D
01269-1) 06698-M
10129-M
Dunitroff, P.. 04008-B
Dixon, J. P. 02237-A
Dmitriev, M. T. *056S3-C
*06867-E
Dmitriyev, ,'!. T. *07478-J
*14634-L
Dobcnik, D. 13355-M
Dobko, S. L. *01532-L
Dobrogorski, 0. J. 03530-F
Dodonova, ;i. Ya. *15S36-H
Doerr, R. C. OS064-E
04618-E
Dohan, C. F. 01609-F
Donaliue, J. L. *07554-E
Dorsey, J. A. 09026-B
Dortlie, G. 15756-:i
Dam, P. 00511-F
Darning, G. *07877-K
Doyle, G. J. 03S83-B
*07178-B 153S4-n
Doyle, G. S. *015S7-C
*00084-F *01463-F
*01603-F
Dozois, C. L. 01334-B
Dragoumis, P. 03072-B
Drexler, M. *00092-D
Duff, G. II. 09369-D
Dugger, W. M. 03596-G
Dugger, W. M., Jr. *02209-G
Duncan, B. R. 06717-F
Dunnicliff, II. B. *134S4-M
Durant, 11. *030C6-M
Durrant, T. *14892-B
Dworetzky, L. II. 10015-B
Dwycr, F. G. *14333-E
Eaton, F. II. 00963-G
Eaton, II. E., Jr. 02441-D
Eberan-Eberhorst, R. *02130-D
*1S321-E
Ecclcston, B. II. 14127-B
Ednisten, N. G. 00847-J
Eggcr, K. W. *00128-M
*01680-II *01S80-;i
*01S81-II
Qmert, W. 03233-B *03204-E
Ehrlich, R. 00933-F *017S5-F
*03853-F 11306-F
Eilers, II. *11421-K
Eisner, P. N. 02883-D
Ekberg, G. 06280-B
Ekin, J. W., Jr. 151G6-M
Elliott, fl. A. *05SSO-B
Ellis, C. F. *00464-B
*06642-I)
Ellis, C. K. 13538-E
Enuk, L. 0. *11307-F
11535-F
Emridi, G. 11502-B
Endon, N. 01S91-K
Endow, ;«'. 00084-F
01463-1-'
Engelhardt, II. *1051S-D
Epstein, D. *03205-A
Epstein, C. *09U23-B
Ermenc, E. D. *13537-E
Esposito, G. G. *OS337-B
Ester, W. 13202-E
Estes, F. L. *006SS-F
Evans, D. G. 00509-F
Evans, M. J. 10685-F
Ewald, II. *11562-B
Eyzat, P. *0971S-B
*14531-E
Faingold, S. G. *15723-B
Fairdiild, E. J. II
*01324-F *00501-F
Faitii, 'X. L. *00566-B
00344-C 05573-J
Folk, II. L. 01806-F
Fankhauscr, R. K. 1001S-C
Farrington, D. 13574-'I
Farrow, J. A. 04770-J
06966-J
Faust, W. J. 14604-E
Feist, II. J. OS3n9-E
Feist, J. *02051-1:.
Felreister, A. *11682-F
*08897-F
Feninore, C. P. *1074S-IJ
Fensterstod;, J. C. *1001S-C
Ferht, E. *05226-M
Femandes, J. II. *Oni40-B
Ferris, 15. G., Jr. *07162-F
Fiala, E. *07223-3
*05003-E
Ficro, G. V,'. *OS376-B
Fink, B. R. *OS052-F
First, II. ",•;. A09175-B
Fishbumc, E. S. *06320-M
Flening, R. D. *01269-D
Fl>TTn, G. V,'. *15023-M
*1S268-M
Fl>-nn, M. E. 00337-B
*05154-B
Foerster, F. *1394S-M
Fontijn, A. *07681-M
Foote', J. 1C. *01026-M
Ford, D. 14992-D
Forissier, : 1. 15752-D
Fonvcrg, ],'. *14837-D
Fosbern-, R. A. C. *0263S-E
Fossard, 'I. *05402-D
Foster, E. G. *13574-M
604
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Foster, K. E. 02354-D
Franco, I'. *14785-J
Frank, II. 07162-F
Frankel, R. J. *12f)40-E
Freeman, G. *00919-F
01040-F 02306-F *02433-F
*11308-F 11565-F
*14377-F *15215-F
Frenkiel, F. ,\. *05571-K
Frey, J. IV. *08099-B
Friedlander, S. K. *15310-B
Friend, J. P. *15661-C
Frossard, II. *04900-D
Fugas, M. *06832-D
Fuhrmann, II. *02673-D
Fujikawa, F. 15679-11
Fukui, K. *02063-1)
Fukui, S. *14355-E
1-uriosi, fl. J. 02483-F
Fuse, Y. 13160-E
Gabinova, Zh. L. 03363-J
Gage, J. C. 03603-F
Ganz, S. N. *13403-E
*13662-E *13741-E
*14054-Ii *13685-M
*13688-H *14380-M
Gardner, D. E. 10492-F
*11670-H
Gardner, ri. B. 00639-F
Gartrell, F. li. *04200-B
Casioroi.'ski, K. *05477-B
Gates, C. li. 05893-B
Geckler, R. P. 11539-1-
08026-F
Gehlen, II. *13407-M
*13633-M
Gentilizza, M. 06832-D
George, H. E. *04792-B
Gerstlc, R. 17. 01482-B
*01582-15 *01583-B
*03113-B 05067-3
Giarrusso, G. A. 09770-1)
Gilbert, :,T. 03544-1)
Giles, C. II. "02270-G
Gills, ii. *02001-B
Giona, A. R. 15100-E
Glasson, W. A. 14119-F
*02838-!I *03114-M
Glater, R. A. 0326S-B
00087-E
Click, II. S. *13S03-M
Goetz, A. *06722-A
*05479-B *06235-C
*06632-C *01990-M
*02412-M
Gol'dberg, 11. S. *11489-F
*06S85-L
Golden, C. 00297-D
Golden, C. G. 01691-D
Goldsmith, J. R. *01955-L
Goller, E. S. *13014-II
Goncliarenko, G. K. 15495-M
Gooclacre, C. L. 02637-E
Goodwine, J. K. 05S99-B
Gordon, R. J. *01027-C
*14180-J
Goshgarian, B. B. 07451-B
Crahek, F. E. 09078-fI
Grant, E. P. *02055-K
Grant, R. J. 03425-D
Gray, J. T., Jr. *0400b-B
Green, A. E. S. *07981-D
Gregory, A. R. *14050-F
*00316-G
Gregory, K. L. *10514-F
Griffing, M. E. *13033-E
Griggs, M. *07980-C
Griswold, S. S. *00107-B
*05864-B *08075-E
Gross, P. *08054-F
*08423-F
Grosskopf, K. 01740-B
Grumsr, J. *07S81-E
Gruson, G. *12990-3
Guibct, J. C. 09715-B
14531-E
Guillory, W. A. *01787-M
Gunton, R. C. *02328-!I
Gupta, S. K. *13087-I)
H
Uaagen-Snit, A. J. *01645-E
*14632-E 00229-G
*04992-M
Hacker, D. S. 13922-M
Hackney, J. D. *08424-F
Iladdad, R. *04052-A
Hanntzsdi, S. *14213-D
Halm, E. 07173-F
Halitsky, J. 07561-B
Hall, E. L. *04995-B
Ilamblin, R. J. *14604-I"!
Hamilton, II. L., Jr. *10<>82-C
Hamilton, M. F. *05149-E
05613-i.I
Hamming, '.,'. J. *00502-C
*01504-C *03270-F
*08403-F *05110-J
Hangebrauck, U. P. *01404-B
*01788-B 02232-B 05133-n
Ilankc, E. 12990-B
Hanks, J. J. *01546-B
Hansbrougli, J. R. *07786-G
Harding, C. I. 00959-E
Harding, J. W. *13900-;i
Harkins, J. *05599-B 14025-E
03978-F 05611-M
Harris, M. E. 07881-E
Harris, S. 17. *14031-E
Hartcck, P. 13540-:i
Ilartmann, II. F. *03983-F.
Author Index
605
-------
lian.-ard, E. 1). 07546-::
Haseba, 3. T. *1341S-:i
Ilass, C. C. *00324-B
ilatdi, T. F. 02266-F
liatduird, R. E. 0052S-J
ilathai.-ay, C. E. OS838-D
Hatterer, A. *1S752-D
Hauser, T. R. *00214-I>
*03S37-])
Haut, II. Van *10206-G
Ilayashi, S. *07371-J *07529-J
Ilaydon, G. ?,. *01040-F 06745-E
Heck, :;. ';. *05610-G *06326-G
Iledlcy, A. B. *07771-M
IledlimJ, F. *06280-PJ
Heggestad, II. E. *12(M2-f.
Heicklen, J. 04277-M
Heinann, II. *00308-F
03421-F
ilein, G. M. *14967-i;
Heller, A. X. *01790-J
*07S97-K
Henderson. J. J. 00220-15
Hendricks| R. I1,. *01393-1)
Ilendrickson, E. R. *03504-J
iiendrickson, '.,'. G. 13746-F
Ilene, ',.'. 13876-'!
liengstenberg, p. 06043-F
Henr)', M. C. *11306-F
Henry, 'V. *03988-B
Henscliler, I). *07173-1;
11470-F
Hanson, 11. M. 09755-: 1
Hermann, R. 03988-fi
Ilernandcz-Cutierrez, F.
*07936-F
HerscU, P. A. ''10672-!)
*14550-iJ
Hess, ",'. *09216-B
iiettche, 0. *09393-B
lleuss, J. M. 14119-F
High, M. 1). 0343S-A
03468-J 03510-J
Hildebrandt, P. 1','.
*01949-J
Hill, 1). '!. 04008-H
Ililst, G. R. *11225-L
*14997-J
Him, Y. 13070-D
Himmelblau, 1). M. *13541-M
Hind, C. J. *14297-E
Ilindawi, I. J. 00961-C
Hine, C. II. *00428-F
*03830-F 14050-F
Hinners, R. G. *01987-F
*00142-n
Ilirao, 0. *06144-E
Ilirsh, M. X. *02883-D
Hisatsonc, I. C. *00700-;i
*03349-M 05286-M
*05288-.'I *052S9-M
*OS290-M
Hitchcock, L. B. *03871-B
*05573-J
Hocliheiser, S. *00192-U
S010S6-]J *0274S-D
*00005-,J *02322-J
*02832-J *03013-J
Iloflman, H. :VOS802-B
*08497-B 11457-:!
Ilofiiieister, II. X. *09721-1)
Hogger, 1). *03801-F
Holland, G. J. *15490-F
Holland, II. R. *0116S-B
Hollander, E. *13?58-E
Hollenbeck, A. II. 01357-D
Holliday, M. *15764-.'!
Ilolznan, R. S. A10492-F
11670-F
Holzicorth, G. C. 00346-J
Honour, A. J. *01175-F
02871-F
Hoover, G. :'. *OS838-D
Horiuchi, K. 07166-J
Horn, 1C. *07230-B *1156S-F
*00411-L
Ilomedo, M. D. *03505-J
Horsley, R. R. 06086-3
Horstnim, S. V,'. 00005-J
Horton, J. F. 01495-D
Hosier, C. R. 03725-J
House, :\ B. -06341-F
Hovey, H. II. *OOh73-B *04S33-J
Howe, E. E. 02001-B
Ilsieh, Yu. II. *14007-E
Ilul^er, T. E. *00932-F
Huenigen, E. *10553-K *14475-L
Hucttcr, F. G. *00473-F
02332-F *03S23-F 07842-1-
Huls, T. A. *09323-3 *00592-S
Hurar.iel, II. 02645-D 09721-D
liunigcn, E. *00562-E *OS803-L
Hunter, J. 15. *14309-E
Hum, R. i','. *013S1-I5 *01582-B
*01384-l! *14116-B
*00241-J *06698-M
A10129-,':
Hutchison, D. H. 04994-B
I
Ichinosava, A. *14553-F
ll'nitzkaya, A. V. *OS461-F
Ingcls, R'. M. 00345-C
09795-E
Inove, R. *04181-B
loshpa, I. Yc *14384-M
Ipscn, J. *01609-F
Iritani, T. 04181-B
Ishikava, S. *11309-E
Ivanova, F. A. 04221-F
Ivanov, \". \'. *14570-M
I vie, J. 0. 01349-1)
06460-D
lyenqar, R. D. *14179-M
606
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Jackson, M. IV. 07S55-B
*15513-I:
Jackson, W. E. *00679-B
Jacobs, J. 11263-B
Jacobs, M. B. *01941-B
Jacumin, W. S. *02747-D
*00992-F
Jaffe, L. S. *08330-C
*00980-F
Jaffe, S. *11279-M
*13889-H
Jaros, G. D. *00469-D
Jcfferis, G. C. *13198-E
Jennelle, L. F. 11632-1-
Jensen, D. A. *00504-B
*01624-B
Jewell, R. G. 05153-E
1409 3-12
Joachim, E. U. 05380-E
Joba, E. L. 00695-H
Johnson, F. A. *08077-D
Johnson, II. 12045-G
Johnson, H. C. *00288-B
Johnson, J. E. 03969-M
Johnson, K. L. *10015-B
Johnston, D. R. 00992-F
Jolinston, II. S. 04988-C
*13564-M 01787-;:
01878-M
Jones, C. R. 13541-M
Jones, G. W. 10748-B
Jones, J. L. *01S91-F
Jones, H. II. 00177-C
Jones, R. A. 06201-F
Jordan, C. W. *13S45-M
Joseph, S. W. 00932-F
Just, J. *06469-L
Jutzc, G. A. *01791-I2
Kadan, E. 02133-J
Kain, M. L. 07938-D
Kaiser, E. R. *07S61-B
Kalika, P. W. *09310-A
Kallai, T. 01990-M
Kalyuzhnyi, I). N. *08194-K
Kanno, S. *07482-D
Kano, R. *07379-U
Kantcr, C. V. *02610-B
Karacharov, T. S. *08156-F.
Katz, M. *01640-A *03556-A
*05299-D 00696-G
*01270-J
Kaut, V. M. 13680-M
Kawanami, Y. *07198-J
Keagy, 1). M. *03458-J
03504-J
Kecnan, R. G. *08079-D
Kehoe, R. A. *04981-F
Kelble, D. L. 09412-F
Kelley, J. J., Jr. *12632-C
Kemnitz, D. A. 01582-B
07875-B
Kenline, P. A. 01673-B
*00638-F *03SOG-J
Kennebeck, H. *04609-B
Kerns, B. A. *05151-E
Khalturin, V. S. 08142-1)
Kimura, K. *03160-M
Kinosian, J. R. 00157-L
Kita, N. *13160-E
Kitts, A. P. 15916-1-
Kjellman, B. *13212-F
Klein, F. S. 11279-11
13889-M
Klein, J. J. 13503-M
Kleinernan, J. *140S1-F
Kleinfeld, M. *0016S-F
Kling, R. G. 05866-D
Klosterman, L. L. 00622-F
01402-F
Knauer, A. *08805-C
Knopp, II. *05380-E
Kobayashi, Y. *14926-II
Kolm, R. F. *05634-J
Kojdiarova, M. 14471-'!
Konopinski, V. J. 03255-B
Konvalinka, J. A. 15353-M
Kq>a, R. 1). *00057-E
*05153-K *14093-1-
Kopczynski, S. L. 01825-C
03858-C 05533-C
05343-D 08845-"
Kopylev, B. A. 14382-M
Korth, M. W. *03547-A
*00068-1) *02842-F
Koshelov, :i. F. *02560-D
Kostoveskii, Y. I. 03194-K
Kothny, E. L. *00856-I)
00956-n *02045-D
Kotin, P. *01806-F
Kovacs, H. A. 15023-M
*15268-M
Kozyrev, B. P. *15729-C
Kreidiclt, T. E. *07875-B
*02825-J 02840-J
Krizek, J. *03218-D
Krucgcr, A. P. *06264-F
Kruse, R. H. *04028-B
Kul>e, II. 1). 01546-B
Kuczynski, 12. R. *05078-1)
Kukin, I. *08080-E
Kulik, A. A. 14387-12
Kurin, N. P. *14055-f!
Kurker, C., Jr. 07552-E
Kuz'minykli, I. N. *13901-M
Kuznetsov, I. Y. 13403-E
Laffey, IV. T. *10660-B
Lagarias, J. S. 00250-B
Lage, L. J. 04790-1)
Author Index
607
-------
Lalmmnn, E. *Q2681-1)
*11573-l) *11574-1)
*13422-U *14776-J
Lair, J. C. 07613-1:
Lamb, P. IV. 13033-1;
Landcn, E. !.'. *12176-l;
Landers, W. S. *11229-B
Landsberg, II. ]'.. (Chairman)
*03373-C
Lang, 11. ',','. *15484-D
Larscn, R. I. *00798-B
*00962-Ii *05912-15
01393-1) *01807-D
*03520-1) *00110-J
*00321-J *01066-J
*03467-J *061S8-K
Larson, G. P. *05575-C
Lauch, R. P. 01404-B
Laurent, P. 07541-P
Lawrason, G. C. 12161-15
Leach, P. W. *01958-B
Lebowitz, M. 09440-F
Ledbettcr, J. 0. *01S08-B
Ledford, M. 03968-M
Lee, C. *14325-F.
Lee, G. de J. *01175-F
*01176-F
Lee, R. C. *14975-E
Leighton, P. A. *00969-15
*04633-:i
Leithe, W. *07535-A
Lemaigre, P. 03122-B
*06791-B
Lemke, E. E. *06031-B
*04962-E
Long, L. J. 01958-15
Leone, I. A. *01666-G
05420-G
Leudtkc, K. 1). 05160-li
Lcvinc, ,'!. OS149-E *05613-'l
Levitt, B. P. 13341-:!
Lew, fi, *07884-E
Lewis, R. J. *05S48-D *07835-D
01791-F.
Lewis, R. P. *OS070-I)
Lewis, R. V.1. 03575-M
Lewis, T. R. *02332-F
*07842-F *11314-F
Liberti, A. .*09430-C
Lillington, G. A. 00338-F
06746-F
Linch, A. L. 01236-D
Lindberg, K. *13952-B
Lindberg, Z. Ya. *0667S-F
Linnell, R. II. *0278S-D
Linsk)', B. *01646-E
Lodge, J. P., Jr. 02237-A
*01427-J
Loliner, K. 00269-F.
Lokshin, M. A. 136S8-M
Loosli, C. G. 11297-F
13852-F
Lord, S. S., Jr. 01236-1)
Louw, C. \1. *02415-D
Lozhkin, A. F. *14073»E
Luboiro, I. I. *01077-F
Ludnann, V,'. F. 00192-1)
Luthvip,, J. II. "00186-D
*01488-B *02362-D
*04808-B *05007-B
09706-E 01S30-J
Luk'yandukov, V. S. 14SS4-E
14385-11
Luk'yanitsa, A. I. 13662-L
Lunclie, R. G. 02610-B
*04962-E 03270-F
Lund, II. F. (Ed.) *00131-E
Lundstrom, F. 0. 14514-::
Lunge, G. *10907-M
Lunge, G. II. 14620-:!
Luther, II. 13987-E
Luther, V. II, *00269-E
Lutraer, R. F. *01168-F
Lynn, D. A. *00783-C
*01912-J
Lyshkoiv, N. A. *03096-1)
Ml
McCaa, !X J. *14146-M
McCahe, L. C. *00250-B
ticCaldin, R. 0. *03527-D
McCarrol, J. R. *01369-F
*09440-F
HcKee, II. C. *12161-B
McUuglilin, J. F. 11262-B
McLoutii, M. E. *07072-K
Mdlichael, IV. F. *00271-15
*10837-B
Md-lullen, T. B. 01912-J
McMemey, J. M. *01346-F
*03820-F
MacBetii, W. G. 00502-C
f-lacEwen, J. I). 01346-F
*08026-F *11539-F
flacKenzie, V. G. *01073-A
*00024-B *01921-I5
MacLeod, J. A. 03621-D
MacPhee, R. D. OS403-F
05110-J
Maddox, T. 0. 03027-J
Maga, J. A. *01211-A
*01400-B 07844-B
*08300-J *00157-L
Magill, P. L. *04994-B
*04973-1)
Mahler, E, A. J. *02010-L
f-lalbos, II. P. 00897-K
Malinoski, V. F. 10514-F
Mallon, M. II. 01026-M
Mamon, L. I. 13685-;!
flanakin, G. A. 08181-E
13899-E
Manchot, W. 13224-M
Mandrioli, P. 15342-D
608
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Manella, R. J. 06640-F
Manning, R. N. 10660-B
Markvart, M. *13205-E
Marraccini, L. 08297-J
Marshall, R. M. 01176-F
Martin, D. 0. 01842-B
Martin, G. B. 01264-C
11231-13
Martinelli, G. *09234-D
Massey, F. 04964-F
Mastin, R. G. *01377-B
Mastromatteo 01741-15
Mathews, D. S. *03404-J
Matsak, V. G. *08]62-F.
Matsuzawa, T. 14926-11
May, II. *10539-E
Mayer, M. *00972-B
Mayrsohn, H. 14180-J
Meadows, F. L. *01685-D
OOS34-J 08327-J
Median, R. L. *03406-J
Meeker, J. E. 03426-J
Mees, Q. M. *03407-J
Mciser, R. J. *1S243-M
Mendenhall, A. L., Jr. 01021-D
Merriinan, G. M. *05421-G
Meyer, A. F., Jr. *06838-K
Meyer, W. E. *05527-B
Michailova, E. A. *13528-H
»addlcton, J. T. *12177-A
*00229-G *01809-G
02299-G *03615-G
05344-G 05903-C
00526-J
Middleton, U. C. 05894-D
OS968-E
Micscher, E. *00612-M
*03020-II *15225-M
ran, R. A. *ni357-n
Miller, F. H. 06995-C
Miller, M. E. *01586-I)
*0034C-J
Miller, R. II. 04674-f!
fiiller, R. L. *06995-C
Millran, S. *n6993-C
*06994-C
ffills, J. L. *05160-B
tttngle, J. G. 00569-11
01854-E
rarev, D. *13916-M
Mirowska, E. *10092-D
mrzoyeva, L. M. *13894-M
Mishchenko, Yu. S. 13897-11
Mita, A. P. *02520-I)
l-ayazald, II. *07391-D
Mohbs, I. G. *04213-F
Moeller, G. *15196-M
Mohammed, S. 13454-M
Mohrnhein, A. F. *13698-B
ffokhov, L. A. 02439-D
*05245-1) *08142-D
*08179-D
Monroe, E. S. *0239G-F.
Moore, G. E. *06911-D
Morello, E. F. 14031-E
Morgan, G. B. *00144-D
*00297-D *08418-D
Mori, II. *03045-E
Morrison, M. E. *00432
*02492-D *04696-n
Morrav, P. E. *00508-F
Moruzzi, J. L. *15166-M
Mountain, J. T. *02213-F
Mucskai, L. *15087-E
Mueller, J:. "13930-F!
Mueller, II. *14732-A
Muller, P. K. *00956-D
00856-D 0204S-D
09368-F
Muller, T. H. *08812-F
Munroe, W. A. 00977-D
Murphy, S. 1). 01324-F
*00637-F *00994-F
*01090-F *C4698-F
Myers, P. S. 00592-B
Myrvik, Q. N. *OOS09-F
N
Nabiyev, M. K. *14387-E
Nader, J. S. (ed.) 06723-A
*01481-C *00051-D
00620-D
Makadoi, T. 00328-D
Nakamura, K. *11425-F
Nakano, M. *14930-J
Nash, T. *08859-1)
Navalles, II. *15756-M
Nebel, G. J. 058SO-B
*07SS5-B
Nedogibchenko, M. K. *0816S-B
Necrman, J. C. 00160-B
*12004-D
Iteiburger, M. *06043-C
Nestercnko, V. B. *13742-M
*14056-?i
Netzley, A. B. *09830-B
Newbury, B. C. *04880-D
Newhall, II. K. 01002-3
01375-B *02335-B
*0931S-B *09340-E
Newman, D. J. *15765-E
NG, Y. S. 00053-11
Nichols, C. '„'. 05342-C
Nicksic, S. V,'. *05611-;i
*03978-F
Nicolet, M. *05205-C
*05204-M
Nienieyer, L. E. 02179-J
Niessen, II. L. J. 01432-D
Nietruch, F. 14213-D
*1SS21-D
Niles, F. 12. *15227-!I
Nilsen, J. *01928-B
Nissen, K. E. 02055-K
Author Index
609
-------
Nobe, K. 05970-B 00097-E
Noble, 'V. M. 03584-3
*05485-G
Koc, J. L. 02799-D
Nolan, ;i. 02823-J
Norwitz, G. *03948-D
*05081-D
Norwood, !'.'. 1). *00892-15
Nucciotti, P. *15342-D
Obcrdorfer, P. E. *09341-B
Oblaendcr, 1C. *13989-U
Odaira, T. *156in-J
Oliya, M. *15620-E
Okamoto, K. 14493-F
O'Keefc, A. E. *01577-I)
Olcott, T. M. *14821-C
Olin, J. 15. *04913-M
O'Neill, IV. E. 01457-11
154S4-D
Ordin, L. *06498-G *06499-G
Oming, A. A. *05011-B
Ortman, G. C. 01S77-D
Ourusoff, L. *OS746-B
Oza, T. M. *14219-M
Oza, V. T. 14219-'I
Ozolins, G. 11224-A *00336-K
01890-M *09737-M
Pace, D. 11. *05295-F
Paganini, 0. *0351Q-J
Palinke, A. J. *14033-B
1'aleari, C. *14255-E
Pan, C. II. 0065S-F
Parbrook, G. D. 04213-F
*07191-P
Paribok, V. P. *04221-F
Parker, A. *07845-A
*07945-B
Parker, C. II. *08377-15
Parkin, N. R. 00469-D
Pate, J. B. 01427-J
Patrick, R. L. *08027-F
Pattle, R. E. *00511-F
Paulson, J. P. *15197-M
Pavlovich, :,'. V. 08438-J
Pawlikowski, S. *134S8-E
Pearsall, U. ':!. 05170-D
Peatman, W. B. *14293-M
Perov, Ye. V. *14389-E
Peny, W. II. *02241-J
Peskin, R. L. 13575-M
Pesterfield, C. II. *01626-B
Peters, G. II. *05048-E
Peters, M. S. *14196-E
13530-M
Peterson, C. 0., Jr. *07540-U
Peterson, R. F. 01583-B
Petr, B. *04243-F *07240-F
*08995-F
Pctri, II. *02969-F
Pfeiffer, W. 05628-11
Phair, J. J. 01520-F
Phillips, L. F. *003S4-:i
Pierce, J. A. *13265-M
Pierce, L. *03099-J)
Pitts, J. K., Jr. 00618-C
*00550-D *023G8-D
*00923-M
Plata, R. L. 11307-F
Platon, E. 14801-12
Plekhotkin, V. F. *1S916-E
Pollack, S. V. 06689-F
Polu, P. *075«1-1:
I'olyak, V. E. *11492-R
1 i-'cer, R. 01701-12
Poulos, N. A. *06983-D
Pour, V. 13205-12
Pozin, M. E. *14382-FI
Pozin, M. Ye. *13823-M
Pratcli, M. 07519-K
Prescher, 1C. E. 13422-D
1S521-D
Pressman, G. 06994-C
Preston, K. F. *09079-II
*04286-,M
Prictsch, W. 00562-E
14475-L 08803-L
Prindle, U. A. *00375-B
Propst, B. 06498-G
06499-G
Pueschel, R. 06632-C
02412-tl
Puree11, J. C. 01244-C
Purcell, R. F. *15210-D
Purcell, T. C. 02732-D
Purs all, B. R. *15769-15
Purvis, M. R. *00933-F
Ral)son, S. R. *1297S-E *14955-E
RakcnMs];i, R. F. *13493-D
Ramachandran, T. : . 00792-D
Ranier, \i. G. *09412-F
Rasclika, G. J. *03409-J
Reamer, H. II. M1263-B
00476-1) 02948-D
*02761-M 03588-M
04920-tI *05643-M
Rebbert, R. E. *03561-M
Recloier, L. *03542-D
*00251-J
Reed, L. E. *01306-B
Reid, R. S. *01854-E
Reinke, ',.'. A. 03083-F
Remmers, J. E. *01855-F
Remy, 11. *13876-(i
Renzanifjo, F. 14255-E
Renzetti, N. A. 07178-B
05819-F '
610
NITROUEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Reuben, B. 15764-M
Reysig, V. A. *13640-M
Rhee, K. H. 05288-?!
Richards, 15. L. *05903-G
Richardson, N. A. *OSS94-E
*05968-E
Richter, G. N. *03538-!I
*04878-M *04920-M
*04921-M
Richters, V. *03261-F
Riddick, J. II., Jr. *10490-F
Ridgway, S. L. *07613-E
Rigden, J. D. 15196-:'
Rinehart, X E. 08054-F
Rinker, R. G. 00432-C
02492-D 03402-D 04900-n
04915-D 04914-M
Ripley, D. L. *01169-D
Ripperton, L. A. 02747-D
03107-M 01579-M
Risper, L. *01228-B
Rjazanov, V. A. *01916-F
Roberts, D. P. *09743-J
Robinson, C. B. *00534-J
01149-L
Robinson, J. 17. 04715-1)
04716-D
Robison, C. B. *07448-J *08327-J
Rock, S. ?I. 00224-D
Rodebusli, X II. 13417-M
Rodenhiser, H. A. 05558-G
Rodgers, G. A. 01086-1)
Rodin, Yc. P. 14624-H
Rodionov, A. I. *13897-:i
13901-M
Rogers, E. *14G36-:i
Rogers, L. H. 05112-J
Rogus, C. A. *02153-B
Rokaw, S. N. *04964-F
Roraanenko, K. Ye. 13824-M
Romanovsky, J. C. *00345-C
06600-P
ROITCO, P. L. 06S44-E
13893-E
Rose, A. II., Jr. *00027-B
*01413-B 01837-B
*01848-B *02244-B
*03420-B 02378-D
Rosenberg, R. B. *13922-M
Rosner, D. F.. 07681-M
Ross, C. R. 01228-3
Ross, II. 15732-H
Ross, L. X *08463-K
Rossano, A. T., Jr. *OS606-i)
Rost, G. A. *OZ763-D
Rostebach, R. E. *05866-D
Roth, E. II. *11241-F
Rotlie, D. E. 14146-M
Rothman, S. C. *01687-B
Rounds, D. E. *0066S-F
Rounds, F. G. *05170-H
Rozlovskiy, A. I. *13895-H
*14624-fl
Rue, R. R. 05352-D
Ruschenburg, S. *11912-D
Ryason, P. R. *14025-D
*14765-D *15361-D
Ryazanov, V. A. *05952-D
Sadidev, S. L. *04715-D
*04716-D
Sage, B. II. *10475-B
0276KI *03361-M
04913-fl *07449-M
*07450-tl *09046-:i
14636-11
Saito, T. *12967-B
Sakabc, II. *06150-J
Sakaida, R. R. *04915-D
*04914-;i
Saltzman, B. L. *01650-C
*00385-1) *00866-1)
*01021-l) *03544-I)
*06613-D 01330-F
Salvin, V. S. *02941-il
Sander, K. H. *02306-F
Sanderson, 1). P.. 01318-,'!
Santy, H. J. 03110-B
Saric, M. *05391-F
Sarto, J. 0. *129SS-E
Saruta, N. *06760-J
Satiullin, H. Sh. *14-35-l!
Sa\*icki, H. *02799-1)
Saivyer, U. F. *14924-ii
Scaletti, J. V. *05893-B
Sdiafer, L. J. 03701-J
03714-J
Sdiarf, P. B. *07451-B
Sdiiff, II. I. *00362-C
00354-M
Sdiischkov, D. *14471-,'I
Schlipkotcr, II. X *07174-F
Sdunid, II. 13224-:!
Schmidt, A. *14630-E
Schmidt, K. I!. *15270-li
Schmidt, P. 04243-F 07240-F
08995-F
Schnitt, K. *13202-E
Sdiolten, J. J. F. *15353-!I
Sdionfcld, E. 13312-M
Sdirenk, 1!. II. *03421-F
Sdiuck, E. A. *03883-B
*0061S-C *01602-C
*01603-F *05819-F
Sdiuencinan, J. J. 03404-J
03458-J *09209-J
Schuette, F. J. *01876-1)
Sdiultz, II. 10539-H
Schuman, L. M. *05336-J
Sdiwanecke, R. *15152-F.
Sdiwartz, C. II. 05011-B
Scott, W. E. 05818-C
02785-D *05S72-D
00251-J *05627-J
Author Index
611
-------
Seagrave, R. C. *00476-D
*02948-I)
Segeler, C. G. *05815-B
Seinfeld, J. II. 15310-B
Seizinger, D. E. 00241-J
Sensenhaugh, J. D. 00140-B
13198-E
Scrat, W. T. *04635-D
Scrdyuk, L. S. *13822-M
Sethi, D. S. 05267-11
Shaffer, N. R. 06031-B
03462-J
Sharp, J. II. 02368-n
*00923-M
Sharpe, L. M. *09757-B
Shaw, J. T. *04643-D
13932-D *14992-L
Shaw, M. *14429-n
*14S51-D
Shaw, R. *05425-M
Shaw, T. M. 02328-M
Shchirskaya, V. A. *0813S-D
Sheehy, J. P. *00220-B
Shelef, M. "14603-M
Shepard, T. II. 08052-F
Shepherd, M. *00224-D
Sheppard, S. V. *08344-E
Shennan, ?l. *05814-F
Sherwin, R. P. *03254-P
03261-F
Sherwood, T. 1C. 13561-M
Shesterikova, K. L. *06872-J
Shibuya, T. *13628-B
Shicls, I). 0. H3566-M
Shively, J. II. *12009-D
Shook, './. C. 09370-K
Sicgcl, J. *03822-F
Sigsby, J. R. , Jr. 00271-B
*04796-D
Silver, I. A. 03521-F
Singer, J. !t. *04653-'I
Sirs, J. A. 00130-11
Sjoholm, J. 00189-F
Slater, II. ,V. *02377-L>
Slater, R. W., Jr. 03463-J
Sleva, S. F. 02162-1") 03727-L)
Smith, I. D. *05649-ii
Smith, R. *02378-U 07885-1)
0033C-K
Smith, R. I. *15452-!3
Smith, S. B. *03425-n
Smith, '.'/. S. *00030-B
Soda, R. 12949-F 06150-J
Sobolev, V. V. 15536-!!
Sokoloskii, il. S. *03363-J
Sordelli, D. 01125-15
Spaite, P. U. *09706-E
Spealman, M. L. *13417-M
Spialtcr, L. *03179-M
Spicer, W. S., Jr. *00312-F
*00519-F *03033-F
Spinazzola, A. *OS297-J
Spindlcr, G. 15. *02344-C
*050S5-C
Spindt, R. S. *13547-B
Sprengcr, G. *10902-D
Springer, 1C. J. *06039-B
*11254-li
Spuire, E. C. 09355-3
Stadnik, S. A. 13640-;!
Stahnian, R. C. 02244-B
Stalker, '.i. V/. 01685-D
*01149-L
Stanctskaya, A. fi. 15723-B
Starhnan,' H. S. ft01002-;i
*01375-B *01565-I1
*05411-B 00315-15
*1398S-B *14026-S
Steading, T. IV. *03294-!l
Steadman, C. L. *0620i-F
Stei^envald, B. J. 00783-C
Stcnburg, R. L. *02232-B
*06086-B
Stephm, I). (1. *13828-E
Stephany, II. *00539-B
Stephens, E. R. ;i02476-C
*05817-C *05818-c:
05572-!) 03292-C
*03618-G 05C27-J
•••'00238-: 1 00939-M
*028S1-:!
Sterlin;;, T. 1). *01520-P
*066S9-F
Stern, A. C. *02951-A
*03035-A *0]654-B
*05322-E "07893-1:
Sternlidit, B. 14202-E
Stevenson, F. J. *13748-:!
Stevenson, !1. J. R. *01318-'I
Stcv/nrd, R. G. 03547-A
Stewart, II. i;. 14026-n
Stezhenslcii, A. T. An6S77-E
*14385-M
Stczhenskiy, A. I. A14554-E
Stockrian, R. L. 01949-J
Stockton, E. L. ;':n9370-!C
Stoddart, E. M. *13546-M
Stoeber, '!. 06235-C
Stokin^cr, II. E. •••00852-F
*03619-F
Stone, R. 1C. *14127-B
Stoppcr!;a, K. *13354-;;
Str.iscliill, :;. *13535-E.
Stratilanii, II. *04018-1)
03256-!) 10206-1'
Strong, A. A. *01495-D
Styles, II. E. *07596-B
Subba Rao, V. V. 14179-M
Subocheva, N. L. 14073-E
Sullivan, J. L. *05145-B
*05500-J
Sundaresan, B. B. *00959-E
Sutton, R. *03355-B
Suzuki, S. *07401-1)
Suzuki, T. *06744-A *07490-L
Svirbely, J. E. *01330-F
612
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Swaby, R. J. 13748-M
Swann, II. E., Jr. *00033-F
*00779-F "02277-F
Swartz, I). J. *06104-R
02763-D 05609-D
Sweeney, M. P. *00155-D
*05609-D
Szepesy, L. *1S100-E
U
Udalov, Y. F. 05245-D
08179-D
Ulii, K. *14486-D
Ulitin, Yu. G. 02560-D
Ulrich, C. E. 00637-F
Upham, J. B. *02380-G
Tabachnikov, A. G. 13822-M
Tabershaw, I. R. 06053-F
Tabor, E. C. 00144-D
*01691-D 02241-J
*03426-J
Tada, 0. 03160-M *06112-N
Taga, T. *02148-B
Takahaslii, H. 14553-F
Talens, P. G. *09827-B
Tank, W. 06993-C
Taylor, F. R. 03542-D
Taylor, II. A. 05267-M
Taylor, J. R. 05S75-C
Taylor, 0. C. 00009-G
*00963-G 02209-G
Taylor, R. E. *14036-E
Teichner, W. H. 11241-F
Termeulen, M. A. *02017-B
Tcrrill, J. G., Jr. *07546-B
Teske, W. *12637-3 *15322-F.
Tessier, K. C. *11234-E
Thomas, A. A. *00429-F
Thomas, F. W. *14159-E
Thonas, H. V. *00334-F
*09368-F
Thomas, M. D. *02845-D
*03621-D *06460-D
*00301-F *03395-F
Thompson, C. R. *01349-D
Thompson, J. R. 05295-F
Thorp, C. E. 03625-F
Thrush, B. A. 13452-H
Thurauf, \I. *03233-13
Tillman, J. II. 03505-J
Tilson, S. *00984-A
Tokiwa, Y. 03099-D 00339-F
Tonomura, H. *05562-J *15173-J
Townsencl, C. R. *09770-D
Travnicek, Z. *02060-H
Trayser, D. A. *14850-E
Tret'yakova, V. A. *03924-D
Trofimov, A. I. *13718-E
Tseytlin, A. N. *13824-M
14635-H
Tseytlin, A. P. 13689-E
Tsivoclou, E. C. 00051-D
Tuesday, C. S. 02838-M
*02837-M 03114-H *03428-M
Turner, !5. *06480-C
Turner, D. 02635-B
Tverkovkin, B. Ye. 13742-M
14056-M
Van Der Drift, J. *14481-E
Van Slyke, D. D. 03429-F
Varchavski, I. L. *02056-B
Varlamov, M. L. *08181-E
*13899-E
Varshavskii, T. P. *04634-E
Varshavskiy, I. L. *14633-E
Vaughan, T. R., Jr. *11632-F
Vendramini, R. *15599-B
Venezia, R. *11224-J *01604-K
Verbos, J. 07596-B
Vernon, J. II. 00550-D
Vernot, E. II. *03813-F
Von Lehmden, D. J. 01788-B
Vorontsova, Te. I. 08156-E
V/agner, W. D. *03530-F *06717-F
Walker, G. *00693-B
V.'alker, J. A. *02636-B
Wallack, S. 06284-D
Waller, R. E.
Walters, D. F. *01S42-B
*09835-B 01790-J
Ward, A. L. 13545-M
IVarneck, P. *14317-M
Wartburg, A. F., Jr. 00385-D
00866-D *01331-D
01983-11
Wasser, J. II., Jr. *05133-B
*11231-B
Watanabe, H. *00328-D
Wayne, L. G. *05176-F
*10456-F *05824-M
Weatherley, fl. - L. P. M.
HSOOS-J
Weaver, N. K. *14772-L
Weiner, M. D. *11679-F
*14065-F
Weinrotter, F. 14630-E
Weisburd, M. I. *00975-B
Welsh, G. B. *02840-J
Went, F. W. *11221-C
Werner, W. J. 05536-D
West, P. W. *00792-D
Westlake, P.. F., Jr. 09023-B
Wetzel, R. E. 02822-J
Whittaker, C. W. *14514-n
Wiese, II. C. 04878-!-!
04921-M
Wikstrom, L. L. 13683-M
Author Index
613
-------
Williams, D. T. 07981-1)
Williams, G. L. 11254-H
Williams, I. II. *00802-J
05652-J
Williams, J. D. *01890-B
*00847-J *03027-J
Williamson, G. V. *11262-B
Wilson, D. *05343-D
Wilson, H. N. *09369-I)
Wilson, K. W. 06104-B
*06604-C *06599-D
*15354-D
Wimmer, D. 15. 14975-E
Winkler, K. 02066-B
Winkstrom, L. L. *00097-E
Winnick, S. (132S4-F
Winter, E. R. S. *14416-M
Wippermann, F. *13390-M
Wisehart, D. E. 00892-B
Wismaii, A. 00673-B
Wohlers, H. C. *03104-J
Wolf, H. W. *00244-G
Wolfe, C. L. 13547-B
Wolozin, II. 09285-K
Won, W. D. *15732-F
Wong-Woo, II. 07844-15
Wood, F. A. *12557-B
Woodruff, R. 07884-E
'.forth, J. J. B. 10682-C
Wortman, R. L. 03407-J
Wozniczek, 11. *01534-B
Wright, R. 00334-F
Wyss, C. R. 08067-J
Yamate, N. C. *15171-D
*07549-E *15161-J
1S173-J *15911-M
Yanagisawa, S. *03245-D
Yansheva, N. Ya. *0713S-F
Yeh, P. S. 1357S-M
Yocom, J. E. *11227-A
*04770-J *06966-J
14997-J
Yokoyama, E. *13868-F
*15680-F
Young, R. A. *00059-D *07687-D
*1S2S3-M *1S272-M
Yunghans, R. S. *00977-D
Yurasova, 0. I. 07478-J
Zagorovskii, 0. A. 06877-E
Zanon, D. *0112S-B
Zawadzki, E. A. 01362-B
Zeschmann, E. G. 07223-B
Zilles, P. 09175-B
Zimmer, C. E. 00321-J 00739-J
Znamenskiy, Yu. I). 13707-E
Zolotarevskiy, L. S. 14633-1:
Zubov, V. V. 13823-M
6M NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Abatement 06104-B 09752-B
15043-B 10205-K
Absenteeism 01609-F
Absorption 15729-C 03099-D
12978-E 13202-E
13394-E 13458-13
1353S-E 13662-E
13741-E 14054-E
14073-E 14389-E
14630-E 14664-E
14902-E 15152-E
15916-E 01787-M
13392-M 13501-M
13S74-M 13824-M
13897-M 13901-M
13916-M 14382-M
14635-M 15353-M
15495-M
Acid Gases 14486-D
15342-D
Acoustic Coagulation With
Aerosol 13899-E
Acrolein 01718-C
Adhesives 09023-B
Adsorption 03402-D
03425-D 13537-E
14632-E 15100-E
13876-M
Adults 13868-F
Aerometric Study 01357-D
056S2-J
Aerometric Survey 05573-J
Aerosol Formation
06235-C
Aerosol Propellants
05337-B
Aerosols 03883-B 05479-B
07178-B 01587-C
15308-C
Afterburners 00469-D
Air-Fuel Ratio 00592-B
00693-B 01377-B
03355-B 05133-B
12967-B 13547-B
13628-B 01850-E
05822-E 14633-E
148SO-E
Air Monitoring Stations
1S161-J
Air Pollution Effects And
Contamination Maxima
"00851-C
Air Pollution Engineering Manual
09795-E
Air Quality 12177-A 00526-J
02376-K
Air Quality Act 1967 06707
Air Quality Criteria 11227-A
14772-A 08420-L 05293-L
Air Quality Criteria For Photo-
chemical Qxidants 04966-F
Air Quality Data 05336-J
Air Quality Measurement Programs
01890-B 10015-B 09234-D
11573-D 14930-J 09370-K
10205-K
Air Quality Measurements
00969-B 00975-B 01306-B
01572-B 01890-B 02066-B
02312-B 03255-B 04609-B
04792-B 13952-B 15599-B
10018-C 10504-C 14019-C
03119-D 13422-D 11912-E
Air Quality Standards 00250-B
00539-B 01400-B 01066-J
01270-J 03467-J 01149-L
01955-L 03007-L
Air Resource Management 01211-A
00847-J 06188-K
Airplanes 06031-B 04792-B
14892-B 15399-B
Airsheds 12177-A
Aitken Condensation Nuclei
11221-C
Alerts 07519-K 11421-K
Alkali Act (British) 02010-L
Alkali Filter Paper Method
14486-D
Alkaline Additives 13403-E
Alkaline Filter Paper Method
02063-D
Alkylbenzene 01825-C (See
Hydrocarbons)
Altitude 01837-B
Aluminum Silicates 14054-E
Alveolar Surfactant 00511-F
Alveoli 03254-F 06600-F
06745-F 09412-F
Amhipolar Diffusion 02328-M
4-Aminoazobenzene-1-
Naphthylamine 02799-D
(See Hydrocarbons)
Ammonia 03355-B 13528-H
Ammonia Method 13205-E
13458-E 13554-E
13899-E 14355-E
14631-E 15270-E
-------
Analytical Methods 00271-B
00464-B 00592-B
01S34-B 07451-P,
11562-B 00092-1)
008S6-D 01169-1)
01266-D 01393-D
02045-D 0241S-D
02645-IJ 02745-D
05290-D 07482-D
08135-1) 09333-D
10489-D 10518-D
11574-n 15171-D
Animal Studies 00501-F
03820-F 05882-F
08423-F 10685-F
11S39-F 140SO-F
Apparatus f, Equipment
03010-1)
Aqueous Solution 13561-M
Area Surveys 03438-A
04052-A 00054-B
00220-B 02312-B
00783-C 05575-C
10504-C 03520-D
07S49-E 00534-J
00802-J 01010-J
01770-J 01949-J
02317-J 02840-J
03001-J 03363-J
03404-J 03406-J
03407-J 03409-J
03426-J 03433-J
03434-J 03441-J
03454-J 03458-J
03468-J 03504-J
03505-J 03506-J
03510-J 03513-J
03514-J 03714-J
04770-J 04833-J
04834-J 04864-J
04996-J 05008-J
05009-J 06290-J
06960-J 04770-J
06966-J 06977-J
07166-J 07371-J
07529-J 09117-J 09209-J
09445-J 05598-K
Asphalt Saturated Felt Roofing
02232-B
00504-B 00566-B
00592-B 00679-B
00798-B 00962-B
00969-B 01306-B
01484-B 01488-B
01534-B 01565-B
01571-B 01624-B
01673-B 01848-B
01863-B 02362-B
02635-B 02636-B
03122-B 03198-B
03255-B 04792-B
04808-B 05007-B
05312-B 06055-B
06791-B 07223-B
Association Detachment 15166-M
Astluna 01357-1) 00638-F
Atmospheric Analyzers 09515-D
Atinospheri c Interaction
05479-B 13964-J
Atmospheric Phenomena 01481-C
00618-C
Atmospheric Pollution 1478S-J
Atmospheric Reaction Studies
00302-C
Atomic Oxygen 11279-M
Atomization 14850-E
Autoanalyzer 14213-D
Automated Lahorator)' Analysis
08418-!)
Automated Laboratory Methods
00144-D
Automatic Measurement Methods
07401-D
Automatic MetJiods 07885-D
Automobiles 07593-B
01404-B 01413-B
01569-B 01571-B
03202-B 00319-B
Automobiles, Compact 04028-B
Automotive Emission Control
00052-B 00319-B
00504-B 00566-B
00592-B 00679-B
01848-B 01863-B
01868-B 03061-B
03122-B 03265-B
04808-B 05312-B
06791-B 07223-B
001S5-D 00469-D
00003-E 00057-E
00269-E 01701-E
01850-E 01854-E
02638-E 03S36-E
04899-E 05003-E
05082-E 05153-E
05217-E 06144-E
07893-E 09340-E
13033-E 14034-E
14036-E 14093-E
14297-E 00157-L
14475-L
Automotive Emissions 00186-B
00271-B 00319-B
07844-B 09393-B
10015-B 11457-B
12176-B 15769-B
00453-C 13989-D
14S51-D 14604-D
01830-J 08300-J
(See: Automotive
Exhausts; Engine Ex-
hausts)
Automotive Engine Induction
Systems 14850-E
Automotive Exhaust Gases
616
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
13989-D
Automotive Exhaust,Ir-
radiated 07842-M
Automotive Exhausts
00160-B 00324-B
00464-B 00693-B
01228-B 01375-B
01381-B 01382-B
01384-B 01404-B
01413-B 01569-B
01673-B 01837-B
01868-B 019S8-B
02056-B 02244-B
02362-B 03061-B
03584-B 03883-B
03988-B 04028-B
04994-B 05292-B
OS411-B 05599-B
05527-B 05850-B
06104-B 06280-B
07178-B 07555-B
07596-B 08099-B
08165-B 08497-B
08633-B 08802-B
09216-B 09323-B
09341-B 09715-B
11254-B 11562-B
12161-B 13547-B
13562-B 13628-B
01602-C 05533-C
00068-D 00155-D
01169-U 02130-D
0237S-I) 02785-D
03542-D 047%-D
05536-1) 05817-D
10242-D 12004-1)
00087-E 10530-1-
11234-E 11912-E
14034-E 00473-F
01090-F 02266-F
02332-F 03214-F
06099-F 08801-F
15490-F 03596-f!
08438-J 10553-K
03583-L 08803-L
00053-M 05611-M
10129-M 15911-M
(See also: Automotive
Emissions; Engine Ex-
hausts)
Avena Coleoptile
06498-G
Azo Dye Reagents
00956-1)
B
Bacteria 00992-F 03261-F
11306-F 11679-F
Batteries 12521-B
Biochemical Study 15732-F
Bioclinatology 00375-B
03373-C
Biologic Effect of NO?
06053-F
Biosphere 14019-C
Blood Cells 00180-0
08995-F
Blood Chemistry 02306-F
03429-F
Bod)' Processes 5 Functions
01090-F 01176-F
Boilers 06781-B 02148-B
03113-B
Buses 05850-B 06055-B
By-Products 13202-1:
13689-E 13746-E
Calibration 02883-D
Calibration f.fethods 0038S-D
01577-D 02354-D
04643-D 05548-D
05606-1) 14213-D
Carbon Dioxide 00324-B
04181-B
Carbon Monoxide 11227-A
00324-B 00962-B
01076-B 01624-B
01740-B 01741-B
02066-B 06299-B
09216-B 0978S-B
10015-B 13988-B
15729-C 04618-H
14255-E 15361-E
03429-F
Carbonization 15723-B
Carboxyhemoglobin 09216-B
Carburation 13014-E
Carrier Mechanism 02617-F
Catalysis 12637-B 14550-D
00097-E 13033-E
14025-E 1476S-E
15270-E 07741-M
Catalysts 09838-B 06844-E
1320S-E 13458-E
13554-E 13893-E
14309-E 14333-E
14387-E 15271-E
Catalytic Activity 01583-B
14471-M
Catalytic Afterburners
00269-E 14604-E
14821-E
Catalytic Afterburning
OS309-E
Catalytic Combustion
03%9-M
Catalytic Converter
14604-E
Catalytic Decomposition
04914-H
Catalytic Oxidation 00140-B
13746-E 13893-E
Subject Index
617
-------
14664-E 14821-E
15765-E 13558-M
13S74-M 1405S-M
Catalytic Reduction 02051-E
05064-E 00053-M
13223-M
Catalytic Reduction Of
Nitric Oxide 04618-E
13S30-M 14603-?!
Cattle 05421-G
Cell Growth 06498-G
Cement 07875-B
Charcoal 13258-E 14073-li
Chassis Dynamometer 03S47-A
Chemical Analysis 05170-D
Chemical Analytical Method
08418-D
Chemical Composition 01673-B
01837-B 02362-B 02610-B
14026-B 03151-1-
Chemical Compounds 01640-A
05379-B
Chemical Methods 10242-D 15005-J
Chemical Processes 01125-B
01583-B 02355-B 00959-1:
01619-E 04634-E 05401-E
08181-E 13554-E 07138-F
Chemical Processing 1562S-B
13689-E 15322-E
Chemical Properties 01568-B
Chemical Reactions 01640-A
067Z2-A 06994-C 07980-C
07884-E 13224-M 14620-M
Chcmosphere OS204-M
Chick F-mbryo 04213-F
Children 04243-F 06675-F
07240-F 08995-F
13212-F
Chromates 13932-D
Chromatography.Column 03099-D
Chromatography, Gas 01577-D
02492-D 03402-D
04696-D 04796-D
04900-D 04915-D
06112-D 15210-D
15752-1) 15904-1)
Giromatography,Thin-layer
06338-D
Chronic Bronchitis 14553-F
Chronic Exposure 00473-F
00779-F 10490-F
Cilia 00189-F 06048-F
Clean Air Act 01868-B
05322-D 03536-E
00152-1C 14772-L
Cleveland Clinic Fire Survivor-
ship 010514-F
Coal 01362-B 01482-B
01921-B 02148-B
03113-B 05011-B 05067-B
Coal, Brown 07223-B
Coal Characteristics 15723-B
Coke 03233-B
Coke Oven Gas 03233-B
Colorimetric Analysis 01021-D
01086-D 0123C-D 03096-D
03948-D 05245-D 05609-D
060SO-D
Colorimetric, Automatic Analyser
02673-D
Colorinetric Measurement
06460-D
Colorimetric Methods 02732-D
03245-D 06112-D
06832-D 08142-D
08179-D 088S9-D
10092-D 13087-D
14502-D
Colorimetric Microdeter-
mination 06613-D
Colorimetric Recording
03621-D
Combustion 00140-B
01626-B 03110-B
10475-B 11263-B
14924-B 02948-D
15152-E 02761-M
04653-M 04878-M
04920-11 07449-M
09046-11 1357S-M
14385-M
Combustion Air 06086-B
Combustion Chamber Deposits
14033-B
Combustion Gases 00030-B
01741-B 02148-B
05649-B 09838-1!
10475-B 11231-li
13550-E 14025-E
13964-J 02734-M
05643-M 07771-M
13390-M
Combustion Products 00027-B
00673-B 01362-B
01788-B 02001-B
02335-B 04995-B
05011-B 07451-B
075SO-K 07450-M
Community Air Pollution
09743-J
Computer Programs 11225-C
13312-M 13541-M
Computers 01807-D 03294-11
Concentration 01S73-B
01575-B 01576-B
01673-B 01958-B
02610-B 03255-B
07555-B 02520-1)
03218-D 00739-J
01829-J
Condensation 15752-D
Conductimetric Analysis
02845-D
Continuous Air Monitoring
Program (CAMP)
618
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
06723-A 01572-B
00929-C 00051-D
01807-D 01871-D
02354-D 01797-1:
00321-J 01912-J
03024-J 06701-J
06707-J 11267-J
Continuous Exposure
01346-1: 06746-F
08026-F 11539-F
Continuous Monitoring
12004-D 14213-D
14429-D 15171-1)
15484-n 14930-J
13366-K
Control Agencies 00169-K
09281-K
Control Equipment 09780-A
00504-B 0097S-B
01687-B 02148-B
04200-B 07875-B
09784-B 09795-E
12040-E 13828-E
Control Methods OOS92-B
00679-B 00969-B
0112S-B 01165-B
01228-B 01362-B
01484-B 01508-B
0154C-B 01583-B
01620-B 01626-B
01687-B 01740-B
01863-B 01928-B
02017-B 02056-B
02148-B 02232-B
0235S-B 03061-B
03122-B 04808-B
OS133-B OS312-B
OS649-B 05746-B
06104-B 06781-B
06791-B 06967-B
07223-B 07875-B
07925-B 08497-B
09323-B 09784-B
09827-B 09830-B
09835-B 09838-B
Control Programs
00674-B 0097S-B
01165-B 01400-B
01921-B 01928-B
07844-B 09752-B
09759-B 01645-E
049C2-E 14159-E
00526-J 00528-J
03462-J 00336-K
06754-K 07877-K
09281-K
Controlled Atmospheres
06599-D 10672-D
13031-1: 07191-F
10613-F
Cooling 14624-M
Core Ovens 13718-E
Correlation Spectrometry
(Barringer)
04880-D 04881-D
Corrosion 0633S-B 12090-E
00695-H 08612-11
14926-H 02380-11
Costs 00566-B 01546-B
01890-B 01989-D
06144-1: 12045-C
05634-1 03462-J
Coulomotric Method 02162-D
05866-1)
Data Analysis 11573-D
04964-F 06689-F
Data Handling Systems 06723-A
Decomposition 14031-E
14481-1: 13407-M 13683-M
13900-M 14219-M
Decomposition of Nitrous
Oxide 14416-M
Denshi Ozonizer 07379-1)
Design Criteria 03401-A
00592-B 01842-B
02001-B 11229-B
009S6-D 03425-D
06599-D 07838-D
03045-E 075S4-E
13958-1: 14325-E
14333-E 14821-E
Design Engineering 01349-D
Desoxyribonucleic Acid
(DMA) Synthesis
02266-F
Detox: cation 13989-1)
Bichromate Paper 05343-D
Diesel Engines 00650-B
01484-B 01488-B
03988-B 04008-B
05007-B 05527-B
05599-B 05850-B
06039-B 06055-3
06280-B 07596-B
07690-B 08099-B
08497-B 08802-3
09216-B 12176-B
13628-B 14116-B
14619-B 15769-B
03542-D 05170-1)
1S484-D 00569-E
11234-E 13160-E
13987-E 142S5-E
14297-E 15418-E
Diesel Propulsion Power Method
014S7-D 00241-J
00251-J
Diesel Trains 06640-F
Diffusion 00362-C
Diffusion Models 01068-C
11225-C 15661-C 13390-M
Digital Recording System
Subject Index
619
-------
01495-D
Dinitrogen Tetroxide 06284-D
14Z19-M
Discharge Detectors 15904-D
Discoloration 00115-H 02270-11
Dissociation 13742-M 13895-H
14570-M
Dogs 10490-F
Dogs, Beagles 11632-F
Domestic Gas-fired Incinerators
14967-E
Domestic Heating 03202-B
05970-B 07230-B
Dosimeter 13493-D
Downtime 07885-D
D-Region 02S20-D
Dust Fall 05145-B
Dusts 07875-B 13198-E 08423-F
Dyes 02941-H
Economic Losses 05342-G
05558-G 03027-J
Economics 02237-A OS634-I
09285-K
Edible Crops 00316-G
Effects Surveilance Network
04027-H
Egg Lecithin 08897-F
Electric Propulsion 07223-B
Electrical Contact Materials
00695-H
Electro Chemical Analysis
00092-D 01331-D
Electrochemical Cell
02441-D
Electrochemical Methods
06983-D 08077-D
14076-D
Electrochemical Transducers
14429-D 14551-U
Electroconductivity Analyzer
02763-D 06112-D
06889-D
Electroconductivity Analyzers
05078-D
Electron-Capture Detector
01650-C 02492-D
04696-D
Electron Spin Resonance
14179-M
Electrostatic Precipi-
tation 12990-B
03204-E 13394-E
Emission Inventories 09737-B
10504-C 14019-C
04770-J 05562-J
033S9-K
Emission Standards 08075-A
00539-B 02610-B
07597-K
Emissivity 13540-M
Emphysema 00919-F 01040-F
01855-F 01893-F
06745-F 08423-F
11309-F 11565-F
14081-F 14377-F
Emphysema, Experimental
09412-F
Engine Design Modification
14892-B 02130-D
05822-E 06877-E
12958-E 13958-E
15243-M
Engine Exhausts 03265-B
12967-B 13988-B
14026-B 14033-B
14116-B 14619-B
15399-B 1SS99-B
15769-B 12009-D
15484-D 12958-E
14255-E 14531-E
14975-E 14776-J
15610-J See:
Automotive Emissions
Automotive Exhausts
Engine Modification 09323-B
Engine Operating Cycles
OS292-B
Engine Operation 13987-E
Engine Operation Modification
02637-E 1S321-E
Enzyme Systems 00658-F
Enzymes 00994-F 04698-F
03257-F 03258-F
10492-F
Epidemiology 00375-B 00130-C
01520-F 02539-F
03394-F 03421-F
Episodes 09310-A 00375-B
00130-C 00502-C
00783-C 10018-C
03421-F 00041-J
02179-J 00825-M
Etliyl Alcohol 12161-B 15513-E
Exliaust Gas Recirculation
14093-E
Experimental Infection 07847-F
Experimental Pollutants 10672-D
Explosions 06335-B 149S5-E
Exposure Chambers 00429-F
019S7-F 07191-F
Exposure Methods 03813-F
03821-F 03822-F
05352-F 06099-F
08424-F 12949-F
14081-F 14377-F
Eye Irritation 00650-3 03265-B
03883-B 01504-C 01602-C
03542-D 04973-D 00084-F
01463-F 01591-F 01603-F
03270-F 03978-F 05814-F
05819-F 08403-F 14119-F
620
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Eye Irritation Threshold
00177-J
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
(Fl'I) 14992-1)
Fading 15679-11
Feasibility Studies 01626-B
06284-1) 06277-12
OS634-J
Federal Facilities 09121-K
Federal Fiscal Policy 09285-K
Federal Government 09706-E
09053-K
Filters 05804-E
Fire Fighting 01741-B
Firing Methods 02232-B
Plane Afterburners 03265-B
Flame Characteristics
Causing Air Pollution
06299-B
Flames 13922-M
Flares 09835-15
Flow Rates 01685-1)
Flow Resistance 02223-F
Flowmeter 02871-F
Flue Cases 13070-1)
14632-E 14765-13
15270-E
Fluorescence 14146-M
Fluorophotometric Determi-
nation 00328-D
Foam Apparatus 14382-M
Forecast 04200-B
00783-C 06995-C
00346-J
Forests 07786-G
Fritted Glass Disperser
14902-E
Fuel Additives 08080-E
11234-E 14036-E
14255-E
Fuel, Ammonia 01002-15
Fuel Cells 12521-8
Fuel Charging 06086-B
04634-E
Fuel Gases 04995-B
14633-E 1497S-E
Fuel Oils 00030-15
01626-B 05477-B
05864-B 15043-B
12090-E 15042-F
Fuels 01484-15 01788-B
01928-B 04792-B
06104-B 07945-B
09759-B 11263-B
06838-E 07550-K 02734-fl
Fumes 01125-B 01534-B 04181-15
Fumigation 05586-D
Furnaces 01482-B 05067-15
Galvanic Monitoring Systems
14S50-D
Gamma Radiation 07478-J
Gas Analyzer 10518-1)
Gas Appliances 06299-B
Gas Exhaust 08162-E
Gas Phase Reaction 01981-J
05425-M 13564-M
Gas Recirculation 13198-E
Gas Sampling 14026-R
03425-1) 03527-1) 13087-0
Gas Sampling Apparatus (USPHS)
05070-1)
Gas Turbines 14892-B
14554-E
Gaseous Air Pollutants 15171-1)
Gases 13876-M 14313-M
Gases Physical State 00362-C
Gasolines 01382-B 01404-B
02636-B 05850-15
12161-B 12967-B
13031-E 13958-12
15513-E
Geographical Locations 01270-J
Governments 08463-K
Grab Sailing 12009-0
Grain Elevators 01357-D
Grape Leaves OS903-G
Griess Illosway ;iethod
10092-D
Griess Reagent, Modified
03621-1)
Griess Saltzman Reagent
00385-D
Guinea Pigs 00033-F 00660-F
00668-F 00779-F
01893-F 02277-F
03254-F 03257-F
03258-F 03261-F
1S680-F
H
Healing 15215-F
Health Effects 07197-A 08237-A
00388-F 00622-F
00980-F 01402-F
02842-F 02969-F
07138-F 07162-F
08801-F 08812-F
11309-F 11489-F
11S68-F 15042-F
08297-J 00411-L
Health Impairment 00375-15
00650-B 00798-B
01228-B 01484-B
01575-B 01576-B
01941-B 04792-B
07596-B 09216-B
09752-B
Health Statistics 030S3-F
03214-F
Subject Index
621
-------
Hearings-S 306 1965.
00003-E
Hearings 1967. 06734-K
Hematology 01168-F
02306-F 06201-F
Highways 15610-J
Histopathological Stud}
14493-F
Hospital Admissions
15747-F
Hot Gas Engine 15418-E
Humic Acid 13748-M
Ilydrazine 13493-D
Hydrocarbon - Nitric Oxide
System 00345-C
Hydrocarbons 11227-A
00109-B 00271-B
00324-B 00464-B
00592-B 00673-B
01076-B 01404-3
01534-B 01624-B
01788-B 01848-B
019S8-B 02066-B
02244-B 03584-B
03883-B 04994-B
05292-B 05411-B
06299-B 09341-B
09785-B 10475-B
10748-B 12161-B
12967-B 12990-B
13562-B 01718-C
01825-C 15308-C
1S729-C 00155-D
00214-D 02799-D
03542-D
Hydrogen Sulfide 13422-D
Hydroxides 13741-E 14389-E
14630-E
Hypersensitivity 02213-F
Hypoxia 03521-F
I
Immunology 00509-F 01893-F
Impingers 13422-1)
Incinerators 00027-B 00288-B
00673-B 01788-B
01941-3 02148-B
07561-B 09026-B
09175-B 09830-B
Incinerators, ,'fultiple Chamber
02232-B 06086-B
09827-B
Incinerators, Trench 09026-B
Indicators 02299-G
Industrial Air Pollution
00131-E 01646-E
Industries 00250-B 00972-B
01546-B 01620-13
01654-B 02355-B
03154-B 05145-B
07875-B 07925-B
097S1-B 09784-B
11492-B 12637-R
13698-3 13952-B
15452-B 15625-ii
13087-D 04981-F
Infrared Radiation 15729-C
Infrared Spectra 05288-M
05289-M
Instrumentation 12632-C
07687-D 01432-D
02645-D 06099-F
Integrating Nephclometer
1530S-C
Interference 00 866-1)
Internal Combustion Engines
00798-B 01002-B
01375-B 01377-B
01382-B 013S4-B
01488-B 02335-B
09715-B 00562-E
13575-M
In Vitro Studies 00189-F
505B5-F OS424-F
06499-G
In Vivo Studies 00339-F
Ion-Atom Interchange Re-
actions 15197-M
lon-Exdiangs Resins
1S916-E
lonization 05683-C
lonization Qiambers 06279-D
Ionosphere 02344-C 05205-C
Ions 06264-F
Irradiated And Non-Irradiated
Auto Exhaust Atmospheres
00142-D
Irradiation Chambers 03401-A
02244-B 06300-B
00345-C 00068-D
07838-D 01402-F
01463-F 01987-F
08403-F 14119-F
03575-M
Jellinek Method 13633-M
Jet Airplanes 06788-J
Johnson-Nishita Method
15342-D
Kinetic Reactions 00362-C
Kinetics 14384-fl 15495-M
Kinetics of Nitric Oxide
14570-M
Klebsiella pncumoniae
01785-F03853-F
11306-F
622
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Laboratory Animals 06717-F
10456-F 12038-F
Laboratory Relationships
08234-F 08238-F
Lactic Dehydrogenase
03257-F
Lasers 1S023-M 15196-U
15268-11
Lead Compounds 14033-3
Lead, Tetraethyl
09355-B
Legal And Administrative Aspects
OOOS4-B 00539-B
00975-13 01400-B
01654-B 01890-B 01921-B
01928-B 0263S-B 03198-B
04808-B 08376-B 09752-B
09759-B 00453-C 01989-!)
09234-D 09706-E 13958-E
10205-K 10553-K 11421-K
13366-K
Legislation 01890-B 02635-B
06967-B 00453-C 13366-K
Legislation In Foreign Countries
00311-K
Light Radiation 01573-B 03883-B
03361-M
Light Transmission 01573-B
Lignins 13748-M
Limestone Suspension 13897-M
Lipids 093C8-F 11679-F
11682-F
Literature Data, F.ffcct Specific
Substances 05391-F
Literature Review 02129-J
Literature Review, Analytical
Methods 09369-1)
Literature Survey, Exhaust Cas
Control 02637-1;
Long Tern Continuous Inhalation
of N02 06201-F
Long Term Exposure 00919-F
0382 3-F
Lav Cost Measurement 02377-D
Low Level Exposure 00919-F
Lower Atmosphere 00059-1)
Lubricants 09023-B
Luminescent Bacteria 0463S-D
Lung Cancer 00639-F
01806-F
Lung Clearance 13212-1-'
Lung Tissue 03257-F 032S3-F
03261-F 138S2-F
Lungs 00668-F 02617-F
11292-F
M
! lagnetohydrodynarcics (Ml ID)
03072-B
Maintenance 07596-B
Manned Space Flight 02-106-n
Manual - Thirty-Nine Analyti-
cal Procedures 09333-D
Manufacturing 11492-B
Marine Life 06326-G
Materials Deterioration
00229-C 04027-H
02380-1! .
Mathematical Analyses
15310-B 01685-D
01807-D 15087-E
01520-F 00739-J
15173-J 00939-M
13390-M 13503-M
Mathematical Modeling
09715-B 01586-D
00346-J 13541-M
13575-M
Maximum Allowable Con-
centrations 00020-B
00081-B 05952-D
00562-F. 06778-H
01916-F 04981-F
00110-J 06734-K
09137-K 00411-L
02580-L 035-3-L
06469-L 06885-L
07197-L 07490-L
0880 3-L
Measurement Methods
004G4-B 01076-B
01381-3 01382-B
01384-B 03233-B
05337-B 05479-B
07555-B 09341-B
11S62-B 15308-C
15661-C 07936-F
14776-J 15005-J
Membranes 14065-F
Metal Compounds 13930-M
Metal Fabrication And
Finishing 00798-B
09830-B 13698-B
15625-B
Metal Films 09770-D
Metastable Molecules
06477-M
Meteorology 01654-B
01842-B 02060-B
Mice 00639-F 00933-F
01335-F 01785-F
02332-F 02617-F
03530-F 04221-F
05352-F 06600-F
07847-F 11297-F 11307-F
14493-F
Mice, Cells 05295-F
Mice, Germfree 13S52-F
Mice, Inbred 03853-F
07173-F
Mice, Reproduction 07842-F
Ilice, Voluntary Activity 11535-P
Ilicroanalysis 15752-U
Subject Index
623
-------
flicroorganisms 01335-F
00244-G 06326-G
Mineral Processing 15452-B
literal U'ool Filters 07552-1;
Mines 13087-1)
Mini Adak II 06050-1)
Missile Exhaust 06994-C
Missile Propellants 02441-D
06326-G
Missile And Rocket Fuels 04609-1!
Missiles And Rockets 07451-li
06995-C 00284-1)
0683S-E 07072-1;
Mobile Air Sampling Equipment
03013-J
Mobile Air Sampling Laboratory
Facilities 0274S-D
02317-J 02822-J
02823-J 02825-J
Molecular Gases 14146-.'!
Molecular Spectroscopy
05290-1!
Molecular Yeight 02734-M
Monitoring 04616-J
05110-J
Monitoring Gascons Pollutants
02681-1)
Mori) i Jit)' 01369-F 01520-F
01609-1; 01916-F
06675-F 06689-F
09440-F
Morbidity Mortality 00825-F
03421-F
Mortality 00428-F 00779-F
01335-F 06201-F
Motor Vehicle Pollution Control
Act 07S93-F
Motor Vehicles, Air Pollution
And Health (The Schcnck
Act), 1962. 00052-1!
N
Narrow Absorption Infrared (NAIR)
Instrument 06284-D
National Air Sampling Network
(NASN) 00297-!) 01691-1)
00017-J 00739-J
01594-J 02241-J
02340-J 06700-J
Natural Air Pollution Control
02S41-E
Natural Gas 05815-15 05864-1!
OS746-3
Ncuromuscular Reactions
15490-F
Neutral Buffered Potassium
Iodide Method
09515-D
Nicotina alutinosa
0326j-B
Nitrates 00792-D
Nitration 14514-M
Nitric Acid 01583-B
12637-B 00180-D
05343-1) 01619-E
02051-E 05151-E
05401-1; 09773-1;
13537-I-: 136S9-E
14481-1: 13630-H
1394S-M
Nitric Acid Plants 07093-E
Nitric Oxide (NO) 00324-15
02335-B 03061-B
03233-15 05157-B
05411-B 05599-B
09315-B 09715-i!
12990-B 13547-B
14924-B 15723-B
00432-C 01984-C
05055-C 05205-C
10682-C 00059-1)
00180-D 03245-1)
03402-D 03621-1)
04915-1) 07938-D
08256-D 10902-1)
12004-D 01791-E
04618-E 09340-E
13550-F. 13718-E
13746-E 14531-E
14801-E 14955-E
15100-E 02306-F
10514-F 11470-F
14926-F 15747-F
01918-J 00001-M
00034-M 01680-M
01880-M 01881-M
02328-M 02838-.M 028S1-M
03020-M 03114-M 03270-M
03349-M 03428-M 04913-M
04914-M 05226-M 05227-M
05425-M 0562S-M 07681-.'!
09078-M 09755-M 13223-M
13224-M 13265-M 13392-M
Nitric Oxide Explosion 13415-M
Nitric Oxide Molecule 00612-M
15225-M
Jitric Oxide Reduction System
03061-15 05082-F,
Jitric Oxide Release 02344-C
\litric Pentoxidc 10902-D
litrites 02799-1) 05215-1)
Jitrites And Oxides
14219-M
,'itropcn 06473-M 06477-M
13894-M
Jitrogcn Dioxide 00324-B
00464-1! 00892-B
05157-B OS599-B
05893-1! 09216-B
01264-C 01396-C
01718-C 01825-C
01984-C 02476-C
0581S-C 08S05-C
106S2-C 00192-1)
00297-D 00385-D
624
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
00620-D
009S6-D
01086-D
01691-D
0206S-D
02742-n
03096-D
03245-D
03621-D
04643-D
05352-D
05866-D
07540-D
082S6-D
13493-D
00097-E
14007-1-
00501-F
00637-F
00668-F
01040-F
01346-F
02116-F
03254-F
03610-F
05295-F
06745-F
07174-F
08027-F
09412-F
11306-F
11425-F
11670-F
13852-F
14377-F
11682-F
14065-F
15732-F
05610-G
15679-H
02241-J
08297-J
00189-M
00339-M
00919-M
01579-M
02213-M
02368-M
02483-M
02617-M
03257-M
03428-M
03619-M
04286-M
06320-M
08424-H
09079-M
13341-M
13452-M
13559-M
13574-M
14179-M
14620-M
00856-D
01021-D
01687-D
02045-D
02492-D
02799-D
03099-D
03402-D
04018-D
04696-D
05606-D
06911-D
08135-D
09721-D
15S21-D
05894-E
00429-F
00511-F
00660-F
00933-F
01324-F
01591-F
02223-F
03530-F
03820-F
06717-F
06746-F
08026-F
08897-F
10490-F
11308-F
11565-F
11679-F
14050-F
15215-F
13868-F
14079-F
03618-G
10206-G
01981-J
05112-J
00034-M
00338-M
00428-H
00923-H
01785-M
02266-M
02412-M
02508-M
02837-M
03258-H
03575-M
04277-M
06201-M
08238-M
08570-M
11279-M
13354-M
13546-M
13S61-M
13683-M
14317-M
15495-M
Nitrogen Dioxide Absorption
14384-M
Nitrogen Dioxide Conversion
04633-M
Nitrogen Dioxide Formation
01984-C
Nitrogen/Oxygen Compounds-
14196-E
Nitrogen Tetroxide 05649-B
06338-D 06983-D
09770-D 06277-E
05288-fI 05289-M
05290-M
Nitrogen Trioxide 00792-D
01787-M
Nitrous Acid 13748-M
Nitrous Anhydride OS288-M
05289-M
Nitrous Oxide
15729-C
14837-D
01176-F
02133-J
06320-H
13392-t!
15253-H
Non
Mon
07191-C
08838-D
OS048-E
03S21-F
04600-M
08052-.M
13566-M
15272-M
15353-H 15764-M
Dispersive Infrared Gas
Analysis 07540-D
Industrial 00972-B
Nuclear Power Plants 07S47-B
Nuclear Reactors 00454-B
Occupational Health 08079-D
13493-D 00165-F
02213-F 05391-F
06640-F 07541-F
08461-F
Odors 05527-B 06039-B
Oil Burners 02001-B 05133-B
Oil Fired Furnace 11231-B
Oil Mists 03530-F
Open Burning 01076-B 01582-B
Open Pit Incinerators 02396-E
Operating Variables 00693-B
07555-B
Opinion Survey 07448-J
01149-L
Optical Effects 01396-C
Optical Instrumentation 09111-0
Ordinances 03353-K
Organic Nitrogen Coinpounds
03969-?!
Oscillatory Combustion 00476-D
Otto Engine 14202-E
Out Gassing 09023-B
Oxidant Precursors 00244-G
Oxidants 00752-C 0557S-C
00866-D 01266-D
01331-D 01349-D
02441-D 02732-D
Subject Index
625
-------
02747-D
09515-D
07401-1)
01520-F
05558-G 06498-G
01912-J 05500-J
Oxidation 09430-C 13932-D
14837-1) 13707-E
14801-E 14955-E
15087-1; 01102-M
03160-M 07450-H
Oxidation of Nitrogen 14385-M
Oxidation - Nitric Oxide
10907-M
Oxides 03373-C 02645-D
00346-J
Oxides of Nitrogen 00251-A
03355-B 03592-D
06460-D 00569-E
11632-F 13417-M
14636-M 15756-M
Oxidizer 13932-D 14821-E
Oxygen Atoms 00357-M
Ozone 10731-A 01740-B
07980-C 10682-C
12632-C 00214-D
00328-D 01349-D
01393-D 02763-D
03537-D 060SO-D
07379-D 10489-D
10902-D 14502-D
05149-E 01330-F
03619-F 03625-F
10492-F 05903-C
13564-M
Ozone Toxicology Review
00852-F
Ozonosphere 06994-C
Packed Towers 08344-E
Paint Manufacturing
00250-B
Paints 05337-B 12090-E
Particulates 01582-B
02148-B 03113-B
05379-B 08099-B
09785-B
Pathological Techniques
06600-F 10490-F
11297-F
Peroxyacetyl Nitrates
(PAN) 11535-F 14968-G
00238-H 06499-M
Pcroxyacyl Nitrates 00238-M
Petroleum Production 01165-U
01620-B 06104-B
Petroleum Refining 02017-B
03420-B 03871-B
0983S-B 09838-B
Petunias 02209-G
Pharmacology 00992-F 01324-F
10492-F 11679-F
11682-F 14065-F
I'hilips Stirling Engine
15243-M
Phosphates 15452-B
Phospholipids 14065-F
Photochemical Aerosols 01990-M
Photodiemical Air Pollution
Syndrome 00502-C
Photochemical Formation 03701-J
Photochemical I leasurement
01027-C
Photodiemical Reactions
03058-A 00109-B
01488-B 01575-B
02244-B 06300-B
15310-B 00302-C
00618-C 00757-C
01244-C 01264-C
01718-C 049S8-C
05533-C 05817-C
OS818-C 06604-C
OOS50-D 02368-D
02747-D 05572-D
06993-D 15354-1)
00658-F 01090-F
02842-F 03270-F
05176-F 00229-G
00923-M 01026-M
01318-11 01402-M
01579-H 01875-M
02412-M 03615-M
04277-M 04286-M
04633-M 05204-M
10129-M 15756-M
15911-M
Photochemical Smog 01504-C
08330-C 00980-F
03978-F
Photochemical Smog Reaction
00034-M
Photochemistry 01602-C
06632-C 01603-F
05613-M 09078-M
Photodetachmcnt 14317-M
Photoionization 14317-M
Photoionization Resonance Spectra
14293-M
Photolysis 03066-M 03561-M
04286-M 05267-M
11279-M 13889-M
15253-M 15272-M
Photolysis Peroxyacetyl
Nitrate 03292-G
Photometric Analysis 05609-D
13422-D
Photometric Determination
03924-D
Photometric Methods 09721-D
Photooxidation 01587-C
0182S-C 02777-C
038S8-C 06301-D
153S4-D 00622-F
05627-J 01075-M
626
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
01978-M 02837-fl
02851-M 03114-M
03428-M 04992-M
05611-M 05819-M
05824-M 08845-11
09079-H
Photosynthesis 02209-G
Physical Properties 01568-B
Physicochemical Tlethods
07857-D
Phytotoxicants 01574-B
12557-B 00009-G
00316-G 00963-G
02209-G 03395-G
03618-C 05610-G
12042-G
Pickling Plant Waste Gases
13535-E
Picoflux 10518-D
Pilot Plants 13741-1]
Pinto Beans 02209-G
Piston Rings 05153-E
14093-E
Planning § Zoning 08300-J
Plans And Programs
01604-K
Plant Damage 00798-B
01484-B 01574-B
04792-B 05586-1)
00009-G 02229-G
00301-G 00622-G
00961-G 01402-G
01666-G 01809-G
02299-G 02842-G
03395-G 03596-G
03615-G 05342-G
05344-G 05420-G 05485-G
05558-G 06326-G 10206-G
12042-G 12045-G 12557-G
14968-G
Plnnt Growth 00963-G 05344-G
Plant Indicators 03584-B
Plant Injury 05610-G
Plants, Effects On 08232-A
Plastic Bags 00620-U 01876-1)
01983-11
Plastics 08377-B 09023-B
Platinum 14309-E 15271-E
Pletliysmograph 02S71-F
Pneumatic Flowmeter 91175-F
Pneunioconiosis 08423-F
Paver Production 14732-A
00024-B 00454-B
01482-B 03072-B
03113-B 04200-B
11262-B 12040-1;
13394-E 14632-E
07138-F
Pressure Relief Systems 09835-B
Primary Metallurgical Processes
05145-13 01687-B
Primates 03853-F
Process Modification 15322-E
Propanes 05850-B
Propellants 06335-B
Proportional Sampler 02378-D
Propulsion Power ttethods
01404-B 07593-15
12S21-B 02785-1)
Proteins 00339-F 006G8-F
11682-F '
Public Affairs 01073-A
Pulmonary Cell Population
11670-F
Pulmonar)' Edema 00165-F
00428-F 03603-F
07173-1- 11470-F
13860-F 14050-F
Pulmonary Function 00165-F
0185S-F 02223-F
02871-F 11314-F
14079-F
Pulmonary Reactions 08054-F
Pulmonary Resistance 00033-F
00779-F 1142S-F
Pulmonary Ventilation 04600-F
07174-F 13212-F
1S680-F
1, 2-di-(4-pyridyl) Ethylenc
00214-D See Hydrocarbons
0 Switching 1502 3-M 15268-fl
Quendiing 15253-!! 15272-H
Rabbits 00338-F 00339-F
03521-F 06745-F
06746-F 09412-F
11670-F
Rabbits Trachea 00189-F
Radioactive Radiation
06867-E 03725-J
Radioactive Waste Disposal
09175-B
Radon 03725-J
Rankine Engine 14202-1;
Rare-Earth Sesquioxidcs
14416-M
Rat, Fetus OS052-F
Rat, Liver 04698-F
Rat, Lungs 09368-F 11308-F
11565-F 15215-F
Rat, Tissue 00994-F
Rats 00334-F 01040-F
02116-F 02483-F
14377-F
Reaction Kinetics 02355-B
03110-B 05970-B
00344-C 00432-C
01264-C 02344-C
02352-C 02476-C
02777-C 05055-C
Subject Index
627
-------
OS6S3-C 03544-D
13662-E 14355-1;
13265-fl 13341-fI
13354-fI 13355-M
13417-M 13452-M
13454-M 13503-M
13528-M
Recirculation 05003-E
09340-E
Recombination 13540-1!
Recycling 07881-E
Reduction 12637-B 13033-E
13205-E 13258-E
13538-E 13550-1:
14007-1: 14025-1;
14387-E 14481-E
14765-E 15270-1;
14471-H
Regulation On Organic Com-
pound Emissions 03104-J
Regulations 0097S-B 01654-1!
04S08-B 09781-B
08075-E 03554-K
11421-K 01532-1
Reproduction 02332-F
Research Methodology 07833-1)
Research Programs 03085-A
10682-C 03536-F. 14036-E
12038-F 10S53-K
Residential Areas 08438-J
Resistance 14050-F
Resins 13718-E
Respiratory Diseases 01741-13
06055-B 15093-1!
00312-F 00519-F
00933-F 01609-F
02116-F 03027-F
03083-F 04964-F
05391-F 07847-F
08234-F 08238-F
08327-F 1S747-F
Respiratory Functions
00033-F 00338-F OOS08-F
00637-F 02277-F 03151-F
06264-F 11632-F 1386S-F
Respiratory Illness, Acute
09440-F-
Respiratory System 00334-F
00499-F 00508-F
00509-F 01176-F
02483-F 03530-F
0604S-F 08054-F
20685-F
Reversibility (Recovery of Disease
After NOo Exposure)
01040-F
Review of Recent Air Pollution
Control Developments
13828-1;
Rocket Propellants 03110-B
Rosanilinc Method 07391-D
Rotary Absorbers 14380-M
Rul)ber 09023-R
Running Activity 11307-F
S
Saltzman Colorimetric Method
07938-D 06911-1)
Saltzinan Method 05606-D
07391-1) 08256-D
15521-1) 03S13-F
Saltzman Method, Modified
06642-D 14570-D
Sampling Methods 11254-B
01269-D 04973-D
11573-D 11574-D
12009-1) 13070-D
Sampling f, Sensing System
02406-1)
Sanitary Clearance Zones
08194-K
Scrubbers 08344-11 1432S-E
14630-E 14631-E
14902-E 15152-1;
Secondary Air 14554-1;
Selected Measurement ^fcthods
00845-1)
Seminar 00186-B
Sewage Treatment 01508-B
Sickle-Cell Formation
00180-F
Silage 05893-B 03179-M
Silica Gel Column 04900-D
Simulation 00693-B
05149-E
Simulation Models 11225-C
14531-E 14997-J
Skin 01077-F
Smog 01575-B 03584-B
08376-B 15310-B
00344-C 06043-C
00224-D 06600-F
10456-F 11307-F
05485-G 02179-J
07198-J 06698-M
Smog aiaml^er 15354-D
Smokes 01306-B 01741-B
05145-B 06039-B
14892-1!
Social Attitudes 00969-B
01546-B
Soiling Index 02340-J
Soils 06326-G
Solid Waste Disposal
06086-B
Solubility 13823-M
Solvents 00250-B 08376-B
09781-B 10660-B
15210-D
Soot 10748-B 07174-F
07541-F
Sorption 13566-M
Source Inventory IBM System
00337-B
626
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Sources 00972-B 01570-B
03154-B 05379-B
05479-13 05746-B
Sources, Energy 097S9-B
Sources, Stationary OS157-B
OS160-B
Space Cabin 03821-F
Space Craft 11241-F
Spark Ignition Engine 0148S-B
040U8-B 05007-15
05850-B 07555-B
09315-B 13547-B
05380-E 14975-E
13014-H
Spectrometry 00160-B 09969-!)
14992-D
Spectrometry, Atomic Absorption
04716-D
Spcctrometry, Infrared 05572-D
08838-D 12579-D
00700-fl 15536-M
Spectrometry, Mass 12004-D
Spcctrophotometry 00956-n
02883-!) 03727-D
04643-D 04857-D
05081-D 10242-D
13452-;!
Spectroscopy 03020-M
Spectroscopy, Atomic Absorption
04715-D
Spectroscopy,Infrared 00271-3
01878-M 04674-K
Spectroscopy, Mass 02406-D
Squirrel Monkeys 11306-p
Stack Gases 00030-B 01362-B
01482-B 01941-B
02148-B 02355-B
04200-B 15452-B
13198-E 13394-E
13538-E 15271-1;,
15322-E 15916-E
Standards 00 89 7-1C
Standards And Criteria 00155-1)
Stationary Combustion Furnace
15620-E
Stationary Sources 00107-15
Statistical Analyses 13390-.'!
Steam Engines 12S21-B
Steam Plants 016S4-B 01842-11
05011-B 05067-B
06781-15 07547-15
11229-B
Stippling 05903-G
Streets OS297-C 06150-J
06872-J 0901S-J
Sublimation 15752-D
Submarine 00081-B 03145-E
Sulfur Dioxide 11227-A
01125-B 01362-B
01432-D 01921-B
01928-B 02066-B
02355-B 04200-B
0514S-B 09216-B
09785-B 11262-B
12557-B 14025-E
14533-E 14632-E
14765-E 15361-E
Sulfur Oxide 07391-D
Sulfuric Acid 02355-B
11492-B 13403-E
13707-E
Superphosphate Plant
06675-F
Surface Coatings 10660-B
08461-F
Survey Methods 00336-K
Suspended Particulates
12632-C
Syncrgism 06235-C 03853-F
06640-F 11309-F
11314-F 11425-F
Synergistic Effects 02352-C
Synthetic Fibers 02060-H
Syozo-Fukui Method 15342-D
Systems Engineering 07613-E
Tedinicon Auto-Anal)rzer
00977-D
Telephones 14920-11
Temperature 12176-B
1295S-E
Temperature (Atmospheric)
04221-F
Test Engines 00569-E
01987-F
Testing Facilities 04609-B
06599-D
Textiles 09023-B 00115-11
02941-11
Tlierapcutic Agents Q0428-F
Thermal Decomposition
06320-M
Thermochemistry 04913-?!
Thermodynamics 00128-M
02508-1! 13822-M
13894-M
Thesis 13900-M
Timc-Ilate-Or-Chonpc Equations
15227-M
Tined Fuel Injection 05380-E
10539-E 13160-E
Tissue Culture 00665-F
05295-F 08424-F
Tissues 00660-F 06600-F
10456-F 106S5-F
Tobacco, Effect On 03265-!!
Tobacco Fleck 12045-C
Tolerance Criteria 06341-F
Toxic Concentrations 03205-A
Toxic Substances in Air 14502-D
Toxic Tolerances 03556-A
01576-B 02056-B
Subject Index
629
-------
04C09-B 00429-F
oosoi-r 01330-F
01335-F 01346-1-
03530-F 03603-F
03619-F 04213-F
04221-F 06717-F
07173-F 08027-F
10613-F 11303-F
Trace Analysis 01650-C
14076-D
Tracers 15661-C
Treated Filter Fabrics 08156-F,
Trees, Coniferous 04256-C
Trends 11229-B
Trucks 01404-B 11254-B
Toxicity 01S76-B 06335-B
04635-n 03625-F
03820-F 03821-F
03822-F 05814-F
08570-F
Toxicology 00852-F 06341-F
11241-F 11314-F
11535-F 13860-F
Treatment And Aids 11470-F
Tiinors 104S6-F
Tunnels 03255-B 15769-H
12579-1) 11912-E
Turlumetry 02845-P
TVA 14159-1-
T\-/o-Stage Comliustion 05857-1:
U
Ultraviolex Radiation 07178-1!
01027-C 01481-C
1S210-I)
Ultraviolet Spectromctry
07981-D
U. S. Patent 13014-L
Upper Atraosplierc 05055-C
06993-C 07687-1)
01306-li 01837-B
08165-B
03373-C
02277-F
01790-J
01864-J
Ventilation 01228-H
Venturi Scrulibcrs 08181-fi
Vermiculitc 12978-E
Visibility 04973-1)
Volatility 14127-B
W
Waste Gases 13901-M
Water Vapors 12632-C
Welding 01740-B 04181-B
Wet Cliemical Analyses
04796-D
Wet Cyclones 09773-E
Wisconsin Process 13537-E
Wire 09830-B
World Health Organization
(H1IO) Monograph
0030S-F
Yokoliania Asthma 00932-F
Url^an Areas
03202-B
09393-B
14019-C
06689-F
01830-J
05571-K
Urey-Bradley Potential
Constants 05286-M
Vanadium Compounds
04715-1) 04716-D
Vapor Phase Cum 03983-t
Vaporation 14127-B 14850-E
Variable Dilution Tcdinique
05536-1)
Vegetation 00109-li 01574-B
06967-B
Vegetation Damage 00696-C
Vehicles 13952-B
630
NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX
United States (States, Cities)
Alabama
Birmingham OOOOS-J
00534-J 03458-J
07448-J 08327-J
Arizona
Tucson 03407-J
California 00164-A 00288-B
00319-B 00969-B
07844-B 05342-G
03441-J 02055-K
03944-K 09281-K
00157-L 01955-L
03007-L 03S83-L
Bay Area 03554-K
Los Angeles County
05176-F 07519-K
Fresno 03433-J
Los Angeles 00107-B
01413-B 02610-3
03871-B 04792-B
05157-B OS160-B
06031-B 08376-B
09785-B 15043-B
04988-C 0557S-C
06043-C 00224-D
04973-D 05572-D
04962-F. 01855-F
03270-F 03978-F
15042-F 03462-J
04616-J 05110-J
05112-J 05573-J
05627-J 08301-J
14180-J 11421-K
San Francisco 03154-B
08376-B 03104-J
Colorado 01010-J
Pikes Peak 10682-C
Connecticut 11227-A 11225-C
04770-J 14997-J
New Britain 06966-J
Florida 03404-J
Cape Kennedy 07072-K
Jacksonville 00220-B
Hawaii
Oahu 03420-B
Idalio
Clarkston, Lewistone
and Washington 00054-B
Indiana
Northwest 09737-B
Indianapolis 02822-J 02823-J
Kentucky
Ashland 10504-C
Louisville 03520-D
Louisiana
New Orleans 0063S-F
Maryland
Baltimore 00312-F 02835-J
06960-J
llassachusctts
Boston 01673-B 02317-J
Sumner Tunnel 01673-B
Michigan
Detroit River 04996-J
Minnesota 03409-J 09765-K
Oak Park 01842-B
1 lissouri
' St. Louis 01S90-B
St. Louis-East St. Louis
03027-J 01604-K
New Jersey 01666-G
New York State 10015-B
04834-J OS008-J
05010-J 00897-K
11421-K
Nassau County 05009-J
Nassau -County, Roosevelt Field
01829-J
Niagara County 04864-J
Westchester County 04833-J
Buffalo 01673-B '
New York City 00673-B
01369-F 09440-F 07712-J
00169-K 03359-K
New York-New Jersey 03454-J
North Carolina 03438-A
Guilford County 05481-J
Winston-Salera 03406-J
Northeastern U. S. 05420-G
Ohio OS598-II
Cincinnati 01413-B 01673-B
00929-C 03701-J 03714-J
04986-J
631
-------
Cleveland 07877-K
Ironton 10504-C
Ohio Research Management
Program 02376-1;
St. Bernard 03426-J
Oregon 06977-J
Panama 01427-J
Pennsylvania OG734-K 05293-L
08420-L
Donora 03421-F
Duqucsne 02823-J
Philadelphia 00679-li
07550-K
Pittshurgli 03012-J
Rhode Island 03468-J
Soutli Carolina
Charleston 03506-J
Tennessee
Chattanooga 02840-J
Nashville 00847-J
Texas 03510-J
El Paso 03505-J
United States 02951-A 06781-U
10018-C 01066-J 03353-K
Utah 02312-B
Virginia
Lyncliburg 03513-J
Washington 03504-J
Clark County 01949-J
Washington, Clarkston §
Lewiston, Idaho 00054-B
Mount Olympus 12632-C
Wasliington, D. C. 01S71-D
03434-J 0372S-J
06290-J
West Virginia 03514-J
Huntington 10504-C
632 NITROGEN OXIDES BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
Foreign (Countries, Cities)
Australia 08633-B
New South Wales Cities
05500-J
Port Kembla 05145-B
Austria
Vienna 02133-J
British Columbia
Chilliwack 00802-J
05652-J
Canada
Alberta 01532-L
International Peace
Bridge 01673-B
Ontario 01673-B
Czechoslovakia 03218-D
05003-E 08995-F
02060-11 07490-L
England 07945-B 09752-B
06778-E
London 01306-B
04651-J 15005-J
Europe 03122-B 03119-D
14475-L
France 02539-D 02541-E
Paris 14S31-E 06788-J
13964-J
Germany 00411-A 00539-B
06781-B 07230-B
08805-C 10206-G
12042-G 06754-K
07597-K 105S3-K
11421-K 07490>-L
10907-M 13407-H
13968-M
Berlin 14776-J
Hamburg 11912-E
North Rhine-Westphalia
06967-B
VDI (Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure - Association
o£ German Engineers)
07093-E
Greece
Athens 09117-J
Hungary 08612-H
Iran
Teheran 09209-J
Italy 03202-B 09430-C
09234-0 08297-J
Padua 1S599-B
Pescara 14785-J
Japan 04212-A 06744-A 06112-1)
07379-D 07401-D 03045-H
07549-H
14553-F
06760-J
09445-J
11425-F
15680-1-
07166-J
13366-K
06144-E
13868-F
15679-11
07371-J
07197-L
Osaka 14930-J 15610-J
Sakai 14930-J
Tokyo 15171-D 03214-F
05562-J 06150-J 15161-J
1S173-J 15610-J
Yokkaichi City 07529-J
Netherlands 11421-K
Eindhoven 15418-E
Rotterdam 14534-J
New Zealand
Auckland 01864-J 03001-J
Norway 13952-B
Poland 09137-K 06469-L 13894-M
South Africa 02415-D
Soutii America 04052-A
Spain
Barcelona 07936-F
Sweden 06280-B
Switzerland 11457-B
Basel 08812-F
Zuricli 09018-J
U. S. S. R. 02580-A 03205-A
08165-B 02439-D 03924-D
06S89-D 08135-D 08142-D
08179-D 081S6-E 08162-E
08181-E 13718-E 08461-F
11489-F 03363-J 08438-J
08194-K 06885-L 07490-L
14634-L 13528-M 13742-M
13822-M 13823-M 13824-M
13897-M 13901-M 140S5-M
14380-M 14382-M 14384-M
14385-H 14S70-M 14624-M
14635-M
633
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1970 O - 400-293
------- |