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HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY :
m ' '?K •...'/i-
Part II. Categories F to M and Indi
exes
H •I ;'.;H
I . .*•. 'I ' •'
•-
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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
-------
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
PART II
Office of Technical Information and Publications
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Raleigh, North Carolina
October 1970
-------
The AP series of reports is issued by the National Air Pollution Control Adminis-
tration to report the results of scientific and engineering studies, and information
of general interest in the field of air pollution. Information reported in this series
includes coverage of NAPCA intramural activities and of cooperative studies con-
ducted in conjunction with state and local agencies, research institutes', and indus-
trial organizations. Copies of AP reports may be obtained upon request, as
supplies permit, from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, 1033 Wade Avenue, Raleigh, North
Carolina 27605.
National Air Pollution Control Administration Publication No. AP-75
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.O. 20402 - Price !5 per two volume set
-------
CONTENTS
PART I,
INTRODUCTION ..,., ,.. , . ., 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. General 3
B, Emission Sources ...... 19
C. Atmospheric Interaction ., 193
D. Measurement Methods 227
E. Control Methods 467
PARTH.
F. Effects - Human Health 583
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 737
H. Effects - Materials 771
I. Effects - Economic 777
J. Air Quality Measurements 781
K. Legal and Administrative 849
L. Standards and Criteria 865
M. Basic Science and Technology 877
AUTHOR INDEX 1041
TITLE INDEX 1061
SUBJECT INDEX 1147
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX 1181
United States 1181
Foreign 1182
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F. EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
0008H
G,J. Doyle, N. Endow, J.L. Jones
SULFOR DIOXIDE ROLE IN EYE IRRITATION. Arch. Environ.
Health, Vol. 3:657-667, Dec. 1961.
An eye-irritation panel was exposed to steady-state reaction
jnixtures generated in a 520 cu. ft. irradiated stirred-flow
"reaction chamber. The reactants for one set of exposures were
usually 0.2 to 2.0 ppm by colume of olefins and N02 in
purified air. Reaction residence times ranged from 1 to 2 hrs.
S02 was used as an additional reactant (at a concentration of
about 0.1 ppm) in a comparable set of experiments. The
reacting mixtures were evaluated for relative eye-irritating
ability, with and without S02. Aerosols derived from the
co-photo-oxidation of S02 and from S02 itself probably have
little effect on the eye-irritating ability of irradiated reaction
mixtures. The net effect of the addition of S02 to the olefin
reaction mixtures is a slight decrease in eye irritation
accompanied by the appearance of an aerosol. Trace concentrations
of branched internal olefins, specifically 2-methyl-2-butene,
and of a cyclic olefin, cyclohexene, van produce significant
amounts of irritants other than formaldehyde and acrolein. While
no conclusions on the identity of these irritants can be drawn from
the data, it is speculated that they may be compounds of the PAN
type and/or reactive or unstable reaction intermediates. The
use of dynamic (stirred-flow) conditions considerably enhances
the sensitivity of subjects to the irritants. Indications are
that small changes in the flow field about a subject's eyes may
have large effects on response to the irritants in the
flowing air. Adding isobutane, a branched-chain paraffin having
a tertiary hydrogen atom, to a photooxidizing isobutylene-N02
mixture produced no significant effect, either on the course
of the reaction or on the eye irritation. This finding held
true both with and without S02. A small decrease in eye
irritation was experimentally observed, but there are not
sufficient data to demonstrate that this effect is statistically
significant. The rate of response to an eye irritant is
a function of the chemical nature of the irritant or
irritants. Ethylene and proylene, olefins important in auto
exhaust, can produce significant eye irritation at realistic
atmospheric concentrations.f#
00096
K.C. Back, A.A. Thomas, C. Sandage
DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE CABIN TOLERANCE CRITERIA TO TRACE
CONTAMINANTS. Biomedical Lab., Bright-Patterson AFB,
583
-------
Ohio, and Midwest Eesearch Inst., Kansas City, Mo. (BBL
Hemorandium M-3.) (Presented at the 33rd annual fleeting.
Aerospace Medical Association, Atlantic City, N.J., April
1962.) 9pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 276202
This repot reviews the problems encountered when attempting to
_establish criteria for space cabin environments. Space cabin
engineers have used speculative figures derived from Industrial
Threshold Limit Values (TLV for tolerable contaminant
concentration levels. Values of 10ppm (by vol.) are cited
for CO, H2, CH4 and paracresol; 50 ppm are cited for H2S,
indole, stcatole, NH3 and methyl mercaptan. The TLV criteria
were designed for use for 8 hr. exposures for a 5-day work week
over a 30-yr. span and extrapolation for longer continuous exposure
is not necessarily valid. To test the validity of such
extrapolations, the physiological changes in animals have been
studied during 90-day continuous exposures to the various
toxic vapors and gases listed: Results have proven that the TLV
criteria cannot be used for long term exposure. There are
apparently physiological actions and interactions between
different contaminants which may be categorized as additive,
synergistic or possibly antagonistic. Also, some animals appear
to have a tolerance for these contaminants.##
00174
H. Heimann (Ed.)
AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH PLANNING SEMINAE (PROCEEDINGS).
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air
Pollution. Dec. 20, 1956. 183 pp.
This document contains discussions of various participants in the
_seminar which reviewed the trends of air pollution research.
Research results, interpretations, theories, and programs are
discussed.#t
00176
B. !*.. Abel and R. B. Talbot
IN VITRO PULHONARY COMPLIANCE AND PHYSIOPATHOLOGY OF GOINEA PIG
LUNGS EXPOSED IN VIVO TO GADOLINIUM OXIDE DUST. Iowa State
Univ. of Science and Tech. Ames, Coll. of Veterinary
Medicine. Inst. for Atomic Research (Rept. No. COO-1170-
7.) June 1965. 77 pp.
Seventy-two guinea pigs were divided into three groups of
_twenty-four each. Each group consisted of tvelve control guinea
pigs, and twelve pigs exposed to an aerosol of 20 mg. of
gadolinium oxide per cu H of air for periods of 2tO, 480, and 820
exposure hours. After the exposure period, the lungs were removed
and compliance measurements made. Analysis of the data by a
three-way factorial analysis revealed a significant interaction
584 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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between the treatment and duration of exposure factors.
Further analysis for trend disclosed a highly significant linear
trend with time in the exposed groups. Histopathological changes
in the exposed groups, and the amount of deviation from control
lung tissue presuppose a difference in functional ability between
the two groups. The histopathological changes included alveolar
cell hypertrophy, septal cell thickening, lymphoid hypdrplasia, and
macrophage formation. (Authors' abstract)#t
00195
P. Kotin and H. L. Falk
ATMOSPHERIC CARCINOGENS. Southern California Oniv. , Los
Angeles, School of Medicine. 1966. 6 pp.
A critical review of the data relating to the role of carcinogenic
_polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons reflects virtual unanimity that
~within the limits of current knowledge these agents alone are
unlikely to be the exclusive or necessarily the primary factors in
the initiation of bronchogenic carcinoma. This presentation,
therefore, will attempt to cover a broader area. The discussion
of carcinogenic agents in polluted air as distinct chemical and
physical entities is perhaps proper, but from a biological
viewpoint it is a misleading oversimplification to assume that
their potential effect is independent of the action of numerous
exogenous and endogenous factors. While the remarks will be
limited to atmosphericarcinogens because of the theme of this
conference, it will be emphasized that the principles developed
during the discussion, if valid, should be applicable to several
environmental sources suspected of being etiologically concerned
with lung cancer. (Author)f #
00210
A. S. Josephson
IHMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE TO THE NITRO-OLEFINS. Preprint. 1965.
The conjugated nitro-olefins have been shown to be effective
agents in provoking the delayed contact reaction in guinea pigs.
Studies of a variety of substituted and unsubstituted, saturated
and unsaturated hydrocarbons indicate that only the conjugated,
nitro-substituted compounds are sensitizers. Examination of
cross-reactivity between nitro-olefins of differing chain length
indicates specificity of the contact reactions dependent upon the
size of the haptenic moiety. (Author's abstract)##
00259
H. E. Landsberg
WEATHER AND DISEASE. Environmental Science Services
F. Effects - Human Health 585
-------
Administration, Washington, D.C., Weather Bureau.
(Technical Note 33-EDS-1) (iZREPT- ZNO. 1) 0FEB. 1966. 7 PP.
CFSTI
The atmospheric environment can cause sunburn, heatstroke, and
frostbite. Air pollution may provoke or aggravate asthma.
Weather changes often influence scar and arthritic pains. There
are suspicions that the course of respiratory and certain heart
ailments is influenced by atmospheric conditions. Indirectly,
through influences on disease vectors, the climate plays a role
in tropical diseases. Favorable climatic conditions, on the
other hand, may alleviate the symptoms of various diseases.
(Author's abstract)##
00281
H. Heimann, L. 0. Emik, R. A. Prindle, and W. M.
Fisher
PROGRESS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH ON AIR POLLUTION- Public Health
Kept., 73 (12) :1055-1069, Dec. 1958. (Presented at the National
Advisory Committee on Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug.
28, 1958.)
GPO: 3303
For 3 years the Air Pollution Hedical Branch of the Division
of Special Health Services has been working in the increasingly
more important but relatively unexplored field of air pollution
in its specific relation to human health. The work began with a
search for and a systematic appraisal of the scattered sources of
knowledge, followed closely by tentative explorations into those
parts of the problem holding promise of significant findings.
Sufficiently successful results of initial activities helped
chart the present course of action, which, in turn, points toward
ideas requiring emphasis in the future. (Authors' abstract)#t
00308
H. Heimann
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH. World Health
Organization Monograph Ser., No. 46 (Air Pollution), p.
159-220, 1961.
As one chapter of a WHO Monograph on "Air Pollution," this
paper covers the state of knowledge and world trends in research
on the effects of such pollution on human health. The acute air
pollution episodes in the Meuse Valley, Donora, London, and
Poza Rica are reviewed. Data, causes, and effects for each
episode are discussed. The symptoms of illness and organic
and systemic effects resulting from major pollutants such as
carbon monocide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ozone, beryllium,
fluorides, aeroallergens, carcinogens and pesticides are
described. Further research to demonstrate that specific
pollutants or combinations thereof can cause ill health is urged
in order to obtain data to balance health effects against
economic aspects for the purpose of clearing the air. The
maximum allowable concentrations for community air, published by
586 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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the Russians, are considered inadequate to solve the air pollution
problem. However, studies already made of the effect of low-level
concentrations have been used as a base, despite controversy, to
reduce pollution in many locations.##
00310
P. J. Lawther, A. E. Hartin, and E. T. Wilkins
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIR POLLUTION (REPT- ON A SYMPOSIUM).
Public Health Papers, No. 15, 1962, 32p.
This symposium held in Copenhagen in December 1960, was
attended by participants from fourteen European countries.
Although in some areas current methods of control are
resulting in cleaner air, in others air pollution is increasing
both in the chemical complexity of its composition and in
the extent of the areas affected. Motor traffic is the cause
of growing anxiety in many areas because of the emission of
carbon monoxide, of lead compounds, and of polycyclic
hydrocarbons with suspected carcinogenic properties. Air
contaminants are also discharged in wide variety in many chemical
and other industrial processes and may be responsible for local
problems of a specialized character. The Symposium, however,
was primarily concerned with the general pollution of urban areas
resulting from the use of domestic and industrial fuels, of
which the most frequently used indices are dustfall, suspended
matter, and sulfur dioxide. (Author)t#
00429
A. A. Thomas
LOW AMBIENT PRESSURE ENVIRONMENTS AND TOXICITY. Arch.
Environ. Health Vol. 11:316-322, Sept. 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 628 566
A unique inhalation exposure facility has been built to study the
_effects of low atmospheric pressure and oxygen-rich atmospheres on
the characteristics of truly uninterrupted, long-term, continuous
exposure to toxic chemicals. The first experiments reported
herein include exposure of a large number of mice, rats, dogs, and
monkeys to graded doses of ozone, nitrogen tetroxide, and carbon
tetrachloride in a 100% oxygen atmosphere at 5 psi pressure for 2
weeks duration. Further, a 90-day exposure to 5 psi 100% oxygen
of a similar animal complement is also reported. Biochemical and
enzymatic changes related to toxic exposure are discussed together
with the future experiments planned for this facility.f#
OOH73
F.G. Hueter, G.L. Contner, K.A. Busch, E.G. Hinners
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERES CONTAMINATED BY ADTO EXHAUST.
Arch. Environ. Health 12, 553-60, Hay 1966. [Presented at
F. Effects - Human Health 587
-------
the 58th Annual Meeting, Sir Pollution Control Association,
Toronto, Canada, June 20-2H, 1965.)
This report represents a status summary of the biological results
obtained from the chronic exposures of experimental animals to
various concentrations of irradiated and nonirradiated auto
exhaust for periods of 6 weeks to 23 months. The chronic exposure
of experimental animals to various concentrations of irradiated
and nonirradiated auto exhaust-air mixtures resulted
in significant biological effects indicating the following:
irradiated auto exhaust (1) increases the susceptibility to
pulmonary infection and chronic disease during the latter
half of the animal's lifetime, and (2) markedly decreases mouse
fertility and decreases the survival rate of infant mice;
both raw and irradiated auto exhaust cause a stress and adaptation
response in mice as measured via spontaneous activity, increase
bone lead concentrations, and increase the amount of nonfunctional
or abnormal lung tissue. No experimental atmospheric effects
were observed concerning: mortality; histopathology; growth-
bodyweight; immunology; hematology restricted to erythrocyte count,
erythrocyte cell size distribution, hematocrit or hemoglobin
concentration; blood 02 and C02 values; oxygen consumption; or
pulmonary function in relation to permanent impairment. Further
studies are indicated to elucidate more fully the affected
biologic parameters.##
00499
M. Corn and G. G. Burton
THE CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF IRRITANTS IN POLLUTED
ATMOSPHERES. Preprint. (Presented at the American Medical
Association Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Los
Angeles, Calif., Mar. 2-4, 1966.)
Consideration of maximum recorded U.S. concentrations of single
_g_aseous or particulate pollutants indicated that alterations in
airway resistance and lung compliance in animals or man have not
been demonstrated after inhalation of single irritants at these
concentrations. At this time it is difficult to speculate on the
acute or chronic changes produced, if any, in these functional
measurements by inhalation of complex mixtures of low
concentrations of individual irritants. Certainly, eye
irritation demonstrates that effects which are not predictable on
the basis of the action of a single irritant are produced by
mixtures of irritants. Airborne particulate irritants should be
assessed with respect to aerodynamic particle size, because (1)
chemical composition of particles has been demonstrated to vary
with size and (2) only certain particle sizes present in polluted
atmospheres are capable of reaching receptors after inhalation by
man. Among the defects of present routine sampling methodologies
are: (1) size distribution of sampled particles is not known; (2)
the optimum density of sampling stations for the procurement of
reliable results is unknown, and (3) the irritant potential of
pollutant mixtures is not taken into account when single pollutants
are evaluated. (Author summary)##
588 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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00518
E. Sawicki
AIRBONRE CARCINOGENS AND ALLIED COMPOUNDS. Preprint.
Arch. Environ. Health 14(1):46-53, Jan. 1967. (Presented
at the American Medical Association Air Pollution
Hedical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Harch
2-4, 1966.)
The billionfold range in concentrations of some of the known
components of the urban atmosphere is presented. The variation
is from 6 X 10 to the 8th power micrograms/1000 cu.m for
C02 to 0.2 micrograms/1000 cu.m for dibenz(a,h)acridine,
A wide variety of large organic compounds are found in the
urban atmosphere. Some of the families of compounds which
have been identified include n—alkanes, proteins, aromatic
hydrocarbons, aza heterocyclic compounds, imino heterocyclic
compounds, polynuclear carbonyl compounds, guinones, acids,
and phenols. Four types of carcinogens have been found in the
urban atmosphere. These include polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, polynuclear aza heterocyclic compounds,
polynuclear imino heterocyclic compounds (in air polluted by
coal-tarpitch fumes), and polynuclear ring carbonyl compounds
(carcinogenicity needs confirmation). The presence of
alkylating agents in the aliphatic and other fractions of
airborne particulates indicateds the probable presence of
mutagens and other as yet unisolated types of carcinogens.
The number and type of carcinogens found in the atmosphere
indicate that attempts to correalte carcinogenicity of the
mixtures in our chemical environment with the concentrations
of benzo (a)pyrene are probably naive in most cases, and
spring from lack of knowledge of the composition of the
mixtures. In the same way, not much can be said about the
anticarcinogens and co-carcinogens in the atmosphere until
the composition of environmental mixtures is better understood.
(Author abstract)##
00622
A.P. Altshuller, D. Klosterman, P.W. Leach, and
J. E. Sigsby, Jr.
THE IRRADIATION OF SINGLE AND MULTI-COMPONENT HYDBOCARBON -
AND ALDEHYDE - NITRIC OXIDE MIXTURES IN AIR UNDER DYNAMIC
AND STATIC FLOW CONDITIONS. Preprint. 1964.
An investigation has been made of the chemical, aerosol plant
_damage, and eye irritation effects of irradiating various single
hydrocarbon - aldehyde or multi-component hydrocarbon - NO
systems under dynamic flow conditions. The systems investigated
included the following individual hydrocarbons which were
irradiated in the presence of NO (and traces of N02):
ethylene, 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, xylene, and
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, n-hexane, 3-methylpentane,
2,4,4-trimethylpentane, and cyclohexane. Mixtures of hydrocarbons
including ethylene and 1-butene; ethylene, 1-butene, and
trans-2-butene; and ethylene, 1-butene, trans-2-butene, and mixed
xylenes also were irradiated in the presence of nitrogen oxide in
air. In' addition the photooxidation of the formaldehyde - oxygen.
F.: Effects - Human Health 599
-------
propinaldehyde - oxygen, formaldehyde - NO and propionaldehyde
— NO systems were investigated. In these dynamic
irradiation experiments the U paraffinic hydrocarbon - NO systems
produced neither oxidant nor plant damage. In all of these
systems NO was only partially converted during irradiation ana
B02 did not peak. When 0.5 ppm of ethylene, 0.5 ppm of an
ethylene - butene-1 mixture, or 0.5 ppm of xylene was
irradiated with 1 ppm of NO no net oxidant and no plant damage
occurred. At ethylene or toluene concentrations between 3 and 6
ppm with 1 ppm of NO, irradiation produced oxidant but no plant
damage of either the ozone or PAN type. Many of these
mixtures did react somewhat with the disappearance of part of the
hydrocarbon and the formation of significant yields of
formaldehyde or aliphatic aldehydes. Propionaldehyde when
irradiated in the presence of small traces of nitrogen oxides
produced severge plant damage. (Author abstract)##
00630
W. B. Deichmann, W. E. MacDonald, K. F. Lampe, I.
Dressier, and W. A. D. Anderson
NITRO-OLEFINS AS POTENTIAL CARCINOGENS IN AIR POLLUTION.
Ind. Med. Surg. Vol. 34:800-807, Oct. 1965. (Presented at
the 23rd International Congress of Physiological Sciences,
Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 1-9, 1965.)
The 21 possible linear, internally conjugated nitro-olefins having
from four to nine carbon atoms were synthesized and their
pharmacological and physicochemical properties studied. The
eye-irritating properties of three representative nitro-olefins
were investigated in a Joint study with members of the staff of
the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District.
The acute toxicity of each of the compounds was
investigated by inhalation, oral, intraperitoneal, and cutaneous
routes, using rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice, chicks and dogs.
The subacute inhalation toxicity of each of four nitro-olefins
representative of the series was studied, using rabbits, guinea
pigs, rats and mice. Nitro-olefins were identified in the
exhaust of a one-cylinder, four-cycle internal combustion engine.
When isobutylene was used as fuel, 1-nitro-2-methyl-1-propene
were produced. When 3-hexene was used, 3-nitro-3-hexene was
identified in the exhaust. (Author summary)##
00638
P- A. Kenline
OCTOBER 1963 NEW ORLEANS ASTHMA STUDY. Arch. Environ.
Health Vol. 12:295-304, Mar. 1966.
This paper reports on aerometric activities carried out in
New Orleans from Oct. 3 through Nov. 5, 1963. The objectives
of these activities were to establish any difference in air
quality between asthma outbreak days and other days, evaluate
geographic and temporal variation in pollution characteristics, and
evaluate various uncommon methods of measuring air pollution.
(Author abstract)f#
590 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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00639
K. B. Gardner
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION. III. LUNG TUMORS IN
BICE. Arch. Environ. Health Vol. 12:305-313, Mar. 1966.
This paper reports the long-term effect of inhaling Los Angeles
ambient air upon the incidence of lung adenomas in several inbred
strains of mice. Despite the absence of histopathologic evidence
for any specific acute effect related to ambient air pollution in
the experimental mice colonies, the statistical evidence of this
study indicates a strong likelihood that ambient Los Angeles
atmosphere does possess a definite though slight activity in
promoting pulmonary adenomatous tumors in aging inbred mice.
These findings offer further evidence that some lung tumorigenic
activity does exist in the indigenous respiratory environment.##
00658
F.L. Estes, C.H. Pan
RESPONSE OF ENZYME SYSTEMS TO PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION
PRODUCTS. Arch, Environ. Health Vol. 10 (2):207-212, Feb.
1965. (Presented at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb.
10-11, 1964.)
Exposure to photochemical reaction products inhibited the activity
_of glutamic dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli. With a
glutamate substrate the inhibition increased at a rate comparable
to the inhibition of the growth of the cells. Considerably less
inhibition was observed for the reaction in the reverse direction.
With increasing formaldehyde concentrations, the reaction of
glutamic dehydrogenase from mammalian source was more rapidly
inhibited in the reverse than in the forward direction. From
the data to date, it appears that only at very low concentrations
could formaldehyde produce the relationship of the reactions
observed with the photochemical reaction products. There is no
evidence, however, that such concentration would produce
comparable magnitudes of inhibition with time. (Author
summary)##
00663
S.E. Epstein
PHOTOACTIVATION OF POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS. Arch. Environ.
Health Vol. 10 (2) :233-239, Feb. 1965. (Presented at the
Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research Conference,
Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 10-11, 1964.)
This review presents some incomplete studies having three
principal objectives: (1) to study photodynamic mechanisms as a
parameter of activity of polynuclear carcinogens; (2) to determine
the nature of the correlation existing between photodynamic and
carcinogenic activities in the class of polynuclear compounds;
F. Effects - Human Health 591
-------
and (3) to determine whether the degree of photodynamic activity o
crude organic mixtures, such as air pollutants, could provide a
useful and rapid biological measure of presumptive carcinogenic
hazard to man, attributable to polynuclear compounds. Prior to
separate consideration of these three objectives, the basic
techniques used in these studies were briefly described.##
0066U
T.T. Crocker, B.I. Nielsen, I. Lasnitzki
CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBONS (EFFECTS ON SUCKLING EAT TRACHEA IN
OEGAN CDLTUBE). Arch. Environ. Health Vol. 10(2):240 2bU,
Feb. 1965. (Presented at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb.
10-11, 1964.)
The present report describes organ cultivation of suckling rat
t*achea and the response of this tissue to exposure to three
known carcinogenic hydrocarbons. In some instances, contact
with the hydrocarbon was terminated to test either recuperative
function of the tissue or persistence of the influence of the
carcinogen.f#
00750
H.L. Falk P. Kotin
AN ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS CONCERNED WITH THE CARCINOGENIC
PROPERTIES OF AIR POLLUTANTS. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monograph
(9) 81-9, 1962. (Presented at a Symposium on The Analysis of
Carcinogenic Air Pollutants, Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug. 29-31,
1961.)
The presentation is devoted primarily to the representative
carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon, benzo(a)pyrene. The
biological significance of particle size of naturally occurring
benzo(a)pyrene is considered. Along with carcinogenic polynuclear
hydrocarbons, carcinogenic agents of a different chemical nature
occur in the atmosphere. These amy act as cocarcinogens or may
otherwise affect the action of benzo(a)pyrene. Noncarcinogenic
chemical and biological agents in polluted air also may affect
the biological action of carcinogenic agents, as may the
simultaneous presence of related compounds. Anticarcinogenic
action may be related to the ratio of the compounds, to one another
and to the stability of both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic
compounds in the atmosphere. In vehicle exhaust studies further
modifying factors are the conditions of engine operation and
the variations in proportion of compounds due to atmospheric
exposure. Further, the solvent or vehicle effect modifies the
rate of entry of carcinogenic agents through epithelial surfaces
and their subsequent anatomic distribution. The metabolism of
polycyclic aromatic hydorcarbons in the liver and associated
metabolic alterations are considered. (Authors' abstract)##
592 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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00754
D. Saffiotti, F. Cefis, L.H. Kolb, P. Shubik
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE CONDITIONS OF EXPOSURE TO CARCINOGENS
FOR LONG CANCER INDUCTION. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 15(1):23-25, Jan. 1965. (Presented at the 58th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Houston,
Tex., June 1964.)
A method is described for the experimental induction of lung
cancer. Syrian golden hamsters, receiving repeated intratracheal
administrations of benzo (a)pyrene in particulate form carried by
an inert dust, develop a high incidence of bronchogenic
carcinoma. The conditions of exposure to the carcinogen,
involving penetration and retention of carcinogen particles in
lung tissues with the dust, are of prime importance in the
determination of the results. Instillations of the same
carcinogen in other media did not induce lung tumors. The
relative importance of the identification of carcinogenic
materials in air pollution and of the conditions of exposure in the
origin of lung cancer is discussed. (Authors' summary)ft
00779
H.E. Swann, Jr., D. Brunol, L.G. Wayne, O.J. Balchum
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION. II. CHRONIC EXPOSURE
OF GUINEA PIGS. Arch. bSenviron. Health. Vol. 11:765-769,
Dec. 1965.
Guinea pigs have been directly exposed to ambient Los Angeles
air for two years. Monthly measurements of their total expiratory
resistance were made plethysmographically, and compared with those
of guinea pigs breathing air filtered through activated-charcoal.
Variations in resistance occurred from month to month, but no
difference in resistance was noted between guinea pigs residing
in ambient air and those living in filtered air. Total
pulmonary resistance appeared to increase with aging. During the
second year of their life span, the mortality of guinea pigs
living in ambient air was slightly greater than of those living
in filtered air, but this difference was not significent at the
5% level by the chi square test. (Author summary)#t
00803
A.P.I. RESEARCH PROJECT MC-6 "TOXICITY OF AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS IN THE LUNG" (PROGRESS HEPT. FOR NOV. 1, 1962/-
OCT. 31, 1963 AND PPOGEAB FOR 1961). Chicago Medical -
School, 111., Inst. of Medical Research. 1963.
The first objective of this program, namely the experimental
induction of bronchogenic carcinoma, has been achieved. The
method used in these studies has given a very satisfactory
result with the induction of a high incidence of
F. Effects - Human Health 593
-------
tracheobronchial tumors, with a relative short latent
period and in very "clean" experimental conditions. The
histological study of the treated lungs shows no unwanted side
reactions such as chronic pneumonia or necrosis. The current
experiments with different dosage levels of carcinogen will
provide an initial understanding of the dose-response
relationship in the pathogenesis of bronchogenic carcinoma. The
results so far obtained suggest that repeated exposure to the
carcinogen over a certain period of time is an essential factor.
The role of associated factors will become amenable to
experimental study: various factors have been associated
epidemiologically with lung cancer induction in man, but these
observations, without an experimental study of their role, do not
provide final practical answers, because on e can not assess the
relative importance of these factors on a quantitative basis or of
different exposures to individual factors. A detailed study of
of the histogenesis of bronchogenic carcinoma in these various
conditions is also essential to the understanding of
its pathogenesis. The present experimental model seems to lend
itself satisfactorily to the study of all these problems.##
00809
H. Mikiskova A. Mikiska
TRICHLOHOETHANOL IN TRICHLOHOETHYLENE POISONING. Brit. J.
Ind. Hed. (London) 23, (2) 116-25, Apr. 1966.
Trichloroethylene and trichloroethanol were given
intraperitoneally to guinea—pigs. Their effects were tested by
measuring the threshold current intensity of electrical skin
stimulation, the electrical excitability of the motor cerebral
cortex, by recording and analysis of the electroencephalogram,
and by electrocardiographic examination. The two compounds had
similar effects on the nervous system and the heart, but
trichloroethanol was the more effective by a factor of at least
three. These results support the opinion of clinical
investigators on the important role of trichloroethanol in the
pathogenesis of trichloroethylene poisoning. (Author summary)**
00842
U. Saffiotti, s.A. Borg, M.I. Grote, D.B. Karp
RETENTION RATES OF PAHTICDLATE CAECINOGENS IN THE LONGS.
Chicago Hed. School Quart. 2U (2):10-17, 1964.
This report describes a series of preliminary chemical
studies which were set up to investigate the rate of persistence
of carcinogens in the lungs. These studies are necessary to gain
clearer understanding of the mechanisms by which particulate
carcinogens affect the respiratory tract to the extent of inducing
bronchogenic carcinoma.##
594 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00870
E. Sawicki, J.E. Meeker, H. Morgan
POLYNUCLEAH AZA COMPOUNDS IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST. Arch.
Environ. Health Vol. 11:773-775, Dec. 1965.
Evidence is presented that automotive exhaust contributes only a
small percentage of the polynuclear aza carcinogens found in air.
Air pollution source effluents, other than automotive exhaust, are
important sources of polynuclear carcinogens found in the urban
atmosphere. (Author summary)##
00883
M. Kleinfeld B. Feiner
HEALTH HAZAPDS ASSOCIATED WITH WORK IN CONFINED SPACES. J.
Occupational Med. 8 (7) : 358-36U , July 1966.
Safeguards for work in confined spaces were outlined under
three broad categories: (1) testing and preparation of the
confined space before entry; (2) use of precautionary measures
during occupancy; and (3) assurance of the availability of
prompt rescue and adeguate first aid should an accident occur.
In general, these safeguards can be enforced readily in large
plants where they may be incorporated into existing safety
programs, if they are not already part of them. However,
application of these safeguards in small factories is not easy.
Such establishments, in which most of the reported accidents
occurred do not usually have adeguate safety programs or
supervisory personnel with clearly defined safety responsibilities.
As a result, the necessary safeguards are not available to
provide protection during confined space operations. The
conspicuous absence of safe guards in small establishments
is due primarily to ignorance of the potential hazards inherent
in work in confined spaces. The cases discussed demonstrated the
need for a vigorous educational effort, particularly in small
plants, to minimize deaths and injuries due to work in confined
spaces. (Authors' summary)##
00887
J. D. HcEwen, J.H. HcNerney, E.H. Vernot, D-T.
Harper
CHRONIC INHALATION TOXICITI OF CHLOROBROMOMETHANE. J.
Occupational Med. 8 (5) :251-256, May 1966.
Albino rats and beagle dogs were exposed to the inhalation of
chlorobromomethane vapors during 12U 6-hr, exposures, 5 days per
seek over a 6-month period. The exposure levels of 500 and 1000
ppn chlorobromomethane produced only one demonstrable effect, the
F. Effects - Human Health 595
-------
slight depression of growth in the albino rat. This finding,
while statistically significant, was not associated with
microscopic pathologic changes in tissues. The chlorobromome-
thane-exposed animals were normal in appearance, and not visibly
different from the control animals. The blood bromide levels
in both species were above 95 mg,% in the exposed animals.
From the data presented, the most significant factor in
chlorobromomomethane intoxication is the serum bromide ion
concentration resulting from the metabolism of the
chlorobromomethane. It may be concluded from the present
experiments and other experiments cited that the current ACGIH
threshold limit value of 200 ppm for chlorobromomethane is a
satisfactory working level for chronic daily exposure.
(Author summary)##
00910
0. V. Brody
A REVIEW OF PITFALLS AND PAST, CURRENT AND FUTURE RESEARCH IN THE
FIELD OF AIR POLLUTION HEALTH EFFECTS. Preprint. (Presented
at the Los Angeles County Medical Society, Air Pollution
Section, Dec. 2, 1965.)
A general treatment of the reasons and rationale for health
impairment in regards to air pollution. Salient points covered by
author are: Host interactions measured on individual and among
groups; Possible cumulative aero-environmental effects on the
prevalence of types of morbidity and mortality; Suggestions for
future research (medical research).##
00915
C. S. Weil, N. Condra, C. Haun, and J. A. Striegel
EXPERIMENTAL CARCINOGENICITY AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF
REPRESENTATIVE EPOXIDES. Ind. Hyg. J., p.305-325, Aug. 1963.
Carcinogenic and acute toxicity potential were assayed while more
than 60 epoxy compounds were being studied for commercial utility.
Range-finding toxicity data are presented for 60; lifetime mouse
skin painting results are given for 28, and mouse sebaceous gland
suppression results are listed for 26 of these compounds. None of
the 11 monocpoxides produced tumors while 5 of the 17 diepoxides
were tumorigenic during lifetime skin painting of mice. The
median latent period for tumor production with the diepoxides was
15 to 23 months. No generalities about the toxic, irritative or
carcinogenic hazards are justified by the presently known facts.
Each compound must be individually studied to determine toxicity
and carcinogenicity potential. (Author abstract)##
S96 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00992
W.J. Jacumin, D.8. Johnston, L.&. Ripperton
EXPOSURE OF BICROORGANISHS TO LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF VASIODS
POLLUTANTS. Ind. Hyg. J., 25 (6) :595-600, Dec. 1964.
A technique for exposing microorganisms to air-borne
toxicants was developed. Serratia marcescens were exposed to
irradiated atmosphere of clean air, No2 at 0.5 ppm, hexene-1 at 2
ppm, and No2 plus hexene-1. Only those containing No2 differed
significantly from clean air, suggesting that hexene-1 played no
major role. The technique has inherent difficulties, limiting
its application pending further development. (Author abstract)##
01015
P. Kotin and D. V. Wiseley
PRODUCTION OF LUNG CANCER IN BICE BY INHALATION
EXPOSURE TO INFLUENZA VIRUS AND AEROSOLS OF HYDROCARBONS.
Progr. Exp. Tumor Res. (Karger, Basel/New York) Vol
3:186-215, 1963.
Sguamous carcinomas were induced in CSV black mice after
Successive infections with three mouse-adapted strains of
influenza virus and continuous exposure to an aerosol of ozonized
gasoline. The progression of the pathological process from the
initial proliferative response to influenza virus through squamous
metaplasia with keratinization to the development of squamous
cancer has been histologically described. The last two classes of
changes were observed exclusively in mice concurrently exposed to
the influenza virus and hydrocarbon aerosols.##
01020
F. C. Pybus
CANCER AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Hedical Proceedings
(Hediese Bydraes) Vol, 10(12):242-54, June 13, 1964; and Vol.
10(13):268-77, June 27, 1964.
Author discusses the relationship of cancer and air pollution
_insofar as the following categories are concerned: Tar and
Soot as a Cause of Cancer in Humans; Benzpyrene in Tar, Soot
and Smoke; Nature and Sources of Smoke in the Atmosphere and
its Benzpyrene Content; Benzpyrene as a Universal Carcinogen;
Air Pollution and Cancer; Tobacco Smoking and Cancer;
Positive and Contradictory Evidence; Nature of Cancer;
Cancer in Animals; Diagnosis and Treatment; Cancer
Education; Legislation; and The Cost of Air Pollution.M
F. :Effects - Human Health 59?
-------
01025
S. S. Epstein, H. Small, J. Koplan, N. Mantel, and
S, H. Hutner
PHOTODYNAMIC BIOASSAY OF BENZO(A)PYRENE WITH PARAMECIOM
CiODATUM. J, Nat. Cancer Inst. Vol. 31(1):163-8, July 1963.
A bioassay for benzo (a)pyrene, based on its photodynamic toxicity
to Paramecium caudatum, is described. This procedure permits
convenient and rapid analysis of a large number of replicates with
satisfactory reproducibility and sensitivity .* (Author summary)##
01029
P. Kotin, H. L. Falk, P. Mader, and M. Thomas
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. 1. PRESENCE IN THE LOS ANGELES ATMOSPHERE
AND THE CARCINOGENICITY OF ATMOSPHERIC EXTBACTS. Ind. Hyg.
Occupational Med. Vol. 9(2):153-63, Feb. 1954. (Presented in
part at a meeting of the Cancer Prevention Committee, N.Y. ,
Nov. 3, 1953.)
The atmosphere of a large, urban, primarily petroleum-polluted
community has been analyzed, and carcinogenic hydrocarbons have
been demonstrated as part of the over-all picture of air
pollutants. Extracts of atmospheric samples have been
successfully used to produce skin papillomas and skin cancers on
C57 black mice. The presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons and their
oxidation products in the atmosphere is offered as being of
significance in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, first, by
providing an eluent for the separation of adsorbed carcinogenic
hydrocarbon from soot particles in the air and, second, by the
formation of various chemical compounds from unsaturated
hydrocarbons, including theoretically the formation of diepoxides
whose experimental carcinogenicity has been reported. (Author
summary) ##
01030
P. Kotin and H. L. Falk
THE EXPERIMENTAL INDUCTION OF PDLHONABY TUMORS IN STRAIN-A
MICE AITEH THEIR EXPOSURE TO AN ATMOSPHERE OF OZONIZED GASOLINE.
Cancer Vol. 9(5) :9 10-917 , Oct. 1956.
Strain-A mice have been exposed to an atmosphere of ozonized
_g_asoline and to a washed—air control atmospheric environment. A
significant difference was found in the test-chamber mice both in
multiple-tumor-bearing animals. After forty weeks of exposure
there were 21 per cent tumor-bearing animals in the control mice
553 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
compared with 63 per cent in our test mice. Differences between
the multiple-tumor-bearing-animals have been more marked and
greater significance is attached to this variation in terms of
ascribing carcinogenic powers to the polluted atmosphere in our
test chamber. Mice housed in a polluted atmosphere showed a
consistent weight deficit when contrasted with their washed-air
controls. While no statistical significance has been attributed
to this in relation to tumor yield, the role of calorie restriction
in depressing spontaneous and induced-tumor yield has been noted.
The ubiquity of gasoline and the presence of its reaction products
in urban atmospheres suggest that it be further investigated as a
possible etiological influence in the increasing
incidence of human lung cancer. Finally, the absence of aromatic
polycyclic hydrocarbons from the test chamber may be properly
regarded as establishing the innate tumorigenic powers of the
chemical substances in the test chamber. (Author summary
modified)tf
01049
R. L. Larkin and H. E. Kupel
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLYVINYLPYBROLIDONE IN ATMOSPHEKE
SAMPLES AND BIOLOGICAL TISSUES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.
Vol. 26(6):558-61, Dec. 1965.
A quantitative method for the analysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone
(PVP), collected in atmospheric samples or extracted from
biological tissues, is described. PVP is a component in many
aerosol hair sprays. A 0.4M citric acid solution is used to
collect or extract the PVP. The color is developed by using a
potassium iodide reagent, and the intensity of the color is read
on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 432 millimicrons. The
low limit of detection for this method has been established at 0.5
microgram of PVP per milliliter of final solution. (Author
abstract)##
01051
W.J. Hayes, Jr. C.I. Pirkle
MORTALITY FROM PESTICIDES IN 1961. Arch. Environ. Health
Vol. 12:43-55, Jan. 1966.
There were 119 deaths in 1961 possibly related to pesticides,
and 111 of them were ascribed to identifiable materials. About
90% of deaths attributed to pesticides were correctly diagnosed
as indicated by evidence of adequate exposure, a consistent
clinical course, or appropriate laboratory and autopsy findings.
Of the 111 reasonably definite cases, 51JS were in children under
10 years old; at least 58% involved compounds older than
chlorophenothane (DDT); not more than 15% were
occupational; and several cases were associated with alcoholic
intoxication, mental deficiency, improper storage of the poison,
or some other special circumstance. Safer use of pesticides in
this country should be attainable because, expecially in
children, a few countries already have a lower mortality rate
associated with these useful materials. (Author summary)f#
F. Effects - Human Health 599
-------
01062
D.E. Rounds
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON LIVING CELLS. Arch. Environ.
Health Vol. 12:78-84, Jan. 1966. (Presented at the Second
American Hedical Association Congress on Ervironmental
Health Problems, Chicago, 111., Apr. 26-27, 1965.)
This study included a consideration of only two environmental
factors on an established human cell line: (1) hydrocarbon
mixtures, which form a major contribution to air pollution in the
Los Angeles area, and (2) a small portion of the spectral
emission of sunlight. Ambient air volumes were scrubbed
through either distilled water or chloroform in gas washing
bottles. The resulting pollutants were suspended in water,
flash sterilized, and added to double strength medium. These
test solutions were compared with dilutions of a carcinogen,
3'-Me"DAB with respect to responses of an established line of
human conjunctival cells in vitro. All test media produced
(1) a growth stimulation, (2) an increase in chromosomal
stickiness and scattering during mitosis, and (3) a decrease
in a positive staining reaction for phospholipid. Treatment of
conjunctival cells with either a chloroform extract of auto exhaust
or a five-minute exposure to near ultraviolet light produced no
marked morphological change. The combination of these treatments
induced cytolysis within two hours. (Author summary
modified)##
01077
I. I. Lubowe
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE SKIN. "DERMATITIS DBBIS."
General Practice 27 (5):10-1, 27, Bay 1964.
In older individuals the visible signs of aging skin may become
more apparent when continuously exposed to air pollutants. Thus,
tte existence of a condition which may be referred to as "city
skin" is conceivable. It appears justified to conjecture that the
pollutants which present respiratory hazards, with continuous
long-term exposure, will also affect the epidermis and cutaneous
system. The deposition of soot and dust on the skin affects
bacterial growth and subsequent physiological activity. Contact
dermatitis due to airborne contactants such as smoke and
insecticide sprays is common, as well as industrial dermatoses
related to acids, organic sulfides, and other substances. It
seems logical to attribute the dermatoses of the hands and face to
the irritating pollutants of industrial cities. Prophylactic as
well as remedial topical formulas must be devised to overcome this
insidious effect of air pollution.**
600 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01080
I. F. Davignon, J. St. Pierre, G. Charest, and F. J.
Tourangeau
A STUDY OF THE CHRONIC EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDES IN HAN. Can.
Bed. Assoc. J. (Toronto) 92, 597-602, Bar. 20, 1965.
Signs of possible chronic intoxication due to insecticides were
sought among 441 apple-growers. A group of 170 persons living in
the same environment and 162 other persons having no contact with
insecticides were used as controls. It was the first attempt
to determine signs of chronic intoxication by organic phosphate and
chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. The greater incidence of
leukopenia and of neurologic manifestations found among the
subjects suggest that insecticides may have some chronic effects in
man. This assumption is reinforced by the similarities in the
findings between the subjects and the environments, and by the
parallelism between the duration of exposure to insecticides and
the number of affected subjects. The repetition of this study at
five-year intervals seems desirable until a sufficient number of
apple-growers have been studied who have been exposed to large
doses of insecticides for 10, 15 or 20 years. (Author abstract)it
01081
A. C. Allison and L. Mallucci
UPTAKE OF HYDROCARBON CARCINOGENS BY LYSOSOBES. Nature
(London) 203, (4949) 1024-7, Sept. 1964.
In vitro and in vivo experiments were undertaken to determine
whether hydrocarbon carcinogens become associated with particular
cytoplasmic constituents. Cell cultures from monkey kidney cells
and calf serum were developed and then exposed to fine particles of
hydrocarbon carcinogens. All cell types, after exposure, were
found to contain brilliant fluorescing granules in the cytoplasm.
No fluorexcence was seen in background cytoplasm, mitochondria, or
nuclei. It was concluded that the carcinogens were taken up by
the cells and selectively concentrated in lysosomes. The authors
discuss various hypotheses previously advanced including relation
of hydrocarbon carcinogens to cell growth, cell metabolism, enzyme
release, cytotoxicity, and mutagenesis. The hypothesis that
lysosomes are involved in carcinogenesis might provide a simple
explanation for co—carcinogenesis. However, results of these
experiments provide no evidence for direct interaction of
hydrocarbon carcinogens with genetic material. In opposition to
the theory that these carcinogens initiate cancerous transformation
through specific binding to key protein, the authors suggest that
the primary target is the lysosomes and that secondary effects (due
to released lysosomal enzymes and perhaps involving DNA and
RNA) are perpetuated when the cells continue to divide.##
01286
E. L. Wynder and D. Hoffmann
SOME LABORATORY AND EPIDEHIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
CARCINOGENESIS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15(4) 155-9,
Apr. 1965.
F. Effects - Human Health 601
-------
Chemical, analytical and biological studies were completed on the
organic matter of large air pollution samples from Detroit.
high tumor response observed on mouse skin when the organic matter
was ap'plied in 12.5 per cent concentration can be partially
explained by the presence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH) as tumor initiators and certain acidic components as tumor
promoters. Certain polaric neutral components of still unknown
nature are indicated also to act as tumor promoters. The
concentrations of PAH in various locations i Detroit and New
York during different seasonal, meteorologic and traffic
conditions are compared. The relative importance of
carcinogenic air pollutants in man's environment is discussed in
line with epidemiological evidence. (Author abstract) ##
J. H. McNerney and J. D. MacEwen
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY STUDIES AT BEDUCED ADD AMBIENT PRESSURES.
I. ACDTE RESPONSE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol.
26:568-573, Dec. 1965.
Comparison of the acute response to toxicants at ambient and
reduced pressures (5 psia; 100% 02) were made by exposing monkeys,
dogs, rats, and mice for 2 weeks of continuous inhalation exposure
to N02, 03 and CC14. The experimental results show a
definite reduction in the toxic response to the pulmonary irritants
N02 and 03 at reduced pressure when compared with ambient
pressure exposures. With CC11, a systemic toxicant, no
significant differences between the animals exposed at ambient or
reduced pressure were observed. (Author abstract)##
01369
J.R. McCarroll, E.J. Cassell, W.T. Ingram, D.
Wolter
HEALTH AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT: HEALTH•PROFILES VEHSUS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS. Am. J. Public Health, 56(2):266-
275, Feb. 1966. (Presented at the 92nd Annual Meeting,
Epidemiology Section, American Public Health Association,
New York City, Oct. 7, 1964.)
A severe and continuing air pollution problem in New York City
was demonstrated. The effects of this pollution on the health
of the average city dweller are subtle and often masked by symptoms
stemming from other causes. Nevertheless, careful analysis
of variations in health of a sizable population followed forward
in time may discriminate between these different etiologic
factors. Subjecting such repetitive observations to the types
of discriminating analysis being developed may permit
identification of many unsuspected health effects of atmospheric
pollution. (Author summary)##
602 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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01402
A. P. Altshuller, L. L. Klosterman, P. W. Leach, I.
J. Hindawi, and J. E. Sigsby, Jr.
PRODUCTS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS FROM IRRADIATION OF NITROGEN
OXIDES WITH HYDROCARBONS OR ALDEHYDES UNDER DYNAHIC CONDITIONS.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, Vol. 10:81-98, Feb. 1966.
Measurements have been made for chemical reactants and products,
condensation muclei and aerosol formation, eye irritation and plant
damage when a wide variety of individual hydrocarbons or aldehydes
or mixtures of hydrocarbons are irradiated with nitrogen oxides
under dynamic conditions in a large chamber. Comparison of these
results under flow conditions with static measurements also made in
this study show that significant differences do occur in the
chemical results obtained. Under dynamic chamber conditions,
irradiated higher molecular weight paraffinic hydrocarbon-nitrogen
oxide systems appear to be unreactive. The amounts of individual
olefins consumed in irradiated multi-component olefin-nitrogen
oxide mixtures are the same as in single component olefin—nitrogen
oxide mixtures. When aromatic hydrocarbons also are included in
the multi-component mixtures, interaction effects are observed.
The results of the present study show that irradiated aromatic
hydrocarbon nitrogen oxide mixtures not only undergo chemical
reactions but also cause appreciable levels of eye irritation,
plant damage and aerosol formation. It also has been shown that a
representative higher molecular weight aliphatic aldehyde,
propionaldehyde, when irradiated with nitrogen oxide will produce
eye irritation, and moderate to heavy plant damage. The
corresponding irradiated formaldehyde—nitrogen oxide mixtures did
not cause damage to any of the plant varieties investigated.
Using dynamic chamber conditions irradiated synthetic mixtures
containing nitrogen oxides and the initial concentration levels of
both olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons present in an irradiated
automobile exhaust system will reasonably well reproduce the
oxidant, aldehyde, eye irritation and plant damage levels measured
in the irradiated automobile exhaust mixture. It is not possible
to reproduce these results obtained for an irradiated automobile
exhaust system, by irradiating nitrogen oxides and the initial
olefin or aromatic hydrocarbon levels only. These results prove
that aromatic hydrocarbons as well as olefins contribute a
significant portion of the reactivity of irradiated automobile
exhaust mixtures.##
01H26
J. W. Clayton, Jr. D. B. Hood, H. S. Nick, and
R. S. Waritz
INHALATION STUDIES ON CHLOEOPENTAFLUOHOETHANE. Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J., Vol. 27:234-238, June 1966.
Dogs, rats, mice, and rabbits were exposed to an atmosphere of 10*
chloropentafluoroethane for 90 exposures of six hours each. Body
weight and clinical condition of rodents were unaffected. Rat and
dog blood, urine analyses, and urinary fluoride analyses revealed
no significant changes. Dog weight gain, temperature,
respiration, and pulse were normal. Gross examination, histology,
F. Effects - Human Health 603
-------
and organ weights of all species revealed no effects attributable
to chloropentafluoroethane. An industrial hygiene standard of
1000 ppm as an eight-hour time-weighted average is suggested.
(Author abstract)##
01H40
L. Miller, H. E. Smith, and S. H. Berliner
TESTS FOB EFFECT OF ASBSETOS ON BENZO(A) PYRENE CARCINOGENESIS
IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
132:489-500, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at the Biological
Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21,
1964.)
Time of appearance and yields of papillomas and carcinomas in the
.respiratory tract of hamsters after intratracheal injections of
benzo(a)pyrene are reported. Addition of the chrysotile variety
of asbestos to the injections gave results consistent with an
hypothesis that this material promoted benzo(a)pyrene
carcinogenesis in the respiratory tract. Addition of the
amosite variety of asbestos to injections of benzo(a)pyrene did not
increase the yield of tumors found in the respiratory tract. The
yield of tumors in the respiratory tract of hamsters treated with a
limited series of intratracheal injections of benzo(a)pyrene
decreased with time after discontinuation of exposure. This
observation is of interest in relation to lung cancer risks in
smokers who discontinue smoking. Further studies of histological
material from these experiments are in progress.##
01U63
G. S. Doyle, N. Endow, and J- L. Jones
THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AEROSOLS ON EYE IRRITATION (FINAL
REPT.). Stanford Research Inst., South Pasadena, Southern
California Labs. June 1961.
An eye-irritation panel has benn exposed to many steady-state
reaction mixtures generated in a 520-cubic-foot irradiated
stirred-flow reaction chamber. The reactants for one set of
exposures were trace concentrations (usually 0.2 to 2.0 ppm by
volume) of various hydrocarbons, predominantly olefins, and
nitrogen dioxide in purified air. Reaction residence tines
ranged from one to two hours. Sulfur dioxide was used as an
additional reactant (at a concentration of about 0.1 ppm) in a
comparable set of experiments. The reacting mixtures were then
evaluated for relative eye-irritating ability with and without
sulfur dioxide. In addition, the reactants and some of the
reaction products, especially formaldehyde, were determined, and
the light-scattering and particulate content of the mixtures were
measured. Some of the conclusions drawn on the basis of the
conditions of reaction and exposure used in this study are: (1)
Aerosols derived from the cophotooxidation of sulfur dioxide and
from sulfur dioxide itself probably have little, if any, effect on
the eye-irritating ability of irradiated reaction mixture; (2)
Trace concentrations of branched internal olefins, specifically
604 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
2-methyl-2-butene, and of a cyclic olefin, cyclohexene, can
produce significant amounts of eye irritants other than
formaldehyde and acrolein. (3) The use of dynamic (stirred-flow)
conditions considerably enhances the sensitivity of subjects to the
irritants; (t) adding isobutane to a photooxidizing
isobutylene-nitrogen dioxide mixture produced no significant
effect; (5) The rate of response to an eye iriitant is a
function of the chemical nature of the irritant or irritants; and
(6) Ethylene and propylene can produce significant eye irritation
at realistic atmospheric concentrations. (Author summary
modified)#t
01469
P. Kotin
ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER. Am. Ind. Hyg. ASSOC. J., Vol.
27:115-120, April 1966. Also published in Trans. Am.
Governmental Ind. Hygienists Conf., 27th, Tex., 1965, U8-61.
The increasing sensitivity and specificity of biological test
system being used to identify carcinogenic agents emphasizes the
need for correlation with human experience. The growing number of
reports demonstrating a relationship between congential
abnormalities and increased risk to the development of certain
forms of cancer in childhood suggests the possibility of a common
mechanism for their development. The role of environmental agents
can be studied through the use of both experimental tetatogenic
techniques. The possibility that chemical carcinogens may have
their effect mediated through viral agents or in combination with
viruses has been suggested by certain laboratory studies; this
possibility is in need of investigation. (Author abstract)##
0158U
M.O. Amdur
THE EFFECT OF HIGH FLOW-RESISTANCE ON THE EESPONSE OF GUINEA PIGS
TO IRRITANTS. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol. 25:564-568,
Dec. 1964.
Data on the increase in pulmonary flow-resistance produced in
guinea pigs by exposure to irritants were examined to determine
whether animals with higher initial control values showed a
degree of response greater than the average. When the data
for all irritants was pooled the increase was
greater in the animals with high control resistances. When
the irritant data was ssparated as to type (gas, aerosol or gas-
plus-aerosol) the difference was not statistically significant for
the gas alone but was significant for the other two groups. The
differences were most marked when the exposures had been to low
concentrations of irritant gas plus inert aerosol and in the ten
animals showing the highest initial resistance. (Author
abstract)##
F. Effects - Human Health 60S
-------
01591
J. L. Jones, N. Endon, E. A. Schuck, R. G. Caldwell,
C.J, Doyle
A PROGPESS REPORT ON THE CHEMISTRY OF COMMUNITY AIR POLLUTION.
Stanford Research Inst., South Pasadena, Southern
California Labs. Jan. 5, 1962. 59 pp.
When mixtures of propylene and nitrogen dioxide in
concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 part per million (ppm) were
photochemically reacted by irradiation with near ultraviolet light,
the reaction products were irritating to the eyes of human test
subjects. The intensity of the ultraviolet light used in these
laboratory experiments was comparable to 7:00 to 8:00 a.m. fall
sunlight. Preliminary additional work on ethylene reaction
mixtures, which were irradiated with near ultraviolet light
corresponding to 12:00 noon summer sunlight intensity,
definitely produced eye irritating reacton product mixtures.
The evidence from infrared spectra of precipitated model aerosols
formed by the photooxidation of lower olefin homologs nitrogen
oxides - sulfur dioxide mixtures at 50% relative humidity indicated
that the principal constituent of the aerosol was sulfuric acid.
A study of the dark reaction of ozone with olefins has been
initiated. Preliminary experimental results indicate that a
kinetic reaction mechanism based on a simple bimolecular
reaction between ozone and an olefin cannot account for the
experimental results obtained to date. Some the-oretical
quantum mechanical calculations have been made that
satisfactorily account for some of the experimental rate constants
in the literature. (Author summary modified)##
01596
N.A. Renzetti E.A. SchucX
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EYE
IRRITATION IN SYNTHETIC SYSTEMS AND IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
Stanford Research Inst., South Pasadena, Southern California
Labs. 1960. 17 pp. Also published in J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 11, (3) 121-U, Bar. 1961.
The eye irritation values found in Los Angeles smog were
tentatively related to the values found in laboratory mixtures.
In the synthetic systems, the major irritants appear to be
formaldehyde, acrolein, and, possibly. Compound X. Because of
the insufficient and inconclusive nature of the data obtained
from atmospheric sampling, a definitive statement cannot be made
on this matter. (Author summary modified)##
01603
E.A. Schuck, G.J. Doyle, N. Endow
A PROGRESS REPORT ON THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF POLLUTED
ATMOSPHERES. Stanford Research Inst., South Pasadena,
Southern California Labs. Dec. 1960. 122 pp
606 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
During the photooxidation of olefins, three reactions appear
important: the reaction of olefins with oxygen atoms, with ozone,
and with active intermediates. The active intermediates may be
free radicals or zwitterions. The rate of disappearance of
olefin, over and above that accountable by reaction with oxygen
atoms and ozone, has been termed the "excess rate." The
importance of active intermediates in the mechanism of olefin
photooxidation is suggested by these observations: 1. Some
products cannot be accounted for by simple rupture of the double
bond. 2. The excess rate is proportional to the square root of
the light intensity and to the square root of the initial nitrogen
dioxide concentration. The major products of the photooxidation
are produced by rupture of the double bond, leading to various
carbonyl compounds. However, significant amounts of
formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are formed from olefins in certain
cases in which these compounds could not be formed by simple bond
rupture. Secondary photooxidation of the initial products can
also contribute to the products. Alkyl nitrites were identified
among the minor products of olefin photooxidation. These
nitrites are probably contributing to olefin oxidation since, as
was shown previously, alkyl nitrites promote destruction of olefins
as well as does nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide. Medium to
severe eye irritation was obtained with photooxidation of mixtures
containing 0.5 ppm each of certain olefins and nitrogen
dioxide. These concentrations are comparable to those existing
in the Los Angeles atmosphere. The amount of eye irritation
caused by photooxidation of auto exhaust probably may be reduced
most efficiently by control of olefins rather than by control of
oxides of nitrogen. This statement is based on studies of olefin
mixtures of the type found in auto exhaust; these studies show
that, under certain circumstances, reduction of the oxides of
nitrogen can lead to an increase rather than a decrease in eye
irritation. (Author summary)f #
01629
F. A. Vingiello, S. G. Quo, P. Polss, and P. Henson
9-THIENYLANTHBACENES. J. Med. Chem. 7, pp. 832, 1964.
Author discusses the thienylanthracenes which were prepared as a
part of an air pollution study program to make new polycylic
aromatic compounds available for carcinogenicity testing.
Methods of preparation are given.##
01636
F. A. Vingiello and L. Ojakaar
NEW POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC COMPOUNDS SHOWING CARCINOGENIC
ACTIVITY. Preprint. (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada,
June 20-21*, 1965, Paper No. 65-86.)
Four new polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons containing seyen fused
F. Effects - Human Health 607
-------
rings have been prepared: naphtho (1,2-a)perylene,
naphtho(2,1-)benzo(a)pyrene, naphtho (1,2-)benzo(a)pyrene, an
naphtho (2,3-) benzo (a)pyrene. These are closely related
structurally to naphtho (2,1-a)perylene which was recently
prepared and which was found to be strongly carcinogenic. . •,
structures of the new hydrocarbons were established by elemental.
analyses, and by ultraviolet, visible and infrared absorptxon
spectral studies. Further, the principles of annelation ana
formation of TNF molecular compounds are consistent with the
assigned structures. An analytical procedure based on
high-temperature gas chromatography has been established. A
new polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon containing eight fused rings,
naphtho(1,7,8-efg)anthanthrene 6, has been prepared and
identified. The new hydrocarbons have been submitted for
carcinogenic activity studies, (Author summary)f#
01668
E. DeMaeyer J. DeMaeyer-Guignard
EFFECTS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC CARCINOGENS ON VIE&L REPLICATION:
SIMILARITY TO ACTINOMYCIN D. Science 146, 650-1, Oct. 30,
1964
Hhen incorporated into a nutrient overlay, the carcinogenic
hydrocarbons benzo(a)pyrene and 7,12—dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
inhibit plague formation by herpes virus and vaccinia virus,
DNA viruses, but not by Sindbis virus, an RNA virus. These
carcinogens also decrease herpes and vaccinia virus yields in
liquid medium, without affecting Sindbis virus yields. Four
structurally related, but noncarcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons,
namely benzo(i)pyrene, pyrene, benz(a)anthracene and
anthracene, have no inhibitory effect on DNA virus replication.
Taken together with the known inhibition of interferon
production, these effects on virus growht resemble the action of
actinomycin D and hence provide evidence for a selective
interaction of these carcinogens with DNA. (Author
abstract)##
01692
J-H. Weisburger E.K. Weisburger
CHEHICALS AS CAUSES OF CANCER, Chem. Eng. News 44, (6) 124-
42, Feb. 7, 1966.
Cancer research falls into two broad groupings-diagnosis and
treatment, and etiology a.nd prevention. Diagnosis and treatment
relate to the methods leading to the discovery of a cancer
already present, so that appropriate remedial measures can be
used. Etiology and prevention deal with attempts to discover the
causes and origins of neoplastic diseases, to understand the
mechanism of their formation, and to delve into their inherent
nature. The underlying idea for research on the etiology and
prevention of cancer is that the disease can be prevented by
•odifying its course or by elininating causative or accelerating
608 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
factors. This report covers a portion of cancer research
pertaining to etiology and prevention. In particular, the article
discusses cancer induction by aromatic amines, azo dyes,
nitrosamines, and mycotoxins.##
01722
M. L. Edfors, L. Friberg, B. Holma, and A. Kajland
A DI-DISPERSE OCTADECANOL AEROSOL HITH NUCLEI OF AH (198) AND
SC(46) RESPECTIVELY. Proc. Intern. Congr. Occupational
Health, 14th. pp. 522-5. (Congress held in Hadrid, Spain,
Sept. 1963.)
The knowledge that particle size is of importance for
lung-clearance has led to the development of monodisperse test
aerosols. The experiments achieved have shown that it is possible
to produce monodisperse radioactive aerosols in the range of 1-10
microns. This range has been considered to be of particular
importance for studying the clearance of the ciliated respiratory
tract of animals. By exposing animals to di-disperse aerosols,
where the two particle sizes are tagged with different isotopes,
it is possible to study at the same time clearance of two sizes,
which are differently deposited and which also may have different
clearance rates.##
01762
H. W. Payne
OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS IN CARCINOGENESIS. Public Health Rept.
(U.S.) 81, (9) 777-81, Sept. 1966.
The author reviews the history of the occurrence of cancer in
various occupational groups resulting from exposure to specific
carcinogens. Examples are the occurrence of scrotal cancer in
workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bladder cancer
in dye workers exposed to aromatic amines, and bronchogenic cancer
in workers employed in the chromium industry. Other inorganic
carcinogens are cited, among them arsenic, nickel, and asbestos
dust. The importance of studying occupational exposures to
possible carcinogens is emphasized.ft
01794
V. Pirila, L. Noro, A. Laamanen
AIR POLLUTION AND ALLERGY. Acta Allergol. (Copenhagen) 18,
113-30, 1963
F. Effects - Human Health 609
-------
After describing some examples of acute air pollution
episodes, the authors give a brief review of natural air
pollution from the allergological point of view. Cultural air
pollution is considered under two headings: indoor or local,
outdoor or general. The capacity of some chemical present in
outdoor air-S02, H2S, NH3, Be and F-to provoke allergic
diseases is discussed on the basis of the literature and
personal investigations. Finally some figures and examples are
given regarding the quality and degree of air pollution in tne
USA and in Finland. The authors stress the difficulty which
arieses in fixing the maximum allowable concentrations for general
air pollution, owing to the wide variations in physiological
response in general and in allergic reactivity in particular.
(Author summary modified)##
01805
A. Kajland, M.L. Edfors, L. Friberg, B. Holma
RADIOACTIVE MONODISPEHSE TEST AEROSOLS AND LUNG CLEARANCE
STUDIES. Health Phys. 10, 241-5, 1964.
Data are given from investigations into the production of
radioactibe test aerosols and studies of lung clearance in the
rabbit. Lung clearance was measured using a specially
developed profile scanning technique. This technique
made it possible to follow the clearance rate from repeated
measurements of the lung activity in a single animal.
Furthermore, the animal could be re-exposed. Heterodisperse
radioactive aerosols were used initially; more recently,
monodisperse aerosols have been used. Monodisperse radioactive
aerosols in the particle range 1—10 micron have hitherto been
produced mainly by a modified LaMer method for lung clearance
studies. Monodisperse radioactively tagged plastic
aerosols have also been produced by the spinning disk technique,
and methods for iodinating (with 131 I) latex particles are in
progress. (Author abstract)##
01806
P. Kotin J.L. Falk
ATMOSPHERIC FACTORS IN PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER.
Advan. Cancer Res. 7, 475-5T4, 1963.
In this review of the atmospheric factors in the pathogensis
of lung cancer, the subject is considered under the major
headings of: general epidemiological considerations, experimental
considerations; bioassay studies, clinical lung cancer; and
etiology of lung cancer. There is a bibliography of 194
references.##
610 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01813
E.L. Wynder B.C. Hammond
A STDDY OF AIR POLLUTION CARCINOGENESIS. I. ANALYSIS OF
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE. Cancer 15, (1) 799-2, Feb. 1962.
The evidence indicating that general air pollution increases the
risk of developing lung cancer is reviewed. In general, the
rates for an urban area are less than twofold greater than those
for the rural areas. This increased risk seems to apply mainly to
smokers, but this is not certain, due to the scarcity of data on
nonsmokers who die of lung cancer. The urban factor may not be
due to general air pollution but could be a result of other
variables, including the better reporting of lung cancer in
cities, the moving to cities of lung cancer patients prior to
death, the difference in smoking habits and patterns between
residents of urban and rural areas, or occupational
differences in the 2 areas. Above all, the influence of
industrial exposures has not been adequately taken into
consideration in any of the studies that have investigated the
relationship of air pollution to cancer of the lung. Some cities,
because of particular geographical or industrial situations, may
have special problems. This study has reviewed data in respect
to general air pollutants in ordinary city living. In this
sense we have excluded the kind of air pollutants to which a
worker is exposed in a specific occupational environment, which
must be regarded as occupational and industrial exposures, some of
which are clearly related to an increased risk of lung cancer.tt
018UU
P. Kotin
AIR POLLUTION WITH CANCEKIGENIC SUBSTANCES. Acta, Unio
Intern. Contra Cancrum 19, (3-«) 469-71, 1963.
Polluted urban air must seriously be regarded as one of the
factors responsible for the increased incidence of lung cancer.
Carcinogenic agents have been identified in polluted urban air,
and extracts have resulted in the induction of malignant tumors
following skin painting or subcutaneous injection in inbred strains
of mice. Further, aerosols of ozonized gasoline, in conjunction
with multiple influenza infections, have resulted in the induction
of human type squamous cell carcinomas in C57 black nice
following inhalation exposure. Evaluation of the carcinogenic
potential of polluted urban air requires an assessment of the role
of (a) respiratory tract irritants, (b) the physical aspects of
particulates in relation to deposition in the tracheobronchial
tree, and (c) chemical compounds potentially acting as
anti-carcinogenic agents. (Author summary)##
01916
V. A. Hjazanov.
CRITERIA AND METHODS FOB ESTABLISHIHG HAXIHUH PERMISSIBLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION. Bull. World Health Organ.
(Geneva) 32, 389-98, 1965.
F. Effects - Human Health 6V1
-------
Experience in the USSR in establishing standards for air
pollution control is described. It is emphasized that health
considerations must be main criterion in deciding permissible
concentrations, which constitute the "hygienic" standards
ultimately to be achieved. Economic and technological reasons may
dictate temporary "sanitary" standards, which modify the
requirements for a limited period. "Technological" standards
relate to the economic and technological consequences of air
pollution and do not concern health. The maximum permissible
concentrations of toxic substances used in toxicology and
industrial hygiene are not sufficiently stringent for general use,
and control standards are therefore based on the results of te=ts
carried out on animals and human subjects. Tests on animals show
that certain concentrations of toxic substances cause functional
changes (e.g., in higher nervous activity, cholinesterase
activity, and excretion of coproporphyrin) as well as a number of
protective adaptational reactions. The results are used to
establish maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants within
a 24-hour period. Tests on human volunteers provide a basis for
determining the maximum average concentrations at a given time.
Reactions to odorous substances give the olfactory threshold and
the level of concentration causing respiratory and visual
reflexes, as well as subsensory effects such as changes in light
sensitivity and in the activity of the cerebral cortex.
Morbidity statistics also provide evidence of harmful pollution,
but cannot serve as a basis for establishing maximum permissible
concentrations, which should aim not only at preventing illness
but also at avoiding pathological and adaptational reactions.
(Author abstract)l#
01968
H. L. Falk, P. Kotin, and A. Mehler
POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS AS CARCINOGENS FOR MAN. Arch. Environ.
Health 8, 721-30, Hay 1961.
The preponderance of evidence would support the conclusion that
certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogenic to man
Just as they are to experimental species. The carcinogenicity is
dependent upon numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. While
benzo(a)pyrene is perhaps the most ubiquitous and potent of all
four- or five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in
nature, others may still possess carcinogenic potency. The
cancers most easily produced with these agents in experimental
species are sguamous cell carcinoma of the skin and, similarly, the
most frequent cancer observed in man in association with
occupational exposure is skin cancer. The difficulty in induction
of pulmonary cancer Kith polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
experimental species may well reflect the low incidence of
occupational lung cancer. In both instances effective
physiologic defenses are at work to prevent the initiation of
carcinogenic processes.tt
01971
H. V. Warren
HEDICAI GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY. Science 148, (3669) 53U-9
23, 1965. '
612 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The increasing evidence of the importance of trace elements in the
earth's crust to healthy living tissue in both animals and plants
was emphasized by a panel of an interdisciplinary symposium of
"Medical Geology and Geography", held in Montreal, 28 Dec
1961. The themes of the four panel members, a chemical biologist,
a professor of pharmacognosy, a geologist, and a general medical
practioner, are summarized. It is believed that some of the
trace metals that find their way into soils and foods may play the
part, directly or indirectly, of carcinogens, as in the case where
certain chelates are formed. The complexities of the subject,
such as variations in geographical distribution of the elements and
the intricacies of certain biological processes, are discussed.f#
01987
P, G. Hinners
ENGINEERING THE CHRONIC EXPOSUBE OF ANIMALS TO LABORATORY
PRODUCED AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 12, 527-30, Nov. 1962, (Presented at the 55th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Chicago, 111.,
Bay 20-24, 1962.)
A laboratory facility designed for studies to determine the
effects of lifetime exposure of experimental animals to auto
emissions is described. The emissions produced simulated
atmospheric concentrations and conditions generally found in the
air of a city like Los Angeles.##
01988
D. Hofreuter
THE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST PROBLEM (ITS RELATION TO HEALTH).
Arch. Environ. Health 2, 559-63, May 1961
The problem of how automotive exhaust products may affect
the public health is examined by considering the following 6 broad
areas: the chemical composition of automobile exhaust; some past
investigations; the possible irritating qualities of automotive
exhaust gases; the possible relationship of lung cancer to
products of automobile exhaust; certain specific substances of
vehicular exhaust, namely, CO and lead, and their possible
effects on the public health, and, finally, a few of the current
medical projects that are under investigation by the Division of
Air Pollution.#f
01992
P. V. V. Hamill
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION, THE PROBLEM - AN OVER-ALL VIEW.
F. Effects - Human Health 613
-------
Arch. Environ. Health 18 2U1-7, Sept. 1960. (Presented at
the 12th Annual Fleeting, American Academy of Occupational
Medicine, Williansburg, Va., Feb. 12, 1960.)
Some epidemiological and laboratory studies are reviewed.
Statistical evidence suggests a relationship between air pollution
levels and mortality rates from lung cancer notwithstanding
smoking habits. Health statistics regarding air pollution
episodes in the United States and Europe are given.##
02173
A. S. Josephson.
IMMUNOLOGIC METHODS IN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH. Arch. Environ.
Health 8, 143-6, Jan. 1964. (Presented at the Sixth Annual
Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, San Francisco,
Calif., Jan. 28-29, 1963.)
Author discusses the use of immunologic techniques, both direct
and indirect, to investigate the possible effects of air
pollution such as alteration of proteins and sensitivity
reactions to pollutants. Immunology also provides an approach to
study the body defense mechanisms to pollutants.##
02223
S.D. Mprphy, C.E. Ulrich, U.K. Leng
ALTERED FUNCTION IN ANIMALS INHALING CONJDGATED NITRO-OLEFINS.
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 5, (3) 319-30, Hay 1963,
(Presented in part at the Third Inter-American Conference on
Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, Miami, Fla., Aug.
1961.)
Increased total pulmonary flow resistance and tidal volumes and
decreased respiratory rates of guinea pigs and decreased
voluntary activity of mice occurred during inhalation of the
vapors of conjugated nitro-olefins at concentrations near or below
the threshold for human, sensory detection. Increasing
concentrations increased the magnitude of the effects. Comparison
of the effects of 2-nitro-2-butene, 3-nitro-3-hexene, and i»-
nitro-4-nonene indicated that the effectiveness on pulmonary
function was inversely related to the carbon chain length.
However, U-nitro-H- nonene was slightly more active than the
butene and hexene in producing depression of mouse activity.
At the low concentrations tested, the effects of nitro-olefins
were reversible when the animals were returned to clean air.
Injection of atropine sulfate overcame the increased pulmonary
flow resistance induced ±>y 4-nitro-l-nonene. The response of
animals to inhaled nitro-olefins qualitatively resembles
effects which have been observed when animals inhale high
concentrations of irradiated automobile exhaust. These effects
are, however, relatively nonspecific and are produced by several
other irritating vapors and gases which have been shown to be
present in measurable quantities in exhaust mixtures. (Author
sunnary)##
614 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
02276
H.H. Simmers
CANCERS IN MICE FROM ASPHALT FRACTIONS. Ind. Med. Surg. 34,
573-7, July 1965.
Steam-refined asphalt was separated into four fractions:
asphaltenes, aromatics, saturates, and resins. The method of
separation is given. The aromatics and saturates fractions
showed essentially all the ultraviolet light fluorescence
of the i* fractions. These two fractions were pooled and tested
for oncogenesis by painting on the skin of C57 black mice.
Thirty-two percent of the mice thus treated and coming to
autopsy developed cancers. This result is compared to previous
experiments testing the cancer producing properties of pooled air
and steam refined asphalt, and each tested separately.
(Author summary)##
02277
H.E. Swann, Jr O.J. Balchum
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION. UV. EFFECTS OF ACUTE
SMOG EPISODES ON RESPIRATION OF GUINEA PIGS.
Arch Environ. Health 12, 698-704, June 1966 (Presented at the
25th Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Association,
Philadelphia, Pa. Apr. 30, 196«.)
Measurement of total expiratory flow resistances were made
on guinea pigs on days of unusual conditions of weather and smog.
Hhen these resistances were compared with routine monthly
measurements on the same animals, significant increases in
resistance were found at oxidant levels of approximately
0.30 ppm or more. Also, significant increases in resistance
were observed when approximately H0% of alert levels of the
oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons were
present. Only when high temperature was accompanied by
approximately 0.30 ppm oxidant did a significant increase in
resistance occur. During a smog episode when alert levels of
oxidant and 25% of alert levels of carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbon were recorded on two successive days, older gunea
pigs breathing ambient air had highly significant increases in
resistance. Alert smog levels apparently act as a respiratory
stress which was more obvious in the older animals. Some
animals had little or no response to the smog while some
animals greatly responded and had quick recovery; other
animals greatly responded to the smog and had a slow
recovery or no recovery and died. This suggests a possible
individual difference in sensivity to smog among animals of the
same species. The pathological findings on the tvo animals that
died during the episode indicated severe pulmonary
abnormality. Also, some animals that died within U5 days
following the episode and had high resistances during the episode
also had pathological pulmonary changes. Gowever, others that had
high resistances and died had no such alterations. Although high
smog levels produced a significant increase in pulmonary
resistance, this response may or may not be related to the
degree of impairment.##
F. Effects - Human Health 615
-------
02288
B.C. Hueper
ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CANCER HAZARDS. PART I OF
SYMPOSIUM: CHEMICAL CABCINOGENESIS. Clin. Pharmacol.
Therap. 3, (6) 776-813, Dec. 1962
The growth of an environmental carcinogenic spectrum composed
of recognized, suspected, and potential human carcinogens of
chemical, physical, and parasitic nature should provide an
impressive warning to all concerned with the maintenance and
protection of the health and well-being of mankind to exert all
possible effort to develop methods and facilities by which sources
of production, channels of dissemination, routes of
exposure, prospective and actual target organs and tissues, and
number and types of individuals exposed to natural and man-made
carcinogens can be more readily and reliably identified. It is
essential that, where possible, human contact with environmental
carcinogens be totally eliminated or, whenever such a stringent
measure appears impractical or impossible, reduced to a minimum
with respect to degree, frequency, duration, and number of persons
exposed. While the presently available methods of identifying
carcinogenic agents are admittedly slow and not totally adequate,
experimental observations and their implications in man deaand
that first and dominant consideration be given to the protection
of the community against actual or potential cancer hazards. In
such a decision, the health and life of the general public should
receive the benefit of doubt without any reservation. (Author
summary modified)t#
02332
T. R. Lewis, F. G. Hueter, and K. A. Busch.
EFFECTS OF ATHOSPHEHES CONTAMINATED WITH IRRADIATED AOTOHOBILE
EXHAUST ON REPRODUCTION OF HICE. Preprint. 1966,
The exposure of mice to irradiated automobile exhaust prior to
mating significantly impaired reproductive function in male
members of sexual pairs. The impairment was expressed at various
stages of reproduction: conception, fecundity, and infant
survival. These effects imply that the chromatin content of the
sperm was altered. This experiment suggests mutational effects on
mammalian cells from components or subsequent products of
irradiated automobile exhaust. Significantly, the concentrations
of these pollutants were similar to those present in many urban
communities today. A direct toxic effect on infant mice was noted
during postnatal exposure to irradiated automobile exhaust.
Death rates during the first 8 days of life were higher compared
to those for controls. (Authors' summary)##
02357
E.G. Giel
AIH POLLUTION AND YOUR LUNGS. Preprint. (Presented at
616 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
the Symposium on Respiratory Diseases, Syracuse, N.Y., May
14, 1964.)
The adverse effects of man-made air pollu
-------
Concentrations of HPIPB equal to 0.03 mg per cu m when present
alone and to 0.017 mg per cu m in a mixture with IPB are the
olfactory thresholds. For IPB the threshold for a reflex
effect on the sensitivity of the eyes to light is 0.07 mg per cu
when present in a mixture with HPIPB 0.05 mg per cu m. The
threshold of the reflex effect on the sensitivity of the eye to
the light in the case of HPIPB is 0.02 mg per cu m when alone
and 0.01 mg per cu m when irixed with IPB. The threshold of
the reflex effect on cerebral electrical activity for IPB is
0.028 mg per cu m; when mixed with HPIPB, 0.01H mg per cu m.
For HPIPB the threshold of the reflex effect on electrical
cerebral activity is 0.012 mg per cu m; when mixed with IPB,
0.007 mg per cu m. The following maximum single permissible
concentrations are suggested: for 1PB, 0.011 mg per cu m; for
IPB in the presence of HPIPB, 0.007 mg per cu m; for HPIPB
0.007 mg per cu m, for HPIPB in the presence of IPB, 0.003 mg
per cu m, that is, half as much.##
02568
K.V. Grigor'eva
STDDIES ON POLLUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR WITH HALEIC ANHYDRIDE.
(K voprosu o zagryzanenii atmosfernogo vozdukha maleinovym
angidridom.) Hyg. Sanit. 29, (3) 7-11, Mar. 1964.
CFSTI: TT65-50023/3
The investigations were carried out in the vicinity of phthalic
anhydride production plant, where the wastes discharged in the
air contained maleic anhydride. This compound was detected
in the air at a distance of 500 m from the site of discharge
in concentrations of 0.0 to 3.3 mg/cu m and within a radius of
1 km in concentrations of 0.0 to 2.6 mg/cu m. The work is being
continued to obtain hygienic backgrounds for determining the
maximum permissible concentration of maleic anhydride in the
atmospheric air. Its olfactory threshold value and that for
producing an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of eyes
and respiratory tract have already been determined. For most
sensitive persons they lie between 1.3 mg/cu m and 1.0 mg/cu m
maleic anhydride respectively. (Author abstract)##
02571
M.N. Ostrovskii
TOXICOLOGY OF GUAIACOL VAPORS AND RESINS. (K toksikologii
parov gvayakola i ego smoly.) Hyg. Sanit. 29, (3) 105-8, Bar.
1964.
On the basis of experimental findings on the toxicity of
guaiacol vapors, a calculation of an approximate value was made
for the permissible concentration of these vapors. On the basis
of the LC(soh)50 (7.57 mg/1), it was found egual to 0.02 mg/1.
In the study of the effect of guiacol resin on the skin it was
determined that it possesses neither an irritating nor a
blastomogenic effect.##
618 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
02588
N. G. Andreesheheva
SUBSTANTIATION OF THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTSATION OF
NITROBENZENE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (Obosnovanie predel'no
dopustimoikontsentratsii nitrobenzola v atmosfernom vozdukhe.)
Hyg. Sanit. 29, (8) 4-9, Aug. 1964.
CFSTI: TT65-50023/8
The effect produced by low concentrations of nitrobenzol on man
and animals was studied to substantiate the maximum permissible
concentration of this compound in the atmospheric air. It was
found in the study of the reflex action to nitrobenzol that in most
sensitive persons the threshold value of the olfactory preception
amounted to 0.0182 mg/cubic meter, and that of the eye light
sensitivity to 0.0157 mg/m. The cerebral electric activity was
affected by a concentration of 0.0129 mg/cubic meter. Nitrobenzol
at a concentration of 0.008 was not detected by smelling and
produced no changes in cerebral potentials; this concentration is
suggested as the singular maximum permissible concentration. A
continuous round-the-clock action of nitrobenzol vapours or a
period of 72 days at a concentration of 0,08 mg/cubic meter
produced in the experimental animals changes in the motor chronaxy
of muscle-antagonists, and in the cholinesterase activity of the
whole blood; it also brought about methemeglobinemia,
sulhemaglobinemia, and a fall in the total content of hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobia. Under conditions of continuous action (after the
same procedure) of nitrobenzol at a concentration of 0.008 mg/cubic
meter the animals' organism showed to be indifferent to it.
This amount is suggested as the maximum permissible concentration
of nitrobenzol in the atmospheric air. (Author abstract)##
02596
A. P. Il'nitskii and S. N. Varshavskaya
WATEB AS A FACTOB IN SPREADING CARCINOGENS IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
(Voda kak odin iz faktorov rasprostraneniya kantserogennykh
veshchestv vo vneshnei srede.) Hyg. Sanit. 29, (9) 88-96,
Sept. 1964.
CFSTI: TT65-50023/9
Authors review the carcinogenic agent, 3,4 benzpyrene, and suggest
that reduction of it in the air is essential to prevention of
cancer. Although author recognizes the presence of 3,4 benzpyrene
in the atmosphere he emphasises its presence in oceans and rivers
(in general water). The use of detergents (and their subseguent
dumping in the rivers) complicates the defection of 3,4 benzpyrene
because it becomes an emulsion and the public is potentially more
damaged.#t
02605
A. A. Dobrinskii
ESTABLISHING HYGIENIC NOBHS FOR SOHE INTEBHEDIATES IN
CAPROLACTAM PRODUCTION IN THE AIE. (0 gigienicheskom
F. Effects - Human Health 61S
-------
normirovanni nekotorykh promezhutochnykh veshchestv proizvodstva
kaprolaktama v atmosferncm vozdukhe.) Hyg. Sanit. 29, (12) 7-1^,
Dec. 196«.
CFSTI: TT 65-50023/12
In order to substantiate the maximal permissible single
concentrations of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol, the author
determined their threshold values of smell, changes of the ocular
light sensitivity after inhalation of small concentration of
cyclohexanone, the threshold values of their action on the electric
cerebral activity by the method of obtaining electrocortical
conditioned reflexes and by the method of augmenting the cerebral
potentials. For substantiating the average daily maximal
permissible concentrations, round-the-clock chronic poisoning of
albino rats with vapors of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol was
carried out for a period of 87 days. The animals' general
condition and weight, the chronaxy correlation of
muscle-antagonists, the kinetics of the cholinesterase activity,
the content of the sulfhydryl group proteins in the blood serum and
content in the brain and the liver were studied. The author
suggests the maximal single and daily average permissible
concentrations in the atmospheric air of cyclohexanone to comprise
0.04 mg/cu ra and that of cyclohexanone - 0.06 mg/cu m (Author
abstract)##
02689
W. Kutscher, R. Tomingas, B. Ptekauskas
THE ABSORPTION AND EXTRACTION OF 3,U-BENZPYRENE HITH SPECIFIC
TYPES OF SOOT. Staub (English Translation) 26, (3) 5-11,
HAH. 1966.
CFSTI TT66-51159/3
Investigations into the absorption capacity have been carried
out for 3,
-------
effects of sunlight under mixing conditions similar to those in the
atmosphere. The irradiated mixture is used to study chemical
reactions and to evaluate plant damage and human eye irritation.
In this second series of irradiation tests performed by the
Public Health Service, the ratio of total hydrocarbon (HC) to
oxides of nitrogen (NOx) was varied between 1-1/2 and 24.
Hydrocarbon concentrations were varied from 3 ppm to 12 ppm total
carbon; oxides of nitrogen concentrations were varied from 1/4 ppm
to 2 ppm. Greatest plant damage occurred when both the HC/NOx
ratios and hydrocarbon concentrations were high. The levels of
eye irritation were highest at the higher chamber hydrocarbon
concentrations. For a given hydrocarbon level, chemical reaction
rates were highest at the high HC/--NOx ratios. (Author
abstract)##
02969
H. Petri
ASSESSING THE HEALTH HAZARDS OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTIONS. Staub
(English Transl.) 25, (10) 50-7, Oct. 1965.
CFSTI: TT 66-51040/10
Hany gases and vapours in molecular dispersion have
pathophysiologic effects, that is, effects dangerous to health.
Various substances can be detected by smell even if present in air
in small quantities, and at a certain concentration they may
become a nuisance; these substances are, for instance, mercaptans,
butyric acid, acrolein and amines, such as trimethylamine; hydrogen
sulphide, carbon disulphide, pyridine, etc. cause nuisance at
slightly higher concentrations. Sulphur oxides, hydrogen fluoride
and other acid aerosols, further, ozone, chlorine, bromine and
nitrous gases are dangerous to health, because they irritate body
tissue. As a result of the increase in road traffic the
odourless carbon monoxide has become very important. The
biological assessment of gas or vapour emission with regard to
their effect on man, and special effects of these substances are
discussed in detail. (Author summary)#1
03076
S.D. Murphy, J.K. Leng, C.E. Dlrich, H.V. Davis
EFFECTS ON ANIHALS OF EXPOSURE TO AUTO EXHAUST. Arch.
Environ. Health 7, 60-70, July 1963 (Presented at Air
Pollution Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Dec.
5-7, 1961.)
The effects on experimental animals of brief exposure (2-6 hrs.)
to exhaust polluted atmospheres were studied. The
concentrations of exhaust gases in the experimental atmospheres
were varied between levels which approximated polluted ambient
atmospheres and concentrations several times greater than
present community pollution levels. Changes in physiological
function of experinental animals, which could be objectively
measured, were produced during exposure to these polluted
atmospheres. Analyses presented are for comparative purposes.
F. Effects - Human Health 621
-------
Comparison of concentrations in irradiated and nonirradiated
atmospheres of approx. equal dilution ratios shows the
photochemical formation of aldehydes, nitrogen dioxide, and total
oxidant at the expense of nitric oxide and olefin. Measurements
of pulmonary function, spontaneous activity, and mortaility o±
impaired aniamals were the most sensitive indicators of effects.
Most of these effects rapidly returned to preexposure
normal when the animals were returned to clean air.f*
03086
P. Stocks
ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN URBAN AND
BUBAL LOCALITIES AND MORTALITY FFCH CANCER, BHONCHITIS AND
PNEUMONIA, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO 3:4 BENZOPYRENE,
BERYLLIUM, MOLYBDENDH, VANADIUM AND ARSENIC. Brit. J. Cancer
(London) 14, 397-418, 1960
of polycyclic hydrocarbons and a statistical process of
Lung cancer mortality is strongly correlated with smoke
density in the atmosphere in Northern England and Wales.
In 26 localities the smoke samples were analysed in respect
successive elimination was applied to discover which hydrocarbon
was responsible for the smoke correlation with mortality rates.
For lung cancer and bronchitis 3:4 benzopyrene emerges
clearly as the substance of prime importance, with 1:12
benzoperylene contributing weakly for lung cancer, but for
pneumonia 3:4 benzopyrene is apparently not important. The
composite group of other cancers in males is correlated with
several hydrocarbons, but cancers of the breast and other sites
in females show no relations with any of them. In 23 localities
spectrographic analyses for 13 trace elements were made and a
similar process of successive elimination was applied to those
which showed appreciable correlations with mortality rates.
For lung cancer beryllium and molybdenum emerge as the
elements of most consequence, with arsenic, zinc and vanadium
showing weaker associations. For bronchitis molybdenum appears to
be the important element in both sexes whilst males beryllium,
arsenic, vanadium and zinc may also be concerned as for lung
cancer. For pneumonia beryllium emerges as the important element
in both sexes, with vanadium also concerned in males. Hith
other cancer in males beryllium, molybdenum and vanadium show
associations, but breast and other cancers in females show no
realtions with any element. (Author summary modified)tt
03214
REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST ON THE HUMAN BODY. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air
-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo) 4(1):39-43, 1966.
The measurement of CO, soot, nitrogen oxides, S02, S03, and
hydrocarbons and their medical psychological effects on the human
body were investigated in September, 1965 in two regions with
contrasting amounts of daily traffic. A quiet region to be
considered was the vicinity of Ohara-Machi Setagagya-ku,
Tokyo and the other was in' the vicinity of National Hygienic
€22 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Laboratory at Yoga-cho Setagaya-ka, Tokyo. The results are
stated categorically for each air pollutant. To determine environ-
mental effects meteorological data were supplied by Tokyo Dis-
trict Central Meteorological Observatory.
03270
W. J. Hamming and R. G. Lunche
EFFECTS OF EHISSIONS OF OBGANIC SOLVENTS ON LOS ANGELES
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Proc. Tech. Meeting West Coast
Section, Air Pollution Control Assoc., 3rd Monterey, Calif.,
1963 153-84 pp.
Irradiation of mixtures of solvents and nitric oxide or solvents
and auto exhaust will produce ozone, aerosols and eye irritation.
The aromatic solvents produce the most eye irritation, and their
effectiveness is about 6/10 of that of auto exhaust. The mixed
ketones and chlorinated hydrocarbons are the next most active in
producing eye irritation, and their effectiveness is about 1/5 that
of auto exhuast; methyl ethyl ketone, the low—boiling alkanes, and
the mixed alcohols are on the average, much les.s active in
producing eye irritation. The high-boiling alkanes are
unreactive. Relative to their effect on aerosol formation, or
growth of aerosol, the solvents tested may tentatively be listed in
the following order: 1. Aromatic Solvents, at 2 ppm - 1.2 ppm
auto exhaust - greater increase in growth of aerosols 2.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons = Next in order - half the effect of
aromatics or less 3. Mixed alcohols = Questionable effect on
aerosol growth 4. LB Alkanes = Questionable effect 5. Hixed
Ketones = Hay have slight effect 6. MEK = No effect 8. HB
Alkanes = No effect. There is a general tendency for high
concentrations of solvent to form more ozone than low
concentrations. The quantities of ozone formed by irradiation of
various solvents have the following orders of magnitude: (a.)
Aromatics and HB alkanes produce about 1/15 ppm ozone per ppm
of solvent. (b.) LB alkanes and chlorinated hydrocarbons
produce about 1/20 ppm ozone per ppm of solvent. (c.) Mixed
ketone (probably the active one is isobutyl ketone), 1/25 ppm ozone
per ppm of solvent. (d.) Mixed alcohols and MEK form about 1/30
ppm ozone per ppm solvent. When mixed with auto exhaust at only
U ppm the LB alkanes, HB alkanes aad mixed ketone show ozone
formation that has significant difference from that of auto
exhaust alone. 1nder similar cpnditions both aromatic and
Cl-HC show positive, but significant effect on ozone formation.
A larger and more significant effect might be shown is 8 ppm of
these solvents had been used. The effect of solvent on the
formation of ozone when mixed with auto exhaust is much less than
when they are mixed with nitric oxide and irradiated.##
03480
N. H. Cromwell
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS, CARCINOGENESIS AND CARCINOSTASIS. Am.
Scientist 53, 213-36, 1965
F. Effects - Human Health 623
-------
Many of the suspected environmental cancers of man have been
reproduced in animals. Research in recent years has been
intensified to gain more knowledge of the process known as
carcinogenesis, which will eventually lead to the control of this
scourge of mankind. This paper gives a brief account on the
attempt made to interrelate facts and concepts concerned with the
carcinogenic and carcinostatic action of certain organic chemicals,
with special emphasis on the polycyclic hydrocarbon and
heterocyclic compounds.##
03486
W. Haenszel and K. E. Taeuber
LUNG-CANCER MORTALITY AS RELATED TO RESIDENCE AND SHORING
HISTORIES. II. WHITE FEMALES. J. Nat. Cancer Inst.
32, (4) 803-38, Apr. 1964.
For a 10 percent sample of all white female lung-cancer deaths in
the United States during 1958 and 1959, residence and smoking
histories were collected from family informants and additional
diagnostic details from certifying physicians. Residence and
smoking histories were also obtained for a sample of the general
population from the Current Population Survey. The findings
for females agree on many points vith earlier data reported for
males: (a) higher lung-cancer risk, increasing with amount
smoked for cigarette smokers in all population groups; (b) higher
risks among residents of urban areas and metropolitan counties; (c)
residence gradients in risk much smaller than smoking-class
gradients; (d) accentuation of urban-rural contrasts in risks among
lifetime residents; (e) higher risks for mobile populations with
3 or more exposure residences and for the foreign-born; (f)
identification of the farm-born migrating to metropolitan counties
as a high-risk group. The major difference between the results
for each sex is that female smokers residing in urbanized areas did
not display risks higher than those expected from the sum of 2
separate smoking and residence effects. Among nonsmokers, the
male-female ratio for lung-cancer mortality was 1.3, a figure in
line with the sex differential for most causes of death. Male
smokers of 1 pack or less and more than 1 pack of cigarettes
daily had lung-cancer rates 4 times higher than corresponding
females. The possibility of reconciliation of the disparate
risks for male and females smokers to bring them into line with the
relationship holding for nonsmokers through more accurate measures
of "effective exposure" is discussed. (Author summary)t#
03490
K. F. Lampe, T. J. Mende, W. B. Deichmann, M. G.
Eye, and L. F. Palmer
EVALUATION OF CONJUGATED NITHO-OLEFINS AS EIE IRRITANTS IN AIR
POLLUTION. Ind. Med. Surg. 27, (8) 375-7, Aug. 1958.
Distinct eye irritation owing to 2-nitro-2-olefins at low
concentrations in air has been observed by two laboratories. For
the butene and hexene derivatives, concentrations between 0.1 and
0.5 parts per million by volume have been shown to produce
irritation within three minutes. For the corresponding nonene,
irritation was observed only at concentration above 1.0.M
624 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03602
W. B. Deichmann, M. L. Keplinger, G. E. Lanier
ACUTE EFFECTS OF NITRO-OLEFINS UPON EXPERIMENTAL ANIHALS
(PRELIMINARY PEPOBT). A.H.A. Arch. Ind. Health 18, 312-9,
Oct. 1958.
The nitro-olefins are very toxic compounds; they produce, in
addition, marked local changes in the skin or enteric tract,
depending upon the mode of administration. Their vapors
cause marked irritation of the entire respiratory tract, skin,
and eyes. Asborption from the respiratory or gastro-enteric
tract, peritoneal cavity, or skin is very rapid, and signs
ot systemic intoxication appear promptly, including
hyperexcitability, tremors, clonic convulsions,
tachycardia, increased rate and magnitude of respiration, followed
by a generalized depression, ataxia, cyanosis, and dyspnea.
Death is initiated by respiratory failure and associated with
asphyxial convulsions. Pathological changes were most
marked in the lungs, regardless of the mode of administration
of a compound. (Author summary)t#
03652
B. Ogata and K. Sugiyama
STUDIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF URINARY HIPPUHIC ACID IN TOLUENE
POISONING. Japan J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 4(5):9-16, Bay
1962. Text in Jap.
An experiment using Gaffney's method of determining urinary
hippuric acid by paper chromatography is described: in a plastics
factory, workers exposed to 50 ppm of toluene excreted 3.1 times
the pre-exposure value of hippuric acid and another group exposed
to 20 ppm excreted 1.9 times as much, which the authors think may
indicate that the urinary hippuric acid excretion is proportional
to the toluene concentration in the air. In another factory using
a toluene-benzene mixture (4:1), urinary hippuric acid excretion
was observed after exposure to this gas mixture. (Author
summary modified)##
03678
J. Bogacz and I. Koprowska
A CYTO-PATHOLOGIC STUDY OF POTENTIALLY CARCINOGENIC PROPERTIES OF
AIH POLLUTANTS. Acta Cytol. 5 (5):311-319, Oct. 1961.
Comparative carcinogenic properties of air pollutants, tobacco tar
and benzopyrene were tested by means of correlated cytopathologic
studies, utilizing the uterine cervix of mice as a target organ.
It was demonstrated that ZBC and C3H mice treated
intravaginally by air pollutants and tobacco tar develop cellular
abnormalities and histologic lesions, which are morphologically
indistinguishable from those accompanying the development of
benzopyrene-induced carcinoma. The ultimate stage of
development is, in general, reached later and is less advanced than
in benzopyrene-induced lesions, so that after 95 weeks of
F. Effects - Human Health 625
-------
treatment, only a very small percentage of mice showed an early
invasive carcinoma. The oscillating nature of cytologic findings,
observed in a series of consecutive smears of air pollution and
tobacco tar-treated mice contrasted with the steady progression of
benzopyrene-induced cellular abnormalities, and may suggest the
presence of successive, possibly multicentric mucosal lesions, some
of which desquamate entirely before others progress to invasive
carcinoma. (Author summary)t*
03686
J. M. Campbell and J. Clemmesem
BENZPYBENE AND OTHER POLYCYCLTC HYDROCARBONS IN THE AT? OF
COPENHAGEN. Danish Med. Bull., 3 (7) : 205-21 1 , Nov. 1956.
Correlation between cigarette smoking, air pollution and lung
cancer was the subject of investigations in Copenhagen. Four
sampling stations were set up and sampling was carried out
continuously between Oct 1954 to Oct 1955. Five compounds were
determined regularly: anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene,
3:4 benzperylene and 1:12 benzperylene. Results are presented
graphically. Generally, the values for smoke content in
microgram/cu m at all 4 stations show a maximum in winter and a
minimum in summer. In comparison with English towns, Copenhagen
appeared to have pollution equivalent to that of an English
country town. It is believed that even if the increase in the
incidence of lung cancer in Copenhagen has developed in the
practical absence of air pollution, the fact remains that it has
not reached the level of heavily polluted towns, and there is a
possibility that the pollution may contribute in some way to the
cancer development mainly because of cigarette smoking.##
03702
J. M. Barnes
MODE OE ACTION OF SOME TOXIC SUBSTANCES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
THE EFFECTS OE PROLONGED EXPOSURE. Brit. Med. J. (5260)
1097-1104, Oct. 28, 1961.
Biological mechanisms that are involved when human are exposed to
a polluted atmosphere are reviewed. The categories covered
are: (1) study of the toxic action, (2) irritant gases, (3) the
pneumoconioses, (4) delayed biological effects, (5)
conjugation and excretion, (6) biological effect of
trichloroethylene, (7) effects on the central nervous system and
(8) chemical carcinogens.##
03813
Vernot, E. H.
ANALYTICAL CONTROL OF CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION IN EXPOSURE
CHAMBERS. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Atmospheric
Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March - 1 April 1965,
626 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th), Wright-Patterson
AFB Ohio, Contract AF 33 (657)-11305, Proj. 6302.
AMRL-TR-65-230, p. 27-33, Nov. 1965. 4 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
Methods used at the Toxic Hazards Research Laboratory in the
control of low concentrations of contaminants introduced into
exposure chambers of various sizes are outlined. For ozone the
method consists of pumping through a glass sampling tube or
tonometer, and isolation of the sample after sufficient pumping
for equilibration. The tonometer has a sidearm which can be
capped for sub-sampling by syringes or which may be used for the
addition of reagent solution. This method of sampling has proved
superior to fritted bubblers. For nitrogen dioxide, the
Saltzman method is used. For carbon tetrachloride, gas
chromatography is used. Analytical techniques described require
relatively simple operations which a technician can carry out with
ease and precision. With this system, satisfactory control was
maintained over contaminant concentrations in exposure chambers,i#
03820
HcNerney, J. H.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF TOXICITY STUDIES IN 5 PSIA 100% OXYGEN
ENVIRONMENT. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March - 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
bSwright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33 (657)-11305,
Proj. 6302, AMRL-TR-65-230, p. 98-123, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
A 90—day continuous exposure of mice, rats, beagles and monkeys to
a 5 pounds per square inch absolute and 100% oxygen environment
produced the following pertinent results: A Wistar-derived
strain of rats proved to be sensitive to altitude conditions early
in the exposure (15% mortality within 14 days of exposure) whereas
a Sprague-Dawley-derived strain proved resistant. A possible
association of increasing serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
levels in beagles with length of exposure was found. Except for
these factors, the experimental animals gave no apparent indication
of being stressed throughout the expsoure. A one-year study has
been initiated to determine if the enxyme change was due to
sampling or is indicative of an accumulating stress. No
significant increase in the toxic response of animals to inhaled
atmospheric contaminants (carbon tetrachloride, nitrogen dioxide,
and ozone) under conditions of 5 psia and 100% oxygen was noted
when compared with animals exposed under normal atmospheric
conditions (except in the case of mice exposed to carbon
tetrachloride). Based upon mortality data, a definite reduction
in toxic response to pulmonary irritants was found in the presence
of reduced pressure (5 psia) and 100% oxygen when compared with
ambient pressure at the same concentration for two weeks continuous
exposure. This difference in toxic response may be a beneficial
effect derived from the increased partial pressure of oxygen in the
experimental chambers even though total pressure has been reduced.
Specifically, this is an increase in oxygen partial pressure from
approximately 150 millimeters Hg p02 to 255 millimeters Hg
p02. This increase in oxygen tension at the pulmonary surface
nay be acting therapeutically against the pulmonary edema
F. Effects - Human Health 627
-------
produced by the lung irritatns, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. In
the case of carbon tetrachlcride, a systemic toxicant, no such
benefits were observable.f*
03821
Back, K. C.
REVIEW OF AIH FOBCE DATA FROM LONG TERM CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE AT
AMBIENT PRESSURE. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March - 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33(657)-11305,
Proj. 6302, AMRL-TR-65-230, p. 124-133, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
Work which was performed under Air Force sponsorship in the area
of environmental toxicology of space cabin atmospheres over the
past 5 years is described. This work gave the warning that
materials in trace quantities could prove toxic when presented to
animals over long continuous exposure periods. Four exposure
chambers were constructed for this work. This permitted use of
one for a control group of animals and three for contaminant
exposure chambers. All animals were followed by a number of
clinical laboratory examinations before, during and following the
90-day exposure, and the animals were terminally given stress
tests and then necropsied with both gross and microscopic
examination of tissues. Carbon tetrachloride, while not causing
death at 25 ppm, did cause serious clinical and microscopic liver
changes in all animals exposed. The livers of the rats were so
much involved that the pathologist made a diagnosis of "cirrhosis".
Phenol caused absolutely no problems whatsoever at the 5 ppm level
Hydrogen sulfide (20 ppm) did produce death in rats and mice,
but none in monkeys. Methyl mercaptan (50 ppm) caused serious
problems and death in 40% of the monkeys and 43% of the mice.
Tests were conducted to find out whether animals could perform
strenuous tasks following the 90-day exposure and to compare the
long term, continuous toxicity of some propellants and propellant
types in which the Air Force has an interest. Hydrazine,
unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, nitrogen dioxide and
decaborane were tested as candidate materials. The results are
discussed.##
03822
Siegel, J.
REVIEW OF AMBIENT PRESSUHE ANIHAL EXPOSURE DATA FROM SELECTED
NAVY COBPOUNDS. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 Harch - 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, bScontract AF 33 (657)-11305,
Proj. 6302, AMRL-TR-65-230, p. 134-147, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
Studies have been oriented toward operational requirements in a
resolution of existing or anticipated problems, although basic
research aspects are included in the Navy mission. For example,
there was, and still is, a constant need to search for better
methods of contaminant generations, for more reliable methods of
628 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
analysis and monitoring, for new bio-chemical predictors, and for
new ways of getting more information from the exposed animal.
Some chamber modifications, animals used, parameters studied, and
classes of materials studied are discussed. Experimental results
and plans for the future for the Navy Toxicology Unit are
summarized.##
03823
Hueter, F. G.
LONG TERM INHALATION EXPOSURE EXPERIENCE WITH REFERENCE TO AIR
POLLUTION. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March - 1
April 1965. Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33 (657)-11305,
Proj. 6302, AKRL-TR-65-230, p. 1H8-165, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
is part of the overall program by the Division of Air Pollution
the Laboratory of Hedical and Biological bSsciences has been
charged with studying the biological effects of plants and
animals, including man, of chronic exposures, long term exposures
to air pollution as it exists in the ambient atmosphere of
communities. The concentration has been on mixtures of normal
air pollution, not single agents or simple mixtures of pure gases.
The initial studies discussed primarily are concerned with
chronic exposure to auto exhaust-contaminated atmospheres, both
raw auto exhaust as it comes from the tail pipe, as well as
irradiated auto exhaust which simulates the photochemistry that
occurs due to sunlight. The results with laboratory animals are
discussed.##
03839
S, Carson, R. Goldhamer, H. S. Weinberg
CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
OF MUCOS IN THE INTACT ANIMAL. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 130,
935-i»3, Sept. 30, 1966. (Presented at the Interdisciplinary
Investigation of Mucus Production and Transport Conference,
New York City.)
The selective sensitivity of the mucus sheath component of the
mucociliary system of intact cats in respect to induced
environmental changes is discussed. An assessment is made of the
relative utility of in vitro and in vivo studies, with special
emphasis on the latter for the determination of responses to acute
an d chronic exposure to cigarette smoke. Reactivity to acute
exposures is considered as a function of macromolecular
constituents of the mucus. The resiliency of the system is
demonstrated by the reversibility of the changes effected. In
addition, a method for simple in vivo measurement to determine
"apparent viscosity," is presented.#f
F. Effects - Human Health 629
-------
03886
P. Stock
AIR POLLUTION AND CANCER MORTALITY IN LIVERPOOL HOSPITAL REGION
AND NORTH WALES. Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution 1, 1-13,
1958.
Filters designed to collect for analysis samples of the "smoke"
present in the outdoor air at 17 localities in the Liverpool and
North Wales region have been in operation continuously for
periods of 1 to 3 years, and data are given of the average
concentrations during 6 months in respect of total smoke,
3:(4-benzpyrene, 1: 12-benzperylene pyrene, fluoranthene and sulphur
dioxide. These are correlated with the density of population per
acre and with the standardized mortality ratios for cancers of
the lung and of the intestine. Another 6 filters have operated in
the Mersey road tunnel, a bus garage, a motor garage and an office
in Liverpool, and comparisons are made between the concentrations
of smoke and of its various constituents in the air inside and
outside these confined spaces. The work is continuing, with
inclusion also of spectrographic analysis of trace elements, and
only provisional conclusions can be drawn as yet. (Author
abstract)##
03898
03898
H. Matufuji and T. Sakai
HEMATOLOGICAL STUDY ON TRI - AND PERCHLORETHYLENE WORKERS.
Japan J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) H, (9) 5-10, Sept. 1962.
Text in Jap.
No remarkable abnormality was found in examinations of the
erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin values, hematocrit readings,
specific gravity of blood, and differential counts of leucocytes in
136 male and 26 female workers exposed to tri - and
perchloroethylene vapors. (Author summary modified)#f
03900
K. Nomiyama, M. Binai, H. Kita, H. Shishido, K.
Kaneda, and Y. Onozawa.
THREE CASES OF APLASTIC ANEMIA IN FEMALES CAUSED BY BENZENE AND
TOLUENE. Japan J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 6, (11-12) 11-18,
Dec. 1964. Text in Japanese.
In a small factory using benzene and toluene, 13 of 15 workers
suffered from chronic benzene—toluene poisoning. Pure benzene had
been used about 5 yr as a solvent, then toluene only (May -
October) and toluene with SX benzene for over 5 years. In June,
1964, the concentration of toluene vapor in the factory was 150-
550ppm and in a living room in the third floor, 30ppm. The
authors consider that aplastic anemia may have been caused in 3 out
of <4 females who had worked 9 hr daily and stayed on the second or
third floor of the factory at night for 1-10 yr. (Author
summary modified)**
630 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03902
S. Horiguchi, S. Morioka, T. Utsunomiya, K. Shinagawa,
and T. Korenari.
A SURVEY OF THE ACTUAL CONDITIONS OF ARTIFICIAL PEARL FACTOBIES
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE WORK USING TETRACHLOROETHANE.
Japan J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 6, (4) 17-22, Apr. 1964. Text
in Japanese.
Elimination of the use of tetrachloroethane as a solvent in
artificial pearl factories reduced industrial poisoning. This
conclusion was made in a study of 127 coating workers chosed from
33 factories who were given health screening tests in Nov. 1960.
Lowered specific gravity of whole blood and a decrease in white
cell count were found in 10% of the workers; 23% had a positive
result in the urobilinogen test, and 24% had subjective symptoms
of the digestive system. Medical examinations were conducted on
the workers in three factories (A, B, and C) using
tetrachloroethane with air analysis of the working environment in
July, 1960 and in Nov. 1961, In July, 1960, the concentration
of tetrachloroethane in the air was as high as 70-225 pptn.
Lowered specific gravity of whole blood was seen in 12 of 18
workers examined; a decrease in red cell count was seen in 44X of
the 18, relative lymphocytosis was seen in 83% of the 18, a
positive result in the urobilinogen test was seen in 39%, and
neurological findings were seen in 39%. Since the first survey,
factories A and C had abandoned the use of tetrachloroethane on
their own initiative, while factory B still used it. In Nov.
1961, air analysis of factory B showed 20 ppm. The medical
examinations in Nov. 1961 showed remarkable improvement in the
health of the workers in factories A and C. (Author summary
modified)##
03933
G. I. Solomin
DETERMINATION OF MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE
CONCENTRATION OF ISOPROPYLBENZENE AND ITS HYDROPEROXIDE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. Hyg. Sanit. 31, .(<»-6) 288-91, Apr.-June 1966.
Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTI, TT 66-51160/4-6
Isopropylbenzene concentration of 0.011 mg/cu m and
isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide concentration of 0.007 mg/cu n
and their mixtures in concentrations of 0.0074 and 0.0032 mg/cu m
had no effect on animals after continuous exposure for 80 days.
The recommended mean daily maximum permissible concentrations of
isopropylbenzene and isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide should
be at the level of the maximum one-time permissible concentrations.
If both substances are present at the same time the total
maximum concentration is calculated by simple addition of their
effects. In the organism, isopropylbenzene and
isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide are converted to phenol and
excreted with the urine.f#
F. Effects - Human Health 631
-------
03934
I. G. Samedov, A. M. Mamedov, Pavlova
VARIATION IN ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT IN THE ORGANISM OF ANIMALS
CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO SMALL CONCENTBATIONS OF HYDROCARBONS.
Hyg. Sanit. 31, (4-6) 299-303, Apr.-June 1966. Buss. (Tr.)
CFSTI, TT-51160/4-6
Low concentrations of gasoline vapor to which animals were
exposed in a chronic experiment (mean calculated values not over
2 mg/1) caused disturbances in the vitamin C exchange in the
experimental animals. Intermittent exposure to gasoline vapor
had a more deleterious effect than continued exposure to
corresponding concentrations. The greatest changes in
vitamin C balance were exhibited by animals subjected to
concentrations which increased steadily or fluctuated abruptly
during the exposure. Variation in the daily diuresis and vitamin
C contents in the blood and urine revealed phases which were
related to the length of exposures and the exposure regimens.it
03962L
03962L
V. Fiserova-Bergerova, J. L. Radomski, J. E. Davies,
and J. H. Davis
LEVELS OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES IN HUMAN TISSUES.
Ind. Med. Surg. 36, (1) 65-70, Jan. 1967.
The storage and accumulation of chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides in the tissue of humans of various age group was
studied. These studies were limited to the analysis of adipose
tissue, since available colorimetric procedures were not
sufficiently sensitive to detect 'pesticides in the other tissues of
the body. The application of gas chromatography to
pesticide analysis and the development of the electron capture
detector have made possible the analysis of pesticide levels in
these other tissues. In this investigation the fat, liver,
kidney, brain and gonads of 71 people were analyzed as part of a
total community study on pesticides in Dade County, Florida.
The pesticides analyzed were lindane, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE,
p,p'-DDD, and dieldrin. (Author abstract)f#
03978
S. B. Nicksic, J. Harkins, L. J. Painter
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF DATA RELATING TO HYDROCARBON AND OXIDES OF
NITROGEN RELATIONSHIPS IN PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Intern. J. Air
Water Pollution 10, (1) 15-23, Jan. 1966.
Results from various photochemical irradiation chamber experiments
were examined by statistical procedures to determine the effect
of hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen concentrations on eye
irritation. The regression equations are given together
632 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
with graphs drawn from these equations. Some aspects of the
practical interpretation of the results are discussed. Data on
existing ambient concentrations of hydrocarbon and oxides of
nitrogen in the Los Angeles atmosphere are compiled. (Author
abstract)t#
04037
K. A. Moskovskaya
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE HEALTH OF
CHILDREN . Tr. Leningr. Sanit. Gigien. Bed. Inst. 31,
36-40, 1956. Russ. (Tr.)
Previous studies of air pollution in Leningrad are reviewed and
data from these studies including concentrations of S02 and
effects on human lungs are presented. Results of experimentally
induced tumors in mice are reviewed. An x-ray and fluoroscopic
study is made of the lungs and lymph glands of two groups of
children of both sexes. One group resided in the vicinity of a
power station and a coke oven gas plant and the control group did
not; all children had resided in their areas at least five years.
It is inferred from the results of the study that the greater
degree of air pollution in the industrial areas was at least
indirectly responsible for the pulmonary changes observed in that
group of children.##
OitOSI
P. Stocks
A STUDY OF TOBACCO SHORING, AIR POLLUTION, RESIDENTIAL AND
OCCUPATIONAL HISTORIES AND MORTALITY FROM CANCER OF THE LUNG IN
TWO CITIES. Preprint. (Presented at the Inter-Regional
Symposium on Criteria for Air Quality and Methods of
Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-12, 1963.)
The methodology of this epidemiological survey of two English
cities is described and a broad comparison of the results made.
Tabulations and appendices provide details necessary for future
simultaneous study of multiple factors in populations of many
cities in different parts of the world. The purpose of this study
was to test and standardize methods to be used, make modifications
when desirable and publish the detailed data with a view to
assembling comparable data as the project continues. Responses
of health authorities responsible for population surveys and for
air pollution analysis and measurement indicated that the methods
devised have worked well and can be applied to other cities. #t
01(070
N. B. Imasheva
EXPERIMENTAL BASIS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE
iCETOPHENONE LIMITS IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. 28,
(2) 3-8, Feb. 1963. Russ. (Tr.) (Translated by B. S.
Levine in U.S.S.R. Literature on iir Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 12.)
F. Effects - Human Health 633
-------
Acetophenone is used in chemopharmaceutical, aniline dye and
organic synthesis industries. For this reason such industries
constitute potential sources of atmospheric air pollution with
acetophenone. The basic sources of air pollution are production
of acetone and of phenol by the cumene method of which acetophenone
is a side product. Experiments for the determination of
acetophenone in the atmospheric air were conducted by the method of
V. A. Khrustaleva which was based on the reaction between
acetophenone and m-dinitrobenzene which resulted in the production
of a rose—colored substance, the intensity of which was
proportional to the concentration of acetophenone; the test color
is compared with a freshly prepared color scale. Maximal single
dose of acetophenone in atmospheric air was determined by the
threshold of acetophenone odor perception method, and by the effect
of low acetophenone concentration on eye sensitivity to light, and
by the electroencephalographic method. The threshold of
acetophenone threshold odor perception for most sense persons was
determined as 3.01 mg/cu m, and the maximal nonperceptible
concentration (subthreshold concentration was determined as 0.01
mg/cu m. The threshold of acetophenone reflex activity on eye
sensitivity to light determined as 0.01 mg/cu m. Inhalation of
0.007 mg/cu m acetone-air mixture for a short time elicited changes
in the electrical brain activity but was inactive at 0.003 mg/cu m
concentration. Chronic 24-hour inhalation of 0.07 mg/cu m of
acetophenone under chronic experimental conditions elicited no
detected changes in the above mentioned indexes. It is
recommended that 0.003 mg/cu m be adopted as the maximal single and
2t-hour concentration limit for acetophenone in atmospheric air.lt
OU083
M. I. Gusev and K. N. Chelikanov
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AS A BASIS FOB THE DETERMINATION OF THE
MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE AMYLENES (PENTENES) CONCENTRATION IN
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. 28, (5) 3-8, May 1963.
Russ. (Tr.) (Translated by B. S. Levine in U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 12.)
It was established that 1.8 mg/cu m of amylene in the
atmospheric air represented the concentration of threshold odor
perception of the substance. Continuous 24 hour exposure of
white rats to the inhalation of air containing 9.8+ of 0.51 mg/cu
of amulene for 75 days elicited statistically significant
enhanced porphyrin metabolism, lowered cholinesterase activity,
and increased number of luminescent leucocytes. In addition, the
animals' pattern of established reflex responses had become
disturbed. Some microscopic histologic changes had been noted
in the organs and tissues of autopsied rats, most noteable among
which were pathologic lung changes. Exposure of rats to the
inhalation of 1.9 & or -, 0.22 mg/cu m of amylene under similar
experimental conditions elicited none of the above enumerated
changes, with very slight postmortem exceptions. On the basis of
the above discussed results, it is recommended that the maximal
permissible amylene concentration in atmospheric air be set at
1.9 mg/cu u.t#
634 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
04084
N. S. Zlobina
THE TOXICITY OF LOH STYROL VAPOR CONCENTRATIONS. Gigiena i
Sanit. 28, (5) 29-35, May 1963. Russ. (Tr.) (Translated by
B. S. Levine in U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 12.)
Statistical comparative evaluation of morbidity and work time
less records of workers employed in plants producing polystyrol
disclosed high rates of liver and gall bladder morbidity, fall in
arterial blood pressure and a variety of complaints characteristic
of systemic intoxication with styrol vapor. Since the
prevailing styrol vapor concentration in the air of the plant was
below the permitted 0.5 mg/liter concentration it was assumed that
the official limit was set too high. Chronic experiments with
animals exposed to the inhalation of 0.05 mg/liter of styrol vapor
impaired the glycogenic liver function, the liver parenchyma and
brought about many other pathologic functional and morphologic
changes in the experimental animals. Some of the pathologic
changes were reversible, others were permanent. Results of tests
performed with rats indicated that 0.005 mg/liter of styrol vapor
concentration constituted its threshold of harmful effect for rats.
It is recommended that 0.005 mg/liter of styrol vapor be adopted
as the maximal permissible concentration in the air of working
premises.##
04087
V. A. Chizhikov
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AS A BASIS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MAXIMAL
PERMISSIBLE TOLOYLENE DIISOCYANATE CONCENTRATION IN ATMOSPHERIC
AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. 28, (6) 8-15, June 1963. Russ. (Tr.)
(Translated by B. S. Levine in U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational Diseases, Vol. 12.)
The concentration of toluylene diisocyanate threshold odor
perception for most sensitive persons was experimentally
established as 0.2 mg/cu m and the maximal odor nonperceptible
concentration was established at 0.15 mg/cu m. The concentration
of toluylene diisocyanate threshold effect on electric brain
activity was established at 0.1 mg/cu m, while 0.05 mg/cu m
concentration elicited no changes in the electric brain activity.
The maximal single permissible toluylene diisocyanate
concentration in atmospheric air should be -set at 0.05 mg/cu m.
Exposure of white rats to the inhalation of air containing 2.0 or
0.2 mg/cu m of toluylene diisocyanate 24 hours daily for 84 days
caused the animals to lose weight, brought about increased
cholinesterase activity, changed muscle antagonists motor
chronoxy, and disturbed the protein fraction ratios, and the
process of porphyrin metabolism. In 0.02 mg/cu m concentration,
toluylene diisocyanate had no observable unfavorable effects on
the organism of the exposed experimental rats. Based on the
results of the present investigation, it is recommended that 0.02
mg/cu m be accepted as the maximal average 24 hour toluylene
diisocyanate concentration in atmospheric air.#t
F. Effects - Human Health 635
-------
04092
M. V. Aldyreva
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AS A BASIS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MAXIMAL
PERMISSIBLE POBOPHORE CHKH 3-5 CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR OF
WORKING PREMISES. Gigiena i Sanit. 28(7):18-23, July 1963.
Russ. (Tr.) (Translated by B. S. Levine in U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 12.)
Toxicity parameter of porophore ChKh 3-5 was determined by
administering the substance to experimental animals
intragastrically. Results showed that LD100 equalled 0.5 g/kg,
LD50 equalled 0.35 g/kg, and the maximal tolerance dose
equalled 0.2 g/kg. The closeness between the tolerance and
lethal dose characterizes porophore as a substance having a
narrow toxic activity zone. Experimental inhalation of porophore
in 20 - 30 and in 7 - 10 mg/cu m concentrations for a short tine,
and in 2 - t mg/cu m concentrations for a long time killed the
experimental animals, clearly indicating that prophore ChKh 3-5
was a highly toxic preparation. Results of the investigation
brought out the dominant effect of porophore ChKh 3-5 on the
erythrocytes and on the central nervous system, the first being
in the nature of hypoxia and the second in the nature of profound
pathomorophologic changes in experimental animals which died as a
result of the porophore administration. Chronic effect of
porophore dust inhalation in average concentration of 0.6 mg/cu m
elicited reversible functional shifts in the red blood cells and in
the arterial blood pressure; slight functional changes in the
nervous system and in cholinesterase activities were transient.
Based on the experimental data it is recommended that 0.05 mg/cu a
of porophore ChKh 3—5 in the air or working premises be adopted
as its maximal permissible concentration.##
omot
0. G. Arkhipova, T. A. Kochetkova, and B. N. Shinkarenko
TOXIC PEOPERTIES AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF BENZOTRICHLORIDE,
Gigiena i Sanit. 28, (10) 30-4, Oct. 1963. Fuss. (Tr.)
(Translated by B. S. Levine in D.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 12.)
CFSTI: TT 66 6T429
Benzotrichloride is a toxic substance. Air containing 1 mg/1
of benzotrichloride vapor was lethal to white mice and rats.
Experimental animals subjected to acute benzotrichloride
poisoning developed irritated conjunctiva and mucous membranes of
the upper respiratory tract, dyspnea and disturbances of the
nervous system. A single exposure to the toxic effects of
benzotrichloride elicited in the experimental animals vascular
disturbance in the internal organs and in the brain, catarrhal
desquamative bronchitis and focal purulent pneumonia, also
dystorphic liver dysfunction. Repeated benzotrichloride
inhalation possessed the potentiality of eliciting chronic
intoxication paralleled by loss of weight, leucopenia, and fall in
arterial blood pressure. Repeated benzotrichloride inhalation
elicited in the experimental animals changes at the point of its
entrance, of which purulent bronchitis and pneumonia were the
^36 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
gravest along with changes which indicate general resorption of the
substance and its capacity to disturb the blood circulation
system, to produce dystrophic liver, kidney and suprarenal changes,
as well as profound changes in the cortical layers of nerves, and
in the thalamo, hypothalamic region, Benzotrichloride is partly
eliminated with the urine as hippuric acid. Benzotrichloride
penetrated through intact skin, and elicited symptoms of poisoning,
such as leucopenia and alopecia. Damage done to intact skin by
the direct application of benzotrichloride healed very gradually.
(Author conclusions)f#
OU107
E. N. Burkatskaya and G. A. Voitenko
ORIENTATION DATA ?OB THE DETERMINATION OF MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE
DDT CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR OF WORKING PREMISES. Gigiena i
Sanit. 28, (11) 36-9, Nov. 1963. Russ. (Tr.) (Translated by
B. S. Levine in O.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 12.)
CFSTI: TT 66 61129
DDT inhalation proved toxic to warm blooded animals. The
minimum toxic DDT concentration in the air under conditions of
acute experiments was 0.005 mg/1 for cats and toxic effects were
produced by 0.02 mg/1. In chronic experiments 0.008 mg/1 of
DDT in the air elicited sharp symptoms of intoxication and 0.15
mg/1 proved to be the LD50 for cats. Inhalation of air
containing an average of 0.003 mg/1 of DDT was harmful to
workers' health, the gravity of the poisonous effect increased with
the DDT employment record. It is recommended that the maximal
permissible DDT concentration in the air of working premises
be set at 0.0001 mg/1 or 0.1 mg/cu m. (Author conclusions)##
OU109
D. D. Shapiro and I. Ya. Hetmanets
BLASTOHOGENIC PROPERTIES OF CRDDE OILS FROH DIFFERENT OIL FIELDS.
Gigiena i Sanit. 27, (6) 38-U1, June 1962. Russ. (Tr.)
(Translated by B. S. Levine in U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 12.)
CFSTI: TT 66 61429
Results of the investigations show that crude oil coming from the
Bitkov, Gozhansk, Romashkin, Radchenkov and Kokaanov oil
fields possessed blastomogenic properties. Results of the
investigations, show that the blastomogenic properties of the
crude oils and of their derivative products differed to some
extent with the concentration of paraffin contained in then.
The results shoved that the greater was the paraffin
concentration in the crude oil, the more intensive was its
blastomogenic activity. The same was true of the crude oil
tar-pitch and of the crude oil cracking residue. The
blastomogenic effects of crude oil derivative lubricating and
cooling oils may be eliminated or greatly reduced; it is
recommended that such oils be prepared from crude oil, the paraffin
content of which originally was or was artificially reduced to
less than 1%. (Author conclusions)##
F. Effects - Human Health 627
-------
041 10
H. M. Gimadeev
THE HOLE PLAYED BY PARAFFIN THE BLASTOMOGENICITY OF CRUDE OIL.
Gigiena i Sanit. 28, (11) 87-92, Nov. 1963. Russ. (Tr.)
(Translated by B. S. Levine in U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 12.)
CFSTI: TT 66 61429
A critique is presented of "Elastomogenic Properties of
Crude Oils from Different Oil Fields," Gigiena i Sanit.,
Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 38-41, June 1962 (APTIC 4109) which was
by Prof. D. D. Shapiro and I. Ya. Hetmanets.##
04111
E. A, Kapkaev
ORIENTATION DATA FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE
ALPHA-KETHYL STYROL CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR OF WORKING PREMISES.
Gigiena i Sanit. 28, (12) 14-22, Dec. 1963. Russ. (Tr.)
(Translated by B. S. Levine in U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 12.)
CFSTI: TT 66 61429
Results of experimental, clinical and physiological studies had
shown that alpha-methyl styrol had a definite effect on the
central nervous and cardiovascular systems; its action on the
peripheral blood produced mild polychromic anemia. Chronic
exposure to the effects of alpha-methyl styrol may produce trophic
and metabolic changes. Examination of workers in contact with
alpha-methyl styrol vapor should include arterial pressure,
mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tracts, and the
peripheral blood picture. The presence of some upper
respiratory diseases in applicant workers should be regarded as
contraindicative to their employment requiring contact with
alpha-methyl styrol vapor. Results of clinical observations
showed weakening of the liver function; wherever this is the case
workers should be carefully examined as a prophylactic measure
against any possibility of toxic hepatitis development. It is
recommended that 0.005 mg/1 of alpha-methyl styrol be adopted as
the maximal permissible concentration in the air of working
premises. (Author conclusions)ft
04124
R. D. Stewart
POISONING FROM CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS. Am. J.
Nursing 67, (1) 85/87, Jan. 1967.
The fundamentals of the toxicology of the more common chlorinated
hydrocarbon industrial solvents is reviewed for nurses in industry
and emergency rooms. The predominant effect is central nervous
system (CNS) depression proportional to the amount absorbed which
is different for each solvent. Each differs, also, in its
capacity to injure organs such as the liver and kidneys.
Emergency treatment is supportive to combat the effects of the
638 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
CNS depression. The signs and symptoms of acute overexposure in
the order of increasing severity are: lightheadedness, dizziness,
lack of fine coordination, lethargy, mental dullness, drunkenness,
unconsciousness, hypotension, respiratory arrest, and
anesthetic death. The maintenance of an adequate airway is
essential and assisted respiration may be required. When the
CNS symptoms have subsided, attention is directed toward the
detection of liver or kidney injury,##
04142
S. Sato
RESULTS OF A HEALTH EXAMINATION ON BENZENE WORKERS AND THE
EFFECT OF THIOCTIC ACID. Japan. J. Health (Tokyo) 2, (6)
35-41, June 1960. Jap.
Decreased blood cell counts and positive urobilinogen were found
in a health examination in a few of the 17 workers engaged in
painting with benzene mixtures. Positive albuminuria and
coproporphyrinuria were not found in any of then. The examination
included counts of red and white blood cells, tests of protein,
urobilinogen and coproporphyrin in the urine. Subjective
symptoms such as feelings of fatigue, headache, vertigo, general
weakness, and intestinal disorders were reported in many of them.
The relative number of constituent leucocytes, specific gravity,
and hemoglobin content of the blood sugar and urobilinogen contents
in the urine were measured in five subjects who had both subjective
symptoms and defective blood counts just before, one week after,
and at the end of the intravenous administration of thioctic acid
of 25 mg/day for 2 weeks. During these 2 weeks, a marked
increase of the red and white cell counts, specific gravity of the
whole blood, and hemoglobin contents as well as a marked decrease
of urobilinogen excretion in the urine was noted but there was no
improvement of the relative counts of the leucocytes. (Author
summary modified)##
04148
I. Hara
HEALTH SUPERVISION OP ORGANIC SOLVENT HANDLERS. Japan J. Ind.
Health (Tokyo) 3, (H) 231-6, Apr. 1961. Jap.
The blood composition of workers has been improved since the use
of benzene was stopped after the deaths of 6 women in a vinyl shoe
factory and 2 men in printing plant due to benzene poisoning over
several years. Cases of poisoning by carbon tetrachloride,
tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene, methyl acetate,
methylethylketone, cresol, and tetrahydrofurane have also been
reported recently in many other industries. There is a tendency
to use substitutes for benzene and.an increase in the use of mixed
solvents is prevalent. Attention must be paid to the toxic
activity of these solvents and the difficulty in diagnosis of
psycho-neurological symptoms due to solvent poisoning. Measures
should be taken to make note of the components of the solvents,
such as in the obligation of labeling and in the execution of
analysis. In recognition of the degree of exposure, the
determination of the atmospheric concentration and of the toxic
F. Effects - Human Health . 639
-------
substances and their metabolites in the blood and urine must be
made. Examination of objective psycho-neurological symptoms is
very important and electrophysiological studies should be promoted
for such symptom diagnosis. (Author summary modified)t#
04177
B. Girard, Hallein, R. Fourel, and F. Tolot
LYHPHOMA AND CHRONIC OCCUPATIONAL BENZENE POISONING.
Lymphose et Intoxication Benzoligue Professionnelle
Chronigue. Arch. Maladies Profess. Med. Trav. Securite
Sociale (Paris) 27, (10-11) 781-6, Nov. 1966. Fr.
A possible connection between an 11-yr industrial exposure to
benzene and a diagnosis of lymphoma, 8 yr after the termination of
the exposure is discussed. The worker was exposed to benzene
vapors as the result of gaging operations and leaky pumps involved
in the preparation of a motor fuel containing 10% benzol from
1945 to 1956, when the benzol was eliminated. The diagnosis of
lymphoma was indicated by splenomegaly, with hepatomegaly and
polyadenopathy, and confirmed by the examination of blood, marrow,
and ganglia. The worker had records of blood examinations fron
1945-65 showing a progressive elevation of the leucocytes. The
rarity of reports showing a relation between lynphoma or
lymphocytic leukemia may result from the delay period of 5 to 13 yr
for the development of symptoms. In all cases involving lymphoaa
or blood pathology, any past exposure to benzene should be
explored.##
04252
D. P. Partsef
CHRONIC EFFECT OF CERTAIN COMPONENTS OF EXHAUST GASES FROM MOTOR
CARS. (Khronichesko deistvie na organizm zhivotnykh
nekotorykh komponentov vykhlopnykh gazov avtomobilei.) Hyg.
Sanit. 31, (9) 363-8, Aug. 1966. Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 66-51160/7-9
Analysis of the motor-car exhaust gases and of the air of the
highways by separate chromatographic methods revealed comparably
high concentrations of pentane and hexane. Their concentration
in the atmosphere attained 4 ing/cubic meter and their ratio was
about 1:1. A 24-hr poisoning of albino rats for a period of 86
days showed that pentane and hexane at concentrations of 94.7,. 50
and 10 (at a ratio of 1:1) had no significant effect on the
animal's body and it was only at a concentration of 3 mg/cubic
meter that they had no effect at all on the behavior of the
animals, their weight, the motor chronaxy of muscle antagonists,
the blood pressure and the cholinesterase level. (Author
sumnary)##
04253
N. V. Dmitrieva
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF TETEACHLOROETHYLENE IN
FACTORY AIR. (Materialy k obosnovaniyu predel'no
640 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
dopustimoi kontsentratsii tetrakhloretilena (perlena) v
vozdukhe proizvodstvennykh pomeshchenii.) Hyg. Sanit. 31, (9)
387-92, Aug. 1966. Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 66-51160/7-9
The toxicity of tetrachloroethylene was investigated with a view
toto formulating hygienic standards. Acute and chronic exposure
studies were conducted on rats using varying concentrations of the
compound. The effects were investigated by electrophysiological,
biochemical, and histological methods. Based on the results of
these studies, it was recommended that the maximum permissible
concentration of tetrachloroethylene in factory air should be 0.03
mg./1.f #
Ot258
I. N. Frolova
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF P-CHLOEOPHENYL
ISOCYANATE IN FACTORY AIB. (Materialy k obosnovaniyu predel'no
dopustimoi kontsentratsii parakhlorfenilizotsianata v vozdukhe
proizvodstvennykh pomeshchenii.) Hyg. Sanit. 31, (9) 481-3,
Aug. 1966. Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 66-51160/7-9
The effects of p-Chlorophenyl isocyanate were studied in
experiments on 152 white mice, 22 albino rats and 4 rabbits. The
substance was found to be toxic with respect to laboratory
animals when inhaled or ingested, whereas it toxicity was only
slight in the case of cutaneous application. The median lethal
concentration for inhalation by white mice was 0.053 & or - 0.034
mg/1 (0.061 to 0.045 mg/1) . Its threshold concentration for rab-
bits, determined from variations in the characteristics of the
unconditioned reflex, was found to be 0.003 mg/1, with an increase
in the time necessary for the development of the reflex muscle
strain. Experiments on the inhalation of PCIC were
performed by the dynamic method. Since the liminal and the
subliminal concentrations of the substance in guestion were found
to be 0.008 mg/1 and 0.0005 mg/1, respectively, as
determined from its irritating effects (tested on human
volunteers), it was possible to recommend a tentative maximum
permissible concentration of PCIC at the level of 0.0005 mg/l.t*
01321
L. S. Jaffe
THE NATURE AND EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS ON HAN AND
ANIMALS. I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND COMMUNITY
CONCENTRATIONS. Preprint. 1967.
Photochemical smog consists of mixtures of gaseous and
particulate products resulting from atmospheric photochemical
reactions of gases evolved from the combustion of organic fuels
for heat and power. Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight initiates
a series of atmospheric reactions between the oxides of nitrogen
and photochemically reactive organic substances, such as the
olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons and effluents. The photochemical
oxidants are a major class of compounds found in community
photochemically polluted air. They consist of a dynamic complex
F. Effects - Human Health 64J
-------
mixture of oxidizing substances which vary in time and place.
Nonetheless, they can be measured routinely as "total oxidant",
i.e., the net oxidizing effect of all substances in the atmosphere.
Ozone and the peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN compounds or PaNs) , a
homologous group of organic peroxidic nitrogen compounds, have
been identified as important oxidants formed in photochemical smog.
Ambient "total oxidant" levels serve as useful practical indices
of the intensity of photochemical smog and of various biological
and physical manifestations of photochemical air pollution. The
sources, characteristics and methods of measurement of the
photochemical oxidants are described. Specific aerometric data on
the oxidant concentrations found in various urban communities in
the United states are provided. These levels are sufficiently
high to cause specific adverse effects on man, animals,
vegetation and certain materials (rubber and textiles) . (Author
abstract)##
04416
R- F. Bils
ULTRASTRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS OF ALVEOLAR TISSUE OF MICE (I. DUE
TO HEAVY LOS ANGELES SMOG). Arch. Environ. Health 12, (6)
689-97, June 1966.
Three animal exposure stations have been in operation for 3 years
in the Los Angeles area to ascertain the effects of smog on mice.
During the course of this study alterations in the fine structure
of the alveolar tissue have been observed. Control animals were
kept in rooms with well filtered air. Similar groups were in
other rooms continually breathed the ambient air. The lungs of
groups of mice ranging from 2 to 21 months old were prepared for
electron microscopy. Each particular "group" of animals
represented at least four or five mice, and the results are
illustrated in this report.##
04500
C- C. Hang and G. V. Irons, Jr.
ACUTE GASOLINE INTOXICATION. Arch. Environ. Health 2, 714-6,
June 1961.
A case of acute fatal poisoning from the inhalation of gasoline
fumes is presented. Gasoline is an anesthetic agent with a very
narrow margin of safety, causing death by respiratory arrest in
most cases. The maximal permissible concentration of gasoline
vapor for prolonged exposure is 500 ppm. There is a continuous
need for thorough and repeated indoctrination of workers with
toxic fuels concerning the hazards involved in their improper
handling.M
04539
D. Hoffman, E. Theisz, and E. L. Wynder
STUDIES ON THE CAECINOGENICITY OF GASOLINE EXHAUST. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (4) 162-5, Apr. 1965.
642 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Gasoline engine exhaust tar was demonstrated to be carcinogenic to
the experimental animal. The activity of exhaust tars is to a
major extent due to the presence of four, five, and six ring
condensed, aromatic hydrocarbons. This concept was confirmed by
large-scale separations and mouse skin tests of four main
fractions and five subtractions of the neutral portions of exhaust
tar and by comparison with the activity of the whole tar. The
emission of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols in
gasoline engine exhaust depends on the fuel used. Other methods
for the reduction of these agents in gasoline engine exhaust were
discussed. Used crank-case oil and blowby tar were biologically
inactive. The primary purpose of these investigations has been to
study the carcinogenicity of gasoline engine exhaust in an
experimental setting. (Author summary)##
04551
H. D. Won and J. F. Thomas
DEVELOPMENTAL WOHK OH BIOASSAY TECHNIQUE FOR ATHOSPHEFIC
POLLUTANTS. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monograph 9. 1961. pp.
59-69. (Presented at the Analysis of Carcinogenic Air
Pollutants Symposium, Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug. 29-31, 1961.)
A bioassay technigue for carcinogenic activity has been developed,
with bacteria as "test animals" and morphological and biochemical
changes as indicators of the activity. Striking mophological
alterations were noted in heart infusion broth cultures of
Bacillus megaterium supplemented with benzo(a)pyrene and
3-methylcholanthrene. These anomalies were not apparent in
cultures supplemented with noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons such as
phenanthrene and anthracene. The addition of hydrocarbons to the
heart infusion broth medium did not appreciably affect the growth
rate of the organisms. Biochemical examinations of B. megaterium
were made with cultures grown in a simple, chemically defined
medium that contained glucose as the sole energy source.
Morphological alterations did not develop in these cultures
supplemented with carcinogenic hydrocarbons, but a growth
suppression was noted. Other significant findings concerned
lipide synthesis, aerobic glycolysis, and infrared spectra of
lipide material.#f
01553
E. L. Wynder and D. Hoffmann
A STDDY OF AIR POLLUTION CABCINOGENESIS. III. CARCINOGENIC
ACTIVITY OF GASOLINE ENGINE EXHAUST CONDEHSATE. Cancer
15, (1) 103-8, Feb. 1962.
The benzene extract of a gasoline engine exhaust condensate has
about twice the carcinogenic activity of tobacco smoke condensate
in terms of skin tumors in mice. The degree of greater activity
of automobile exhaust "tar" is not readily correlated with the
fact that the concentrations of known carcinogens in this material
range from 50 to more than 100 times the concentrations in
cigarette smoke condensate. The possibility of anticarcinogenic
factors is being considered. The biological findings of this
study cannot be directly applied to man. Whereas man is exposed
F. Effects-'Human Health 643
-------
directly to the tobacco smoke condensate, automobile exhaust is
diluted several thousand times before reaching the lung. The
present study serves as a baseline for subsequent investigations
¥ith other types of automobile exhaust "tar" and air pollutants.
(Author summary)##
04575
F. L- Estes J. H. Cast
THE IN VITRO EFFECTS OF ALIPHATIC NITHO COMPOUNDS ON TISSDES.
Arch. Environ. Health 1, 47-52, July 1960.
The oxygen consumption of whole polymorphonuclear leukocytes
and homogenates of heart and liver from guinea pigs was
determined in the presence and in the absence of aliphatic nitro
hydrocarbon. Saturated (C1-C3) and unsaturated (C3)
aliphatic nitro compounds were inhibitors at low concentrations.
As the concentration of the nitro compounds was increased, the
oxygen consumption passed through a minimum and increased with
further increase in the concentration of the nitro compound.
(Author conclusions)##
04589
P. Kotin and H. L. Falk
AIR POLLUTION AND LUNG CANCER. Proc. Natl. Conf. Air
Pollution, Washington, D.C., 1962. pp. 140-2. 1963.
Author discusses polluted air in relation to toher environmental
factors concerned with the pathogenesis of lung cancer, and reviews
data which warrants this incrimination. A synthesis of the
findings described suggests that the carcinogenic properties of
polluted urban atmosphere provide at least two indispensable
links in the pathogenesis of lung cancer: (1) The environmental
presence and the host entry of agents proved experimentally to be
carcinogenic and epidemiolcgically associated with increased
liability to development of lung cancer; and (2) The occurrence of
host-modifying factors in the atmosphere which by virtue of their
effect on the ciliated mucus secreting epithelium of the
tracheobronchial tree, facilitate the deposition and abnormal
retention of particular meatter in the lungs. Author states that
although reduction in lung cancer incidence may be possible by
reducing concentrations of carcinogenic agents in the air, removal
of the remaining sources of irritants and carcinogenic agents frou
the respiratory environment will be necessary to achieve any
significant reductions.t#
04590
E. L. Bynder and D. Hoffmann
PREPARED DISCUSSION: AIR POLLUTION AND LUNG CANCER. Proc.
Natl. Conf. Air Pollution, Washington, B.C., 1962. pp.
143-8. 1963.
644 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Epidemiological data have established an "urban factor" for lung
cancer, the exact basis of which, however, remains to be
determined. Laboratory data have presented several factors that
in the experimental setting contribute to the induction of cancer.
In view of these considerations, in addition to toher health
problems associated with air pollution, a reduction of pollutants
in the atmosphere is certainly a step to be desired. Work in the
field of air pollution is essential, not only because of the
potential health problems, immediate and distant, that are involved
, but also because of the general scientific knowledge which can
be gained. These studies will contribute to knowledge of the
possible interrelationship of carcinogens, cocarcinogens,
anticarcinogens, cilia-static components, and infectious agents
as well as possible climatic factors on the induction of lung
cancer.f #
04645
L. G. Wayne
EYE IRRITATION AS A BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Atmos. Environ. 1, (2) 97-104,
Mar. 1967. (Presented at the Symposium on Photochemical
Aspects of Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. 1965.)
Studies involving the guantitation of eye irritation produced by
experimental exposure of humans to synthetic atmospheres are
discussed. The principal methods used are panel measurements of
intensity, threshold, or response delay. Advantages and
difficulties of each method are reviewed, as well as
characteristics of the data generated and appropriate means of
manipulating the data. Evidence regarding the possible chemical
identity of irritants in photochemical smog is discussed, leading
to the conclusion that not all observed eye irritation is accounted
for by additive effect of formaldehyde, acrolein, and peroiyacyl
nitrates. Implications of the findings for air pollution control
policies are considered. As one of the undesirable manifestations
of photochemical smog, eye irritation has been the subject of a
number of studies in recent years. This article reviews several
of these studies with particular reference to those aspects
relevant to air pollution research and air pollution control
policy. (Author abstract)##
04650
F. L. Estes
THE EFFECT OF INITIAL CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS ON THE BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL BEACTION PRODUCTS. Atmos.
Environ. 1, (2) 159-71, Mar. 1967.
Synthetic air pollution mixtures were produced by the
irradiation of air containing nitrogen dioxide and butene-1 in
an all-glass flowing system. The percentage of butene-1 consumed
increased with the initial nitrogen dioxide concentration in
the range of 2.3 to, 4.5 ppra. Further increase in the nitrogen
dioxide concentration led to less butene disappearance.
After the first 40-60 min of irradiation, the amount of
F. Effects - Human Health 646
-------
butene and of nitrogen dioxide which disappeared was constant.
This observation, along with the small variations in oxidant
analysis, suggested that photochemical products were not
markedly changed with time. The amount of the reactants consumed
and the inhibition of the subsequent growth of E.coli was a
function of the initial ratio of the reactants. A butene-nitrogea
dioxide ratio of 20 was most inhibiting. On doubling the
concentration of the reactants, the inhibition factor
doubled also. When the activity was determined with a
glutamate substrate, the decrease in activity of glutamic
dehydrogenase was linear with time of exposure of the enzyme.
The activity of the enzyme was less inhibited in the reverse dir-
ection with an alpha-keto glutarate substrate. (Author abstract)**
04701
C. A. Nau, J. Neal, and V. Stembridge
A STUD! OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CAEBON BLACK (I.
INGESTION) . A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health 17, 21-8, Jan. 1958.
The continuous feeding to mice of whole and extracted carbon
black in massive quantities for prolonged periods of time leads to
no detectable changes from the normal in the mice fed. Carbon
black may have an adsorbed component which can be removed by
extraction with hot benzene. The free benzene-extractable
adsorbed component when fed, mixed with dog food, to mice can and
does lead to tumor formation in the stomach of the mice. The
same results are obtained when methylcholanthrene, a carcinogen, is
fed to mice in a similar manner. Extracted carbon black can
effectively adsorb methylcholanthrene. In the adsorbed state, the
methylcholanthrene loses its carcinogenic potency.tt
01*702
C. A. Nau, J. Neal, and V. Stembridge
A STUDY OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CARBON BLACK (II. SKIN
CONTACT). A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health 18, 511-20, Dec. 1958.
Report covers study on skin contact with the "whole" carbon black,
extracted carbon black, the "free" benzene extract of carbon black,
d known carcinogen, and, finally, a known carcinogen adsorbed to a
carbon black. Carbon blacks as manufactured and used produce no
observable harmful effects following skin contact. Carbon blacks
have adsorbed a component which, when free, and applied to the.skin
of mice, produces skin cancer. The adsorbed component is
ineffective as a carcinogen. Carbon blacks can adsorb effectively
known carcinogens such as methylcholanthrene and 3,U-benzpyrene and
by such adsorption do eliminate or reduce the carcinogenicity of
these substances.##
04703
C, A. Nau, J. Neal, and V. A. Stembridge
A STUDY OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CARBON BLACK (III.
ADSOBPTION AND ELUTION POTENTIALS; SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS).
646 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Arch. Environ. Health 1, 512-33, Dec. 1960.
This study deals with adsorption and elution possibilities and the
possible effects of subcutaneous or intraperitonal injection of
various channel or furnace carbon blacks. The carbon blacks used
in this study are representative of all blacks now in common use.
Their properties are well defined and reviewed. Author concludes
that neigher blood plasma nor gastric juice elutes any significant
adsorbed component when a channel or furnace black is suspended in
either medium for as long as seven days. Channel black binds
benzpyrene adsorbed artificially so firmly that it cannot be
removed completely by benzene extraction. No significant
extraction of either channel or furnace carbon black was
accomplished with gastric juice to which 10% cooking oil was added
when contact was maintained for 7 days. The subcutaneous or
intraperitoneal injection in mice of channel or furnace carbon
black leads to no significant changes from the normal. The
benzene extractives of furnace blacks when injected in oil into
mice lead to tumor formation. Carbon blacks, channel or furnace,
can adsorb and bind known carcinogens so effectively that no
tumors are produced when the adsorbed material is injected
subcutaneously.t#
01705
J. Neal and R. H. Rigdon
ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF BENZPYRENE WHEN FED TO MICE.
Texas Kept. Biol. Bed. 22, (1) 156-64, 1964.
Benzpyrene is demonstrable spectrophotometrically in the kidney
and the liver of mice fed 20 mg. of the crystals per gram of
laboratory chow. The skin and the viscera have a blue
fluorescence. The urine likewise is blue when observed with
ultraviolet light. Benzpyrene is rapidly eliminated from the
body when food containing this hydrocarbon is discontinued, as
indicated by the absence of blue fluorescence in the skin and the
viscera, and the failure to demonstrate this hydrocarbon
spectrophotometrically in the kidney.ft
04706
J. Neal, M. Thorton, and C. A. Nau
POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON ELDTION FROH CARBON BLACK OR RUBBER
PRODDCTS. Arch. Environ. Health 4, 598-606, June 1962.
Suggestions that elution from carbon black as a component of
rubber tubing, conveyor belting, gasket or sealing materials night
occur from contact with oils, food juice components, gastric or
intestinal juices, led to the studies of carbon black and rubber
test materials containing 10X to 20% by weight of carbon black.
The following conclusions have been drawn: There is no
significant elution of polycyclic hydrocarbons by: (a) human
blood plasna, (b) artificial gastric juice, or (c) artificial
intestinal juice from the various types of channel or furnace
carbon blacks made and commonly used in industry. There is no
F. Effects - Human Health 547
-------
significant elution of polycyclic hydrocarbons from test rubber
sheets (for fatty or nonfatty foods), prepared according to a
practical formulation obtained from a commercial rubber
fabricator, by: (a) cottonseed oil, (b) aqueous citric acid, pH,
3.85, (c) 3% aqueous acetic acid, (d) 3% aqueous sodium
bicarbonate, (e) 3% aqueous sodium chloride, (f) whole milk
(homogenized). Benzene extraction of gastric juice leads to a
spectrophotometric evaluation different from benzene extraction of
a gastric juice to which carbon black has been added. 2t appears
that carbon black removes some thing from gastric juice rather than
adds something to it. Artificial gastric juice elutes no
detectable polycyclic compounds from a channel carbon black to
which significant amounts of 3,4-benzpyrene have been added
(adsorbed) , showing the extensive adsorption potential of the
carbon black.##
04708
I. M. Neiman
CARCINOGENIC CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
(0 kantserogenno deistvu^yushchikh khimicheskikh veshchestvakh v
okruzhayushchei srede.) Hygiene and Sanitation (Gigiena i
Sanit.) 29 (12) 87-93, Dec. 1964. Buss. (Tr.)
This review of the carcinogenic substances generally present to
some degree in man's everyday environment lists the following
examples and situations: (1) air quality and the fact that
statistics disclose that there is a greater occurrence of lung
cancer in cities than in less smoke polluted areas; (2) smoking and
the fact 3,4-benzopyrene, a carcinogen found in polluted city air,
is also to be found in cigarette smoke; (3) contamination of
foodstuffs with processing chemicals; (4) apparatus with rubber
parts which may have been stabilized with soot, which upon aging
may disintegrate and contaminate food stuffs, as in the case of
milking machines; (5) carcinogenicity of certain drugs; and (6)
hydrocarbons present in coal and petroleum. Hays of identifying
carcinogens or the carcinogenicity of a substances are discussed
and include spectrographic and biological methods.##
04709
R. H. Rigdon and J. Neal
ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF BENZPYRENE OBSERVATIONS IN THE DUCK,
CHICKEN, MOUSE AND DOG. Texas Kept. Biol. Hed. 21, (2)
247-61, 1963. (Presented at the Annual Meeting, American
Association for Cancer Research, Southwestern Section, New
Orleans, La., Nov. 16-17, 1962.)
Large amounts of benzpyrene crystals and/or benzpyrene suspended
in a physiologic solution of sodium chloride with a 1 per cent
solution of polysorbate 80 have been given orally to ducks,
chickenc, mice and dogs and intratracheally to ducks with no
noticeable acute injurious effect. Benzpyrene has been
demonstrated spectrophotcmetrically in the blood and bile of the
chickens and dogs and in the blood of the duck. The presence
of this hydrocarbon in the blood and biles is influenced by the
interval elapsing between the injecting of the benzpyrene and the
648 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
time the sample was obtained. The skin of the chicken and mouse
has a definite blue fluorescence with ultraviolet light following
oral administration of benzpyrene. The mesentery, gallbladder,
kidney and urine of the mice fluoresce. The kidney of the chicken
and duck likewise fluoresces. Macroscopic observations of tissues
with ultraviolet light and photography of the specimen may be
helpful in the biological study of hydrocarbons. (Author
summary)##
04710
R, H. Eigdon and J. Neal
EFFECT OF FEEDING BENZO(A)PTEENE ON GROWTH OF YOUNG HICE.
Texas Rept. Biol. Med. 24, (3) 483-8, 1966.
Observations are reported on the growth of mice fed benzo (a)pyrene
before and after weaning. The average weight of litters of mice,
nursing mothers fed benzo(a)pyrene, was less than that of litters
from lactating mothers fed a normal ration. Some of the young
mice were very small, almost dwarf like. This decrease in weight
started at 10 to 12 days of age. After the young mice were weaned
and fed a standard ration, their weight continued to be lower.
This diminution in weight apparently was due to a decrease in
nutrition and not to a toxic effect resulting from
tenzo(a)pyrene.t#
04711
H. H. Rigdon and J. Neal
EFFECT OF INTRATHACHEAI INJECTION OF BENZO(A) PYRENE ON DUCKS.
Texas Rept. Biol. Med. 23, (2) 494-506, 1965.
A variety of pulmonary tumors were previously reported to have
developed in the respiratory tract of white Pekin ducks following
an intratracheal injection of methylcholanthrene. However, only
one microscopic tumor, a questionable carcinoma, occurred in a
group of 9 ducks given 200 mg of benzo(a)pyrene crystals"
intratracheally. Chronic inflammation and metaplasia did occur.
No pulmonary tumors were present in the respiratory tract of
ducks given an intratracheal injection of carbon black or carbon
black with benzo(a)pyrene absorbed. A chronic reaction frequently
occurred in the lungs when carbon black was injected
intratracheally. Two ducks injected intratracheally with 200 mg
of benzo(a)pyrene developed multiple cysts in the retroperitoneal
region. Since no other ducks have been observed with similar
cysts, it is suggested that they developed as the result*of this
carcinogen. (Author summary modified)t#
04712
H. H. Rigdon and J. Neal
EFFECTS OF FEEDING BENZO(A)PYEENE ON FERTILITY, EHERYOS, AND
TOUNG HICE. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 34, (2) 297-305, Feb. 1965.
F. Effects - Human Health 649
-------
Mice fed rations containing 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg of
benzo (a)pyrene per g of fooe absorb this hydrocarbon and develop a
blue fluorescence. Benzo (a)pyrene was demonstrated
spectrophotometrically in the kidney of some of these mice but not
in the embryos. Apparently the maximum amount of
benzo(a)pyrene that is absorbed is metabolized. Ametabolite
is responsible for the blue fluorescence. This blue fluorescence
decreases rapidly when the benzopyrene-containing ration is
discontinued. Mice do not like rations containing benzo (a)pyrene
after they have been fed standard laboratory pellets. Their
weight decreases and the weight curve correlates with the amount
of food consumed, Mice fed the ration containing 1.0 mg of
benzo(a) pyrene from weaning readily eat it and gain at the same
rate as mice fed laboratory pellets. In time mice will adjust
to eating food containing this hydrocarbon; however, cannibalism
freguently occurs when the higher concentrations of benzo (a)pyrene
are fed. This hydrocarbon in the concentrations fed these mice
had no injurious effect on fertility or on the developing embryos.
Mice fed 1.0 mg of benzopyrene per g of food for their entire
lives reproduce. No malformations were observed and, if
resorption of any embryos did occur, it was not evident.#t
04713
S. H. Rigdon and J. Neal
FLOOSESCENCE OF CHICKENS AND EGGS FOLLOWING THE FEEDING OF
BENZPYRENE CRYSTALS. Texas Rept. Biol. Med. 21, (4) 558-66,
1963.
The skin, feathers and viscera of young chicks, fed for 6 days a
commercial ration containing 0.1 to 2.5 mg of benzpyrene per gram
of food, fluoresced blue. This blue fluorescence disappeared
within 6 days when the benzpyrene-containing food was discontinued.
Baby chicks readily ate food containing 2.5 mg of benzpyrene per
gram of food and progressively gained in weight. No deaths
occurred during the 24 days they were fed the benzpyrene-containing
food. Benzpyrene apparently is absorbed from the intestines and
is metabolized within the body. This blue fluorescence may be due
either to benzpyrene or to one of its metabolites. The skin,
feathers, viscera and eggs from hens fed 0.5 and 0.1 mg of
benzpyrene per gram of food fluoresced a blue color. The amount
of benzpyrene fed to these chickens apparently produced no
injurious effects. All birds fed this hydrocarbon are now under
observation for the development of neoplasms.##
04714
R- H. Figdon and J. Neal
GASTRIC CARCINOMAS AMD PULMONARY ADENOMAS IB BICE FED
BINZO(A) PYRENE. Texas Kept. Biol. Bed. 24, (2) 195-207,
1966.
White Swiss mice, as used in these experiments, fed commercial
laboratory pellets rarely had spontaneously occurring tuuors in the
stomach but did have spontaneously occurring pulmonary adenomas.
Benzo(a)pyrene crystals, added to the comnercial ration in
650 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
concentrations of 0.25 and 1.0 mg per g of food and fed routinely
to the mice, resulted in papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas in
the first portion of the stomach and an increase in the number of
pulmonary adenomas. all the mice fed the 1,0 rag
benzo(a)pyrene-containing ration for 86 days or longer had
gastric neoplasms. Mice born of parents fed benzo(a)pyrene during
pregnancy and lactation, and fed the control ration when weaned did
not develop gastric tumors although litter mates fed benzo (a)pyrene
did. The histologic characteristics of these gastric and
pulmonary lesions were the same as described by other
investigators. In this study no deaths were attributed to the
toxic action of benzo(a)pyrene.##
04723
H. P. Smith, A. A. Alkaitis, and P. R. Shafer
CHEMICALLY INDUCED METHEMOGLOBINEMIAS IN THE HOUSE.
Biochem. Pharmocol. 16, 317-28, 1967.
Nitrobenzene, aniline, p-aminotoluene (p-AT),
p-aminoacetophenone (p-AAP) and p-aminopropiophenone (p-APP)
have widely different activities as methemoglobin-forming agents
in mice. As assessed by circulating levels after intraperitoneal
administration, p-AT was the least potent compound of the series,
but nitrobenzene and aniline were also only weakly active evan at
lethal doses. Three hydroxylamine analogues from the above series
were all about eguipotent as metheglobin-forming agents in mice.
Moreover, at a dose of 0.1 m-mole/kg each produced a transient
methemoglobinemia that was remarkably similar to that resulting
from p-APP. A methemoglobinemia with similar temporal
characteristics was also produced by o-aminophenol, but this
compound is about ten times less potent. p-Aminophenol was even
weaker, being about as active as aniline. When aniline or
nitrobenzene was given in combination with sodium nitrite,
circulating met hemoglobin levels were prolonged. Such a synergism
was not seen when either was given in combination with p-APP.
Methylene blue in vivo attenuated the methemoglobinemic response
to both p—APP and nitrite. 2t was more effective, however,
against the latter, as evaluated at doses that produced eguivalent
peak circulating levels. In its time pattern the effect of
nitrite was similar in vivo (intact mouse) and in vitro (mouse red
cell suspension). In contrast, methemoglobinemia produced by
phenylhydroxylamine appears to persist longer in red cells than in
the intact animal. Apparently, factors external to the red cell
are important in terminating some kinds of induced
•ethemoglobinemias. (Author abstract)##
OU738
A. A. Thomas
AEROSPACE TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH. Proc. NATO AGARD Conf.
(Paris) (2) 259-78, Sept. 1965.
The major areas of aerospace toxicology such as propellant
toxicology, environmental pollution, and space cabin environment
are reviewed. Because of the short duration, high level, and
infrequent exposures, the industrial Threshold Limit Values are
F. Effects - Human Health 6W
-------
meaningless. The philosophy of emergency exposure assunes that no
one will be intentionally exposed to high concentrations of
propellant vapors under ordinary conditions; if there is
exposure, subjective and objective symptomatology may occur, but
pathology should be reversible and the performance of the operator
must not be impaired. Valuable information from the aerospace
toxicological research projects include: exposure data that can be
applied to community air pollution problems, new high-energy
propellants which are potential pharmacological research tools, and
a better understanding of the oxygen toxicity problem.ft
04829
H. J. H. Colebatch, C. R. Olsen, and J. A. Nadel
EFFECTS OF 48/80 ON THE MECHANICAL PBOPEETIES OF THE LUNGS. J.
Appl. Physiol. 21, (2) 279-82, Mar. 1966.
Injection of 48/80 into the right ventricle of paralyzed,
vagotomized, artificially ventilated cats increased total
pulmonary resistance (EL), end—expiratory transpulmonary pressure
and pulmonary arterial pressure and decreased pulmonary compliance
(CL), functional residual capacity, and femoral arterial
pressure. CL decreased before El increased; the changes were
prolonged and incompletely reversed by large inflations of the
lungs. The changes in CL and RL were similar to those
produced by right ventricular injections of histamine, and
suggest that 48/80 leads to constriction of alveolar ducts.
Premedication with polymethylene salicylic acid prevented these
effects, but mepyramine maleate, tripelennamine hydrochloride,
lysergic acid butanolamide, and heparin were not effective.
These findings are consistent with the possibility that the
48/80-induced changes depend on histamine release.
04901
B. E. Hilson
FATE OF PESTICIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT A PEOGRESS REPORT.
Trans. N.Y. Read. bSsci. 28. (6) 694-705, Apr. 1966,
(Presented at a Division of Environmental Sciences Meeting,
Mar. 2, 1966.)
Pesticides can move horizontally and vertically by such means as
leaching, erosion, and run-off and can reach areas for removed
from the original sites of application. It is unsufficient to
know only the persistence of the parent compound; one must know the
fate of the compound until it is degraded to its simplest
components. Soil, water, fisheries, insects and plants were
selected as eventual investigative sites for pesticides. The
pesticides investigated were the following:
dichlorodiphenyltuchloroethane, cyclodiene, Malathion,
1-naphthyl N-methyl cabamate, Linuron, Diphenamid, Vernan, and
methyl N-(3,4 dichlorophenyl) carbamate. The conclusion is that
more research is needed if rational judgments on the hazards
presented by pesticides in the environment is to be adguately
analyzed.#t
652 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
014927
B. A. Abbanat and E. P. Smith
THE INFLUENCE OF METHEHOGLOBINEBIA ON THE LETHALITY OF SOME
TOXIC ANIONS. I. Azide. Toxicol. Appl, Pharmacol. 6, (5)
576-83, Sept. 1964.
The time course and extent of the methemoglobinemia induced by
_intraperitoneal sodium nitrite and p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP)
have been characterized in female mice. The peak methemoglobin
formation (3<*%) from sodium nitrite (75 mg/kg) is achieved in
about 40 minutes. Comparable levels from PAPP (15 mg/kg) are
achieved more guickly (between 5 and 10 minutes) but decline more
rapidly to normal. Both nitrite- and PAPP-induced
methemoglobinemia afford a significant degree of protection against
poisoning by sodium azide when administered in an appropriate tine
sequence. It was not possible under the same circumstances to
protect mice against death from fluoride, cyanate, thiocyanate,
selenate, or borate, although some prolongation of survival tine
was seen after fluoride. The formation of the azidemethemoglobin
complex has been demonstrated within intact mouse red blood cells,
and small amounts of the complex were identified in vivo in an
antidotal situation. It is considered important that the
protective action of methemoglobinemia has been demonstrated to
date only against established inhibitors of cytochrome oxidase.
(Author summary)tt#
0«966L
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOB THE PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS. Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C., Division of Air
Pollution. Sept. 1966. 276 pp.
This document surveys published (and about to be published)
scientific information on the occurrence of photochemical oxidants
in polluted air and the effects of those oxidants on various
receptors. On the basis of this survey, criteria are presented
for the informational use of municipal. State, and interstate air
pollution control agencies. The sources of the photochemical
oxidants, methods of measurements, and typical atmospheric
concentrations in various communities are described. Current
information on the relationship between the
photochemical oxidants and eye irritation and other effects on
humans, various effects on animals and plants, effects on
materials, and effects on visibility (haze formation) are
summarized. This review includes results of both laboratory
studies and ambient air exposure studies, and, for man, the
results of industrial and experimental exposures and the findings
of clinical and epidemiological studies. Tables summarize the
reported effects of ambient photochemical smog. Supplemental
data are provided to cover the effects of pure ozone or peroxyacyl
nitrates—both important atmospheric photochemical oxidants—on
plants, animals, and humans exposed in laboratory studies by
various investigators. A bibliography at the end of the document
lists the important references reviewed in its preparation.
(Author introduction modified)f#
F. Effects - Human Health 653
-------
05176
L. G. Hayne
THE CHEMISTRY OF URBAN ATMOSPHERES (TECHNICAL PROGRESS
REPORT-VOLUME III). Los Angeles County Air Pollution
District, Calif. Dec. 1962. 223 pp.
A major part of the research conducted by the Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District has been concerned with
the effects of fuel composition on smog, potencies of various
compounds as precursors of eye irritation, identification and study
of reaction products in photochemical systems, and plant bioassay
of polluted atmospheres. These studies have been supplemented by
research projects of other institutions. The objectives, methods,
and findings of such recent research in smog chemistry comprise the
subject matter of the following chapters. The status of research
dealing with eye irritation as a manifestation of photochemical
smog, including some discussion of the biometric concepts involved
in the measurement of eye irritation are discussed in Chapter 2.
Various suggestions as to the chemical identity of the eye
irritants are critically considered. Harmful effects of smog on
plants are discussed in Chapter 3. Participation of various
primary and secondary contaminants in the photochemical reactions
in smog is studied in Chapter 4. Detailed consideration is
given to the light-absorbing characteristics of primary pollutants
and the chemical consequences of light absorption. Evidence
about the development of photochemical products as secondary
pollutants is critically reviewed, with special attention to the
role and identity of a unique class of compounds, first discovered
in the course of smog research, known originally as "Compound
X". A reaction catalogue has been compiled (Chapter 5) listing
the elementary reactions known or suspected to be important in the
development of photochemical smog. The experimental evidence
regarding the importance of airborne particulate matter in the
chemistry of air pollution is reviewed in Chapter 6.**
05231
B. P. Gurinov, V. N. Tugarinova, 0. I. Vasil'yeva,
M. V. Nifontova, and L. M. Shabad
THE CARCINOGENIC PROPERTIES OF EXHAUST GAS SOOT OF MOTOR TRANS-
PORT. Gigiena i Sanit. 27, (2) 19-2K, 1962. Russ. (Tr.)
Translated as JPRS 13,691.)
Gigiena i Sanit. 27,(2) 19-24,1962. Buss. (Tr.) Translated as
JPHS 13,691.)
At the present time it is well known that in atmospheric air,
products of incomplete combustion of fuel may be present, in which
there are carcinogenic hydrocarbons. Among them the most comoon
and best studied is 3,4-benzpyrene, which possesses a strong
carcinogenic effect. Among the sources of contamination of the
air with this carcinogen the exhaust gases of motor transport
occupy one of the leading places. The objects of this study were
samples of soot scraped from the inner surfaces of exhaust pipes of
automobiles with carburetor motors operating on gasoline and of
trucks with diesel motors operating on solar oil. Is experimental
animals, use was made of mice of the black C587 and brown CC57
strains. Two procedures were used: cutaneous applications and
654 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
subcutaneous injections. Tar was applied to the skin in a 20%
benzol solution in a dose of two drops in the interscapular region
over an area of one- 1.5 centimeters three times a week. The tar
applications were continued until the animals died. The results
obtained led to the conclusion that the soot of exhaust gases of
motor transport with carburetor motors possesses a blastomogenic
effect, which the same soot from diesel engines does not possess.
05238
A. I. Konstantinova, and N. D. Chertova
LONG CANCER MORBIDITY IN GELATION TO AIR POLLUTION. Klinich.
Bed. UO (12), 104-6 (1962), Huss. (Tr.) (Translated as JPRS
17,523.)
In recent decades a considerable rise in the lung cancer
morbidity and mortality rates has been noted throughout the world.
A factor which plays a large role in the etiology of this disease,
is contamination of the air with dust containing carcinogenic
substances. In view of the fact that the air in the industrial
section of Ufa is contaminated with the discharges of petroleum
refineries and chemical and machine-building plants, it was decided
to study the effect of the environment upon the occurrence of lung
cancer in the clinic. Case histories of illness and statistical
data on lung cancer morbidity and mortality were studied over a
period of 10 years. The data show that the lung cancer mortality
rate among individuals over 29 years of age is higher in the
industrial section of the city.
05284
N, P. Buu-Hoi
NEH DEVELOPMENTS IN CHEMICAL CAECINOGENESIS BY POLYCYCLIC
HYDROCARBONS AND RELATED HETEROCYCLES : A REVIEW. Cancer Hes.
24, (9) 1511-23, Oct. 1964.
This paper is limited to the salient facts, interpretations, and
theories concerning the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and
their heterocyclic analogs which have been investigated within the
last decade. It comprises four parts: I. Improved Methods of
Analysis of Carcinogens and Analogous Heterocyclics; II.
Relationships between Chemical Structure and Activity in
Principal Groups of Newly Investigated Compounds; III.
Experimental Evidence; and IV. Endogenous Biosynthesis of
Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons. Various bio-assay methods are
discussed. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Rayleigh
depolarized light diffusion, and the study of complex-formation
processes give valuable information on the molecular properties
which can be coordinated with carcinogenic activity.
Non-condensed hydrocarbons, condensed hydrocarbons and
heterocyclic analogs without K—and L— zones, or where the
molecule's K—region is not free for biochemical interaction,
naphthacenes, hypercondensed hydrocarbons with at least 6 benzene
rings, polycyclic nitrogen compounds containing more than one
H-heteroaton are discussed with regard to carcinogenic activity.
Although there is not yet any proof that living organisms are able
to synthesize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carcinogenic or
F.. Effects - Human Health 555
-------
not, most of the reactions through which known metabolites of the
cell could in theory be converted into such hydrocarbons are
already known to occur endogenously, and others are conceivable.
Cholesterol has been considered as a possible source of
carcinogen endosynthesis. An interesting finding has been the
sarcomagenic activity of apocholic acid, a modified bile acid.##
05294
05294
C. H. Pan, J. H. Cast, and F. L. Estes
A COMPARATIVE PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING ANTIKICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF
GASEODS AGENTS . Appl. Microbiol. 9, (1) 45-54, Jan. 1961.
(Presented at the 59th General Meeting, Society of American
Bacteriologists, St. Louis, Mo., May 1959.)
A dynamic method for comparison of the antimicrobial activities of
gaseous agents is proposed. Specially designed apparatuses for
multiple exposure and growth of organisms are described and the
validity of the method is discussed. Three gases, ethylene oxide,
methyl bromide, and formaldehyde, and five bacteria, Escherichia
coli. Bacillus cereus. Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus
licheniformis, and Staphylococcus aureus, were tested and compared
; typical data are presented to demonstrate the results.
Application of this dynamic method for the investigation of the
mechanism of action of gas sterilization is suggested.ft
05298
W. H. Payne and H. C. Hueper
THE CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS OF SINGLE AND REPEATED DOSES OF 3, 4-
BENZPYRENE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc., J. 21, (5) 350-5, Oct.
1960. (Presented at the 21st Annual Meeting, American
Industrial Hygiene Association, Rochester, N.Y., Apr.
25-28, 1960.)
The aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogen 3,4-benzpyrene was
administered to mice by subcutaneous injection in a graduated
series of single and repeated monthly doses. For the smaller
single doses, the number of tumors increased and the latent period
decreased with increased amounts of benzpyrene. As the single
dose was increased further a plateau was reached and an increase
in the amount of benzpyrene did not increase the carcinogenic
effect. For repeated monthly doses, a similar plateau was not
observed in the dose range used .in this experiment. Except
for the very small doses, a given total amount of benzpyrene
produced a larger percentage of tumors when it was injected in
twelve monthly doses than when it was administered in a single
injection. For 0.5 milligram, the largest dose used, the effect
was almost threefold. For the repeated injections, there was a
longer time interval from the first injection to the first
appearance of tumors than for the single injections. At least
for mice, a given amount of carcinogen is more effective when it
is administered in small increments over a long period of time
than when it is administered in a single dose. Conversely, it
appears that a low-level, recurring exposure to a carcinogen is
more hazardous than a single exposure to the same total amount.
(Author summary modified)
656 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05304
Shabad, L. H.
EXPERiMENTAL RESEABCH ON THE LINK BETWEEN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND
LONG CANCER. Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution 3, (4) 221-30, 1960
The experimental study of the carcinogenic effect of air pollution
_§_3-4 _4Jts r°le in the etiology of cancer of the lung is discussed
with particular reference to work in the DSSE. The carcinogenic
hydrocarbon 3:4-benzpyrene has been shown to be present in the
atmosphere and in the smoke from Essian cigarettes. Tarry products
from air pollution have been tested by skin painting and
subcutaneous experiments in mice and malignant tumours were
obtained in about 8 per cent of cases. Adenomatous lung tumours
were also produced in mice. Earlier experiments had also shown that
painting the skins of mice with tar increased the number of lung
adenomas. Further, when the progeny of these painted animals were
themselves painted with tar, lung adenomas occurred twice as
frequently as in the parents. (Author abstract)
05372
Herrold, K. HcD.
THE EFFECTS OF BENZO(A)PYRENE, CIGARETTE SMOKE CONDENSATE AND
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF SYRIAN
HAMSTERS. Acta Union Intern. Contre Cancer 19, (3-4) 710-4, 1963.
Benign and malignant tumors of the trachea, bronchi, and
bronchioles have been induced in Syrian hamsters following the
intratracheal instillation of benzo (a)pyrene suspended in Tween 60.
So far only atypical epithelial changes, suggestive of precancerous
lesions, have been observed with benzo (a)pyrene suspended in
distilled water. No significant changes were noted in the animals
that received intratracheal instillation of benzo (a)pyrene
dissolved in olive oil. These findings suggest that both the
vehicle and the physical state of the carcinogen are important
factors in carcinogenesis. The intratracheal instillation of
cigarette smoke condensate and atmospheric pollutants produced
regenerative epithelial changes of the tracheogronchial mucosa.
These lesions included basal cell hyperplasia, and peribronchial
and peribronchiolar proliferation. Atmospheric pollutants often
induced extensive adenomatous proliferation that involved large
areas of the lung. No tumors of the respiratory tract have been
induced with cigarette smoke condensate or atmospheric pollutants.
(Author summary)
05418
G. J. Stopps and M. Mclaughlin
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL TESTING OF HDMAN SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO SOLVENT
VAPORS. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 28 (1), 43-50 (Feb.
1967).
The purpose of the experiments reported here was to assemble
tests__sensitive_enough to measure changes in psychophysiological
functions in human subjects exposed to low concentrations of
F. Effects - Human Health 657
-------
solvent vapors. Four concentrations of trichloroethylene were
studied, ranging from the 1965 threshold limit value of 100 ppm
upward to 500 ppm. Results showed no significant effect of 100
ppm of trichloroethylene on psychomotor performance; however,
there was a progressive decline in performance with increasing
trichloroethylene levels at higher concentrations. Similar
experiments were performed using Freon-113 (1, 1 , 2-trichloro-1, 2, 2-
trifluoroethane) in concentrations rangin from 1500 ppm to 4500
ppm. No significant effect of Freon-113 on psychomotor
performance was seen at 1500 ppm, but slight deterioration appeared
at 2500 ppm, and progressively higher concentrations resulted in an
increasing decrement in performance. (Author abstract)##
05639
G.W. Griffith
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND LUNG CANCER. Cancer Progr. 86-94,
1963.
Correlation between the incidence of lung cancer and the
concentration of air pollutants in Wales, England, United
States, D.S.S.B., Denmark, Norway and Iceland is presented,
the air pollutant being 3,4-benzpyrene- The contribution of air
pollution to mortality rates in urban and non-urban areas, smokers
versus nonsmokers is discussed. It is concluded that removing
the "urban1 factor in the five main cities of South Africa
without alteration of smoking reduces the mortality in these cities
by only ten percent.**
05650
Amdur, M. 0.
H&ZARDS TO HEALTH (AIP POLLUTION AND HUMAN HEALTH-CHRONIC BIOLOGIC
EFFECTS). New Engl. J. Med. 266, 555-6, Mar. 15, 1962.
The effects of air pollution as a respiratory ailment are reviewed.
Pollutants found in urban atmospheres (sulfur dioxide, benz(a)
pyrene, ozone and carcinogenic substances) are the principles
discussed. It is conjectured that various irritants present in
urban atmospheres may also enhance the potency of even very small
amounts of carcinogenic substances. Some irritants decrease the
rate of ciliary activity in the respiratory tract, thus interfering
with one of the mechanisms that normally remove inhaled particulate
natter from the airways, and chronic irritative damage to the
epithelial lining of the airways could render it more susceptible
to the action of carcinogens.
05680
E. R. Darley, J. T. Middleton, and H. J. Garber
PLANT DAMAGE AND EYE IRRITATION FROM OZONE-HYDROCARBON REAC-
TIONS. Agr. Food Chem. 8, (6) 483-5, Dec. 1960, (Presented
at the 136th Meeting, American Chemical Society, Atlantic
City, K. J., Sept. 1959.)
658 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Gas phase reaction products of several ozone-hydrocarbon mixtures,
including mono-olefins, a diolefin, and aromatics, were assessed
for their relative ability to damage pinto bean plants and to
irritate eyes. Plant damage was obtained from all reactions whose
products, after cleavage at the double bond, contained three or
more carbon atoms; ozone reactions with propylene and 2-butene
produced no phytotoxicant. Injury was markedly reduced by
attaching a methyl group at the double bond of a straight-chain
olefin; however, there was no difference in injury between cis- and
trans- forms of a given olefin. None of the reactions irritated
eyes above that amount reported for clean, carbon-filtered air.*#
05720
K. J. Johnson
SECONDARY ANEMIA AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HYDROGEN COMBUSTION
PBODUCTS (CASE REPORT). Ann Allergy 23, 118-50, Bar. 1965.
This case report presents data on an individual who demonstrated
susceptibility to hydrocarbon fuel with its combustion products
from a domestic gas furnace. This case also points out that the
cause of a symptom-complex of weakness, fatigue, palpitation,
faintness, etc., may not be an "either-or" situation, but can be
caused by both the medical entity of anemia and the allergic
entity of extreme susceptibility to the chemical environment; in
this case, to hydrocarbon fuel. The intensity of patient's
symptoms did not correlate with the degree of patient's anemia and
tended to worsen as the winter wore on. They were dramatically
alleviated by separating patient's from the airborne chemicals and
recurred when she was re-exposed to hydrocarbon fuel in her home.
Nevertheless, patient's anemia was not cured and patient's did not
completely recover from the subjective symptoms until hysterectomy
cured menorrhagia.##
05729
Kylin, B., Sumegi, I., and Yllner, S.
HEPATOTOXICITY OF INHALED TRICHLOEOETHYLENE AND TETRACHLOROETHYLEHE
LONG-TERM EXPOSURE. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenhagen) 22, 379-
85, 1965.
The hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene,
was_studied in mice submitted to long-term exposure by inhalation.
Duration of exposure was four hours daily for six days a week over
periods of one, two, four and eight weeks. Effects on the liver
were evaluated by histological examination and determination of
extractable liver fat. The most conspicuous histological change
consisted of fatty degeneration. With trichloroethylene this
lesion was slight even at a concentration of 1,600 ppn, but with
tetrachloroethylene it was massive at as little as 200 ppn. Neither
liver cell necrosis nor cirrhosis was discernible. On the basis of
these findings the hygienic threshold for tetrachloroethylene is
discussed. (Authors) summary)
F. Effects - Human Health 659
-------
05737
Hastromatteo, E.
RECENT OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH EXPERIENCES IN ONTARIO. J. Occupational
Med. (Ottawa). (Presented at the American Industrial Health
Conference, Bal Harbour, Fla., Apr. 1965.). 7(10):502-511,
Oct. 1965.
Industrial exposure to several toxic agents is reveiwed and case
histories are given. Included are mercury exposure in chlor-alkali
plants, electrical outdoor advertising, the hat industry, and the
treating of grain seed with an organic mercurial fungicide;
asbestos insulation and the manufacture of brake linings and clutch
faces; exposure to toluene didiisocyanate and a curing agent for
isocyanate-containing polymers; furfuryl alcohol exposure; illness
associated with urethane foam manufacture; and respiratory
sensitization in a rubber industry.
05790
M. A. Young
HEALTH HAZARDS OF ELECTROPLATING. J. Occupational Med.
(Ottawa) 7, (7) 348-52, July 1965.
In the electroplating industry, materials utilized, gases and
vapors evolved, and procedures applied are Such as to
warrant concern with respect to personal injuries and occupational
diseases. Offending agents characteristic of this industry are
chromic acid and mineral acids; the metals cadmium, lead, nickel,
and arsenic; and such gases and vapors as arsine, hydrogen,
hydrocyanin, cyanide, and trichloroethylene. A continuing
requirement in the operation of an electroplating plant is the
avoidance of mixing acid and cyanide solutions. The disposal of
some plating plants wastes may reguire special treatment prior to
their discharge into public sewer systems. (Author summary
modified)##
05819
Schuck, E. A. and N. A. Renzetti
EYE IRRITATIONS FORMED DURING PHOTOOXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN
THE PRESENCE OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN. (J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc.) 10 (1), 389-92 (Oct. 1960). (Presented at the 53rd An-
nual Conference, Air Pollution Control Association, Cincinna-
ti, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
Individual hydrocarbons were irradiated with near-ultraviolet light
.in the presence of nitrogen dioxide. Two products of the
photooxidations, formaldehyde and acrolein, were found to be eye
irritents and to account for the majority of the observed eye
irritation found in the photooxidized systems studied. At the
concentrations present in the photooxidized mixtures, epoxides,
most aldehydes, ketones, nitrites, ketene, ozone, alkyl nitrates,
and acyl nitrates were not eye irritants. Terminal olefins in
general led to the greatest amounts of irritation. Internal
olefins were of lesser importance in the formation of eye irritants
in spite of their rapid rates of reaction. Saturates did not
660 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
contribute to eye irritation because of their slow rates of
reaction. (Author summary modified)
05882
THE HEALTH HAZARDS OF COMMUNITY AIH POLLUTION. (Senate
Committee on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee
on Air and Water Pollution, June 7, 1966.) 6t pp.
In testimony before the Senate Special Subcommittee on Air
and Water Pollution on June 7, 1966, the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare said: "There is no doubt
that air pollution is a contributing factor to the rising
incidence of chronic respiratory diseases - lung cancer,
emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma." This summary of the results
of scientific studies of air pollution and human health
provides documentation of the Secretary's statement. The topics
covered are: lung cancer, chronic bronchitis (and associated
respiratory diseases), effects on laboratory animals,
radioactibe materials, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, oxides
of nitrogen and other facets of the ill effects of air pollution.
There are one hundred sixty one (161) references.f#
05949
G. I. Solomin
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF DINYL AS AN ATHOSPHEBIC AIR POLLUTANT.
(In: Limits of allowable concentrations of atmospheric
pollutants. Book 6.) U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and Belated Occupational Diseases, Vol. 9. pp. 82-92. (1962).
Russ. (Tr.)
Results of odor perception study conducted with 15 persons
indicated that the concentration of threshold dinyl vapor odor
perception was 0.06 mg/cu.m. and that the concentration of
threshold dinyl reflex effect on eye sensitivity to light was O.OU
mg/cu.m. The concentration of threshold dinyl electrocortical
conditioned reflex formation was 0.03 mg/cu.m., and the
subthreshold concentration was 0.01 mg/cu.m. The maximal single
allowable dinyl vapor concentration for atmospheric air should
not exceed 0.01 mg/cu.m. Dinyl concentrations of 10 and 0.2
mg/cn.m. under conditions of chronic vapor inhalation elicited
changes in the muscle antagonist's chronaxy in white rats. Rate
of coproporphyrin elimination with the urine was lowered in rats
which chronically inhaled 10 and 0.2 ing/cu-m. of dinyl vapor.
Prolonged inhalation of air containing 10 mg/cu.m. of dinyl
lowered cholinesterase activity, while inhalation of 0.2 mg/cu.n.
under similar conditions enhanced cholinesterase activity.
Inhalation of air containing 10 and 0.2 mg/cu.m. by rats increased
the number of leucocytes and decreased the number of lymphocytes.
Chronic 2t-hour inhalation by rats of air containing 0.01 mg/cu.m-
of dinyl vapor for a period of 70 days had no effect on the rats'
functional activities noted in rats inhaling air having higher
dinyl vapor concentrations. The limit of average 24-hour dinyl
vapor concentration in atmospheric air could be the same as the
limit of maximal single concentration, i.e. 0.01 mg/cu.m.
Sanitary clearance -zones surrounding capronic plants which
discharge up to 6 ton of dinyl per month should not be less than
800 D wide.ft
F. Effects - Human Health 661
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0595U
Shen, L.
EXPERIHENTAL DATA FOB THE HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIB
POLLUTION WITH STYROL. (In: Limits of allowable concentrations of
atmospheric pollutants. Book 7.) U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 9. pp. 155-68.
(1963) . Russ. (Tr. )
The results obtained from the hygienic evaluation of atmospheric
styrol showed the following: (1) The concentration of threshold
styrol vapor odor perception in most sensitive persons was 0.02 ig/
cu.m, and the subthreshold non-perceptible concentration was 0.01
mg/cu.m.; (2) The threshold effect on reflex changes in eye
sensitivity to light in response to styrol inhalation was the sane
as the threshold of odor perception, namely 0.02 mg/cu.m.; (3) The
threshold styrol concentration capable of forming electrocortical
reflexes was 0.005 mg/cu.m.; and (4) The recommended limit of
allowable single styrol concentration in atmospheric air was 0.003
mg/cu.m. Rats exposed to continuous 70 days inhalation of air
containing 50 and 0.05 mg/cu.m. of styrol vapor showed disturbed
muscle antagonists chronaxy ratios, a lowered coproporphyrin
elimination with the urine, enhanced blood cholinesterase activity,
increased numbers of leucocytes and monocytes and reduced number of
erythrocytes, also some histopathologic changes of the internal
organs. Inhalation of air containing 0.003 mg/cu.m. of styrol under
similar experimental conditions had no effect on any of the above
mentioned indexes. Sanitary examination of the atmospheric air in
the vicinity of a chemical plant producing polystyrol clearly
indicated that styrol vapor air pollution extended over
considerable distances from the plant and that only at 500 m from
the source of pollution was the styrol concentration in the
atmospheric air below the proposed limit of its allowable
concentration.
06003
P. J. Lawther
BRONCHIAL CARCINOMA, AIR POLLUTION, SMOKING, AND LUNG CiNCEH.
Trans. Bed. Soc. London 81, 158-60 (1965).
In 1960 about 200 deaths in England and Wales were reported as
being due to lung cancer; last year more than 26,000 people died
of the disease in England. This dramatic rise in prevalence,
though most regrettable, has furnished research persons with clues
concerning the etiology of the disease and has made it possible to
discard some unsatisfactory answers. There would seem to be good
reason to blame urban air pollution for lung cancer but there are
insurmountable objections to the complete acceptance of this
hypothesis. However, a massive survey in the 0. S. has revealed
an urban/rural gradient in lung cancer mortality among non-siookers.
This fact would indicate that an urban factor is operating but
whether this is real or merely reflects the existence of better
diagnostic facilities and greater clinical skill in towns has yet
to be decided. Although the fumes of diesel engines have come
under suspicion as a carcinogenic agent, there appears no sound
evidence that populations exposed by virtue of occupation to more
than average concentrations of petrol exhaust products suffer
662 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
especially from lung cancer. Also under suspicion are autoootive
exhausts from gasoline engines and various industrial emissions.
It is suggested not to ignore such potent "new" carcinogens as
asbestos or the possibility of synergism between air pollution and
cigarette smoke and other co-carcinogens.##
06001
H. Lijinsky and P. Shubik
THE DETECTION OF POLYCYCLIC ABOMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN LIQUID SMOKE
AND SOME FOODS. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 7, (2) 337-43,
Mar. 1965.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible
occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a variety of
materials commonly occurring in the environment of man. Clearly
the investigation has concerned only a small part of the total
problem. Since the use of liquid smoke is now superseding the
ancient chimney method, it was thought desirable to investigate
the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of liquid smoke and
to determine whether any carcinogens were present that might
enter the food treated with it. A sample of bacon (prepared in
a smoke oven) was analyzed, in addition to smoked salmon and
Icelandic smoked haddock. In view of the polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons found in commercial solvents it was of interest
to examine some oils and fats used as food, since solvents are
commonly used in oil and fat processing. A sample of a vegetable
oil and of a solid hydrogenated fat was examined. Finally,
because polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons occur in air pollutants,
it is conceivable that some of these enter drinking water by
falling into reservoirs. Lake Michigan is one such open source
of drinking water, and a sample of this was analyzed for polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons. The analyses of these materials involved
variants of the analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in use for many years in these laboratories. The
aromatic materials were concentrated by extraction and solvent
partition, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were separated by
chromatography and identified and estimated ty absorption
spectrometry. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were absent from
the water and vegetable oils, but were present in bacon, smoked
salmon, smoked haddock, and liquid smoke at concentrations of the
order of parts per billion. Traces of the carcinogen
benzo (a)pyrene were present in smoked salmon and smoked haddock,
but no carcinogens were detected in bacon or in the two samples of
liquid smoke examined.##
06017
R. A. Schneider, C. E. Schmidt, and J. P. Costiloe
RELATION OF ODOR FLOW RATE AND DURATION OF STIMULUS INTENSITY
NEEDED FOR PERCEPTION. J. Appl. Physiol. 21 (1), 10-U (Jan.
1966). (Presented at the Annual Meeting, Federation of
American Societies for Experimental Biology, Atlantic City,
N. J., Apr. 10, 1965.)
To ascertain the influence stimulus flow rate and duration of
olfactory perception of n-butane in nitrogen, thresholds were
F. Effects - Human Health 663
-------
measured in eight adults for 16 combinations of t flow rates (10,
20, 140, 80 ml N2/sec) and 1 durations (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00
sec). Expressed as total amount of odorant, thresholds were
highest at the fastest flow rates and longest durations.
Expressed as concentration of odor, thresholds were highest at the
slowest flow rate and shortest durations. Analysis of variance
showed that flow rate and duration separately and flow duration
interaction significantly contributed to the observed variance.
It was concluded that the critical condition for perception is
that sufficient odor molecules strike the end organ within a given
period of time and that this condition could be defined as a
critical intranasal odor rate or as a critical intranasal
concentration. (Author abstract)##
06099
R. J. Bryan
INSTRUMENTATION FOR AN AMBIENT AIP ANIMAL EXPOSURE PROJECT.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13 (6) , 254-65, June 1963.
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-21, 1962.)
A comprehensive physiological study on the problem of air
pollution from automobile exhaust was started by the
University of Southern California under a contract with the
U.S. Public Health Service. Several different types
of experimental animals, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, and
rabbits, were to be exposed at four separate locations
in the Los Angeles Basin. In determining the possible
biological effects of automobile—related air pollution on test
aniamals, the planned studies included those for cancer, lung
function, blood analysis, enzyme determinations, and tissue
tests. The animals were divided into 2 groups, one being
supplied untreated ambient air, and the other purified air
for a control. All other environmental conditions were
designed to be as nearly identical as possible. The design
of facilities, including ambient air room ventilation and control
room air purification systems, is discussed. In the design of
facilities, the most important problem encountered was that of
existing limitations on air purification systems. The
experimental design concept used in this project called for no
alteration of the breathing air provided to control animals
except for the removal of air contaminants. It was not
possible to provide such a system in which removal of CO, lower
molecular weight hydrocarbons, and NO, could be
accomplished effectively. Experience to date, however, indicates
that the air purification system -selected does remove 03, higher
molecular weight hydrocarbons, N02, and filterable black
aerosols guite effectively. The conclusions to date are
limited. However, it is concluded that additional design
and evaluation projects are necessary in order to improve
ventilation and air purification equipment design for
environmental exposure projects.##
06163
G. T. Smith
SBOG - ITS ORIGIN. Rocky Mt. Bed. J. 64, (3) 55-8, Mar. 1967
664 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Volatile materials produced by vegetation may be responsible for
smog as well as man-made products. It has been calculated that
one billion tons of volatile organic substances (terpenes) are
released per year by vegetation over the surface of the earth.
Throughout the world the terpenes are present in the air at con-
centrations of 2 to 20 parts per billion. It has been postulated
that the dissipation of terpenes passes through the same cycle
as that of gasoline vapors in producing a pollution haze. These
blue hazes are seen especially in the mountain and desert regions
in the U.S. There is some evidence to suggest that these
terpenes may be toxic. In Reno, Nevada there was a close
correlation between the occurrence o£ asthma attacks and the con-
centration of terpenes in the air as determined by monitoring with
a gas chromatograph. White rats exposed to 40-60 parts per
million of alpha terpene became lethargic in 10 min. Symptoms
progressed through agitation, staggering, and finally convulsions
in 25 min with death in 30 min. At autopsy, the rats had focal
loss of tracheal mucosa, pulmonary edema, and cerebral edema. The
adult guinea pigs weighing more than the rats died on the first
exposure in 35 to 45 min. The pilot study showed that alpha
pinene is toxic in high concentrations to both humans and labora-
tory animals. The investigation is being continued to study the
long term effects of lower concentrations found in nature to
determine if pulmonary lesions are produced by prolonged exposure. #
06196
Pector, D. D., B. 1. Steadman, R. A. Jones, and J.
Siegel
EFFECTS ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS OF LONG-TERM INHALATION EXPOSURE TO
MINERAL SPIRITS, Toxicol. Appl. Fharmacol. 9(2):257-268, Sept.
1966, 18 refs.
A series of short-term repeated and long-term continuous inhalation
studies were conducted with a widely used Navy paint thinner
(mineral spirits) at concentrations ranging from 114 to 1353 mg/
cu.m. Guinea pigs exposed continuously for 90 days to 363-1271 mg/
cu.m. showed mortality rates ranging from 27 to 79%. Hematologic,
biochemical, and pathological studies failed to reveal changes that
might account for these deaths. On the basis of these studies a 90-
day tentative guideline for submarines has been established at 40
mg/cu.m. for mineral spirits containing 15-20X aromatic
hydrocarbons. (Authors' summary)
06219
J. N. Spencer
PESTICIDE POISONING: THE INSECTICIDES. S. Dakota J. Bed.
20, (2) 25-9, Mar. 1967.
The purpose of this paper was not to present a comprehensive
review of insecticide intoxication, but to emphasize that with
prompt and adequate therapy, an uneventful recovery may be
anticipated. The insecticides and especially the organic
phosphates and the chlorinated hydrocarbons are highly toxic and
freguently are the cause of poisoning in man and animals. With
the large number of pesticides sold under a variety of trade names,
the diversity of their toxicology, and the multiplicity of their
symptoms, the physician may be confused when called upon to
F. Effects - Human Health 665
-------
diagnose a case of insecticide poisoning. The two classes of
pesticides commonly involved in poisoning are organophosphates and
the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The typical reaction of the
organo-phosphates is an anticholinesterase action which with an
early diagnosis can be treated by prompt administration of
atropine and pralidoxime. The chlorinated hydrocarbons offer less
hazard to man than the organophosphates. There are no specific
antidotes for poisoning from the chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides. The treatment is symptomatic and supportive. In
addition to the actual treatment of the poisoning, the patient's
exposure should be terminated and the attending personnel should be
protected. In a well-ventilated area, ordinary surgical gloves
should control the hazard. All contaminated clothing should be
removed and the patient washed with generous amounts of soap and
water to which washing or baking soda may be added. When recovery
has been attained and no sequelae have been noted, the patients
usually show no further complications.t#
06266
R. H. Rigdon
PULMONARY NEOPLASMS PRODUCED BY KETHYLCHOLANTHRENE IN THE WHITE
PEKIN DUCK. Cancer Res. 21(4), 571-4 (May 1961).
(Presented at the Pan-American Medical Association Meeting,
Mexico City, May 2-11, 1960.)
Many neoplasms occurred in the respiratory tract of white Pekin
ducks following one intratracheal injection of methylcholanthrene
suspended in a 1.0% aqueous solution of polysorbate 80. No tumors
occurred when only polysorbate was injected. The histologic type
of the tumors varied. Some were neurofibromas, and others were
ganglioneuromas, hemagiomas, sguamous cell—like carcinomas,
adenocarcinomas, whereas still others were unclassified types of
neoplasms. Frequently a single tumor showed a variety of
histologic patterns. No metastases occurred. The first tumor
was found 56 days after the injection of the carcinogen.
Fluorescence studies showed the distribution of methylcholanthrene
in the respiratory tract. Methylcholanthrene crystals persisted
in the tract for long periods. This technic appears to be very
satisfactory for the production of neoplasms in the
respiratory tract of the duck. (Author summary)##
06268
Shabad, 1. H., L. N. Pylev, and T. S. Kolesnichenko
IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL RETENTION OF CARCINOGENIC AGENT IN
PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER (EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION).
Federation Proc., Transl. Suppl. 24 (4):T717-T720, Aug.
1965. (Translation of: Vopr. Onkol. (Hoscow) (Problems of
Oncology) 10, (6) 65-72, 1964.)
Experiments were designed to study the elimination from the lung
of 3,4-benzpyrene with repeated administration of suspensions of
varied composition. Use was made of 280 random-bred rats of both
sexes (138 males and 142 females), aged about 3 months and weighing
80-100 g. The amount of benzpyrene detectable in the lungs 24 hr
after a single administration of the substance in physiological
saline was somewhat less than after administration of benzpyrene
666 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
with India ink and colloidal infusin. Three days after
administration with India ink and colloidal infusin, the amount
of benzpyrene retained in the lungs was nearly 12 times the amount
remaining after administration in physiologic saline. After 5
days a difference was noted between the results of administration
of benzpyrene with India ink and colloidal infusin and the
administration of this substance with each of these ingredients
separately. A distinct relationship is noted between repetition
of administrations and the accumulation of benzpyrene in the lung.
With repeated administrations, there is evidently further
extension of inflammatory processes in the lung tissue, and the
latter acquire a chronic character with corresponding
exacerbations, which may be conducive to retention of the
carcinogen in the lung tissue. Therefore the decisive factor in
the retention of benzpyrene in the lung tissue is the nature,
combination and, probably, the quantity of the absorbent factors.
The greatest deposition of benzpyrene was seen following its
administration with India ink and colloidal infusin jointly,
whereas its administration with either of these ingredients
separately or with physiologic saline did not achieve this end.**
06329
M. Honma and E. H. Kawasaki
THERMAL DEGRADATION OF POLYMERIC HATERIALS. II. TOXICITY
EVALUATIONS OF SOME GASES EVOLVING FROH EPON 828 + LP 33
COMPOSITE POLYBEB (TECHNICAL REPT.). Lockheed Aircraft
Corp., Sunnyvale, Calif., Hissile and Space Div. (1961).
36 pp. (Rept. LMSC-80089U.)
CFSTI, DDC: AD 263270
A toxicological evaluation of S02, C02, and H2S
originating from the epoxy-polysulfide polymer is discussed in
detail. The evaluation is further extended to a realistic case
in which the laboratory data are extrapolated to 100 Ib of polymer
pyrolyzing at different temperatures (150, 250, 350, U50 C) into
a constant air volume of 90,000 cubic feet. The concentration
levels for these gases are shown at selected significant tine
intervals. Currently available threshold limit values for an
8-hour day are used for comparison in the assessment of the
toxicity hazard. Based on the evaluation information,
epoxy-polysulfide polymer does not present a hazard below 150 C.
Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide become problematic at 250 C
where a definite toxicological trend is established. Beyond this
temperature the threshold limit values are rapidly exceeded by the
sulfur gases, but carbon dioxide because of its high human
tolerance presents only a marginal problem. Similar evaluations
of the hydrocarbon gases (considered only hazardous and not toxic)
are possible by calculations from the gas composition tables.**
06383
Epstein, S. S.
CARCINOGENICITY OF ORGANIC EXTRACTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLDTANTS.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. (Presented at the 60th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-81).
17(11):728-729, Nov. 1967.
-------
The carcinogenicity of atmospheric pollutants can be demonstrated
by chemical or biological methods. Chemical methods depend on the
identification and measurement of known carcinogens, such as
benzo((a))pyrene (BaP), in extracts of atmospheric pollutants.
The value of chemical approaches is limited as various pollutant
fractions, e.g., the oxyneutral or basic, contain undefined
carcinogens; additionally, chemical techniques cannot predict the
probability of in vivo interactions between various pollutant
components or of enhanced carcinogenicity due to promoting agents
such as phenols. Biological methods for demonstrating
carcinogenicity are generally based on repeated skin painting or
subcutaneous injection of pollutant extracts in mice. Harked
variation in the carcinogenicity of organic extracts from various
urban sites, incidentally with low activity in Los Angeles, has
been noted. In addition to BaP, the role of other carcinogens
in crude organic extracts is now generally accepted. Evidence for
this includes, tumor production by BaP-free pollutants such as
aliphatic aerosols of a synthetic smog and by aliphatic and
oxygenated fractions of organic extracts, lack of parallelism
between carcinogenicity of organic extracts and their BaP
concentrations, and finally by the pattern and multiplicity of
tumors developing following injection of pollutant extracts in
infant mice. Recent indirect evidence, based on the photodynamic
assay has incriminated di-alkylated benz((c))acridines and
7H-benz ( (de))-anthracene-7-one as the probable major polycycllc
carcinogens in basic and oxygenated fractions, respectively.
Definitive identification of organic carcinogens in atmospheric
pollutants, inter alia, depends on the availability of adequate
amounts of organic extracts, their fractions and sub-fractions,
approximately 10 kg of atmospheric particulates are required to
produce a 10 g sample of the basic fraction, and in correlated
chemical and biological investigations.##
06496
H. B. Holfe, W. F. Durham, and J. F. Armstrong
HEALTH HAZARDS OF THE PESTICIDES ENDHIN AND DIELDRIN (HAZARDS
IN SOME AGRICULTURAL USES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST). Arch.
Environ. Health 6 (U) , H58-6<* (Apr, 1963) .
Studies were carried out to determine the health hazards
associated with endrin and dieldrin, under conditions of some of
their agricultural uses in the Pacific Northwest. Dermal
exposure of spray-equipment operators was determined by exposing
absorbent alpha-cellulose pads on various parts of their bodies for
one or more complete cycles of spraying or dusting. Contamination
of hands was measured either by rinsing in alcohol in a
polyethylene bag or by swabbing with alcohol-impregnated gauze
swabs. Respiratory exposure was estimated from the contamination
of filter pads of respirators worn during pesticide application
operations. The calculated exposure to endrin while dusting
potato fields was 1.8% of a toxic dose per hour of exposure.
While spraying endrin on orchard cover crops for mouse control,
and while spraying dieldrin on pear orchards, the calculated
exposure was only 0.2% and 0.3% of a toxic dose per hour,
respectively, for each of the operations. Although these studies
of acute exposure do not indicate that the workers studied were
contaminated with amounts of endrin approaching the toxic level,
the fact that the compound is stored in body fat must be taken into
account >n evaluating the hazard of repeated exposures. (Author
summary modified)#t
668 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
06600
Bils, R. F. and J. C. Romanovsky
ULTRASTRUCTUHAL ALTERATIONS OF ALVEOLAE TISSUE OF MICE. II.
SYNTHETIC PHOTOCHEMICAL SHOG. Arch. Environ. Health, 14(6):
844-858, June 1967. 15 refs.
The possibility of using artificial photochemical smog was
investigated. Hale A-strain mice were exposed for three hours to
previously irradiated synthetic atmospheres which initially
contained propylene, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and water
vapor to simulate the oxidant concentration produced during a heavy
smog peak. The lungs of these treated mice showed a pattern of
ultrastructural alterations of alveolar tissue similar to that
of tissues in heavy natural smog. Wall cell lamellar bodies
generally increased in size and number in exposed 8-month-old mice,
but only temporarily. Delaying death only 12 hours allowed the
lungs to return to normal. Some permanent changes seemed to occur
in exposed respiratory tissue of 15-month-old mice. Reasonably
good recovery of smog-disrupted alveolar and capillary lining
cells took place, but few wall cells remained. More extensive
disorganization of wall cell cytoplasm and disruption of lining
membranes occurred when the 20-month-old mice breathed the
synthetic smog and delayed death allowed further damage and
revealed cell debris in the alveoli. Since the synthetic smog
produces cytological effects similar to the heavy Los Angeles
smog, it iray prove to be a useful tool in further studies
concerning the effects of photochemical smog on biological systems.
06640
M. C. Battigelli, R. J. Hannella, and T. F. Hatch
ENVIRONHENT&L AND CLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF WORKMEN EXPOSED TO
DIESEL EXHAUST IN RAILROAD ENGINE HOUSES. Ind. Med, Surg., 33,
121-4 (Mar. 1964).
Within the limits of exposure- to diesel exhaust products, of
locomotive repairmen in three representative railroad engine houses
over a period up to 15 years (average duration of 10 years), 210
workers (average age — 50 years) did not show any significant
difference in pulmonary function performance from a group of 154
railroad yard workers (average age — 50 years) of comparable job
status but without history of exposure to diesel exhaust products.
Environmental studies in two engine houses revealed levels of
exposure to several known constituents of diesel exhaust which were
well within the tolerable limits of these substances considered as
separate agents. These low values support the negative medical
and physiological findings. In contrast, this investigation
suggests higher frequency of respiratory complaints, physical
examination of abnormalities of the chest, and decreased pulmonary
function and performance of cigarette smokers compared to
non-smokers regardless of occupation. (Authors' summary)t#
F. Effects - Human Health 669
-------
06663
A. P, Kusinova
BENZENE AND ITS HOMOLOGUES AS POISONS IN ELECTBICAL WINDING AND
INSULATION PLANTS . D.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 7, 176-81, 1962,
(Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya) 1, (1) 20-4, 1957
Translated from Russian.
CFSTI: 62-11103
The air of winding and insulation department of the plant
investigated contained benzene and its homologues in concentrations
exceeding the allowable limits. Most unfavorable operations were:
application of adhesives to micanite on tables manually and their
loading into the drying ovens; insulation and lacguering of
windings: brush coating of pole coils; and finally, washing and
cleaning various finished products. Dnsatisfactory labor
conditions produced occupational poisoning with aromatic
hydrocarbons among the women workers, with symptons of typical
blood picture changes and nervous system disturbances. A state
of susceptibility occurred to some common non-occupational dis-
eases, as was shown by increase in the morbidity of such diseases
in woman with toxic symptoms as compared with the control women.**
06680
Hervy B. Elkins
EXCRETORY AND BIOLOGIC THRESHOLD LIMITS. Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J., 28(4):305-31U, July-Aug. 1967. 27 refs.
"The Industrial Hygienist today recognizes that the peril
incurred by the inhalation of harmful dust is a function of two
variable factors - the degree of harmful exposure and the specific
susceptibility of the exposed individual to ... injury." The
preceding statement was made by Don Cummings in a paper published
in 1938. The following year he repeated a suggestion he had
discussed previously. "...It is also suggested that for each
hazardous industrial dust two limiting concentrations should be
established. The first, to be designated as the primary
threshold, should express that concentration of dust in which a
healthy man may be employed for a working lifetime without
incurring a disabling injury. The second, to be designated as
the secondary threshold, should express that concentration of dust
in which a healthy man will inevitably contract silicosis if
regularly employed for many years." Practically all
industrial hygienists presently pay lip service to the principle
stated in the first of these statements. The suggestion in the
second statement has been only half adopted. Threshold limits,
so-called, or under a different name, have been prepared for over
1*00 industrial hazards by various organizations in this country and
abroad. There seems to be some confusion outside, if not within,
the profession, however, over whether these values correspond to
the primary or secondary limits. Certainly, when the observation
that one or two workers can endure concentrations well above the
Threshold Limit Value for a few months, without obvious ill
effects, leads to the conclusion that the threshold limit is too
low, it would seem that the observer has the secondary
threshold in mind, rather than the primary one. The only
biologic fluid finding much application for exposure tests is
670 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
blood; limited use has been made of biopsy specimens of lung,
skin and fat, but these are not very practical for periodic
sampling. The excretory products most frequently analyzed are
urine and breath; sweat, the other major excretion product, is not
well adapted for exposure tests.##
06710
J. Jagatic, B. E. Rubnitz, B. C. Godwin, and H. H.
Heiskopf
TISSUE RESPONSE TO INTRAPERITONEAL ASBESTOS WITH PRELIMINARY
REPORT OF ACOTE TOXICITY OF ASBESTOS IN BICE. Preprint
(1967).
The use of asbestos fibers exposed to a high temperature and
injected into the experimental animals produced a high degree of
toxicity, resulting in sixty per cent mortality. This experiment
gives further support to the general concensus that asbestos
produces fibrosis. Tissue in contact with asbestos needles not
only produced fibrosis, but a special and peculiar type which is
proliferative, granulomatous and invasive. It cannot be doubted
that tissue behaves differently around asbestos fibers than it does
around foreign body granulomas. It is not the intention of this
article to theorize as to how or why asbestos powders produce
fibroblastic proliferation or malignancies; these guestions are
under investigation, utilizing tissue culture techniques. The
acute toxicity of heated asbestos observed was very unusual.
There are still twenty mice under observation seven months after
injection with the heated asbestos. After surviving the acute
toxicity, these mice have recovered and are in good health,#f
06820
G. F. Smith
TRICHLORETHYLENE: A REVIEW. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London)
23 (4), 249-62 (Oct. 1966).
The physical and chemical characteristics of trichlorethylene are
reviewed in relation to its uses in industry and medical practice
with special attention being paid to its metabolism, toxicity, and
determination in air. Although the acute toxicity of
trichlorethylene was recognized soon after it came into widespread
industrial use chiefly by its effects on the central nervous
system, the recognition of a possible chronic toxic effect
characterized by a mild psycho-organic syndrome came much later and
is still not universally accepted. The opinion that
trichlorethylene is non-toxic has long since been abandoned in
view of the increasing evidence to the contrary. The
preponderance of opinion is against any serious toxic effect on the
liver, although individual cases of liver damage in industrial
workers have been reported. The sudden fatal collapse of young
workers during mild exercise has been reported on rare occasions
which generally involved heavy exposure. The most common method
of determination involves the use of gas detector tubes. The
other chemical and physical methods of determination are discussed.
The maximum permissible levels for trichlorethylene in air were
reduced from 400 ppm in 1947 to 200 ppm, and to 100 ppm in 1961.
Effects on the hemopoietic system are rare as are reports on renal
F. Effects - Human Health 671
-------
damage. Air concentration as well as urinary metabolite levels
are considered the best means of monitoring working conditions.il
06840
D. E- Rounds
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON CELLS IN VITRO. Preprint.
(1964) .
In this study the areas of investigation fell into three
categories: (1) Tne effect of hydrocarbon mixtures on cells in
tissue culture, (2) The effect of air pollutants on respiratory
activity, and (3) Considerations of a vital constituent
(surfactant) of the lung -under normal and pathological or treated
conditions. Since mitoti-c events are interrelated with the rate
of increase of the total cell population, it was concluded that an
evaluation of the effect of auto exhaust on cell number can provide
a simple, reproducible, and sensitive test system for estimating
the relative concentrations of physiologically active components of
automobile emissions. It was observed that serial dilution of
hydrocarbons stimulated the growth rate of human fetal lung cells
and an established line ofr conjunctival elements in a linear
fashion. Jnaphase and telophase figures which resulted from a
24-hour treatment with 3'Me-DAB and air pollutants revealed a
twofold increase in the incidence of bridged or lagging
chromosomes. Time-lapse cinematographic records of the
mitochondria of cells treated with ozone in culture revealed that
these organoids undergo morphological alterations which suggested
a loss of respiratory function of these cells. Oxygen depletion
with time was proportional to the cell number with 250,000 to
500,000 control cells showing a decrease of 35 to 50 mm Hg of
02 pressure over a two—hour period. A careful comparison of
mitochondrial images of alveolar vail cells, taken before and after
treatment with 20 ppm NaN02, suggested some degree of
transformation of the filamentous morphology of the globular form.
Studies on surface tension of mixtures of normal and oxygen
poisoned lung extracts and studies using ultraviolet fluorescent
microscopy, suggest that oxygen poisoning results in both absence
of surfactant and presence of an inhibitor.##
06847
3. Gabliks
INSECTIDICAL COMPOUNDS (EFFECTS ON REPLICATION OF VACCINIA AND
POLIO VIRUSES IN HUMAN CHANG-STBAIN LIVER CELLS). Arch.
Environ. Health 14 (5), 698-702 (May 1967). (Presented at
the 50th Annual Meeting, Federation of American Societies for
Experimental Biology, Atlantic City, N.J., Apr. 14, 1966.)
Since virus replication is dependent upon the metabolism of host
cells, the author postulated that some alterations in cell
metabolism may influence the mechanism of viral biosynthesis.
This possibility is supported by the previous observations that
chronic exposure of cultivated cells to insecticides alters their
susceptibility to diphtheria toxin and to poliovirus invection.
To investigate the effects of insecticidal compounds on animal
virus replication, six insecticidal compounds in human liver cells
infected with vaccinia and poliovirus were tested. Insecticidal
672 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
compounds DDT, chlordane, dicofol, trichlorophon, malathion, and
dinocap at subtoxic concentrations inhibited vaccinia virus
replication in human Changstrain liver cells. Under the same
experimental conditions, the replication of poliovirus was
inhibited only by chlordane and malathion, whereas dicofol and
dinocap increased the virus yields 4 and 18 times, respectively,
and DDT exhibited a light stimulatory effect. Since the
reduction in virus yields was not due to extracellular inactivation
of virus, the results suggest that some insecticides exert an
antiviral activity by altering some physiological activities of
cells. Consequently, the magnitude of virus replication may be
useful as a parameter for the detection of toxicity in insecticides
and other chemicals below their acute toxicity levels.##
06869
M. L. Krasovitskaya, L. K. Halyarova T. S. Zaporozhets
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY PETROLEUM REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL
PLANTS. (Zagryaznenie atmosfernogo vozdukha v raione
neftepererabatyvayushchego i neftekhimicheskogo
predpriyatiya.) Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.) 3 0 (1) : 118-1 21,
Apr. 1965. Russ. (Tr.)
The nature of the atmospheric pollution in the area around a
large petrochemical industrial complex was investigated and its
effect on the health of children was studied. The pollutants are
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide
and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Three stationary observation
points were established to examine the purity of air in the city.
One point within the industrial complex, another 2.5 km away and a
third 20 km from the plant. The concentration of atmospheric
pollutants highest in the first district, a little lower in the
second and even lower in the third. At the most distant
observation point the atmospheric concentrations of CO and S02
exceeded the maximum permissible levels. The content of harmful
substances exceeded the maximum permissible concentrations in
51.2% of all the analyses. Studies of the records of first
visits at children's clinics showed that, other conditions being
equal, the incidence of influenza, upper respiratory tract
infections, the common infections of childhood, and pneumonia,
were higher in children residing in the area affected by the
discharge, than in the control group, the difference being
statistically significant. The children showed diminished
immunobiological and redox reactions, as well as certain changes
that are specific for petroleum gases, such as leucopenia,
thrombocytopenia and hypotonia. A need for engineering
improvements to reduce the industrial discharges from the oil
refineries and petrochemical plants was demonstrated. One of
the most important ways of combatting air pollution, which is
still awaiting its engineering solution, is the extraction of
sulfur from the raw materials and fuel used in the process of
of petroleum refining. Another necessary measure is the
prevention of loss of petroleum products by evaporation from
storage tanks, by hermetrically sealing the reservoirs against
gas leaks, their thermal insulation, and the installation
of the floating protective covers.#f
F. Effects - Human Health 673
-------
06892
Tarkhova, L. P.
MATERIALS FOE DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION
OF CHLOROBENZOL IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. ((Materidly k obosnovaniyu
predel'no dopustimoi kontsentratsii fchlorbenzola v atmosfernom
vozdukhe..)) Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.), 30 (3) : 327-333,
Mar. 1965. Translated from Russian.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
According to the data in the literature, the toxicity of
chlorobenzol is noted only in .high concentrations. But there are
no data on the content of this substance in atmospheric air, or on
the action of small concentrations on man. The maximum
permissible concentration of chlorobenzol in the atmospheric air of
populated places has not been ascertained. The author undertook
the present investigation in order to fill this gap. The
threshold of olfactory preception of chlorobenzol is 0.4 mg/cu m
for the most sensitive persons. The threshold of the action of
this substance on the electric activity of the brain is 0.2
mg/cu m; the ineffective concentration is 0.1 mg/cu m. The
maximum single-time permissible concentration of chlorobenzol lies
at the level of 0.1 mg/cu m. Chlorobenzol in 1 mg/cu m
concentration in the chronic treatment of white rats causes a
lowering and distortion of the correct ratio of the chronaxia of
the antagonist muscles, raises the cholinesterase activity and
lowers the alpha-globulin content in the blood serum.
Chlorobenzol in 0. 1 mg/cu m concentration in chronic action on
white rats does not cause the changes observed at a high
concentration of that substance (1 mg/cu m). The average 24-hour
maximum permissible chlorobenzol concentration may be at the level
of the maximum single-time concentration (0.1 mg/cu m).
(Author Summary modified)t#
06895
T. Yuldashev
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF ETHILENE OXIDE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. (Eksperimental*nue dannye k gigienicheskomu
obosnovaniyn predel'no dopustimoi kontsentratsii okisi etilena v
atmosfernom vozdukhe.) Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.) 30 (10),
1-6 (Oct. 1965). Russ. (Tr.)
The maximum permissible one-tine and mean-diurnal concentrations
of ethylene oxide were determined. Twenty human subjects are used
to determine the olfactory threshold. The olfactory threshold
for ethylene oxide is 1.5 mg/cu m in the most highly sensitive
individuals, the threshold for a change in the sensitivity of the
eye to light is 1 mg/cu m, and the electrical activity of the
cerebral cortex is affected at the level of 0.65 mg/cu m. The
maximum one-time permissible concentration of the substance in the
atmosphere is 0.3 mg/cu m. Prolonged round-the-clock poisoning
of albino rats with ethylene oxide concentration of 0.3 mg/cu m for
83 days causes changes in the ratio of flexors and extensors as
well as in the concentrations of chlorides and residual nitrogen in
blood. The mean-diurnal maximum permissible concentration of
ethylene oxide in the atmosphere is established at the level of
0.03 mg/cu m.f#
674 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
06905
I, S. Gusev
REFLECTIVE EFFECTS OF MICROCONCENTRATIONS OF BENZENE, TOLUENE,
XYLENE AND THEIR COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT. (Reflektornoe
deistvie mikrokontsentratsii benzola, toluola, i ksilola i ego
sravnitel'naya otsenka.) Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.) 30
(12), 331-6 (Dec. 1965), Huss. (Tr.)
The reflective effect on the electrical activity of the
cerebral cortex of imperceptible concentrations of benzene, toluene
, and xylene was investigated on highly sensitive individuals.
The threshold concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons decrease
from benzene to xylene with respect to their effect on cerebral
electric activity. The electric potentials are increased by
benzene and toluene, while xylene has the opposite effect, causing
a marked inhibition of the electric activity of the cerebral
cortex. Concentrations of 1.5 mg/cu.m. benzene, 0.6 mg/cu.m.
toluene, and 0.2 mg/cu.m. xylene are subliminal with respect to
their effect on the electric activity of the cerebral cortex and
imperceptible with respect to odor. These concentrations are
recommended as the maximum permissible one-time atmospheric
concentrations.#t
06907
A. I. Kopanev
VITAL STAINING OF TISSUES IN ESTABLISHING STANDARDS OF
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS. (Ob ispol'zovanii metoda vital'nogo
okrashivaniya tkanei pri normirovanii atmosfernykh
zagriaznenii.) Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.) 30 (12) 390-3
(Dec. 1965) . Huss. (Tr.)
The method of vital staining was used in order to study the
functional state of the tissues of animals which had been
exposed for a prolonged period to relatively low concentrations of
ethyleneglycol vapor, and also to determine the effective threshold
for this substance. Three groups of albino rats were
continuously exposed to ethyleneglycol vapor concentrations of 75,
15, and 3 mg/cu.m. for 60 days, while the fourth group serves as
the control. The accumulation index, the elimination index and
the trophic potential are determined. The organs investigated
are the liver, kidney, brain, lungs and spleen. In the first
group 75 mg/cu.m.) a high accumulation index was found in the
tissues of liver, kidneys, and brain; in the second
group (15 mg/cu.m.) the increase in the absorption of the vital
dye was less pronounced and was observed only in the liver tissues.
Changes directed at compensating the disturbed functions are
investigated by studies of the elimination index of vital
dye. in the first group (75 mg/cu.m.) the elimination
index is high in the lung and kidney and low in the liver; in
the second group the elimination index is low in the liver and
kidney. The group of animals exposed to the smallest investigated
concentration of 3 mg/cu.m. did not exhibit any difference from
the control group with respect to the indices of the accumulation
and the elimination of the vital dye. Animals exposed to
ethyleneglycol concentration of 75 mg/cu.m. exhibited a decrease
in the trophic potential in lungs. The liver, brain and
F. Effects - Human Health 676
-------
spleen exhibited a significant increase in the trophic potentials
pointing to increased activity of the appropriate cells.
Animals treated with ethyleneglycol vapor concentration of 15
mg/cu.m. exhibit an increase of trophic potential in the liver,
kidneys and spleen. Ethyleneglycol concentration of 3 mg/cu.0.
causes no changes of the trophic potential in any organs of the
animals, neither does it cause changes in any other indices of
vital staining in comparison with the control group. This
concentration of the substance also proved to be subliminal
in its effect on the chronaxie of antagonistic muscles,
acetylcholinesterase activity of blood and certain other tests.
Vital staining of tissues is a sensitive method and deserves
to be used when assessing hygienic standards for atmospheric
pollutants.#f
06910
H- 0. Amdur D. A. Cresasia
THE IRRITANT POTENCY OF M-TEHPHENYL OF DIFFERENT PARTICLE
SIZES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 27, 349-52 (Aug. 1966.)
The effect of homogeneous aerosols of m-terphenyl of 0.30, 0.65,
1.0, and 2.0 microns diameter on pulmonary-flow resistance
of unanesthetized guinea pigs was studied. At equal mass
concentration the irritant potency increased as the particle size
decreased and the number of particles increased. A small increase
in mass concentration for the smaller particles produced a greater
increment in response than occurred when the large particles were
used. The results were in agreement with earlier work on
aerosols of zinc ammonium sulfate. (Author abstract)t#
06947
D. A. Hockensmith
AN EVALUATION OF THE THEORY OF CARCINOGENIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence
Radiation Lab. (May 17, 1967). 27pp. (Rept. No. OCBL-
50269.)
Several polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons have been found to be
carcinogenic. One of the most interesting is 9, 10-
dimethylbenzanthracene, which causes mammary cancer in rats with
essentially 100% effectiveness. The purpose of this investigation
is to evaluate the theoretical explanation of this activity
insofar as it has been developed. The three major points under
consideration are the electronic properties of the carcinogens, the
influence of steric factors, and the formation of charge transfer
complexes. It is found that a qualitative theory can be put
together but is by no means complete. The most reliable aspects
of the aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenesis theory are based on
experimental rather than theoretical evidence. It was already
known that the L region of anthracene was the most reactive part
of that molecule. When the L region is blocked as in
3,4-benzpyrene and 9, 10-dimethylbenzanthracene, the K region is
found experimentally to be the most reactive site. It is
reasonable to assume even with no calculation that the
reactivity of this region is due to the localization of Pi
electrons. The theory being evaluated here is prinarily concerned
676 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
with the carcinogens and their mode of interaction with the unknown
cellular receivers. It can be combined with other theories
that specify the cellular receiver. For instance, the carcinogen
could form a complex with a protein moiety of the cellular
membrane. Or a virus in an inactive state could be activated by
the interaction of a carcinogen with the virus nucleic acid. Even
though the theory is not well confirmed at present, the
approaches tried have been valuable in sharpening the concepts
involved and in providing an interpretation of the experimental
results as well as suggesting additional experiments. appended:
the Hickel approximation theory and electronic indices of the K
and L regions of the aromatic hydrocarbons.t#
07026
A. Morgan, D. J. Morgan, G. M. Arkell
A STUDY OF THE RETENTION AND SUBSEQUENT METABOLISM OF INHALED
METHYL IODIDE. Proc. Intern. Symp. Inhaled Particles
Vapours II, Cambridge$ England, 1965. p. 309-320, 1967.
Radioiodine released from irradiated uranium is predominately
in the elemental form, but a small amount is usually released as
methyl iodide. To enable estimates of the radiological hazard
resulting from the inhalation of radioactive methyl iodide to be
made, measurements of its retention in a number of volunteer
subjects were carried out using iodine-132 labelled methyl iodide.
At normal breathing rates, the retention varied from 53 to 92%
depending principally upon the respiratory rate (breaths per
minute); low rates corresponding to high retention and vice versa.
The mean value for retention is 72%. Studies of the clearance
of radioactive methyl iodide from the lung, showed that its uptake
into pulmonary blood and removal to other parts of the of the
body in the general circulation is extremely rapid. The
metabolism of iodine-132 introduced as methyl iodide was found
to be very similar to that observed after oral intake of
iodine-132 as inorganic iodide. It may be concluded that the
retained methyl iodide is broken down guite rapidly and that the
liberated iodide participates in normal iodine metabolism. AS##
07027
B. Altshuler, E. D. Palmes, N. Nelson
REGIONAL AEROSOL DEPOSITION IN THE HDMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT.
In: )inhaled Particles and Vapours II. (Proc. Intern.
Symp. Brit. Occupational Hyg. Soc., Cambridge, England,
Sept. 28-Oct. 1, 1965.) C. N. Davies (ed.), London,
Permagon Press, 1967, p. 323-337. 20 refs.
Regional deposition of aerosol in the human respiratory tract
is estimated from experiments in which aerosol concentration and
respiratory flow were measured continuously during individual
breaths and from a theoretical analogy with a tabular continuous
filter bed model of the respiratory tract. Since the volume
of anatomic dead space is uncertain, regional distinction is
made by selected boundary volumes which separate the upper tract of
the selected volume from the more distal lower tract. The central
feature of the estimation procedure is the determination of a
combined upper tract penetration, for inspiration, pause, and
F. Effects - Human Health 677
-------
expiration, derived from expired aerosol concentration
corrected for aerosol mixing. The estimations indicate the
particle size for maximum alveolar deposition is greater than
2 microns, eguivalent diameter of a unit density sphere. This
result is consistent with the calculations of Findeisen, Landahl,
and Beeckmans and higher than the 1 micron of Brown et al.
(Authors' abstract)##
07068
H. Nievenhuis, L. Scheel, K. Stemmer, and R. Killens
TOXICITY OF CHRONIC LOW LEVEL EXPOSURES TO TOLUENE DIISOCYANiTE IB
ANIHALS. Am. Ind. Hyg. fissoc. J., 26 (2), 143-9 (Apr.
1965) .
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is one of the important ingredients
in the manufacture of lacquers, fibers and pllyurethane foam
plastics. The production and consumption of these products has
increased greatly in recent years. TDI is known to have an
irritating effect upon the skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tract and
respiratory tract. Its Threshold Limit Value formerly
established at 0.1 ppm has been lowered to 0.02 ppra; however, the
Baximal Allowable Concentration level remains 0.1 ppm. The
toxicity of repeated inhalation exposures to 0.1 ppm of toluene
diisocyanate was studied in rats, rabbits and guinea pigs. The
experiment consisted of two parts: (1) 38 six-hour weekly
exposures on rabbits and rats, and (2) 58 six-hour daily exposures
on rabbits, rats and guinea pigs. The development of
bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans in rats is the complication of
primary interest. A description and illustrations of the lesion
are given. Other biological effects of toluene diisocyanate are
discussed. (Authors' introduction, modified)t#
07159
Clarke, J. M.
THE PROBLEM OF CANCER IN NEW ZEALAND. New Zealand Bed. J.
Vol. 63:788-799, Dec. 1964
In considering the problem of cancer in New Zealand clinical
features are not discussed in detail, but a general view of the
situation is presented. The subject is discussed as follows: 1.
The problem in New Zealand as shown by mortality returns, with
some comparisons with other countries. 2. Action taken in the
past to meet the position. 3. Recommendations. In 1961, the
last year for which statistics are available, there were 3,572
deaths from cancer, about one-sixth of the total number of deaths
registered in New Zealand in that year. These figures include
Haoris, but in the more detailed figures and comparisons include,
the reference is to Europeans only. This number of cancer deaths
is the highest total ever registered here in one year, an increase
of 282 over the previous year. The death rate per 10,000 of the
population is also a record, being 14.72, as compared to 13.84 in
1960. Deaths due to cancer, according to sex, at 15 major sites,
in New Zealand in 1961 are tabulated.##
678 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
07161
N. C. Delarue
RECONSIDERATION OF SOME SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF THE CIGAHETTE
SMOKING - LONG CANCER CONTROVERSY. Can. Med. Assoc. J.
(Toronto) 89, 1277-83. ("Dec. 21, 1963). (Presented at a
sectional meeting, American Coll. of Surgeons, Toronto,
Canada, Apr. 25, 1963.)
The five-stage procedure used in the assessment of epidemiological
evidence for the verification of assumptions drawn from
observations about the characteristics of human disease incidence
is as follows: First, retrospective and prospective studies are
undertaken to define the nature of the specific problem. Later,
in subsequent steps, the responsible agent is isolated and if
possible eliminated. The hypothesis underlying these studies is
then tested by a further prospective study if the injurious agent
has been removed from the vehicle to be tested. In line with this
procedure it was hoped that a single carcinogen could be identified
and recovered from cigarette smoke and, on the elimination of this
agent, a safe cigarette could be produced, tested and provided for
public consumption. Dnfortunately, the complex
interrelationships of carcinogens and co-carcinogens seem to make
the attainment of this ideal, the safe cigarette, remote indeed.
The cigarette manufacturer faces a Herculean task in eliminating
all of the various agents of this nature while maintaining a
cigarette with aroma and flavour. If such an ideal solution
cannot be reached and if no dramatic improvements in therapy are
discovered, no alternative remains but to pursue as vigorously as
possible every available means to curtail the cigarette smoking
habit. (Author conclusion)#t
07162
B. G. Ferris, Jr. and N. R. Frank
AIR POLLDTION AND DISEASE. Anesthesiology 25 (4) :470-478
Aug. 1964.
Atmospheric pollution can be classified under three headings:
general, occupational and personal. The components are complex
and variable so that it is difficult to extrapolate the prevalence
of disease in one area to that of another unless the two have
similar chemical compositions. Significant exposures can occur at
work and may produce impairment of respiratory function. It is
emphasized that tobacco smoking, and particularly cigarette
smoking, is a most important factor in the causation of chronic
nonspecific respiratory disease. Much research has been done to
elucidate the mechanism whereby such changes are induced but
specific answers concerning the mechanisms have not been
forthcoming. Tables are included showing types of atmospheric
pollution; comparison of Los Angeles and London types of
pollution; categories of airborne materials with selected examples
that may occur in industry and that may cause disease; age
standardized rates of respiratory diseases by tobacco usage and
sex; age standardized rates (%) of respiratory disease by current
cigarette smoking habits and sex.##
F. Effects - Human Health 679
-------
07165
W. I. Glass and N. G. Thorn
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH TOLUENE DI-ISOCYANATE IN
POLY-URETHANE FOAM PRODUCTION. New Zealand Med. J.
(Toronto), Vol. 63. 642-647 (Oct. 1964).
Three plants engaged in the production of poly-urethane foam were
visited. Air samples were taken at different stages of production
and considered in relation to symptoms recorded from workers who
had been or were affected. It is suggested that a maximum
allowable concentration of toluene di-isocyanate in air of less
than 0.01 ppm for the unprotected worker would lead to the
appearance of few if any cases of illness in previously unexposed
workers. The clinical' pattern of the symptoms of the nine cases
is discussed. Symptoms developed among different workers at
different times after first beginning work with the compounds.
The severity of the symptoms varied from slight dryness of the
throat to a severe asthmatic type illness. The sequelae varied
from the development of tolerance or of hypersensitivity, to the
worker who remained unaffected or who was affected to a mild
extent but whose condition did not deteriorate. (Authors'
summary)*t
07251
TOLERABLE LIMITS FOR TOXIC MATERIALS IN INDUSTRY. DIVERGENCES
AND POINTS OF AGREEMENT AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL. (1) ((Les
limites tolerables pour les substances toxigues dans 1
'Industrie divergences et points d1accord a 1'echelle
Internationale. (1))) ((Arch. Maladies Profess. Med. Trav.
Securite Sociale (Paris))), 26 (1-2) :41-56, Feb. 1965. Text
in French.
The report of the International Committee on the Study of
Tolerable Limits presented to the XIV International
Symposium on Maximum Tolerable Concentrations of Toxic
Materials in Industry held in Paris in 1963, which are given,
represent a summary of the present knowledge on maximum allowable
concentrations. The chief difficulty in establishing
international standards involves the widely different views of the
concept of tolerable limits and the methodologies of the U.S. and
Russia. The study of the effects of many toxic materials on the
central nervous system by Russian workers has led to the
establishment of standards that are much more rigid than the U.S.
standards for many materials. The Russian and U.S. limits for
some toxic materials is mg/cu m, respectively are: ethylene oxide
1 and 90; chlordane 0.01 and 2.0; carbon tetrachloride 20 and 160.
For 34 gases and 8 dusts, fumes, and mists, the Soviet standards
are at least one fifth of the U.S- limits and in most cases even
less. Some workers object to the methods used by the Russian
experts on the grounds that they are too sensitive and show
physiological rather than pathological effects. Because of the
differences in concepts, the objective approach should be a
discussion of the interpretation of the results obtained by both
groups to understand and reconcile the different approaches.
Fortunately, there are 21 gases and vapors and 19 dusts, fumes,
and mists in which there is practical agreement and which can serve
as a core for international standards which can be amplified with
680 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
an exchange of information and results. There is a necessity for
further research to obtain data to permit the establishment of
zones of tolerable concentrations rather than rigorous limits.##
07270
Advisory Committee on Tetraethyl Lead, Washington, D. C.
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF INCREASING TETEAETHYL LEAD CONTENT IN
MOTOR FUEL. {(Public Health Service, Washington, D. C.,
Occupational Health Program,)) PHS Publ. no. 712, 49p.,
1959. 7 refs.
GPO: 526258-59-2
The advice of the Pulbic Health Service was sought on
increasing the maximum concentration of tetraethyl lead (TEL) in
auto gasoline from 3.0 to 4.0 cc per gallon. An ad hoc committee
was appointed to determine whether the proposed increase
represented a public health hazard. Data on technical reasons for
the increase, the results of research, the consumption of TEL by
year, and a review of the medical problems are presented by the
Ethyl Corp. Representatives of the duPont Co. supplied
production figures, and information on actual and estimated TEL
demand on U. s. producers. The Committee concluded that (1)
a change in the maximum concentration of tetraethyl lead in motor
fuel from 3.0 to U.0 cc. would not increase the hazards involved
in the manufacture and distribution of leaded gasoline and (2)
available data do not indicate that such change would significantly
increase the hazard to public health from air pollution.#t
07291
Gurinov, B. P., F. D. Mashbits, and L. H. Shabad
A STUD! OF THE BLASTOBOGENIC PBOPERTIES OF SOME TABS DERIVED
FROM ATMOSPHEBIC DUST AND FROM COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF
DIFFERENT FUEL TYPES. Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit.,
No. 10:12-16, 1954. 3 refs. Engl. transl. by B. S. Levine,
D.S.S.B. Lit. on Air Pollut. 5 Relat. Occup. Dis., Vol.
2, p. 74-80, March 1960.
CFSTI TT60-21188
A study was conducted of the blastomogenic properties of some
tarry substances, particularly of the products of combustion of
various types of fuel, such as coal, wood, peat, oil and its
by-products, as well as of substances isolated from atmospheric
dust. Samples were collected either by sedimentation or by
aspiration and CC57 mice 2-3 months old were used as the
experimental animals. The fur was removed from'the skin between
the shoulder blades and 10X benzene solution of the tar under study
was applied to the exposed skin section about three times a week.
The reactions observed were recorded up to the time of the death
of the test animals. After that, and following autopsies, all
tumors discovered were examined histologically. The data obtained
strengthens the belief that the number of malignant tumors which
developed in mice subjected to the applications of different
tars, is to some extent related to the amount of 3.4-benzpyrene
contained in the tars. Futhernore, on the basis of the results of
experiments with test animals and of the spectral-fluorescence
F. Effects - Human Health 681
-------
analysis of atmospheric pollutants, it can be stated that
3.4-benzpyrene, a carcinogenic substance, is present in the air
of certain towns. ASM##
07301
Shabad, L. H.
THE PRESENCE OF CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES, AND OF 3,4-BENZPYRENE
IN PARTICULAR, IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF MAN. Vopr. Onkol.,
5 (3):271-275, 1959. 35 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Lit. on Air Pollut. 6 Eelat. Occup.
Dis., Vol 2, p. 141-146, Harch 1960.
CFSTI: TT60-21188
The ability to produce experimental tumors in different organs and
tissues by blastomogenic substances, presented the opportunity to
make a detailed study of the origin and development of blastomata.
Results of numerous experiments on the development of a variety of
cancers carried out in the laboratory of the Institute of
Oncology in Leningrad by a number of investigators indicated that
four distinct phases were distinguishable in the development of all
cancers. I. Irregular diffuse pretumor hyperplasia. II.
Focal proliferations, the precancer stage proper. III. The
so-called benign tumors. IV. Malignant
so-called benign tumors. IV. Malignant tumors. Although the
morphological changes may be different in different organs and may
depend on a number of contributing factors, the basic
characteristics of the process were identical in all cases. The
enumerated states of development progressed from one into
another without shapr demarcation; the development may become
temporarily arrested at any one of the phases, or the arrest may
become permanent and not attain the cancer phase. Tumors acquire
specific cancer characteristics gradually in the process of
development. This applies not only to the morphological
characteristics, but also to the pathophysiological, biochemical
and immunological characteristics. The mechanisms of the action
of blastomogenic substances are unique and differ from the
mechanisms of action of most stimulating agents. For instance,
carcinogenic hydrocarbons suppress the inflammation and distort
the course of the inflammatory reaction. The aforesaid
illustrates that the study of carcinogenic substances considerably
broadened the concept of the etiology and pathogenesis of malignant
tumors and points to the means for their prevention in the
following two ways: 1) early diagnosis and elimination of a
precancerous condition, and 2) prevention of tumor formation by
clearing the environment of carcinogenic agents.i#
07302
Hironova, A. T.
A STUD I OF THE POSSIBLE BLASTOMOGENIC PROPERTIES OF SOHE
SUBSTANCES RESULTING FROM THE PHODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC LIQUID
FUEL. Vopr, Onkol., 5(5):53U-539, 1959. 5 refs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Lit. on Air
Pollut. 5 Belat. Occup. Dis., Vol. 2, p. 147-155, March 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
682 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Bice were tested with the primary and finished products of the
manufacture of synthetic liquid fuel. A total of 588 two-month
old mice were used in the experiment, using from 40 to 50 animals
for each sample. One small drop of the test material was applied
twice d week to the interscapular area of the mice. After the
third or fourth application alopecia of varying degree developed in
the majority of the animals. In the mice treated with the primary
products the alopecia was extensive, the skin was hard, crusty and
cracked. Simultaneous falling out of the old and the appearance
of new fur was observed throughout the period of application of the
test substances. Treatment of the skin with the final synthetic
product produced limited alopecia. The tests consisted of 50
applications, after which the mice were kept under careful
observation up to the time of their natural death. The dead
animals were preserved in 10% formaldehyde and histologic
examinations made of sections of the skin parts to which the test
substances were applied and of pathologically affected organs.
Four of the five primary products tested caused skin cancer
development at the site of application in 12 to 16% of the mice;
this justifies the conclusion that the substances possessed mild,
but definite carcinogenic properties. Among the seven final
synthetic products of hydrogenation, two manifested slight
blastomogenic properties; no carcinogenic properties were detected
in five products of this group. The conclusion regarding positive
carcinogenic properties possessed by two primary materials, namely,
the heavy tar and the mazout from direct distillation, originally
arrived at on the basis of 3,4-benzpyrene presence in these
products, as indicated by fluorescentspectral analysis, was
confirmed by the results of tests with animals. The biological
tests also established the blastomogenic properties of four
additional substances which gave negative fluorescent-spectral
tests, indicating that carcinogenic substances other than those
which yield a positive 3,4-benzpyrene test may be present in the
substances investigated.##
07306
Novikov, Yu. V.
EFFECT OF SHALL BENZENE CONCENTRATIONS ON HIGHER NERVOUS
ACTIVITY OF ANIHALS IN CHRONIC EXPERIMENTS, Gig. Sanit., NO.
2:20-25, 1956. 4 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit, on Air Pollut. 6 Relat. Occup.
DIS., VOL. 2, P. 185-191, MARCH 1960.
CFSTI TT60-21188
Groups of three types of conditioned reflexes were developed in
mice: two positive, (one strong and one weak), and one negative.
The group pattern was as follows: 2 positive conditioned
reflexes in response to a ball (strong); 2 positive conditioned
reflexes in response to a red light (weak); 1 positive conditioned
reflex in response to a bell (strong); 1 negative conditioned
reflex in response to a buzzer; two positive conditioned reflexes
in response to a bell and 2 positive in response to a red light.
After this pattern of motor conditioned reflexes had been
established tests were made to determine the animal's type of
higher nervous activity by extending differentiation to 3 min. and
by testing the effects of 24 hour starvation. The average length
of latent period of the second and third conditioned reflexes to
bell ringing was thus calculated; first and second reflexes to red
1-iqht stimulation and average length of conditioned motor
F. Effects - Human Health 683
-------
nutritional reflex reaction were calculated covering a period of
ten days. The data thus obtained served as reference points for
the evaluation of further changes in the conditioned reflex
activity of the experimental animals. After having determined the
typological characteristics of the rats' higher nervous activity
animals were separated into groups according to higher nervous
activity types. Final test groups contained rats of every
neurotype. Chronic exposure to 64 mg/cu m of benzene vapor
concentration produced functional changes in conditioned reflex
activity of white rats. The changes were most marked in
animals of weak and strong unbalanced type of higher nervous activi
animals of weak and strong unbalanced type of higher nervous
activity. In chronic intoxication with 13 mg/cu m of benzene
vapor no changes occurred in the activity of the cerebral cortez.
Results presented can serve as physiological basis for the
adoption of the limit of allowable benzene concentration in
atmospheric air.*#
07308
Koslova, T. A.
THE EFFECT OF BENZENE ON THE ORGANISM AT HIGH AIH TEHPEHATURE.
Gigiena i Sanit., 22 (1) : 18-24, 1957. Translated from Russian
by E. S. Levine, D.S.S.R. Lit. on Air Pollut. 5 Eelat.
Occup. Dis., Vol. 2, p. 196-203, March 1960.
CFSTI TT60-21188
The study was conducted over the years of 1953 - 1955 along two
channels: direct observations in a leatherette factory (the
Nogin plant) , and experimental studies with laboratory animals.
Observations under direct factory conditions were conducted during
the months of June, July and August, when the temperature inside
the work shops ranged between 28 - 42, and again during the months
of December, January and February when the air temperature of
the work shops ranged between 20 - 28. The control group
consisted of individuals who lived under local climatic conditions
free from benzene air pollution. The study covered blood pictures
of 273 workers. The results showed that during the summer months,
when the effect of benzene vapor on the workers was paralleled by
high atmospheric temperature, the number of workers having anemias
of moderate intensity increased (Hb. by Sahli hemoglobinometer
was 55% and erythrocyte count below H,000,000/cu mm). The
number of workers showing signs of early leucopenia, with
leucocytes below 5,000/cu mm also increased. In some workers the
number of leucocytes fell during the summer months to 3,800 and of
thrombocytes to 8,000/cu mm, pointing to the onset of a chronic
state of benzene intoxication of I degree. The increase in
benzene toxicity with increase in air temperature may have been due
to the effect which increased temperature exerted on the rate of
benzene permeation into tissues, its distribution rate and rate of
toxicity neutralization by the organism and effect of temperature
on the functional state of the nervous system (hyperthermic
effect). The simultaneous exposure of animals to benzene vapor
and elevated air temperature brought about a lowering in the
resistance of the animal to temperature effects as indicated by
increased disturbance in the processes of thermoregulation. There
arises the possible need to determine differential limits of
allowable benzene vapor concentrations in the air of industrial
work rooms. This may apply equally to other gaseous air
pollutants.##
684 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
07316
Alexeyev, A. Ye.
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE PHAHHACO-DYNAHICS OF SOME
VAPOR FORMING SUBSTANCES INHALED HITH THE AIR. Farmakol.
Toxilogiya, 18(6):22-2U, 1955. Translated from Russian by B.
S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Lit. on Air Pollut. 6 Relat. Occup.
Dis., Vol. 2, p. 251-254, March 1960.
CFSTI TT60-21188
A study was conducted to determine whether the CNS plays an
important role in the penetration of pharmacological agents
through the alveolar membrane. Frogs were used as cold-blooded
and white rats as warm-blooded animals. The study was made by the
method of heart-lung preparation retaining its connection with the
central nervous system; therefore, the method can be described as
the heart-lung-brain-preparation method. The frogs were
anesthetized and the thoracic cavity opened; blood vessels were
ligatured in the following order: both cutaneous arteries, then
both basal arteries, inferior vena cava and subclavian veins. In
this way the pulmonary and carotid arteries and the internal and
external jugular veins and the pulmonary veins remained open;
through them blood was supplied to the brain via a small circuit.
The posterior part of the frog's body was severed between the
thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. A tube was then inserted into the
trachea connecting the latter with a device for artificial
respiration; heart contractions were registered kymographically.
When a frog woke from narcosis, as was indicated by the appearance
of protective reflexes in the yes or skin in response to needle
prick, the administration of the test substances was begun. An
intact frog served as control and its heart action was registered.
Tests were made with chloroform, formalin, and paraldehyde. It
was demonstrated that the central nervous system played an
important part in regulating and directing lung membrane function.
Severing the connection between the lung membrane and the central
nervous system substantially affected the pharmacoa—dynamics of
some vapor forming pharmacological substances inhaled with the air.
Volatile narcotics such as chloroform, and vapor forming
substances such as paraldehyde freely permeated through the lung
membrane which changed their pharmaco-dynamic effects when the
connection between the lungs and the central nervous system
remained intact.##
07332
F. Sperling, W. L. Marcus, C. Collins
ACUTE EFFECTS OF TURPENTINE VAPOR ON RATS AND MICE. Toxicol.
Appl. Pharmacol., 10(1):8-20, Jan. 1967. 16 refs. (Portions
of this paper were presented at the Second Int. Pharmacol
Congr., Prague, Czech., Aug. 20-23, 1963, and at the Third,
Fourth, and Fifth Annual Meetings, Soc. of Toxicol.,
Williamsburg, Va.)
The use of a small, inexpensive, dynamic inhalation system to
determine the 2-hr LC50 for mice and the 1, 2, 3, and 6-hr
LC50 for rats exposed to turpentine is described. The mice
and rats were placed in individual glass cylinders which ere
so sized that the animals could move back and forth and rotate
on their long axis, but could not turn around. The turpentine
f. .Effects - Human Health 685
-------
vapor was obtained by pumping air through a wash bottle
containing turpentine. A parallel system supplied air
alone and by rotameters, the concentration in the exposure chamber
could be caried from zero to saturation. The LC50 of
turpentine vapor for rats for 1 to 6 hr of exposure ranged from
20 mg/liter to 12 mg/liter. The 2-hr LC50 for mice was 29
mg/liter. Exposure to the vapor caused an increase in
respiratory rate, a decrease in tidal volume, and no change in
the minute volume in rats. No evidence was found of pulmonary
lesions induced by turpentine. Tissue distribution of turpentine
in rats following exposure showed that the brain and spleen had
the highest concentrations immediately after exposure as well as
60 min after exposure.#f
07340
0, Saffiotti, R. Bontesano, A. R. Sellakumar, S. A.
Borg
EXPERIMENTAL CANCER OF THE LONG. INHIBITION BY VITAMIN A OF THE
INDUCTION OF TRACHEOBRONCHIAL SQOAMOUS METAPLASIA AND SQUAMOUS
CELL TUMORS. Cancer, 20 (5):857-864, May 1967. 16 refs.
(Presented at the 9th Int. Cancer Congr., Tokyo, Oct. 1966.)
The purpose of this investigation was to explore the mechanisms
controlling the initial metaplastic change in the response of
the tracheobronchial mucosa to carcinogens using vitamin A
as a tool to investigate the role of cellular differentiation in
the pathogenesis of tumors derived from the bronchial mucosa.
Two groups of Syrian golden hamsters, each containing 36 males
and 36 females received 10 intratracheal installations of 3
mg. of benzo (a)pyrene (BP) and 3 mg of hematite suspended
in saline given once weekly. One group received stomach tube
feedings of vitamin A parmitate (5 mg or 5,000 IU in 0.1 ml of
corn oil) twice weekly for life beginning one week after the
end of the BP treatment. In the group receiving no vitamin
A, there were 13 cases of squamous tumors and 13 cases of
sguamous metaplasia in 53 animals at risk. In the group
receiving vitamin A, one developed a microscopic sguamous tumor
in a bronchus and one developed a patch of squamous metaplasia
in the trachea among 16 animals at risk. There was a marked
reduction of forestomach papillomas among the vitamin A group.
It is indicated that vitamin A administered following a
carcinogenic exposure to the respiratory tract to benzo (a)pyrene
can interfere with the induction of squamous metaplasia and
sguamous tumors in the tracheobronchial mucosa.#t
073K2
C. W. Elston
PNEUMONIA DUE TO LIQUID PARAFFIN: WITH CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.
Arch. Disease Childhood (London), 41 (218) :428-43U, Aug 1966.
13 refs.
A case of liquid paraffin pneumonia is reported in an infant
with congenital abnormalities and a method of extraction and
identification of the oil is included. In most of the cases
recorded since the first description of oil aspiration
pneumonia in man by Laughlen in 1925, the diagnosis was made
686 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
on purely histologic grounds. In this fatal case of lipid
pneumonia due to inhalation of liquid paraffin in an infant who
had a congenital oesophageal atresia repaired 24 hours after birth,
identification of the oilwas not possible by histological or
histochemical means. After the material was extracted with
petroleum ether and purified by chrcmatography, it was
identified as liquid paraffin by its refractive index and
infrared spectrum. The administration of liquid paraffin to
infants, especially those with feeding difficulty is potentially
dangerous. In adults, the physical condition plays a part in
determining the degree of lung involvement. In debilitated
patients there is a tendency to develop a generalized lipid
pneumonia, whereas, a person in good general health is more likely
to develop a localized granuloma.##
07352
lizuka, Y.
TOXICOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC STUDIES ON DIELDRIN. (BEPT. 1,
BIOASSAY OF DIELDRIN BY USE OF LARVAE OF ORTHOCLADIUS AKAHUSHI,
TOKUNAGA. REPT. 2. EXTRACTION OF DIELDRIN FROH MOTH-PROOFED
KNITTING YARN BY HDMAN SALIVA AND ITS HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE.
BEPT. 3, DIELDRIN CONCENTRATION IN AIR IN MOTH-PROOF
PROCESSING.) Text in Japanese. Japan J. Ind. Health
(Tokyo), 5 (8):531-541, Aug. 1963. 24 refs.
Dieldrin (chemical abbreviation, HEOD) is widely applied as an
insecticide in agriculture, and for vector control and recently as
a moth-proofing agent for knitting yarn. The author devised a
simple bioassay method of dieldrin using larvae of Orthocladius
akamushi Tokunaga which is sold on the market as fish feed
throughout the year. By aid of this micro-determination method,
the author investigated the possible hazard to babies by chewing a
moth-proofed woolen dress. It was concluded that some amount of
dieldrin, which adheres to the surface of yarn, will be readily
dissolved by saliva while the remaining portion (70% or more) is
firmly fixed to the wool protein. The magnitude of extracted
dieldrin by saliva (0.1 mg from three grams of knitting yarn) is
far beyond the estimated toxic doses for babies and infants (1
mg/kg), but the washing by detergent after the moth-proofing
process will increase the safety by more than twice. Dieldrin
concentration in air in the moth-proofing process was determined by
the bioassay method. Near the boiling dye bath containing
dieldrin, it was 0.09 mg/cu. m. on an average (range: 0.04 to
0.14 mg/cu. m.), revealing the concentration for less than 0.25
mg/cu. m. in the threshold limits by ACGIH, When the lid was
kept hlaf opened simulating the most careless conditions, the
concentration rose to 9.62 mg/cu. m. This was, however, an
unreasonable figure in routine conditions. (Author's summary,
modified).##
07368
Harashima, S. H. Sakurai, and K. Nakamura
DIFFERENCE IN RESPONSES OF TWO STRAINS OF HICE TO BENZENE
INHALATION. Text in Japanese. Japan J. Ind. Health
(Tokyo), 7(11):8-12, Dec. 1965. 13 refs.
F. Effects - Human Health 687
-------
Strain difference of responses to acute and long-term
benzene inhalations was investigated in male mice of CFH and ddN
lines. Observed responses included mortality and lethal time by
acute exposure to higher concentrations of benzene, and changes in
leucocyte counts and hemoglobin levels after repeated inhalations
of lower concentrations. Groups of mice aged 5, 7 and 10 weeks
for both strains were exposed to 1.5% benzene and mortalities were
observed. Mice of both strains were exposed, at 10 weeks of age,
to 3% and 2% benzene and lethal time was determined for each
animal. After 20-days exposure to 200 ppm benzene, leucopenia
was found only in ddN, and a decrease of hemoglobin concentration,
on the contrary, was observed in CFH and not in ddN. From
the results, it was concluded that the susceptibility of adult mice
to the inhaled benzene of higher concentrations was greater in
ddN than in CFW, and its variance was smaller in ddN than in
CFW. Consequently, it was noted that ddN was more suited for
studying acute response, such as mortality or lethal time, to
benzene inhalation in mice.t#
07475
Gusev, I. S.
A COHPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF BENZENE,
TOLDENE AND XYLENE. ((Sravnitel 'naya otsenka deistviya
malykh kontsentratsii benzola, toluola i ksilola.)) Hyg.
Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 32(2): 159-
163, Feb. 1967. 7 refs.
CFSTI: TT67-51409/1
Investigation of the effects of exposing animals to low
concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene over a prolonged
period of time (85 days) is described. The 105 male albino rats
used were divided into seven groups: 15 animals in each group.
Purified air was supplied to the chamber containing the first
group of animals (controls) at a rate of 30 - 35 1/min. The other
chambers were supplied, at the same rate, with air containing
admixtures of the vapors with the substances in question. The
concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene in the chambers
were checked daily. Concentrations of 15 mg/cu. m. caused marked
changes in cholinesterase activity and in the white blood count of
animals continuously exposed to these substances over a prolonged
period of time. The magnitude of the changes increased from
benzene to xylene, while the rate of recovery diminished in the
same direction. Toluene in a concentration of 0.6 mg/cu. m. and
xylene in a concentration of 0.2 mg/cu.m. produced no effect on the
experimental animals throughout the period of exposure, so that
these may be recommended as the mean daily maximum permissible
atmospheric concentrations. As little is yet known regarding the
absence of cumulative properties when low concentrations of benzene
are involved, the mean daily maximum permissible concentration
should remain at the present level of 0.8 mg/cu. w. , which is
only half the noneffective concentration of this substance
established by the above experiments.
07573
Tkach, N. Z.
COHBINED EFFECT OF ACETONE AND ACETOPHENONE IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
(Konbinirovannoe deistvie atsetoma i atsetofenona v atmosferno»
688 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
vozukhe.) Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., 30(8), Aug.
1965. 7 refs. Engl. transl. by Israel Program for Scientific
Translations, Hyg. Sanit., 30 (8):179-185, Aug. 1965.
CFSTI: TT66-51033/3
When acetone and acetophenone act together, their odors are
completely summated. The combined effect of acetone and
acetophenone on ocular sensitivity to light and electrical
activity of the brain displays complete summation. Hhen acetone
and acetophenone are simultaneously present in the atmosphere,
their maximum one-time concentration, expressed in fractions of the
accepted separate maximum permissible concentrations, should not
exceed 1.5. Prolonged poisoning of albino rats with acetone and
acetophenone concentrations of 1.855 and 0.0165 mg/cu m. (the sum
total of the fractions of their separate maximum permissible
concentrations being 10.9) for 84 days caused disturbances of the
normal chronaxial ratio of antagonistic muscles, inhibited the
activity of cholinesterase, increased the excretion of
coproporphyrine and 17-ketosteroids in the urine, and produced
eosinopenia. No effect was produced by an acetone plus
acetophenone mixture having a total concentration of 1.2. in
the case of the combined presence of acetone and acetophenone in
the atmosphere, their mean daily concentration expressed in
fractions of their separate maximum permissible concentrations
should not exceed 1.2.M
07571
Statsek, N. K.
HAXIMtJM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF DICYCLOHEXYLAMINE NITRITE
IN THE AIR OF FACTORIES. (Haterialy k gigienicheskomu
normirovaniyu nitrita-ditsiklogeksilamina v vozdukhe
prozvodstvennykh pomeshchenii.) Text in Russian. Gigiena i
Sanit., 30(8), Aug. 1965. 3 refs. Engl. transl. by Israel
Program for Scientific Translations, Hyg. Sanit.,
30 (8):208-212, Aug. 1965.
CFSTI: TT66-51033/3
Dicyclohexylamine nitrite (DAN) is an inhibitor of the
atmospheric corrosion of ferrous metals and belongs to a class of
amihocyclic compounds. On intragastric introduction, LD50 of
this compound for mice amounts to 80 mg/kg and for rats 325 mg/kg,
no local irritating effect was noted. Repeated inhalation of
DAN in the form of vapors at a concentration of 0.009, 0.001 and
0.002 mg/1 produces no signs of intoxication. The maximum
permissible concentration of DAN in the air of the working zone
is recommended to be at a level of 0.001 mg/1. (Author's Summary
07782
Hsu, Wen-Tah, John W. Moohr, Albert Y. M. Tsai, and Samuel B.
Heiss
THE INFLUENCE OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ON BACTERIOPHAGE
DEVELOPMENT, II. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S., Vol. 55, p.1«75-
1182, June 1966. 11 refs.
F. Effects - Human Health 689
-------
Further information is provided on the nature of the hydrocarbon
response in infected and noninfected Escherichia coli speroplasts.
A method is described for preparing infected speroplasts from cells
preinfected with phage which permits one to assay the hydrocarbon
effect on the replication of both single- and double-stranded
viruses whereby significant differences are observed. The present
study demonstrates the inhibition of viral nucleic acid and protein
synthesis by 7,12-DMBA, and, in contrast to one of the authors
earlier observations, it is now reported that 7,12-DMBA inhibits
nucleic acid and protein synthesis in the bacterial host itself.
The protective effect of various aromatics on 7,12-dimethyl-benz-
anthvacene induced viral inhibition is also reported.
07783
Harington, J. S. and Marianne Smith
STUDIES OF HYDROCARBONS ON MINERAL DUSTS: THE ELUTION OF 3:4
BENZPYRENE AND OILS FROM ASBESTOS AND COAL DUSTS BY SERUM. Arch.
Environ. Health, 8(3):453-458, March 1964. 12 refs.
The effectiveness of serum to remove 3-4 benzopyrene and oil from
asbestos and coal was investigated. The material examined
consisted of virgin crocidolite, amosite, and chrysotile from South
African asbestos fields. The following experiments were performed:
1. The Adsorption of 3:4 Benzpyrene on Washed Asbestos and Coal
Dust. 2. The Elution of Freshly Adsorbed 3:4-Benzpyrene from
Washed Crocidolite, Chrysotile, and Coal Dust by Serum. 3. The
Elution of 3:4-Benzpyrene From Natural Crocidolite and Coal Dust by
Serum. Chrysotile asbestos adsorbed 100% 3:4-benzpyrene from
solution after 48 hours at 37 C compared with 40% and 47% for
crocidolite and coal, respectively, and 10% for amosite. No
correlation was found between the degree of adsorption of 3:4-
benzpyrene and the extent to which it was eluted by serum. Serum
eluted the naturally occurring oils more effectively from coal dust
than it did from crocidolite fiber and was slightly more effective
than cyclohexane in eluting 3:4-benzpyrene from coal and
crocidolite. 3:4 Benzpyrene was eluted more easily from |natural]
coal and crocidolite than it was after it had been freshly adsorbed
on dusts previously freed of their naturally associated
hydrocarbons. These findings are discussed in relation to the
pathogenesis of coal workers] pneumoconiosis and asbestos
malignancy.
07785
Toth, B. and P. Shnbik
CARCINOGENESIS IN ARE MICE INJECTED AT BIRTH WITH BENZO(A)PYHENE
AND DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE. Cancer Res., 28(1):43-51, Jan.
1967. 26 refs.
Newborn ARE mice were injected s.c. with either 200 micrograms
of benzo(BP) or with 30 micrograms of
dimethylinitrosamine (DMN). The BP was found to result in a
more rapid occurrence of malignant lymphomas than observed in the
controls and to result in many lung adenomas. The DMN had no
apparent effect on the development of virally medicated lymphomas
but resulted in the appearance of benign and malignant liver tumors
and lung adenomas.#t
690 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
07842
Lewis, T. R., F. G. Hueter, and K. ft. Busch
IHHADIATED AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. (ITS EFFECTS ON THE
REPRODUCTION OF MICE.) Arch. Environ. Health, 15(1):26-35,
July 1967. 20 refs.
This study attempts to define the relative importance of
pre-exposure of each member of the sexual pair to irradiated auto
exhaust, and exposure of the female partner and her litter,
following removal of the male with regard to conception, fetal
development, fecundity, and infant survival. There were 150
virgin female mice preconditioned to either filtered air or
irradiated automobile exhaust for 46 days, who were randomly paired
with 150 similarly preconditioned males. All mice were 12 to 13
weeks of age at the time of mating and were caged individually
during the preconditioning period. Bales and females were
paired randomly to form approximately equal numbers of sexual pairs
(18 or 19) in each of eight treatment groups. The experiment was
repeated with a new population of mice of the same strain 15 days
after completion of the first investigation. The adverse effects
of pre-conditioning male mice with irradiated auto exhaust on
conception, implantation of fertilized ova, fecundity, and infant
survival appear to be induced by a common mechanism. This is the
first experiment the results of which imply mutational effects on
mammalian cells by components or subsequent products of
irradiated auto exhaust. An effect of the alteration of one
environmental factor in this investigation, i.e. atmospheres to
which the females were exposed, was evidenced by mild stress on
litter sizes. Litters born in an atmosphere of irradiated auto
exhaust showed a marked increase in mortality in both experiments,
but the magnitude differed.ttt
07886
Hastrangelo, J. J., H. P. Giordan, and H. P. Johnson
SURFACE BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUAL LIPIDS SIHILAR TO CONSTITUENTS OF
PDLBONABT SURFACTANT. Edgewood Arsenal, Bd., Medical
Research Lab., Project 1C622401A097, Task 1C622401A09708,
EATR 4087, 22p., April 1967. 22 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 651001
Surface films of araphipathic neutral lipids and phospholipids,
similar to those found in pulmonary surfactant, were characterized
by their surface behavior, including that under high surface
pressure. Each lipid was studied with respect to equilibrium
point, hysteresis, hypercompressibility, and isotension point, the
last two being newly defined parameters. It was found that
saturated (straight) hydrocarbon chain molecules exhibited much
lower isotension-point surface tensions than did their respective
unsaturated (branched) analogs, whereas the reverse was true for
the equilibrium-point surface tensions. Saturated compounds
exhibited considerably more hypercompressibility than did their
unsaturated analogs. The ordering of limiting surface tension at
highest compression (the isotension point) was not exclusively
dependent on obvious steric factors; rather, subtle and undefined
electronic factors were also participating. The significantly
lowest surface tensions obtained on compression were exhibited by
F. Effects - Human Health 691
-------
dipalmitoyl lecithin, sphingomyelin, and palmitic acid. The last
compound demonstrates that lipids other than phospholipids can
exhibit surface activity similar to pulmonary surfactant.
Development of post-isotension-point hysteresis was limited to the
saturated class of molecules tests. AA
07952
0, Tope
HEALTH IMPAIPMENT FFOK EXHAOST GASES HITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
SPECIAL VEHICLES AND POHEP EQUIPMENT. (Gesundheitsschadigungen
durch Auspuffgase unter besonderer Berucksichtigung von
Spezialfahrzeugen und motorisiertem Gerat.) Text in German.
Stadtehygiene (Delzen/Hamburg), 16(2):29-37, Feb. 1965. (37)
ref s.
Data on concentrations and effects of lead, carbon monoxide and
carcinogenic compounds like benzpyrene were assembled. The
maximum allowable concentration of <* mg lead/cu m is exceed on
many urban arterial streets e.g. in center city Philadelphia,
Pa., 9.5 mg/cu m were found. Milk from cattle grazing
on pastures near highways may be endangered since up to
3000 mg lead/kg grass have been found. But the most
dangerous component of exhaust gases is CO which causes impaired
vision, fatigue and may lead to heart and brain damage. It thus
may become directly responsible for traffic accidents. The
maximum allowable concentration value is 0.01% by volume which may
be exceeded in heavy traffic in particular if the driver of an
automobile smokes. Organic compounds may lead to lung cancer.
Here especially benzpyrene which can be found both in
exhaust gases and on road surfaces originating from tar and
rubber tires may be incriminated. Control measures such as
scrubbers and afterburners on exhausts are described. Their
maintenance is tricky and expensive which so far has prevented
compulsory use. Particularly hazardous are street cleaning
equipment and trash removal trucks since workers must almost
constantly be near the exhaust. Similar problems are posed
by lawn mowers, chain saws, cranes, tractors, pesticide sprayers
and similar equipment. Small engines are very difficult to
modify to limit air pollution. The problem of air pollution
from engine exhast gases can only be tackled by legislation and
technical improvements and innovations.#f
07956
Schuttmann, B.
POLYNEURITIS AFTER OCCUPATIONAL CONTACT HITH DDT.
( (Polyneuritis nach beruflichem Kontakt mit DDT.)) Text in
German. Z. ges Hyg. (Berlin), 12 (5):307-315, Bay 1966. 16
ref s.
For more than 11 yrs a woman was exposed to DDT. She
frequently worked 8 hrs/day disinfecting indoor areas, wearing
neither masks nor gloves, and had inhaled or swallowed air
containing DDT. The symptoms - a severe polyneuritis, with
previous and/or concomitant tiredness, anorexia, circulatory
disorders, interrupted pregnancy - all support the view that the
etiological factor was contact with DDT. The literature on the
692 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
untoward effects of DDT-inhalation is reviewed and the data froa
15 cases are compared with the present instance.##
07964
Upholt, w. H, and P. C. Kearney
PESTICIDES. New Engl. J. Hed., 275 (25) : 1419-11(26, Dec. 22,
1966. 28 refs.
The modern trend in the introduction of new pesticides has been
toward those with more specific biologic activities. This results
in less disturbance of the environment, but multiplies the number
of chemicals that must be considered. Pesticides may contribute
to pollution of the air to some extent, but their major effect is
in the contamination of vegetation and water. Due to the activity
of soil microorganisms, most pesticide residues are not showing a
progressive accumulation in the soil. ?or humans, pesticides do
appear to present a hazard at distances greater than the spray can
be seen to drift. However, herbicides may damage crops several
miles from the point of application. Understanding the health
hazards of specific pesticides is simpler if they are grouped
according to chemical structure. Among the organic phosphorus
compounds, tetraethylpyrophosphate (TEPP) has a direct
inhibitory effect on acetyl and non-specific cholinesterases and it
is rapidly absorbed making handling quite hazardous. The mode of
action of chlorinated hydrocarbons has never.been clearly
established, although for DDT it has recently been proposed that
it might be the formation of a charge transfer complex in the axon.
The carbamate group includes the methyl carbamates, which are
weak cholinesterase inhibitors, and the phenyl carbamates which
have d very low order of toxicity. Approximately half the annual
deaths due to pesticides occur through ingestion. It seems,
therefore, that the greatest human hazard stems from careless
handling.##
07972
Hays, Richard B.
APPLICATION OF CELL CULTURE AS A PRIMARY TOXICITY SCREEN OP
POSSIBLE SPACECRAFT CONTAMINANTS. National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Langley Station, 'ampton, Va.,
Langley Research Center, NASA-TN-D-U251 , 12p., Nov. 1967.
11 refs.
Cell culture has been investigated with regard to its
applicability as a primary toxicity screen. Forty-nine compounds
have been screened by this method. These compounds are all
contaminants which may occur in manned spacecraft. The data
presented indicate that cell culture can be a useful tool for
selecting, from a long list, those compounds most likely to be
toxic to a living system. The compounds tested might be ranked,
in terms of decreasing toxicity to cells in culture, as follows:
unsaturated aldehydes, amines, aldehydes, acids, ketones, and
alcohols. (Author's summary)##
F. Effects - Human Health 693
-------
08015
M. H. Simmers
PETROLEUM ASPHALT INHALATION BY MICE. EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS AND
SMOKE ON THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE AND LUNGS. Arch.
Environ, Health, Vol. 9, p. 728-734, Dec. 1964. 14 refs.
The effects on the tracheobronchial tree and lungs of 20 C57
black mice inhaling an aerosol of petroleum asphalt and
another group of 30 mice inhaling smoke from heated petroleum
asphalt were studied. The most frequent changes were
peribronchial infiltration of round cells, bronchial dilation,
and destruction and atrophy of the epithelium. Thickening of the
alveolar septa and emphysema were seen occasionally. Squamous
metaplasia was frequent but hyperplasia occurred. The changes
were characterized by variability with respect to length of
exposure and location of the lesion in each animal. If any
generalization can be made regarding the changes in the lungs
of the mice, it is the reduction in the amount of functional
respiratory tissue. This is accomplished by a variety of
pathological changes. The findings sufficiently parallel
those reported by others for the inhalation of cigarette smoke,
artificial smog, and other air pollutants, so as to suggest
the possibility that the changes in the tracheobronchial
tree and lungs are only loosely related to the composition of the
inhaled material. The concordance of findings by all
investigators on the effects of air pollutants containing
aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons supports the suspicion
that the changes are a general phenomenon caused by the
non-specific irritating effect of the intire class of
chemicals when inhaled over a long time.##
08026
MacEwen, James D. and Robert P. Geckler
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY STUDIES ON ANIHALS EXPOSED CONTINUOUSLY FOB
PERIODS DP TO 90 DAYS TO N02, 03 AND CC14 IN AMBIENT AIR
VS. 5 PSIA 100% OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE. In: Proc. 2nd Ann.
Conference Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces,
4 and 5 May 1966, Aerospace Medical Research Labs.,
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Aerospace Medical Div.,
AMRL-TR-66-120. p. 238-257, Dec. 1966. 6 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 646512
The data obtained from a 90-day continuous exposure of animals to
the industrial threshold limit value (TLV) of NO2, 03 and
CC14 are presented. Animal exposure facilities of the
Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories were used for the
90-day continuous experiments. The atmosphere compositions were
100% oxygen at 260 mm Hg pressure and air at either 820 (rno 02 =
154 mm Hg} or 740 mm Hg (rho 02 = 148 mm Hg) pressure. The
data are unremarkable except for the deaths at 720 mm Hg pressure
in the ozone exposures. Mice appear somewhat more
sensitive to ozone than the other species. Guinea pigs also
showed mortality upon exposure to ozone, which was the only
material to which this species was exposed. Note that most of the
deaths occurred during the first half of the 90-day exposure
suggesting some degree of adaptation in the survivors. The data
694 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
are consistent with the hypothesis that the animals first respond
to the atmospheric contaminant ana then adapt to the changed
environment. The data do not, however, reveal significant
differences between those animals exposed to contaminants at
reduced pressure in 100X oxygen and those exposed at normal
atmospheric pressure (740 mm Hg). With respect to the clinical
data, although the values of serum enzymes of exposed animals were
different from the control values, no adverse effects on the
experimental animals were noted. It appears clear that the TLV
for space applications may not be radically different from
industrial TLV if only the factors of continuous dosage,
reduced pressure, and pure oxygen atmosphere are considered.##
08028
D.T. Harper, Jr. F.B. Robinson
COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY OF ANIMALS EXPOSED TO CARBON
TETRACRLORIDE AT AMBIENT AIR VS. 5 PSIA 100% OXYGEN
ATMOSPHERE. In: Proc. 2nd Ann. Conference Atmospheric
Contamination in Confined Spaces, 4 and 5 May 1966,
Aerospace Medical Research Labs., Wright-Patterson AFB
Ohio, Aerospace Medical Div., AMRL-TR-66-120, p. 265-285,
Dec. 1966. 18 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 646512
The provocative aspect of these findings is not so much their
correlation with the observed histological events as their
similarity to the mechanisms thought to be important in oxygen
toxicity. lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial swelling and
reduplication, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and
depressed levels of reduced pyridine nucleotides have all been
observef with oxygen. It is very likely that the basic
biochemical mechanisms of both oxygen and CC14 toxicity are
highly similar. The superimposition of the one stress on the
other therefore would be expected to have an additive or
synergistic effect, and this is what was found.#t
08042
D. V. Booker, A. C. Chamberlain, J- Rundo, D. C. F.
Huir, M. L. Thomson
ELIMINATION OF 5 HICHON PARTICLES FROH THE HUMAN LUNG.
Nature(London), 215(5096):30-33, July 1, 1967. 5 refs.
Experiments in which a monodisperse aerosol of particles 5 micron
in diameter was tagged with chromium-51 so that measurements could
be made by external gamma ray counters over the lungs are
described. On each occasion the subjects inhaled only a single
breath of the aerosol and the particles could penetrate the
airways only as far as they were carried by the volume of the
inhaled air, which varied between 140 and 500 ml in the different
experiments. The eleimination of particles from the
respiratory tract has two main phases. The rapid phase
corresponds to the removal of particles initially deposited on the
ciliary mucosa and takes 10-20 hours; the slow phase, which has a
half period of from 150-300 days, corresponds to those particles
nhich have reached the nonciliated regions.**
F. Effects - Human Health 69S
-------
08109
B, M. Norris, J. M. Bishop
THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM CARBONATE DUST ON VENTILATION AND
RESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS
WITH ASTHHA AND CHPONIC BRONCHITIS. Clin. Sci. (Cambridge),
Vol. 30, p. 103-115, 1966. 24 refs.
Some effects of inhaling calcium carbonate dust have been
studied in twenty-four healthy subjects, eight patients with
bronchial asthma, and eleven patients with chronic bronchitis.
The distribution of ventilation was measured by the single-
breath oxygen test and respiratory gas exchange was studied
by sampling expired gas and arterial blood. Alveolar
ventilation was distributed more unevenly, after breathing
dust, in ten of the normal subjects, all of the patients
with asthma, and eight of the patients with chronic
bronchitis. The increase persisted for 43-55 minutes. In
normal subjects the alveolar-arterial difference in oxygen
tension (A-aD 02) increased after breathing dust, and remained
elevated for 23-25 minutes. There was no significant change in
physiological dead space and only a small transient decrease in
anatomical dead space. The patients with asthma showed a
change in the single breath test which was similar to the normal
subjects but the increase in A-aD 02 was more protracted.
It was difficult to compare the ventilatory changes in the
patients with chronic bronchitis, since the initial slope of the
single-breath test was greater than normal. The time course
of the increase in A-aD 02 was similar to that in the
patients with asthma. Acetyl chcline infused into the
atrium caused a small increase in A-aD 02 in the control
state. On three occasions the infusion was repeated at a time
after dust when the A-aD )o2 had returned to normal but the
single-breath test remained abnormal; there was then a greater
increase in A-aD 02. These results support the hypothesis that
vasoconstriction was released, causing a flow of blood through
poorly ventilated lung units.##
08151
Borisova, H. K.
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION
OF EICHLORETHANE 111 ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Survey of D. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine. National Bureau of
Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p.
110-118, May 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Data were obtained regarding the intensity and other
characteristics of dichlorethane air pollution by industrial
production and manufacturing plants; parallel with this some
experimental data were secured regarding the effect of low
dichlorethane concentrations on man. Chlorethan determinations were
made by the microcombustion method in a gas analyzer. The results
obtained for each plant investigated show that the average
concentration ranged form 3,5 to 19.1 mg/cu m. The effect of low
concentrations of dichlorethane on man was studied by the method of
threshold of odor perception of dichlorethane by the adaptoneter
696 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
method and by the methods of plethysmography and spirography.
Twelve test subjects sensed the odor of dichlorethane in 23.2 mg/cu
m concentrations, 6 in 17.5 mg/cu m concentration and one each in
12.2 and 24.9 mg/cu m concentrations. The results of experiments
indicate that a 6 mg/cu m concentration was the threshold
concentration of dichlorethane affecting the functional state of
the vision analyzer and of the vascular and respiratory reactions
which was below the threshold concentration sensed by the olfactory
organs in Russia that the limit of maximal single concentration of
dichlorethane in atmospheric air should not exceed 4 mg/cu m.
08153
Izmerov, N. F.
HYGIENIC STANDARDIZATION OF THE LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS
OF VAPORS OF GASOLINE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Survey of U. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine. National Bureau of
Standards, Washington, D.C., Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p.
126-134, Hay 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The physiological effects of low air concentrations of gasoline
were studied. On the basis of the experimental results it can be
comcluded that the inhalation of gasoline vapors in 100 mg/cu m
concentration under conditions of chronic exposure elicited in
white rats clear cut changes in the higher nervous activity, the
intensity of which increased with the duration of the exposures,
and which disappeared only two weeks after exposure was
discontinued. In the case of man the inhalation of gasoline vapors
in concentration of 217 mg/ cu m for a brief period of time
elicited reflex changes in the optical analyzer so far as
sensitivity to light was concerned. The threshold of gasoline odor
perception was considerably below the concentrations which elicited
the previously noted changes in the functional state of the
cerebral cortex; the odor perception threshold concentration was
between 6.5 - 10.0 mg/cu m. It appears safe to conclude that the
threshold of olfactory gasoline odor perception is the most
sensitive index for the determination of limits of allowable
concentrations of gasoline vapors in atmospheric air. It is
proposed in Russia that a concentration of 5 mg/cu m calculated as
C be adopted as the allowable limit of a single maximal
concentration of the three grades of Groznensk gasoline
investigated.
08210
Vysamyae, A. Yu
THE CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF SHALE FUEL SOOT ON WHITE MICE. Vopr.
Onkol., 4(4) :408-411, 1958. 8 refs. Translated from Russian by B.
S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, Vol. 5, p. 191-195, Jan. 1961
CFSTI: TT 61-111*9
The cancerogenic properties of shale fuel soot was investigated.
Experiments were performed with 218 white mice. The benzene
extract of the shale fuel soot was applied to 100 mice twice every
week for approximately 25 weeks, or 50 applications. Eighteen
F. Effects - Human Health 697
-------
control mice were treated in a manner described above with 2 drops
of a mixture of benzene and vaseline. The basic control group
consisted o± 100 white mice which received no treatment of any
kind. Special-fluorescent analysis showed that 3.4 -benzpyrene
was present in soot of shale fuel; benzene extract of such soot,
applied to the skin of mice, or injected subcut.aneously, produced
malignant growths, indicating that it possessed cancerogenic
properties. Papillomas appeared 5 months after the application of
the benzene soot extract to the skin of the experimental mice.
Host of the malignant formations resulting from the application of
the soot extract to the skin of the experimental mice were
malignant epitheliomas, more often squamous cell carinomas,
occasionally cytoblastomas, which freguently metastasized into the
local and lung lymphatic nodes. Benzene extract of the shale fuel
soot extract vehicle had no blastomogenic properties. Results of
the investigations point to the urgent need of adopting energetic
measures for the prevention of air contamination with shale fuel
soot.
08221
Grigor'ev, Z. E.
EFFECT OF VOLATILE SUBSTANCES JND OF GASES ON THE HIGHER
NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF WHITE EATS IN THE COURSE OF INHALATION
EXPOSUBE. Farmakol. i Toksikol., 18(4):49-52, 1955.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, 0. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 5, p. 125-130, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
A tightly closing chamber was built which could be used
simultaneously for the development of light, sound and motor
nutrition conditioned reflexes in rats, and for their exposure to
the inhalation of gas, vapor or dust under investigation. Some
data of the effects of gasoline vapor and of carbon monoxide on the
central nervous system of rats are presented to illustrate the
suitability of the chamber described for the recording of rats'
conditioned reflex activity changes on a dynamic basis while they
are being exposed to the inhalation of gases, vapors or suspended
dust.ft
08241
Hueper, W. C.
BETHODOLOGIC EXPLORATIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESPIRATORY
CARCINOGENESIS. Arzneimittel-Forsch, Vol. 14, p. 814-822,
July 1964. ((84)) refs.
The study, by bioassay methods, of chemicals introduced during the
past 30 years into the human environment or to be introduced in the
future into the human economy, for carciogenic effects on the
respiratory organs, is assuming increasing importance for the
following reasons. The rapid rise in the frequency of lung
cancers among the populations of all industralized countries since
the turn of the century indicates that new and potent man-made
respiratory carcinogens have entered the human environment. This
epideniologic phenomenon has been associated with the recognition
698 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
of a growing number of occupational carcinogens to which large
worker groups become exposed and which in part also pollute the
general atmosphere and thus act increasingly on the general
population. Additional and epidemiologic and experimental
evidence incriminates an appreciable number of other chemicals
as respiratory carcinogens, some of which are evidently operating
following their introduction into the organism by various
non-respiratory routes. The thereby demonstrated polyetiology of
lung cancers in man and animals militates strongly against a
blind acceptance of the widely propagandized scientifically
unsound and sociologically irresponsible allegation that
cigarette smoking is the proven predominant cause of lung cancer
and that, therefore, the control of pulmonary cancer hazards can
largely be achieved by simply reducing the consumption of
cigarettes and by technologic decarcinogenization of cigarette
smoke. Despite the various shortcomings in the presently
available bioassay methods for testing chemicals for possible
carcinogenic effects on the respiratory organs, their wide
application nevertheless provides effective safeguards against a
further dissemination of these agents. ASff
08243
Kotin, Paul, and Hans L. Falk
POLLUTED URBAN AIR AND BELATED ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE
PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY CANCER. Diseases Chest.,
45(3):236-246, March 1964. 21 refs. (Presented at the 29th
Annual Meeting, American College of Chest Physicians,
Atlantic City, June 13-17, 1963.)
Data from several spheres of laboratory investigation lend
support to the belief that the epidemiologic association between
urban residence and lung cancer is of pathogenetic significance.
Admittedly, the identification of carcinogenic agents in pollutant
sources and in the atmosphere does not inevitably connote an
adverse biologic effect. Nevertheless, the findings of the
present investigation unite to form a constellation that strongly
implicates the atmosphere as one dominant factor in the
pathogenesis of lung cancer. The data are accorded additional
significance by virtue of their congruity with the epidemiologic
pattern of lung cancer. Epidemiologically, a reduction
in lung cancer incidence may be properly anticipated as a result
of reducing or eliminating the concentration of any of the
environmental factors discussed. However, predictions as to the
extent of reduction when but one of the factors is eliminated are
meaningless in light of the multiplicity of factors described. It
is wholly unwarrented to anticipate a quantitative reduction in
lung cancer rates equal in number to the percentage showing a
statistical association with any environmental source or specific
carcinogenic agent. While atmospheric pollution is advanced as
but one potential source of agents carcinogenic to the lung, proper
evaluation of its contribution to the pathogenesis of lung cancer
will be possible only in terms of its relation to the action of
other significant environmental sources. ASM##
F. Effects - Human Health 699
-------
08244
Litvinov, N. N., Goldberg, M. s., and Kimina, S. N.
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN MAN CAUSED BY PULMONARY CANCER AND ITS
RELATION TO THE POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE AREAS OF
ALUMINUM PLANTS. Acta, Onio Intern. Contra Cancer, Vol. 19,
p. 742-745. 1963.
The discharge of carcinogens by aluminum plants was studied by
sedimentation and aspiration methods. It was found that over 10 kg
of 3,4-benzpyrene was discharged per day into the atmosphere. The
distribution in snow and dust in the environment was analyzed.
Chronic morbidity of the respiratory tract was studied as a disease
predisposing to cancer in three test groups and a positive
correlation with air pollution was established, as was done for
actual cancer incidence. (Authors! summary)
08274
Schlipkoter, H. W., A. Brockhaus, and E. Weisser
EXPOSURE OF LARGE CITY INHABITANTS TO SOLID AND LIQUID AEROSOLS.
( (Die Belastung des Grossstadtmenschen durch feste und flussige
Fremdaerosole.)) Text in German. Zentr. Bakteriol.,
Parasitenk., Abt. I, Orig. (Jena), Vol. 198, p. 113-131,
Dec. 1965. 5 refs.
Hamsters were froced to inhale a dust of a constant Degussa
soot concentration of 25-50 mg./cu m daily for 8 hours,
simulating the dust in large cities which contains about 30%
carbon and soot caused by incomplete combustion. The animals
were killed at intervals varying from 1 1/2 to 67 hours. The lung
tissue was fixed and examined with an electron microscope. Nine
illustrations are provided showing the cytological condition of the
tissue at various time intervals. After one to two hours
exposure, the soot particles were found exclusively in the
extracellular tissues of the aveoli. After 8 hours a
phagocytosis of the soot dust was observed. The soot particles
which lay in the vacuoles were extremely hard; with increasing
exposure the vacuoles increased in size and eventually overlapped,
causing the cytoplasm to dissolve. After 32 hours the tissue
consisted mainly of cell fragments containing soot particles and
after 67 hours fused particles were found whose primary parts
could not be differentiated. These experiments show that even
relatively insoluble compounds can cause harmful alterations in
lung tissue. Since benzopyrene is readily absorbed by soot and
can be found in the atmospheric dust of large cities, 12 gamma
benzopyrene absorbed on 20 mg. soot was injected into white rats
and the animals killed at different time intervals. Eighty per
cent of the benzopyrene was dissolved from the soot and 20% stayed
absorbed over a period of 20 days. The damage caused to the lung
tissue, and the relatively quick dissolution of benzopyrene in
vivo, makes the elimination of soot as a pollutant a matter of
priaary iaportance.f*
700 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
08295
Barnes, R. and R. C. Jones
CARBON TETPACHLORIDE POISONING. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., p. 557-
560, Nov.-Dec. 1967, 6 refs.
Three cases of poisoning by carbon tetrachloride in one industry
are reported. liver damage as evidenced by altered liver function
tests was a feature of other workmen of this plant also exposed to
carbon tetrachloride. Kidney damage, which is a feature of other
reported cases of carbon tetrachloride poisoning, was only shown by
one of the cases reported here. The dangers of carbon
tetrachloride are noted, and care in its industrial and household
use is emphasized. (Authors! summary)
08305
Kagawa, Jun
THE USEFULNESS OF THE METHOD OF SINE WAVE OSCILLATING PRESSURE FOR
MEASURING TOTAL RESPIRATORY FLOW RESISTANCE IN HUMAN SUBJECTS AND
GUINEA PIGS. Text in Japanese. Japan. J. Hyg. (Tokyo), 21(6):U2U-
U36, Feb. 1967. 18 refs.
The validity and applicability of a sine wave oscillation method
for measuring total respiratory flow resistance in man and guinea
pigs were investigated. Diagrams giving exact measurements of the
body plethysmographs and the pressure imposing device used in the
experiments are provided. The freguency of the sine wave
oscillation with which the activity of the chest-lung system
becomes zero, was found to be 7 approximately 9 c.p.s. in both man
and guinea pig. Over 12 c.p.s. the impedance of the system shoved
a steep rise. By analyzing the flow and its imposed pressure
curves, it was found that the total respiratory flow resistance
showed continuous change according to the different stages of the
flow curve. By the use of an artificial mouthpiece resistor having
three kinds of known resistance in man, the frequencies 7
approximately 9 c.p.s. also showed the most pertinent
reproducibility, and the impendence was overestimated by
frequencies below or above this range. Hhen this technique was
applied to the short term inhalation study of low concentration of
S02 (1.5-2.0 ppm) in man, it revealed rapid response and individual
difference of the sensitivity of the total respiratory flow
resistance after a few seconds of the exposure. In long term
exposure of guinea pigs to 0.1 ppm of toluene diisocyanate vapor
without any surgical treatment, the animals showed a repeated day
to day response with different individual sensitivity, and when
sodium chloride aerosols were added the response of the total
respiratory flow resistance was affected in a meaningful pattern.
The results, which are illustrated in graphs and tables, show this
procedure to be a relevant and sensitive method to evaluate the
behavior of the respiratory air way in-both man and guinea pig in
short or long term studies of environmental toxic materials.
08329
Laws, Edward B., Jr., August Curley, and Frank J. Biros
F. Effects - Human Health 701
-------
MEN WITH INTENSIVE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO DDT. A CLINICAL AND
CHEMICAL STUDY. Arch. Environ. Health, Vol. 15, p.
766-775, Dec. 1967. 25 refs.
A study was made of 35 men with 11 to 19 years of occupational
exposure to DDT. Findings from medical history, physical
examination, routine clinical laboratory tests, and chest x-ray
film did not reveal any ill effects attributable to exposure to
DDT. The overall range of storage of the sum of isomer and
metabolites of DDT in the men's fat was 38 to 61*7 ppm as compared
to an average of 8 ppm for the general population. Based on their
storage of DDT in fat and excretion of DDA in urine it was
estimated that the average daily intake of DDT by the 20 men with
high occupational exposure was 17.5 to 18 mg per man per day as
compared to an average of 0.04 mg per man per day for the general
population. There was significant correlation (r = +0.64) between
the concentration of total DDT-related material in the fat and
serum of the workers. The concentration in fat averaged 338 tiaes
greater than that in serum. Workers store a smaller proportion
of DDT-related material in the form of DDE, and the difference
is related chiefly to intensity rather than duration of exposure.
DDE is relatively much less important and DDA much more
important as excretory products in occupationally exposed men
than in men of the general population. (Authors' summary,
modified)##
08339
Tomingas, Eene
SOOT HAZARDS INVESTIGATED FROM THEIR CARCINOGENIC ASPECTS. Staub
(English translation), 27 (8):8-10, Aug. 1967. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/8 (--HC $2.00)
Experiments carried out on rats shown that subcutaneous
implantation of benzopyrene combined with soot can cause sarcomata.
The result is affected by the high number of soot eruptions.
Sarcoma yield depends on complete remainder of the implantate. The
investigation of the residual implantate in the case of rats has
shown that, if the action in an animal body is sufficiently long,
benzopyrene is completely eliminated from the implantate.
08415
Lawther, P. J.
AIB POLLUTION, BRONCHITIS AND LUNG CANCER. Postgrad. Bed.
J. (London), Vol. 42, p. 703-708, Nov. 1966. 13 refs.
The emission of pollutants at levels close to the ground and
during adverse meteorological conditions, such as temperature
inversion, contribute to low altitude air pollution. Particulate
matter in the air can be measured by optical and electron
microscopy. An electron micrograph of common solid pollutants and
a table showing the average and maximum winter concentrations of
common gaseous pollutants in central London during 1954-1964 are
provided. The results of various field and laboratory tests
indicate that irritants in smoke, rather than S02, were the
702 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
causative agents for the exacerbation of existing chest diseases.
While simple bronchitis may be caused by cigarette smoking,
chronic bronchitis is related to urban factors. Tests further
support the theory that the rise in the incidence of lung cancer
is correlated with the incidence of cigarette smoking rather than
with the level of polycyclic hydrocarbons in coal tar, coal smoke,
and soot. Urban factors are also involved in the genesis of lung
cancer. As a remedial measure it appears reasonable to recommend
that fuel be burned centrally, and that the effluents be dispersed
from tall stacks.tt#
08U31
V. R. Tsulaya
THE SANITARY AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EFFECT OF
A MIXTURE OF BENZENE AND ACETOPHINONE VAPORS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
((Sanitarno-toksikologicheskaya kharakteristika
kombinirovannogo deistviya smesi parov benzola i atsetofenona
v atmosfernom vozdukhe.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 32 (4-6) :6-10, April-June
1967. 1 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
As a result of studying the reflex action of a mixture of
benzene and acetophenon vapors on the human body, it is
concluded that the effect produced by this mixture is the
summation of effects of the two substances. An investigation
of the resorptive action of a mixtures of benzene and
acetophenon vapors in a concentration of 9.2 and 0.030 mg/cu a
consecutively revealed a series of shifts in the central nervous
and hemopoietic systems and the nucleic acids content in the blood
of experimental animals. A mixture of benzene and acetophenon
vapors in a concentration of 0.91 and 0.0030 mg/cu m,
consecutively, had no noxious effect on experimental
animals. (Author's summary)##
084U2
I. L. Kulinskaya
EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSUBE TO LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF TOLDENE ON
THE ACETYLCHOLINE SYSTEM IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS.
((Vliyanie khronicheskogo deistviya malykh kontsentratsii
toluola na sistemy atsetilkholina v krovi krolikov.)) Hyg.
Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.),
32(4-6):291-295, April-June 1967. 9 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51«09/2
Alterations in the acetylcholine system were studied with a
view to identifying early signs of poisoning with small doses
of toluene. This system is a sensitive indicator of the
functional state of the nervous system. Shifts occurring in this
system on long-term exposure to benzene had been determined
earlier. Chronic effects of low concentrations of industrial
substances are accompanied by changes in the overall reactivity
of the organism. Therefore this experiment combined the
poisoning ot experimental animals together with immunization
with typhoid vaccine. Changes in acetylcholine
F. Effects - Human Health 793
-------
concentration in blood appeared already at early stages of the
unfavorable effect on the organism, before the appearance of
changes in the activity of the AC-decomposing enzyme.
Therefore, it is not expedient to limit studies of chronic
poisonings to investigations of acetylcholinesterase
activity, but parallel determinations of AC concentration
should also be performed. Accumulation of AC in blood and
increase in the ACE activity in the first and in the second
periods of chronic poisoning point to an increased
functional activity of the nervous system while the decrease
in the mediator exchange indices in the third period points to
possible inadequacy (humoral decompensation phase). The results
confirmed that the process of prolonged poisoning initially
intensified the functions of different systems but later
these functions become weakened according to the depletion
of the compensatory resources of the body.##
081*43
Sh. S. Khikmatullaeva
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF THIOPHENE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. (Materialy k obosnovaniyu predel'no dopustimoi
kontsentratsii tiofena v atmosfernom vozdukhe.) Hyg. Sanit.
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 32 (4-6):319-322,
April-June 1967. 8 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
The single maximum permissible concentration of thiophene in
the atmosphere was set at a level of 0.6 mg/cu m by means of
determining its threshold values of smell (2.1 mg/cu m), of
ocular-light sensitivity and that of the bioelectric activity
of the human cerebral cortex (0.8 mg/cu m). A study of the
resorptive action of thiopene at concentrations of 20 and 3
mg/cu m on albino rats revealed definite shifts in the chronaiy
muscle-antagonists, in the content of protein fractions, of
sulfahydride groups, and that of syalic acids in the blood
serum, in the leucocyte count and formula of the blood, in the
level of coproporphyrins in the urine and that of ascorbic and pyro
tartaric acids in the organ tissues. As thiophene at a
concentration of 0.6 mg/cu m proved to be ineffective, it is
suggested that this concentration be set as the daily average
maximum permissible concentration of the substance in the
atmosphere. (Author's summary)##
08483
Momotani, Hiroshi
THE RESPIRATORY DEPOSITION OF POLYSTYRENE AEROSOLS IN MSN.
Text in Japanese. Japan. J. Hyg. (Tokyo), 21 (6) -417-423,
Feb. 1967. 15 refs.
Aerosols were generated from three sizes of polystyrene particles
(0.188, 0.557, and 1.305 micron diameters) suspended in water.
The aerosols were stocked in a 9-liter, Benedict-Roth type
spirometer to dry and then were inhaled. Subjects (7 healthy
males and 1 female, 22-29 years old) were asked to breathe the
aerosols through the nose, while sitting, at rates of 10, 15, or
704 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
20 inspirations per minute. Each experiment lasted 1-2 minutes;
60 were performed in all. Results are tabulated. Aerosol
concentration was measured by the Kimoto light-scatter
photometer (Sinclair-Phoenix type): 10 consecutive respirations
were recorded to get an average deposition rate for one
experiment. Average concentrations of the aerosols were estimated
for inspired and expired air, and deposition rates computed for one
respiratory cycle. The effects of respiratory rate, tidal
volume, and respiratory flow rate on deposition are discussed.
Aerosol deposition in the respiratory tract varies from subject
to subject, and according to particle size, so that the larger
the particles, the higher the percentage deposition. Aerosols
with diameters of 0.188 or 0.557 microns exhibit similarly low
deposition rates, suggesting that the minimum deposition size
approaches these two sizes. The lower the respiratory rate, the
greater the deposition (particularly for 1.305 micron particles).
Tidal volume and flow rate have no relation to deposition rate.##
08511
Anderson, Donald 0.
THE EFFECTS OF AIR CONTAMINATION ON HEALTH: A REVIEW. PART II.
Can. Hed. Assoc. J. (Toronto). Vol. 97, p. 585-593, Sept. 9,
1967. 103 refs.
The literature on the health effects of specific pollutants is
reviewed. Included are studies on dustfall, sulfur dioxide,
oxidizing pollution (as a mixture, or when broken into these
components: carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, and
peroxyacetyl nitrate), polycyclic hydrocarbons, industrial sources
of community air pollution (especially arsenic, beryllium, and
asbestos), and several other pollutants. The effects of low levels
of common air pollutants, classified as particulate matter,
irritants, oxidants, and systemic poisons, are not known precisely.
According to one study, high and significant correlations were
obtained between lung cancer mortality in men, and levels of
beryllium, arsenic, zinc, molybdenum, vanadium, cobalt, manganese,
lead, and titanium. No correlation was observed for nickel and
antimony. In terms of magnitude of the effect, the hazard of long-
term exposure to levels of urban pollution is much less than that
of personal air pollution by cigarette smoking. The biological
effect, however, is similar to that of smoking, and is documented
in excess mortality, respiratory conditions, and possibly also in
respiratory cancer. The most important constituent currently
measured in the air is dust.
08526
Zorina, L. A., T. M. Sukharevskaya, and E. A. Soloveva
THE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEHORRHAGIC SYNDROHE IN
CHRONIC BENZENE INTOXICATIONS. K mekhanizmu raxvitiya gemorra-
gicheskogo sindroma pri khronicheskoi intoksikatsii benzolom.)
Text in Russian.
Gigiena Gruda i Prof. Zabolevaniya (Hoscow), 10(8):26-31,
Aug. 1966. 19 refs.
F. Effects - Human Health 705
-------
A study of the blood coagulation system in chronic benzene
intoxications showed that hemorrhage is caused mainly by the
quantitative and qualitative deficiencies of the platlets
(thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathy) which lower the activity of
the blood coagulation system, increase fibrinolysis and change the
properties of the vascular walls (disturbed endothelial barrier and
increased permeability). Hemorrhagic symptoms are experienced not
only in patients with thrombocytopenia but also in patients with
normal platelet counts suffering from thrombocytopathy.
08598
Davis, Kieffer
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH: INTERACTION Of SULFUR AND OTHEB
ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS. PROGRESS REPORT Bed. Bull. Standard
Oil New Jersey, 27 (3) :258-2698 Nov. 1967. (Presented at the 32
Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum Institute#s Division of
Refining, Los Angeles, Calif., 1967.)
The objectives and general experimental designs are presented of
research projects which are currently sponsored by the American
Petroleum Institute: 1) research into biological tolerance to air
pollutants and mechanisms of S02 toxicity; 2) research into the
chronic effects of pollutants in mand and the realtionship between
onset of acute morbidity and death; 3) study of experimental
emphysema in laboratory animals and possible effects of S02, oxides
of N, and particulates; 4) investigation of the conditions and
concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons that may produce lung
cancer; and 5) study of the combined effects of environmental
contaminants. Available results indicate that monthly morbidity is
quite high in a selected group of out-patients and may give
sufficient data to correlate with air quality. In the animal
studies, no pattern is found indicating any effect which may be
relatable to inhalation of the dusts used, with or without adsorbed
gas. Benzo (a)pyrene particles instilled intratracheally in hamsters
induce a high incidence of carcinomas.
08801
Hogger, Dieter
EFFECTS OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST GASES ON HUBANS, ANIHALS
AND PLANTS. ( (Auswirkungen der Motorfahrzeugabgase auf
Benschen, Tiere und Pflanzen.)) Text in German. Z-
Praeventivmed., Vol. 11, p. 161-178, March-April, 1966. 20
refs.
The various toxic components in automobile exhaust gases are
reviewed. To determine the amount of carbon monoxide inhaled by
the population, the carbon monoxide hemoglobin content of 331
policemen and 597 automobile drivers was determined during a test
for alcohol. The nonsmoking policemen did not exceed the 5%
limit, but 25% of smoking policemen and «0% of the drivers did.
The amount of lead in the street, in windowsill dust, and in the
street air was well as in the blood of office workers, metal work-
ers and garage workers was determined in Zurich between 19i»8-1963.
While the amount of lead in the dust of the street, air, and win-
dow sills increased significantly by 1955, the amount found in the
706 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
blood increased only slightly. Soot is considered deleterious as
a carrier of other water soluble toxic substances into the lungs.
The hygienic limit of 0.5 cc./cu m for oxides of nitrogen is only
seldom exceeded. Sulfur dioxide emissions are negligible.
Hydrocarbons and polycyclic hydrocarbon emissions fron motor
vehicles contribute only a few percent to the rise in lung cancer.
The paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons are nontoxic to humans,
animals and plants, while ethylene is highly toxic to plants.
While in Europe oxidants do not contribute significantly to air
pollution, compounds such as ozone and peroxyacylnitrite
contribute to air pollution in tropic and subtropic climates with a
high concentration of motor vehicle traffic, particularly under
adverse meteorological conditions. The psychological problems
caused by air pollution are discussed and it is concluded that
the psychological effects cannot be dismissed lightly.##
08897
Felmeister, Alvin, Mohammad Amanat, and N. D. Weiner
INTERACTION OP HITROGEN DIOXIDE—OLEFIN GAS MIXTURES WITH LECITHIN
MOHOM01ECULAR FILMS. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2(1):UO-43,
Jan. 1968. 15 refs.
The interaction of nitrogen dioxide-olefin gas atmosphere with
saturated lecithin monomolecular films were investigated using
surface pressure measurements. Films of dipalmitoyl lecithin, a
saturated phospholipide, showed no interaction with any of the test
atmospheres used. Films of egg lecithin, an unsaturated
phospholipide, showed significant changes in the urface pressure -
surface area curves in the presence of all atmosphere containing
nitrogen dioxide. The observed effects appear to be the result of
a chemical interaction of N02 with the double bonds of the egg
lecithin rather than a simple physical penetration of the film.
Biological implications are discussed. (Authors' abstract.)
09002
Smith, T.
THE PULMONARY TOXICOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF TERPENE
PARTICLES. Intern. J. Bioclimatol. Biometeorol. Suppl.
(Leiden), Vol. 11, 171p., 1967.
In 1964, at the Washoe Medical Center in Reno, Nevada,
asthmatic patients had questionnaires completed as to their
residence, sites of visitation, and vegetation in their
immediate surroundings during the 24-hr, period immediately
prior to attack. Attacks were seasonal and occurred primarily
when the number of terpene particles in the atmosphere were at
their highest levels, as determined with gas chromatography.
Rats were then exposed to measured guantities of terpene
particles liberated into altitude chambers under controlled
atmospheric conditions. They were sacrificed, autopsied, and
the lungs studied using gross, microscopic, and angiographic
techniques in order to correlate pathologic changes with those
occurring in the asthmatic man. When normal white rats were
F.' Ffferts - Human Health 707
-------
subjected to approximately 20-30 parts of alpha-pinene for the
first time, the animals became lethargic within 5 min., severely
agitated in 10-15 min., convulsed in 20 min., and died within 30
min. At autopsy, they had lost much tracheal mucosa and evinced
severe pulmonary and cerebral edema. If removed from the toxic
alpha-pinene within 25 min. , and placed in either 02 or open air,
they recovered; 24 hr. later, the trachea and large bronchi were
largely denuded of mucosa. Focal areas of inflammation occurred
which involved the basement membranes and submucosal glands. If
the animals were placed into the chamber for the second or third
time, death occurred earlier. (Author's abstract, modified)#t
09024
Fried, Josef and Dorothy E. Schumm
ONE ELECTION TRANSFER OXIDATION OF 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE,
A HODEL FOR THE METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF CARCINOGENIC HYDROCAR-
BONS. J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 89 (21):5508-5509, Oct. 11, 1967.
((15)) refs.
In the study of carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, there is a basic question of whether it is the
hydrocarbon itself of some metabolite produced in vivo that is
the primary trigger for biological activity. A chemical model
system is described which is converting the potent
7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into biologically more
active products. The action of one electron transfer agents,
manganese dioxide, ferricyanide and Ce (IV) on DMBA was
investigated. Fractionation of the manganese dioxide products
yielded in addition to DMBA, five compounds, which were
identified with several procedures. The biological activity of
each was investigated using an E. coli bacteria phage assay.#i
09055
Anghileri, L. J.
EFFECT OF OTHER HYDROCARBONS ON THE 'IN VITRO' BINDING OF
3,4-BENZPYRENE BY PLASBA PROTEINS. Naturwissenschaften
(Berlin), 54 (10) :249-250, 1967. 1 ref.
The effect of other polycyclic hydrocarbons on the in vitro
binding of 3j_irbenzpyrene (3,4 BP) by plasma proteins has been
assayed. The procedure is described. The plasma proteins
albumin, alpha-globulin, and beta globulin, and radioactive
3,4-BP were combined with each of the following hydrocarbons:
1,2-benzpyrene, 1,2,3,4-dibenz-anthracene,
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene and 20-methyl-cholanthrene, then
taken through the various assay procedures. The samples were
finally counted in a liquid scintillation spectrophotometer. The
distribution of 3,4, BP in the different plasma fractions
was studied by starch gel electrophoresis. Under these
experimental conditions the 20-mc decreases considerably the
binding of 3,4 BP (approximately to 1/7 in albumin and to 1/5
in alpha and beta globulins). The other tested hydrocarbons
decrease the binding in the following order of decreasing
activity: DMBA; 1,2,3,4-DBA; Py; 1,2 BP.##
708 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTtON
-------
09060
Ludvig, John H.
SOME RABIFICATIONS OF AIR CONTAHINA1ION. Public Health
Kept. (D.S.), 75 (5) :413-iH9, Bay 1960. U refs. (Presented at
the 47th National Safety Congress and Exposition, Chicago,
111., Oct. 20, 1959.)
The ramifications of air pollution are discussed in ter»s of
health., effgcts, urbanization, and economic losses. Particulates,
benzo (a) pyrene, sulfur oxides and photochemically reactive species
are discussed.!*
09074
Lester, David and Leon A. Greenburg
ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY OF SOME HALOGENATED DERIVATIVES OF
HETHANE AND ETHANE. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupational Bed.,Vol. 2, p.
335-344, 1950. 6 refs.
The effect of inhalation of dichlorodifluoromethane,
trichlorofluoromethane 1, 1-difluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,1-
dUTIuoroethane, 1,1-difluoroethylene, fluoroethylene, and 1,1-
difluoro-1,2-dibromoethane were studied in rats. All of the
compounds with the exception of vinyl and vinylidene fluoride are
anesthetic. 1,1-difluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane and
1,1-difluoro-1,2-dibromoethane are pulmonary irritants. No damage
to the liver was observed from inhalation of these compounds. The
toxic effects of the compounds are discussed in relation to their
boiling points. (Authors' summary, conclusion, modified)
09090
World Health Organization Expert Committee on Insecticides,
Geneva, Switzerland
SAFE DSE OF PESTICIDES IN PUBLIC HEALTH. (SIXTEENTH HEPOET.)
World Health Organ. Tech. Rept. Ser., No. 356:1-65, 1967.
The report of the WHO Expert Committee on Insecticides
which met in Geneva, Switzerland, in September 1966 is
presented. In vector control programs DDT has been in use for
over 20 years. The concern that has been expressed in recent
years about contamination of the environment by this very
stable and persistent insecticide should not, in the opinion of the
Committee, be considered sufficient reason for substituting other
insecticides for indoor residual spraying against mosquitos.
Where vectors have developed resistance to DDT it has become
necessary to introduce alternative insecticides. The Committee
reviewed those compounds and is of the opinion that with one
exception - malathion (OHS-1) - those insecticides so far
developed as indoor residual sprays are likely to present a
greater hazard in use than DDT. The Committee urges health
authorities to take a realistic view of the hazards presented by
these new insecticides. The insecticides now under trial for use
in vector control programs belong to the organophosphorus and
F. Effects - Human Health 708
-------
carbamate groups of antichloinesterases. Recovery from severe
poisoning by either type of insecticide will be complete, provided
that prolonged asphyxia is avoided by proper treatment. While
bearing in mind the importance of good public relations throughout
a control or eradication program, the Committee considers that the
demonstration of non-symptomatic enzyme depressions in the
inhabitants or the spraymen should not preclude the use of
entomologically effective compounds capable of controlling or
eradicating malaria and other serious vector-borne diseases. The
occurrence of symptoms with compounds of the carbamate group may
indicate the need for a review of safety procedures and
application techniques rather than for a discontinuation of the
program. While the deliberations of the Committee were confined
to compounds and procedures in use in public health, many of the
points raised are applicable to some uses of similar compounds in
agriculture and food storage.##
09316
Parker, D. R.
APPLICATION OF TRICHLOROACETIC ACID LEVEL IN UEINE AS
A MEASUPE OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE VAPOR EXPOSURE. Sandia Corp.,
Albuquerque, N. Hex., 9p., July 1967. 7 refs.
CFSTI: SC-M-67-431
Trichloroacetic acid is a natural metabolite of trichloroethylene
which is readily recoverable from urine specimens. The aaount of
trichloroacetic acid excreted in the urine is generally a function
of the trichloroethylene vapor exposure. Although the day-to-day
excretion levels fluctate significantly, they can be used as an aid
in evaluating an individual s exposure to trichloroethylene vapor
when a series of samples are analyzed. (Author s abstract)
09435
Tye, Russell and Klaus L. Stemmer
EXPERIMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS OF THE LUNG. II. INFLUENCE OF
PHENOLS IN THE PRODUCTION OF CARCINOMA. Nat. Cancer Inst. ,
39 (2): 178-186, Aug. 1967. 8 refs.
After examining the contribution of the phenols to the pulmonary
carcinogenic potency of the tar aerosol, a modest evaluation of the
hydrocarbon carcinogens was made by class. The acidic fractions
(including phenols) were separated from two somewhat different coal
tars. Various blends and an original tar produced aerosols to
which 5 groups of male C3H/HeJ mice were exposed 2 hours,
3 times weekly, for 55 weeks. Animals were killed at intervals.
The lungs and tracheas of all mice were examined grossly and
microscopically for neoplasms, or relevant morphologic changes.
After 46 weeks, 32 survivors in groups 2 and 4, which received
similar aerosols containing phenols, had 4 incidences of
adenocarcinoma, 19 of intrabronchial adenoma, and 10 of sguamous
metaplasia. In 20 survivors of group 3, which received the same
tar without phenols, there was no incidence of adenocarcinoma; 11
had intrabronchial adenoma and 2 had sguamous metaplasia.
(Authors' summary, modified)##
710 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
09440
KcCarroll, James, Michael Lebowitz, Doris Wolter,
Eric Cassell and Donovan Thompson
AIR POLLUTION AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESS. Preprint,
Washington Univ., Seattle, School of Medicine, ((28))p.,
1967. (Presented at a joint meeting of the Pacific Northwest
Section, American Industrial Hygiene Association and
Northwest Association of Occupational Medicine, Portland,
Oregon, Nov. 12, 1967.)
A three year study was conducted in New York City to determine
what variations in the health of a normal urban population might be
related to variations in their environment. The population
studied included whites, Negroes, and Puerto Hicans from upper,
middle, and lower income groups, and was divided into four
categories: children (those under 15 years of age); adults;
heavy cigarette smokers; and non-cigarette smokers. The total
number of participants in the study was 1747 and each was observed
for an average of 45 weeks. A questionnaire was developed
containing approximately 120 items regarding variations in health.
Each family was visited each week by a trained health
interviewer who orally asked the questions in the questionnaire;
questions were asked for each of the seven preceding days. An air
pollution monitoring station was established in the center of the
study area and measurements were made of S02, particulates,
carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Also, monitoring records of a
variety of other pollutants were obtained from the City.
Continuous records were maintained on common meteorologic
variables. The association between the daily prevalence rates of
various health symptoms and the levels of air pollution are
examined by several methods. The multiple correlation
coefficients and the multiple regression coefficients of some of
the symptom prevalence rates with air pollutants and meteorological
factors are summarized. It is concluded that! a) there are
associated relationships between symptoms in a normal urban
population and a variety of environmental factors and b) no one
factor, including air pollution, acts alone to produce most of the
common illnesses.##
09713
Kutscher, W., R. Tomingas, and H. P. Weisfeld
INVESTIGATIONS INTO DUST-CAUSED DAMAGE, ESPECIALLY CARCINOGENIC
EFFECTS. REPORT 8: INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN LUNGS FOB THEIR DUST
AND BENZOPYRENE CONTENT IN THE HEIDELBEBG AREA. ((Untersuchungen
uber die Schadlichkeit von Russen unter besonderer Berucksichti-
gung ihrer cancerogenen Wirkung. 8. Mitteilung: Untersuchung
von Humanlungen auf ihren Staub- und Benzpyrengehalt im raum
Heidelberg.)) Text in German. Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol.
(Munich), 151(7):666-668, Nov. 1967. 3 refs.
This continuation of a study of the industrial area around Mannheim
concerns only the dust levels in the lungs. The lungs of 10
persons (aged 22-73) who had lived most of their lives in the
Heidelberg area were autopsied. Similar to findings in previous
work, traces of benzopyrene occurred in 3 cases. Dust content
ranged from 0.35-1.30 g. in 9 cases, the tenth exhibiting 2.28 g.
(Average of 9, 0.92 g.).
F. Effects - Human Health 7i'i
-------
09985
Hykes, Arthur A. and Juanita H. Landez
TOXICOLOGY OF BORON HYBBIDES—STUDIES OF ALTEHATIONS IN TISSUE
AMINES TOXIC DECABORANE-14 (B10H14) AND PENTABOHANE-9 (B5H9) AS
MODIFIED BY HYDHAZINES AND PROPYNYIAHINES. Air Force School of
Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Tex., Aerospace Medical
Div. , Task 630207, SAM-THV-66-112, 10p., Dec. 1966. 20 refs.
CFSTI,DDC: AS 648537
Investigations of the influence of the toxic boron hydrides,
decaborane-14 and pentaborane-9, on tiogenic amine metabolism were
undertaken to assist in the elucidation of the toxic mechanisms and
sites of action of boron hydrides in animals. Brain and heart
tissue serotonin and norepinephrine were found to be significantly
depleted after treatment of test subjects with the boron hydrides.
The testing of a number of potential antidotes for the treatment of
the toxic symptoms and biogenic amine changes due to exposures to
boron hydrides has resulted in the discovery of several new
antidotal drugs for the toxic effects of decaborane-14. Pargyline
(N-methyl-N-bensyl-2-propynylamine), a potent nonhydrazide
monoamine oxidase (HAD) inhibitor, provides protection against the
depletion of rat brain and heart norepinephrine, as well as the
reserpine-like sedation and ataxia observed in decaborane-
intoxicated rats. In contrast, several close analogs of pargyline
do not protect against the depletion of tissue norepinephrine due
to decaborane poisoning. JB-516 (1-phenyl-2-hydrazinopropane), a
potent hydrazine-related MAO inhibitor, greatly potentiates the
toxic effects of decaborane-14, as does iproniazid (1-isonicotinyl-
2-isopropyl hydrazine). Doses of the B6-vitamin pyridoxine also
appear to counteract the toxic effects decaborane—1t. Monoamine
oxidase inhibition and elevation of tissue amines per se by a drug
do not appear to be required properties for the drug to decrease or
eliminate the toxic actions of boron hydrides. Followup studies,
which include investigations of the mode of action of pargyline and
pyridoxine as protective agents in boron hydride-intoxicated
animals, are in progress. (Authors' abstract)
10105
M. Hasserman, D. H. Curnow, P. N. Forte, Y. Groner
STOP.AGE OF OEGANOCHLCHINE PESTICIDES IN THE BODY FAT OF PEOPLE
III WESTERN AUSTRALIA. Ind. Med. Surg., 37 (4) : 295-300,
April 1968. 37 refs.
Between May 1965 and November 1966, 58 samples of hyaan adipose
abdominal tissue were collected from routine autopsies in Perth,
Australia. None of the persons aged 14 to 93, with 82* above 50
years, had any known occupational exposure to pesticides. In 46
specimens analyzed by the Schechter-Haller spectrophotometric
method, the average concentration of total DDT-derived material
was 9.5 plus or minus 2 ppm. The mean value of DDT was 3.6 plus
or minus 1 ppm, and of DDE was 5.9 plus or minus 2 ppm. DDE
averaged 62% of the total DDT-derived material. In 12 samples
analyzed by gas-liguid chromatography, the average concentration
of total DDT-derived material was 9.3 plus or minus 2 ppm.
Isomers of BHC averaged 0.68 ppm and dieldrin 0.67 ppm.
Comparable data from Canada, America, Czechoslovakia, England,
712 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
France, Germany, Hungary, Spain, 2ndia, and Israel are
tabulated. The average concentration of dieldrin found in body
fat of Western Australians (0.67 plus or minus 0.1 ppm) is
rather high when compared with values found in other populations
(0.002-0.31 ppm).##
10118
Weete, J. D., J. L. Laseter, and D. J. Heber
HYDROCARBONS FOUND IN WAXY LAYERS FHOK SPOHES OF BASIDIOHYCETES.
Preprint, Houston, Univ., Tex., (18)p., (1968). 10 refs.
Oaraffinic material was extracted from spores of six basidomycetes
and analyzed by gas chromatography. The individual hydrocarbons wer
characterized as the eluted from the chromatographic column by a
combustion gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The hydrocarbon
pattern was distinct for each species analyzed with odd-chain
hydrocarbons predominating in every case. The predominate n-alkane
peaks were: C27 for Ustilago maydis, C29 for Puccinia graminis, C29
and C31 for Urocystis agropyri, C27 and C35 for Ustilago nuda, C29
and C31 for Ustilago avenae, and C29 for Sphacelotheca reiliana. Th
concentration of normal and branch- chain hydrocarbons varied from 4
ppm to 116 ppm. The hydrocarbons are part of the waxy outer layer o
spores and the significance of this layer is discussed. (Authors'
abstract)
10239
Bohlig, H.
PATHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS DUE TO INHALATION OF ASBESTOS DUST.
((Krankheitserscheinungen nach Asbeststaubinhalation.)) Text
in German- Zentr. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz, 16 (12):353-355,
Dec. 1956.
In a brief literature review, in which authors are mentioned but
no references cited, the problem of asbestos dust as a carcinogenic
substance is surveyed. Despite greatly increased preventive
measures taken in many asbestos plants, and the resultant
reductions in cases of asbestosis, problems of asbestos inhalation
have acquired new significance during the past five years. The
retrospective examination of mesothelioma autopsy material in
various countries has implicated asbestos dust as a malignant-tuaor
inducing agent, not only in asbestos workers but even in others.
The well-known 'pleura-plagues' of asbestosis and diffuse
mesotheliomas have been observed in individuals who had never had
occupational contact with asbestos but who had resided in the
vicinity of asbestos plants or mines. It can be stated with
assurance that pollution of the ambient air (imission) by asbestos
factories - which were relatively late in utilizing the asbestos
dust of their dedusting installations instead of simply releasing
it to the atmosphere - has been a causative factor in a significant
increase in the rate of appearance of both pleural plagues and
raesotheliomas. Whether or not the quantities of asbestos dust
released into the atmosphere from brake linings of automobiles are
also responsible for these malignancies is a question which has yet
to be determined; however, asbestos was detected histologically in
the lungs of city dwellers not exposed occupationally in the
F. Effects - Human Health 713
-------
following percentages: Pittsburgh, 11. OX; Miami, 27.9X; Cape
Town 26.4%. Individuals endangered by asbestos, in addition to
those.just cited, include persons .who have occasional contact with
asbestos in construction or other activities (such as roofers,
insulation specialists). The properties of asbestos ores,
including their benzopyrene content, are briefly mentioned.#t
10211
Cuthbert, J.
THE COMMUNITY HAZ1HDS OF ASBESTOS. ((Die Gefahren des Jsbest
fur die Allgemeinheit.)) Text in German. Muench. Med.
Rochschr. (Munich), 109:1369-1372, April-June 1967.
The inhalation of asbestos is far more dangerous than is generally
recognized by the public, since even a transient period of
exposure can lead to disease (interstitial fibrosis of the lung,
lung cancer, mesothelioma, endothelioma of the pleura and the
peritoneum, painful dermal warts) and death many years later.
Electron microscopic studies have shown that for every asbestos
fiber recognizable under an ordinary (light) microscope, there
are hundreds of tiny unrecognized particles, which dust experiments
with juinea pigs have shown to be just as deadly as the larger
fibers. Hhile the asbestos industry has taken energetic measures
toward the prevention of classical forms of asbestosis by dust
elimination in its plants (vacuum removal of the dust, use of gas
masks, automation of manufacturing processes) , such prophylactic
measures have not prevented the gradual long-term development of
cancer in persons who come into occasional, slight, or temporary
contact with asbestos. This group certainly includes wives of
asbestos workers and all persons living within 1.5 km. of an
asbestos plant; these persons tend to succumb to mesothelioma
after many years of such contact. A number of examples are given,
including those of carpenters and construction workers, who do not
realize that their relatively brief contact in sawing or handling
asbestos materials can lead to lung cancer many years later. The
great increase in asbestos production and in asbestosis in recent
years is tabulated; the need for utilization of alternate materials
in industry, and for further research on biological effects is
emphasized. The presence in asbestos of carcinogenic oils and
other components, including benzopyrene and chromium, is mentioned.
*#
10456
Wayne, Lowell G. and Leslie A. Chambers
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN AIR P DILUTION. Arch. Environ.
Health, 16 (6):871-885, June 1968. 14 refs.
Rodents exposed to the ambient atmosphere of Los Angeles
throughout their lives have been studied in comparison with animals
maintained in smog-filtered atmospherees. In aging inbred mice of
certain strains, there was an increased incidence of pulmonary
adenoma. In one strain mortality of males (but not females) during
the first year of life was increased. Severe smog episodes caused
lung tissue alterations at the ultrastructural level, especially in
mice older than 15 months. Severe episodes produced transient
714 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
increases in pulmonary resistance in old guinea pigs but no
demonstrable chronic or cumulative effects on this parameter. In
guinea pigs sensitized by prior stress treatment, urinary excretion
of 17-ketogenic steroids was enhanced by ambient atmosphere exposure
After two or three years of exposure, rabbits exhibited reduced
activity of glutamic oxalcetic transaminase in blood serum.
(Authors' abstract)
10613
Anthony A. Thomas
SPACE CABIN TOXICOLOGY. In: NASA, Marshall Space Flight
Center 5th Annual Meeting, Air Force Systems Command,
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, p. 207-217, March 3, 1967.
18 refs.
NASA: N68-17369
Space cabin toxicology is a new and challenging area of
research in life support. The unique problem of this branch
of toxicology is the truly uninterrupted continuous nature
of exposure to chemical toxicants. Fundamental research in the
last two years has answered the following most urgent basic
questions. Continuous exposure can lead to a "summation of
interest" type of toxic effect because daily recuperative
periods from exposure are non-existent. The exotic atmospheric
environment can influence the outcome of toxic damage; reduced
barometric pressure and oxygen—rich atmosphere are influencing
factors. All cabin materials can and must be screened
by analytical and biological methods to increase the health and
performance of the crew in future manned space missions.
To answer these questions, experiments were conducted with
animals in controlled atmosphere chambers at reduced pressure.
Various contaminant materials were introduced for long
exposures times. The tests themselves lasted up to eight
months, thus giving a good indication of the effects of
long-term exposure to a "space cabin" atmosphere.##
10987
Mountain, Isabel H,, E. J. Cassell, Doris B. Bolter,
J. D. Mountain, Judith R. Diamond, and J. R. McCarroll
HEALTH AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT. VII. AIR POLLUTION JND
DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN A "NORMAL" POPULATION. Arch.
Environ. Health, 17 (3) :343-352, Sept. 1968.
The effect of each of several pollutants on the health of urban
families on the lower East Side of New York City has been
assessed. Prevalence of certain symptoms on one day of the
week (Monday) was assessed according to level of each
pollutant (low, medium, or high). Prevalence was treated as a
binomial variable (number of "yes" responses/number of "yes" and
"no" responses) whereas pollutant level was a continuous variable
(but ordered, by thirds), according to the method of Armitage.
In summer, in children under 8 years of age, prevalence of
respiratory symptoms was directly related to increasing levels of
particulate matter and of carbon monoxide. (Authors' abstract!•*
F. Effects - Human Health 715
-------
1 1241
E. H. Both, W. H. Teichner, and A. 0. Hirarchi
CONTAMINANTS STANDARDS. (SECTION 13.) In: Compendium of
Human Besponses to the Aerospace Environment, Volume III,
Sections 10-16, Emanuel M. Both (ed.), Lovelace Foundation
for Medical Education and Besearch, Albuquerque, N. Hex. ,
CONTRACT -NAS-115, p. 1-115, Nov. 1968. 233 refs.
CFSTI: NASA CR-1205(III
Toxicological problems in space operations cover three
situations: (1) the acute, short term, high-level exposure either
in ground support or space cabin conditions; (2) the 8—hour work
day exposure found in manufacturing and ground support
situations; and (3) continuous, long term exposure to trace
contaminants, such as would be anticipated in extended space
missions. In view of the necessity for provisional limits of
manned space flights of 90 to 1000 days duration the following
criteria for trace contaminant control in manned spacecraft have
been derived: Contaminants must not produce significant adverse
changes in the physiological, biochemical, or mental stability
of the crew. The spacecraft environment must not contribute to a
performance decrement of the crew that will endanger mission
objectives. The spacecraft environment must not interfere with
physical or bioloqical experiments nor with medical monitoring.
Based on these criteria air quality standards for prolonged manned
missions have been established. The following topics are
discussed: kinetics of contaminants in space cabins; toxicological
factors; toxicology in the spacecraft environment; source of
contaminants; particulates and aerosols; microbial contaminants.
Tables presenting chemical analysis of all contaminants with
standard levels for space cabins are listed.##
11259
Stout, B. M., Jr. and Roger E. Flora
KANAWHA VALLEY AIB POLLUTION STUDY HEALTH EFFECTS. II.
CONDUCTION OF THE STUDY. Preprint, West Virginia Univ. ,
Horgantown, Div. of Allergy and Div. of Preventive
Medicine, ((19n8n8p., ((1967?))
A method for obtaining information concerning the eye and nasal
symptoms of a sample of hypersensitive persons by daily
telephone calls was explored. These symptoms were correlated with
air pollution measurements taken within one half mile of the
residence of these reactors. Pollutants measured were
sulfates, soluble benzene compounds, and particulates Eesults
showed that 35% persons studied reported repeated nose svmDtoms
and 22% reported eye symptoms. ft history of bronchitis was
obtained in 21%, but 66% brought up phlegm several times a VOAT-
Asthma was reported by 2% and "43% had a history of dyspnea
Thirty-seven per cent had allergies, 36% of these having had
allergy skin tests.## y aa
716 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11260
Stout, B. M., Jr. and Hoger E. Flora
KANAWHA VALLEY AIH POLLUTION STUDY HEALTH EFFECTS. III.
SYMPTOM RESPONSE TO DAILY MEASURES OF AIR POLLUTION. Preprint,
West Virginia Univ., Horgantown, Div, of Allergy and
Preventive Medicine, ((21)) p., ((1966)) 3 refs.
Daily surveys were made on persons living in the "Kanawha Valley
W. Virginia for effects of particulates, sulfates and
benzene soluble compounds or the eyes and nose. The "Kanawha
Valley" contains industrial plants where the products are
synthetic rubber, urethane foam, vinyl, sulfuric acid, solvents,
agricultural chemicals, ammonia, anti-freeze, chlorine and its
derivatives, paint components, organic esters, plasticizers,
polyethylene, rayon, aeress yarn and ferroalloys. No indication
of positive correlation of sympton prevalence with levels of
pollution as measured in this study could be detected.#f
11261
Stout, B. m., Jr. and Hoger E. Flora
KANAWHA VALLEY AIB POLLUTION STUDY HEALTH EFFECTS I. DESIGN
OF THE STUDY. Preprint, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown,
Div. of Allergy and Preventive Medicine, ((14))p., ((1966?))
13 refs.
A method for studying human response to air pollution was
explored. Hypersensitive reactors to air pollution were selected
for the study. Daily information on symptoms involving the eye
and nose were obtained by telephone interviews from persons living
in the valley under study in W. Virginia. An outline of plans
for the study was: 1) to obtain a panel of hypersensitive
reactors; 2) to follow these reactors through 12 months prospective
study by daily contact by telephone interview; 3) to correlate
their reactions with certain measurements of daily air pollution.##
11272
Hnatsakanyan, A. V.
EFFECT OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF CHLOROPRENE IN THE ATMOSPHERE
ON SUPRARENAL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. Hyg. Sanit.
31 (13) :115-117, Jan. 1965. ( (7)) refs.
The qualitative and quantitative composition of alcohols
contaminating the air around factories producing synthetic fatty
alcohols and synthetic fatty acids, is described for the first
time. Such air may contain volatile lower alcohols, as well as
less volatile higher alcohols. Since aliphatic alcohols differ
in their toxic properties, the maximum permissible atmospheric
concentration should be established for each- alcohol separately.**
F. Effects - Human Health 717
-------
11275
Kotin, P.
THE INFLUENCE OF PATHOGENIC VIRUSES ON CANCERS INDUCED BY
INHAIATION. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md. ,
National Institutes of Health, pp. 485-499, ((1966)). 27 refs.
Squamous carcinomas were induced in C58 Black mice after
successive infections with three mouse-adapted strains of
influenza virus and continuous exposure to an aerosol of ozonized
gasoline. The progression of the pathological process, from the
initial proliferative response, to influenza virus, through
sguamous metaplasia with keratinization, to the development of
squamous cancer, has been histologically described. The last two
classes of change were observed exclusively in mice concurrently
exposed to the influenza virus and hydrocarbon aerosols.##
11299
Crocker, T. Timothy and B. J. Nielsen
PHIMATE, CANINE AND RODENT TRACHEOBRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL RESPONSE TO
POLYCYCLE HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTANT EXTRACTS IN ORGAN
CULTURE: A PROGRESS REPORT. Preprint, California Univ. ,
San Francisco, Cancer Research Inst, 15p, 1968. (Presented
at the Sir Pollution Medical Research Conference, Denver,
Colo., July 22-24, 1968, Session III: Pathogenetic Role of
Atmospheric Pollutants, Paper 1.)
Chemicals known to cause experimental lung cancer in lower
animals are present in urban air, tobacco smoke, automobile
exhausts and industrial smoke. In order to learn whether man
(or other primates) can be expected to be more or less susceptible
than rodents or canines upon exposure to these materials, a test
system is needed that would expose respiratory mucosa of all
species to the suspected chemicals, under uniform conditions.
Tracheobronchial structures of rodents, dogs and monkeys were
maintained for 2 to 3 weeks in organ culture. Polycyclic
hydrocarbons known to be carcinogenic by various methods of
testing in rodents were added to organ culture media and produced
abnormal histologic states of respiratory epithelia. Among these
are: (1) basal cell hyperplasia, (2) replacement of differentiated
columnar cells either by one or more layers of undifferentiated
pleomorphic cells or by stratified cells of a sguamous epithelial
type* (3) excessive height and crowding of columnar cells to form
redundant epithelial folds, and (4) loss of all or most epithelial
cells. Weakly carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hydrocarbons did
not produce these abnormal states. Whole benzene-soluble extracts
of solids from filters used to collect air pollutants were applied
in this system, and one or more of the abnormal states described
above were induced. Effects of benzo(a)pyrene and of a composite
of air pollutant extracts are compared in evaluating the biologic
responsiveness or rodent, canine and primate respiratory epithelia
to a pure compound or a crude extract of material under
consideration as having possible effects on health.#f
718 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11307
Emik, L.O. and R.L. Plata
DEPEESSION OF RUNNING ACTIVITY IH MICE BY EXPOSURE TO POLLUTED
AIH. Preprint, California Univ., Riverside, Statewide Air
Pollution Research Center, 12p., 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Denver,
Colo., July 22-24, 1968, Session IV: Animal Toxicology,
Paper 1.)
Hice in activity wheels were exposed continuously to diluted raw
or irr.adiat.ed and unirradiated auto exhaust for a period of 8
weeks, using a diurnal cycle simulating Los Angeles conditions
in heavy smog. Those in irradiated exhaust showed an immediate
depression greater than those in raw exhaust, each gradually
recovering and finally surpassing the controls by the end of the
experiment. A balanced half each of control and irradiated
exhaust groups was switched to the other exposure for the second
4 weeks. The controls later placed into irradiated exhaust ran
significantly less than any other group. On a daily basis, no
significant treatment effects were found although the LAF males
always ran significantly (P less than .01} farther than their
BALE chamber mates. The exhaust atmospheres appeared to modify
the diurnal cycles of activity, generally flattening the usual
night peak, but no detailed analyses were made. The mice
exposed to ozonized gasoline fumes gradually recovered their
control level of activity when continually exposed for several
weeks. With this background of experience, mouse activity was
included as one measure of the effects of ambient air pollution
exposure.ft
11309
Ishikawa, S., D. H. Bowden, V. Fisher, and J. P. Hyatt
THE EMPHYSEMA PROFILE' IN TWO MIDWESTERN CITIES IN NORTH
AMERICA. Preprint, Manitoba Dniv., Winnipeg, Dept. of
Pathology and Saint Louis Univ., Mo., Dept. of Anatomy,
11p., 1968. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Medical
Research Conference, Denver, Colo., July 22-24, 1968,
Session VI: Emphysema, Paper 3.)
In a comparitive study there was considerably more emphysema in
St. Louis than Winnipeg and the anatomic emphysema was found
much earlier and appeared to progress more rapidly. In neither
city were cases of severe emphysema observed in non-smokers. Froa
these basic observations on these two cities, which have striking
differences in the degree of environmental pollution, it appears
that smoking is not the only factor concerned in the development of
emphysema. The importance of environmental pollution is further
strengthened by the fact that the incidence of severe emphysema in
comparable groups of cigarette smokers is four times as high in
St. Louis as it is in Winnipeg. These findings suggest that
the development of emphysema may be related to a synergistic effect
of smoking and environmental pollution. The sharp distinction
between the emphysema profiles of these two cities further
emphasizes the epidemiologic value of correlating various
parameters of urban living with patterns of lung pathology.##
F. Effects - Human Health 719
-------
11426T
Dubrovskaya, F. I., H. S. Katsenelenbaum, Ya. K.
Yushko, G. V. Bulychev. and V. A. Korolova
ATHOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION WITH DISCHARGES FROM SYNTHETIC FATTY
ACIDS AND ALCOHOLS PRODUCING INDUSTRIES AND THEIE EFFECT ON THE
HEALTH OF THE POPULATION. ((Zagryazneniye atmosfernogo
vozdukha vybrosami proizvodstva sinteticheskifch zhirnykh kislot i
spirtov i vliyaniye ikh na zdordov'ye naseleniya.)) Translated
from Russia. Gigiena i Sanitariya, 26(12):3-8, Dec. 1961. 5
ref s.
Investigations of the atmosphere in Shebekino have revealed it to
be intensely polluted up to a radius of 3 Km from a synthetic
fatty acids and alcohol plant in the shebekino Industrial
Complex. Its discharges contain fatty acids, hydrocarbons,
acetone, methanol and formaldehyde. Investigations showed that
that combustion of exhaust gases occurred at low efficiency,
with hydrocarbons, acids and acetones only 30% burned. The
concentrations of pollutants in escaping gases, and of
saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, ketones, acetone, and
fatty acids in atmospheric air, are tabulated. Construction
inadeguacies of the furnace used, were blamed for the low efficiency
of combustion. A complete medical examination of the children
in shebekino shows their health to be somewhat affected by the
atmospheric pollution. Diseases of respiratory tract prevail
among other affections. It has been determined experimentally
that the threshold value of olfactory perception of valerianic
acid in most people fluctuates from 0.5 to 1.0 mg per m3.##
11484
Krasovitskaya, M. L. and L. K, Malyarova
LONG-TERM EFFECT OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF ETHYLENE AND
TRICHLOROETHYLENE ON NEWBORN ANIMALS. ((0 khronicheskom
deistvii malykh kontsentratsii etilena i trikhloretilena na
organizm novorozhdennykh zhivotnykh.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 33 (4-6) :146-149 ,
April-June 1968. ((3)) refs.
CFSTI: TT 68-50449/2
Adult albino rats (aged 2 1/2 months) and newborn ones,
respectively designated as series I and II were exposed to
ethylene and trichloroethylene continuously for 98 days. The
experiment included 12 groups of rats, 13 to 15 animals in every
group. Animals of both series were exposed to identical
concentrations (3 and 1 mg/cu m ethylene; 4, 1 and 0.5 mg/cu u
trichloroethylene). Adult animals weighing 110-130 g were used
in Series I and newborn rats were used in experimental series
II. The initial physical development parameters of the newborn
animals were practically the same. By the fifth day of exposure
the weight increments in all the experimental groups (8.7-9.8 g)
differed significantly from those in the controls (7.0-7.6 g). A
statistically significant differences in weight persisted through-
out the exposure in all the experimental groups, with the exception
of animals exposed to trichloroethylene in a concentration of 0.5
mg/cu m. The experimental animal's physical development also
lagged somewhat with respect to the appearance of the coat.
720 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
dentition, and the opening of eyes. From the age of six weeks,
series II animals exhibited definite changes with respect to
other indices also. Blood pressure measurements revealed
hypotension in animals exposed to 1 and U mg/cu m trichloroethy-
lene. The experimental animals also exhibited changes in
subordinative chronaxy. Inversion of the chronaxial ratio between
flexors and extensors was found in animals exposed to 3 mg/cu m
ethylene and 4 and 1 mg/cu m trichloroethylene. A change in the
cholinesterase activity of whole blood was found in animals exposed
to 3 mg/cu m ethylene and 4 and 1 mg/cu m trichloroethylene during
the last stages of the exposure period. All these indices
returned to normal following a recovery period. Observations of
physical development showed that the effect of poisonous substances
on newborn rats became obvious in the earliest stages of exposure.
The adult experimental animals did not differ from the controls
with respect to weight even on exposure to relatively high
concentrations.##
11489
Gol'dberg, M. S.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ATHOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AND HYGIENIC
STANDARDS FOE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS OUTSIDE THE OSSR.
((Problema biologicheskogo deistviya atmosfernykh zagryazneii i
ikh gigienicheskogo normirovaniya za rubezhom.)) Hyg. Sanit,
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 33 (4-6):245-250,
April-June 1968. ((13)) refs.
CFSTI: TT 68-50449/2
A brief discussion is presented of a few achievements in the
biological effects of pollutants and standards in the U.S.A.,
Great Britatin, and Germany. Studies being conducted on the
effects or man of prolonged exposure to low concentrations of
atmospheric pollutants are mentioned. Air pollution episodes in
New York (1953) and London (1952) are briefly mentioned. Also
discussed is the problem of the effect of the dispersity of dust
particles containing 3.4 benzpyrene upon carcinogenic activity.#*
11539
MacEwen, J. D. and R. P. Geckler
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF 90-DAY CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO 03, N02
AND CCL4 AT REDUCED AND AMBIENT PRESSURES. (FINAL REPORT.)
Aerosjet-General Corp., Azusa, Calif., Contract AF
33(657)-11305, Proj. 6302, Task 630201, AHRL-TR-67-68, 67P.,
Feb. 1968. 25 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 669079
Ninety-day continuous animal exposures to ozone, nitrogen dioxide
and carbon tetrachloride at Threshold Limit Values were
conducted under ambient pressure and 100% oxygen-reduced pressure
(5 psia) conditions. Four species, dogs, monkeys, rats, and mice
were exposed to each material. Guinea pigs were also used for
ozone exposures due to their reported susceptibility to this
pulmonary irritant. Minimal biologic responses were observed
with exposure to each of the compounds tested and, consequently,
lower tentative exposure limits are recommended for space cabin
F. Effects - Human Health 721
-------
environments. The recommended limits, based on the time period
tested, are 1 ppm for nitrogen dioxide, 0.01 ppm for ozone, and U.b
ppm for carbon tetrachloride. (Authors' abstract)##
1 1593
Thomas, a. A.
HAN'S TOLERANCE TO TSACE CONTAMINANTS. Aerospace Medical
Besearch Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AMRL-TR-67-146,
38p., Jan. 1968. 9 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 669356
Atmospheric contaminants in sealed cabins originate from a
multitude of sources: off-gassing from cabin materials,
production of contaminants by the life support system components,
continuous exposure, a combination of physiological stress froa
problem increases with progressing mission duration and can become
the limiting factor for man's tolerance to extended space flight.
Several important aspects must be considered: truly uninterrupted,
, continuous exposure, a combination of physiological stress from
the use of artificial atmospheres and the chemical stress imposed
by the trace contaminants, and the great potential of
synergistic toxic effect by various constituents of the highly
complex mixture of many contaminants. Superimposed on these
factors are the other aggravating characteristics of prolonged
space flight: logistics problems of life support and psychological
effects of isolation on performance. Clearly, these factors must
be weighed singly and in combination to allow safe design of future
manned systems. Validation of human tolerance to trace
contaminants can be accomplished by prolonged animal exposures
coupled with mathematical model verification. Tradeoffs in life
support system design can extend tolerance to contaminants and
long range logistic tradeoffs should be considered by utilizing
extra-terrestrial resources for contaminant removal purposes.
(Author's abstract) ##
11632
Vaughan, Thomas R., Jr., Lesta 7. Jennelle and Trent R.
lewis
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON
PULMONARY FUNCTION IN THE BEAGLE. Preprint, Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio National Air Pollution Control
Administration, ((19))p., ((1968)). 29 refs.
One hundred and four beagles have been exposed for 18 months to
natural and photochemically reacted auto exhaust, oxides of
nitrogen and oxides of sulfur. No differences in single breath
carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, dynamic pulmonary compliance
or total expiratory pulmonary resistance were found between
exposed and control animals. Removal of reactive gases in the
upper airway was studied during brief exposures in an additional
small group of animals. Under these conditions, 100% removal of
03 and S02, 90% removal of N02, 73% removal of NO and no
removal of CO or hydrocarbon were found. (Authors' abstract)#f
722 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11682
11682
Alvin relmeister, Mohammad Amanat and Norman D. Weiner
INTERACTION OF PHOTEIN AND LIPOPROTEIN MONOLAYEHS WITH
NITROGEN DIOXIDE-TEANS 2-BUTENE GASEOUS MIXTURES. Preprint,
Columbia Univ., New York, Coll. of Pharmacy, ((8)) p.,
((1968)) . 14 refs.
The interactions of pollutant atmospheres with oriented protein
and lipoprotein films was studied. A gas train assembly. Teflon
coated trough, and Wilhelray plated method of surface pressure
measurement was used. The films were then exposed to a standard
atmosphere (i.e., air flowing at the rate of 300 ml/rain) or to
the following test atmospheres, all flowing at this same rate of
300 ml/min: (a) 0.33% nitrogen dioxide in air; (b) 0.08% trans
2-butene in air; and (c) 0.33% nitrogen dioxide and 0.08% trans
2-butene in air. Significant changes in the -A curves for
the pure protein films were observed in the presence of all
atmospheres containing nitrogen dioxide, while the trans 2-butene
did not interact with the film, nor did it appear to influence the
nitrogen dioxide film interaction. However, whereas exposure of
unsaturated phospholipid films to nitrogen dioxide containing
atmospheres resulted in a large expansion of the film, exposure
of bovine albumin film to these same test atmospheres resulted in
a significant contraction of the film. The data obtained suggest
that the effect of N02 on the lipoprotein films studied, appears
to be a function only of the phospholipid component of the film.
In general, membrane lipoproteins contain a large proportion of
unsaturated phospholipids attached to structural and functional
protein. In vivo interaction of the supporting phospholipid with
nitrogen dioxide, or other reactive pollutants, could result in an
expansion of the exposed cell membrane. This expansion would then
lead to a change in the conformation of the attached protein.
In the case of a functional protein, changes in conformation would
be accompanied by changes in enzyme activity.lt
12175
L. S. Jaffe
REVIEW ON CHEHICAL MUTAGENESIS. Preprint, Public Health
Service, Washington, D. C. , Div. of Air Pollution, ((10))p.,
Oct. U, 1963. 19 refs.
Chesical autagenesis is the process whereby the sonatic cells
of an organism are induced to produce a change (natation) by
chemical neans or by exposure to chemical substances, wherein
as a result of this exposure the cell themselves or the daughter
cells, formed upon dividings, function less efficiently or
differently from the parent cells. In chemical mutagenesis we
are concerned with the influence of certain chemicals found in
air pollution to form deleterious mutations in the somatic cells of
the individual (or animal population) causing it to age more
quickly; to change the appearance and nature of the cells
anatomically or in function; or to act carcinogenetically and
form cancers in the organism. The prime effects of chemical can-
cers mutagenesis are of three broad categories: (1) a change in
the aging process induced by chemical means; (2) change in the na-
ture and ajpearance of the cell and/or its function (metaplasia);
(3) carcinogenesis.f*
F. Effects - Human Health 72/3
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12272
Yuldashev, T.
TOXICITY OF ETHYLENE OXIDE IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS. In:_ The
Biological Effects and Hygienic Importance of Atmospheric
Pollutants, Book 10. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, Vol. 17, pp. 33-39, 1968.
CFSTI: PB 180522T
In exposure tests ethylene oxide (EO) as a poison affected all
body organs and systems, principally the central nervous system.
The EO odor perception threshold for most sensitive test
persons was found to be 1.5 mg/cu m; threshold eye sensitivity to
light 1.0 mg/cu m; and threshold of electrical cerebral activity
0.65 mg/cu m. It is recommended that 0.3 mg/cu m of EO adopted
as the limit of its maximum concentration in atmospheric air.
Chronic, 2U-hr. exposure of white rats to the inhalation of air
containing 0.3 rng/cu m of EO for 83 days produced changes,
affected the animals' flexor-extensor chronaxy ratio and the
chloride and residual nitrogen blood contents. It is suggested
that the average daily maximal allowable EO concentration in
atmospheric air be set at 0.03 mg/cu m. (Author's conclusion,
modified)##
12276
Gusev, I. S.
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY STUDIES OF BENZENE, TOLUOL, AND XYLOL BY
THE REFLEX ACTIVITY METHOD. In: The Biological Effects
and Hygienic Importance of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 10.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, O.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution Occupational Diseases, Vol.
17, pp. 60-67, 1968.
CFSTI: PB 180522T
The odor threshold and the effect on brain electropotentials of
benzene, toluene, and zylene were determined. Experimental
methods used are described. The author proposes the
following conclusions: (1) odor perception thresholds decreased
with increase in the number of methyl groups in the benzene ring.
Odor thresholds were: 2.8 mg/cu m benzene; 1.5 mg/cu n toluene;
and 0.6 mg/cu m zylene. (2) Concentrations of odor perception
thresholds used as indexes in evaluating effects on cerebral
electrical activity decreased benzene, toluol, xylol in the
following order: (3) Benzene and toluol enhanced the electrical
potentials, while xylol had the opposite effect, causing a
decrease in the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex.
Return to normal electrical brain activity in toluol and xylol
poisoning proceeded slovly. (4) 1.5 mg/cu m of benzene, 0.6
mg/cu m of toluol, and 0.2 mg/cu m of xylol are subthreshold
concentrations as shown by results of electrical potential brain
tests. These concentrations are recommended as maximal
permissible single-exposure concentrations for atmospheric air.
(Author's conclusion, modified)##
724 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
12284
Gusev, H. I. and A. A. Hinayev
AN HYGIENIC STANDARDIZATION OF ALPHAMETHYLSTYRENE IN ATHOSPHEEIC
AIR. In: The Biological Effects and Hygienic Importance of
Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 10. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, Vol. 17, pp. 139-145, 1968.
CFSTI: PB 180522T
The toxic effects of alphamethylstyrene (AHS) were investigated, and
the maximum average-daily allowable concentration of this vapor was
determined in experiments using white rats. On the basis of the
data obtained, it is concluded that: {1} Alphamethylstyrene vapors
in concentration of 5 mg/cu m and lower had no effect on the
behavior, weight, and general blood picture (leucocyte, erythrocyte,
hemoglobin count) of the test animals. (2) An ABS concentration of
5 mg/cu m depressed the central nervous system (increased reflex
time), altered the bio-chemical reactions (reduced the content of
nucleic acids in the blood and of coproporphyrin in the urine), and
changed the luminescent properties of the leucocytes. Functional
changes were confirmed by pathohistological changes in lungs, liver,
heart, and kidneys. (3) In concentration 0.5 mg/cu m AMS altered
mg/cu m had no effect. (U) The maximum average tolerance allowable
concentration of AHS vapors in atmospheric air can be set at the
level of its accepted single-exposure allowable concentration of
O.Ot mg/cu m which is the inactive level in chronic inhalation
exposure of the experimental animals.
12580
Holma, B.
THE INITIAL LUNG CLEARANCE OF DI-DISPERSE (2 MICRON AND 7
MICRON) POLYSTYRENE PARTICLES IN RABBITS. Arch. Environ.
Health. 17(6):871-873, Dec. 1968. 3 Hefs.
The difference in the simultaneous initial course of lung
clearance of 2 micron and 7 micron monodisperse polystyrene
particles has been studied in rabbits. This lung function was
registered with a fixed detector system during the first two hours
after the animals had been exposed to the test aerosol via a
tracheal tube. The results point out the importance of freguent
and early data of the lung retention of studied particles for the
evaluation of the function of lung clearance. (Author's
Abstract)##
12955
Peters, John n., Jere Head, and Willem F. Van Ganse
A SIMPLE FLOW-VOLUME DEVICE FOR MEASURING VENTILATORY FUNCTION
IN THE FIELD, RESULTS ON WORKERS EXPOSED TO LOW LEVELS OF
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE. Am. Rev. Respirat. Diseases, 99(U):617-
622, 1969. 10 refs.
F. Effects - Human Health 725
-------
A new, simple, portable device for measuring the maximum
expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve was discussed. The
ventilatory capacity of 35 workers exposed to toluene
diisocyanate was assessed with this device. Measurements were
made on Monday morning and afternoon, and on Tuesday morning.
The results showed a significant qualitative and quantitative
depression of the MEFV curve during the working day which aia
not return to baseline levels on Tuesday morning. This device
is well suited for survey work in the field and is particularly
useful when serial measurements of the same individual are made.
(Author summary modified)
12969
Golubev, A. A.
EFFECT OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL IEEITANTS ON CHANGE OF POPIL
DIAMETER IN THE BABBIT. {Ob izmenenii diametra zrachka krolika pod
vliyaniem nekotorykh promyshlennykh yadov razdrazhayushchego
deystviya). Text in Russian- Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya, no. 4:58-59, 1969.
The effects on pupil size in the rabbit were determined over a
30-min period for the following industrial irritants (molar
threshold concentration given in parentheses): ethanol (2),
dioxane (2), methylethyIketone (1/4), epichlorohydrin (1/t),
acetic anhydride (1/8), crotonaldehyde (1/16), ethylene glycol
(1), and xylene (1/132). Indications by the method described
correlate well with the usual means of determining irritative
effects (dioxane is an exception for which this method
indicates a higher irritative effect). It is noted that this
method is effective at concentrations which cause no visible
changes in either the conjunctiva or cornea of the rabbit.
13657
Filov, V.
KINETIC MODEL OF THE ACCUMULATION OF GASEOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE
ORGANISM DURING PERIODIC INHALATION. (0 kineticheskoy modeli
nakopleniya v organizme gazoobraznykh veshestv pri ikh
periodicheskom vdykhanii). Text in Russian. Doklady Akad. Nauk
SSSR, 184 (6) :1t58-1460, 1969. 9 refs.
A mathematical model was constructed to determine the
concentration of an inhaled gas in tissues of an individual
exposed to the gas during his working days. An equation was
developed which defined the concentration in tissues at the nth
working day in terms of the concentration of the substance in
the inhaled air, the time of exposure, the days of exposure,
and constants related to the distribution of a particular gas
between tissue and air. When the equation was tested against
chloroform and ethyl alcohol, for which most of the constants
were known, the result corresponded with experimental data. The
equation was also successful in predicting tissue concentration
of benzene and carbon disulfide in the fatty tissue of rabbits
exposed for various periods to these gases.
726 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
13860
Feldstein, B.
TOXICITY AND ANALYSIS OF All POLLOTANTS. J. Forensic Sci.,
14(3):337-351, July 1969. HH refs.
The emission of solids, liquids, and gases from industrial
operations, power and heat generation using fossil fuels,
combustion of organic waste materials, and auto exhaust
constitute the major sources of air pollution. Carbon
monoxide, as a community air pollutant, is emitted to the
atmosphere from most combustion operations where incomplete
combustion of organic matter occurs. Exposures to 30 ppm for
four to six hours may result in blood carboxyhemoglobin
concentrations as high as 8% of the total pigment. Nitrogen
dioxide is the primary reactant in photochemical smog, and is
found to cause acute pulmonary edema. Physiological response
to low concentrations of both S02 and S03 is similar and involves
bronchial constriction. The response with S03 is U to 20
times greater in experimental animals than with S02 on an
equal concentration basis. It is now believed that there
is no tolerable dose of a carcinogen. Skin tumors were
produced in animals by as little as 0.4 micrograms of
benzpyrene. Part of the reason for increased lung cancer is
ascribed to carcinogens present in air pollution. Several
other pollutants and the various ways of analyzing pollutants
are also discussed.
13886
Epstein, Samuel S. and H. Shafner
CHEBICAL MDTAGENS IN THE HUHAN ENVIRONMENT. Nature, 219(5152):
385-387, July 27, 1968. 13 refs.
Preliminary data are presented on the feasibility of mntagenicity
testing^ in mice based on screening a wide variety of
environmental pollutants. In the dominant lethal test, treated
males were mated with groups of females. The females were
subsequently dissected at mid—term of pregnancy to evaluate
the incidence of dominant lethal mutations. Such effects
conveniently reflect mutagenic activity and represent fetuses
killed in utero by mutations directly induced in male germ
cells. The possibility of systemic drug effects in females
was thus excluded. Test materials were freshly prepared and
injected intraperitioneally. A mutagenic index (B.I.),
reflecting the incidence of dominant lethal mutations in an
experimental group of animals, was calculated. The index does
not reflect anti-fertility effects or the distribution of
deciduomata in affected animals. It was found that organic
extracts of atmospheric particulate pollutants displayed control
B.I. levels. The dominant lethal test described appeared to be
a practical screening procedure, especially because 805 of gene
mutations in man are attributable to dominant autosomal traits.
Bodification of the test procedures to evaluate the role of
chronic low-level exposure to environmental mutagens, either
singly or in combination, is in progress.
F. Effects - Human Health 727
-------
13953
Lindberg, Walter
AIR POLLUTION IN NORWAY. III. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN AIR_POLLUTANT
CONCENTRATIONS AND DEATH RATES IN OSLO. (Den alminnelige
luftforurensning i Norge. III. Korrelasjoner mellom
luftforurensninger og dodelighet i Oslo.) Translated from
Norwegian. Oslo Oniv. (Norway), p. 78-102, 1968. 92 refs.
Extensive data are presented to show the correlation of
air pollution in Oslo, Denmark and death rates. The data
include causes of death, types of pollutants, S02 concentration,
and meteorological factors. The results indicate a
casual connection between mortality and air pollution.
More investigations are recommended.
13960
Deynega, V. G.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ADRENALS IN THE EFFECT OF METHANE-OXYGEN
HYPOXIC GAS MIXTURES. (O znachenii nadpochechnikov pri
vozdeystvii metano—kislorodnoy gipoksicheskoy gazovoy smesi).
Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, 13(3):
57, 1969.
Groups of white rats were exposed to a hypoxic mixture of gas
with a composition approximating that of firedamp after various
preliminary treatments. The gas mixture consisted of 87%
methane, 4% ethane, trace amounts of propane, butane, nitrogen,
krypton, and 6% oxygen. The control group was untreated; the
second group consisted of 10 rats which were adrenalectomized;
the third group consisted of 9 rats which were laparotomized with
the adrenals left intact; the fourth group consisted of 9 rats
which received 30 mg/kg hydrocortisone 20 min before being
exposed to the firedamp gas; and the fifth group consisted of 11
rats which received 40 units/kg of ACTH 20 min prior to exposure.
Behavior of the animals, frequency of respiration, oxygen
consumption, and survival time were monitored in all groups.
After a few minutes, the animals developed increased motor
activity, respiration increased in frequency, and there were
other signs of irritability. After 1-2 hrs, the animals were
sedated, respiration was still rapid, and death resulted in
about 4 hrs. Survival time was half as long in the
adrenalectomized rats as in the controls and oxygen consumption
was increased. There was a slight increase in resistance to the
hypoxic gas in laparotomized animals. Survival time in animals
given hydrocortisone was significantly higher—U29 plus or minus
27 min versus 237 plus or minus 16 min in the controls. ACTH
had no effect on survival.
1U119
Heuss, Jon B. and William A. Glasson
HYDROCARBON REACTIVITY AND EYE IRRITATION. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 2(12) :1109-1116, Dec. 1968. 21 refs.
728 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Twenty-five hydrocarbons and nitric cxide were irradiated in a
smog chamber. Eye irritation and various chemical reaction
rates and product yields were used to measure hydrocarbon
reactivity. Although the chemical measurements of reactivity
correlated with one another to a fair degree, there was no
correlation between any of the chemical measurements and
eye irritation. A correlation was found between hydrocarbon
structure and eye irritation; a hydrocarbon reactivity scale
based on eye irritation is presented. The most potent
precursors ot eye irritation were benzylic hydrocarbons and
aromatic olefins. A new and extremely potent eye irritant,
peroxybenzoyl nitrate, a lachrymator 200 times as potent
as formaldehyde, was identified as a product from the
irradiation of benzylic hydrocarbons and aromatic olefins.
(Author abstract modified)
14422
Shabad, L. PI.
BLASTOMOGENIC SUBSTANCES IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT AND SOME
MECHANISMS GOVERNING ORIGINATION OF CANCER. (0 blastomogennykh
veshchestvakh v okruzhayushchey cheloveka srede i nekotorykh
mekhanizmakh vozniknoveniya raka). Text in Russian. Vestn. Akad.
Med. Nauk SSSR, 24(6):3-13, 1968. 17 refs.
During a study of atmospheric pollution by carcinogenic
hydrocarbons, aircraft engines were discovered as a source
of contamination. Both carbon black and exhaust gases contained
considerable amounts of benzopyrene (BP) . The amounts of this
substance detected in the ground of airfields decreased with
distance away from the runways and landing strips. A study
of soil contamination with BP showed it was capable of passing
into plants and was liable to destruction by soil bacteria.
Heeds and silt found downstream in a river flowing near a big city
contained more BP than the upstream portion. Experiments showed
it was possible to remove BP from the water. Certain medicinal
preparations may be a source of carcinogenic hazards to man.
The mechanism of action in carcinogenic substances is in its
deposition in the tissues. Tests with transplacental
blastomogenesis demonstrated that embryonic tissues display a
high sensitivity to various carcinogenic substances and are apt to
stimulate the growth of embryonic tissue organ cultures and
produce tumors in then. (Author summary modified)
14494
Imamura, S., K. Nomiyama, and H. Matsui
PUBLIC NUISANCE DUE TO ORGANIC SOLVENTS AND PROPANE GAS (LPG).
(Yuki yo zai oyobi ekika gas ni yoru kogai no ichi rei). Text
in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):89,
April 1969.
Because of complaints about offensive odors emanating from a
factory producing propane gas and organic solvents on days
when wind direction was southeasterly, simultaneous investigations
were undertaken to measure mercaptan, butyl acetate, and toluene
levels inside and outside the factory and the effect of these
F. Effects - Human Health 729
-------
compounds on factory workers and residents of the area. The
surveys were carried out on a day when the prevailing wind was
southeasterly. Workers and residents were examined for
subjective and clinical symptoms, the latter including liver
swelling, pharyngeal inflammation, inflammation of the eye and
conjuctiva, and the urobilinogen, albumin, sugar, and hippuric
acid content of the urine. In the factory, methyl mercaptan
levels did not exceed 0.2 ppm -lid butyl acetate 20 ppm. Outside
the factory, toluene did not nexceed 0.1 ppm, methyl mercaptan
0,2 ppm, and buytl acetate 5 ppm. At an exit of an organic
solvent washer, TOO ppm toluene was found but was attributed
to a defect in the washer's design. Comparison of the subjective
and clinical symptoms with those of a control group suggests that
the rate of positive urobilinogen and abnormal discharge of
hippuric acid in urine of people living near the factory is
higher. Residents living within 30 m downwind of the factory
exhibited an abnormally high discharge of hippuric acid. Workers
also showed higher rates of positive urobilinogen and an abnormal
discharge of hippuric acid.
14596
Arkhipova, 0. G.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE NEW ANTIKNOCK COMPOUND MANGANESE
CYCLOPENTADIENYLTRICARBONYL ON THE ORGANISM. English translation
of: Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya (Moscow), No. U:T51-T54,
1963. 5 refs.
It has been suggested that manganese cyclopentadienyltricarbonyl
(MCT) be used as an antiknock compound in internal combustion
engines to replace tetraethyl lead. Investigations which give
a general description of the changes that occur in the organs
and systems of organisms following the administration of
MCT are reported. The compound was administered by inhalation
to rabbits and white rats. Results showed that the MCT is a
toxic substance of polytropic action; MCT vapor disturbs the
function of the nervous system and kidneys, and reduces the
osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes. It affects the
normal source of the oxidation process and the processes of
oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen inhalation has favorable
effect in acute MCT intoxication.
14711
Dontenwill, W., H. Elmenhorst, G. Reckzeh, H. P. Harke, and
I. Stadler
STUDIES ON THE REMOVAL AND CATABOLISH OF CANCEROGENIC
HYDEOCAREONS IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF GOLDEN HAMSTERS
EXPOSED TO SMOKE. (Experimentelle Untersuchungen ueber die
Beeinflussung von Abbau und Abtransport cancerogener
Kohlenwasserstoffe im Bereich des Respirationstraktes durch
passive Berauchung von Goldhamstern). Text in German. Z.
Krebsforsch., 72 (1) : 63-64, 1969. 2 refs.
Three groups of male golden Syrian hamsters were studied: (1)
hjL1"5.1-6?-3 -not exposed to smoke which received a single
intratracheal injection of 500 micrograms of 3,4-benzopyrene
in carboxymethylcellulose; (2) hamsters exposed three times
730 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
a day, 5 days a week, for 10 min to cigarette smoke (equivalent
to 30 cigarettes each time) , and receiving an intratracheal
injection of benzopyrene after four weeks of exposure; and (3)
hamsters exposed for four weeks to cigarette smoke prior to
and following administration of benzopyrene until killed. The
times from administration of benzopyrene to killing of the
animals were 3 min, 4 hrs, and 7, 4, 8, and 12 to 20 days.
The results show that there is no clear difference in the
removal from the lungs and catabolism of 3,4—benzopyrene in
smoke-exposed and non-exposed animals.
14724
Dontenwill, W., H. Elmenhorst, G. Hechzeh, H. P. Harke, and
L. Stadler
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ABOUT THE INTAKE, TBANSPOET, AND
METABOLISM OF CANCEROGENIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE RESPIRATORY
TRACT, (Experimentelle Untersuchungen ueber Aufnahme,
Abtransport und Abbau cancerogener Kohlenwasserstoffe im
Bereich des Respirationstraktes). Text in German. Verhandl.
Deut. Ges. Pathol. (Stuttgart), vol. 52:401-408, April 1968.
3 refs.
While the various methods of subcutaneous and cutaneous
testing of carcinogens are standardized, the intravenous
methods are not. Therefore, studies were conducted to
standardize the experimental techniques and to gain information
on the relationship of dose and effect, absorption and
metabolism of various carcinogens in the lung. Benzopyrene
(BP) and soot were administered to hamsters as suspensions
(150 mg DMBA + 150 mg Fe203 + 10 ml NaCl solution;
150 mg BP + 150 mg Fe203 * 10 ml NaCl solution: and
1% BP + 1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) + 98% NaCl
solution) and solutions (BP and DMBA in polyethylene oxide and
BP in sesame oil). The Saffiotti method was used. Column
chromatography and fluorimetry were used for determination of the
carcinogenic substances in the organs and the blood. The effects
of the carcinogens on the lung depended to a large extent on
the type of solution and residence time. Dissolved
carcinogens remained in the lungs just for a short time so that
the carcinogenic effect was diminished. Suspended carcinogens
were slowly dissolved in the lung and very slowly absorbed.
Thus, their long residence time enhances the carcinogenic
effect. Only the benzopyrene-CMC suspension was reproducible;
the hematite-benzopyrene suspension fluctuated widely so that
only about 50% of the theoretical amount reached the lung.
15345
Hayata, Yoshihiro, Kenkichioho, and Yuji Saito
AIR POLLUTION AND LUNG CANCER. (Taiki osen to haigan). Text
in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5 (9):9-15,
Sept. 1969. 16 refs.
F. Effects - Human Health 731
-------
The relationship of lung cancer to cigarette smoking was
investigated among workers in an industrial city with special
emphasis on the types of cancer peculiar to some occupations.
Among the total number of subjects with lung cancer (<»648) ,
88.3% of the males and 21.1% of the females were cigarette
smokers. The relationship of cancer types to smoking habits
was the following: 25.1% of the non-smokers, 44.2% of the light
smokers, and 47.8% of the heavy smokers had sguamous carcinoma;
49.8% of the non-smokers, 32.2% of the light smokers, and 25.6%
of the heavy smokers had adenocarcinoma; and 24.8% of the
non-smokers, 23.6% of the light smokers, and 26.6% of the heavy
smokers had amorphous-type carcinoma. Sguamous carcinoma
originates in the basal cells of the bronchial mucosa due to
specific irritations. ft cigarette smoker's bronchial mucosa,
when cancerous, typically contains a mixture of partly
metasticizing, partly destroyed and desgamating cells, and
amorphous cells, and presents a means of identifying cancer due
to smoking. The highest death rates from cancer were found in
the most industrialized cities, such as Tokyo, Fukuoka, and
Yokohama. 3,4-Benzopyrene is considered a carcinogen; in
Okunoshima, where mustard gas has been produced for 19 years, a
tremendous number of bronchial cancer cases was found. Another
study of the mining industry showed a relationship between
organic dusts and pneumonia and lung cancer.
15490
Holland, George J., David Benson, Albert Bush, George Q. Each,
and Robert P- Holland
AIR POLLUTION SIMULATION AND HUHAN PERFORMANCE. Am. J. Public
Health, 58(9):1684-1691, Sept. 1968. 35 refs.
The effect of short-term exposure to moderate levels of
photochemical air pollutant constituencies on the efficiency of
various types of human motor performance was determined. fieaction
time, vital capacity, and submaximum work performance on the
bicycle ergometer were measured in 14 college student volunteer
subjects. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two
groups according to the Latin sguare method of experimental
design. They served alternately on two occasions as either
control subjects in a normal atmospheric environment or as
experimental subjects in an air pollution environment. In order
to simulate the conditions of the Los Angeles Basin, a test
facility was designed. Irradiated exhaust gases from an automobile
were pumped into an exercise booth near the reaction tunnel. A
ventilation system was used to replace the exhaust gases with
filtered atmospheric air during the control experiments. Air
samples were analyzed for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxidants, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and
formaldehyde. It did not appear from the study that the
performance of fine neuromuscular tasks such as reaction time or
cardiorespiratory work efficiency were significantly altered by
short-term exposure to moderate levels of air pollution. Bore
study is required to elucidate the effects of air contaminants on
other types of human psychomotor performance, especially maximum
work capacity. Many atmospheric pollutants may have an insidious
qualitative biochemical effect on human physiological processes
which can only be identified through careful longitudinal study,
Future studies involving higher levels of contamination with more
precise measures of airway resistance are recommended.
732 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
16219
Schlipkoeter, H. W.
DANGERS OF THE METROPOLITAN CITY AIB. (Gefahren der
Grossstadtluft). Text in German. Oeffentl. Gesundheitswesen
(Stuttgart), 29 (3) :117-126, March 1967. 37 refs.
Differentiation between the amount of fine dust and coarse dust
makes it feasible to obtain information on possible health perils,
since it is known that primarily the fine dust penetrates into
the human body, while the coarse dust deposits on buildings and
objects. The dust concentration fluctuates with the wind
conditions; it varies with the seasons and over the course of a
week. The fine dust shows a maximum at the beginning of the
week; the coarse dust, in the middle of the week. It is much
more difficult to assess objectively the harms of odors. Test
persons have to render their subjective opinion on the intensity
of odors. In order to determine the effect of gases, dusts, and
liquid aerosols on humans, the physical disposition and age must
be taken into consideration. Several tests were conducted to get
an estimate of the amount of benzopyrene retained by a human
during his lifetime. It was found that only a maximum of 0.06
microgram of benzo (3-U)pyrene (BP) was retained by the lungs. To
test how fast the benzopyrene content is dissolved, white rats
received 20 mg of soot containing 12 microgram BP/g dust. In the
first three days, 80% of the BP content separated from the soot
while 20% remained adsorbed on the soot for more than 20 days.
Tests also showed that sudden high air pollution concentrations
(at temperature inversions) speeded the death of humans. The
increase of the mortality rate of such conditions but no higher
mortality over a longer period of time (e.g., 2 years) leads to
this assumption.
16252
Munson, Edwin S., W. Reynolds Maier, and Donald Caton
EFFECTS OF HALOTHANE, CYCLOPBOPJNE AND NITROUS -OXIDE ON
ISOLATED HUMAN UTERINE MUSCLE. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Brit.
Commonwealth, 76{1):27-33, Jan. 1969. 1« refs.
The spontaneous contractility of isolated human non-gravid
uterine muscle strips was studied during exposure to various
concentrations of halothane, cyclopropane, and nitrous oxide.
Mean contractility values for 10 per cent cyclopropane and 50 per
cent nitrous oxide were not significantly different from control
values. Halothane in 0.37 per cent concentration produced a
significant reduction in contractility. Further reduction in
contractility was proportional to the halothane concentration.
It is predicted that inhibition of contractility would occur at
a halothane concentration (partial pressure) of 1.2 per cent. At
an equivalent anaesthetic concentration of cyclopropane (15 per
cent) contractility was 57 per cent of the control value. The
results showed no significant reduction in the resting tension of
non-gravid muscle strips during exposure to halothane in
concentrations capable of affecting marked reductions in
contractility. It was concluded that at equivalent anaesthetic
concentrations, halothane is a more potent depressant of non-
F. Effects - Human Health 733
-------
gravid uterine muscle than nitrous oxide or cyclopropane. Of
the agents studied, cyclopropane was the least depressant.
(Author summary modified)
1631*5
Biersteker, K.
POLLOTED AIR. ORIGIN, MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND COMBATING OF
POLLUTED OUTSIDE AIB. (Verontreinigde Lucht. Ontstaan, medische
betekenis en bestrijding van verontreinigde buitenlucht). Assen,
Van Gorcum, 1966, 214p., 339 refs. Translated from Dutch.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 275p., July 29, 1969.
Factors affecting emissions are considered, together with trends
in emissions in the Netherlands and Rotterdam. The qualitative
and quantitative significance of air pollutants as potential
disease agents in Rotterdam is evaluated. The maximum sulfur
dioxide concentration so far recorded in Rotterdam is 1600 micron
cu m; the maximum smoke concentration, 500 micron/cu m. No
epidemiological significance is attributed to measured
concentrations of fluorides, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide,
or lead. Concern is shown for the role of benzpyrene and other
carcinogens in the etiology of lung cancer. Distinctions are made
between acute, sub-acute, and chronic air pollution. During acute
air pollution, 502 and smoke concentrations in Rotterdam show five-
fold increases. Sub-acute pollution occurs when wind speeds drop
below 2 m/sec. Chronic air pollution is present on all other days,
especially in winter. Though the effects of pollution can also be
categorized as chronic, acute, and sub-acute, the level of air
pollution is still too weak to cause illness. Methodologies
employed in determining the relationship between air pollution and
human mortality and morbidity are reviewed, and hypotheses
developed to describe the effects of pollution on illness and death
in Rotterdam. Refinements in analytical methods are urged so that
the factors influencing increased chronic non-specific lung
disease mortality and lung cancer mortality can be identified.
It is also suggested that emission standards be supplemented by
regulations making it possible to restrict emissions when
meteorological data and monitoring station readings point to
certain dangers.
16356
Lichtenstein, E. P., K. R. Schulz, T. W. Fuhremann, and T. T. Liang
BIOLOGICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN PLASTICIZEES AND INSECTIDICES.
J. Econ, Entomol., 62 (4) :761-765, Aug. 1969. 10 refs.
The toxicity of polychlorinated bi- or triphenyl plasticizers, both
singly and in combination with dieldrin or DDT, was investigated
in tests on Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and house flies. Many
of the more volatile plasticizers were toxic to both test
insects, but to a lesser extent than dieldrin or DDT. As measured
by the percent mortality of the insects over a 24- or 48-hr
exposure period, dieldrin was the most toxic compound.
Approximately 25 and 30 times more DDT and 8000 and 1000
tiies more plasticizers were required to obtain mortalities
734 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
comparable to those achieved with dieldrin. The toxicity of the
plasticizers increased with a decrease in their chlorine content.
The more highly chlorinated and less volatile plasticizers
were nontoxic, even when used at dosages of 2000 micrograms with
D. melanogaster and 20 micrograns/ house fly. Though no
appreciable insect mortalities were observed with plasticizers
alone, they significantly increased to toxic effects of both
dieldrin and DDT. Hhile no conclusions can be drawn concerning
the combined effects of plasticizers and insecticides in tissues
of higher animals, the potential hazards of plasticizers,
especially in combination with other synthetic chemicals, should
not be disregarded.
16542
Saruta, Namio, Noburu Ishinishi, Yasushi Kodama, and Eizaburo
Kunitake
EFFECTS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH. (Yugai gasu ni
yoru taiki osen no jintai ni oyobosu eikyo). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2 (7) :4
-------
G. EFFECTS - PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
00009
0. C. Taylor
"OXIDANT" AIR POLLUTANTS AS PHTTOTOXICANTS. California
Univ., Riverside, Air Pollution Research Center. (Paper
64-91). 1964. 13 pp.
This report attempts to outline some of the advances made in the
identification and study of oxidizing toxicants other than ozone in
the "smog" complex and to indicate some of the avenues of
research that are prerequisites to the establishment of effective
control measures. Assuming that the total elimination from the
atmosphere of oxidant-forming pollutants is not economically
feasible, it is essential that investigations be continued to
determine acceptable levels of the pollutants, to find resistant
plant materials and to search for chemical additives that might
offer protection to the vegetation.##
00184
H. E. Heggestad, F. R. Burleson, J. T. Middleton, and
E. F. Darley
Six tobacco varieties representing a range in susceptibility to
naturally occurring ozone fleck in field plots at Beltsville,
Maryland, were: (1) fumigated with ozone, (2) fumigated with
ozonated hexene-1, and (3) exposed to ambient air at Eiverside,
California. Prior to fumigation, all plants were grown in a
greenhouse with carbon-filtered air. Injury caused by ozone to
tobacco in fumigation studies could not be distinguished from
naturally occurring fleck in fields at Beltsville. The
susceptibility of the six varieties to ozone fleck was very
similar at Riverside and Beltsville. When fumigated with
ozonated hexene-1, however, the injury occurred only on lower leaf
surfaces and the reactions of varieties we're very different. Some
injury to the lower leaf surface of young leaves, perhaps caused
by peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) was noted when plants were
exposed to unfiltered ambient air in a Biverside greenhouse. No
injury occurred to any of the varieties of N. tabacum grown in the
greenhouse with carbon-filtered air. The sequence of damage by
ozone and ozonated hexene-1 was from oldest to youngest leaves.
Ozone caused more damage to leaves at the bottom of the plant,
whereas ozonated hexene—1 injury was more severe about mid—plant.
Although ozone injury occurred on tobacco exposed to ambient air
at Riverside and Beltsville, some differences in leaf damage and
plant sensitivity at these two widely separated geographic
locations are discussed. (Author)tt
737
-------
00229
J.T. Middleton A.J. Haagen-Smit
THE OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL AIE POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND
MEXICO. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 11 (3) :129-134 ,
Mar. 1961. {Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Ait
Pollution Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, Play 22-26,
1960.)
The cracking of rubber, production of elevated oxidant and the
occurrence of both ozone and oxidant plant damage are shown to be
manifestations of photochemical air pollution. Geographic areas
considered are Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, D.C.;
urban and non-urban areas.##
00235
F.W. Oliver
ON THE EFFECTS OF URBAN FOG UPON CULTIVATED PLANTS. J. Boy.
Hort. Soc. 16, 1-59, 1893. (The Second Report presented to
the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society,
Feb. 14, 1893.)
Author discusses the effect of foreign material emissions
associated with fog as they might cause damage to plants. The
Categories covered by author are: Remedial Measures to be
Taken; Behavior of Different Classes of Plants (i.e. ferns,
Monocotyledons, Dicotyledons); Effect of Reduced Illumination;
Changes which the Chlorophyll Undergoes in Leaves Injured by
Fog; Behavior of Flowers toward Fog and Certain of Its
Ingredients; Action of Pyridine and of Allied Bodies; and
Action of Pyridine and of Allied Bodies; and Action of Acid
and Other Vapors.##
00316
A. R. Gregory
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON EDIBLE CHOPS. North Carolina
Univ., Chapel Hill, Dept. of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering. May 1964. pp. 21-3.
The effects of air pollution on edible crops should be
differentiated at the onset from the effects of air pollution
on vegetation in general. For example, sulfur dioxide
has a very pronounced effect on pine needles, but pine needles
are a minor food source. It has been variously estimated
by different authorities that the annual loss of vegetable
produce amounts to 40 to 60 million dollars. Although this
over-kill type of damage is very real to the vegetable producer
and is of great economic interest, it is of less concern
738 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
to those in public health. Their concern is with the damage
that alters the content s of crops hut does not alter the
appearance sufficiently to prohibit their sale. This
results in threats to public health through the insidious
route of the gastro-intestinal tract. The alterations
in edible crops that are usually not apparent to the
consumer fall into two categories: (1) loss of nutiirnts
such as vitamins, proteins, essential fatty acids, etc. and
(2) the addition of some substance to the food which is
toxic when absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. The
loss of nutrients has been established in many cases.
Some of the substances which have been shown to produce
nutrient damage to produce are: ozone, nitroolefins,
perocyacyl nitrates, nitrogen oxides, and ethylene. Of
probably greater importance to health now and assuredly in
the future is the addition of some toxic substance to the
produce. With the advent of possible atomic power plants. Be
was studied for toxicity and found to be extremely toxic.
It was found that Be taken up into bush beans was not only
toxic itself, but decreased the Cu content. In this way
it fell into the category of primary toxicant and also into the
category of nutrient depletor. Many other compounds also
fall into both categories. With the many new insecticides,
herbicides and larvicides being manufactured, it has become
imperative to be aware of the problem of both the effect on
edibles of a toxicant and also its effect on the plant, that
is, loss of minerals, vitamins, etc.##
00601
S. Kotaka, A.P. Krueger P.C. Andriese
EFFECT OP AIH IONS ON IAA CONTENT OF BARLEY SEEDLINGS.
Plant Cell Physiol. (TokyoJ Vol. 6:711-9, 1965.
Exposure of barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgaris) growing in
sand and liquid cultures to either negatively- or positively-
ionized air results in increased growth in terms of integral
elongation, and fresh and dry weight increase. Dsing large
quantities of tissue and a modified method it was found that
free and bound IAA contents were not significantly modified
by exposure of seedlings to ionized air. It might be supposed
that an equilibrium between free and bound IAA was not modified
by exposure to air ions. (Author abstract) ##
00696
A. F. W. Cole and H. Katz
SOHHER OZONE CONCENTRATIONS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO IN RELATION TO
PHOTOCHEHICAL ASPECTS AND VEGETATION DABAGE. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. Vol. 16 (t):201-206, Apr. 1966.
(Presented at the 58th Annual Heeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965, Paper No.
65-113.)
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 739
-------
This paper describes an air pollution investigation at Port
Burwell, Ontario to determine the pollutant responsible for
fleck damage. The study was part of a cooperative project with
groups representing the Canada Department of agriculture, the
Meteorological Branch of the Canada Department of Transport,
the Air Pollution Control Branch of the Ontario Department of
Health, and Imperial Tobacco Co. of Canada Ltd. In 1960 and
1961 the air pollution phase of the project was undertaken by the
Occupational Health Division of the Department of National
Health and Welfare.**
00737
J.T. Middleton, L.O. Emik, O.C. Taylor
AIE QUALITY CRITERIA AND STANDARDS FOR AGHICULTURE.
J. Air Pollution Contorl Assoc-, 18 (10) :476-480, Oct. 1965.
(Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 19659)
Air pollution damage to crops is not only important for the
damage it causes agriculture but because vegetation damage is
a harbinger of air pollution problems affecting man and his
well-being. Some of the effects of varying dosages of ethylene,
fluoride, ozone, PAN, and sulfur oxides on plants and animals
are given. Knowledge of the response of certain plants and
animals to specific air pollutants permits the establishment
of air guality standards for certain of these pollutants. The
importance of environmental conditions on host responses to
these several toxicants is also presented to illustrate the
need of stipulating environmental conditions as well as toxicant
dosages when establishing air quality criteria and
standards for the protection of the agricultural resource-t#
00950
W. M. Dugger, Jr., J. Koukol, and R. L. Palmer
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC OXIDANTS ON
PLANTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 16 (9):467-471,
Sept. 1966. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June
20-25, 1966, Paper No. 66-47.)
Photochemically produced oxidants in the atmosphere cause injury
to plants primarily through inhibition of basic netabolic
processes. Plants vary in their response to the oxidants and this
variation must be dependent in part on the variation in metabolic
activity with age or environmental conditions for growth, to a
large degree not understood. Data are presented in this paper to
show: (1) The changes in permeability of leaf tissue to
exogenous substrate and in catabolic utilization of this substrate
after exposure of plants to ozone but before visible symptoms
appear: (2) The change in leaf carbohydrates as a result of
exposure to ozone; (3) The protective effect of red light {700
millimicrons) during exposure of bean plants to peroxyacetyl
7'40 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
nitrate (PAN); (U) The correlation of sulfhydryl (SH) content
in bean leaf tissue with age of plants and light regime; and (5)
Effect of light regime and age of plants on incorporation of
C1U from C14-Pan by bean leaf tissue. (Author abstract)##
00961
I. J. Hindawi and A. P. Altshuller
PLANT DAMAGE CAUSED BY IRRADIATION OF ALDEHYDES. Science
1«6(3643):540-5
-------
02299
J.T. Biddleton
PLANT DAMAGE: AN INDICATOR OF THE PRESENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF
AIR POLLUTION. Bull. World Health Organ. (Geneva)
31, (3) 477-80, 1966.
Air pollutants may damage plants and cause death or
destruction of tissue with visible pathological symptoms, reduce
growth, productivity, and commodity quality, and interfere with
biological processes without causing visible injury symptoms. The
contaminants responsible for damage may be either particulate or
gaseous in nature. The solid particles released into the
atmosphere are sometimes the cause of soiling of fruits and
vegetables, tissue damage to exposed leaves and fruits, growth
reduction; in addition, they add a 'toxic burden to forage crops
used as feedstuffs for livestock. Liguid particles, such as acid
aerosols and toxic mists, are sometimes responsible for leaf
spotting. The greatest amount of damage to animals and vegetation
is usually caused by gaseous air contaminants, which directly
injure plants and indirectly injure animals by the toxic effects
produced after the animal has consumed contaminated forage and
food supplements. This discussion of plant damage symptoms and
responses has been directed to the qualitative aspects necessary
for assessing the presence and distribution of pollution. As to
the evaluation of the concentration and duration of exposure to
specific pollutants, experimental systems are available, or can be
designed, to meet these specific quantitative needs once the
presence of given pollutants has been deter mined.S#
02537
G. Seidman
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. African Violet Mag. 18,
(31 44-7, Mar, 1965
The first indication of an air pollution problem is often the
injury that appears on comparatively sensitive vegetation. Some
plants are more resistant than others to a given phytotoxicant.
Plant injury from air pollution is caused primarily by the major
gaseous pollutants (sulfur dioxide, fluoride gases, ethylene, and
the components of the photochemical smog complex) and is
produced in various ways in urban or industrial areas. These
major pollutants and several of the minor pollutants are
discussed in this paper.##
03116
G. Tendron
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON ANIMALS AND PLANTS. European
Conf. on Air Pollution, Strasbourg, 196U. pp. 25-69.
742 H/DROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
There is no doubt as to the effects of air pollution on plants
and animals, particularly in the case of a few specific and very
dangerous pollutants which are emitted in considerable quantities.
In certain regions of Europe, life depends on immediate steps
being taken to protect flora and fauna. There is no doubt that
they will need to be mainly of a technical nature. It is a matter
of reducing the discharge of polluted waste and attenuating, if
not completely eliminating, the dangers involved. The
necessary technical research must be organised in such a way as
to cover all the different aspects of animal and plant life, the
safety of which is indissolubly bound up with that of human life.
In the Netherlands, a team of workers succeeded in arresting
the devastation of horticultural crops by fluorine emissions
thanks to the use, during the period of growth, of a raw material
which when processed did not give off toxic fumes. In France,
the Association for the Prevention of Air Pollution has set
up a study group known as the "Committee for studying the
effects of air pollution on cultivated plants and animals" to
standardise working methods throughout the country.
Mention should also be made of the Norwegian and British
studies of the preventive effects of various fluorine
alleviators and the research being done in the Federal
Republic of Germany on the stimulation of plant nutrition by
industrial emissions, as well as on countering the effects of
such emissions by the addition of fertilisers. These few
achievements show the importance of rational organisation and
cooperation in research.ft
03292
F. R. Burleson, E. R. Stephens, and E. A. Cardiff.
THE PRODUCTION OF PURE PEHOXYACYL NITRATES. Preprint.
(Presented at the Sixth Conference on Methods in Air
Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1964.)
Some naturally occurring photochemical products of "smog" were
first identified as "compound X" by Stephens et al in 1956. In
1960, the' first member of the series was recognized as
peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) by Stephens et al. The C3
nomologue, peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) was reported in synthe-
tic mixtures by Stephens in 1961. Both the C2 and C3
homologues were detected in ambient air by Darley et al in 1963.
only from synthetic preparations. The first 3 organic N com-
pounds have been synthesized and purified at the Air Pollution
Research Center, University of California, Riverside, for the
past several years. Plant fumigations have demonstrated that
these compounds are capable of inducing injury symptoms
indistinguishable from those caused by photochemical smog. They
are also powerful eye irritants. they have been identified (as a
class) in artificially irradiated dilute auto exhaust, and in
artificially irradiated mixtures of realistic concentrations of
pure hydrocarbon plus oxides of nitrogen. The three purified
synthetics have been used in plant fumigation tudies, in eye
irritation studies, in physical and chemical studies designed to
confirm the structure of the compounds, and in instrument design
and calibration. The principal problem in this preparation is the
extreme instability of these compounds. ##
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 743
-------
03395
H.D- Thomas
EFFECTS OF AIP POLLUTION ON PLANTS. Borld Health Organ.
Monograph Ser. 46 (Air Pollution), 1961. pp- 233-78.
The literature on the effects of air pollution on plants has
been reviewed with special reference to those pollutants that
present major problems - viz., S02, HF, London type smog, and
Los Angeles type smog. The others, which are definitely of
minor importance, are referred to more briefly. S02 has long
been recognized as an air pollutant because it arises from the
combustion of nearly all fuels, especially coal, and from the
roasting of sulfide ores. It is phytotoxic in concentrations
above 0.1 x 0.2 p.p.m., depending on the length of
exposure. Below about 0.4 p.p.m., the gas tends to be
oxidized in the cells as rapidly as it is absorbed, and
interference with functions such as photosynthesis is slight.
Toxic concentrations of sulfate are finally accumulated. Chronic
rather than acute injury, if any, is generally manifested with
these small concentrations. Above about 0.4 p.p.m., acute injury
occurs more freguently, owing to the reducing properties of sulfate
in the cells. Temporary interference with photosynthesis or
"invisible injury" can occur to some extent, but these
concentrations cause acute injury if maintained for more than
short periods, and recovery is rapid when the fumigation is
stopped. HF behaves somewhat similarly to S02, except that
with a few species of plants it is effective in causing lesions and
interfering with photosynthesis in concentrations 2 or 3 orders
of magnitude smaller than in the case of 302. With most
species it is up to 10 times as effective as S02, Fluoride
accumulated in the cells in sublethal amounts interferes with
photosynthesis as does sulfite, but whereas the latter is
deactivated by simple oxidation to sulfate, the former must be
removed by translocation, volatilization, or some obscure chemical
reaction, which makes much slower the recovery of the plant
functions after HF fumigation. There appears to be a
concentration of HF for each species below which "invisible
injury" does not occur. The Los Angeles type smog is fairly
well understood as to its mode of formation and its phytotoxic
effects, but the actual compounds that cause these effects are
still unknown. The smog causes characteristic leaf lesions
which are quite different from those produced by other
pollutants, including ozone, which may be a constituent of the
smog. It also causes some "invisible" injury. Visible
damage to crops in Southern and Northern California was
estimated at over $5 000 000 and $1 100 000 respectively,
annually, ir. 1956. (ivithoi saMar^' fficdifisd) #*
03472
C. S. Brandt
AIR POLLUTION EVVECTS ON VEGETATION. Conn. Hed 27 (8)
484-6, Aug. 1963. ' l '
'744 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The effects of air pollution particularly of sulfur dioxide,
fluorides and photochemical smog on plants are briefly reviewed.
The characteristic symptoms of air pollution injury to plants can
be useful tool in field surveys. Great care must be exercised in
using plants as indicators of air pollution, because many factors
affect the symptoms, development, and interpretation of plant
indicators.ft
03573
W. K. Arnold.
THE LONGEVITY OF THE PHYTOTOXICANT PRODUCED FROM GASEOUS OZONE-
OLEFIN REACTIONS. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution 2, 167-
7K, 1959.
Gaseous mixtures of an olefin and ozone were blown at constant
rate through a 32 ft. tube of uniform cross section. A small
aquatic plant was placed at prescribed intervals within the tube.
The phytotoxicants produced from the ozonization of both
3-heptene and 2-pentene were shown to be unstable. The
distribution of plant damage within the exposure tube indicated the
longevity of the phytotoxicant. The reduction in chlorophyll
content of fumigated plants was used as a quantitative measure of
damage. The results suggest that the decay of the phytotoxicant
follows a first order or pseudo-first order reaction. The
half-life of the phytotoxicant from ozonated 3-heptene is 1/H hr
while the phytotoxicant from ozonated 2-pentene has a much
shorter half-life. This difference in stability can be
explained in terms of the "zwitterion" mechanism. (Author
abstract) ##
03595
E. F. Darley, E. E. Stephens, J. T. Middleton, and P.
I. Hanst
OXIDANT PLANT DAHAGE FROM OZONE-OLEFIN EEACTIONS. Intern. J.
Air Water Pollution 1, 155-62, 1959 and Proc. Am. Petrol.
Inst., Sect. Ill 38, 313-22, 1958, (Presented at the 23rd
Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum Inst. Division of
Refining, Los Angeles, Calif, Hay 15, 1958.)
The reaction of ozone with five-, six-, and seven-carbon olefins
is quite rapid even in the gas phase at concentrations of a few
p.p.m. These reaction mixtures produce a toxic material which
causes damage symptoms on pinto bean plants which are
indistinguishable from those attributed to oxidant-type air
pollution. Ozonides, formed in small yield by this reaction, are
stable materials which do not damage pinto beans in any way even
at concentrations higher than those arising in ozone—olefin
reaction mixtures or in outdoor air. Evidence was obtained that
the toxic material is unstable even at low concentrations in air.
Its half-life appears to be no more than a few min. This result
suggests that either a transitory ozone-olefin complex or an
G, Effects - Plants and Livestock 745
-------
unstable zwitter ion formed by its decomposition is the actual
toxic substance. Attempts to confirm this by adding excess
aldehyde or sulfur dioxide to scavenge the toxicant were not
successful. (Author abstract)*f
03596
E. F. Darley, i. M. Dugger, J. B. Mudd, L. Ordin,
0. C. Taylor, and E. B. Stephens
PLANT DAMAGE BY POLLUTION DERIVED FROM AUTOMOBILES. Arch.
Environ. Health 6, 761-70, June 1963. (Presented at the Fifth
Session, Air Pollution Research Conference on "Effects of
Motor Vehicle Emissions on Visibility and Vegetation," Los
Angeles, Calif., Dec. 6, 1961.)
Emissions from motor vehicles are now known to be the principal
source of the raw materials contributing to photochemical air
pollution in California. Seme of the products of the reaction,
ozone, peroxyacyl nitrates, and the unidentified products of
ozone-olefin reactions, are very damaging to the leaves of a
variety of crop plants. The injury that was once confined to
Los Angeles County now occurs in many states and causes economic
loss estimated in excess of 525,000,000 annually. Ethylene,
one of the compounds found in the exhaust, is also very injurious
to several crops. The ability of a given toxicant to incite
injury is dependent on the age of the leaf and the conditions of
illumination under which the plant is grown prior to, during, and
after fumigation. In addition, the growth of plants, even in the
absence of visible injury, is materially affected. Evidence is
presented to indicate that the chemical and physical systems
within the plant are disrupted by the phytotoxicants. (author
summary)##
03608
J. T. Middleton, J. B. Kendrick, Jr., E. F. Darley
AIR-BORNE OXIDANTS AS PLANT-DAMAGING AGENTS. Proc. Hat. Air
Pollution Sym., 3rd, Pasadena, Calif., 1955. pp. 191-8.
The relative susceptibility of some plants to oxidants and
determination of the plant—damaging effects of hydrocarbon, ozone,
and ozonated olefins are compared. The response of pinto beans
to air-borne oxidants occurring in the Los Angeles area
are described. The survey data were subjected to further analysis
by comparing the prercent of plants damaged at five stations
with the oxidant mean and maximum ranges observed. .Data is
presented and show that the mean percent of plants damaged
increased with increasing oxidant maximum. Author states that
the experiment described is the first of its kind designed to
determine the relationship between plant damage and
oxidant level in the naturally polluted Los Angeles Basin.
The results of the study show that the freguency of damage to
plants is associated with the oxidant concentrations for both
oxidant maximum and daily oxidant mean.##
746
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03609
J. T. Kiddleton, J. B. Kendrick, Jr., E. F. Darley
AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO AGRICULTURAL CROPS. Lasca Leaves
5(1):6-11, Jan. 1955.
Significant damage of celery, spinach and lettuce was noted
in 19U5 in the vicinity of Los Angeles. Since these
symptoms were different from damage usually associated with
recognized pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, fluoride,
chlorine and ammonia, investigations were made which revealed
that the toxicants causing this silvering and slight
glazing followed sometimes by a bronzed discoloration, are
oxidized hydrocarbons. This phenomenon occurred only during
periods of reduced visibility due to inversions. Research
being conducted at the University of Riverside was concerned
with how agricultural crops can be grown in an area receiving
polluted air masses, and to investigate chemical behavior
of pollutants using plants as assay method. These laboratory
investigations revealed that concentrations of oxidized
hydrocarbons as low as 0.1 ppm cause plant damage. These
observations corroborated those made in the field showing
that damage to crop is directly proportioned to the length
of the pollution period. Methods for protection of plants are
being studied and briefly discussed in this paper..ft
03610
J. T. Middleton, J. B. Kendrick, Jr., E. F. Darley
AIR POLLUTION INJUPY TO CROPS. Calif., Agr., 7(11):11-12,
1953.
Economic losses from air pollution injury on plants in Los
fingeles County alone exceeded $500,000 since 1949 when losses
were estimated to be $479,195. The components identified
causing this damage were certain olefinic peroxides, found
when ozone reacts with the vapors of unsaturated hydrocarbons
derived from gasoline and other petroleum products. Research
is in progress to develop methods for the economic production
of agricultural crops in areas affected by air pollution.##
03611
J. T. Kiddleton
CLEAN AIR FOR GOOD CITROS. Western Citrus Grower 1(6):6-9,
June 1958. (Found in Western Fruit Grower 12, (6), June
1958.)
The adverse effects of polluted air on citrus crops are
reviewed. Included in the discussion are the effects of sulfur
dioxide, ozone, oxidants and fluorides. It is concluded
that abatement measures must be taken to protect agricultural
areas.##
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 747
-------
03612
J. T. Middle-ton, E. F. Barley, R. F. Brewer
DAMAGE TO VEGETATION FROM POLLUTED ATMOSPHERES. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 8, 9-15, May 1958. (Presented at the
22nd Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum lust. Division of
Befining, Philadelphia, Pa., May 14, 1957.)
Damage to vegetation from polluted atmospheres has been recognized
for more than a century. Early interest in air pollution centered
largely on smoke and fumes from industrial wastes, particularly
those of chemical manufacture, smelting, ceramic production,
and coal and petroleum conbustion effluents. Vegetation damage
has increased with industrialization and urban development.
Whereas the principal plant toxicants recognized several decades
ago were sulfur dioxide and fluorine, in the last decade a new
group cf airborne phytotoxicants has been described and
identified as oxidants. The principal source of these
oxidants is believed to be photolysis reaction products of auto
exhaust. Atmospheric contaminants responsible for damage
to vegetation may be described as particulates - such as
dusts and acid aerosols - and gases - such as sulfur dioxide,
halogens, oxidized organics, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, ammonia, and carbon monoxide. Of these diverse
pollutants, gases generally cause more damage to plants than do
particulates.##
03613
J. T. Hiddleton A. 0. Paulus
THE IDENTIFICATION AND DISTRIBDTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
THROUGH PLANT RESPONSE. A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health 14,
526-32, Dec. 1956. (Taken from a paper presented at the 17th
Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Association,
Philadelphia, Pa., Apr. 23-27, 1956.)
This paper presents an annual summary of monthly tabulations
showing plant damage occurring in 12 of 51 counties. Regional
tabulations show that plant damage is limited to the
San Francisco Bay area and the coastal plain of
southern California. The areas reporting plant damage are
those of greatest population density. The toxicants responsible
for plant damage are recognized in decreasing order of importance
as oxidized hydrocarbons, ethylene and fluorides. Sulfur dioxide
is of unusual occurrence and its distribution usually associated
with specific industrial wastes. It is generally believed that
ozone is present in the urban areas of Los Angeles and San
Francisco and responsible for a significant part of the total
atmospheric pollution. The wide-spread distribution of
ethylene and smog, or reaction products from the oxidation of
hydrocarons, emphasizes the need for regional, research and
abatement programs.t#
748 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03615
J, T. Hiddleton
PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO PLANTS. Ann. Kev.
Plant Physiol., No. 12:431-448, 1961.
The toxic components in photochemical air pollution are typically
the oxidation products of hydrocarbons and result either from
the dark reaction of ozone and olefins or the photolytic
reaction of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence
of sunlight. This paper describes the occurrence and
distribution of photochemical air pollution, enumerate some of
the raw materials and products of these oxidation systems
responsible for plant damage, and indicate the biochemical,
physiological, and pathological effects of these
contaminants upon plants.#t
03616
J. T, Hiddleton, A. S. Crafts, fi. F. Brewer, 0. C.
Taylor
PLANT DAMAGE BY AIB POLLUTION. Calif. Agr. 9-12, June 1956.
In many of the important growing areas of California the
production and quality of vegetables and crops are adversely
affected by air-borne toxicants such as ethylene, fluorides,
herbicides, oxidized hydrocarbons, ozone and sulfur dioxide.
Injury to plants by oxidized hydrocarbons (smog) is distinctly
different from crop damage by the other above named
precursors. Leaves of celery, lettuce, spinach, and some
other vegetables, and of flower crops and African violets
usually show silvering and glazing on their lower surfaces,
sometimes followed by a bronze or reddish discoloration.
Examples of the plant damage are shown in color photographs.
Visivle injury to all crops in the Los Angeles areas has caused
losses exceeding $3,000,000 annually since 1953. This does not
include economic losses from reduced growth and lowered production
in the absence of visible injury.##
03617
J. T. Middleton
PESPONSE OF PLANTS TO AIR POLL-UTION. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 6, (1) 7-9,50, May 1956.
This article compares the relative susceptibility of some
plants to oxidants to determine the plant-damaging effects of
hydrocarbon, ozone, and ozonated olefins, and to describe
the response of the pinto bean to air borne oxidants occurring
in the Los Angeles area. Plants vary in their susceptibility
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 749
-------
to the reaction products from the oxidation of hydrocarbons. The
pinto bean has been selected as a test plant for measuring
the mechanisms of damage and some of the effects of oxidized
hydrocarbons upon the life processes. Controlled fumigations
have shown that the severity of plant damage varies with the air
temperature. The atmosphere in Los Angeles and San
Francisco has allegedly high concentrations of ozone. let
typical crop damage there is reproduced only by ozonated
olefins and not by ozone alone. Glasshouse grown crops can be
protected from damage by passing air through activated carbon
filters. The response of plants to air pollution depends upon
the type of pollutant present, its concentration, and the
length of exposure to it. The specific symptoms incited by
exposure to oxidants can be used to determine the presence of
ozonated olefins and ozone in polluted air masses.##
03618
E, E. Stephens, E. F. Darley, 0. C. Taylor, W. E.
Scott
PHOTOCHEMICAL EEACTION PRODUCTS IN AIR POLLUTION. Intern. J.
Air Hater Pollution 1, (1/2) 79-100, 1961. (Presented at the
25th Hidyear Meeting, American Petroleum Inst. Division of
Refining, Detroit, Mich., May 11, 1960.)
When low concentrations of simple olefins and nitrogen oxides
in air are irradiated with artificial sunlight, the olefin
molecule splits at the double bond. One end forms a carbonyl
compound, and the other yields a variety of products. Among these
is a highly oxidized, unstable organic nitrogen compound
previously described as compound X or peroxyacetyl nitrite (PAN)
and detected in polluted atmospheres. This compound has now been
purified by gas chromatographic techniques, and its
chemical, physical, and physiological properties have been
examined. At concentrations well below 1 p.p.m. in air,
this compound produces damage symptoms on plants, similar to those
observed from oxidant air pollution but different in some
respects from the phytotoxicant from ozone-olefin
reactions. PAN is the first pure compound isolated from
photochemical reaction mixtures which has been found to produce
the characteristic oxidant damage symptoms. It is also
a strong eye irritant at concentrations in the 1 p.p.m. range
and is therefore probably responsible, along with acrolein and
formaldehyde, for the eye irritation in photochemical air
pollution. (Author abstract)##
03627
G. H. lodd
EFFECT OF OZONE AND OZONATED 1-HEXENE ON RESPIRATORY AND
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF LEAVES. Plant Physiol. 33, (6) 416-20
Nov. 1958.
750 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The treatment of Pinto bean leaves with either ozone or ozonated
hexene gas in air caused a rise in the respiration rate up tp more
than four times that of untreated control leaves. Plant responses
to the two gases were similar. The rate of photosynthesis of
treated bean leaves was less than that of controls. Both the
amounts of stimulation of respiration and the inhibition of
photosynthesis were directly related to the development of
visible injury symptoms in certain tissues of the bean leaves.
No stimulation of bean leaf respiration or inhibition of
photosynthesis occurred unless visible injury developed. However,
ozone caused a rise in the respiration rate of Valencia orange
leaves with no concomitant development of visible injury. Citrus
leaves gave no response until ozone concentrations approached those
required to produce visible injury symptoms. Treatment with
ozonated hexene at concentrations eliciting changes in
respiration and photosynthesis in bean leaves caused no change in
these processes in citrus leaves. A comparison of ozone- and
ozonated hexene—treated bean leaves showed that the respiratory
guotients were not different from that of the control leaves.
(Author abstract)tt
03629
03629
G. W. Todd
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF PLANTS TO AIR POLLUTANTS. J.
Appl, Nutr. 10, 456-8, 1957. (Presented at the 20th Annual
National Convention, American Academy of Nutrition, Los
Angeles, Calif., 1956.)
The mechanisms whereby plants are damaged and the various ways in
which they may show manifestations after fumigation by air
pollutants are reviewed. The discussion is primarily concerned
with the effects of ozone, ozonated unsaturated hydrocarbons,
naturally-occurring air pollutants in the Los Angeles basin, and
to a small extent hydrogen fluoride.##
03630
G. H. Todd and M. J. Garber
SOHE EFFECTS OF AIE POLLUTANTS ON THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF
PLANTS. Botan. Gaz. 120, (2) 75-80, Dec. 1958.
Fumigations with ozonated hexene caused a repression in growth of
bean plants (varieties Red Kidney and Bountiful) even though
they showed no visible symptoms of injury. This effect was
evident from measurements of linear growth, leaf area, fresh and
dry weights, and fruit production. Both primary and trifoliolate
leaves failed to enlarge as much as control leaves when treated
with ozonated hexene, although the treatment seemed to have little
or no effect on the number of leaves inititated. Primary leaves
on treated plants aged and were lost prematurely. Stems of plants
treated with ozonated hexene consistently had a higher water
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 751
-------
content than did stems of control plants. The leaves did not
show this relationship. The height growth of pea plants
(variety Alaska) was slowed temporarily by as little as a
single half-hour fumigation with ozonated hexene, although treated
plants fully recovered and were growing normally 1 or 2 days later.
Ozone alone caused no repression of growth, and repeated
fumigations of pea plants with 1-hexane elicited no response.
(Author summary)##
03783
D- H. F. Atkins, R. C. Chadwick, and A. C. Chamberlain
DEPOSITION OF RADIOACTIVE METHYL IODIDE TO VEGETATION. Health
Phys. 13, (1) 91-2, Jan. 1967.
It is well established that a proportion of radio—iodine released
from irradiated fuel elements cr other sources may appear as
methyl iodide. Methods for removing methyl iodide from gas-cooled
reactor systems have been developed, but it is desirable to know
the possible hazards of release of radio-iodine as methyl iodide
to the atmosphere. As regards the inhalation of effluent be
by persons in the vicinity, it makes little difference whether the
iodine is elemental or as methyl iodide, since experiments with
human volunteers have shown that the uptake of methyl iodide
vapour by the lung is substantial and rapid.
However, the hazard from contamination of milk supplies depends on
the transfer of iodine vapour from the air to grass. To enable
the hazard from release of methyl iodide to be assessed, two
experiments were done to determine the velocity of deposition of
methyl iodide, tagged with radio-iodine to vegetation. Both
laboratory and field experiments indicate that methyl iodide is
very poorly absorbed by vegetation. Although care was taken to
remove any elemental iodine from the sources used, it is possible
that the observed small uptake was due to traces of iodine. For
assessment of hazards, the grass-milk route of entry is unlikely to
be serious compared with the inhalation route for methyl iodide.
There is, however, the possibility that prolonged exposure of a
cloud of methyl iodide to sunlight might lead to dissociation and
formation of elemental iodine, which would then be available to
plants. ##
04256
M. S. Burakhovich
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY DISCHARGES FROM CHEMICAL PLANTS.
(Zagryaznenie atmosfernogo vozdukha vybrosami khimicheskikh
predpriyatii.) Hyg. Sanit. 31, (9) 437-40, Aug. 1966. Russ.
(Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 66-51160/7-9
The purpose of the investigations was the determination of one-
time concentrations of injurious substances in the ambient air of
populated areas within a radius of 3000-4000 m. from two chemical
752 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
plants. Among the substances included in the determinations
were: nitrogen oxides, methanol, anaonia, hydrogen sulfide,
formaldehyde, and cyclohexane. The effect of emissions fron a
power plant, on coniferous forests, was also studied. Needles
from dried trees contained greater concentrations of sulfur
compounds than needles from healthy trees.##
04544
H. E. Stokinger
EFFECT OF AIP POLLUTANTS ON WILDLIFE. Conn. Bed. 27, (8)
487-92, Aug. 1963.
A review of information derived from both field and laboratory
investigations of the effects of air pollutants on terrestrial
animals indicates that (1) of all known air pollutants, economic
poisons pose the greatest current threat to the health of wildlife.
(2) Inorganic substances, (certain heavy metals and fluorides),
account for limited and local injury to wildlife based on known
effects on domestic animals. (3) The hazard to wildlife is
chiefly from ingestion of the "fallout" of the air pollutant.
(4) Relative species susceptibility to specific air pollutants is
far from clear, but it would appear that the mammals are
considerably more susceptible than birds. (5) Laboratory studies
have revealed three rather general phenomena associated with
exposure to air pollutants: a. Synergism, the exalted or
potentiated toxic effect of combination of certain air
pollutants: its converse, antagonism, in which the summated
toxicity is either far less than predicted or nonexistent. b.
Tolerance and cross tolerance to pulmonary edema-producing
agents. c. The immunochemical response.##
04984
P. W. Zimmerman
IMPURITIES IN THE AIE AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON PLANT LIFE.
Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 1st, Pasadena, Calif., 1949
pp. 135-41
The fact that several impurities in the air influence plant life
has been fairly well established. The toxic impurities most
freguently encountered are sulphur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride,
chlorine, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, esters of growth-
regulating substances, and constituents of manufactured
illuminating gas. To aid in identifying characteristic
effects, several species of plants have been subjected to these
gases under controlled experimental conditions.##
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 753
-------
04998
H. M. Hull F. S. Went
LIFE PROCESSES OF PLANTS AS AFFECTED BY AIR POLLUTION. Proc.
Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp.
122-8.
Either natural smog or artificial smog produced by the
ozonization of 1, n-hexene or gasoline was used. Plants used
included: alfalfa, var. Chilian; sugar beet, var. O.S. 22/3;
endive, var. Pink Ribbed; oats, var. Kanota; spinach, var.
Viroflay; and tomato, var. San Jose Canner. A sensitive
biological assay for detection of phytotoxic
constituents in the atmosphere is described. Differential
sensitivity of cotyledons and young foliage leaves to smog
injury was observed. The growth of alfalfa, and
especially of endive, has been greatly increased by carbon
filtration of the atmosphere. Tomato plants' growth was very
significantly greater in the carbon—filtered air. An
iron-zinc-steel wool filter was practically as efficient as the
activated carbon, as indicated by the luxurious growth of all
five plants. The effect of smog on growth, transpiration, and
stomatal behavior was examined. The effects of temperature,
illumination, humidity, and soil moisture on the sensitivity
of the plants to smog was studied. The effect of ferrous
sulphate, stannous chloride and sucrose sprays upon the
plants' susceptibility to smog injury was studied. The
sensitivity of several different species of plants and of
different types of spinach to smog damage was investigated.##
04999
H, A. Bobrov
THE ANATOMICAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. Proc.
Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 2nd, Pasadena, bScalif., 1952.
pp. 129-34.
The damaging effects on the leaf anatomy of susceptible
crop plants were investigated. The leaf was considered to be
the logial point of departure, since it almost invariably
manifests physical response to smog within a very brief exposure
period. The structure of the normal leaves was very carefully
observed in order to enable detection of even the slightest
alteration in cell shape. From careful comparative studies made
of the cellular structure of normal and damaged leaves, it was
possible to establsih the microscopic anatomy of smog damage.
Regardless of the macroscopic picture of damage, microscopic
studies indicate that the reaction of the cell to
hydrocarbon-ozone products is the same in all susceptible plants.
The plants studied were table beet, sugar beet, romaine
lettuce, spinach, Swiss chard, endive, oats, and corn.t*
754 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05103
H. M. Noble
THE EELATION OF PLANT DAHAGE TO FUEL COMPOSITION. Preprint.
(Presented at the Joint Research Conference on Motor
Vehicle Exhaust Emissions and Their Effects, Los Angeles,
Calif., Dec. 5, 1961.)
Plants exposed to irradiated auto exhaust gases containing
initially less than 0.5 ppm of olefins and less than 2 ppm of NO
exhibit the same symptoms of damage as do plants exposed to the
atmosphere in the Los Angeles area. The plants used in these
studies were Poa annua and petunia, var. Bosy Morn. The
symptoms observed were banding, necrosis, glazing, silvering, and
cellular plasmolysis in substomatal regions. Exposure time was 1
hour. Exposures were initiated at half hour intervals. Poa
annua was the most useful plant because of its greater range,
simplicity of evaluation, and uniformity and also because a
larger number of plants could be used in a given space. The
length of exposure required for the production of maximum damage
appears to be related to the reaction rate of the fumigants, which
depends in part on fuel bromine number and on the concentrations
of the fumigants. Differences in concentrations also produced
marked differences in the degree of damage. (Author abstract)**
05342
Darley, E. F., Nichols, C. W. and Hiddleton, J. T.
IDENTIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO AGRUCULTURAL CHOPS. (AIR
POLLUTION RESEARCH REVEALS CHEMICAL TOXICANTS INJURING VEGETATION
IN POPULOUS AKEAS OF CALIFORNIA.) CalLf. Dep. Agri. Bull., 55(1) :11-
19, 1966.
The subject of this paper is the damage air pollution does to the
plants that feed us, clothe us and please our aesthetic sense.
This damage is considerable. Estimates of visible damage to
agrucultural crops amount annually to about $8 million in
California and approximately $18 million along the Atlantic
seaboard. Damage to vegetation has increased with
industrialization and urban development. Several decades ago
sulfur dioxide and fluorine were recognized as the principal plant
toxicants. These two gases continue to be very important but within
the last 20 years a new group of toxicants has been identified.
These are products of atmospheric photochemical reactions between
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. The principal products of these
reactions are ozone and the peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs). The
distribution of plant damage in California shows that it occurs
only in recognized geographical areas which, in each instance, are
located within airsheds. Because damage to plants is often the
first indication of air pollution, it is important that the
surveillance of pollution damage to agriculture be continued. Such
information will help communities, in their planning, to take
cognizance of the relationship between the air ressource and the
community needs for commercial and industrial development, energy
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 755
-------
production, fuel usage and transportation, agriculture, and forest
and recreation land. The air contaminants responsible for danage
may be either particulate or gaseous in nature. The greatest
amount of damage to animals and vegetation is usually caused by
gaseous air contaminants which directly injure plants and
indirectly injure animals by the toxic effects produced after the
animal has consumed contaminated forage and food supplements.
05344
Darley, E. F., and Middleton, J. T.
PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION IN PLANT PATHOLOGY. Ann. Rev.
Phytopathol. 4, 103-18, 1966.
Air quality affects plant growth and development. Whereas oxygen
is necessary for aerobic plant respiration and carbon dioxide is
necessary for photosynthesis in green plants, a number of
pollutants may alter plant metabolism and incite disease. It is
the purpose of this paper to enumerate some of the principal air
pollutants which adversely affect plant growth and reproduction, to
describe the diseases incited by them, and to identify some of the
problems of air pollution in phytopathological research. A prinary
responsibility of the pathologist is to alert agriculturists of
impending air-pollution problems, so that social action may be
taken to insure the continued productivity of crop, pasture, and
forestry enterprises. Another responsibility., because plants are
early indicators of an air pollution problem, is to assist public
health and resource agencies in the planning, conduct, and
evaluation of air-pollution abatement programs. Plant pathologists
must become increasingly concerned with the effects of air quality
on plant growth.
05421
Merriman, G. M.
FLDORIDES AND OTHER CHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS AFFECTING ANIMALS.
In: Agriculture and the Quality of Our .Environment. Brady,
N. C. (ed.), American Association for the Advancement of
Science, Washington, D. C. AAAS-Pub-85, p. 91-95, 1967. 11
refs. (Presented at the 133rd Meeting, American Association
for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D. C., 1966.)
A review of air pollution problems involving animals is presented.
One pattern of procedures useful in investigating and controlling
the effects of chemical air pollution upon animals was developed
during United States and British studies of effects of fluoride
effluents upon cattle. Generally the effluents collected upon the
surfaces of vegetation and exerted their effects only after
ingestion by animals. The investigational procedures included
methods of detecting pollutant effects upon animals, diagnosis and
evaluation of effects, consideration of pollutant sources, and
pollutant control as related to animal well-being. ill
procedures depended on research with laboratory and farm animals.**
756 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05420
Daines, H. H., I, A. Leon, and E. Erennan
AIR POLLUTION AND PLANT RESPONSE IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED
STATES. In: Agriculture and the Quality of Our
Environment. Brady, N. C. (ed,) , American Association for
the Advancement of Science, Washington, D. C. AAAS-Pub-85,
p. 11-31, 1967. 56 refs. (Presented at the 133rd Heeting,
American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Washington, D. C. Dec. 1966.)
A review of pollutants that have been found to elicit plant
response is confined to the discussion of acid gases, primary
products of combustion, and products of reactions occurring in the
atmosphere. Other topics discussed include: plant response as an
indicator of meteorological conditions and the fuels used for heat,
light, and power.#t
05485
W. B. Noble
AIR POLLUTANTS. Lasca Leaves. 15 (1), 7-18 (Jan. 1965).
After years of careful study, some of the components of smog
have been sorted out. The more important ones, their effects on
vegatation, and a list of sensitive and resistant plants are
discussed. The components are peroxyacetyl nitrate, ozone,
ethylene, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide and aerosols.t#
05610
W. W. Heck
PLANT INJURY INDUCED BY PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION PRODUCTS OF
PROPYLENE-NITROGEN DIOXIDE MIXTURES. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 14 (7):255-261, July 1664. (Presented at the
56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963.)
Plants developed typical ethylene injury symptoms when fumigated
for 21 to 48 hr with ethylene or various combinations of ethylene,
acetylene, propylene and nitrogen dioxide. When propylene and
nitrogen dioxide were included in the gas mixture and the mixture
irradiated typical oxidant symptoms were recorded. Slight to
severe necrotic spotting, due to nitrogen dioxide, was noted in a
48 hr fumigation at one ppm nitrogen dioxide and in a 21 hr
fumigation at 3.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide. Twelve hour fumigations
using irradiated mixtures of ethylene, acetylene and propylene at
three concentrations (2,4, and 8 ppm) each in combination with one
ppm of nitrogen dioxide gave typical oxidant damage with only the
propylene-nitrogen dioxide mixtures. From reported oxidant injury
symptoms the propylene-nitrogen dioxide irradiated mixture
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 757
-------
produced plant injury which is typical of both ozone and PAN.
The presence of other phytotoxicants was not dicounted but the
severity of injury, under the conditions used, made it difficult
to evaluate other possible types of oxidant damage. The
production of the phytotoxicants using various ratios of
propylene-nitrogen dioxide mixes was determined using the plants as
biological indicators. ft ratio of one ppm N02 to 2-3 ppm
propylene produced the highest concentration of the phytotoxicants.
The effects of varying light and temperature conditions during
the fumigation period indicated that plants must be in the light
before they are sensitive to oxidant damage and that a temperature
above or below normal will reduce oxidant injury. Results stress
the need for studying the interrelations of oxidant injury and
various environmental factors. (Author's summary)#t
05666
Brewer, B. F. Guillemet, F. B. and Creveling, R. K.
INFLUENCE OF N-P-K FERTILIZATION ON INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF
OXIDANT INJURY TO KANGELES AND SPIHACH. Soil Sci. 92, (5) 298-301,
Nov. 1961.
The study reported in this paper was designed to further study the
influence of nitrogen supply and.explore the possible effects of
potassium and phosphorus supply on the sensitivity of plants to
oxidant damage. Several Mangel seed (Burpee No. 5131) were planted
in 1-gallon cans filled with a previously fertilized soil-sand-peat
mixture. After emergence the plants were thinned to one plant per
can. Twelve different treatments, each replicated 8 times, were
used in a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design consisting of 3 levels of N
and 2 each of p and K. Two months after emergence, half the
plants, chosen at random, were placed in a special greenhouse
fumigation chamber and exposed to ozonated hexene. The remaining
mangels were placed in a duplicate fumigation chamber which
received activated-carbon-filtered air to remove ambient oxidants.
At the end of 2 days, during which the one group of plants was
exposed to two 6-hour fumigations with an average organic oxidant
concentration of 0.01 ppm., all the plants (fumigated and controls)
were returned to the smog-free greenhouse where they were grown.
Thirty-six hours after fumigation was stopped the plants were
systematically examined for incidence and severity of damage. A
similar experiment was conducted using spinach as the test plant.
A statistical analysis of the mangel fumigation data indicate that
the severity of injury was very significantly increased as the
nitrogen level was increased. There were also highly significant
interactions of nitrogen with phosphorus and between phosphorus and
potassium on severity of injury. The results of differential
fertilization on the sensitivity of spinach to ozone injury indi-
cate that increasing the nitrogen supply very significantly in-
creased both the incidence and the severity of ozone injury.
fertilization on the sensitivity of spinach to ozone injury.
05723
J. B. Kendrick, Jr., E. F. Darley, and J. T. Hiddleton
758 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
CHEMOTHERAPY FOR OXIDANT AND OZONE INDUCED PLANT DAHAGE.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution 6, 391-402 (1962).
A number of common fungicides, as well as antioxidants fron the
rubber industry, were dusted and sprayed onto leaves of test
plants to determine their efficacy, as well as their mode of
action, in protecting plants from subsequent exposure to ozone
and oxidants generated from ozonated hydrocarbons. Not all
chemicals were equally effective. Some protected against both
ozone and oxidants, some protected against one but not the other,
while some gave no protection. The most effective materials
were dithiocarbamates, mercaptobenzothiozole and their derivatives,
while the least effective were amine derivatives. The degree of
protection was directly related to concentration of chemical.
Longevity of protection was related to accumulated periods of
exposure to toxicants. Over a 10-hour accumulated exposure period
plants were significantly protected, although the degree of injury
gradually increased with exposure time. In contrast, when several
days lapsed between application and exposure, the chemical was as
effective as when applied on the day of exposure. Action of the
protectant was local and not systemic; the toxicant appeared to be
deactivated at the leaf surface. Leaves remained free of injury
only when the chemical was applied to the lower leaf surface and
then only on that portion actually covered with chemical. Some
degree of protection was achieved in field tests against
atmospheric oxidants as well as against those generated in the
laboratory. (Author abstract)ft
0572U
J. B. Kendrick, Jr., E. F. Darley, J. T. Hiddleton,
and A. 0. Paulus
PLANT BESPONSE TO POLLUTED AIH. Calif. Agr. 10 (8), 9-10
(Aug. 1956) .
Field observations and controlled fumigation experiments have
shown that plants differ in their response to atmospheric
contamination by ethylene, herbicides, fluorides, sulfur dioxide,
and smog, or oxidized hydrocarbons. Controlled experiments have
also shown that plant response to air pollution varies with species
and variety of plant, age of plant tissue, soil fertility levels,
soil moisture, air temperatures during the prefumigation growth
period, and presence of certain agricultural chemicals on leaves.
Plants also vary in their susceptibility to sulfur dioxide, with
alfalfa, barley, and cotton damaged at comparatively low levels,
and citrus, corn, celery, and melons damaged at much higher levels.
Field observations show that young leaves are seldom marked during
periods of aggravated air pollution. The young, unexpanded leaves
are typically uninjured; the mature, expanded leaves are severely
injured; and the old, somewhat chlorotic leaves are rarely damaged.
In grasses, where the youngest tissue is at the base of the leaf,
injury first occurs at the tip, grading off in intensity of injury
toward the base of the leaf. Old chlorotic leaves on grasses
are seldom injured. Several groups of chemical compounds are
capable of preventing injury to plants caused by oxidized
hydrocarbon fumigations when the chemicals are applied to the
lower surface of leaves. These chemicals belong to the
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 759
-------
dithiocarbamate, benzothiazole, and thiuram sulfide groups, and
have been used extensively as agricultural fungicides for the
control of many fungus diseases. T¥O of the best chenicals for
this purpose are zineb—zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate — and
thiram—tetramethyl thiuramdisulfide. The degree of protection
is directly related to the amount of active ingredient contained
in the spray or dust preparations. Protection is achieved only
when the underside of leaves are adequately covered. Both groups
of chemicals when properly applied to laboratory test plants
protect leaves from damage from both ozone and ozonated hexene.
Pinto bean leaves dusted with zineb in the laboratory and
exposed to naturally polluted air near Los Angeles were
protected from serious injury.##
05756
Rasmussen, R. A. and Went, F. W.
VOLATILE ORGANIC MATERIAL OF PLANT ORIGIN IN THE ATMOSPHERE, Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.) 53, (1) 215-20, Jan. 1965. (Presented
before the National Academy of Sciences, Apr. 27, 1964.)
Quantitative data on the actual concentration of plant volatiles in
air are given. Using a sensitive gas chromatograph mounted in a
mobile trailer laboratory, the presence in air of many organic
compounds in molecularly disperse state can easily be measured.
The hydrogen flame detector, which responds only to organic
molecules, has a sensitivity of better than 1:10 to the 9th power,
using 5-cc air samples. Whereas in cities gasoline and other man-
produced organic vapors constitute the bulk of the organic
volatiles in the air, in the countryside, away from highways and
human activities, plant products predominate. ftmong these, alpha-
and beta-pinene, myrcene, and isoprene were identified. Their
concentration depends on meteorological conditions and density and
activity of plant cover; during summer usually more than 10 to the
minus 8th power organic volatiles occur in country or forest air;
daring winter this decreases to 2 x 10 to the minus 9th power.
After one or more dark rainy days plants release less terpene.
Upon the death of cells large amounts of terpenes are released,
explaining the aromaticity of drying hay or of forests during
autumn. High concentrations of terpenes in the air were associated
with the dying of leaves in autumn, and with the mowing of meadows.
A world production for plant volatiles released to the atmosphere
is estimated to be 438 x 1,000,000 tons per year. (Author
conclusions)
05777
G. W. Todd B. Propst
CHANGES IN TRANSPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATES OF VARIOUS
LEAVES DURING TREATMENT WITH OZONATED HEXENE OR OZONE GAS.
Physiol. Plantarum 16, 57-65, 1963.
760 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Measurements were made on the rates of photosynthesis and
transpiration of bean, tomato and coleus leaves during and
immediately following fumigation with either ozone or ozonated
hexene gas. Both fumigants caused marked decreases in the
rate of photosynthesis in all 3 species although in tomato
and coleus leaves, the reduction in photosynthesis took
place only during fumigation with ozonated hexene gas and
afterwards the rate returned to normal. Ozone fumigation
caused decreases in transpiration but the decrease was not
as large as that obtained for photosynthesis. Transpiration
in tomato and coleus leaves showed little response to ozonated
hexene gas although bean leaves responded in much the same way
as they did when they were treated with ozone alone. The white
portions of coleus leaves (where the green outer orrtion had been
removed) were used for similar fumigations and an increase in
respiration and a decrease in transpiration with ozonated
hexene was noted. There were no changes in transpiration from
leaves following ozone fumigations. Increases in respiration
after ozone and ozonated hexene fumigations were obtained for bean,
tomato and intact coleus leaves as had been reported previously
for bean leaves. It was postulated that part of the decrease
in growth (not accompanied by visible injury) obtained when
plants were treated with ozonated hexene gas might be due
directly to the reduction in photosynthesis. It would
not appear in the species tested that the more resistant species
close their stomates and thereby prevent the fumigant from
entering. (Author summary)##
05778
Todd, G. W. and Arnold, W. N.
AN EVALUATION OF METHODS USED TO DETERMINE INJUHY TO PLANT LEAVES
BY AIR POLLUTANTS. Botan. Gaz. 123, (2) 151-4, Dec. 1961.
An evaluation was made of three methods of analyzing the damage of
plant leaves after exposure to ozone or ozonated hexene gas. A
visual estimate was made of the amount of leaf surface damaged.
The same plants were used for measurements of the change in fresh
weight and of chlorophyll content. The latter two measurements
were chosen because injury results in desiccation of parts of the
leaf and a loss of pigmentation. Also these would be a measure of
the actual amount of functional leaf material which was damaged.
It was found that losses in fresh weight were nearly proportional
to losses of chlorophyll in injured leaves. The visual-rating
system appeared to be sensitive in the lower range of injury but
rather insensitive at the upper end of the range. The visual-
damage index appears to be logarithmic with respect to both
chlorophyll and fresh-weight changes. It was concluded that a
measurement of the change in either fresh weight or chlorophyll
content would give a better estimate of impairment of leaf
function, since the visual-damage system tends to overestimate the
damage inflicted, particularly when only a small amount of leaf
surface is involved. (Author summary)
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 761
-------
05903
B. L. Kichards, J. T. Middleton, and H. B. Hewitt
AIR POLLUTION WITH RELATION TO AGRONOMIC CROPS: V. OXIDANT
STIPPLE OF GRAPE. Agron. J. 50, 559-61 (1958). (Presented
at the 50th Anniversary Meeting, American Society of Agronomy,
Nov. 20, 1957.)
Small, brown to black, discrete, punctate lesions occur on the
upper leaf surface of grape grown in areas polluted by air-borne
oxidants. The lesions are typically restricted to the palisade
layer and may be easily distinguished from other grape disorders
because of their stippled appearance. The disease can be incited
in grape by fumigation with ozone. Toxic ozone levels occur in
the polluted air mass above the Los Angeles and San Francisco
areas where oxidant stipple is found. Stipple has not yet been
seen in the grape producing areas in the Coachella, Napa,
Sacramento, and San Joaquin valleys of California. Oxidant
stipple can be distinguished from smog-type oxidant injury due to
oxidized organics in that the upper leaf surface is stippled in
grape and there is no common and pronounced silvering or glazing
of the lower leaf surface as found on herbaceous crops and weeds in
and adjacent to affected vineyards. Leaf injury to grape due to
foliar fluoride accumulation can be readily distinguished because
it is marginal red to brown in color, necrotic, and commonly
exhibits zonate markings. stipple can also be easily separated
frcm foliar salinity and drought injury, both of which produce
marginal and intercostal leaf necroses similar to those induced by
fluorides. Although ozone occasionally may cause leaf injury to
some plants particularly grasses, grown in areas receiving
naturally polluted air, it is unusual to note ozone damage to
agricultural crops; oxidant stipple of grape is, therefore, a
unique disease both in its symptcmology and etiology.t#
06078
G. D. Clayton T. S. Platt
EVALUATION OF ETHYLENE AS AN AIR POLLUTANT AFFECTING PLANT
LIFE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 28(2):151-9 (Apr. 1967).
A comprehensive survey of the literature reveals that
ethylene has been clearly implicated as an air pollutant only for
certain greenhouse plants. Ethylene is produced naturally by some
biologic systems and may cause some plant damage. Most studies
have been in closed systems with shifts in gas
concentrations occurring. Adequate data are lacking on the
response of field-grown plants to ethylene as an air pollutant.
(Author's abstract)**
762 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
06U98
L. Ordin, and B. Propst
EFFECT OF PHOTOCHEMICAL!Y PBODOCED OXIDANTS ON GBOWTH OF AVESA
COLEOPTILE SECTIONS. Plant Physiol., 36(3), 326-30, (Hay
1961) .
Avcna coleoptile sections incubated in solutions through which
photochemically produced oxidant mixtures, ozone or peroxyacetyl
nitrate (PAN) are passed, display subsequent repressed growth in
Iresh solutions to which auxin has been supplied. Treatment by
oxidant recording as 1.4 ppm derived from an irradiated mixture of
trans-2-butene and NO2 results in about SOS inhibition of
elongation. About 1.5 ppm PAN also inhibits growth to the same
degree or more. Approximately 170 ppm ozone produced comparable
magnitudes of inhibition. In all cases basal respiration was
inhibited little or not at all. Although the concentrations dealt
with here are about tenfold above those found in the atmosphere
(200-fold for ozone) the results may be helpful in the
interpretation of mechanisms of growth inhibition in the field.
There are probably several reasons why high concentrations of
PAN are required to produce growth inhibition in Avena
coleoptiles while much lower concentrations affect more sensitive
intact plants. Although the coleoptile is cutinized and has few
stomata, suggesting a transport barrier, there are indications that
root tissue which is neither cutinized nor suberized to any great
extent may be even less sensitive. Thus the answer is more likely
to lie either in the resistance of the cellular membranes
themselves to the uptake of the oxidants or in the presence of
reducing agents in the cell or, simply, less sensitive enzyme
systems. It was found that intact seedlings in the gas stream are
not more sensitive than sections floating in water during gas
exposure. The lack of illumination during exposure may also be a
factor, since even sensitive petunia plants exposed in the dark to
0.5 ppm oxidant derived from an irradiated mixture were not
damaged.##
06H99
L, Ordin and B. Propst
EFFECT OF AIR-BOBHE OXIDANTS ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF
INDOLEACETIC ACID. Botan. Gaz. 123(3), 170-5 (Bar. 1962).
This investigation concerns the effects of some of the known
atmospheric pollutants, namely ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN),
and ultraviolet-irradiated mixtures of olefin and N02 on
indolacetic acid in vitro. It is apparent from the results that
air-borne oxidants such as PAN and ozone can inactivate IAA in
vitro. Whether such a mechanism of inactivation is of importance
in the living plant cannot be answered fully at present. Ascorbic
acid prevented the inactivation of IAA by chemically reducing
the oxidant level in the solutions. The residual ascorbate, or
its decomposition products, in the growth solutions exerted a
slight subsequent inhibitory action on coleoptile growth. This
observation does not agree with the results of other investigators.
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 763
-------
Since the concentration of ascorbate was much higher in the
present experiments than that used by other investigators, it is
possible that the growth-stimulating range was exceeded in the
present investigation. The failure of IAA activity to recover
despite low residual amounts of PAN or ozone in solution and,
more particularly, despite the addition of ascorbate to the
previously treated solutions indicates that the inactivation is
not similar to that caused by H202 or peroxides. In the
peroxide-induced inactivation, there is an apparent interference
with the bioassay rather than an irreversible change. In the case
of inactivation by ozone or PAN the change is irreversible as
shown by the changes in ultraviolet spectra. Some light on this
irreversible inactivation is shed by the ultraviolet spectra.
They show that the change in IAA caused by ozone and PAN is
probably a ring alteration.##
065t6
W. W. Heck, E. G. Fires, and W. C. Hall
THE EFFECTS OF A LOS ETHYLENE CONCENTBATION ON THE GROWTH OF
COTTON- J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11{12), 549-56
(Dec. 1961). (Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, New York City, June 11-15,
1961.)
The present study was designed to determine the effects of a low
level of ethylene on cotton grown under controlled conditions,
during the entire growth period of the plants. The chambers were
designed as gas-tight compartments with controls for the following
conditions: light, temperature, humidity, water, air flow, and
gas concentration. Plants were grown for one month and the
chambers then opened for an eight hour period. The following
guantitiative data were obtained for all plants: plant height; the
number of cotyledons, leaves, sguares (flower buds), flowers,
bolls, laterals, and nodes; the number of plant parts abscissed;
and the leaf size in square inches. Preliminary experiments
indicated that cotton was very sensitive to ethylene air pollution.
Thus it was decided to grow plants from the seedling stage
through maturity at an ethylene level which might readily prevail
in the vicinity of a polyethylene industrial plant. The level of
0.6 ppm was chosen as a possible mean level of ethylene air
pollution.#t
07167
Abeles, Frederick B.
INHIBITION OF FLOWERING IN XANTHIUM PENSYLVANICDB HALLN. BY
ETHYLENE. Dept. of the Army, Fort Detrick, Md.
Biological Sciences Lab., Project 1L013001A9 1 A, Technical
Manuscript 376, 5p., April 1967. 11 refs.
CFSTI: AD 813720
764 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
In this report ethylene inhibited the formation of flowers in
cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum Walln.) plants that were
exposed to an inductive dark period. Indoleacetic acid had been
shown earlier to have this same effect. The two large apical
beaks were cut from cocklebur fruits (Chicago strain) and the
fruits were washed in running water for 2U hours and planted in
4-inch pots of soil; seedlings were grown for 3 weeks at 25 C on a
16-hour light cycle (1.500 tt-c) supplied by daylight fluorescent
bulbs. The plants were induced to flower by exposure to 16 hours
of darkness in 10-liter desiccators containing 0, 1, 10, or 100 ppm
ethylene. After the induction period, the plants were returned to
the growth chamber; the sizes of the inflorescences were measured
8 weeks later. Ethylene evolution from the plants was measured by
gas chromatography. Because it stimulates ethylene evolution from
cocklebur leaves, the results suggest that the effect of auxin may
be an ethylene effect.f#
A. Ongun, J. B. Hudd
BIOSYNTHESIS OF GALACTOLIPIDS IN PLANTS. Preprint,
California Univ., Riverside, Dept. of Biochemistry and
Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, ( (36))p. 1967. 25
refs.
Spinach chloroplasts very actively incorporated
radioactivity from UDP-galactose C14 into lipids. Among the
products formed, monogalactosyl and digalactosyl diglycerides
together with a third compound, tentatively identified as the
trigalactosyl diglyceride, contained 95S of the total
Identified as the trigalactosyl diglyceride, contained 95% of the
total lipid radioactivity. chloroplasts from young leaves showed
aigher enzymic activity than those obtained from mature leaves.
Dissociation of the enzymes from the acceptors was
accomplished by acetone powder preparation of the chloroplasts.
rt was shown that diolein could serve as an efficient acceptor
Eor the monogalactosyl diglyceride synthesis but not for the
Jiagalactosyl diglyceride synthesis. Monogalactosyl diglyceride,
naturally found in chloroplasts, was shown to be the acceptor for
the second galactosylation. Incubation of radioactive
Jigalactosyl diglyceride with the acetone powder of spinach
nhloroplasts resulted in the formation of trigalactosyl
liglyceride when cold UPD-galactose was used as the substrate.
Evidence indicated that two enz.ymes were involved in galactolipid
synthesis in spinach chloroplasts. The enzyme responsible
Eor the synthesis of monogalactosyl diglyceride was more tightly
aound to the membrances than the enzyme synthesizing digalactosyl
Jiglyceride. Particles from etiolated pea leaves as well as
other non-chlorophyllous tissues were shown to contain active
;nzymes that synthesize the galactolipids. A light induced
Increase in the enzyme activity was observed in pea leaves.
(Authors' summary)tf
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 765
\
-------
10099
Shabad, L. H.
ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND THE FATE OF THE CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBON
BENZ(A) PYRENE (3,4 BENZPYRENE) IN THE SOIL. Z. Krebsforsch.
(Berlin), 70(3) :204-210, Jan- 5, 1968. 20 refs.
Soil samples from seven areas of Moscow were taken and 10 gm.
portions extracted with benzene, followed by fluorometric analysis
to determine the guanitities of benz(a)pyrene (BP). No BP was
found in the control samples taken from resting land near a vater
reservoir but the highest level of (191,00 gamma/kg.) was found in
soil near large factories which were known to discharge large
quantities of carcinogenic hydrocarbons. Within Moscow, soil was
slightly polluted, with 436.5 gamma/kg, found in a district with
old buildings with an asphalt plant, and 104.5 gamma/kg, in a dis-
trict with new housing. An industrial suburb had 81.4
gamma/kg, and a field near Moscow had 79.3 gamma/kg. The suburb
was polluted by a railroad station and the field was very close to a
well-traveled highway. Thus, soil pollution depends on the overall
pollution of the environment and may serve as an indicator of the
level of BP air pollution. Some investigators have found air
pollution to spread at least 3 km. around factories, with intensity
dependent upon wind direction. The level of BP on vegetation was
also examined. Plants from the vicinity of the factory were found t
carry 600-5900 gamma/kg, of BP before washing, and slightly less (HO
1900) after washing. More BP was found in plants with broad, le-
vel leaves than in those with narrow, vertical ones. Three test
strains of soil bacteria actively destroy BP CONTENT IN SOIL SAMP-
les taken near an oil refinery. The amount of transformed BP can
reach 535 in four days. Thus, carcinogenic hydrocarbons can fall
on soil, appear in water, can be accumulated in soil or disappear,
can be destroyed by soil microorganisms, or pass into plants.
10116
Laseter, John Luther
DISTRIBUTION AND NATURE OF SURFACE WAX IN FUNGAL SPORES AND MECHA-
NISMS OF WAX BIOSYNTHESIS IN BRASSICA OLEHACEA. Thesis (Ph. D)
Houston Univ., Tex., June 1968, (8) p.
Normal alkanes were common in surface waxes of all Basidiomycete
chlamydospores and uredospores analyzed as well as the conidiospores
for the Ascomycete studied. The spore samples were extracted with
organic solvents, the extracts fractionated by silica gel
chromatography and then analyzed by gas chromatography and by a gas
chromatographic— mass spectrometic technique. Odd carbon-numbered
alkanes predominated. Carbon numbers ranged from C14 to C37. The
major n- alkane components and total hydrocarbons present were C27
for Ustilago maydis (40 ppm), C29 for Puccinia graminis (105 ppa) ,
C29 and C31 for Urocystis agropyri (126 ppm), C27 and C35 for
Ostilago nuda (58 ppm), C29 and C31 for Ustilago avenae (53 ppn) and
C29 for Sphacelotheca reiliana (146 ppm). The conidiospores of
Aspergillus niger had n-C25 as the predominant alkane and a total of
766 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
5-10 ppm hydrocarbons present. For the aost part the alkanes present
in fungal spores were similar to the distribution known to occur in
many higher plants; however, each spore type possessed a different
distribution pattern. (Author's abstract)
11010
Smith, M. E.
THE INFLUENCE OF ATHOSPHERIC DISPERSION ON THE EXPOSURE OF
PLANTS TO AIBBOHNE POLLUTANTS. Phytopathology, 58(8):1085-1088,
Aug. 1968.
Variations in atmospheric dispersion and the typically nonunifor»,
distribution of pollutant sources cause wide fluctuations in
pollutant concentrations at a fixed point on the ground. These
variations in concentrations are usually correlated with other
meteorological parameters, time of day, and the levels of other
pollutants. The details of this variability differ strikingly,
depending upon the relative location of the plants and the sources
and upon the climatology of the area in which the problem exists.
An outline of the magnitude and time scales of these fluctuations
is presented. Specific correlations with other factors that may
be important in designing meaningful dosage tests for pollutants
are indicated. Without tests that simulate conditions in the
normal atmospheres laboratory experiments will be misleading,
and apparent sensitivities may bear little relation to the
response of the plant in the field.##
11072
Heck, waiter W.
FACTORS EFFECTING THE RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO OXIDANT AIR
POLLUTANTS. Preprint, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C., Agricultural Research Service and Public Health
Service, Washington, D. C., National Air Pollution Control
Administration, 9p., ((1968)). 6 refs.
The effects of oxidants in general, including ethylene and
NOx on plants are discussed. The problems of chronic plant
damage and synergistic effects, such as those discovered for
ozone-S02 mixtures, are considered and are shown to be
difficult to detect and evaluate. Projections of ozone
concentration producing injury in various plants are presented, and
the topics of crop yield reduction and land use are briefly
covered.ft
11100
Abeles, F. B., and H. E. Gahagen, III
ABSCISSION: THE ROLE OF ETHYLENE, ETHYLENE ANALOGUES, CARBON
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 767
-------
DIOXIDE, AND OXYGEN. (TECHNICAL MANUSCRIPT.) Dept. of the
Army, Frederick, Hd., Plant Sciences Lab., Proj.
1B522301A061, TM-U62, 15p., June 1968. 25 refs.
for beans, ethylene was the most effective abscission accelerant
examined, with decreasing activity shown by propene, carbon
monoxide, dioxide, acetylene, vinyl fluoride, 1-butene, and
1,3-butadiene. Carbon dioxide inhibited abscission, but its
effect was overcome by ethylene. Oxygen was required for
abscission as an electron acceptor for respiration and not as a
potentiator or activator of the ethylene attachment site. The
molecular requirements for abscission were similar to those shown
by other workers for other biological processes under the
influence of ethylene. (Authors' abstract)##
12012
Heggestad, H. E.
DISEASES OF CHOPS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS INCITED BY AIR
POLLUTANTS. Phytopathology, 58:1089-1097, Aug. 1968. 80 ref.
Air pollution injury to crop and ornamental plants is increasing
in the U.S.A. Estimates of annual losses to agriculture from
air pollutants, which ranged from $150 to $500 million during the
decade 1951-1960, are now $500 million. Although most of the loss
is due to growth suppression or chronic injury, it is the acute
injury that suggests the nature of the air pollutant and reveals
the distribution of the problem. Each pollutant tends to produce
its own pattern of injury, leaving graphic records of air pollution
episodes. Photochemical oxidants, ethylene, sulfur dioxide,
fluoride, and other pollutants produce marked reactions in various
types of plants. The recent developments and current research
trends in the assessment of these reactions are reviewed.t#
12045
Johnson, H.
THE HIGH COST OF FOUL AIH. The Progressive Farmer, t pp.,
April 1968.
The President's Science Advisory Committee reported in 1965
that air pollution damage to plants had been observed in 27 states,
the District of Columbia, Canada, and Mexico. Total damage
each year to crops in the United States is estimated at $500
million. Weather fleck damage to tobacco, which is caused by
ozone, has caused substantial crop loss in all producing states.
Sulfur dioxide, fluorine, ethylene, and photochemical smog are
known to be harmful to plants. A research program to solve
unanswered questions, and a program to enforce the cleaning up of
pollution sources is urgently needed.##
768 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
1U968
Daines, Robert H., Eileen Brennan, and Ida Leone
AIR POLLUTANTS AND PLANT RESPONSE. J. Forestry, 65(6) :381-38H,
June 1967. 15 refs.
The effects of a number of acid gases and photochemically-
produced pollutants on plants are described. A great variation
in susceptibility to damage by such gases as fluorides and S02
exist both among plant species and within a single species.
Injury from these gases occurs primarily to younger leaves,
with little or no damage shown by old leaves. Symptoms usually
consist of marginal and tip necrosis with accompanying
discoloration of the affected areas. Limited studies with
chlorine suggest that it is less phytotoxic than hydrofluoric
acid, requiring about 0.1 ppm to injure the more sensitive
plants. Among the photochemically-produced pollutants,
ozone has been known for many years to be toxic to a wide variety
of plant species; ozone toxicity symptoms appear as flecks,
stipple, streaks, spots, and tip necrosis. Injury appears on
mature leaves, with the oldest leaves of young plants and
middle-aged leaves of old plants being most susceptible.
Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) and its analogues are highly phytotoxic,
producing symptoms called 'silver leaf' and 'leaf banding1 in
California, the northeastern U. S., and other urbanized areas.
Like ozone, these compounds are believed to cause severe annual
economic losses in crop damage. Investigations of damage caused
by other photochemical pollutants, namely ozonated hydrocarbons,
bisulfite reaction products, and nitrogen dioxide, are briefly
summarized, and the major sources of all the pollutants
discussed are noted.
16357
Otto, Harry W. and Robert H. Daines
GENESIS OF PHITOTOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION AND
BEASOREHENT BY CHEMICAL AND PHYTOLOGICAL HETHODS. IEEE (Inst.
Elec. Ectron. Engrs.) Trans. Geosic, Electron., GE-8 (1):59-69,
Jan. 1970. 105 refs. (Presented at the First Annual Internatipnal
Geoscience Electronics Symposium, Washington, D, C., April 1969.)
Phototoxic air pollutants derived from bombustion of fossil fuels
and from subsequent photochemical reactions in the atmosphere are
discussed. Among the major pollutants that adversely affect
vegetation are sulfur dioxide, ozone, peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN) and
analogs, nitrogen oxides, and ethylene. The chemical methods
currently employed to measure the occurrence of these pollutants
frequently lack specificity and sensitivity to specific pollutants.
In the absence of collaborative testing, their reliability,
precision, and accuracy remain uncertain. Because the plant
kingdom serves as a constant atmospheric monitor, the chemical
methods should be supplemented by a study of plant response. Each
pollutant has its own spectrum of responding plant species and each
produces a characteristic response for each species affected.
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 759
-------
While man-made monitoring devices record exact chemical
concentrations unaffected by environmental factors and pollutant
mixtures, a plant responds biologically not only to concentrations,
but also to all other environmental factors that alter response,
i.e., humidity, soil moisture, light, temperature, etc. In
addition, the plant also responds to the total impact of the
pollution mixture.
770 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
H. EFFECTS - MATERIALS
00115
R. L. Ajax, C. J. Conlee, and J. B. Upham
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DYED FABRICS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 17, (4) 220-4, April 1967.
This report details results from the first 6 months of a 2-year
study begun in February 1965 by The American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colorists and the Public Health Service
to evaluate the effects of air pollution upon dyed fabrics.
Groups of 69 dye-fabric combinations representing widely used
dyes have been exposed in light-free cabinets to ambient
environments at urban and rural sites at Chicago, Washington,
D.C., Tacoma, and Los Angeles, and at urban sites at
Cincinnati, Phoenix, and Sarasota. Results from consecutive
3-month seasonal exposures and controlled-environment exposures
utilizing irradiated and nonirradiated automobile exhaust for
short duration show an extreme fading on one quarter of the
dyed-fabrics, a higher fading at urban compared with rural sites on
susceptible fabrics, and a marked effect upon the dyed fabrics by
the photochemical by-products of automobile exhaust. (Author
abstract) ##
01467
J. S. Harington
CHEMICAL STUDIES OF ASBESTOS. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
132:31-47, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at the Biological Effects
of Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
The present paper reports the results of chemical investigations
of the organic matter and metals in different types of asbestos.
The primary oils which exist in natural association with
crocidolite and amosite have been found to occur in larger
amounts than reported earlier, although the content of
benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons remains
low. Secondary oils, the composition of which is fairly well
known, may contaminate asbestos in various ways. Insulation
materials, recently shown to be a carcinogenic hazard to workers
handling them, also contain considerable amounts of extractable
materials though their significance, like that of the asbestos
oils, is at present unknown. The possibility that metal
constituents may play a role in asbestos carcinogenesis was
suggested by the results of the spectrochemical analysis of the
three main types of asbestos, and by their chemical composition.
Consideration was also given to the possibility that radioactivity
may play some part in the carcinogenic process.##
771
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01983
A. P. Altshuller, A. F. Wartburg, I. fi. Cohen, and
S. F. Sleva
STOTtAGE OF VAPOES AND GASES IN PLASTIC BAGS. Intern. J. Air
Water Pollution 6, 75-81, 1962.
Plastic bags of "Scotchpak" are satisfactory over 24 hr periods
for storing synthetic and atmospheric samples of aliphatic
hydrocarbons and acrolein, but not for storing formaldehyde, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide. Plastic bags of "Mylar" are satisfactory for
storing synthetic mixtures containing formaldehyde over 24 hr
periods and ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide for at
least several hour periods. Formaldehyde in atmospheric gases can
be stored for several hours. New bags of these materials should
be conditioned for several hours using the gases of vapors of
interest at the same or somewhat higher concentrations than are to
be used in the investigations to follow. Bags which are so
treated should serve as convenient storage containers for the
gases studied, as well as many other chemical species over
periods of many hours. However, very appreciable losses of many
of these gases may occur when present as part of combustion gas
mixtures collected in such plastic containers. (Author
abstract)##
02060
Z. Travnicek.
EFFECTS OF AIP POLLUTION ON TEXTILES, ESPECIALLY SYNTHETIC
FIBRES. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London,
1966. (Paper VII/4). pp. 224-6.
The Czechoslovak Knitting Industries Research Institute's
laboratory for atmospheric defectochemistry of fibres has
investigated the deterioration of fibres due to atmospheric
pollutants. By analyzing witnesses' reports, by inspecting
textiles damaged in the open and, above all, by operating special
simulation apparatuses it has been established that apart from hot
particles textiles, especially those of some synthetic fibres, can
be destroyed by sulphur dioxide, especially if the latter is
absorbed to solid carrier aerosols, by nitrogen oxides, by some
substances contained in automotive exhaust gases, by various
acid fumes, by strong oxidizers and by solvent vapours. Exhaust
gases cross-link the fibre-forming polymers while, at the same
time, degrading them. Light stabilizers in fibres also act as
preventers of damage by exhaust fumes, to a certain degree.
Dyestuffs can be efficient in a similar way. Automotive exhaust
gases are sometimes more destructive if present in great
dilutions in air irradiated by sunlight. In this case, a
formation of strong oxidizers from residual olefins and nitrogen
oxides is suspected. (Author abstract)##
02074
G. F. Bol'Shakov, P. I. Davydov, T. G. Potapenko,
F..Yu. Hachinskiy, and N. M. Slavachevskaya.
/772 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
INFLUENCE OP NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC SULPHUR- AND NITROGEN-
CONTAINING COMPOUNDS ON THE THERHOOXIDIZING STABILITY OF DIRECT
DISTILLATION OF FUELS. Gostoptekhizdat (Moscow) (FTD-MT-64-
215). 5, 149-82, 1963.
CFSTI, DDC AD 611071
Synthetic sulfur- and nitrogen-containing organic compounds
basically lower the thermooxidizing stability of directly
distilled fuels, with the exception of 2-phenyl-2-
mercaptobutylamine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline; certain
derivatives of ionol; and the product, obtained by the
interaction of syrene with phenol. TS-1, T-1, and DA tars
contain compounds, which, in small concentrations, are able to
improve effectively the thermooxidizing stability of fuels. These
ace basically — heterocyclic compounds, containing thiol, amine,
and phenyl groups.**
02380
J, B. Upham.
MATERIALS DETERIORATION AND AIR POLLUTION (PRESENT STATUS OF THE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE'S PROGRAM). J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 15, (6) 265, June 1965. (Presented at the 57th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Houston,
Tex., June 21-25, 1964, Paper No. 64-31.)
Four separate studies dealing primarily with atmospheric corrosion
are presently in progress and constitute the first phase of an
over-all program to assess materials deterioration due to air
pollution. The objectives of these studies and the methodology
used are described, and limited preliminary data are reported.
From the findings of these and subsequent studies »e hope to
determine the role of air pollution in the deterioration of many
materials. (Author summary)##
03215
M. Kobayashi, T. Mikani, and Y. Senoa.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION AND ITS PREVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J.
Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo) 3, (6) 45-51, Mar. 1966.
The effects of inorganic gases, organic gases, and soot on pure
palladium are investigated. Palladium is used at the contacts
in crossbar switches and wire spring relays and pollutants cause
poor electrical connection.##
03524L
S. Miller
OZONE RESISTANCE BARRIER MATERIAL. Army Tank-Automotive
Center, Warren, Mich. (Rept. 4811.) Mar. 28, 1960. 6 pp.
DDC: AD 477 540
In order to establish the efficacy of plastic barrier material in
delaying ozone deterioration on rubber items, static 03 tests
H. Effects - Materials 773
-------
(50 plus or 3 pphm 03 by vol) were carried out at temperature
of 100 F on rubber test specimens wrapped in the following
plastic materials: black polyethylene sheet films, 2 and i» mils
thick; transparent saran sheet film, 2 mils thick; commercial
transparent plastic shirt bag, 1 mil in film thickness; black
polyethylene bag film, 2 mils thick, formed by folding and sewing
2 sides; and transparent polyethylene envelope, heat sealed on 3
sides, film thickness of 6 mils. Rubber specimens were reported
in satisfactory condition after 20, 10, 25, HO, 22, and 250 days'
exposure, protected respectively, by the above named materials.
Doubling the black polyethylene film doubles the time before
deterioration takes place; also the better the seal, the longer it
takes before ozone deterioration commences.t#
03995
HDH TO PROTECT ELASTOMER PARTS FROM OZONE ATTACK. Mater.
Design Eng. 61, (2) 82-3, Aug. 1966.
Susceptibility of an elastomer to ozone deterioration is related
to its proportion of unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds. As 03
attacks these bonds, elastomers with a large proportion of them
are very vulnerable. Commercial elastomers can be divided
into 3 groups according to their 03 resistance: Group A
(inherently 03-resistant) includes fluoroelastomers, silicone
rubber, fluoronated silicone rubber, polyacrylate, chlorosulfonated
polyethylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers and terpolymers,
polyurethanes, polysulfide rubber, epichlorohydrin elastomers;
Group B (03-resistant but requiring special formulation for
optimum performance) includes butyl and halogenated butyl rubbers;
Group C (inherently non-03-resistant) includes natural rubber,
polyisoprene rubber, SBR, NEB, polybutadiene rubber.
Hydrocarbon waxes and lacguers have been used in the past
for protection but have the disadvantage of rupturing when flexed,
leaving the vulnerable elastomer exposed. A new class of
chemical derivatives, P-phenylenediamines have been found to be
effective against 03 attack. These additives are added to the
rubber during mixing, bloom to the surface during vulcanization and
form a film which reacts with the atmospheric 03 before it comes
into contact with the elastomer. When an elastomer will be
exposed to substances which may dissolve the protective films,
blending of highly resistant 03 materials is the best approach.lt
OU320
Jaffe, L. S.
THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS OK MATERIALS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 17(6):375-378, June 1967.
The deterioration of materials exposed to photochemical smog, in
particular to the oxidants and ozone contained therein, are
reviewed. One of the earliest indications of photochemical
oxidants was the excessive cracking of rubber products. It has
been demonstrated that this excessive cracking of rubber is
caused by ozone formed in the photochemical smog formation process.
Other materials known to deteriorate under atmospheric
photochemical smog conditions are textiles and certain dyed
774 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Eabrics, particularly under conditions of high humidity. Loss of
tensile strength of cotton textiles when wet or moist, and siailar
fading of these dyed fabrics, particularly•under high humidity,
;an be produced by laboratory exposure of these textiles to pure
szone. Depending on the formulation of the rubber, cracking
under stress can be readily detected within 3/4 hr when
itmospheric oxidants levels are as low as 0.03 ppm. Natural and
certain synthetic rubbers are particularly vulnerable. These
rubbers when stressed show cracking when exposed to 0.02 ppm ozone
for about 1 hr. Ozone effects on asphaltic materials are reported
also. AAMt#
05233
P. J. Hearst
VOLATILE PHOTODEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF OBGAHIC COATINGS, Naval
Civil Engineering Lab., Port Hueneme, Calif. July 1966. 36
pp. (Technical Kept. (No. R 460.)
Various clear and pigmented vehicle films were irradiated in air
with a mercury arc and a xenon arc. The volatile photodegcadation
products were identified by infrared spectroscopy. The coatings
included alkyd, oil, vinyl-alkyd, vinyl copolymer, partially
hydrolyzed vinyl copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, epoxy-amine, and
epoxy-polyamide films. The major product from all films was
carbon dioxide. Eleven other products or types of products were
obtained, as well as some unidentified products. The addition of
pigments decreased the yields of almost all the products.
However, the yields of different products were affected in
different degrees by pigmentation, and this difference may in part
be related to the penetration of the light responsible for the
production of each particular product. (Author abstract)
08475
Veber, A.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AS A FACTOR IN THE AGING OF
ELASTOMERS. ((La pollution atmospherigue comme facteur de
vieillissement d1elastomere.)) Text in French. Rev. Pathol.
Conparee (Paris), 67 (78H) :21-2H, Jan. 1967. 2 refs.
A technique for the evaluation of aging of natural rubber films
is described. Aging is determined either by loss of resistance
to breaking, exprssed in gm./sq. of section, or by variation in
the modulus of elasticity. The mathematical calculation of
resistance to rupture correlates with the observed results. A
series of rubber films formulated with the following agents were
tested: (1) with the bridge catalyst,
phenylethyldithiocarbamate; (2) with the catalyst and an
antioxygenating agent, bis-(2-hydroxy-3-butyl-5-methylphenyl)
methane; (3) with the catalyst and titanium dioxide; (U) with the
catalyst and isopropyl N-phenyl-D-phenylene diamine; and, (5)
with all four agents. samples of the first three rubber
formulations, when exposed to polluted air, exhibited marked
decreases in tensile strength with age (25.5-65.2% decrease).
Only the samples formulated with the diamine or with all four
agents exhibited no significant decrease in tensile strength
(1.5% increase, and 0.2% decrease, respectively).**
H. Effects - Materials 775
-------
15657
Pink, Ferdinand
THE COMBUSTION OF DOHESTIC REFUSE CONTAINING A HIGH PROPORTION OF
SYNTHETIC HATERIALS. (Verbrennung von Hausmuell mit hoeheren
Kunststoffanteilen). Text in German. Brennstoff-Waerne-Kraft,
21 (9) :472-176, Sept. 1969. 8 refs.
The domestic refuse in the city of Zurich contained 1.1 to 2.7%
by weight of synthetic material in the years 1963 and 1964, as
compared with other large cities where it contained 1 to 5X. In
Germany, half of the synthetics in domestic refuse are composed
of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The relatively low PVC fraction in
the waste causes corrosion problems. Polyvinyl chloride begins
to melt at 120 C; at 200 C, it begins to separate. It has a
heating value of 6000 kcal/kg; the ignition point is 460 C.
Domestic refuse is incinerated with a large amount of excess air.
The heterogeneous waste composition causes a fluctuating
combustion process. Thus, the waste gas composition varies as
follows: 7 to 11% by volume CO, 10 to 16$ water vapor, 6 to 1051
oxygen, and 0.2 to 1.0 g/cu m HC1. Varying gas composition and
fluctuating temperatures damage the oxide layer on the steel
pipes. There are two types of corrosion: sulfate corrosion and
chlorine corrosion. It is generally thought that sulfate
corrosion is due to alkali pyrosulfates which, when superheated,
yield activated S03. The latter substance is highly corrosive.
Chlorine corrosion is due to the presence of HC1. In oxidizing
waste gases, HC1 attacks only metal; in reducing waste gases,
iron oxide and dust incrustations may adsorb HC1, which is
liberated again at higher temperatures. The chlorine gas and the
HC1 which develop in this manner are both highly corrosive after
desorption. To prevent chlorine corrosion, large amounts of water
vapor must be present in the waste gas. Injection of water into
the combustion chamber helps to fulfill this demand. Furthermore,
reducing components in the waste gas must be avoided. The
temperature at the pipe wall should never exceed 400 C.
776 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
I. EFFECTS - ECONOMIC
3289
I. J. Sterba.
EFINING TO PRODUCE GASOLINES OF REDUCED LEAD CONTENT.
niversal Oil Products Co., Des Plaines, 111. (Presented
t the Symposium on Environmental Lead Contamination, Public
lealth Service, Washington, B.C., Dec. 13-15, 1965.) Bar.
966. PP. 113-30.
GPO 0-210-345; HEW 1440
:n the variations of the generalized situations considered in this
liscussion, the estimated incremental manufacturing cost to the
refiner for making an unleaded gasoline of current octane number
[uality ranged from 1.1 to 1,5 cents/Gal, above what it costs to
lake current gasolines. This incremental cost will vary, both
ibove and below the range indicated, depending on the refinery
size, its type, its location, crude characteristics, crude supply
situation, products made, price structures, labor costs, accounting
lethods, and many other factors. The important conclusion to be
lade is that it is possible to make unleaded gasolines, but at
•osts that must be passed on to the driving public. In order to
iarket the same amount and quality of clear gasoline as the refiner
>resently sells of leaded gasoline, he must either market less of
listillates or residual fuel, or process more crude oil. Based on
estimates made for a 50,000 BSD refinery, the D.S. refining
Industry would be required to make a capital investment of 1.5 to
> billion dollars. This is to be compared with annual
jxpenditures of the order of 500 million dollars for normal
refinery expansion and modernization.##
17698
Alston, Linda
IIR AND WATER POLLUTION: DOES IT LIMIT INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION?
[nd. Develop., 136 (5):14-21, July-Aug. 1967,
Che cost of cleaning the nation's air and water is discussed, with
particular emphasis on the role of industry. The Public Health
Service estimated that the cost of air pollution in 1960 was $7
aillion. They estimated that it is now costing about $11.5
Dillion and it may increase to $20 billion by 1975 for abatement
sguipment, extra cost of cleaner fuel, and damage to crops, build-
ings and other property. The need to deal with the increasing
mounts of air and water pollution affects plant operations and
11204
Lawson, S. D-, J. F. Moore, and J. B. Bather, Jr.
777
-------
A LOOK AT LEAD ECONOMICS IN MOTOR GASOLINE. Preprint, Phillips
Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla., Bonner and Moore
Associates, Inc., Houston, Texas, and Mobil Oil Corp., New
York, 35p. 1967. 7 refs. (Presented at 32nd Midyear Meeting
of Refining, Fuels and Emissions, Los Angeles, Calif., May
16, 1967, Paper 36-67.)
The potential economic effects on the domestic refining industry
that would result from completely eliminating the use of lead
additives in motor gasoline were investigated. A complete
technical and economic report containing results as well as a
compilation of data is presented.##
16174
COSTS AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FISCAL
YEARS 1970-1971*. Ernst and Ernst, Hashington, D. C. Contract
PH 22-68-29, Task Order 2, 321p., Oct. 1969. 26 refs.
A study was conducted to estimate prospective additional costs to
the private sector of the economy of controlling air pollution
from both stationary and mobile sources during the years
1970-1974. The pollutants considered are particulate and sulfur
oxides from stationary sources and hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
from automobiles. Estimates of control conditions
prevailing prior to the passage of the Air Quality Act (1967) were
taken as a base. Two types of stationary sources are considered:
combustion and process. Costs are estimated for controlling three
classes of combustion sources: steam-electric power generation
industrial fuel combustion, commercial fuel combustion. Industries
for which process emission control costs are developed are sulfate
pulping, sulfuric acid manufacture, petroleum refining, asphalt
batching, hydraulic cement production, steel production, ferrous
casting, and nonferrous metals smelting and refining. Only
automobiles are included in the mobile source class. Estimates
of additional costs to the private sector are developed for
nationwide control of sulfur oxides and particulates from
stationary combustion sources; nationwide control or particulate
from process sources in eight selected industries and of sulfur
oxides from sulfuric acid and petroleum refining process;
nationwide control of automobile exhaust emissions; and combined
control of sulfur oxides and particulates from combustion and
process sources in 85 geographical areas. Estimated costs are
presented as ranges within which actual costs can be expected to
fall. The economic implications of control costs for the nation
are discussed. The additional costs range from $0.9 to $1.7
billion dollars for 1970 and rise to $1.0 to $1.9 billion in
1974. (Author summary modified)
16417
Francis, A. W. and Judson D. Loud
HOW TO INCREASE LIQUID RECOVERY FROM YOUR G1S-CONDENSTATE OIL
HF.LLS. GasJ., 57 (51) : 68-75, Dec. 14, 1959.
778 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
High-efficiency liquid recovery methods, economically justified,
are used on wet gas streams. Evaluation of the wellhead or
lease-type processes covers: stage separation, liquid processing
(stabilization), adsorption recovery from high-pressure separator
gas, or combinations of these. Three divergent but typical
gas-distillate well streams classified as lean, rich, and very
rich are considered. The factors evaluated for each process on
each stream are: liquid recovery efficiency, optimum separation
conditions, gross operating incomes generated by increased recovery
efficiency, differential expenses associated with increased
recovery efficiency, the pattern for payback of increased
investment, and the rate of return on the increased investment.
I. Effects - Economic 779
-------
J. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
00110
B. I. Larsen
DETERMINING SOURCE REDUCTION NEEDED TO MEET AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS. Proc. (Part I) Intern, Clean Air Cong.,
London, 1966. (Paper HI/8.) pp. 60-U.
Air pollutant concentrations can be expressed as a function of
location, averaging time, and frequency that a certain
concentration is exceeded. Concentration data can be used with
air quality standards to calculate the overall source reduction
needed to meet a standard. The calculations can be refined to
consider the effects of future growth, rural background
concentrations, secondary pollutants arising from photochemical and
other atmospheric interactions, and the contribution from each
source or source type in a city. (Author)##
00111
E. Sawicki, H. Johnson and M. Morgan
COMPARISON OF FLUORIMETRIC METHODS OF ASSAY FOR
7H-BENZ(DE) AHTHRACEN-7-ONE IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATES AND AIR
POLLUTION SOURCE EFFLUENTS. Mickrochim. Acta (2) 297-306
1968.
Various modifications of a thin-layer chromatography fluoriaetric
method for the determination of 7H-benz (de)anthracen-7-one (BO)
and phenalen-1-one (PO) in complex mixtures have been compared.
The best modifications consisted of one-dimensional thin-layer
chromatography followed by elution, solution in trifluoriacetic
acid, followed by either spectrophotofluorimetric of fluorimetric
assay. In some cases a quenching agent was necessary to quench
the fluorescence of the interferences. Urban atmospheres and air
pollution source effluents can be analyzed by these micromethods.
These methods with slight modification could be applied to the
determination of the aza heterocyclic and the other ring-carbonyl
compounds found in urban atmospheres and air pollution source
effluents. (Author)f#
00241
R.W. Burn D.E. Seizinger
AIR POLLDTIOS INVENTORY - ENTER THE DIESEL. Proc. Am.
Petrol. Inst., U5(111):127-132, Hay 1965. (Presented at the
30th Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum Inst. Div. of
Refining, Montreal, Canada, May 10, 1965.)
761
-------
Exhaust gases from truck-type diesel engines tested on a
dynamometer stand were shown to involve hydrocarbons, oxides of
nitrogen, and formaldehyde in significant quantities. Without
reference to similar modes of operation, each class of pollutant
was found to be generated in the diesel combustion in
concentrations comparable to concentrations found in automotive
(gasoline—powered) equipment. Although some trends in the data
were observed, the experimental program was not extensive enough
to justify conclusions regarding effects of fuels, engine design,
or mode of engine operation. In comparing present findings with
previously published information, the authors have noted
interpretations of data that do not readily reflect the significant
magnitudes of diesel emissions. Both the real contribution of
diesels to air pollutant loading and the participation of these
pollutants in the photochemical system should be weighed more
carefully. (Authors' abstract)##
00251
L. R. Reckner, W. E, Scott and W. F. Biller
THE COMPOSITION AND ODOB OF DIESEL EXHAUST. Proc. Am.
Petrol. Inst. 45 (111):133-1 HI, Hay 1965. (Presented at the
30th Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum Inst. Division of
Befining, Montreal, Canada, May 10, 1965.)
Sampling and analysis techniques are described for determining
light hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, formaldehyde, acrolein,
total aldehydes, total particulate, and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust. Using the techniques described,
results are reported on the composition of exhaust from two diesel
engines, a two— and a four-cycle, under a variety of operating
conditions. Smoke ratings using different techniques are also
reported and compared to total particulate results. No
correlation was found between smokemeter ratings and particulate
loadings at other than black smoke conditions. Human panel
observations of exhaust odor are being made as part of a
continuing program, but no panel data are reported. (Authors'
abstract) tt
00447
W. H. Toliver, Sr. and H. L. Morris
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT AND ORGANIC GASES IN A 30-DAY
MANNED EXPERIMENT. Aerospace Bed. 37(3):233-238, Mar. 1966.
Chemical analyses of the permanent gases and the trace volatile
organic constituents were performed on a 30—day manned
experiment. This experiment was primarily concerned with the
feasibility of providing a suitable atmosphere for three men. The
major portion of the oxygen required by the subjects was obtained
from their exhaled carbon dioxide by means of the Sabatier
process. The primary instrumentation used was the gas
chromatograph. The adjunct instrumentation was infrared
spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry. Consideration is given
to the sampling and analytical procedures used. Organic compounds
unique to space cabin and evaluator studies are reported.
Indications of future gas chromatography methodology are given.**
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00531
C. B. Robinson, F. L. Meadows, and J. J. Henderson
AIR POLLUTION PATTERNS IN THE GREATER BIRMINGHAM AREA.
Preprint. 1965.
In 1962, the Alabama Respiratory Disease and Air Pollution
Study was initiated to determine the prevalence of various
pulmonary disorders and to relate these findings with air quality
data. This paper describes part of the aerometric effort begun in
December 1963 in the Greater Birmingham Area. Samples for
analysis of suspended particulate, dustfall, sulfation, and 2
-------
00625
E. Sawicki, J. E. Meeker, and M. J. Horgan
THE QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION OF AIH POLLUTION SOURCE EFFLUENTS IN
TERMS OF AZA HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS. Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution 9, 291-8,
1965.
Eleven heterocyclic compounds and twelve polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons have been determined in the effluents from the stack
of a coal-heated residence, in effluents from two industrial
sources and in air contaminated with coal-tar-pitch fumes. These
compounds were present in extremely large amounts. In addition
to the hydrocarbon carcinogens, such as benzo (a)pyrene and
benzo(a)anthracene, some aza heterocyclic carcinogens were found,
e.g., dibenz (a,h)acridine, dibenz(a,j)acridine, and some possibly
carcinogenic alkylbenz(c)acridines. A large number of the other
aza heterocyclic compounds were present but were not determined
because of the unavailability of standards. (Author abstract)II
00682
W. Ingram, J. R. McCarroll, E. J. Cassell, and
D. Wolter
HEALTH AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT (AIR POLLUTION AND FAMILY
ILLNESS: II. TWO ACUTE AIR POLLUTION EPISODES IN NEW YORK
CITY). Arch. Environ. Health Vol. 10 (2) :364-366, Feb.
1965. (Presented at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb.
10-11, 1964.)
Article briefly describes two air pollution episodes in New
York bScity, October 10-27, 1963 and November 8-December 4,
1962. The factors of meteorological conditions (and similarities)
are considered in the study; also relative concentrations of S02
and hydrocarbon content.##
00689
G. E. Moore, W. B. Drowley, and M. Katz
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN URBAN ATMOSPHERES IN
ONTARIO. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. Vol.
16 (9) :492-497, Sept. 1966. (Presented at the 58th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto,
Canada, June 20-24, 1965, Paper No. 65-116.)
In Canada a considerable number of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons has been extracted from particulate samples
collected from the atmospheres of Windsor, Ottawa, Montreal and
Vancouver, and the presence of 3,4-benzpyrene has been confirmed
qualitatively, and, in a few cases, quantitatively but the samples
have been collected somewhat at random and primarily for the
purpose of developing analytical methods. This paper describes
the results of a comprehensive sampling programme and the
concentrations of a number of polynuclear aromatics found in the
atmospheres of over 20 Ontario cities and towns.#f
784 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
living organisms, quality of the land, water, and air resources.
Not only must large sums of money be spent to restore the
quality of man's environment, but it must be done quickly. The
quality of air is determined by the uses made of air and by the
pollutants injected into it by man. While some air contamination
results from pesticides and chemical manufacturing the greatest
degradation results from the use of air to support combustion.
Principal pollutants from combustion for the development of
energy and the propulsion of motor vehicles, and the manufacture of
goods are liquid and solid particles, oxides of S and N, organic
vapors, C02 and CO. The pollutant released in
largest quantities throughout the nation is S02, amounting to
23,300,000 tons a year. The quality of air within a given air
shed depends upon the nature of pollutants, the quality of the air
supply and the geographical and meteorological factors affecting
the movement and dispersal of contaminants. One result of
multiple pollution sources is the combination of N oxides and
organic vapors in the presence of sunlight, resulting in
photochemical air pollution i.e. ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate
(PAN), aldehydes, and organic acids. The resulting pollution
effects are metal corrosion, building and fabric deterioration,
cracking of rubber, visibility reduction, forest and agriculture
damages, livestock injury health problems, and the spoiling of air
environment. The recognized importance of these effects, the
recognition of air pollution as a social problem, and the
enactment of legislation to control air quality has occurred at
both state and national levels.##
00727
L. DeMaio M. Corn
POLYNUCLEAR AHOMATIC HYDROCARBONS ASSOCIATED HITH PiRTICDLATES
IN PITTSBURGH AIE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
16(2):67-71, Peb. 1966. (Presented at the 58th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto,
Canada, June 20-24, 1965, Paper No. 65-37.)
A sampling method which separately collected "respirable" and
"non-respirable" particulates was used in conjunction with a new
method of analysis to study the aromatic polynuclear hydrocarbon
content of suspended particulates in the air of Pittsburgh
during summer and winter months. Gas chromatography was
successfully used for the first time to analyze airborne
particulates for polycyclic hydrocarbon content. After benzene
extraction of a particulate sample the time required,
benz (a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo (k)fluoranthene, benzo (a)pyrene,
and benzo (e)pyrene in respirable and non-respirable sample
fractions are presented in terms of micograms/1000 cubic meter
of air, micrograms/g suspended particulate, and micrograms/g
benzene soluble fraction. More than three-fourths by weight of
the hydrocarbons studied were associated with respirable
particulates, i.e., material collected on the filter stage of the
sampling apparatus. Concentrations of all polycyclics except
pyrene and benz (a)anthracene were greater in winter than in summer.
The concentration of the highly carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene
was found to vary from 0.8 micrograms to 37.4 micrograms/1000
cubic meter. Approximately 60% of the 94 urban sites samples
in 1959 by Sawicki were characterized by values below this
average. In general, the profile of concentrations of the
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons studied, with the exception
of benz(a)anthracene, was quantitatively similar to those
J. Air Quality Measurements 785
-------
reported by Savicki for other American cities.
Benz(a)anthracene was found to be present in Pittsburgh air at
a concentration exceeding that of any other compound studies.
Concentrations of benz(a)anthracene in other American cities
are not reported in the literature and this new result awaits
confirmation by analysts elsewhere. Presumably, lack of interest
in this compound stems from its lower capacity for carcinogenesis
relative to benzo(a)pyrene. (Author's summary)##
00730
E.M- Ilgenfritz, J.F. Shively, M.E. Krienke
SURVEYING AIR QUALITY AT DOH CHEHICAL COMPANY (AIR POLLUTION
CONTHOL ENGINEERS EXPLAIN). Air Eng., 7(10):20-28, Oct. 1965
(Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-2U, 1965.)
An 18-station survey program was established in 1958 for
Midland, Michigan, headquarters of The Dow Chemical Company
and location of the Midland Division. This site contains
a chemical complex with over 500 organic and inorganic chemical
processes. Measurements of dustfall sulfation, sulfur dioxide,
suspended dust, stain index, chlorides, hydrocarbons and corrosion
are recorded and correlated with meteorological data. Air
Pollution complaint data are also recorded both within the plant
and in the community and form a part of this surveillance
program. (Author's abstract)#f
00739
C.E. Zimmer E.I. Larsen
CALCULATING AIR QUALITY AND ITS CONTEOL, J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 15 (12) :565-572, Dec. 1965. (Presented at the
58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965.)
Air quality is shown as a function of averaging times of five
minutes to one year for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, oxidant, and sulfur
dioxide in Chicago, Cincinnati, Los Angeles, New Orleans,
Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington, D. C.
Concentrations are approximately lognormally distributed for all
pollutants in all cities for all averaging times. Maximum
concentration is inversely proportional to averaging time to an
exponent. The exponent is a function of the standard geometric
deviation. General air quality and control parameters are derived
and shown for one example, nitrogen oxides in Washington, D. C.
These values are compared to one air quality standard. (Authors'
abstract)##
00802
I.H. Williams
AN ATMOSPHERIC SURVEY OF CHILLIHACK, BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Preprint. 1963.
786 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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A one-year study of the air pollution level of the City of
Chilliwack has been completed. Methods employed and data
collected for dustfall, sulfation rates, soiling index,
hydrogen sulfide, oxidants and total hydrocarbons are
presented. Difficulties experienced in the determination of
very low oxidant levels are discussed. The results obtained
indicate that the City is particularly free of air pollutants
and thus will serve as a suitable base for comparative
studies on the relationship between air pollution and other
factors in the prevalence of certain chronic respiratory diseases.
(Author abstract)##
008H7
J.D. Williams N.G. Edmisten
AN AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE NASHVILLE METROPOLITAN
AREA. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of
Air Pollution. Sept. 1965. 160 pp.
GPO: 822-811-8, HEW: 999 AP - 18
This report is based on the numerous technical and scientific
papers resulting from a major study of air pollution and effects
made in Nashville, Tennessee, by the Public Health Service,
Vanderbilt University, and state and local agencies during
1958-59. These papers have been supplemented by field
investigations to complete the background information needed for
preparation of an air resource management program plan. The
report summarizes a number of the technical and scientific papers
and uses all of them to develop new concepts as well as unify new
and old approaches to air pollution control in preparation
of the air resource management program plan. Air quality
goals and the means to reach those goals are suggested.
Supporting data are provided and methodology adapted for relating
air quality goals to control of emissions. Methods for predicting
air pollutant levels by use of mathematical models are presented.
Public opinion survey results and their implications for the air
resource management program are given. The report has specific
use for development of an air resource management program in
Nashville and general use for program development and reference
in many other places. (Author abstract)##
01010
A REPORT TO THE LEGISLATURE ON AIR POLLUTION IN COLORADO.
Colorado State Dept. of Public Health, Denver. Feb. 5,
1964. 66 pp.
A series of studies by the State Department of Public Health,
local health departments and other interested agencies and
groups led to the present Colorado Air Pollution Law calling
for the State Department of Public Health to study the air
pollution problem and to recommend ambient air standards and
control measures. Colorado is experiencing a rapid growth of
population, urbanization and sources of air pollution, and
meteorological and topographical features over much of the State
are conducive to the development of serious air pollution
conditions. With the assistance of the Colorado Air Pollution
Advisory Committee, the State Dept. of Public Health has
recommended standards for ambient air quality in the State. Air
quality monitoring programs in six of Colorado's largest cities
J. Air Quality Measurements 787
-------
were conducted and much information about the extent and nature
of the air pollution problem was obtained. Three monitored
areas (Denver Metropolitan Area, Boulder and Pueblo)
definitely do not meet the ambient air quality standards
established and one (Grand Junction) might not meet the
standards. The geographical air pollution basins of the areas
that do not meet the standards have been outlined, with the
exception of Boulder. The geographical boundaries for Boulder
will be determined at an early date. Measures for the abatement
of air pollution within the State have been recommended and are
listed. (Author summary)##
01089
V. J. Konopinski and I. J. Schafer
ORGANIC LEAD - CINCINNATI 1964. Preprint. 1964.
The u.S, Public Health Service and Kettering Laboratory
cooperated in making this study to obtain additional data on the
concentration of alkyl lead compounds in the atmosphere by varying
the sample air volumes. Two different locations in Cincinnati
were used to obtain ambient air samples. Particulate lead was
removed from the air by millipcre filters while scrubbers filled
with iodine crystals served to separate out the organic lead
compounds. Analysis for organic lead was by wet-chemistry
techniques. Results corroborated the findings of Cholak and
associates that organic lead compounds are present in the air in
very small concentrations.##
01202
H. Nolan
A SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION IN COMMUNITIES ABOUND THE JOHN F.
KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIHPORT (Sept. - Oct. 1964).
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
Pollution. June 1966. 82 pp.
GPO,HEH: 826-792-2
A 1-month air-quality study was conducted in the communities
adjacent to John F. Kennedy Airport in Queens and Nassau
Counties, New York, from September 24 to October 24, 1964.
Eight sampling stations were located in the area. Limited
measurements of particulate matter and hydrocarbons, and odor
observations yielded some evidence to indicate that aircraft
operations contributed a small amount to particulate and
hydrocarbon concentrations and to odor occurrence. Concentrations
of particulates, odors, and hydrocarbons at the sampling stations
were substantial and came from many sources in the metropolitan
area. Thus, the small variations that occurred in measured air
quality were not significantly correlated to aircraft emissions on
a statistical basis. The number and percentage of jet aircraft
using water injection during takeoff decreased markedly from
1963 to 1964 at the J. F. Kennedy Airport; therefore, smoke
emissions caused by water injection have been reduced. This
downward trend is expected to continue. Meteorological conditions
during the study were near normal for this period of the year.
Poor conditions for atmospheric dispersion were experienced for a
788 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
5-day period; however, no prolonged severe atmospheric stagnation
occurred. Therefore, air contaminant concentrations that would
exist under extremely adverse meteorological conditions could not
be measured. The limited, modest studies did not show any
difference in the characteristics of particulates emitted from jet,
diesel, or gasoline engines.##
01270
H. Katz
QUALITY STANDARDS FOE AIB AND HATER. Occupational Health Rev.
(Ottawa) 17(1):3-8, 1965. (Presented at the Occupational
Health and Safety Conference, Canadian Congress of Labour,
North Bay, Ontario, Nov. 16, 196U).
Author reiterates air quality standards and threshold limit values
for gases and vapors (ppm) in the USSR and USA: ambient air
quality standards and workroom air threshold limit values for some
gases (carbon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ethylene,
ozone, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide); air quality
standards and threshold limit values for solids or liquids; and
comparative ambient air quality standards for particulate matter.
Data are given for California, Oregon, USSR, Czechoslovakia
and Best Germany.**
01U71
S. P. McPherson, E. Sawicki, and F. T. Fox
CHARACTERIZATION AND ESTIMATION OF N-ALKANES IN AIRBORNE
PAHTICULATES. J. Gas Chromatog., Vol. 4:156-159, April
1966.
A system is presented for the characterization and analysis of
atmospheric n-alkanes, C15 to C28. Several(atmospheric samples
obtained from Nashville have been analyzed for these compounds.
Their importance is derived from their reported cocarcinogenicity.
(Author abstract)##
01736
A. P. Altshuller, T. A, Bellar, C. A. Clemens, and E.
Vanderzanden
METHANE COMPOSITION OF DHBAN ATMOSPHERES. Intern. J. Air
Water Pollution 8, 29-35, 1961.
Hethane levels have been determined in Los Angeles, Cincinnati,
Chicago, and Washington, B.C., by analysis with flame
ionization gas-solid chromatography. Samples were analysed
directly from the atmosphere and after collection in d variety of
flexible containers. Most of the concentrations of methane
measured in urban atmospheres are in the range between 1,5 and
2.5 ppm. However, values ranging from slightly below 1.2 ppm to
6 ppm are observed. The geophysical methane level appears to be
in the 1.0 to 1.2 ppm range. (Author abstract)##
J. Air Quality Measurements 789
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01830
R. B. Brice and J. H. Ludwig
THE DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICULAR AIP POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
Preprint. (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June
20-24, 1965, Paper 65-21.)
The contribution of automotive vehicular emissions to air
pollution and the magnitude of the effects of these emissions have
been well documented in Los Angeles County and to a lesser
extent throughout the State of California. Data are
presented which show the presence of photochemical "smog" and
prevalence of "smog" in eastern communities is not as high as in
Los Angeles; however, evidence from most large cities where
atmospheric pollutants have been measured shows some photochemical
activity with production of oxidants throughout the year and severe
"smog" when adverse meteorological conditions occur. Plant damage
of the types associated with photochemical pollutants has been
observed in many areas throughout the country and further indicates
the presence of adverse levels of motor-vehicle-derived
pollutants. Source surveys in a number of cities in the United
States show that motor vehicles are responsible for very
appreciable amounts of the total emissions of hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. The facts presented
clearly point to potential problems under current conditions and
problems of increasing severity as population densities and use of
motor vehicles increase. (Author abstract)##
01912
D. A. Lynn and T. B. HcBullen.
AIR POLLUTION IN SIX MAJOR U.S. CITIES AS MEASURED EY THE
CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING PROGRAM (CAMP). J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 16, (4) 186-90, Apr. 1966. (Presented at the
58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965, Paper No. 65-92.)
Data obtained by the Continuous Air Monitoring Program
(CAMP) in six cities during 2 years are summarized. Six
gaseous pollutants were monitored in Cincinnati, Chicago, New
Orleans, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.
during 1962 and 1963. The data serve as a basis for describing
several contrasts and similarities in the nature of air pollution
experienced in six cities, which represent a broad geographical and
climatological range of urban environments. Specific topics
covered are: typical pollutant levels, patterns of daily and
seasonal variations, and unusual phenomena such as atmospheric
stagnation periods and photochemical smog formation. (Author
abstract)##
01949
P. I. Hildebrand and H. L. Stockman
AIR QUALITY IN CLARK COUNTY, WASHINGTON. Washington State
Dept. of Health, Olympia, Division of Environmental Health, 74 PP.
790 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
1-
-------
This is a report on a community air pollution survey which began
Feb. 1, 1961 and which was conducted in cooperation with the
Clark County Air Pollution Committee and the Clark-Skamania
Health District. The following findings, and conclusions, are
given. Clark County air pollution problems are primarily
restricted to localized areas in the immediate vicinity of specific
sources. Existing nuisance conditions and the potential for an
area-wide problem in the near future warrant corrective and
preventive action on the part of the community. air pollution
concentrations in Portland, Oregon are demonstrably higher than
those measured in Clark County leading to the conclusion that
area—wide pollution in the County will increase as community
development progresses. Air pollution effects that can be
established include fallout of solid materials, odor, soiling, and
esthetic considerations. Heating and transportation make
significant contributions to the total problem. Gaseous emissions
and concentrations have not been studied sufficiently to establish
their effects upon the community. Local legislation is presently
inadequate to control the problem on either a corrective or
preventive basis. This report recommends that an air pollution
control district, as provided for by the laws of the State of
Washington, be established encompassing Clark County and the
cities of Vancouver and Camas.ff
01980
A. P. Altshuller and T. A. Bellar
GAS CHBOHATOGBAPHIC ANALYSIS' OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE LOS ANGELES
ATMOSPHERE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (2) 81-7,
Feb. 1963. (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Chicago, 111., Bay 20-24,
1962.)
Almost 900 gas chromatographic analyses for hydrocarbons were
made on 3 ml gas samples collected directly from the atmosphere
outside the monitoring station at the San Pedro Street
Laboratory. Analyses were made on a molecular sieve column for
methane; on a silica gel column for ethane, ethylene, acetylene,
propane, propylene, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, and isopentane;
or on a carbowax column for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,
p-, and o-xylene. A concentration range for 0.005 to U ppm was
covered for the various hydrocarbons in these analyses. The gas
chromatograph was operated as a monitoring instrument with samples
manually injected for analysis every 15 to 20 minutes. It was
demonstrated that rapid repetitive analyses of small-volume
samples taken directly from polluted atmospheres are possible with
gas chromatographs equipped with flame ionization detectors. A
wide variety of hydrocarbons can be analyzed. It appears that
monitoring gas chromatographs should be entirely feasible for
atmospheric hydrocarbon analyses. Data now available indicate
that only a small part of the hydrocarbons present in the
atmosphere are highly reactive in producing smog manifestations.
The fraction of hydrocarbons present that are moderately to slight
reactive is several times greater than the highly reactive
fraction: a majority of the hydrocarbons present in the atmosphere
are essentially inert in smog-producing reactions. This wide
variation in the reactivity of hydrocarbon species makes it very
difficult to interpret results from infrared of flame ionization
hydrocarbon analyzers for total atmospheric hydrocarbons or
organics. Both instruments, and especially the infrared one, give
J. Air Quality Measurements 791
-------
the paraffinic hydrocarbons much more weight than is warranted by
their reactivities. This intrinsic disadvantage will prevail
until more specific nonitoring instruments are developed for the
various hydrocarbon series.f#
01981
4. P. Altshuller and I. Cohen
THE GAS PHASE REACTIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES HITH OLEFINS.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution 4, (1/2) 55-69, 1961.
(Presented at the 134th Annual Meeting, American Chemical
Society, Chicago, 111., Sept. 1958)
The nature of the condensation products formed in the gas phase
reactions of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide with pentene-1,
2-methylbutene-2, and 2-methylbutadiene-1,3 was investigated.
The reactants were combined at partial pressures in the range of
0.1 to 2.5 mm with the total pressure at one atmosphere. The
products were determined by infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy
and colorimetry. The condensates included primary and
secondary nitro compounds and alkyl nitrates. Strong hydroxyl
and singld bond carbon to oxygen stretching vibrations indicate the
presence of either nitroalcohols or simple aliphatic alcohols
formed through oxidation reactions. Carbonyl stretching
frequencies observable in some of the reactions support the
conclusion that a portion of the reactants disappear
by oxidation rather than by nitration processes. The available
results do not indicate the presence of appreciable amounts of
tert.-nitrocompounds, conjugated nitro-olefins, or
gem—dinitroalkanes. The reactivities of the olefins with the
nitrogen oxides are in the decreasing order:
2-methylbutadiene-1,3, 2-methylbutene-2, pentene-1. (Author
abstract) #t
02061
H. Watanabe and K. Tomita.
CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF OSAKA CITY.
Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966.
(Paper VII/5). pp. 226-8.
During the two-year period from September 1963 to August 1965
local and seasonal variation in the concentration of benzo (a)pyrene
(BaP) in the atmosphere in the district of Osaka City was
determined. Hydrocarbons in the sample were extracted by
benezene for about 10 hours. Utilizing column chromatography with
active alumina, 22 fractions of the extract were obtained. The
nature of the hydrocarbons in each fraction was determined by
ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Thin-layer chromatography
(silica gel) was used to measure the concentration of hydrocarbons.
BaP concentration in the dustfall (micrograms/sq m/month) in
respect of various sample districts varied; industrial area 10.8,
commercial area 7.3, residential area 5.2, suburban residential
area 2.4. Seasonal variations of BaP were found to be 14.8 in
the winter, 8.5 in the autumn, 4.7 in the spring and 3.0 in the
summer. BaP concentration in the suspended matter microgram/1000
cum air in the commercial district was 14.0 in the winter, 9.4 in
the autumn, 5,7 in the spring and 2.7 in the summer. In the
792 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
suspended matter collected in the street crossing in the
commercial district, with heavy automobile traffic, during the
winter period the BaP concentration was 20 to 50 microgram-1000
cum air and higher than the corresponding BaP concentration in
the industrial district. The ratio of BaP concentration to that
of other polycyclic hydrocarbons was (setting BaP as 100):
pyrene 90, fluoranthene 105, 1.2-benzanthracene 20, 1.12-
benzperylene 95. (Author abstract)##
02129
A. P. Altshuller
AIR POLLUTION. Anal. Chem. 35, (5) 3E-10E, Apr. 1963.
Author presents a literature review in the field of air pollution,
January, 1961 to February 1962. There are two hundred forty
(240) references.##
02169
02169
S. S. Epstein, n. Small, J. Koplan, N. Hantel, H. L.
Falk, and E. Sawicki.
PHOTODYNAMIC BIOASSAY OF POLYCYCLIC AIR POLLUTANTS. Arch.
Environ. Health.
Fifteen fractions of organic atmospheric particulates from
several American cities were bioassayed for photodynamic
activity, and results obtained were expressed as apparent potencies
relative to an arbitrary benzo (a)pyrene standard. All six crude
benzene extracts assayed showed photodynamic activity, with a
correlation evident between apparent relative potencies as
chemical analysis. Five aliphatic fractions were photodynamically
inactive. The single aromatic fraction tested had high activity.
Three oxygenated fractions showed photodynamic activity, despite
the absence from them of benzo (a)pyrene and other polycyclic
hydrocarbons of known structure commonly found in atmospheric
particulates. Such oxygenated fractions are reportedly
carcinogenic. In recovery experiments, the constituents of
neither crude benzene extracts nor oxygenated fractions interfered
with the activity of added benzo (a)pyrene. Photodynamic bioassay
of nine other polycyclic hydrocarbons commonly found in atmospheric
particulates showed that their activities and/or atmospheric
particulates showed that their activities and/or
atmospheric concentrations, generally, were so limited as not to
contribute materially to the potencies of the air samples. This
pilot study suggests that photodynamic bioassay may provide a
rapid, simple, and economical biological index of potential
carcinogenic hazard attributable to polycyclic hydrocarbons.
The utility of the assay for this purpose should be further
evaluated. (Author summary)##
J. Air Quality Measurements
-------
02210
J.P. Lodge, Jr. E.D. Barber
THE IDENTIFICATION OF ALIPHATIC AHINES IN AIH AS THEIR BENZAHIDES
BY PAPER CHROHATOGRAPHY. &nal. Chim. Acta 24, 235-40, 1961.
A method is described for the separation of amines as their
benzamides by paper chromatography. Data are given on separations
in two systems. Homologous benzamides from C1 to C10 are best
separated on S 5 S 2040a paper. When radiocarbon labelled
benzamides were chromatographed and placed on x-ray film for
eight to ten days with subsequent development of the
radioautograph, the lower limit of identification was found to be
ca. 2.5 micrograms of each benzamide. The results of
analysis for amines in two samples of air particulate matter, and
one of atmospheric vapors are presented. (Author summary)##
02225
E. Sawicki, W.C. Elbert, T.R. Hauser, F-T. Fox,
T.B. Stanley
BENZO(A)PYRENE CONTENT OF THE AIR OF AMERICAN COMMUNITIES.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 21, (6) 443-51, Dec. 1960.
(Presented at the 21st Annual Meeting, American Industrial
Hygiene Association, Rochester, N.Y., Apr. 1960.)
Examination of the benzpyrene content in the air of 131 urban
and non-urban areas in various parts of the country has disclosed
that benzpyrene is universally present. Samples from sites in
urban areas yielded higher concentrations of benzpyrene in the
air and in air borne particulates than those from nonurban
areas. The concentration of benzpyrene at these sites was found
to vary from 0.01 to 61 micro grams per 1000 cu m of air. A
12-month study of the atmospheric benzpyrene concentration in nine
large, widely separated American cities has shown that, for the
majority, the concentration of benzpyrene in airborne
particulates and in the air is at the highest level during the
winter months and at the lowest level during the summer months.
The concentration of benzpyrene in the benzene-soluble
fractions of particulates from the air of different urban and
nonurban areas varied from 0.00093 to 0.26 %. The concentration
of benzpyrene in the airborne particulates of urban and
nonurban areas varied from 0.00001 to 0.04155. In cigarette tar,
the concentration of benzpyrene is in the range of 0.00002 to
0.00001%. (Author summary modified)##
02239
P.I. Larsen V.J. Konopinski
SUMNER TUNNEL AIR QUALITY. Arch. Environ. Health 5, 597-608,
Dec. 1962, (A revision of a paper presented at the session on
Constituents of Motor Vehicle Exhaust at the Research
Conference on Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions and Their
Effects, Southern California Univ., Los Angeles, Dec. 5,
1961.)
794 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Aerometric studies of the Boston Sumner tunnel were conducted
in July and Sept., 1961. The 35,000 vehicles/day that
traveled this 2-way tunnel produced an average carbon monoxide
concentration of VOppm. in the tunnel, with instantaneous peaks
as high as 257 ppm. The soiling index values in Cohs/1000ft. of
air were approximately 1 for tunnel inlet air, 2 for the
toll station, and 4 for tunnel outlet air. The amount of
pollutants/cehicle mile of tunnel travel were: carbon monoxide
60 gm, total suspended 0.36, organic suspended 0.16, and
particulate lead 0.31. The relative significance of vehicular
exhaust on outdoor concentrations was estimated for the
suspended particulates measured. Ranked in order from most to
least significant, the 1st several pollutants were caronene,
benzo(a pyrene; benzo (g,h,i)perylene, lead total organics, iron,
titanium, and total suspended particulate.##
02317
W.J. Basbagill J.L. Dallas
AIH QUALITY IN BOSTON, HASSACHDSETTS (NOVEMBEH-DECEMBEB 1963).
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
Pollution. Nov. 1964. 55 pp.
A short-term air contamination pilot study was conducted using a
mobile air-sampling laboratory. This laboratory, designed and
constructed by the Technical Assistance Branch, Division of
Air Pollution, Public Health Service, contains continuous
automatic equipment for monitoring air quality, manual air-sampling
equipment, meteorological instrumentation, and laboratory
facilities. This mobile laboratory was used to: (1) obtain
comprehensive measurements of gaseous and particulate air
contaminants at a single test site, (2) train air-contamination
investigators in the application of methodology, (3) evaluate and
compare air-contamination measurement techniques, and (4) enhance
public awareness of the air-contamination problem to encourage
support for local air-contamination control and monitoring
programs.tt
02340
AIR QUALITY DATA FROM THE NATIONAL AIS SAMPLING NETHOHKS AND
CONTBIBDTING STATE AND LOCAL NETWORKS 1964-1965. Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air
Pollution pp. 128, 1966.
The Air Quality Section of the Public Health Service's
Division of Air Pollution, with the assistance and cooperation
of state and local agencies, carries on a variety of air sampling
activities to obtain information about air quality in the United
States. This report summarizes data gahtered during 1964 and
1965 at nearly 300 stations that gathered bi-weekly samples of
suspended particulate matter, about 30 stations that gathered
bi-weekly samples of two gaseous pollutants, and another seven
stations that continuously monitored six gaseous pollutants,
suspended particulates and soiling index. This volume also
continues the policy of including summaries of data contributed by
state and local agencies that operate their own air sampling
networks. This effort to bring together in one publication as
•uch air quality data as possible is particularly important in
J. Air Quality Measurements 795
-------
light of the continuing rapid expansion of state and local
sampling activities. In addition to the basic data on suspended
particulates and gases, data on several fractions of the
particulate matter are included herein. (Author abstract)##
02351
G.R. Hilst J.G. Bryan
PRELIMINARY METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL AIR SAHPLING
NETWORK DATA. VOL. II. COMPARISON AND INTEHPRETATION OF RESULTS
(FINAL REFT.). Travelers Research Center, Inc., Hartford,
Conn. (Rept. TRC-19). Jan. 1962. 72 pp.
This report is the second of a two-volume presentation of the
analysis of relationships between particulate pollution levels
and concomitant meteorological variables, both measured in urban
areas. Data from 51 stations for the period 1957 through 1959
have been used for these analyses. The methodology for
statistical discernment of the relationships between urban
pollution levels and the meteorological variables observed
routinely at nearby D.S. Weather Bureau stations for
each area has been presented in Volume I. The results of
application of these analytical techniques have also been presented
there. In the present volume the comparison and
interpretation of these results are presented and
suggestions for future studies are outlined.##
02587
0. L. Danetskaya and P. P. Dikun
CONTAMINATION OF THE AIR OF A LARGE CITY WITH CARCINOGENIC
AGENTS. (Zagryaznenie kantserogennymi veshchestvami vozduzhnogo
basseina bol'shogo goroda.) Hyg. Sanit. 29, (7) 121-3, July
1964.
CFSTI: TT65-50023/7
Purpose of study was to determine the main potential industrial
carcinogenic foci in a large city and the recommendation of
measures for reducing the carcinogenic waste of these industries.
These determinations were based on the polynuclear compound,
3,4-benzpyrene. Samples were taken at industrial sites such as
concrete/asphalt plant, tar roofing plant and a rubber
manufacturing facility. Recommendations for reducing the
concentration of carcinogenic agents are: (a) the technical
process should be altered in the direction of the greatest
possible air-tight enclosure of the machine units; (b) all vapors
should be recovered, and (c) old asphalt concrete plants operating
in open yards should be replaced with new plants where the
technical process is carried out in adapted buildings and the
units for drying the ingredients are gasified. Recommendations
for plants engaged in rubber manufacturing are: (a) powdery soot
should be replaced with the granulated form in the rubber
compounds; (b) all carcinogenic ingredients should be excluded
from rubber compounds and replaced with noncarcinogenic
ingredients and; (c) the units should be enclosed as much as
possible.##
796 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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02592
A. V. Mnatskanyan
DATA FOB SUBSTANTIATION OF THE PERHISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF
CHLOROPRENE IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (Baterialy k
obosnovaniyu predel'no dopustimoi kontsentratsii khloroprena v
atmosfernom vozdukhe.) Hyg. Sanit. 29, (9) 14-8, Sept. 1964
CFSTI: TT65-50023/9
Determination was made of the sulfhydryl groups content in the
brain and liver homogenates, as well as of the adnosine
triphosphatase activity of the liver in rats. One group of the
animals had been receiving chloroprene in concentrations of 0.48
plus or minus 0.02. 0.22 plus or minus 0.009 and 0.088 plus or
minus 0.004 micrograms/cu me throughout 60 days and nights, and
thereupon was immediately sacrificed. The other group of rats was
sacrificed 15 days after the completion of the chloroprene
administration. The threshold concentration of chloroprene in the
r
groups was found to be 0.22 micrograms/cu me. The effect produced
by the substance in question on the sulhydryl groups in the brain
homogenates was that of a drop in their content by approximately 10
per cent as compared with control, while the effect on the
adenosine triphosphatase activity in the liver manifested itself in
the enhanced enzymic activity which increased approximately 30 per
cent. The chloroprene concentrations under examination produced
no statistically significant shifts in the sulfhydryl groups
content in the liver homogenates. The investigations performed
substantiate the USSR standard for maximum permissible
concentration of chloroprene in the atmospheric air, the standard
providing for the daily average value of 0.08 micrograms/cu me.
(Author abstract)##
02762
L. Dubois, R.G. Reynolds, T. Teichman, J.L. Honkman
THE HYDROCARBON CONTENT OF URBAN AIR - A SIX HONTH SURVEY.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (.8) 295-8, Aug. 1964.
Flame ionization detection, with or without prior gas
chromatographic separation, is probably the best method of
continuously monitoring hydrocarbons in air. It can be used to
monitor concentrations in both external air pollution, and also
in plant atmospheres. Response to changes is rapid, and in air
pollution studies some indication of inversion conditions is
possible. It is planned to carry out future work using both
approaches simultaneously, the gas chromatographic separation, and
the total. It is hoped to operate on a 24 hr. basis to elucidate
any daily trends, such as for example, the occurrence of maxima at
12.00 midnight to 2.00 am.t#
02822
S. Hochheiser and R. E. Wetzel
AIR POLLUTION MEASDREHENTS IN INDIANAPOLIS (JUNE-JULY 1963).
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
J. Air Quality Measurements 797
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Pollution and Bureau of Air Pollution Control, Indianapolis,
Ind. 67 pp., July 1964
The Indianapolis Bureau of Air Pollution Control and the
Division of Air Pollution, U.S. Public Health Service
conducted a joint air pollution study in June and July 1963. A
mobile air sampling laboratory was used in the study. This
laboratory contains continuous automatic equipment for
monitoring air quality, manual air sampling equipment,
meteorological instrumentation, and laboratory facilities. This
mobile laboratory is used mainly to (1) obtain comprehensive
measurements of gaseous and particulate air pollutants at a single
test site in various communities; (2) train air pollution
investigators in the application of methodology; (3) evaluate and
compare air pollution measurement techniques, and (U) enhance
public awareness of the air pollution problem and encourage support
for local air pollution control and monitoring programs. Soae
of the data obtained in this study, such as the range of
concentrations of air contaminants, relationships among levels of
air pollutants, and the relationship of meteorological factors and
air pollution levels are presented here. Detailed tabulations of
air pollution and meteorological measurements are given in the
Appendix. (Author introduction modified)##
02825
T. E. Kreichelt and E. W. Dahle, Jr.
AIH POLLUTION MEASUEEMENTS IN BA1TIMOBE, HD. (MARCH AND APEIL
1964). Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of
Air Pollution and Baltimore City Health Dept., Hd., Bureau
of Industrial Hygiene, Nov. 1964. 58 pp.
GPO: 817-288-2
Air pollution concentrations measured in this brief study are
sufficiently great to justify further planning and development of
an air resource management program in the Baltimore area.
Conclusions based on the limited data of this study are as
follows; Pollution due to particulate matter is higher than
desirable. Atmospheric particulate concentrations exceeded 200
micrograms per cubic meter 5 out of 36 days of the study or 1
-------
The objectives of this survey were: To determine, by means of a
contaminant emission inventory, the relative contribution of the
respective sources of air contamination to the overall loading of
the community atmosphere. To determine population, land use,
agriculture and industrial development trends and the ability of
the air reservoir to idlute and disperse air contaminant emissions.
To extrapolate, from applicable meteorological, air sampling and
source data, the potential atmospheric concentrations of the more
common air contaminants. To assess the effectiveness of
presently applied emission controls and the administrative steps
that have been and can be taken by government agencies to control
both existing and potential air pollution sources.##
02944
E. Sawicki, T. R. Hauser, W. C. Elbert, F. T. Fox, and
J. E. Meeker
POLYNUCLEAH AROMATIC HYDHOCABBOS COMPOSITION OF THE ATHOSPHERE IN
SOHE URGE AHERICAN CITIES. And. Hyg. Assoc. J. 23, 137-
f*, Apr. 1962. (Presented at the Air Pollution Seminar,
American Chemical Society, Chicago, 111., Sept. 1961.)
The air of 14 American cities was examined for the following
polycyclic hydrocarbons: pyrene, benzo (a)pyrene, benzo (e)pyrene,
benzo(k)fluoranthene, perylene, benzo (g, h, i)perylene,
anthanthrene and coronene. Usually, fluoranthene, chrysene, and
benz(a)anthracene were also found in ambient air samples. In all
urban samples the concentration of the polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons was generally greater in winter than in summer. The
ratios of benzo (a)pyrene to benzo (g, h, i)perylene and to
coronene are introduced as possible indicators of air pollution due
to automobile exhaust fumes or coal combustion pollution. (Author
abstract)##
03024
SUMMARY OF DATA FROM THE CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING PROGRAM.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air
Pollution. Oct. 1965, 16 pp.
This report contains data gathered furing 1962, 1963, and 1964,
with the data from 1964 presented more extensively than
data from the earlier years. The annual average
concentrations, the maximum and minimum monthly average
concentration, and the maximum daily concentration of the several
pollutants sonitored are summarized. The minimum daily
average concentration was, in each case, below the minimum
concentration detectable by the instruments. The following
summaries are contained in tables: 1964 average and maximum
pollutant levels in greater detail for the several cities.
Relative cumulatively frequency distributions for 1964 3f basic
CAMP data recoreded at 5-minute intervals, and similar
distribution of data for 1962 and 1963. These frequency
distributions permit the ready determination of the
concentration that was exceeded only 5 percent of the time, the
median concentration. Total oxidant data for 1964 in the
form of the number and percent of day when the macimum hourly total
oxidant concentration equalled or exceeded 0.15, 0.10 and 0.05
ppm, and the average and maximum soiling index levels for 1964.**
J. Air Quality Measurements 799
-------
03027
J. D. Williams, F. D. Haddox, T. 0. Harris, C. M.
Copeley, Jr., and H. Vand Dokkenburg, Jr.
INTERSTATE AIB POLLUTION STUDY PHASE II PROJECT REPORT. VI.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control
66 pp., Dec. 1966
The Air Quality Goals Subcommittee, appointed under provisions
of item 5-A-5 of the Interstate Air Pollution Study Phase
II Project Agreement, reviewed literature, met with
consultants in the air pollution effects field, and selected air
quality goals for consideration by the Project Executive
Committee. The Committee limited its consideration to goals
because it does not have authority to adopt air quality standards,
a function restricted to legally constituted governmental agencies.
The Committee does, however, by approving this report, accept the
consensus of professional and technical personnel. The
explanations of effect levels presented herein were prepared by the
staff of the Public Health Service Technical Assistance
Branch who utilized the advisory resources available within the
Division of Air Pollution. The effects of air pollution as a
program element, is only one part of an air resources management
program. Air pollution effects, air-quality levels, and pollutant
emissions are the major program elements that provide the basis
for air quality goals. Actually, if no consideration were given
to the length of time needed to reach goals or to the priorities of
community needs, air pollution effects would be the only prograi
element to be considered in establishing goals. Suggested goals
are listed and are based on the air quality (indicating major
types and amounts of pollutants present) as well as actual and
anticipated effects of air pollutants in the Interstate Air
Pollution Study area. The effects of air pollution have been
considered in this report from the viewpoint of a consultant whose
task has been the development of a set of goals that will meet the
future need of the area. Some of the quantitative relationships
between effects and air quality levels have not yet been
established, but enough is known that a guide for a constructive
air resource management program has been provided for the
Interstate Air Pollution Study area. This guide is intended
to serve the needs of the study area only, and is not intended to
have general application,##
0310«
H.C. Wohlers H. Feldstein
INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE POSSIBLE NEED FOR A PECULATION OS
ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES IN THE SAN
FRANCISCO BAY AREA. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15,
(5) 226-9, Kay 1965.
On the basis of evidence presented, it is concluded that
photochemical smog is a major air pollution problem in the San
Francisco Bay Area. Attempts should be made to reduce
the intensity of photochemical smog effects by controlling the
emission of organic compounds to the atmosphere. In order
to reduce the intensity of photochemical smog effects in the
800 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Bay Area, it is estimated that an 80 percent total reduction of
organic material emitted to the atmosphere is necessary. The
nitrogen oxide problem needs clarification. Because of the
complexity of the photochemical smog reaction in open atmospheres,
technical answers to all phases of the problem are not available.**
03363
H. S, Sokoloskii, Zh. L. Gabinova, B. V. Popov, L. F.
Kachor, and B. S. Levine, "Translator"
SANITARY PROTECTION OF HOSCOW ATMOSPHERIC AIR (O.S.S.R.
LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND RELATED OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES,
VOLUME 14). Moscow Sanitary-Epidemiological Station. 1965.
68 PP.
CFSTI, TT 67-60046
Moscow is a large industrial center with various types of
industries discharging a complex of solid and gaseous, organic and
inorganic chemical substances into the air, causing considerable
damage to the National economy. This work reviews the Moscow
Sanitary Service in its efforts to control air pollution from the
many sources described.**
03404
D. S. Hathews J.J. Schueneman
MANAGEMENT OF DADE COUNTY'S AIR BFSOURCES. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution.
(In cooperation with Florida State Board of Health and Dade
County Dept. of Public Health, Fla.) Oct. 1962. 43 pp.
HEW
Metropolitan Dade County has a long history of being a desirable
area in which to live, work, and play. A great sub-tropical
agricultural industry abounds. Tourism is one of the largest
income producing industries in this area. Population
and urban development are increasing rapidly. In general, these
trends have to reduce agricultural income. Due to the dominance
of tourism and agriculture, economic return has been somewhat
uncertain ahd has not been balanced equally throughout the year.
To compensate for this situation, a significant effort is being
put forth to bring new kinds of income producing activities into
Dade County. A specific proposal has been made to construct
and operate a petroleum refinery near Homsestead as part of an
extensive industrial development. The Dade County Manager
and the Dade County Department of Public Health requested
technical assistance from Florida state Board of Health and the
United States Public Health Service in reviewing the
refinery proposal, evaluating it spossible environmental effects
and in planning a long range air resource management program.
Air pollution aspects are considered and presented herein.
(Author introduction modified)##
J. Air Quality Measurements 801
-------
03109
G. J. Kaschka
AN APPRAISAL OF SIH POLLUTION IN MINNESOTA. Minnesota Dept.
of Health, Minneapolis, (In cooperation with the Public
Health Service.) Jan. 1961. 78 pp.
This appraisal of the air pollution situation in Minnesota
arose from a growing concern about air pollution problems
in the state. Increasing requests for information and assistance
registered with the State Department of Health Service were
obtained concerning methods of conducting a survey which
would establish the nature and extent of the air pollution
problem in the state and indicate what activity is needed on the
part of the state and local governments in meeting the
problem. Data used in preparing this report were obtained
by interviews, direct observation, questionnaires, limited
air sampling, and review of existing information. The appraisal
was made from October 1959 to July 1960.##
03410
A STUDY OF AIH POLLUTION IN MONTANA JULY 1961 - JULY 1962.
Montana State Board of Health, Helena Division of Disease
Control. 1962. 110 pp.
The principal pollutants in the air were determined with the
staff and analytical equipment available to the State Board of
Health and some idea as to the carcinogenic potential of the
materials in the air in the various cities as well as the over-all
characteristics in each of the cities were determined as a
base-line for future reference. Emission inventories are
included.t#
03426
E. C. Tabor, J. E. Meeker, and J. M. Leavitt.
AIR POLLUTION IN ST. BERNARD, OHIO. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution,1958. 17 pp.
HEW
An area survey was conducted in St. Bernard, Ohio. It was
determined that the levels of suspended particulates and crude
organics were considerably higher than that in downtown
Cincinnati for the same days. The average levels of 270
micrograms of suspended particulate per cubic meter of air and
65.5 micrograms of crude organics per cubic meter of air were
somewhat higher than for other communities of size comparable to
St. Bernard. Nitrate and sulfate concentrations also were
slightly higher. The highest levels of sulfur dioxide, while not
high enough to be of great concern, were associated with northerly
winds. On several occasions the level of oxides of nitrogen was
high enough to be detectable by the odor. The large amount of
aliphatic hydrocarbons in the organic matter was very unusual. It
was considerably higher than that from any other community in the
Dnited States for which similar measurements have been reported.
The soiling power of the air was higher when the wind blew from
the North.##
802 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03133
F. A. Bell, Jr., G. Bisel, Jr., T. N. Hushower,
L. B. Perry, F. J. Schuette, and E. Vihman.
FRESNO MR POLLUTION STUDY. Public Health Service,
Washington, D. C., Div. of ftir Pollution; California
State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley; and Fresno County
Health Dept., Calif. July 1960. 25 pp.
HEH
Haze and other air pollution effects have occurred in the
Central Valley of California. In order to answer questions
regarding present pollution levels and to estimate the future
pollution potential of an area which is just beginning to
experience air pollution, Fresno was selected as a representative
growing metropolitan area of the Central Valley. Air pollution
concentration levels together with visibility reduction
measurements and subjective observations indicate that
photochemical smog occurs in the Fresno area. The Fresno rural
station in Kerney Park had AISI particulate matter results
which were in general higher than the results at the Fresno city
station. AISI particulate matter results indicate that episodes
of air pollution occur widely throughout the Valley. Comparisons
of average results from stations at Feesno, at Kearney Park,
Sacramento, Stockton and Bakersfield show that the AISI
results were two to four times higher for the December 3-9 period
than for the September 10-17 period for all stations. An
estimate of pollutants being emitted to the atmosphere indicates
that motor vehicles are the main and most significant sources of
smog-forming raw materials in the Fresno area.##
03U41
CLEAN AIR FOR CALIFORNIA (INITIAL REPORT OF THE AIR POLLDTION
STUDY PROJECT, CALIFORNIA STATE DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH).
California State Dept. of Public Health, San Francisco.
Mar. 1955. 60 pp.
This is an early survey report of the air pollution situation in
California. The body of knowledge, available at that time, on
the growing problems of polluted air is discussed and a plan for
action outlined. Attention is focussed on the air pollution
problem in the Los Angeles area, where eye irritation, plant
damage and other harmful effects, such as discomfort, decreased
visibility and nuisance occur most frequently. Recommendations to
State and local Governmental authorities, to universities and
other research organizations, to the industry and public are made.*
03451
BI-ST&TE STDDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE CHICAGO METROPOLITAN
AREA. Indiana .State Board of Health, Illinois Dept. of
Public Health, Springfield and Purdue Univ. Lafayette, Ind.
1959. 151 pp.
The population of the Chicago area, as a whole, has evidently not
yet experienced great inconvenience because of air pollution.
However, with the increased growth of the area both
population-wise and industrially it is important that knowledge of
the present conditions be obtained to protect the public well-being
and to prevent future conditions that may have an adverse effect
J. Air Quality Measurements 803
-------
upon the citizens of the area. Some of the conclusions resulting
from the Bi-State Study of Air Pollution in the Chicago
Metropolitan Area are: (1) The Chicago Area is an extensive
heterogeneous area consisting of a complexity of domestic,
commercial, and industrial activities which emit a variety of
foreign materials to the atmosphere; (2) Air pollution problems
may transcend local boundaires and reguire intercommunity
cooperation for their solution; (3) Prior studies show an early
awareness of the presence of foreign materials in the atmosphere in
concentrations varying with local and meteorological conditions;
(4) The probable major contributors of material to the air in the
Chicago Metropolitan Area and their probable major emissions
are: (a) Poor community housekeeping - wind-generated
particulate matter; (b) Burning of refuse in open dumps and
backyard incinerators-products from incomplete combustion of
organic and inorganic matter; (c) Residential and small
commercial and industrial heating plants - products from incomplete
combustion of coal; (d) Automobile exhaust - products from
combustion of gasoline; (e) Electric utilities - combustion
products; (f) Domestic and industrial combustion of fuel oil -
combustion products; (g) Primary metals industry - particulate
matter; and (h) Petroleum refineries and gasoline handling
facilities - hydrocarbons.t#
03454
W. C. Cope, Chairman.
SMOKE AND AIR POLLUTION - NEH YORK NEW JERSEY. Interstate
Sanitation Commission, New York City. Feb. 1958, 95 pp.
Pollution in the metropolitan area was studied by: aerial
reconnaissances and photography; and surveys in the communities.
Significant information was collected on: relationships of
meteorology, visibility and pollution; interstate movement of
pollution as indicated by releasing tracer dust in one state and
collecting in the other; amount of vehicle exhaust fumes and
other organic materials in the air; sulfur dioxide
concentration on Staten Island, and ozone on Staten Island and
in Carteret, N.J.; effects of the polluted atmosphere on health,
vegetation, materials and transportation; and a study and
evaluation was made of existing laws in the State of New York,
New Jersey and Connecticut, and other jurisdictions. Air
pollution originating in regions of New York and New Jersey
within the New York Metropolitan Area is interstate in
character, affects public health and comfort adversely, and damages
property. While the control and abatement of air pollution at its
sources is the primary obligation of the states, counties or
municipalities in which it originates, the problems of interstate
air pollution cannot be solved wholly by governmental agencies
independently of one another. The abatement of existing
interstate air pollution and the control of future interstate air
pollution is of prime importance to the persons living and industrj
located in the area affected thereby, and can best be accomplished
through the cooperation of the states involved, by and through a
common agency or instrumentality. An interstate instrumentality,
employing the administrative practices followed by the Interstate
Sanitation Commission in the abatement of interstate water
pollution, should be created to deal with the problems of
interstate air pollution. Drafts of proposed legislation to meet
the situation described in this report should reflect fully the
opinions and needs of many agencies, local governing bodies.
804 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
members of the Legislatures, representatives of industry, and of
the public. There has been insufficient time between the
completion of the study and the submission of this report to afford
opportunity to interested agencies to express their views on the
form which legislation to abate interstate air pollution should
take.##
03458
D. M, Keagy and J. J. Schueneman
AIB POLLUTION IN THE BIBMINGTON, ALABAMA, ABEA. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (Bept.
No. A58-8.) May 1958. 80 pp.
HEW: A58-8
The purposes of this survey were to: (1.) Review the existing
and potential air pollution situations. (2.) Review existing air
pollution control activities; and (3.) Develop recommendations
for organization, staff, facilities, program, and legislation
relative to air pollution control activities. The scope of the
study was limited to consideration of available information
relative to air pollution including: types of activity which
cause pollution, evidences of pollution levels, meteorological and
topographical influences on the dispersion of pollutants, existing
or authorized governmental activity for control of air pollution,
and other relevant community characteristics. The study area was
the boundary of Jefferson County.t#
03462
E. E. Lemke, N. B. Shaffer, and J. A. Verssen
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLDTION DATA FOB LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.,
Engineering Div.
Emission concentrations of pollutants for Los Angeles,
California are given. The levels cited are a result of the
Board of Supervisors of Los Angeles giving the authority
to the Air Pollution Control District - County of Los
Angeles. Also included are sixty-two (62) industrial control
programs started in the Los Angeles area, along with the dates
[installed and the cost.f*
,03504
E, B. Hendrickson, D. M. Keagy, and B. L. Stockman
EVALUATION OF AIB POLLUTION IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON (A JOINT
REPORT WITH THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH-JULY 1
THROUGH NOVEMBER 30, 1956). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. 1957. 165 pp.
The objective of this study was to estimate the current and
potential air pollution problems in the State of Washington and
to provide a basis for the State to determine the appropriate
action it should take. The survey consisted of a study of
J. Air Quality Measurements 805
-------
population distribution and trends, geography and topography,
meteorology and climatology, and existing and potential sources of
pollution. The sources of pollution which were considered include
transportation, domestic activities, agricultural practices,
industrial activities, refuse disposal, out-of-state sources, and
natural sources. In addition, a determination was made of
available resources in the State for research and investigation in
air pollution problems. On the basis of the findings of this
state-wide survey, it is recommended that: (1) Air pollution be
recognized as a matter of State concern. (2) Ways and means of
prevention and control of air pollution, including consideration of
local and regional aspects, be investigated. (3) A continuing
State program include surveillance, study and cooperation and (4)
An agency be designated to represent the State in interstate
and Federal air pollution matters.##
03505
H. D. Hornedo and J. H. Tillman
AIP POLLUTION IN THE EL PASO, TEXAS AREA. El Paso City -
County Health Unit, Texas. 1959. 104 pp.
The primary purpose of this study was to obtain basic scientific
air pollution data concerning the type, extent, source, and effect
of the waste from industry and other air pollution in the El
Paso area. Another purpose was to determine the need and nature
of a permanent air pollution control program. The scope of the
program was limited by two factors; the gathering of those samples
which were within our means to analyze and the collection of
pollutants commonly found in any city.f*
03506
P. A. Kenline
AIB POLLUTION IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (Sept.
A60-6.) 1960. 32 pp.
HEW: A60-6
At the request of the South Carolina Department of Health and
with the cooperation of the Charleston County Health
Department, the Public Health Service made an appraisal of
factors relating to air pollution in the Charleston area. The
purpose of this appraisal was to determine the status of the air
pollution situation, and the need for government activity in
solving air pollution problems. This report is an analysis of
information collected relating to sources of pollutants, dispersion
of pollutants, indication of pollution levels, and the status of
local activity in the air pollution field. Charleston lies in an
area of frequent stagnating high pressure systems - the
meteorological model associated with major air pollution episodes -
and for this reason bears surveillance. However, because of its
proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its level topography,
Charleston usually receives good .ventilation in part because of
the sea breeze. This advantageous phenomenon decreases inland.
The atmospheric pollutants of immediate concern derive from
industrial sources. However, domestic, commercial, and municipal
sources do contribute to the overall pollution load of the
806 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
atmosphere. To date, public complaints relate to nuisances,
particularly industrial odors. There have also been a few
allegations of vegetation and property damage. Measurements by
the Public Health Service's National Air Sampling Network
in the City of Charleston indicate that the particulate loading
is not excessive, as judged by comparison with cities of comparable
size. The sampler is located in the center of the city and is
not indicative of pollution levels in other areas. Of greatest
interest and concern is the North Charleston "neck" which
contains within a limited area a complex of air pollutant sources
and residences. No data are available to indicate pollution
levels in this area, although analysis of the Network data
implies that they are significantly higher than in the city.
There is presently no local or State air pollution program, nor
is there routinely available to the local area any agency with
authority and competence in this field. On the basis of this
appraisal and the general available knowledge relating to air
pollution, the following recommendations are made to the
Charleston County Health Department. (1) Information should
be developed relating in detail to air pollution levels and
sources in the Charleston area, particularly to the north of the
city limits. (2) A modest public education program should be
undertaken. (3) A modest air pollution program should be
developed within the County Health Department.
03526
P. Stocks, B. T. Ccmmins, K. V. Aubrey
A STUDY OF POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN SMOKE IN
MERSEYSIDE AND OTHER NORTHERN LOCALITIES. Intern. J. Air
Water Pollution 4, (3/4) 141-53, 1961.
Smoke samples collected continuously for one or more years by
filter in Merseyside conurbation and elsewhere in northern
England and Wales were analysed for 7 polycyclic hydrocarbons
and 13 trace elements. The locations included seaside and
riversie, small and large towns, a smokeless zone, the Mersey
Tunnel, bus and motor car garages, an office and a steelworks.
The amount of coronene in smoke varied little in town or
country but the higher levels in tunnel smoke and in the
motor garage were sucha s to suggest its usefulness for
measurement of air pollution by motor traffic. In country places
amounts of smoke and of the hydrocarbons were 2 1/2 times as
great in the autumn-winter half of the year as in the spring-
summer half, but in Merseyside, whilst the seasonal ratio for
total smoke was similar, for the hydrocarbons it was about
5 to 1. Indoor office air was less polluted than that outside in
winter, the hydrocarbons showing a seasonal ratio about 4 to 1.
Trace element concentrations in air were all higher in urban
than in country places but only for antimony, vanadium and
molybdenum was the excess relatively greater than for total
ash. Mersey tunnel air contained very much greater amounts of
lead than did the entering air, and in a motor garage the air
contained more lead and vanadium than the air outside. In
the smokeless zone trace elements were present in smaller
amount than at the town centre. In the rolling-mill shed and
melting-shop of the steelworks, concentrations of all the
elements, particularly of copper, were largely, increased.
(Author abstract)##
J. Air Quality Measurements 807
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03685
J. «. Campbell and L. Kreyberg
THE DEGREE OF AIR POLLUTION IN NOBWEGIAN TOBNS. Brit. J.
Cancer (London) 10, 481-t, 1956.
3:U Benzpyrene has been estimated in samples of atmospheric smoke
(suspended matter) in Oslo and a number of smaller towns in
Norway, and these results are compared with similar values
previously obtained for towns in England and Hales. (Author
summary modified)##
03918
B. Ubaidullaev
EFFECT OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF METHANOL VAPOR ON MAS AND
ANIMALS. Hyg. Sanit. 31, (4-6), 8-12, Apr.-June 1966.
Euss. (Tr.)
CFSTI TT 66-51160/4-6
The maximum one-time and daily average permissible concentration
of methanol in the atmosphere was determined. The threshold value
of smell of the substance, its effect on the light sensitivity of
eyes and that on the electric activity of the cerebral cortex of
man was ascertained. Chronic 24-hour poisoning of albino rats was
carried out for a period of 90 days. This experiment included a
study of the chronaxy of muscle antagonists, the cholinesterase
activity of the whole blood, the coproporphyrin excretion with the
urine and the determination of the total amount of proteins and
protein fractions in the blood serum. On the basis of the results
obtained it is recommended that the maximum one-time and daily
average permissible concentration of methanol in the atmosphere be
set at a level of 1 and 0.5 mg/cu m respectively. (Author
summary) f #
03925
«- N. Bolotova
THE DETERMINATION OF 3,4-BENZPYRENE IN THE AIR IN
TASHKENT. Hyg. Sanit. 31, (4-6) 116-20, Apr.-June 1966.
Russ. ( j..)
CFSTI, TT 6651160/4-6
Air samples from the city of Tashkent were taken by an
aspirator, this method having been used for 3,4-benzpyrene studies
in the USSR and abroad. The results show that the contents
of 3,4-benzpyrene in different districts of Tashkent varied
from 0.55 to 11.2 micrograms per 100 cubic meters air. In the
residential zone without industrial enterprises its
content was 0.58 to 2.3 micrograms per 100 cubic meters. The
highest concentration of this carcinogenic substance, 9.7 to 11.2
micrograms per 100 cubic meters, was found in the northern
industrial zone. The concentration of 3,4-benzpyrene was
comparatively low (0.8 micrograms per 100 cubic meters) in the
zone of the toolmaking and abrasives-making factories which
burned gas, and this low concentration is probably due to the
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
complete combustion of the fuel. Samples were taken at 15
different points using the best method of aspiration. The
results provide a fairly complete picture of the degree of
contamination with 3,4-benzpyrene of the air basin of the large
industrial city of Tashkent.f#
03930
S. A. Pigalev
P01IDTION OF AIR BY A SYNTHETIC FDBBEE PLANT. Hyg.
Sanit. 31, (4-6) 253-4, Apr.-June 1966. Buss. (Tr.)
CFSTI, TT 66-51160/4-6
The principal and general professional hazard in the
manufacture of any tupe of synthetic rubber are the
liberated gases. The pollution of air by vapors of toxic
compounds is possible at all stages of the technological
processes, including the initial stages (synthesis,
isolation and fractionation of the monomer) as well as in the
final operation of the processing of the manufactured rubber.
The plant investigated manufactures two kinds of rubber, the
isoprene and the divinyl-alpha-methylstyrene rubbers. This
plant discharges up to 162,2 kg of alpha-methylstyrene, up
to 48 kg of unsaturated hydrocarbons, and up to 5 kg of
ammonia into the atmosphere per hr. The atmospheric air
was sampled by aspiration when the plant was working at
full capacity, at a distance of 0.5 to 1.5 km from the source.
Studies revealed a zonal nature of distribution of these
substances in the atmosphere, their concentration diminishing
at greater distances from the pollution source. The
concentrations in the zone of 500 to 1500 m from the pollution
source exceed the one-time maximum permissible concentrations
for atmospheric air. It was determined that the discharge of
harmful products of synthetic rubber manufacture into the
atmosphere can be reduced by further improvements in the
technological process and in eguipment, in the
construction of ceilings and in operation of the equipment.##
03931
V. A. Kononova
ATHOSPHEHIC POLLDTION IN THE AREA OF PESTICIDE STOREHOUSES.
Hyg. Sanit. 31, (4-6) 255-6, Apr,-June 1966. Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTI, TT 66-51160/4-6
Operation of new rural industries and the use of poisonous
chemicals in the fields and orchards involve the danger
of atmospheric and soil pollution in rural areas, which may have
a detrimental effect on the health of the population. The
presence of atmospheric pollution in the area of pesticide
storehouses and its effect on the feeling of well being, living
conditions and health of the population residing in the area
was investigated. The presence of pesticides near the
storehouses was investigated by taking and testing 156 samples
of air, including 30 samples for organomercuric compounds,
48 organophosphorus compounds and 28 samples for
organochlorine admixtures. Organomercuric compounds were
determined and scaled to thiophos or metaphos according to
J. Air Quality Measurements 809
-------
Trotsenko's method based on the decomposition of thiophos and
metaphos with sulfuric acid with the formation of b-nitrophenolate.
The contents of organophosphorus and organomercuric compounds
in the air are listed in the table. No organochlorine mixtures
were detected. It was concluded that operation of new
pesticide storehouses can be permitted only after internal repairs
in the buildings, and adequate equipment of servicing
premises and packaging room, and the installation of ventilation.
In order to avoid poisoning cases among the local population,
the pesticide storehouses must be surrounded with a fence,
adequately locked and guarded.##
04091
Zh. L. Gabinova, A. A. Vasil'eva, N. Kh. Sklyarsfcaya,
and H. D. Manita
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC A IE POLLUTION WITH 3,4-
BENZPYHENE IN INDUSTRIAL SECTIONS. Gigiena i Sanit. 28, (6)
65-9, June 1963. Russ. (Tr.) (Translated by B. S. Levine
in U.S.S.H. Literature on Air Pollution and Belated
Occupational Diseases, Vol. 12.)
The purpose was to obtain more complete and up-to-date
information on the state of Moscow atmospheric air pollution with
3,4—benzpyrene, on the basis of which rational sanitation means
could be developed for the protection of atmospheric air against
pollution with 3,4-benzpyrene. The first investigation was
centered around industrial enterprises which had been only slightly
surveyed with regard to the presence of 3,4-benzpyrene in the .air
and which, by the nature of their processing and production, lent
themselves to the introduction of appropriate sanitization
measures. The 3,4-benzpyrene determinations were made by
fluorescent spectral method in the following order: in the primary
raw material, in the intermediate and final products, in dust
settled from the atmospheric air, and in dust collected by
aspiration. Analyses were conducted in the physico-chemical
laboratory of the Moscow Sanitary Epidemiological Station.
The authors conclusions are as follows: It has been established
that some raw materials, intermediate and final products used or
manufactured by the investigated industrial plant contained
detectable quantities of 3,4-benzpyrene; samples of settled dust
collected in the proximity of the investigated plants also
contained detectable quantities of 3,4-benzpyrene. Samples of
aspirated atmospheric air collected on the electrode plant grounds
during August-November of 1961, contained 3,4-benzpyrene in 0.4-
2.33 gamma per 100 cu m of air. On the basis of this orientation
investigation and sanitary-hygienic examinations, certain
sanitization and air pollution protection means have been
recommended and instituted in the investigated plants. The
present report presents results of the first stage of a general
investigation to be conducted in the future on a broader and
profounder scale.##
04616
J. E. Dickinson
AIH QUALITY OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY (TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT -
VOLUME II) . Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District, Calif. Feb. 1961. 306 pp.
810 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Volume II of the Technical Progress Report is concerned with
chronicling the air monitoring program of the Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District between 1951 and 1959.
Topics covered include: Chemistry of the Atmosphere; Air
Monitoring; Evaluation of smog Effects Data; Estimation of
Total Air Pollution in Los Angeles County; Utilization and
Analyses of Total Air Pollution Data. Without the data
accumulated as the result of the sampling programs of 1951-57 it
would not have been possible to discover the unigue problems
involved with Los Angeles smog and to determine what kind of
control1 measures would be needed to abate them. Thus, it was
possible (1) to identify in the atmosphere the contaminants
considered to be the most important with regard to photochemical
smog formation theory; (2) to establish their approximate
concentration ranges; (3) to confirm theories of photochemical
smog formation and transport; and (U) to define the areas of the
Basin most severely affected by smog and the areas in which most
of the contaminant sources were concentrated. Correlation
between meteorological trends and smog occurrence, without
radical change in emission concentrations, indicate the
importance of weather conditions to smog occurrence.#t
04651
B. T. Commins H. E. Waller
OBSERVATIONS FROM A TEN-YEAR-STUDY OF POLLUTION- AT A SITE IN THE
CITY OF LONDON. Atmos. Environ. 1, (1) 49-68, Jan. 1967.
As part of an extensive study of the effects of air pollution
on health, measurements of pollution have been made at a site in
London for more than ten years. The results of daily
measurements of the concentration of smoke and sulfur dioxide
made throughout that period and of more freguent measurements
made during episodes of high pollution are reported. These
show a reduction in the annual mean and peak concentrations pf
smoke during the ten year period, but there have not been
any significant changes in the concentrations of sulfur
dioxide. Occasional measurements of a wide range of other
pollutants are also reported and results from a series of
measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons indicate
a decline in the concentration of this potentially
carcinogenic component of pollution in London. (Author
abstract modified)##
01770
J. E. Yocom, J. A. Farrow, H. M. Gagosz and J. C.
Magyar
AIR POLLUTION STUDY OF THE CAPITOL REGION (INTERIM REPORT).
TRC Service Corp., Hartford, Conn. 1968. 65 pp.
The objectives were: (1) Evaluate the air pollution problem in
the Capitol Region, both existing and potential with emphasis on
the latter. (2) Procure data for determining the need for a
regional air pollution control program and delineate rational
boundaires for such a program. The purpose of this Interim
Report is to present and summarize the completed Source
Inventory and to report on the status of the other phases of the
study. The pattern of air pollution emissions is strongly related
J. Air Quality Measurements 811
-------
to land use and road systems and is regional in nature. Although
the towns making up the Capitol Region differ widely in character
, the pattern of emissions are not related to town boundaries.
Carbon monoxide emissions are related almost entirely to
automobile use. Automobiles are also the principal contribution
to hydrocarbon emissions, but home and municipal refuse burning
and industrial processes make significant contributions. Nitrogen
oxides are contributed in almost egual amounts by automobiles and
heating systems. This accounts for the relatively even
distribution of this pollutant. Sulfur oxides are produced mainly
in industrial heating and power generation plants burning high
sulfur fuel. Therefore the emission of this pollutant type is
clearly related to industrial land use. Particulate matter
is produced largely by industrial heating and manufacturing
processes with significant contributions from domestic and
municipal refuse burning. The distribution of particulate
emissions is dependent to some degree on land used for heavy
industry such as metallurgical and mineral processing. Levels of
pollutants measured were, in general, low. Except for a few days,
weather conditions readily dispersed pollutants before they could
accumulate. High concentrations of pollutants occurred during a
prolonged stable atmospheric condition during late November as
recorded by the State Department of Health. The differences in
pollutant levels from station to station, could, in general, not be
accounted for based on surrounding land use and estimated
emissions (Source Inventory) without specific knowledge of the
prevailing weather patterns. Inversions occur freguently during
the night and early morning hours in both the Connecticut and
Farmington Valleys. Only two of the towns in the Capitol
Region have specific regulations governing emissions of air
pollutants. Host of the towns have some measure of control over
potential air pollution emissions by means of zoning ordinances.#t
OU833
H. H. Hovey, Jr.
AIR POLLUTION IN HESTCHESTER. Hestchester Cooperative Air
Pollution Control study, Westchester County, New York. (In
cooperation with Mount Vernon City Health Dept., New
Rochelle City Health Dept., Westchester County Health
Dept., and Yonkers City Health Dept.) 1965. 86 pp.
Hithin the framework of the New York State Air Pollution
Control Act a series of air pollution surveys was initiated to
provide data for carrying out the directive in the law. Among
these was a comprehensive study of the air pollution potential in
Hestchester County, undertaken from July, 1962, until
September, 1964, as a cooperative effort by the Mt. Vernon,
New Rochelle, and Yonkers City Health Departments and the
Westchester County Health Department. The objective of this
study was to define the nature and extent, and causes and effects
of the air pollution potential in Westchester County. Both the
industrial and nonindustrial air pollution potential were
studied by conducting an inventory of possible air contaminant
sources to determine contaminant emissions within the county. The
inventory was supplemented by an atmospheric sampling network
consisting of 23 stations located throughout the county.
Recommendations were based on the findings from combined
inventory and atmospheric sampling data. Many problems are
created by the 182,000 tons of air contaminants (exclusive of CO,
812 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
estimated to be more than 830,000 tons per year) emitted annually
to the outer air in Westchester County, although there are no
major county-wide air pollution problems. Traffic concentrations
in the southern portions of the county tend to increase the
potential problem from CO. Westchester County has a
meteorological regime relatively favorable to good dispersion and
diffusion of contaminants in the atmosphere. Only 23% or 42,000
tons of Westchester County's air contamination comes from
industrial sources while 78% or 140,000 tons of the total
contamination comes from nonindustrial sources. Of this amount
over 100,000 tons comes from motor vehicle and other transportation
sources. Southern Westchester County is densely populated and
has most of the county's industry with the exception of the
villages of Dobbs Ferry, Elmsford, Larchmont, North Pelham,
Pelham and Scarsdale, and the City of Rye.##
04834
New York state Air Pollution Control Board, Albany. 1965.
15 pp.
AIE POLLUTION/CHEMUNG CODNTY SUPPLEMENT TO COMPREHENSIVE
AREA SURVEY REPORT NUMBER ONE (GREATER ELBIRA).
Since the degree of air pollution is low in this rural portion of
Chemung County, proper steps would be taken to insure
continuing low levels of air contaminants. All new sources of air
pollution can be controlled by adherence to rules and regulations
promulgated by the New York State Air Pollution Control
Board in 1962. Local officials, in cooperation with the Board,
can insure new sources or modifications to existing sources and
meet minimum requirements as established by the Board. Rules
and regulations for this area should be made at the same time as
those for Greater Elmira, using ambient air guality objectives
as promulgated by the Board. Hhen applying the ambient air
quality objectives, both the present survey area and Greater
Elmira should be classified as one region. In this manner, all
of Chemung County may have a uniform set of rules and
regulations at the same time. Refuse disposal practices should be
reviewed in each community. Open burning of refuse by private
individuals should be prohibited and central collection
instigated. Disposal should be properly-operated, sanitary
landfills or any other acceptable method. (Author summary)##
04864
New York State Air Pollution Control Board Albany. 1964.
96 pp.
AIR POLLUTION - NIAGARA COUNTY (COHPREHENSIVE AREA SURVEY
Report number three).
The objectives of this study are to define the nature and extent
of the air pollution potential in Niagara County so as: (1) To
provide information by which rules and regulations can be
established for the control of existing air pollution; (2) To
provide technical data needed for implementation of a practical
and reasonable air pollution abatement program; (3) To assess the
effectiveness of existing controls and determine what steps must
be taken by governmental agencies to control both existing and
J. Air Quality Measurements 813
-------
potential air pollution; and («) To provide background data needed
to check the effectiveness of any future control program.##
04938
J. M. Colucci and C. E. Begeman
THE AUTOMOTIVE CONTRIBUTION TO AIR-BORNE POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC
HYDPOCARBONS IN DETROIT. J. Air Pollution Control fissoc.
15, (3) 113-22, Mar. 1965.
The aim was to determine the contribution by automotive vehicles
to the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in city air. Sampling
of particulate matter at the rate of 140 cu m/min 5000 cfm) was
carried out at two heavily-trafficked sites in Detroit and one
suburban site in Warren, Michigan. Carbon monoxide was
determined continuously, and particulate matter was analyzed for
"tar," polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, lead, vanadium, and
sulfates. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in automobile
exhaust gas are assumed to be dispersed in air along with carbon
monoxide or lead from automobiles. It is further assumed that
automobiles are the sole source of carbon monoxide and lead in the
atmosphere. Concentrations of carbon monoxide and lead in
exhaust gas and in the air are utilized to estimate the percentage
of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the air attributable to
automobiles. The mean automobile contributions to benzo (a) pyrene
in the air, based on lead concentrations, were 18% at a Freeway
Interchange, 5% in a downtown commercial area, and 12% in
suburban Warren. The average concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene
at the sites were 6 micrograms/1,000 cu m, 7 micrograms/1,000 cu n
and 1 microgram/1,000 cu m, respectively. Hean contributions
based on carbon monoxide concentrations were approximately twice
the levels based on lead concentrations. Benzo(a)pyrene and
benz (a)anthracene in air were not statistically related to carbon
monoxide or lead in air, but were higher in winter than in sunnier,
probably because of the higher levels of these materials emitted in
space heating combustion in winter. (Author abstract modified)I*
05008
New York State Air Pollution Control Board, Albany. (Feb.
1966.) 132 pp.
AIR POLLUTION/THE KID-HUDSON: GREENE, ULSTER, ROCKIAND,
COLUMBIA,DUTCHESS (COMPREHENSIVE AREA SURVEY REPORT NUMBER SIX).
A comprehensive study of the air pollution potential in the Mid-
Hudson area was undertaken as a cooperative effort by the
Columbia, Dutchess, Rockland, and Ulster County Health
Departments, and the State Health Department's Oneonta
District Office (for Greene County) and Middletown District
Office (for Beacon City). The objective of the study was to
define the nature and extent, and causes and effects, of the air
pollution potential in the Mid-Hudson area. Both industrial and
nonindustrial air pollution were studied by conducting an inventory
of possible air contaminant sources and determining contaminant
emissions within each county. The inventory was supplemented by
an atmospheric sampling network consisting of 41 stations located
throughout the five counties.t#
814 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05009
New York State Air Pollution Control Board, Albany. June
1966. 35 pp.
AIB POLLUTION NASSAU COUNTY (COMPREHENSIVE AKEA SURVEY REPORT
NDHBEH FOUR).
A comprehensive survey of local sources of atmospheric
contamination was conducted by the Nassau County Department of
Health in order to appraise the present status of and the
potential for air pollution in the County. In defining the
nature and extent of existing and potential air pollution, the
objectives of this study were: (1) To provide information from
which rules and regulations may be established for the control and
abatement of existing air pollution in Nassau County; (2) To
provide technical data needed to implement a practical and
reasonable air pollution abatement program; (3) To assess the
effectiveness of existing controls and determine what steps must
be taken by governmental agencies to control both existing and
potential air pollution; (4) To provide background data needed to
check the effectiveness of any future control program; and (5) To
obtain information for presentation to the State Air Pollution
Control Board for use by the Board in establishing rules and
regulations for control of air pollution as mandated by law. An
inventory of air contaminant sources, an aerometric sampling
network, and an investigation of complaints and air pollution
effects were undertaken to obtain the date needed.**
05057
M. E. Umstead, W. D. Smith, and J. E. Johnson
SUBMARINE ATMOSPHERE STUDIES ABOARD USS SCULPIN. Naval
Research Lab., Washington, D. C. , Chemistry Div. (NHL
Rept. No. 607K.) Feb. 27, 1964. 27 pp.
Studies of the organic contaminants in the atmosphere of USS
SCULPIN were made during a submerged cruise. Detailed
analyses were made of the concentrations of methane, Freon-12,
and "total hydrocarbons" by means of a backflush gas chromatograph
of new design. The effectiveness of the CO/H2 burners and
main carbon bed as removal agents for organic contaminants was
included in the studies. The CO/H2 burners satisfactorily
burned organic contaminants at temperatures as low as 500 degrees
F. The active carbon in the main filter bed removed the higher
hydrocarbons, but was not very effective for the removal of lower
hydrocarbons and Freon-12. Based on experimental data obtained
on shipboard, it was calculated that the rate of generation of
organic vapor contaminants was about 1.5 pounds per day
throughout the cruise. (Author abstract)##
05110
W. J. Hamming, H. D. MacPhee, and J. H. Taylor
CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF LOS ANGELES
COUNTY . J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10, (1) 7-16, 93,
Feb. 1960.
J. Air Quality Measurements 815
-------
The primary purpose of this study was to analyze long-term
pollution trends as measured by the Los Angeles air monitoring
network. Except for work in England on a. distinctly different
type of air pollution problem, there are few data available which
span any appreciable number of years. The District's
monitoring was accomplished with 24-hr recording devices. Its
usefulness is justified primarily as a protection and warning
measure. A by-product of this operation is the generation of data
from which pollution can be studied. The findings may be
summarized as follows: (1) During the three-year period, 1956-59,
the general level of CO rose. The rise in CO of one ppm per
year was not reconciled with weather or other pollution factors.
The rise in N02 was small and trends are available only from
1957, S02 varied slightly without changing its general level.
Particulates declined during 1956 and 1957 which could have been
due in part to the District's incinerator ban. A preliminary
study on the basis of comparable weather factors appeared to
justify this conclusion. The oxidant, eye irritant, and plant
toxicant declined in 1956 and 1957 from a high in 1955, but
exhibited a. slight upturn in 1958. Winds and inversions appear
to the determining factors for trends in eye irritant, oxidant and
plant toxicant. (2) In examining the monthly average data used as
the basis for the trend lines, it was observed that certain
contaminant and weather factors could be grouped together.
Monthly averages for primary, or Type I factors exhibited annual
peaks in midwinter. These were CO, hydrocarbons, N02,
particulates, S02 (not perfect fit), frequency of morning
surface inversions, and the inverse of 1600-1900 PST windspeeds.
In addition, the Type I contaminants are known to yield bimodal
diurnal variations. Secondary, or Type II, entities showed
annual peaks in the autumn, and single daily peaks. These
included aldehydes, eye irritant, oxidant, plant toxicants, ozone
alerts, restricted visibility, the frequency of Rule 57 Days, and
the inverse of 24-hr average windspeeds. Both the yearly and the
diurnal cycles confirm the distinction between Type I and Type
II contaminants. (Author conclusions modified)##
05336
C. E. Schumann and C. H. Gruber
AIR QUALITY DATA-1966. Cincinnati Dept. of Safety, Ohio,
Div. of Air Pollution Control and Heating Inspection.
(May 1967) . 3j pp.
The purpose of this report, published for the first time as a
separate document by the Cincinnati Division of Air Pollution
Control, is to summarize air quality levels of pollutants
currently being measured in the City of Cincinnati, including:
(1) measurements made wholly by this Division; (2) results of
cooperative projects with the (J.S. Public Health Service; and
(3) summaries of Cincinnati air quality compared to other cities
for certain pollutants. Tabular data are given for: dust fall
(setteable particulates); soiling index; suspended particulates;
wind-blown particulates; gaseous pollutants; and Southwestern
Ohio-Northern Kentucky air pollution survey.##
05573
L. B. Hitchcock, W. L. Faith, M. Keiburger, N. A.
Eenzetti, and L. H. Pogers
816 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
AIB POLin7ION SITUATION IN LOS ASGELES - AN AEROHETBIC SURVEY.
Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 3rd, Pasadena, Calif.,
1955. pp. 12-23.
This paper summarizes the methods, the results, and some
preliminary indications and conclusions employed in the survey.
A major purpose of the survey was to monitor presumably important
variables so as to provide a more adequate basis for diagnosis of
the general problem. Pinto beans were used to measure the plant
damaging effects of smog. Also measured were oxidants, nitrogen
dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, aldehydes, sulfur dioxide,
particulates, and meteorological factors. Some of the
recommendations derived from the survey are that more complete
meteorological measurements be obtained, that plant damage as a
measure of smog be given more extensive study, and that a minimum
of 11 monitoring stations be established in the Los Angeles
Basin.##
05627
H. E. Scott, E. B. Stephens, P. L. Hanst, and B. C.
Doerr
FURTHEB DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CHEMISTBY OF THE ATMOSPHEBE.
Preprint. (Presented at the Session on Air Pollution,
22nd Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum Inst., Division of
Befining, Philadelphia, Pa., Hat 14, 1957.)
The technique of long-path IE spectroscopy is currently being
used at the Franklin Institute both for direct studies of
atmospheric pollution and for laboratory experiments. Bith the
field instrument, concentrations of most of the important
pollutants in the Los Angeles atmosphere were measured as a
function of time and meteorological conditions. These studies
supported the general picture of atmospheric pollutants and their
reactions which was developed from laboratory studies both at
The Franklin Institute and in other laboratories.
Laboratory studies indicated the concentrations of NO and N02
would be guite low in smog. The organic nitrogen compound,
identified as perozyacyl nitrite, was a prominent product in the
laboratory studies, and it was predicted that this compound would
be found in the smog. Both of these conclusions were confirmed by
atmospheric analysis. The presence of ozone, long used as the
primary smog indicator, was also confirmed. Air analyses for
several major pollutants, made after sundown, showed a close
similarity to an analysis of diluted automobile exhaust and to an
analysis of air taken near a heavy traffic center. Several
compounds whose presence in polluted air has been suspected were
found to be below the limit of detectability. Among these were
H2Co, HN03 and CH30H. Beaction products of 03 with
olefins at low concentration (30 ppm to 60 ppm) were identified as
aldehydes, CO, C02, water, and, from propylene and 2-pentene,
ketene. Other products of the reaction between 03 and the
higher olefins were indicated. Yield of CO and C02 indicated
a definite connection between chain length and the decomposition of
products. Several pure ozonides were prepared at low temperature,
and their infrared spectra recorded. In some cases the
decomposition products were determined. ##
J. Air Quality Measurements 817
-------
05652
Anderson, D. 0., Williams, I. H., and Ferris, B. G. , Jr..
THE CHILLIHACK RESPIRATORY SURVEY, 1963: PART II. AEBOHETHIC
STUDY. Can. Bed. Assoc. J. 92, 954-61, May 1, 1965.
A study of the quality of the ambient air at Chilliwack, British
Columbia, was conducted from May 1963 to April 1964. MeasureBents
of dustfall, sulfation, hydrogen sulfide, oxidants and total
hydrocarbons were Bade by a network of five sampling stations. The
results of this survey indicated that Chilliwack was relatively
free from any air pollution and would therefore be a suitable
control for a study of the relationship between community air
pollution and respiratory disease.
05675
G. J. Cleary and J, L. Sullivan
POLLUTION BY POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDEOCARBONS IN THE CITY OF
SYDNEY. Bed. J. Australia 52, 758-63, May 22, 1965.
General characteristics of atmospheric pollution and sources of
polycyclic hydrocarbons in Sydney are briefly discussed. Air
particulate samples were collected with high-volume samplers each
month. These were extracted with acetone or cyclohezane, then
developed on long alumina columns. The ultra-violet spectrum of
each fraction provided the main criterion for qualitative
identification, although fluorescence spectroscopy and paper
chromatography were used to a minor extent. Quantitative analysis
was made on the ultra-violet spectrum by means of the local
base-line technique. Monthly concentrations of the hydrocarbons
pyrene, fluoranthene, 1,2 benzanthracene, chrysene, 1,2
benzopyrene,, 3,4 benzopyrene, 1,12 benzoperylene and coronene
were reported. These showed a rise and fall cycle which
paralleled the seasonal particulate density fluctuations.
First-order correlation coefficients showed, that the
concentrations of each of the hydrocarbons measured were associated
significantly with particulate density at the conventional
probability level. The future contribution by petrol and Diesel
engine exhaust products to the pollution by polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in Sydney should become more important. Conversely,
the contribution from coal combustion sources should decline
progressively. (Authors' summary)##
05839
H. Bravo and A. P. Baez
APPROACH TO THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE AIRBORNE ORGANIC MATTER
(BENZENE SOLUBLE) IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF MEXICO CITY.
Preprint. (Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, New York City June 11-15,
1961.)
As 52% of the neutral benzene organic fraction in Mexico City's
airborne particles consists of aromatic compounds, a
characterization of this material was made. High volume samplers
818 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
(ere used. Three different sampling sites were chosen in the area
Df Mexico City with variation in activities considered when these
sampling points were selected, i.e. Tacuba station was located in
j semi-industrial area; a downtown station in an area with great
traffic density; and a station at the University City, near a
residential zone. Over a year period Tacuba station was
aperated only 2 weeks a month, while the other 2 were operated
simultaneously one day each month, in order to obtain comparative
data between the three sampling sites. The exposed filters were
afterwards treated with benzene in a Soxhlet apparatus for a
period of eight hours; collected (benzene soluble) material was
dried in a water bath and weighed. • An idea of the amount of
organic benzene soluble material found in the samples taken at the
stations in 0.1 g/cu m was 232. 184, 81 for the Downtown,
Tacuba, and University City stations respectively. This
table shows the average of simultaneous sampling carried out at
the 3 stations. That the downtown area is the richest in its
content of organic benzene soluble material in airborne particles
is believed due to two factors: (1) traffic conditions; (2)
buildings that screen or filter most of contaminants carried by
prevailing winds coming from NE and NW. The highest
concentration of organic benzene soluble material was found during
the winter months. Comparison of the uv spectrum of the
benzopyrene fraction (Mexico City) and benzopyrene spectrum
reported by Sawicki indicate the presence of BaP in the
analyses. Other polynuclear hydrocarbons found in the benzene
soluble fraction in Hexico City's airborne particles were:
f luoranthene, pyrene benzo(a)-anthracene, benzo (e)pyrene,
benzo(g,-h,i) perylene, and coronene. The benzo(a)pyrene value
found in the organic benzene airborne particles in Mexico City
lies within the range expected for nonurban areas. The only
large communities where similar hydrocarbon concentrations are
found are cities where auto—exhaust fumes are the principal
pollutants (Los Angeles, San Francisco). A clear
correlation between direct solar radiation and the organic matter
content (benzene soluble) in airborne particles in Mexico City
was not evident.#t
05895
I. J. Proulx, Jr.
THE RISING TIDE OF AIR POLLUTION. Connecticut State Dept.
Health, Hartford 81 (3)t (Mar. 1967). 10 pp.
The air quality measurements of cities in Connecticut are
presented. A correlation between population and the average
suspended particulates (micrograms per cubic meter), benzene
soluble organics, and dustfall is given. It is demonstrated that
the contamination of the atmosphere is directly proportional
to the size of the community. .An enabling act (HB4D36) is
presently under consideration in the 1967 General Assembly
which would empower the Connecticut State Department of
Health to develop air pollution regulations for inclusion in
the Public Health Code of the State of Connecticut.##
J. Air Quality Measurements 8>9
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06186
Goetz, A.
THE CONSTITUTION OF AEROCOLLOIDAL PARTICDLATES ABOVE THE OCEAN
SURFACE. Proc. Intern. Conf. Cloud Phys., Tokyo Sapporo, Japan, p.
H2-U6, 1965.
The composition of particulates in the submicron range over the
ocean was investigated. An aerosol spectrometer and a special
polished chrome slide impactor were used to sample the particles.
The deposits were analyzed microphotometrically and with regard to
thermal stability, by exposure to 70 C for 15 hours. Deposits on
formvar screens were taken with both instruments for electron
microscope studies. Samples were taken as far as 70 miles off the
coast of Southern California. The samples are typically thermally
unstable. The poresence of organic compounds might explain this.
Kelp leaves in sea water samples showed distinct foam formation.
Air sampled above the agitated surface showed a prolific quantity
of thermally volatilizable organics. Nebulized surface sea water
samples showed a majority of liquid droplets and the absence of
crystal formation; in 10 feet deep water samples, crystalline
particles predominate. When the organics in the deposits were
extracted with a clean solvent, the deposits' light scattering was
substantially reduced to about the same level as by thermal
exposure. The condensation pattern was also altered substantially.
Electron photomicrographs indicated crystal formation only for
particles larger than .7 microns, whereas the small sizes appear
predominately amorphous.
06290
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center
for Air Pollution Control
WASHINGTON, D. C., METROPOLITAN AREA AIH POLLUTION ABATEMENT
ACTIVITY. ((212))p., Nov. 1967. 18 refs.
From February 1967 to August 1967 the Public Health Service
conducted a technical investigation in the Washington, D.C. ,
metropolitan area to provide information that could form a
basis for recommendations for abatement in accordance
with the tenets of the Clean iir Act. The results are
presented of the 1967 investigation and the methods, techniques,
and procedures are described. In concert with cooperative
regional and local agencies, an air quality network was establish-
ed, an emissions inventory was conducted, extensive meteorological
data were acquired, air pollution effects on vegetation and
various materials were investigated, and special data processing
and summarization techniques were developed. The boundaries
for the activity conformed to the Metropolitan
Washington Council of Governments' area which includes the
District of Columbia; the Maryland counties of Montgomery and
Prince Georges; the Virginia counties of Arlington,
Fairfax, Loudoun, and Prince William; and the independent
cities of Alexandria, Falls Church, and Fairfax.*t
•«20 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
06384
S. S. Epstein
EFFECTS OF PHOTOSENSITIZING POIYCYCIIC ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS ON
SINGLE CELLS. Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio,
June 11-16, 1967, Paper No. 67-60.)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are carcinogenic,
are an important class of atmospheric pollutants produced by
pyrolysis of organic matter. In a large series of polycyclic
compounds, a strong positive association has been demonstrated
between carcinogenicity and photodynamic toxicity, measured by
lethal sensitization of a ciliated protozoan, Paramecium caudatum,
to the otherwise non-toxic effects of long-wave ultraviolet light.
A simple photodynamic bioassay has been developed to provide a
rapid but indirect measure of the carcinogenicity of organic
extracts of particulate atmospheric pollutants attributable to
polycyclic compounds. NASN samples of atmospheric particulates
were collected from approximately 100 different sources in the
USA, exemplifying a wide spectrum of urban and rural pollutant
characteristics, and composited by site, extracted and fractionated
by standard procedures. Photodynamic potency bears no
relationship to atmospheric concentration of particulates, organics
or derived fractions. For the aromatic fraction, which contains
all the BaP present in the parent organic extract, photodynamic
potencies are strongly and positively correlated with BaP
concentrations. The high potency of basic fractions probably
reflects their content of carcinogenic di-alkylated
benz(c)acridines. Sub-fractionation of a large composite
oxy-neutral fraction has suggested that its photodynamic activity
is due to the carcinogenic (7H-benz(de)anthracene-7-one. In a
limited study on the carcinogenicity of organic extracts of
atmospheric pollutants from 6 urban sites, using the mouse
neonatal assay, a positive association was found between
carcinogenicity and photodynamic toxicity. These and related
studies are being further pursued.##
06U30
J. F. Shively and E. H. Ilgenfritz
A SURVEY OF HYDROCARBON AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS IN MIDLAND,
HICHIGAN. Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June
11-16, 1967, Paper No. 67-18U.)
Ambient air hydrocarbon concentrations (reported as ppm of
methane) were determined at the Midland location of the Dow
Chemical Company at five sites during the years 1963 through
1966. Hydrocarbon concentrations as determined with a Beckman
Hydrocarbon analyzer (Model 108) were correlated with wind
direction and wind speed. Hind speed concentration data are
presented in two groupings (0-7) and 8-21+) M.P.H. In addition
to hourly average concentration data the paper demonstrates the
benefit of also recording the hourly maximum instantaneous peak
concentration as an aid in highlighting shot losses or poor
dispersive characteristics of vents. Interpretation and
integration of individual site data clearly indicated the plant
J. Air Quality Measurements 821
-------
areas contributing the major hydrocarbon losses. Hydrocarbon
background level (non-plant) was established and found to be
closely representative of urban air. Dow contribution to the
city area was determined to be at a low but measurable level and to
be relatively constant irrespective of wind speed. Comparison
with survey data from other areas was made. (Authors' abstract)*!
06535
T. 0. Carver, B. Bucove, V. G. Mackenzie, and A. N.
Heller
AN APPROACH TO A SOLUTION OF AN INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM.
Preprint. (Presented at the 57th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Houston, Tex., June 1964.)
A six-months study (1961-1962) of an air pollution problem in
Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Washington was made jointly by
the Departments of Health of Idaho and Washington and the
Division of Air Pollution, Public Health service.
Aerometric studies, meteorological conditions, materials damage,
and emission inventories were evaluated and preliminary
considerations of health effects were made. Socio-economic
aspects via a public awareness study of air pollution in
Clarkston, Washington are reviewed in terms of survey methodology
and analysis. Complementary studies of an odor survey in both
Lewiston and Clarkston are interpreted. The development of a
number of joint recommendations to solve the immediate air resource
management problem and allow for future economic growth in the
valley is explored. (Authors' abstract)t#
06701
NATIONAL AIR SURVEILLANCE NETWORKS CONTINUOUS AIB MONITORING
PROGRAM (1966 DATA TABULATIONS AND SUMMARIES FOR CHICAGO,
CINCINNATI, DENVER, PHILADELPHIA, ST. LOUIS, AND WASHINGTON,
D.C.). Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National
Center for Air Pollution Control. (1966). 551 pp.
The Continuous Air Monitoring Program is the National Air
Surveillance Network which operates six continuous monitoring
stations in major cities throughout the country. The data
tabulations in this booklet are summaries of hourly concentrations
of gaseous pollutants and 2-hourly summaries of soiling index
levels during 1966. Also enclosed is a brief summary of monthly
means and maxima, and annual frequency distributions of data froa
all stations.##
06707
SOMHAHY OF 1964-1965 AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS. 90th
Congress ("Air Pollution—1967, Part 3 (Air Quality Act")
Senate Committee on Public Works, Washington, D.C.,
Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, April 19, Hay 2-H,
3-10, 1967.) p. 129801306.
Air pollution surveillance activities conducted by the National
Center for Air Pollution Control include a nationwide network
of stations equipped for periodic measurement of suspended
particulate matter and, in some instances, such gaseous pollutants
as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide; a sis-city network of
3.2 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
stations equipped for continuous measurement of several gaseous
pollutants; and a relatively new network of stations designed to
provide a general indication of effects of air pollution on various
types of materials in interstate regions. Data from both the
periodic and continuous air sampling stations are discussed.##
06760
N. Saruta
AIR POLLUTION IN NORTHERN KYUSHU. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air -
J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo) 4, (2) 35-45, JulyS
1966. Jap.
A preliminary investigation of air pollution in northern Kyushu
was started in 1952 and studies on existing conditions have been
carried out since 1959. The yearly and monthly amounts of dust
fall and 502 in the five wards of northern Kyushu are
tabulated for 1959 through 1965. The results show decrease in
dust fall (from 26.49 to 20.73 tons/sg. cm./month) and in increase
in S02 (from 0.25 to 0.64 mg/100 cc/day). Tabulations of dust
fall and 302 are given for the industrial, business, and
residential sections. The Pe203 present in red smoke has also
been measured and averages between 2.0 and 2.8g/sq. m/month.
Measurements of 3,4-benzopyrene and components of automobile
exhaust such as CO, S02, Pb, NO, and N02 are also
tabulated for the five wards.##
06788
(STUDIES OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE SEINE IN 1965.
PART 3. CONDITIONS AT ORLY AIRPORT.) Etudes de Pollution
Atmospherique dans le Departement de la Seine en 1965.
Troisieme Partie. Operation "Aerodrome d'Orly."
Laboratoire Municipal de la Prefecture de Police, Paris,
France. (Apr. 1966.) pp. 1-2, 9, 11, 13-7. Fr.
The results of an air pollution study made at Orly Airport
at the request of the medical services at the airport are given.
The survey covered the exposure to ground personnel and an
investigation of the components of the fuel and emissions from
jets. The investigation was conducted by a mobile air
pollution laboratory located at the field during the study. In
general, the pollution was neglible, the emissions from the jets
were not a matter of concern, but there was a nuisance hazard to
workers on piston planes. The carbon monoxide was determined
by infra-red absorption with an average reading recorded every
15 min. The averages ranged from 0.5 to 18 ppm. The other
contaminants that were determined included carbon dioxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, aldehydes, lead, 3,4-
benzopyrene, toluene, xylene, and benzene, and in all cases the
results were much lower than those obtained in various stations
in Paris. Both on the basis of analyses made on ambient air and
on emissions from jets there is little evidence of air pollution at
Orly Airport in Pa-ris.f#
J. Air Quality Measurements 823
-------
06789
(STUDIES OF AIR POLLOTION IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE SEINE IN 1965,
PART <*. CONDITIONS IN THE LOOP OF THE SEINE.) Etudes de
Pollution Atmospherigue dans le Department de la Seine en 1965.
Quatrieme Partie. Operation Boucle de la Seine. laboratoire
Municipal de la Prefecture de Police, Paris, France. Apr.
1966. pp. 1-2, 5-7, 9-10, 13, 15-7, 21, 23. Fr.
The 1965 results are reported of a continuing study of the
air pollution in the industrial region northwest of Paris which
originated with complaints of the residents. Because of the low
carbon monoxide content of the air no tests for that gas have
been made since 1960. This work is based on an examination of the
dust collected from 16 Owens gages located in the loop and, for
comparison, 5 in Paris and 1 in Bievres. The amount of
insoluble dust and the content of ash and 3,1—benzopyrene was
determined. In the soluble dust, the sulfate, chloride, and
calcium ions were measured. The results were reported as
the dust fall on a surface of 100 sg m per month. The
elimination of coal from two central power stations in 1965
compared to 1961-1963, which indicated some other important
pollution source was responsible. Tables and charts show the
values for the various components of the settled dust since
1959 and compare the results with samples taken in other
areas.##
06886
Borisyuk, Yu.P., and B. S. Ruchkovskii
CfiNTAHINATION OF AIR BY 3,4-BENZPYRENE AROUND CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL
ENTERPRISES. ((Zagryaznenie 3,4-benzpirenom atmosfernogo
vczdukha v raionakh nekotorykh proizvodstevennykh predpriyatii.)).
Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.), 30(1):107-108, Jan. 1965.
Translated from Russian.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
atmospheric pollution by 3,4—benzpyrene in the vicinity of certain
industrial enterprises is reported. Samples were taken by the
aspiration method, using the FFP-15 grade filter. In taking a
single sample, about 2000 cu m air were passed through the
aspirator. The deposit on the filter was extracted with petroleum
ether. The samples were tested for 3,4-benzpyrene by fluorimetric
spsctrography and spectrophotometry. Considerable guantities of
3,4-benzpyrene were discharges of metallurgical and
esphalt-concrete enterprises. Only traces of 3,4-benzpyrene were
detected in the vicinity of agglomeration factories of ore-dressing
plants, and this is probably explained by the technological
conditions of agglomeration,##
069U6
New York State Air Pollution Control Board, Albany.
AIR POLLOTION IN WESTCHESTER. 87pp. (Dec. 1965).
The industrial and nonindustrial air pollution potential of
Westchester County, N.Y. were studied by conducting an
inventory of possible air contaminant sources to determine
824 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
contaminant emissions. The inventory was supplemented by an
atmosphere sampling network consisting of 23 stations located
throughout the county. Becommendations were based on the
•findings from combined inventory and atmospheric sampling data.
tJniike the heavily industralized portions of the state, only 23%
or 42,000 tons of Westchester County's air contamination comes
from industrial sources while 77% or 140,000 tons of the total
contamination comes from nonindustrial sources. Of this amount
over 100,000 tons come from motor vehicle and other transportation
sources. Thus in aggregate, more than 55% of the total air
pollution comes from these transportation sources while 64,000 tons
of approximately 35% comes from fuel used for heat and power.
approximately half of the fuel emissions, 18% of the total
contaminants, are from industrial sources. This, along with the
6% contributed by industrial processes, accounts for industry's 23%
of the total emissions.##
06948
CRITERIA FOP AIR QUALITY AND HETHCDS OF MEASUREMENT. World
Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. (Rept. No.
HHO/AP/23.) (Presented at the Inter-Regional Symposium,
Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 1963.) (Sept. 10, 1963). 20 pp.
An Inter-Regional Symposium on Criteria for Air Quality and
Methods of Measurement was convened in Geneva from 6-12
August 1963. Twenty experts in the field of air pollution from
15 countries in the American and European Regions of WHO
presented technical papers and participated in the discussions.
The Symposium discussed the rationale for selecting air quality
criteria in Member countries, the role of epidemiological surveys
in establishing guides to air quality, and studies on effects
indirectly related to human well-being, such as damage to
vegetation, soiling of surfaces, and reduction in visibility- The
Symposium also defined the areas in which further research is
needed to produce data that will serve as a sound basis for
establishing guides to air quality; the participants emphasized the
need for agreement on methods of measurement that, even if not
identical, yield comparable data. Topics discussed (1) General
considerations; (2) Rationale for selecting air quality criteria;
(3) Role of epidemiological and aerometric surveys; (4) Damage to
vegetation, soiling of surfaces and visibility reduction; (5)
medical studies needed for the improvement of data relating to
guides to air quality; (6) needs for the standardization of methods
of sampling and analysis of ambient air pollutants; (7) need for
international collaboration and agreement on air quality criteria
and methods of measurement.##
06966
J. E. Yocom, J. A. Farrow, J. C. Magyar, and H. M.
Gagosz
AIR POLLUTION STUDY OF NEW BRITAIN, CONNECTICUT (SUMMARY
EEPORT). ( (TRC Service Corp., Hartford, Conn.)) (Sept.
1966) . 38 pp.
The City of New Britain Health Department conducted a survey
of air pollution in the city. It was the purpose of the survey to
develop information on the major sources of air pollution in the
city and determine their geographical distribution, to collect data
J. Air Quality Measurements 825
-------
on the general level of air quality in terms of several pollutants,
and to measure meteorological conditions associated with the air
quality measurements. The survey was started in October 1965 and
was completed in July 1966. Air sampling and meteorological
measurements were made concurrently over approximately a one month
period in each of the 4 deasons. Between the winter and spring
sampling periods several samples for suspended particulate matter
were collected in the vicinity of suspected major sources of
particulate matter. The source inventory was conducted throughout
the entire survey period. The survey was designed to enable the
Health Department to assess the need for an air pollution control
program and to serve as the basis for developing such a program.lt
06977
AIR RESOURCES IN THE HID-HILLAMETTE VALLEY. Mid-Willamette
Valley Air Pollution Authority, Salem, Oreg. (Dec. 1966).
80 pp.
In October of 1965, a survey and sampling program was initiated
to determine the quality of air within the five counties of
Benton, Linn, Harion, Polk and Yamhill. Phase I of this
survey was accomplished by location of major sources of air
pollution, identification of amounts and kinds of pollutants
and, with meteorological data, establishment of dispersal and
disposition patterns of pollution. Sources of pollution in the
Hid-Willamette Valley consist mainly of combustion of
fuels for heat and power, process emissions, and industrial and
community solid waste disposal practive. Other sources of
lesser significance at this time include auto exhaust emissions
and agriculture and forest management practices. Intermittent
build up of suspended particulates occurs during inversion periods
throughout the year. Any month of the year in Salem will see
inversions two of every three mornings. In conclusion, the
early findings in the study do not indicate the need for a crash
program of air pollution control. There is a strong indication
that unless a preventive program is initiated to cope with the
expansion and growth of communities and industries, the quality
of the air supply will rapidly deteriorate.*#
07198
Y. Kawanami
AIR POLLUTION IN TOKYO. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan
Air Cleaning Assoc. , Tokyo) 4 (2):11-22 (July 1966). Jap.
A definition of smog is given as the restriction of visibility to
less than 2 km in the city and vicinity, excluding the restriction
by rain. Out of 151 days when smog occurred in Tokyo in 1965,
64 were caused by heavy fumes and 90 by mist or haze. The
differences in times of occurrence of heavy fume-type smog and Hist
or haze-type smog is discussed. The yearly variation of the
number of "smog days" is graphed indicating seasonal influences.
Smog decreases in winter but increases in summer and fall. The
current status of air pollution in Tokyo is also covered with
respect to dust and soot fall, floating dust, sulfuric acid,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and lead compounds. Measurement of
dust and soot fall in Tokyo began in 1955 and yearly variations
are graphed through 1965. Dust fall teaches a peak between
826 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
February and May and then again in August and September.
These peaks are related to the meteorological influence of strong
winds in spring and large amounts of rain in spring and late
summer. Therefore, July and December are considered the best
times to investigate air pollution without meteorological
influence. Lengthy discussion is given to daily and hourly
variations of pollution peaks in urban, industrial, and suburban
areas.##
07292
Grushko, Y. B., P. P. Dikun, L. PI. Shabad, T. I.
Rukavishnikova, L. M. Zak, and 0. M. Vlasenko
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ATMOSPHEHIC AIR POLLUTION WITH
CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCE (3,4-BENZPYRENE) IN IRKUTSK AND
ANGASSK. Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., 23(4):7-10,
1958. 6 refs. Engl. transl. by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Lit. on Air Pollut. & Relat. Occup. Dis.., Vol. 2, p. 81-86,
March 1960.
CPSTI TT60-21188
Host of the fuel consumed in Irkutsk is burned by boiler
operated manufacturing and production plants and by residential
heating installations at comparatively lew temperatures, which
results in an extensive emission of soot into the atmospheric
air. In addition, the Irkutsk smokestacks are of insufficient
height for proper dispersion. At the Angarsk electric heat
station the coal is burned at 1100 deg., which results in the
production of the minimum amount of soot. The boilers are
equipped with electrostatic precipitators which remove 95S of the
ash from the discharge gases, and the smokestack of the station is
120 m high. All the above aid is sharply reducing the atmospheric
air pollution. It was thought that the content of 3,4-benzpyrene
in the atmospheric air of Irkutsk and Angarsk may differ sharply.
To determine the correctness of such an assumption snow samples
were collected in 1956 at certain points in Irkutsk and in
Angarsk which contained sedimented industrial smoke fall-out;
these were studied for their content of 3,4-benzpyrene. The
results indicated that the control measures instituted in the city
of Angarsk proved adequate for the protection of the atmospheric
air of the residential part of the city, especially as related to
the prevention of dissemination throughout the city of
carcinogenic hydrocarbons.ft
07304
Los1, L. I., A. G. Sadivnikova, R- M. Soboleva,
and D. Ya. Turets
THE QUALITY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN THE VICINITY OF PETROLEUM
REFINERY PLANTS. Gigiena i Sanit., No. 8:8-13, 1950.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.iS-R. Lit.,on
Air Pollut. & Helat. Occup. Dis., Vol. 2, p. 175-180, March
1960.
CFSTI TT60-21188
The present study extended over 1947 - 1949. Air samples for the
determination of hydrocarbons were collected in special 100 - 200
ml pipettes. Hydrocarbons were determined by the combustion
J. Air Quality Measurements 827
-------
method and carbonic acid by the Beberg method. The sensitivity
of the method was 0.01 - 0.02 mg of carbon per 1 liter of air.
Qualitative hydrogen sulfide tests were made with lead acetate
paper and quantitative by Khrustaleva's silver nitrate method. A
maximum of 1 liter of air was aspirated through a microdrexell
absorber. The sensitivity of Khrustaleva's method was 0.0005 -
0.001 mg/1. Air samples were collected at production assemblies
3 - 4, 7 - 8, 45 and others throughout the plant. A subjective
study was made by questioning 174 residents of the different
community areas. Residents of the south and east settlements
noticed the odor of petroleum becoming stronger when the wind blew
toward the settlement. Residents of the upper residential area
noticed the unpleasant odor only when the wind blew from the plant
in the area. In the summer all had noticed a stronger odor of
petroleum in the air; they complained that it was not possible to
open the windows or ventilators for house airing. Residents of
the south settlements complained of metallic objects tarnishing.
It is recommended that working conditions in the plant be improved
and pollution of the atmospheric air of the populated areas be
decreased by instituting the following sanitary measures: install
equipment for the removal of sulfur compounds from the petroleum;
enforce prevention of gas leakage in manufacturing process; and
sanitize surroundings by planting trees, shrubs and other greenery.
07366
Grafe, K. and K. H. Peters
RECORDING OF CO AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON TRAFFIC AND HIND. ( (Co-
Registrierungen in ihrer Abhangigkeit vom Strassenverkehr und
vom Wind.)) Text in German. Stadtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg),
15(6) : 129-134, June 1964. 8 refs.
At two locations in down-town Hamburg, CO measurements were
made with the aim of establishing relationships between CO
concentrations, traffic density, and wind velocity and direction.
Three maps illustrate the general and detailed location of the
sample points. The equipment used was the continuously recording
ORAS-1-CO instrument of Hartmann & Braun. In six diagrams,
daily and weekly variations of the CO concentration, their
distribution function, and their dependence on wind direction and
velocity are presented. While some influence of the buildings
lining the street is noticed, the CO concentration is mainly a
function of the traffic density. No relationship was found
between the concentrations of CO and 3,4-benzopyrene.
Increased CO concentration is accompanied by increased dust
concentrations, probably stemming also from the exhausts.##
07393
K. Nakayama
PRESENT STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION IN CITIES AND TOWNS. Text in
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning
Assoc.) (Toky/). 3(3):4-10, 1965. 12 refs.
A review of well-known air pollution episodes is given
citing environmental conditions, damages, and causes for
episodes in Meuse (Belgium) in 1930, Donora, Pa. in 1948,
London in 1952, Hexico in 1950, Yokohama (Japan) in 1946,
828 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
and Los Angeles at present. The present problems of air
pollution in Tokyo are dealt with including dust fall, S02
concentration, floating soot, dust, and hydrocarbons. The
average value of dust fall was 23.46 tons/sg km/30 days for 1959
to 1963; the soluble elements of soot fall were measured
at 6.47 tons/sq km/30 days. The maximum was recorded in 1961;
seasonal measurements indicate a maximum in February
and a minimum in December. Yearly variations of the quantities
of coal and petroleum used between 1955 and 1964 indicate a
relation between dust fall and the amount of coal used, but
no relation between the latter and petroleum consumption.
The distribution of 302 gas concentrations in 1964 as
measured by the lead peroxide method is shown on a map of
Tokyo. Hydrocarbon concentration of C2 to C8 compounds
ranges from 15 ppb to 1.5 ppm. In heavily trafficked areas the
concentration of 3,4-benzopyrene is between 1.3 and 6.6 microgram/
100 cu m. The effects of automobile exhaust from the
gasoline engine are detected as high as 500 m. Also, water
pollution from the Samida river causes ammonia and hydrogen
sulfide to be discharged into the air.tt
07408
Violet, P. and G. Dumarchey
STUDY OF THE AIR POLLUTION IN LYON DUHING 1965. ((Extude de la
Pollution de 1'Atmosphere de Lyon (Annee 1965).)) Text in
French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), 9(34):77-83, Apr.-June 1967.
The results obtained at various stations located in the Lyon
area are detailed in charts, tables, and graphs to show the air
pollution by month for S02, dust, CO, C02, unburned
hydrocarbons as well as an analysis of the dust samples caught on a
Teflon filter over the period of a month. The maximum S02 for
the year was found on Jan. 12 at Bossuet St. and showed 222 ppm
compared to 510 in 1963. The average concentration during the
winter for S02 and dusts was 129 and 108 micrograms/cu. m.,
respectively, while the summer values were 34 and 36
micrograms/cu. w., respectively. On the 27th of July, no 502
was found at 10 stations. Analytical methods are given for the
various pollutants. The average So 2 concentration for Lyon was
below that of Hotterdam and Paris. Paris from October to
March has a much higher concentration than Rotterdam but is lower
from April through October. Rotterdam is lower than Lyon in
Smoke concentration and Paris is about the same as Lyon with
regard to smoke.#t
07448
C. B. Robison, J. C. Chambers, J. W. Bates
DEFINING THE PBOBLEH OF AIE POLLUTION IN HETBOPOLITAN
BIRHINGHAH, ALABAMA. Preprint, Jefferson County Dept. of
Health, Ala., ((32)) p., June 1967. 15 refs.
The air pollution problem in Metropolitan Birmingham,
Alabama is presented. The results and recommendations of
previous and current studies of air pollution in Jefferson
County are compiled. Possible methods of air pollution
control are also discussed. The topography of the Birningham
J. Air Quality Measurements 829
-------
area is irregular, consisting of ridges with intervening valleys.
The city proper is in a valley. The main climatic effect
of the topography is that during winter months it produces
extreme temperature inversions and rather low minimum temperatures.
The range of annual averages of suspended particulate matter
in the 10 station sampling network varied from 72 to 281
microgram/cu. m. Results show that 20% of the time suspended
particulate matter in Jefferson County exceeds 265
microgram/cu. m. The annual averages for dustfall range from
9,5 tons/sg. mi,/mo to 87.8 tons/sg mi./mo. Sulfation levels
are generally rather low in Jefferson County. Sulfur dioxide
levels are generally lov year round with the winter season
having the highest concentrations. Nitrogen dioxide was the only
gaseous pollutant found in any significant quantities with the
range of daily levels being 0.7 to 62.7 parts per hundred million.
Daily aldehyde lebels ranged from 0 to 4.0 parts per hundred
million. Air pollution comes from four main sources:
(1) Domestic, (2) Transportation, (3) Commercial and (4)
Industrial. Stationary sources include the domestic,
commercial and industrial. Industrial sources account for
approximately 98% of the particulate emissions, 8S% of the
gaseous emissions and 53% of the hydrocarbon emissions from
stationary sources. In comparison with stationary sources
transportation contributes only slightly to the particulate
matter. The results of the public opinion survey showed that
54% of the people within the City of Birmingham and an average of
42% of the people outside the city limits were annoyed or affected
adversely in some way by air pollution.##
08163
Y. I. Shvarts, L. A. Zil'berg
ZONAL STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION IN AREAS SURROUNDING
A ROOFING TAR PAPER PLANT. In: Survey of U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine.
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for
Applied Tech., Vol., 3, p. 186-188, Hay 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Determinations were made of the content of dust, hydrocarbons,
and sulfur dioxide in the vicinity of a roofing tar paper plant.
Air samples were collected on the windy side, and 2.5 m above the
ground on all sides of and at different distances from the
plant. Hydrocarbons were determined by the combustion method;
sulfur dioxide was determined nephelometrically; and dust was
determined gravimetrically. Carbon dioxide determinations were
made in 13 air samples collected at 50 m from the plant. The
concentration of carbon dioxide varied between 0.048 - 09302 ag/1
of air. Hydrocarbon concentrations varied between a trace to
0.35 mg/cu m; S02 varied between 1.25 and 5.59 mg/cu m. To
obtain more accurate results with reference to the basic source
of air pollution, 8 additional laboratory analyses were made of
air samples collected 1.3 km from the plant at a point far away
from industrial establishments. Sulfur dioxide concentrations
varied between 0.0012 - 0.0015 mg/1; and dust concentrations varied
between 1.05 and 1.12 mg/cu m. This was taken as evidence
of the fact that air pollution in the vicinity of the plant was
caused by the emission of gases and by the dust coming from the
plant.##
830 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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08196
Kononova, v. A.
SANITARY CLEARANCE ZONES BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL SECTIONS AND PLACES
OF FUEL STORAGE IN SOVKHOZES OF SAHATOVSK (OBLAST) TERRITORY.
Gigiena i Sanit., 23 (6):11-14, 1958. 3 refs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. levine, U, S. S. R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 4, p.
188-192, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
The mechanization of agriculture in the Soviet Union is
accompanied by the proliferation of centers where automotive
agricultural machinery is housed and fuel for the machinery is
stored. The prescribed 75 m wide sanitary clearance zone between
residential sections and fuel storage centers was evaluated for
effectiveness in protecting residents from gasoline fumes and
automotive emissions. Tetraethyl lead and hydrocarbons were
measured in air and soil at varying distances from the gasoline
storage tanks. It was concluded that a sanitary clearance zone
of 75 m was inadequate, fit
08198
Stankevich, B. E. and M. I. Isaeva
SELECTION OF AIR INTAKE POINTS FOR VENTILATION OF PHEHISES IN
PETROLEUM PROCESSING PLANTS. Gigiena i Sanit., No. 8:27-34,
1954. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. 5. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational Dis-
eases, Vol. 4, p. 202-208, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Previous investigators had concluded that even under most
unfavorable conditions of refinery building location with regard to
hydrogen sulfide accumulation, the air intakes located 18 - 20 m
above the ground could supply air sufficiently pure for practical
ventilation. In an effort to disprove this conclusion, studies
were made at two petroleum refineries. Air samples taken
simultaneously at 5, 10 and 15 m above the ground were analyzed for
the content of hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and
sulfur dioxide. It was found that the installation of air intakes
at 15 - 20 m fails to improve the quality of ventilation air, and
in many cases might worsen it. In view of the complexity and
specific conditions which may exist in some modern oil refineries,
the choice of necessary sanitary measures can be made only on an
individual basis by taking into consideration actually existing
conditions.ft
08300
Haga, John A. and Asce, M.
VEHICULAR POLLUTION EFFECTS IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT. Proc.Am. Soc.
Civil Engrs., J. Urban Planning Develop. Div., 93(UP4): 231-241,
Dec. 1967. (Presented at the American Society of Civil Engineers
Transportation Engineering Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 17-
21, 1966.)
J. Air Quality Measurements 831
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Toxic emissions from motor vehicles such as carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in urban areas were measured.
The tabulated results indicate that operation of large numbers of
motor vehicles cause high concentrations of these contaminants in
the urban atmosphere. The direct relationship between emissions
and atmospheric concentrations is found in localized situations as
well as communitywide air pollution. The quantity of exhaust
contamination emitted can be related to traffic patterns and
vehicle operating modes. Stop and go driving results in more
pollutants than unimpeded flow. The present approach to a
reduction of motor vehicle emissions, which is based mainly on
engine modification and the use of control devices, is not
sufficient. Additional benefits can be obtained through highway
design, mass transit, and urban planning.
08315
Bosco, G, and Grella, A.
DETERMINATION OF AROMATIC POLICYCLIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE HAZY
ATMOSPHERE OF SIENA, ITALY. (Determinazione di idrocarburi
policiclici aromatici nel pulviscolo atmosferico della critta di
Diena.) Text in Italian. Nuovi Ann. Igiene Microbiol. (Rome),
17(4):297-300, 1966. 10 refs.
Data concerning occurrence and guantitative determination of
polynuclear aromatic -ydrocarbons in the air of Siena, Italy, from
February through June, 1965 are reported. The data are tabulated
for fluorene, phenanthrene, ant-racene, pyrene, fluoranthene, 1,2-
benzanthracene, chrysens, perylene, 3,4-benzopyrene, 1,12-
benzanthracene, anthanthrene, and coronene. Amounts up to 5
micrograms/100 cu.m. of air were determined using hi-volume air-
samplers which were placed 2 to 10 meters above the ground in five
locations.
08322
Hantzsch, Siegfried and Erdwin Lahmann
CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE AIR OVER URBAN STREETS AND
THEIR RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCE OF CARBON MONOXIDE.
( (Kohlenwasserstoff-Konzentrationen in Strassenluft und ihre
Relation zum Auftreten von Kohlenmonoxyd.)) Text in German.
Erdoel Hohle (Hamburg), 20 (9) :642-643, Sept. 1967.
Continuous measurements of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide levels
of the ambient air were conducted alongside a Berlin street with
high traffic density for several months. Hydrocarbons were
measured with a flame ionization detector and carbon monoxide with
an infrared analyzer. About 2,000 half-hourly average values and
the daily average value were determined. The mean hydrocarbon
concentration was dependent on the density of the traffic, reaching
7 ppm during the afternoon peak. Maximum value of total
hydrocarbons was 14.2 ppm.. Seventy percent of the values were
in the 3-6 ppm range and 1% exceeded 10 ppm. The carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbon concentrations were directly correlated
showing a linear relationship, the average daily coefficient of
correlation being 0.88. The mean absolute concentration of carbon
monoxide was three times higher than that of the hydrocarbons.#1
832 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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08485
Hasek, Vaclav
THE EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION ON THE PRESENCE OF 3,4-BENZOPYHENE
III INDUSTRIAL EXHAUSTS. ((Vliv slunecniho zareni na
pritomnost 3,4-benzpyrenu v exhalacich.)) Text in Czech. Chen.
Prumysl (Prague), 17 (2) :99-103, 1967. 30refs.
The determination of polycyclic hydrocarbons in industrial
exhausts and in the atmosphere has become increasingly important
in recent years. The main interest is focoused on carcinogenic
substances, particularly on 3,4-benzopyrene. In the present
study, 3-4-benzopyrene was determined from samples obtained by
passing air through filter paper in the vicinity of a coking plant
in which coal tar products formed during carbonization leak into
the atmosphere. At the same time the intensity of solar radiation
was recorded with a Robitzsch pyranograph. The results showed
that the intensity and duration of solar radiation had no effect
on the content of 3,4-benzopyrene in the atmosphere and in the dust
in the vicinity of the source. The discharge of tar products
into the atmosphere must be controlled by changing the technology,
e.g. by improving equipment seals and using steam injection to
reduce the vapor pressure inside the equipment. Tables and
graphs.##
09117
Alvisatos, G. P., B. N. Bazas, J. Alexopoulos, and E.
Verykokakis
AIH POLLUTION IN THE CITY OF ATHENS AND SURROUNDING TERRITORY.
L'Igiene Hoderan, 60 (1-2):3-25, Jan.-Feb. 1967. 42 refs.
Air pollution in Athens is discussed with emphasis on emission
sources, population density, and city planning. An air sampling
survey, conducted from mid-1962 to the early part of 1966, is
described. The survey concentrated mainly on determining the
amounts of smoke, S02, CO, dust particles, dustfall, and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The results are tabulated. It
is concluded that no immediate health hazard exists from air
pollution in Athens because it is a windy and dry area.
Recommendations are made to avoid hazardous air pollution in the
future.##
09209
Schuenemann, J. J.
ASSIGNMENT REPORT. AIR POLLUTION TEHERAN. AN INTRODUCTORY
SURVEY OF THE PROBLEMS AND SOME SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES. World
Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland), 49p., Sept.
13-Oct. 1, 1965. 3 refs.
A project was begun in the city of Teheran which consisted of
these two parts: 1. A short term study of the main recognized
sources of air pollution in the city with the aim of identifying
their causes and recommending appropriate technical and
administrative measures for their abatement. 2. A long-term
J. Air Quality Measurements 333
-------
small scale study of air pollutants and their effects on the
community with the aim of training staff and developing
techniques for more intensive future studies. Information
corresponding to these two parts is presented.##
09766
Moberg, J. L.
ANALYSIS OF TRACE CONTAMINANTS IN CLOSED ECOLOGIC ATMOSPHERES.
Aerojet-General Corp., Azusa, Calif., Proj. 7930, Task
793002, SAM-TR-66-99, 17 p., Dec. 1966.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 6«7618
A 27—day experiment designed to determine man's contribution to
trace contaminants in a sealed environment was conducted. The use
of crzogenic fractionation and concentration provided samples with
sufficient levels of contaminants for analysis by means of gas
chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Large numbers of aromatic
and aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds were detected in the samples.
Alcohols, aldehydes, organic acids, esters, ethers and ketones were
detected in smaller quantities.
09936
Bosco, G., G. Barsini, A. Grella
NEW STUDIES ON THE PRESENCE OF AROMATIC POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS IH
THE ATMOSPHERIC DUSTS OF THE HISTORIC CENTER OF THE CITY OF
SIENA. ( (Nuove indagini sulla presenza di idrocarburi polycylici
aromatici nel pulviscolo atmosferico del centro storico della
citta di Siena.)) Text in Italian. Nuovi Ann. Igiene Micro-
biol. (Rome), 18 (4) -.285-292, July-Aug. 1967. 14 refs.
Air at three locations in the center of town was sampled daily fron
Sept. 1965 to June 1966 using a high volume sampler. Particulate
residues deposited on the filter paper were then analyzed for the
presence of aromatic hydrocarbons. Data are tabulated and are
considered of interest due to the closing of this part of town to
all private traffic. Pheuanthrene, anthracene, pyrene,
methlpyrene, fluoranthene, 1,2,-benzanthracene, chrysene, perylene,
benzopyrenes, benzofluoranthenes, anthanthen, 1,12-benzoperylene,
1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene and coronene are found in amounts ranging
from traces to 10.45 microgram/100 cu m. Highest values are
generally observed during December and January. Domestic heating
is mentioned as a source of the hydrocarbons.
11015
Tanimura, Hisashige
BENZO (A)PYRENE IN AN IRON AND STEEL WORKS. Arch. Environ.
Health, 17 (2) :172-177, Aug. 1968.
To investigate benzo(a)pyrene in an iron and steel works,
separating and measurement methods were studied, and amounts of
benzo (a)pyrene contained in suspended and falling particulates were
collected in the plant and measured for summer and winter sessions.
334 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The samples were separated chromatographically and the amounts
were determined spectrophotometrically. A great amount of
benzo(a)pyrene was found near the three high mills in the rolling
mill plant, the coke oven, the blast furnace, and the electric
furnace. High correlations were found between benzo (a)pyrene in
suspended and falling particulates. (Author's abstract)!*
1122U
Venezia, H. and G. Ozolins
INTEBSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY PHASE II PBOJECT REPORT. II.
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY. Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
50p., Dec. 1966. ((50)) refs.
An emission inventory was conducted during 1963-1961 as part of
the St. Louis - East St. Louis Interstate Air Pollution
Study. The Study covered an area of 3,567 square miles and
included the City of St. Louis and the six surrounding
counties - St. Louis, St. Charles, and Jefferson Counties in
Missouri and Madison, St. Clair, and Monroe Counties in
Illinois. More than 95 percent of the population and almost all
of the industrial activity are located in the 400 square miles of
the centrally located urbanized part of the Study area. The
pollutant emission data presented can be, almost entirely attributed
to this urbanized portion of the area. Population density and
land-use maps, which provide an excellent index to the areal
distribution of most pollutant emissions, are presented. The
pollutants considered in this survey are those emitted in large
quantities from a variety and multitude of sources dispersed
throughout the area. Included are aldehydes, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (calculated as nitrogen dioxide),
sulfur oxides (calculated as sulfur dioxide) , particulates, and
benzo(a)pyrene. The emissions of other pollutants are generally
associated with a specific process or operation and in general, are
not distributed throughout the community. (Authors' abstract,
modified)##
11267
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of
Air Pollution.
FOUR-YEAR SUHMABY OF DATA FROM THE CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING
PROGRAM.
Preprint, ( (23))p., Aug. 1966.
Continuous air monitoring data gathered during 1962 - 1965 is
summarized. Ambient atmospheric concentrations of siz gaseous
air pollutants from several major american cities are given.
These include sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide,
total oxidants, total hydrocarbons, and carbon monozide, and
sailing index values. Summaries by city and year are given of
the annual average concentrations, the maximum and minimum
monthly average concentrations, and the maximum daily average
concentration of the several pollutants monitored.ft
J. Air Quality Measurements 835
-------
11572
Kutscher, H. and R. Tomingas
STDDY OF THE HAZARDS PRESENTED BY SOOT AND AIB DDST WITH
PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THEIR CARCINOGENIC ACTION. - PART 10 -
DUST MEASUREMENTS BY MEANS OF THE TB-II APPARATUS AT A BUSY
SECTION OF HEIDELBERG. ((Dntersuchungen uber die
Schadlichkeit von Russen und luftstauben unter besonderer
Berucksichtigung ihrer kanzerogenen Wirkung.)) Text in
German. Arch. Hyg. Bakterol., 152 (3) :260-264, June 1968. 3
refs.
In July 1967 (a very hot month, free of precipitation), 10
measurements were made at a busy intersection of Heidelberg,
Germany. The findings revealed that the amount of dust in the
air was more than 1 mg per cubic meter which, by any standards, is
extremely high. Evaluation of various factors suggested that
automobile exhaust was largely responsible for this high degree
of air pollution. The interesting feature of the present study
is that the size of dust particles collected during measurements is
compatible with their deep penetration in the respiratory tract.
Particles as large as 50 microns were seldom encountered, most
of the dust grains being slightly larger than 10 microns.
Chemical analysis revealed that the amount of benzo (a)pyrene
varied between 37 and 97 micrograms per cubic meter of air.t*
11577
Univ. Liege, Belgium, Lab. Toxicology and Hygiene
SURVEYS PERFORMED IN BELGIUM. POLLUTION BY EFFLUENTS OF
COMBUSTION IN AN URBAN ZONE WITH HEAVY POPULATION DENSITY.
( (Enguetes realisees en Belgigue. Pollution par effluents de
combustion en zone urbaine a forte densite de population.)) Text
in French. Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development, Paris, France, Up., (1967) 3 refs.
As part of a continuing study of the effects of air pollution in
the vicinity of Liege, a qualitative and quantitative evaluation
of the pollutants from a charcoal compressing factory on the
northeast outskirts of the city are reported. The neighborhood
is mixed residential and contains a school, a sport field, an
exhibition hall, and a railroad line. The factory produces 60
tons of processed coal per hour, is sealed, and equipped with
electrostatic filters. The indicators were settling particles and
suspended particulates. The factory began operating in April
1960 and the monitoring began in December 1959 and continued
through April 1961. The sites are described for each pollutant
and the methods of determination listed. The results are not
given in detail (they may be in graphs which are not included with
the document). The emissions were exclusively carbon and tars.
Some methods of determination were found to be more reproducible
than others. Flourescence was a specific indicator for the
presence of polycyclic hydrocarbons in the settling particles.##
836 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11579
Univ. liege, Belgian, Lab. Toxicology and Hygiene
SURVEYS PERFORMED IN BELGIUM. POLLUTION BY EFFLUENTS OF
COMBUSTION IN AN URBAN ZONE WITH HEAVY POPULATION DENSITY.
((Enguetes Realisees en Belgique. Pollution par Effluents de
Combustion en Zone Urbaine a Forte Densite de Population.))
Text in French. Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development, Paris, France, Up., (1967) No refs.
Air pollution measurements by continuous monitoring were carried
out between 1962 and 1965 in Liege, a city of 150,000 inhabitants/
25 sq. km. situated in the center of an industrial area of
500,000 inhabitants/90 sg. km. in the Meuse Valley. The weight
of respirable suspended particles (permanent pollution) in the air
was estimated by spectrophotometry while polycyclic hydrocarbons
were obtained by column chromatography and spectrophotometry, or by
chemical extraction. Particulate residues induced by fumes
(industrial and vehicular) amounted to 0.1 mg/cu m in the center
of the agglomeration and 0.07 mg/cu m in the suburbs and high
grounds. In wooded sites and in industrial areas permanent
pollution amounted to 0.05 mg/cu m and 0.13 mg/cu m, respectively.
The general increase (40%) of pollution observed during the
winter months was caused by the continual use of combustibles for
domestic heating and was higher in the suburbs. Hind velocities
of more than 15 km/hr reduced permanent pollution to 0.5 mg/cu n
at all sites, while temperature inversion increased pollution
2-3 times the seasonal average. The concentration of
polycyclic hydrocarbons increased 5-10 times during the winter and
was directly related to temperature. The concentration of
polycyclic hydrocarbons per weight unit of permanent pollution
changed according to site and season, indicating the varied nature
of the samples collected.##
11914
L. N. Samoilovich, and Yu. F. Redkin
AIR POLLUTION WITH 3,4-BENZPYRENE FROM PETROLEUM AND CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES. ((Zagryaznenie atmosfernogo vozduha
3,4-benzpirenom predpriyatiyanii neftehimirkeskoi
promishlennosti.)) Text in Russian-. Gigena i Sanitariya,
33(9):10-14, Sept. 1968. 7 refs.
The 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations of 193 air samples from 2
petroleum refineries, one chemical plant, and the city of Grozny,
collected for 3 years by an ERV-49 aspirator and adsorbed on the
organic FPA-15 tissue, were determined after extraction with
benzene and dilution with n-octane. The refineries had 0.1-UO
mKg microgram/100 cu m (with values of 0,8-40 mKg/100 cu m in
coke shops), the chemical plant (pyrolysis shop) 0.9-9.1 mKg/100
cu m, and the city sections (distance 50-2000 m from a contact coke
plant) 0.08-0.40 mKg/100 cu m maximal 3,4-benzpyrene
concentrations. The emission was the highest during full-capacity
production, with 2-4-fold increase in a contact coke plant of
refinery No 2. By order of the city sanitary physician refinery
No2 was closed down temporarily. The furnaces were supplied
with gas-forming fuel and hermetization was carried out. It was
concluded that within a 2-km radius from a petroleum refinery,
there is considerable 3,4-benzpyrene pollution. The most
significant sources were the coke and pyrolysis shops.#t
J. Air Quality Measurements 837
-------
13040
Cavanagh, Leonard A., Conrad F. Schadt, and Elmer Robinson
ATMOSPHERIC HYDKOCARBON AND CARBON MONOXIDE MEASDSEMENTS AT
POINT BARROW, ALASKA. Environ. Sci. Technol., 3 (3) :251-257,
March 1969. 12 refs.
The concentrations of low molecular weight hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide in uncontaminated Arctic air masses were analyzed at
Point Barrow, Alaska. Using gas chromatographic techniques, a
variety of organic compounds were regularly observed in these air
masses, and the following average concentrations were obtained:
methane, 1.6 ppm; butane, 0.06 ppb; acetone, 1.0 ppb; and n-
butanol, 190 ppb. Carbon monoxide concentrations averaged about
90 ppb. Special investigations confirmed the unexpected presence
of n-butanol in these samples. Sources of these organics are
postulated. (Author abstract)
13788
Ingiulla, M., C. Grasso, and E. Mariottini
DSE OF HYDROCARBONS LEVEL DETERMINATIONS IN THE STUDY OF AIR
POLLUTION. (Ulterior! determinazioni dell'ossido di carbonic
quale indice di inguinamento atmosferico). Text in Italian.
Igiene Mod. (Parma), 61(9-10):582-591, Sept.-Oct. 1968. 3 refs.
Air pollution in Florence was studied by determining concentration
levels of carbon monoxide in 1296 air samples and hydrocarbons in
1188 samples. Samples were taken in busy streets and adjacent
shops or apartments. The CO concentrations reached levels as high
as 150 ppm outdoors and 50 ppm in a shop, indicating notable air
pollution. Hydrocarbon levels were too small to be determined.
(Author summary modified)
141 80
Gordon, Robert J., Henry Mayrsohn, and Raymond M. Ingels
C2-C5 HYDROCARBONS IN THE LOS ANGELES ATMOSPHERE. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 2 (12) :1117-1120, Dec. 1968. 12 refs.
A joint study was carried out in Los Angeles in the fall of 1967
to define more closely the actual concentration of oxides of
nitrogen and various hydrocarbons in the atmosphere on days of
differing smog intensity. Part of the study involved gas
chromatographic analysis for light hydrocarbons, ethane to
isopentane, at two sites. Almost 700 samples were run during 46
days. Averages were presented for the hourly samples subdivided
into groups of high or low oxidant development. Light paraffins,
especially propane, were found in concentrations too high to be
ascribed to auto exhaust, but their source was not pinpointed.
The average morning concentration of oxidant at various locations
was closely similar, hour by hour, in spite of large differences
in the levels of primary pollutants. The ratios of acetylene
and high olefins to nitrogen oxides were found to be higher than
the average in exhaust generated in a test cycle on a dynamometer.
838 H/DROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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14534
COHMISSION ON EARTH, HATER AND AIR, ROTTERDAM. Annual Report
1968. (Verslag over het jaar 1968). Text in Dutch. 72p.
This report deals with the soil, water, and air pollution
problems in the vicinity of Rotterdam. Thirty-three cases
of soil pollution reported in 1968 were mainly due to leakage
in underground tanks and pipes. The average chlorine content
at low tides at the measuring station of the Horingerdijk
reservoir was 139 mg/1, 7 mg/1 lower than in 1967. The level
of air pollution during 1968 was more or less constant in
comparison with 1967. A study of the 1218 bronchitis complaints
of male civil servants indicated that bronchitis occurs with
increasing frequency in the age group above 40 and especially
above 60. A study of chronic bronchitis and asthma in
elementary school children in two -sections of Rotterdam indicated
that in Crosswijk, 5.5% of 455 children had chronic bronchitis
and 2.2% had asthma. In Hillegersberg, 1.0% of 480 children
had chronic bronchitis and 1.7% had asthma. Measurements of
precipitation, smoke, polycyclic hydrocarbons, CO, ozone, N02,
and sulfur oxides are presented. The smoke meter results show
a usual smoke content of 100 micrograms/cu m or more during
long periods of mist which occur during the winter months. In
the first and fourth quarters, the polycyclic hydrocarbon values
were much smaller than those of 1964. Of 174 samples of carbon
monoxide, 18 were more than 30 ppm; in 1967, only one sample was
higher than 30 ppm. The highest lead content was 1.5 micrograms/
cu m. Ozone content of the air was less than 20 micrograms/cu m
on cloudy days. Nitrogen oxide concentration ranged from 100-
150 micrograms/cu m. Ninety-one days were recorded with S02
content equal to or greater than 350 micrograms/cu m, and 89
days were recorded with smoke content equal to or greater than
250 micrograms/cu m. The declining tendency for smoke pollution
was attributed to the increasing use of natural gas.
14616
Commission on Earth, Water, and Air, Rotterdam
REPOT)T ON THE YEAR 1967. (Verslag over het jaar 1967). Text
in Dutch. 128p.
The Commission on Earth, Water and Jir Pollution, Rotterdam,
is composed of engineers and scientists from various municipal
commissions and public service departments. It works closely with
other municipal groups and industrial associations to regulate
pollution in the area around the mouth of the Rhine, collaborating
on guidelines for municipal ordinances and emission standards.
The commission operates an extensive measurement network and
maintains laboratory facilities for the chemical analysis of
pollutants. One of its purposes is to compile a report pf all
public and private activities relating to combating the pollution
of earth, water, and air. This report for 1967 surveys the
reduction in pollution effected by measures undertaken by
municipal power operations, municipal plants, and private industry
in the Rotterdam area; control methods still under study; sources
of water pollution; complaints about the dispersion of unpleasant
odors, smoke, soot, and fog; the possible relation- between air
pollution and bronchitis in municipal employees and school
children; results of atmospheric measurements; and the preparations
for a national environmental hygiene literature pool. In 1967,
J. Air Quality Measurements 839
-------
pollution caused by smoke, sulfur dioxide, and polycyclic
hydrocarbons continued to decrease, indicating that conditions
imposed by authorities and efforts made by industries were largely
successful. Measurement data and meter readings are
tabulated. Haps of the measurement network are included.
11776
Lahmann, Erdwin
STUDIES OF AIR POILDTION CAUSED BY MOTOR VEHICLES.
(Untersuchungen ueber Luftverunreinigungen durch den
Kraftverkehr). Text in German. Schrifteureihe Ver. Wasser Boden
Lufthyg. (Berlin), no. 28, 80p., 1969. 123 refs.
A measuring station for determining the extent of air pollution
caused by motor vehicles was erected in front of the city hall
in West Berlin, considered to be the busiest point in the city.
The Uras infrared analyzer was used for continuous measurement
of CO and C02 concentrations 75 cm above the ground; ozone was
continuously measured at 2 and 20 m with a unit developed by
Damaschke und Luebke based on liberation of bromine from a
potassium bromide solution by ozone. For continuous measurement
of hydrocarbons at 75 cm, a Beckman 109A analyzer was used.
Discontinuous sampling was employed for measurement of NO, S02,
formaldehyde, and phenols. A high volume sampler was used for
determination of the total dust concentration. Traffic counts
were conducted throughout the measurement period, and the driving
cycles were determined. The results are listed in detail in
numerous tables and diagrams. The influence of meteorological
factors such as wind direction and speed, humidity, temperature,
and pressure is discussed. The maximum half-hourly average CO
concentration was 60 ppm with concentration peaks in the morning
and afternoon rush hours. Maximum C02 concentration was somewhat
less than 500 ppm and thus only 50% higher than the natural C02
concentration of the atmosphere. No dangerous ozone concentrations
were measured. All N02 concentrations were below 0.2 mg/cu m.
Peak S02 concentrations occurred in between rush hours, which
indicates that they are due to domestic heaters. A linear
relationship between the various pollutants was found. The
results of these measurements are compared with results in the
literature.
1U679
Tanimura, Hisashige
STUDY ON THE EELATION BETWEEN BENZO(A)PYRENE OF THE SUSPENDED
MATTERS AND THAT OF THE FALLING MATTERS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
(Taikichu no fuyujin to rakkajin chu no Benzo (a) pyrene ryo
no kankei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku
Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), vol. 21:269-278, 1966. 31 refs.
Suspended and settling particulates were collected in industrial
and residential urban districts in the city of Kita-Kyushu in the
summer and winter from 1964-1965 and analyzed for benzopyrene.
Suspended and settling particulates were collected at similar
times and places and the relationship between benzopyrene
in suspended particulates and settling particulates was
determined. The results showed a high correlation between
840 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
benzopyrene in suspended and settling particulates in both
seasons and in similar places. In suspended and settling
particulates, benzopyrene in industrial urban areas was
greater in the winter and was always greater than in residential
areas. (Author abstract modified)
1U785
Franco, P. and C. De Pompeis
INQUIRY INTO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IH THE CITY OF PESCARA,
(Indagine sull'inguinamento atmosferico nella citta1 di
Pescara). Text in Italian. Igiene Sanita Publica (Rome),
24111-12):550-567, Nov.-Dec. 1968. 29 refs.
This Italian city of 120,000 inhabitants and 20,703 motor
vehicles has light to medium industry, relies heavily on tourist
trade from surrounding resorts, is the fastest-growing city
outside Home, and is intersected (rather than by-passed) by the
Adriatic national highway. Homes are heated, mostly with heavy
naphtha, from early November to late March. Fifty percent of
approximately 1000 home heating plants lack official approval.
No central facility for burning trash is provided. In May
1967 and April-June 1968, the air was tested at 15 critical
points with Draeger 19/31 gas detectors, located 1-1.70 m above
street level, for the presence of CO, C02, S02, hydrocarbons,
and the nitrogen oxides, from 8:30 to 12 a.m. and 7-8 p.m.
Carbon monoxide was detected at six points; at one point,
where crosstown and Adriatic highway traffic meet, the
concentration was 100 ppm. Sulfur dioxide was detected at two
points. Practical proposals were made: better placement of
bus stops, timed traffic lights, installation of air purifiers,
possibility of more electrically driven public transport,
education of motorists in 'anti-pollution1 driving habits,
and use of larger zones of vegetation in congested areas. The
authors feel that confinement of Pescara's expansion to the
seacoast has been salutary and they oppose future expansion
into the hilly inland region, because such expansion would
promote more severe air pollution problems.
14997
Hilst, Glenn R., John E. Yocom, and Norman E. Bowne
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMULATION MODEL FOR AIR POLLUTION OVER
CONNECTICUT. VOLUME 1. (SUMMARY REPORT.). Travelers Research
Center, Inc., Hartford, Conn., Grant RSA-67-'*, 66p., Oct. 1967.
3 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: PB 182 608
A working, computer-oriented simulation model of the state—wide
Connecticut air pollution system was developed. This simulation
model is designed to estimate the cumulative air pollution loading
of Connecticut's atmosphere with a spatial resolution of one mile
and a time resolution of one hour. Any arbitrary distribution of
the air pollution sources can be evaluated with regard to
resultant air quality over the region. As a management tool for
evaluation of alternative air pollution control practices, this
model provides an unprecedented information and evaluation
system. In addition to the construction of this very versatile
J. Air Quality Measurements 841
-------
simulation model, an inventory of the location and hour-by-hour
emission rates of the varied sources of five pollutants was
completed, the major variabilities of the atmospheric dispersion
processes over Connecticut were assessed. These products serve as
the input variables to the simulation model. The source
inventories show that, in 1967, man-made sources of air pollution
in Connecticut will emit some 300,000 tons of orides of sulfur,
129,000 tons of the oxides of nitrogen, 1,290,000 tons of carbon
monoxide, 328,600 tons of hydrocarbons, and 63,900 tons of
suspended particulates. Exemplary calculations of the expected
air pollution levels in Connecticut under various meteorological
conditions, as predicted by the simulation model, are presented.
These examples show clearly the regional variability of air
quality; they illustrate the power of the model to evaluate of
complex planning and control problems inherent in effective air
resource management. Connecticut vill have the advantage of a
system that can evaluate the air guality implications of control
plans before they are implemented and also define, in
unprecedented detail, the causes of present and future air
pollution problems. (Author summary modified)
15154
Lahmann, Erdwin and Siegfried Haentzsch
AIR POLLUTION BY HYDROCARBONS. (Luftverunreinigung durch
Kohlenwasserstoffe) . Text in German. Staedtehygiene
(Uelzen/Hamburg), 20(10):243-246, 1969. 15 refs.
At the side of a busy road in Berlin, automatic air quality
measurements (mainly of hydrocarbons) were taken for a total
of six months between 1967 and 1968 using the Beckman hydrocarbon
analyzer 109 A. The air samples were taken at 75 cm above the
pavement. The measurements were made mostly from 6 a.m. to
10 p.m. and a total of 3500 half-hourly values were obtained. It
was found that 75% of the individual values belonged to the
concentration range of 3 to 7 ppm hydrocarbons (methane
equivalents) and 1.6% of the values exceeded 10 ppm. The
arithmetic mean of all values was 5.04 ppm, the 50% value of the
cumulative frequency was 4.5 ppm, the 95% value of the cumulative
frequency was 8.4 ppm, and the 98% value of the cumulative
frequency was 9.8 ppm. The three highest concentrations
measured were 17.2, 15.9, and 15.3 ppm. The highest hydrocarbon
concentrations were measured during traffic rush hours in the
morning and afternoon. The measured concentrations are not
considered to be dangerous. In 1955, the maximum allowable
concentration for gasoline was set at 500 ppm. The maximum
allowable atmospheric concentration is 20 ppm (long-term) and
60 ppm (short-term). A table of hydrocarbon concentrations found
in several American cities between 1962 and 1966 is included.
15248
Pailer, M., H. Begutter, R. Baumann, and J. A. Schedling
BENZO(A)PYRENE CONTENT OF DUST SAMPLES FROM THE HETROPOLITAN
AREA OF VIENNA. (Benzo(a)pyrenegehalt von Staubproben aus
dem Wiener Stadtgebiet). Text in German, Oesterr. Chemiker-
Zeit., 67 (6):222-5, July 1966. 15 refs.
342 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
To determine the benzo(a)pyrene content of 31 random dust
samples collected on glass fiber filters in Vienna, the
filters were extracted with benzene, the benzo (a)pyrene was
separated with thin-layer chromatography, and the concentration
was determined by spectrophotometry. The samples were obtained
from January 1965 to October 1965. In warm weather,
concentrations between 16 and 70 micrograms/1000 cu m were
measured. In winter months, the concentrations were much higher
(123 to 165 micrograms/1000 cu m). Concentration measurements
outside the city in the summer yielded values between 0.5 and 0.8
micrograms/1000 cu m. No relationship could be found between the
dust concentration and the benzo (a)pyrene concentration.
Comparison of the results with those of other cities shows good
agreement. Inhaling 20 cu m of city air (100 micrograms
benzo(a)pyrene/1000 cu m daily is shown to be equivalent to
inhaling smoke from 50 to 60 cigarettes (0.03 micrograms
benzo (a) pyrene) .
15287
Zur Muehlen, Thorkill
MEASUREMENTS OF STYEENE EMISSIONS AND IMHISSIONS WITH THE AID OF
GAS CHHOMATOGRAPHY. (Messungen von Styrol-Emissionen und
-Immissionen mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographie). Text in German.
Zentr. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz, vol. 18:41-43, Feb. 1968.
15 refs.
Air samples for determining the concentration of styrene fumes
in the vicinity of a processing plant for polyester resin were
obtained with a gas collecting tube. A membrane pump was used
to draw in 30 1 air within a period of 5 minutes. In the gas
chromatographic analysis of the samples; helium (99.99%) was
used as a carrier gas and the operating temperature was 150 C.
Calibration was performed according to the method described
by J. May. At the outlet of the vapors, 340 ppm were measured;
at a distance of 1 m, 130 ppm, at a distance of 10 m, 8 to 9
ppm; and at a distance of about 35 m, about 1 ppm. The odor
threshold for styrene was found to be 1 ppm.
15575
Lehmann, E. and J. Westphal
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTOR TRAFFIC DENSITY AND AIR POLLUTION IN
A METROPOLITAN STREET. (Beziehungen zwischen Kraftverkehrsdichte
und Luftverunreinigungen in einer Grossstadtstrasse). Text in
German. Strassenbau (Duesseldorf-Oberkassel), no. 6: 4p., 1968.
« refs.
In the years 1966 and 1967, extensive air quality measurements
were made on a busy street in Berlin. The relationships between
the traffic density and the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and
lead concentrations in the air above the street were determined.
The CO was continuously measured with an infrared analyzer over
a period of 12 months. The air samples were taken 75 cm above
the pavement. Half-hourly averages were obtained from the
continuously recorded CO concentrations. The hydrocarbon
(CH) concentration was continuously measured with a flame
J. Air Quality Measurements 843
-------
ionization detector. The lead content was determined
intermittently at a height of 3 m. Analysis of the precipitated
dust for leadwas performed by the dithizon method. simultaneously
with the lead concentration measurements, traffic counts were
conducted between 6 a.m. and 8 p.m. The correlation coefficients
were determined for the relationship between traffic density
and the CO, CH and lead concentrations. These were 0.90, 0.85,
and 0.78, respectively. A correlation between the CO, CH, and
lead content of the air and the traffic density was found
when long-term averages were used for the comparison. Comparison
of the measured results of just one day showed no correlation.
The meteorological influence was stronger in this case than
that of the traffic density. Concentrations of the various
exhaust components were generally interdependent. In this way,
measurement of just one substance is sufficient to obtain
general information on air composition.
15600
Braja, M., G. Trompeo and G. C. Vanini.
FIEST INVESTIGATIONS ON THE POLLUTION OF THE AIR OF TURIN BY
POLYCYCLIC AHOMATIC HYDROCARBONS. (Prime ricerche
sull1inquinamento de idrocarburi policiclici aromatici
nell"atmosfera urbana di Torino). Text in Italian. L'Igiene
Moderna, 62 (1-2):27-45, Sept. 1969. 9 refs.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), among the substances most
frequently accused of cancerogenic powers, are the products of
incomplete combustion. Due to the high boiling point of PAH
(above 150 C), they easily condense into soot particles and are
conveyed in this form, leading to a certain correlation with the
dust content of the atmosphere. Results of PAH determinations
were evaluated by gas chromatography, recently shown as superior
to technical chromatography or spectrophotometry. Two types of
sarapling were used: protracted sampling when the air had a
high dust content; and instantaneous sampling, at times of low
dust content. Dust samples were collected every 1t days during
the winter and spring, and once a month during the summer. A
total of 110 samples were collected from 15 collecting points
strategically located throughout the city. About 0.2 grams of
dust from a sample was preserved in a plastic food bag in
darkness, then placed in the flask, previously treated with
acetone, of a Soxhlet apparatus, and extracted with 200 ml of
cyclohexane for 16 hours. The cyclohexane «as vacuum-evaporated
at 35-40 C; the residue was dissolved in 10 ml cyclohexane and
divided into two equal samples, one of which was added 0.1 ml of
a standard solution of fluoranthene, chrysene, and bensopyrene.
These were treated according to the technique of Hoffman and
Hynder. a residue of 0.1 ml nitromethane solution was obtained,
1 microliter of which was used for gas chromatography with the
Parkin-Elmer model 801, using nitrogen as the transport gas.
The present article is limited to an evaluation of the first
55 tests made. The following PAH were identified: anthracene,
fluorene, chrysene, 1,2-benzanthracene, and 3,4-benzopyrene. in
unknown group of peaks also appeared on the chromatogram which
has been noted with chromatograms of auto exhaust gases,
suggesting a possible relationship.
844 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
15610
Odaira, Toshio
AIR POLLUTION FROM BOTOB VEHICLE GASES IN TOKYO AND OSAKA.
(Dai toshi ni okeru jidosha haiki gas ni yoru taiki osen no
jittai). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 5(5):337-353, 1969, 17 refs.
Various pollutant concentrations were determined near highways
and surrounding areas in Tokyo and Osaka. A large amount of
carbon monoxide was found near the highways, and gradually
decreased in the surrounding areas. The difference in the height
of the pollutant between the highway and surrounding areas could
not be measured to 100 m if the wind was slow and natural
convections occurred. The carbon monoxide concentration was
found to be related to traffic density. The four pollutant
patterns differed from each other in the dust content, sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen dioxide content, carbon monoxide and nitric
oxide content, and ozone content. The average CO was 3 to
8 ppm/yr; however, 40 to 50 ppm/hr was not rare. In the middle of
the city, over 10 ppm/hr was measured 2755 of the time. In the
districts that were 100 to 200 yards from the highway, the monthly
average was 5 to 6 ppm, but 30 to 50 ppm/hr sometimes occurred.
In winter, this became serious. Nitric oxide concentrations were
0.05 to 0.25 ppm along the highway; N02 was estimated to be less
than 0.05 ppm. For the surrounding districts, NO was 0.05 to 0.15
ppm in winter and 0.01 to 0.05 ppm in summer. Hydrocarbons
averaged 2 ppm/mo along the highway. Carbon monoxide, NO, and
the hydrocarbon concentration curve changed during the day.
Oxidants averaged 0.02 to 0.06 ppm/mo and sometimes 0.11 to
0.25 ppm/hr. These measurements reveal that photochemical smog
is important in Tokyo. Lead was 3 to 9 mg/cu m along the highway
and 0.7 to 5 mg/cu m in the surrounding districts.
16266
Hudson, Gerald
MR QUALITY SURVEY. EL PASO HETROPOLITAN AREA. Texas State
Dept. of Health, Austin, Div. of Occupational Health and Radiation
Control, PHS Grants 69B-U701-SI and 69B-H707-RD, 160p., 1969.
12 refs.
An air sampling program was conducted from Oct. 17, 1968 to
Nov. 17, 1968 to determine ambient air quality for the El Paso
Hetropolitan Area. The concentration and location of air
pollutants present in the lower atmosphere were determined. The
pollutants monitored were particulate matter, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, aldehydes,
nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. Twenty five fixed sampling sites were
chosen in representative locations throughout the area. There were
numerous occurrences during the survey of periods of
atmospheric stagnation which caused a buildup of pollutants.
The period for the survey was deliberately chosen to coincide
with the period of the year having the greatest frequency of
atmospheric stagnation. A desire to obtain measurements of maiiBum
air pollutant concentrations was a major factor in making this
choice. Concentrations of suspended particulates were greater than
the ambient air standard of 200 micrograms/cu m 28% of the time.
J. Air Quality Measurements 845
-------
The sulfur dioxide ambient air standard was 0.2 ppm for 24 hr and
0.4 ppm for any 30 min period. Sulfur dioxide readings monitored
during the survey were less than or equal to 0.15 ppm 97% of
the time. Concentrations were greater than 1.0 ppm for 30-minute
averages on two occasions. Concentrations of greater than 0.5 ppn
for one hour were found less than 0.2% of the time. Carbon
monoxide values ranged from 0 to 18 ppm, depending on traffic
volume. The ambient air standard was not set. Standards for total
hydrocarbons were not set either, but hourly averages ranged fron
0-10 ppm. It was concluded that the El Paso area has an air
pollution problem and the major pollutants are particulate matter,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and total hydrocarbons. Promotion
of air pollution control and control methods were recommended,
as well as legislation restricting emissions. Tables are given
for industrial and metropolitan emission inventories, soiling
index, steel plate corrosion, and particle size distribution.
Climatology, topography, and meteorological parameters are
discussed.
16336
Schaad, E. and A. Gilgen
BENZO(3-4) PYBENE IN THE DDST SEDIMENT OF ZUBICH, BADEN AND
KLOTENEE BIED. (3,4-Benzpyren im Staubsediment von Zuerich, Baden,
und Klotener Bied). Text in German. Z. Praeventivmed. ,
14(5):299-300, Sept.-Oct. 1969. 9 refs.
To determine the benzo(3-4)pyrene content of the dust and the
amount of benzo (3-4)pyrene in the human environment dust was
sampled with Bergerhoff units. The samplers were established at 15
stations in Zurich, at 5 in Baden, and at one in Kloten. Each•
station contained three units. The water insoluble fraction of
the monthly dust sediment was separated; the benzo(3-4)pyrene was
extracted with cyclohexan and analyzed with a spectrometer. The
benzo (3-4)pyrene content of the dust in the city of Zurich was
more than twice as high as the dust sedimented in rural areas.
The concentration was much lower in Baden than in Zurich, but
higher than in the rural area. The sedimented benzo(3-4)pyrene
quantity in Zurich in summer was two and one half times larger than
in the rural area; in winter, five times larger. It was twice as
high in Baden than in the rural area. The benzo(3-4)pyrene maxiaa
can be clearly traced to the motor vehicles in summer and to
domestic heating in winter.
16440
Kelenffy, Szilveszter and Jozsef Horik
SOME EESDLTS OF THE INVESTIGATION OF HE POLLUTION CAUSED BY ROAD
TEAFFIC. (A kozlekedes okozta legszennyezodes vizsgalatanak
nehany eredmenye). Text in Hungarian. Idojaras (Budapest),
no. 4:227-231, 1967. 7 refs.
The dust producing effect of road traffic in Hungary was
investigated. In addition the concentrations of carbon monoxide,
3,4-benzopyrene, and hydrocarbons were also measured near filling
stations. In dry weather, an airborne dust content of 7.0-8.8
mg/cu m on macadamized roads and 3.5-5.2 mg/cu ffl on concrete
roads was found. In rainy weather, the amount of dust was
846 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
reduced to 2.1-3.4 mg/cu n. On roads with a dust free covering,
under average traffic conditions, the dust content was 15,000-
20,000 particles/1 of air. In urban regions, the average nuaber
of particles was 100,000/1 of air. Thus, the dust pollution
caused by road traffic was of the order of 1 mg/cu m of air.
Vehicles followed by a plume of smoke were frequently seen. In
the wake of a strongly smoking tractor, 1-1.5 million particles/1
were found. In the busiest parts of Budapest, the average
concentration of CO amounted to 20 mg/cu m. The concentration of
carbon dioxide ranged from 0.03-4.00S of the total value, with an
average of 2% of the volume. The tar content of the street dust,
collected at busy points, was 3%, and the content of
3-U-benzopyrene equalled 9 micrograms per 1 gram of dust. (Author
abstract modified)
J. Air Quality Measurements 847
-------
K. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
00152
AUTOHOTIVE AIE POLLUTION IV. (A REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE TO THE U.S. CONGRESS PURSUANT TO
PUBLIC LAH 88-206 - THE CLEAN AIR ACT.) 89th Congress
(2nd Session.) (Document No. 101.) July 28, 1966. 15 pp.
Emission standards in accordance with section 202 of the amended
Clean Air Act have been established to limit the crankcase
emissions and the exhaust hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
emissions of all passenger cars and light commercial vehicles with
engines larger than 50 cubic inches total displacement, effective
with the 1968 models. Procedures are in the final stage of
development to enable manufacturers who so request to make
application for certification that their vehicles or engines do
conform with the Federal regulations as provided for in section
206 of the Clean Air Act. A Federal motor vehicle compliance
laboratory is being established in Metropolitan Detroit for
confirmation and surveillance testing and to provide assistance
and guidance to the vehicle manufacturers. Emission tests of
1966-model cars equipped with California-type exhaust emission
controls are being conducted to determine the effectiveness of the
systems, and, to some extent, their maintenance history is being
reviewed. It is anticipated that when the 1967 models are
introduced in California the program will be expanded to include a
number of these cars as well. Extensive reports of industry
progress in dealing with the automotive air pollution problem are
appearing in technical presentations before the Society of
Automotive Engineers; 18 such presentations were made in January
1966, and 7 more are scheduled for June 1966. The Public
Health Service is placing increased emphasis upon studies which
will lead to improved test procedures and which will form the basis
for possible revisions in emission standards for future
application. (Author)##
00169
A. J. Benline
1965 ANNUAL HEPORT - DEPARTMENT OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL - CITY
OF NEW YORK. Dept. of Air Pollution Control News 8, (5)
Apr. 1966. 10 pp.
City of New York, Department of Air Pollution Control,
Annual Report for 1965, describes New York city air pollution
progress as it relates to administration and personnel;
engineering; public opinion; types of pollution; means and methods
to curtail air pollution.t#
00206
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION ORIGINATING FROH FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
AND STANDARDS BY THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
849
-------
IMPLEMENTING THE OBJECTIVES PRESCRIBED BY THE ORDER. EXECUTIVE
CEDES 11282. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Washington, D.C. Hay 26, 1966. 6 pp.
The article specifies the overall policy, procedures for new
federal facilities and buildings, and objectives for federal
facilities and buildings insofar as air pollution control is
concerned. In addition, standards to be used in this new order
are delineated by Secretary Gardner, The categories to which
the article alludes are: combustion of fuels. Stacks, Storage
and handling of fuels and ash, and disposal of trash. In each
instance are specified limits and means to measure the amount of
pollutant covered by the above categories.**
00336
G. Ozolins and R. Smith
A RAPID SURVEY TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING COMMUNITY AIR POLLUTION
EMISSIONS. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Division of Sir Pollution. Oct. 1966. 83 pp. (Presented at
the 59th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
San Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-11.)
A technigue has been developed for surveying pollutant emissions
within a community or metropolitan area in 3 to 6 man-weeks. The
methods for conducting such a survey ar>e described in this paper.
An important feature of this technigue is the concept of reporting
zones. The quantities of pollutants released can be assessed not
only for the total community but also for different subdivisions of
the area. The results are emission maps of a community depicting
emission of pollutants in guantities per unit area. Seasonal
variations in pollutant concentrations are considered, and emission
rates of pollutants can be calculated for specified times of the
year. The four major source categories considered are combustion
of fuels in stationary and in mobile sources, combustion of refuse
material, and industrial process losses. Each category is
considered in detail relative to sources of information, seasonal
variation in emissions, methods for estimating pollutant emissions
by areas, and use of emission factors. Results obtained by
application of this technique in two metropolitan areas are
summarized. (Author) ##
00350
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES AND NEW
MOTCS VEHICLE ENGINES - PROPOSED RULES. Federal
Register 30, (252) 17192-9, Dec. 31, 1965.
The standards adopted by the regulations represent the
application of current technology to the control of emissions
from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines which
in the judgment of the Secretary cause or contribute to, or
are likely to cause or contribute to air pollution which
endangers the health or welfare of any persons. Taking into
consideration the technological feasibility and economic
costs of meeting these standards, and the lead-time necessary
850 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
under current manufacturing processes to conform to these
requirements, the regulations will become effective on
republication and will be applicable to new motor vehicles
and new motor vehicle engines beginning with the 1968 model year.
These regulations are subject to revision and additional
standards may be prescribed applicable to subsequent
model years as may be necessary to prevent or control emissions
which in the judgment of the secretary cause or cont*ibute to, or
are likely to cause or contribute to, air pollution which endangers
the health or welfare of any persons, (Author)t#
00359
KcKee, J. E.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL - ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GROWING
PROBLEM. Trusts and Estates. Feb. 1964. 5 pp.
Author discusses the general parameters of air pollution
and how it has changed over the years. Categories treated
are : 'Magnitude of the Air Sollution Problem; Establishment
of Local Agencies; Standards and Criteria; Motor Vehicle
Control; Power Plants; Federal Government's Role in
Pollution; and the General Extent and Nature of the Air
Sollution Problem.#t
01604
R.A. Venezia
THE INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY: ST. LOUIS - EAST ST. LOUIS
METROPOLITAN AREA. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (Presented at Missouri Public
Health Association Convention, Kansas City, May 11, 1965.)
1965. 22 pp.
The Interstate Air Pollution Study of the St. Louis - East
St. Louis metropolitan area is described. The study was in
keeping with the air resource management concept. Dustfall,
suspended particulates, soiling index, sulfur dioxide, oxidants,
odors, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and visibility were measured.
The effects indicated by steel corrosion, nylon and cotton '
deterioration, asthma, opinion surveys, and complaints were
examined. An emission inventory, meteorology, fluorescent
tracer diffusion, diffusion models, economic losses, legal
aspects, and public relations were studied during the study.f#
02055
E. P. Grant and W. E. Nissen.
CALIFORNIA'S PROGRAM FOR MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL.
Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966.
(Paper VI/19). pp. 210-2.
The paper gives a general account of the extent of air
pollution in the State of California and the'measures taken so
K. Legal and Administrative 851
-------
far to control it. It proceeds to deal in greater detail with
the investigations undertaken by the motor industry,
especially by the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board and
the various devices that have proved to be effective in keeping the
objectionable emissions under control. (Author abstract)##
02376
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM SOUTHWESTERN OHIO-NORTHERN
KENTUCKY. Preprint. Published as report: Air Besource
Management Program for Southwestern Ohio—Northern
Kentucky, Mar. 1967, 51 pp. SWO - NK (Southwestern Ohio -
Northern Kentucky) Air Pollution Survey, Cincinnati, Ohio,
SHO NK Technical Committee. 1966.
The primary purpose of this report is to assist the citizens and
governments of southwestern Ohio and norther Kentucky in
understanding the nature of their air pollution problem and in
developing a course of action - an air resource management program
- to assure desirable air quality both now and in the future.
This report is the culmination of over a year of study and effort
under the title. Southwestern Ohio - Northe.rn Kentucky
(SWO-NK) Air Pollution Survey. The survey, established by
formal agreement on March 31, 1965, brought together governmental
officials, interested citizens, and industrial leaders from both
sides of the Ohio River to consider a problem common to them all
and to propose a solution, of necessity, common to them all. This
report also presents a general discussion of the air pollution
problem and applies to it the ideal methodology for solving the
problem, the air resource management concept. Various aspects of
the air pollution problem in the project area are summarized from
Technical Committee reports to provide background for the
program proposal. The current status of control is also covered.*
03353
DIGEST OF MUNICIPAL AIR POLLUTION ORDINANCES. Pittsburgh
Univ., Pa., Law Center. (PHS Publication No. 982.) 1962.
520 pp.
Regulations, ordinances and their administration regarding
allowable concentration for air pollutants are presented.
Enforcement procedures, inspection procedures, and penalties for
violation of specific regulations are presented for urban areas.
Air pollution control starts with the premise that no one has the
right to use the atmosphere as a receptor of wastes in a manner
which will adversely affect the health, comfort or property of
others.*#
03554
REGULATION 3. Bay Area Air Pollution Control District,
San Francisco, Calif. Jan. 4, 1967. 44 pp.
This Regulation applies to emission of reactive organic gases
from source operations defined and to the registration of each
person responsible for organic gas emissions, for which limits are
established by this Regulation. Analytical procedures
prescribed are intended to facilitate the determination of
852 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
concentrations or quantities of the various kinds of air
contaminants defined in this Begulation. Any procedure which
provides for such determination with accuracy equal to or qreater
than the prescribed procedure shall be acceptable, provided that
the burden of demonstrating such accuracy shall rest upon the
person proposing the procedure.##
036111.
J. T. Hiddleton D. Clarkscn
MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL. Traffic Quart. 15(2):306-317,
April 1961.
This paper reviews briefly the work of control agencies in
California, the legislation of the state's motor vehicle
pollution control program of 1960, and its impact on the
evolution of control programs in other states, the automobile
industry and the motoring public.##
03944
MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION IN CALIFORNIA (A STATUS REPORT).
California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau
of Air Sanitation. Jan. 1967. 11 pp.
A review of all the factors involved indicates that there is no
simple and inexpensive solution to the complex problem of motor
vehicle created air pollution. The problem has many
aspects. It is legal, political, social, economical and
technological. The final solution must incorporate
considerations for all these aspects. The motor vehicle control
program in California has reduced emissions of hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. In spite of the
increasing number of vehicles, there has been a reversal in
emission trends for the first time. If the goal of prewar air
quality is to be achieved, there must be a high degree of emission
control. Consequently, the program requires that effective
systems be available, and that virtually no cars be exempt. Lack
of efficient control of some emissions, large numbers of cars
uncontrolled, and deterioration in efficiency of control system
will lead to air quality poorer than that desired. Under the
present program, which is oriented towards the installation
of control systems on new cars, the reduction of contaminants
emanating from motor vehicles will be gradual. In order to
accomplish a rapid improvement, within a few years, exhaust
emissions from all cars (new and used) must be controlled.
Even if events follow the predictions growth of motor
vehicle usage beyond 1980 leads again to a rising trend.
Curtailment time. Motor vehicle registration is increasing
at a rapid pace; control programs are usually less effective
than planned; there is a long time delay between the
establishment of standards and the development of exhaust and
evaporative control devices. For these reasons, and because
of the poor prospect of exhaust control for used cars, it is
important to consider far more stringent motor vehicle
emission standards than those already adopted. (Author
conclusion) ##
K. Legal and Administrative 853
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05571
F. N. Frenkiel
MB POLIDTION IN THE GBOSING COMMUNITY. Proc. Symp. Cleaner
Sir Urtan Areas, Philadelphia, Pa. pp. 1-15 (1956).
Like any living being, a living community breathes. Its
automobiles, railroads, home heaters, rubbish disposals, industry,
power plants....all inhale air and exhale polluted air into the
atmosphere. Here, Dr. Frenkiel discusses methods for studying
the relative contributions of various pollution sources to a
community's pollution problem, the increase of pollution in a
growing community, and the effectiveness of certain methods for
reducing pollution. He explains how a mathematical treatment can
clarify the interplay among the many features of a community that
contribute to its general air pollution problem - the location and
density of pollution sources, meteorological conditions, community
geography, and control measures. The main object of these
mathematical studies, he points out, is to determine the probable
patterns that pollution will take, and the contribution of each
source to the pollutant concentration at any given location. He
cites a study of this sort made using as an example of Los
Angeles County. This mathematical treatment, or "model", then
helps determine what measures must be taken when atmospheric
pollution threatens to reach emergency levels, how effective
various pollution control plans might be, what effect a new source
might have on the pattern of concentration, forecasts of patterns
that would result from contemplated urban expansion, and the effect
of urban planning on predicated pollution levels,##
05598
AIR AND WATEE POLLUTION. Ohio Legislative Service
Commission, Columbus, Ohio. (Staff Research Eept. 84.)
(Feb. 1967) . 87 pp.
This study deals separately with air and water pollution problems.
Chapters five, six, seven, and eight are concerned with air
pollution. They consider the nature and effects of air pollution,
the extent to which it is a problem in Ohio, the programs and
efforts being made to reduce the problem in Ohio, some problems in
existing programs, and finally some suggested approaches for
improving control of Ohio air pollution. The chapters dealing
with water pollution are treated in essentially the same way. The
sources of air pollution are pointed out as motor vehicle exhausts,
industrial emission, and power generation as major sources and
refuse disposal and space heating as minor sources. The effects
that are caused by pollutants are varied but generally they
affect human health, comfort, and welfare. In Ohio, a highly
industrialized and urbanized state, the potential for serious air
pollution problems is -great, but an absence of uniform and complete
data on all known air pollutants in the state precludes an
accurage state-wide assessment. It, of course, reflects the
national trend in terms of pollutants. However, air pollution in
a particular area has not yet been evaluated. 2t is known that
the levels of some pollutants are declining, but data on some najor
gases are not available. Ohio is currently using five basic
functions in their air pollution control program: abatement.
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
prevention, monitoring, research and planning. Federal, state,
local and intergovernmental levels are all being used to attack
the problem. The Report of the Committee to Study Air and
Hater Pollution is included, and it stresses the need for more
stringent regulations to enforce present and future statutes,
especially at the local level.##
06188
Larsen, Ralph I.
DETERMINING REDUCED-EMISSION GOALS NEEDED TO ACHIEVE AIR QUALITY
GOALS—A HYPOTHETICAL CASE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
17 (12):823-829, Dec. 1967. 37 refs. Presented at the Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16,
1967.)
Air management steps involved in determining reduced-emission goal;;
include determining the effects of various pollutant concentrations
on man, animals, plants, and property; deciding which effects to
prevent; selecting ambient air quality goals that will prevent
these effects; measuring and evaluating pollutant concentrations
from sources and in the ambient atmosphere; calculating overall
source reductions needed to achieve selected ambient air quality
goals; and finally, determining reduced-emission goals for
the various source types. Examples are cited of the various
decisions and actions involved in determining a set of reduced-
emission goals for stationary and mobile combustion sources.
07235
R. Langmann
CLEAN AIR MAINTENANCE-A TASK FOB THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC HEALTH.
Die Reinhaltung der Luft als Aufgabe des Gesundheitsamtes.
Oeffentl. Gesundheitswesen (Stuttgart) 29 (3), 126-34 (Mar,
1967), Ger.
Government regulations request that the office of public health
pays attention to the maintenance of clean air. More specifically,
it must screen projected industrial enterprises as to the degree
of their expected air polluting emissions and the eventual impact
on the health of the employees and the neighboring inhabitants.
In cases where the office of public health through its
investigations finds evidence of health hazards, it must recoanend
various ways of avoiding or eliminating the pollution of air. A
large number of pollutants are discussed, such as dust, toxic gas-
es, and obnoxious vapors and odors. Their sources and methods for
their elimination are discussed in detail and represented by
examples. Particular emphasis is placed on proper city planning,
zoning, and a more stringent application of regulations concerning
the construction of new plants, especially their chimneys.
Further investigations into possibilities of remote heating and
of substituting gas and electricity for coal are recommended.
Finally, the importance of educating the public on the
consequences of air pollution is stressed.##
K. Legal and Administrative 855
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07483
Haher, G. R.
AIR POLLUTION REGULATION OF NONVEHICUL1R, ORGANIC-SOLVENT
EMISSIONS BY LOS ANGELES RULE 66. J. Am. Oil Chemists
Soc. 44(8):340A, Aug. 1967. (Presented at the AOCS
Short Course, East Lansing, Hich., Aug. 29-Sept. 1, 1966.)
In an effort to control sources emitting organic solvents into
the atmosphere, the Air Pollution Control District of Los
Angeles County, Calif., successfully secured passage of Rule
66 into law. Hule 66 specifically relates to the control of
organic solvent emissions from stationary sources. The major
contributor to the 550-ton daily emission of organic solvents was
industrial, commercial, and residential painting. Organic
solvent-containing products are to be controlled as follows. 1.
A maximum of 5% by volume of olefinic or cycloolefinic organic
solvents may be present. 2. A maximum of B% by volume of aroaatic
organic solvents having eight or more carbon atmos may be used.
3. Ketone organic solvents having a branched chain structure, such
as methyl iso-butyl ketone, are limited to a maximum of 20% by
volume. 4. A maximum of 20% by volume of toluene may be used.
5. Ethylbenzene, an aromatic organic solvent with eight carbon
atmos, was given a special status and allowed a maximum of 20% by
volume. 6. Trichloroethylene is restricted to a maximum of 20%
by volume.##
07550
Philadelphia Dept. of Public Health, Pa.
AIR POLLDTION FROM FUEL COMBUSTION PROCESSES IN PHILADEIPHIA.
Preprint, 8p., Sept. 1966.
The combustion of fuels is the greatest single source of air
pollutant emissions within a metropolitan area. As much as SOS of
the total weight of pollutants discharged to the atmosphere result
from the burning of fuels for electrical power generation, for
industrial and commercial heat and power, for domestic heating, and
for vehicular power. The purpose of this report is to summarize
the present status of the problem in Philadelphia and to recommend
necessary regulations and other action required to deal with the
problem.**
07805
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION - SIXTH REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH,
EDUCATION, AND WELFARE TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES IN
COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC LAW 88-206 AS AMENDED BY PUBLIC LAW 89-
272. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C.,
Document No. 47, 13p., June 1967. (90th Congress, 1st Session,
Senate.)
GPO: 82-697-0
Satisfactory progress is being made in the testing and
certification of 1968 model vehicles or engines to determine
conformance with the Federal regulations as provided for in section
856 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
206 of the Clean iir Act. With few exceptions, virtually all major
manufacturers, known to import or sell cars in the United States,
are working diligently to fulfill requirements to limit crancase
emissions and exhaust hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission.
This certification program is being conducted at the Hotor Vehicle
Compliance Laboratory of the National Center for Air Pollution
Control. A proposed standard, for fuel evaporative emissions from
motor vehicles was issued by the Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare on February 4, 1967. Hodification of this proposed
standard is currently underway based on the comments received.
Several State and regional air pollution control agencies have
established crankcase and exhaust emission standards in recent
months which are either consistent with Federal standards or
involve nonfederally regulated pollutants. Both industry and
government have markedly increased study and evaluative activities
toward development of pollution-free vehicles. The future trend of
air pollution levels associated with gasoline—powered vehicles,
which incorporate emission controls currently envisioned
practicable, has done much to stimulate these development efforts.
Progress toward pollution-free cars should not wait for nor depend
upon the development of the ideal lowest-cost emission controlled
gasoline-powered system. (Author|s summary)
08408
Eaton, F. J.
NATURAL GAS AND CLEAN AIB. Smokeless Air, 37 (142) :233-211,
1967. 9 refs.
The present position and possible future development of natural
gas is based on the effect whicl- this new indigenous smokeless and
sulphur^free fuel can have on c^.ean air in Great Britain. The
finding of North Sea gas in suf*:icient guantities has led the
Gas Council to base its future development on a change over froa
town to natural gas. The liquid natural gas imported primarily to
enrich the gas made by some of the newer processes is not being
used to supply the first conversion areas. Since the passing of
the Clean Act in 1956 there has been a significant change in
the pattern of domestic fuel usage. Solid smokeless fuels have
increased in types and in sales. Town gas has gained in
popularity with the public, particularly for domestic space
heating, both with room heaters and central heating. Further, it
is being used much more widely in Smoke Control Areas. This
has been attributed to public demand for a convenient fuel and
higher standards of heating, as well as to the improved
competitive price position.##
08554
Dorn, Warren M.
RULE 66 - A PART OF TOTAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. S.A.E. (Soc.
Automotive Engrs.), Preprint 670807, 2p., 1967. (Presented at
the Aeronautic e Space Engineering and Manufacturing Meeting,
Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 2-6, 1967.)
The part Rule 66 plays in total air pollution control in Los
Angeles County is explained. Background material on the control of
K. Legal and Administrative 857
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visible emissions, sulfur, hydrocarbons, and motor vehicle
emissions is presented. Finally, the background and acceptance of
Eule 66 is described. (Author#s abstract)
08556
Lunche, Robert G.
COMPLYING WITH SOLVENT CONTROL LEGISLATION. S.A.E. (SOoc. auto-
motive Engrs.), Preprint 670810, 3p., 1967. (Presented at the
Aeronautic 5 Space Engineering and Manufacturing Meeting, Los
Angeles, Calif., Oct. 2-6, 1967.)
Compliance with Los Angeles County solvent control legislation
be achieved by treatment of the organic emissions resulting from
solvent usage, converting to less photochemically reactive
solvents, or changing the process. An engineering permit system
and an enforcement inspection program ensure that control eguipsent
to treat the effluent is designed for the required efficiency and
operated in compliance with the law. (Author#s abstract)
08463
Ross, Laurence W.
SIZING UP ANTI-POLLUTION LEGISLATION. Chem. Eng.,
74(15) : 191-196, July 17, 1967. 18 refs.
At instigation of Federal Government, states are working rapidly
toward effective standards for regulating quality of water and air.
Standards for water will depend primarily on authoritative
technical opinion and will vary according to local conditions.
Standards for air quality will come increasingly under direction
of Federal Government and will tend to be more uniform from
locality to locality. Air control, state laws and regulations,
municipal laws and regulations and the pattern for the future are
air pollution topics discussed. Other topics dealing with water
pollution are discussed.##
08826
THE AMERICAN PAINT CONVENTION: AIR POLLDTION AND RULE 66
DISCUSSED. Paint, Oil Colour J. (London),
152 (3605) :908-912, Nov. 17, 1967. 35ref-.
The discussion of the panel on air pollution at the annual meeting
of the Federation of Societies for Paint Technology is
reported. The panel consisted of four speakers and a chairman, or
moderator, drawn from various parts of industry, and including ran
material and equipment manufacturers. The history of the recent
legislative proceedings, a review of other local rules and by-laws,
problems of reformation and elimination of air-polluting products
were discussed by the panel. Rule 66, which was implemented on
July 1, 1967, was the final result of prolonged work and followed
the drafting of 65 intermediate regulations, some of which
threatened the very existence of many industries in Los Angeles.
'858 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The complicated nature of Rule 66 was made apparent from the
numerous printed commentaries in the form of questions and answers.
Reverting to methods of control and disposal of excessive air
pollution emission as discussed by the panel, three major sources
of air-pollution in the manufacture of paint and ancillary
products and their use were considered, namely: (1) Resin
manufacture; (2) Paint application and drying; and (3) Paint
baking. The panel did not concern itself with details of
reformulation, otherwise than to indicate the basic problems facing
formulations.##
08899
NEW PROCEDURE CHECKS VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. fZENVIRON «SCI.
Technol., 2(1):13-16, Jan. 1968.
The N.J. Department of Health awarded a two-year contract to Scott
Research Laboratories to develop a rapid low-cost diagnostic test
for exhaust emissions from automobiles. It was this project that
led to a new test sequence and equipment that takes one minute to
complete at a cost of 30 to 40 cents per test. The test procedure
gives information on the composition of automobile exhaust
emissions. Tese data, in turn, provide a basis for determining the
proper maintenance program needed to reduce vehicle emissions. The
test procedure takes only a minute for a complete analysis and
gives data equivalent to those obtained from the lengthier (17
minutes) existing federal procedure that was used to set federal
emission standards for 1968 automobiles. The Scott system employs
a set of inertial rolls with a fixed load that serves as external
loading to absorb the power output of the automobile. This fixed
loading system is inexpensive and requires minimal skill to
operate. Yet, data so obtained correlate well with those from the
federal procedure.
09053
Copeland, John 0.
AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, 9p., 1967. (Remarks made at a meeting of the Illinois
Society of Professional Engineers, Edwardsville, 111., Oct.
20, 1967.)
In a talk based on information from other U. S. Public Health
Service publications, the air pollution problem is described as
one of emissions, effects, regulation, and control touching the
technical, social, political and economic aspects of our
society. U. S. Public Health Service 1966 estimates of 142
million tons of pollutant emissions per annum are reported by
type and source with predictions for rapid increases unless air
pollution is controlled in the near future. Air quality
criteria are stressed as necessary guidelines for control.
Authority for control is described as lying with many
jurisdictions with the trend being toward centralization to cover
every locality within the United States. The Federal role in
air pollution is discussed. The need for the skill and
knowledge of the professional engineer in the air pollution field
is described as unlimited.##
K. Legal and Administrative 859
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09281
California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board, Los Angeles
SMOG: THE SILENT ENEMY. (FOUETH BIENNIAL REPORT FOE CALENDAR YEARS
1965-66.) 32p., Jan. 1967.
California has led the world in the fight for cleaner air. Nowhere
are found such dynamic and aggressive programs, both on local and
Statewide levels. Nowhere are there more dedicated men and women
engaged in the effort. Admittedly, the automobile is a major
factor in befouling our atmosphere. The ultimate solution to the
motor vehicle pollution problem may lie in a completely redesigned
automobile engine or in a new motive power source. The Board has
thoroughly examined these possibilities, such as the turbine and
battery-powered car, and is encouraged for the future, perhaps a
decade hence. But, until that time, the State must proceed with
its present plans to reduce auto-created pollution with workable
control systems or engine modifications. Through sustained,
persistent efforts by a determined Administration, State
Legislature, and Board, the automobile industry has acknowledge and
complied with California|s leadership. Today, emission control is
a fundamental factor in automobile engineering- For the first tine
all the world|s engine designers are hard at work on the problem.
Today, emission control is (built-in,| not I added on,| to every
Detroit product. This represents a phenomenal advance in the space
of six and a half years. It will continue to result in a better
product for the California car purchaser. All new California
automobiles now come equipped with both crankcase and exhaust
emission control systems. The Highway Patrol is making random
roadside checks to make sure that motorists are complying with the
law, and the Department of Motor Vehicles has co-operated in
carrying out the necessary registration procedures for controlled
vehicles. Stricter emission standards must be applied in 1970.
Oxides of nitrogen control systems will be incorporated into
existing controls, if they are in harmony with hydrocarbon and
carbon monoxide controls. Evaporative losses must also be reduced,
with a consequent economic saving to the motorist. The Board is
actively seeking and hopes to find a simple portable measurement
device for all emissions. This would simplify annual emission
inspection for all vehicles. There is no doubt that as time passes
emission reduction systems will improve rapidly. The art and
science of emission control are still in their infancy, but moving
ahead.
0932U
S, 5. Griswold
SOLVENT CONTROL - A NATIONAL PROBLEM, Preprint, Society of
Automotive Engineers, 15p., 1967. (Presented at the
Aeronautic and Space Engineering and Manufacturing Meeting,
Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 2-6, 1967. Paper 670806.)
Comments on Los Angeles' Rule 66 for the control of
organic solvents with respect to the Federal Government and to
other parts of the country are presented. Compliance by the
Department of Defense and Government Services
Administration installations is emphasized.##
860 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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09370
Stockton, Edward L. and Winthrop C. Shook
AUTOMATIC AIR MONITORING AND TELEMETERING TO CENTRAL POINTS IN
ALLEGHENY COUNTY. J. Air Pollution Control ASSOC. ,
18(3) : 162-164, March 1968.
In 1968 an automatic monitoring system will supplement existing
air sampling stations in Allegheny County (Pittsburgh) . This
system will measure pollutant levels and weather conditions at
several remote sites. "On-site" recorders are equipped to
telemeter the data in analog form to a central station. At the
central station a multipoint recorder is supplied for each
pollutant measured. This basic system, purchased for a modest
initial investment, has complete capabilities for future expansion,
An estimated fifteen sites will provide representative pollution
data for Allegheny County. However, the basic system can be
expanded to include industry installed monitoring
stations — a possibility now being considered. Further expansion
to a complete data management system including a computer based
data logger to calculate emission inventory, peak averages, and
other control data is also provided for. (Authors' Abstract
Modified) f #
10083
Fiero, George W.
AIR POLLUTION AND PROTECTIVE COATINGS: HOUSTON, DALLAS, AND WASH-
INGTON. J. Paint Technol., 40 (520):222-228, May 1968. 18 refs.
In general, man-made air pollutants are largely products of
combustion, and solvents from protective coatings are not major air
pollutants. Photochemical smog prevalent in Los Angeles results from
inter-reaction between oxides of nitrogen, reactive hydrocarbons, an
oxygen. Hydrocarbons vary greatly in their reactivity; hydrocarbon
found in solvents are less reactive than auto exhaust. Data are
provided on common air pollutants in Houston, Dallas, Ft. Worth, and
Washington. Rule 66 and its definition of photochemically reactive
solvents are examined with respect to the use of protective coatings
in the San Francisco Bay Area. Where federal specifications apply,
the Bay Area Air Pollution Control District has agreed to draw up a
variance to January 24, 1969. So far. Rule 66-type regulations have
not been adopted anywhere other than California. The New York, New
Jersey and Pennsylvania regulations and proposed rules are discussed
Industry must cooperate with local authorities to reduce general ai
pollution. The National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association saog
chamber at Batelle Memorial Institute should provide data relative t
the extent solvents add to photochemical smog.
102-05
PROGRESS IN THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIH POLLUTION. FIRST
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE TO THE
UNITED STATES CONGRESS. PURSUANT TO PUBLIC LAW 90-148, THE 1IR
QUALITY ACT OF 1967. 2nd Session, 90th Congress, Senate
Document No. 92, 85p., June 28, 1968. GPO
K. Legal and Administrative 861
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Becent activities initiated under the Air Quality Set of 1967,
which was signed into law on November 21 are described, and the air
pollution problem as a whole is placed in historical perspective,
summarizing the continuing efforts being made to cope with it.
Included are: (1) the progress and problems associated with control
of automotive exhaust emissions and the research efforts related
thereto; (2) the development of air quality criteria and
recommended emission control requirements; (3) the status of
enforcement actions taken pursuant to this Act; (4) the status of
State ambient air standards setting, including such plans for
implementation and enforcement as have been developed; (5) the
extent of development and expansion of air pollution monitoring
systems; (6) progress and problems related to development of new
and improved control techniques; (7) the development of
quantitative and qualitative instrumentation to monitor emissions
and air quality; (8) standards set or under consideration pursuant
to title II of this Act; (9) the status of State, interstate,
and local pollution control programs established pursuant to and
assisted by this Act; and (10) the status of the President's Air
10320
Jan Just, and Kazimierz Nowak
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION IN POLAND. ((Zanieczyszczenie
powietrza atmosferycznego w Polsce.)) Text in Polish. Gaz
Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw), 40(2):53-57, 1967, 18 refs.
Although some attempts at air pollution control date to 1923,
the first directives against offending local industrial
establishments were issued in 1950 and extended in 1964 to the
entire country. Comprehensive air protection legislation
was initiated in Poland by Resolution 91 of the Council of
Ministers of March 1, 1961. The Ministry of Health and
Public Welfare has prepared a projected regulation introducing
air pollution controls and establishing permissible pollutant
concentrations. This proposal is now being considered by the
Juridical Committee of the Council of Ministers. There are
36 institutuons engaged in air pollution research and a network
of stations is gathering data (mostly on dust fall, S02, and
suspended particulates) but only from the more industrialized parts
of the country. The actual gravity of the situation is
illustrated by the fact that six million of Poland's population
live in a high-pollution zone. Most affected is Katowice
province, with the capital Katowice recording a dust fall of
482.4 t/sg km/yr, aout 0.3 mg/cu m fumes, 0.007-1.24 mg/cu m S02,
and 73 g/1000 cu m benzopyrene. 628all of these pollutants far
exceed the permissable limits. Opole province is slso in the
high-pollution zone as well as the cities of Krakow (100-600 t/sq
km dust fall and 0.008-0.42 mg/cu m SO2) , Lodz (565.3 t/sq km
dust fall with significant CS2 and H2S level), and Warsaw
(dust fall in 1962 was 315 t/sq km, compared to 355 t/sq km 30
years earlier). The improvement in Warsaw is ascribed to
the replacement of household coal by electric power and gas, to
modernized and centralized heating, and to post-war reconstruction
of the city with a major emphasis on green zones.#t
862 H/DROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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10553
Huenigen, E.
PRESENT STATUS OF EXHAUST GAS CONTROL IN THE DDE (EAST
GERMANY). ((Bisherige Ergebnisse der Abgasbekampfung in der
DDR.)) Text in German. Freiberger Forschungsh. A.
387:17-30, 1966.
The research council on the control of internal combustion engine
exhaust gases of the German Democratic Republic (DDR) set as
its goals in 1964: a) the improvement of the quality of diesel
motor exhausts; b) reduction of the hazards from exhausts of
two-phase gasoline motors; c) development of suitable analytical
methods, measurement installations and testing programs; d) an
extensive detoxification of exhaust gases from the diesel motors of
specialty vehicles. In the furtherance of these aims, a
thorough state-of-the-art study of diesel smoke density measurement
was carried out, including actual testing of over a dozen
different types of instruments. The results of these tests and
studies are described and illustrated. Difficulties in the
determination of CO, C02, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbon
residues, and benzopyrene, are discussed. An investigation of the
influence of a French after-burner device on CO emission and
smoke density showed unsatisfactory abatement results. The use
in West Germany of "liguid gas" as an automotive fuel yielding
low CO and hydrocarbon exhausts is mentioned.##
13366
Japan. Prime Minister's Office.
1969 WHITE PAPER ABOUT PUBLIC NUISANCES. (Kogai hakusho).
Text in Japanese. (Prepared in collaboration with 11 ministries
and agencies. Government of Japan, for submission to the
Japanese Diet). Tokyo, Printing Bureau of the Ministry of
Finance, 1969, 230p.
This report summarizes the status, monitoring techniques, and
management, including laws, of air and water pollution, noise
and vibration, and soil erosion in Japan in April 1969,
Particulate air pollutants in Japan are of four types: falling
dust, which contains large particles and includes soot from
burning coal or muddy dust; sulfur oxides, which are becoming
increasingly important because of the increasing use of
petroleum in recent years; floating dust, which has very small
particles and includes mainly molecules of metallic compounds
from burning materials and carbohydrates; and engine exhaust gas
containing CO, N02, hydrocarbons, and aldehydes. The amount of
falling and/or floating dust has been gradually decreasing with
the decreasing use of coal, especially in large industrial
cities. At the same time, sulfur oxides, especially 302, have
been gradually increasing and have the highest concentration
(more than 1.5 mg S03/100 sq cm/day) in Kawasaki, Yokohama,
Nagoya, Tokyo, Osaka, Muroran, and Yokkaichi. Among the harmful
effects of polluted air on the human body, the ill effects on
the respiratory tract (especially on the lungs) are most
important. Chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pulmonary
emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary cancer, and cor
pulmonale are the main lung diseases induced by polluted air.
K. Legal and Administrative 863
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3, 1-Benzopyrene, which is a component of automobile erhaust gas,
was experimentally proved to be carcinogenic. In Hay 1962, the
law entitled 'Provisions on the emission of smoke" was
established to control the ambient air system, and three large
city groups (Tokyo-Yokohama, Osaka-Kobe, and Kitakyushu) were
designated as air-polluted areas. Several cities, including
Tokkaichi, were subseguently designated. This law was improved
in May 1968, especially from the viewpoint of prevention. A law
which sets limits for automobile exhaust-gas emissions has also
been in force since September 1966. Air pollution is monitored
in Japan at more than 170 points. In recent years, several
techniques of preventing air pollution have been devised with
varying success: use of activated carbon or activated manganese
dioxide to reduce S02 concentrations; quantitative and
qualitative measurement of air pollution severity using a
simulation model of a polluted area; modification of internal-
combastion engines; and development of electric automobile
engines.
864 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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L. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
00157
llaga, John A. and John B. Kinosian
HOTOH VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDS - PBESEHT AND FUTURE.
In: Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE Progress in
Technology Series, Vol. 12, New York, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Inc., 1966, p. 297-306. 10 refs. (Presented at the
SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Hich., Jan.
10-14, 1966.)
In California, the State Dept. of Public Health has
established motor vehicle emission standards for exhaust
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and smoke; for fuel tank and
carburetor evaporative losses; and for crankcase hydrocarbon
emissions. The data on which the standards are based and the need
for improved measurement procedures are discussed. At this time,
exhaust emission standards for oxides of nitrogen and for odor are
being considered as additional standards. Future standards may
rate hydrocarbon emissions according to their saog potential.
Another possible change that is discussed is to specify the
quantity rather than the concentration of pollutants that may be
emitted from the exhaust of motor vehicles. ##
001*11
K. Horn
(THE PROBLEM OF HYGIENICALLY PERMISSIBLE LIMITING CONCENTRATIONS
OF AIR PGLLDTION.) Zur Frage der Hygienisch zulassigen
Grenzkonzentrationen fur Luftverunreinigungen. Angew.
tleteorol. (Berlin) 5 (Special Issue) : 39-43, 1965. Text in
Ger.
The problem of determining permissible limits of air pollution is
discussed. After listing four categories of pollution ranging
from decreased visibility and injury to sight and smell to acute
illness and possibly death, the aurthor states that pollution
should be kept below the limits of the first category. He
distinguishes between limits permissible in a factory area
and in a residential area, the first being higher. Permissible
limits for 40 chemicals established in 1963 for single
occurrences and average 24 hour concentrations for East
Germany are tabulated.#t
01955
J. E. Goldsmith
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF AMBIENT AIB QUALITY STANDARDS. Arch.
Environ. Health 4, 151-67, Feb. 1962. (Based in part on a
865
-------
paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, New York City, June 13, 1961.)
Author discusses the parameters of the air quality standards in
California, starting with the efforts in 1959 and updating the
progress to 1962. Allowable concentrations of oxidants are given;
a general discussion of health based on air quality studies is
given and, the general policy of California air quality
standards is reviewed.##
02580
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POPULATED PLACES. (Predel1 no dopustimye
kontsentratsii vrednykh veschestv v atmosfernom vozdukhe
naselennykh mest.) Hyg. Sanit. 29, (5) 166-8, Bay 196«.
CFSTI: TT65-50023/5
A list of maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances
in the atmosphere of populated areas in the USSR, as of June 20,
1963.f*
03007
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AND MOTOR VEHICLE
EXHAUST (TECHNICAL HEPT.) California State Dept. of Public
Health, Berkeley. 1959. 129 pp.
The salient points in the table of contents are: I. The
standards and their significance. II. Technical bases for
standards for the quality of ambient air. III. The technical
bases for motor vehicle exhaust standards. In establishing the
standards, an attempt was made to determine what effects the
various pollutants were known to have at various levels of
concentration on human health and confort, on animals, and
plants, and on visibility. The resulting air quality
standards together with data concerning motor vehicle emissions
and their reactions then became the bases for motor vehicle
exhaust standards. The air standards do not establish a fine line
below which is good air and above which is bad air. They indicate
the approximate point at which air under some circumstances may
produce undesirable effects.##
03032
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF AIH POLLUTION. Ketodi di Misura
Dell1Inquinamento Atmosferico. Fumi Polveri (Milan) 6,
(7-8) 217-21, 1966. It-
The Organ of Cooperation and Economic Development (O.C.D.E.)
with its headquarters in Paris, decided in January 1957, to
create a "work group" to study the methods of measurement of
atmospheric pollution. In 1963 a document was drafted by highly
qualified specialists and technicians from all the member countries
of (O.C.D.E.) and it dealt with the measurement of smoke,
anhydrides of sulfur, sulfuric acid, hydrocarbons and
866 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
fluorine. It is suggested that standard units of measurement
be used, in the cgs system. Smoke and anhydrides of sulfur are
neasured in micrograms per cubic meter (0 C, 760 ma Hg) . A
method of measuring smoke in the atmosphere consists of passing a
volume of air through a filter and measuring a color change in the
machine. 1 correlation is obtained between the material collected
in the machine and the color change based on a "standard smoke"
measurement. Sedimentable materials are measured in milligrams
per square meter per day, (Author summary)f#
03582
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS FOB AHBIENT AIR QUALITY AND MOTOR VEHICLE
EXHAUST (TECHNICAL KEPT.) (SUPPLEMENT NO. 2 ADDITIONAL
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS). California State Dept. of
Public Health, Berkeley. 28 pp., 1962.
Amended ambient air quality standards are tabulated. The basis
for ethylene, hydrogen sulfide, and fluorides standards are
received in terms of their effects on man, on vegetation, and on
livestock. The "adverse" level for ethylene was 0.5 ppm for 1 hr
or 0,1 ppm for 8 hr (damage to vegetation) and for hydrogen
sulfide, 0.1 ppm for 1 hr (sensory irritation). When forage
crops containing 30 to 50 ppm of fluoride, measured on a dry weight
basis, are consumed over a long period, teeth and bones of cattle
may show changes, depending upon age, nutritional factors, and the
form of fluoride ingested.t#
03583
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS FOR AMBIENT AIR AND MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST
(TECHNICAL REPT.). California State Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley. 1959. 16 pp.
These standards are presented as a yardstick which may be
applied in maintaining and improving air quality. A graded set of
ambient air standards was established which recognized the
relationship between the seriousness of the effect of the pollutant
and the urgency of control. Three levels of air pollutants were
defined: adverse, serious, and emergency. The standards of motor
vehicle exhaust contaminants are: hydrocarbons-275 ppm by volume
as measured by a hexane-sensitized nondispersive infrared
analyzer; carbon monoxide-1.5% by volume measured by a
nondispersive infrared analyzer. The exhausts are to be measured
during an eleven-mode operating cycle.##
03586
J. A. Maga, G. C. Hass, and H. Wong-Woo
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AND MOTOR VEHICLE
EXHAUST (TECHNICAL SEPT.) (SUPPLEMENT NO. 1 CHANKCASE
EMISSION STANDARD). California State Dept. of Public
Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, Aug. 1961.
15 pp.
This standard was adopted by the State Board of Public Health
on December 2, 1960. The following terms were also defined:
L. Standards and Criteria 867
-------
exhaust emissions; crankcase emissions; carburetor
operating losses and carburetor hot soak losses; fuel tank
emissions; and hydrocarbons. The standard for motor vehicle
crankcase emissions is: hydrocarbons - 0.15* by weight of the
supplied fuel as measured during a three mode operating cycle by a
hexane-sensitized nondispersive infrared analyzer or by an
equivalent method.##
0591*0
V. A. Ryazanov
NEW DATA ON LIMITS OF AILOHABLE ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANTS.
(In: Limits of allowable concentrations of atmospheric
pollutants. Book 6.) O.S.S.E. Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 9. pp. 1-8. (1962).
Buss. (Tr.)
This volume contains material discussed by the Committee on
Sanitary Air Protection during its 1959 and 1960 sessions.
The material contained in this volume is of heterogenous
character in its methodological presentations and completeness and
finality of the reports. The Committee took' the position that
the level of methodology reached during the last period of
investigation and the degree of reliability of results obtained did
not represent the acme of perfection, and therefore, the proposed
limits of allowable concentrations should be regarded as mere
points of orientation for future studies, leading to more basic,
more scientific and hence, more reliable limits of atmospheric air
pollutants. In this connection it is the aim and purpose of this
Committee to act as the stimulator, guide and directing agent
leading into investigational channels based on the outlined
principles. Air pollutants studied include formaldehyde, HC1
aerosol, CS2 vapor, Hn, Hg, combined C12 and HC1 gas,
acetone, CO and Dinyl (mixture of diphenyl and diphenyl oxide).*
06677
E. V. Khukrin
MODERN APPROACH TO AIR DOSTINESS IN WORKSHOPS. U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 7, 301-8, 1962. (Gigiena i San.it.,) 21 (7)
50-5, 1959. Translated from Russian.
CFSTI: 62-11103
Extensive data were accumulated during recent years on the study
of the effect of different types of industrial aerosols. Based on
the summary and evaluation of new data obtained from work
institutes, university apartments and practicing physicians a list
was prepared of the maximum permissible concentration of 55 dusts
and aerosols. This list is presented and improvements in those
standards are recommended.**
06885
Gol'dberg, M. S.
HYGIENIC CRITERIA OF AIE PURITY IN POPULATED AREAS (ACCORDING
TO MATERIALS OF THE GENEVA SYMPOSIUM). ((0 kriteriyakh
868 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
gigienicheskoi otsenki chistoty atmosfernogo vozdukha naselemnykh
mest)) ((Po materialam Zhenevskogo simpoziuma)). Hyg. Sanit.
(Gigiena i Sanit.), 30(1):90-98, Jan. 1965. Translated from
Bussian.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
In recent years there has been a steady increase in hygienic
research on air in populated areas. The need for planning of
measures for the control of atmospheric pollution is becoming
increasingly urgent. The necessity for an international
discussion of this subject, which would be a starting point for all
measures undertaken for the sanitary protection of urban air, led
the World Health Organization to convene an interregional
symposium in Geneva from the 6th to the 12th of August, 1963,
which was devoted to criteria for the guality of atmospheric air
and methods of its investigation. The discussion was centered on
the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in
urban air. After a lively discussion, the symposium adopted
Prof. V. A. Byazanov's proposal to establish a unified scale
of standards for the quality of air by merging together the Soviet
and American standards. In this way, an international scale
for the atmospheric pollution has been established for the first
time. The symposium drew up recommendations on the trend in
medical research on the effect of atmospheric pollution on the
health of the population, and a further elaboration of criteria and
standards of atmospheric air quality in populated areas.
Participants at the symposium also noted the necessity for the
further development of scientific research on the mechanism of
development of fibrotic pulmonary reaction induced by atmospheric
pollutants, and for studies of the reaction of the mucosa of the
respiratory tract, ciliary activity, etc. The symposium pointed
out the necessity for!paying special attention to studies of new
synthetic chemicals which contaminate the atmosphere when
discharged by industrial enterprises or when used in the
household, as in the case of disinfectants.tf
07079
MAXIMUM IMMISSION CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
((Einfuhrung in due Richlinien Baximale
Immissions-Konzentrationen.)) Text in German. In: VDI
(Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Richtlinien No, 2306, March 1966, p. 3-4,
Engl, transl: JPRS R-7481-D, Oct. 14, 1966. VDI- (Verein
Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft-
The VDI Guide Lines for Maintenance of Purity of the Air
fall into the following groups: 1. Maximum Immission
Concentrations (MIK); 2. Dissemination of non-atmospheric
substances in the atmosphere; 3. Restriction of the discharge of
such substances; 4. Analyses and methods of measurement. For the
purpose of maintenance of air purity, MIK values (maximum
immission concentrations) are needed for numerous organic
compounds. They can be used as reference values for the
dimensioning of relevant installations and for evaluation of
measurement data in the immediate vicinity of sources of
contamination. If the MIK value for a substance is unknown it
is recommended that if there are no known reasons to the contrary
about 1/20 of the maximum allowable concentration value be taken as
a start. Technical societies recommending personnel to serve on
the VDI Commission on Maintenance of Purity of the Air are
listed. Neither the MIK or MAK values are listed.#t
L Standards and Criteria
-------
07197
RECOMMENDATIONS FOP ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION (1966,) Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo)
1(a):62-66, 1966. Text in Japanese.
A report is given by a committee of the Japanese Association of
Industrial Health on "Allowable concentration". The values of
allowable concentration are worked out for a healthy man working
8 hr per day doing moderate work. Proper consideration must be
given to cases in which more than 8 hr of exposure take place, more
than one pollutant is involved, or the concentration of pollutants
increases suddenly during the work schedule. Included is a
discussion on dust measurement. It is important to measure dusts
having a Stokes radius of less than 5 microns, especially at a
height of 1 to 1.5 m from the ground. The relation between the
source of dust and the point of measurement is illustrated.##
07289
Isaev, N. S., Z. B. Smelyanskii, L. K. Khotsyanov, and
E. V. Khukhrin
PROPOSED NEW SANITABY STANDARDS FOR PROJECTED INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTION PLANTS. Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya) 1{t):3-11, 1957. Engl. transl. by B. S. Levine,
D.S.S.R. Lit. on Air Pollut. S Relat. Occup. Dis., Vol.
2, p. 37-47, March 1960.
CFSTI TT60-21188
New "Construction Standards and Regulations" are now in the
process of development; simultaneously the sanitary standards for
the planned industrial enterprises are also being revised. The
earliest sanitary standards regulating the construction of proposed
industrial enterprises were issued in 1939. The new revision of
the sanitary standards is the sixth in order of legally enacted
documents in the field of industrial hygiene. In developing the
proposed meteorological standards the position was taken that in
all production and manufacturing plans temperature, humidity and
air currents must be regulated in .a synchronized manner. In the
meteorological standards now in existence these factors are in a
sense independent of one another; this caused the practicing
sanitary-physician considerable difficulty in the enforcement of
the prescribed standards for work rooms and shops in which heat
and humidity were constantly liberated. Tables are presented
showing: temperature, humidity and air current standards for
work rooms in manufacturing and production industries;
meteorological standards of air ventilation, temperature and air
current velocity; are maximum allowable concentrations of
poisonous gases, vapors and aerosols in the air of work rooms and
shops of industrial manufacturing and production plants.#t
07601
HacKenzie, V. G.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF ESTABLISHING AIR QUALITY CRITERIA AS GUIDES FOB
THE SETTING OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL STANDARDS IN THE
870 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
UNITED STATES. Preprint, Public Health Service, Washington,
D. C., Division of Air Pollution, 7p,, 1963. (Presented at
the Inter-Regional Symposium on Criteria for Air Quality and
Methods of Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-12, 1963,
Paper No. HHO/AP/17.)
The magnitude and complexity of the philosophical, scientific and
sociological problems which confront governments and control
agencies in their attempt to promulgate air guality criteria and to
set ambient air standards for the control of air pollution are
discussed.
07604
Hossano, August T., Jr.
ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF AVAILABLE DATA OS AIE QUALITY CEITEEIA
111 MEMBER COUNTRIES. Preprint, Washington Univ., Seattle,
Dept. of Civil Engineering, 22p., 1963. 12 refs. (Presented
at the Inter-Hegional Symposium on Criteria for Air Quality
and Methods of Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-12,
1963, Paper No. WHO/AP/11.)
Air quality standard-setting activities of Great Britain, West
Germany, USSR, Czechoslovakia, and the United States are reviewed.
In addition, an analysis and comparison is made of criteria and
maximum allowable concentrations developed by these countries.
Other countries of western Europe with the exception of West
Germany and Czechoslovakia have not adapted air quality standards.
In general the control of air pollution in Europe relies heavily
upon regulations prohibiting the discharge of pollutants which may
endanger the public health, be detrimental to safety, crops and
public monuments or constitute a public nuisance. Air quality
standards for six specific gases have been developed by the Western
German Commission. Czechoslovakia and Russia have established air
quality standards for a large number of pollutants. In general
their valves are similar. In the United States definite progress
in developing air guality standards has been made in only 2 states,
are similar. In the United States definitive progress in
developing air guality standards has been made in only two states,
Oregon and California. The air quality standards in Oregon
pertain only to suspended particulate matter. The most extensive
development of air guality standards in the United States has
occurred in California. Direct comparisons between ambient air
quality standards of the various countries are not feasible because
the objective and criteria are different and the selected time
exposure period varies in each country. The USSR standards are
based primarily on human sub-concious thresholds while those of
California, and to d great extent West Germany, are based on human
conscious thresholds. This wide difference in standards is due in
part to differences in medical and public health philosophy as to
what constitutes a threat to health and well-being.
07605
Middleton, John T.
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA ASSOCIATED WITH VISIBILITY REDUCTION, SOILAGE
AND DAMAGE TO VEGETATION. Preprint, California Univ., River-
side, Air Pollution Research Center, Tip., 1963. (Presented
L. Standards and Criteria 871
-------
and Methods of Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-12,
1963. Paper No. WHO/AP/15.)
Particulate loading of the atmosphere is primarily responsible for
reduction in visibility. The amount of visibility reduction, in
turn, is due to the nature of the particle. The criterion for
visibility is perhaps best given in terms of visible distance at a
specific relative humidity. Air quality criteria for soilage nay
be developed where specific contaminants have direct effects upon
particular materials. Since in general the soilage of goods is a
function of multiple actions, air quality criteria for soilage are
difficult of description and perhaps of lessened general utility.
Air quality criteria for visible effects of vegetation damage can
be developed for those toxicants which have direct effects, such as
sulfur dioxide, ethylene, nitrogen dioxide, peroxyacyl nitrates,
and ozone. Air quality criteria for fluorides cannot now be
determined because of the multiplicity of factors which control
the rate of accumulation and the subsequent effect of fluoride upon
plant tissues. Levels of fluoride responsible for damage to
livestock can be established and a criterion based on this is
feasible.
08803
Hunigen, E-, and H. Prietsch
PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF SOLUTION OF ELIMINATING NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES
FEOH INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. ((Probleme und Losungswege
der Schadstoffbeseitigung bei Verbrennungsmotoren.)) Translated
from German. Technik, (Berlin), 21 (6) :377-383, June 1966.
The composition of exhaust from internal combustion engines is
discussed. Maximum permissible concentrations of harmful
components are tabulated for five countries with standards for the
following substances: hydrocarbons (benzene, etc.), aldehydes
(formaldehyde, etc.), carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, lead (and tetraethyl lead), mineral oil mist, and carbon.
Some equipment for the measurement of air pollutants is touched
upon, including a description of an East German continuous
sampling apparatus for hydrocarbons, CO, C02, and 02.##
12029
COMMUNITY AIE QUALITY GUIDES, ALDEHYDES. Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J., 29 (5) :505-512, Sept.-Oct. 1968. 53 ref.
The multi-disciplinary backgrounds and professional competencies
within the American Industrial Hygiene Association have been
utilized to the fullest in the preparation of a series of ambient
air quality guides. These are intended to be concise, and
therefore are offered as single compounds, recognizing that other
factors such as potentiation, antagonism, or other effects
associated with mixtures, will create special problems from place
to place and from time to time, the effects of which must be
individually evaluated. These guides are based on present
scientific knowledge; as new data become available, the recommended
threshold values are subject to change. The literature relating
to the subject matter of each of the ambient air quality guide
series is constantly being reviewed, and when indicated, new guides
are prepared. (Author's Abstract)##
872 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Huenigen, Edmund and Wolfgang Prietsch
ON THE PHOBLEH OF LIMITING EHISSION OF TOXICANTS BY MOTOR
VEHICLES IN EUROPE. (Zulu Problem der Begrenzung der
Schadstoffemission bei Kraftfahrzeugen in Europa). Text in
German. Hotortech. Z. (Stuttgart), 30(7) :256-259, July 1969.
24 refs.
Maximum allowable emission concentrations in exhaust from motor
vehicles in Europe are presently being worked out by an
organization of the United Nations, the European Economic
Commission. It has been suggested that the MAC values be
determined by the "European driving cycle exhaust gas test1 (EFA).
Maximum allowable concentrations in the atmosphere have been set
by individual European countries. A table compares the values
set by the German Democratic Republic, the German Federal
Republic, and Russia and shows that the limits are far more
stringent in the GFR. The toxicological importance of carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in each country will
form the basis for working out uniform European limits. Based
on the MAC for CO and on the premise that the MAC values should
correspond to the toxicological importance of the pollutants,
the MAC ratio for CO, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides is
1:1.9:0.1. As measurements show, at present only CO emissions
need to be limited. The other toxicants will not be limited
until more measurements have brought detailed information
concerning the relationship between emissions and air pollution.
Limitations of CO emissions during idling is urgently needed.
1<4772
Weaver, Neill K.
ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS AND STANDARDS. STATUS REPORT. J.
Occupational Med., 11 (9) :455-461, Sept. 1969. 23 refs.
The Federal Air Quality Act of 1967 furnishes the methodology for
the abatement of air pollution. Its provisions include the
designation of air guality control regions and the issuance
of air guality criteria and control technology documents,
which will be followed by the promulgation of ambient air
standards and emission standards at regional, state, and local
levels. The atmospheric pollutants of current major concern
are sulfur oxides, particulates, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons,
oxidants, carbon monoxide, fluorine, and lead. Their toxic
and other deleterious effects, exhibited at various
concentration-time exposures, can be related to levels reached
by the individual contaminants in the air of cities. While
such an evaluation does not allow for possible interactions
between pollutants, it appears that sulfur dioxide, oxidants,
and carbon monoxide may be harmful to human health when the
agents are concentrated, as in focal areas of emission or
during sustained meteorologic inversions. Gains to be
achieved by controlling these and other contaminants during non-
peak conditions are probably derived from aesthetic, economic,
and welfare benefits rather than health. Abatement procedures
should eliminate rises in pollutant levels beyond the average
ranges generally present in urban ambient air. (Author summary
modified)
L Standards and Criteria 873
-------
14842
Chapoux, E.
POLLUTION OF THE AIR BY AUTOMOBILES. EVOLUTION OF THE
FORMULATION OF THE RULES OF THE EUROPEAN PLAN. COHPAHISON OF
LIHITS ANTICIPATED IN EUROPE AND THE U. S. A. (La pollution
de 1'air par les automobiles. Evolution de la reglementation
sur le plan europeen. Comparaison des limites prevues en
Europe et aux U. S. A.). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos.
(Paris), 11 (Special) :24-32, Feb. 1969.
0. S. Federal Government measurements in 1970 of emissions from
automobiles on a standard U. S. run will be calculated from a
given formula. In European practice, measurements are made on
a European standard run. A U. S. value for carbon monoxide of
23 gm/mile is equivalent to 124 gm/mile in European
calculations: a U. S. hydrocarbon figure of 2.3 gm/mile
corresponds to the European 5.52 gm/mile. Germany, Italy,
France, and Sweden have together proposed limits for emissions
varying linearly with I, the vehicular mass in kg. The best
linear fit of exhaust volume in the European run is: Vol (liters)
equals 1140 + 2.9 I. The limits for prototype cars in a
standard run are 48.48 + .07576 I (in grams) for carbon
monoxide, and 6 + 0.003 I (in grams), for hydrocarbons. For
production control, the limits are 20% higher for CO and 30%
higher for hydrocarbons. Keans for satisfying these requirements,
especially for cars with cylinders of less than 819 cc cm, are
not yet available. Proposed techniques include electronic fuel
injection, carburetor adaptation for town driving, and two-
performance carburetion. Richness should be kept low in
deceleration and idling, and ignition delayed. Man-Air-
Ox catalysis is generally considered too expensive for
application. Future research work is expected to be on design
of cylinders, wall temperature, internal turbulence, spark gaps,
high frequency discharges, valves, and exhaust. Oxides of
nitrogen must be considered but are less dangerous in Europe
than in the U. S. for climatic reasons. Increasing European
and D. S. cooperation is anticipated.
15715
COMMUNITY AIR QUALITY GUIDES. ETHYLENE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.,
29(6):627-631, Nov. - Dec. 1968. 24 refs.
The multi-disciplinary backgrounds and professional competencies
within the American Industrial Hygiene Association have been
utilized to the fullest in the preparation of a series of ambient
air quality guides. These are intended to be concise. To be
concise they are offered as single compounds, recognizing that
other factors such as potentiation, antagonism, or other effects
associated with mixtures, will create special problems froe place
to place and from time to time, the effects of which must be
individually evaluated. These guides are based on present
scientific knowledge; as new data becomes available, the
recommended threshold values are subject to change. The literature
relating to the subject matter of each of the ambient air quality
guide series is constantly being reviewed, and when indicated, new
guides are prepared. (Author's Abstract)
874 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
16518
California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of iir
Sanitation
BEH AND REVISED MOTOH VEHICLE STANDABDS ADOPTED. Clean Air
Quart., 8(l>):1-27, Dec. 1964.
California's 1970 emission standards for actor vehicles reduce
hydrocarbon exhaust levels from 275 to 180 ppm by volume and
carbon monoxide exhaust levels from 1.5 to 1.0 percent by volume.
The crankcase hydrocarbon standard is lowered from 0.15 to 1.10
percent of the supplied fuel. For the first time the following
standards are included for fuel tank and carburetor hot soak
emissions respectively: 6 g/day; and 2 g/day. Approximately
95X of hydrocarbon losses are now covered by emission standards.
However, further improvements in the standard are anticipated.
It is hoped that the hydrocarbon standards can be eventually
stated in terms of the reactive compounds producing photochemical
smog. Also under consideration is a standard for nitrogen
oxides. As the result of a prolonged smog attack in September and
October 1964, three Southern California cities experienced more
than 20 "adverse1 days when the total oxidant exceeded 0.15 for one
hour or longer- Dnless emissions of pollutants, particularly
those from automobiles, are curbed, further severe smog episodes
will occur. The State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board has
given its approval to the Chrysler exhaust control system. Current
studies of carbon dioxide contamination from engine compartments
show CO concentrations in closed cars of 100 to 200 ppm. Although
exposure to these levels for two hours or longer could adversely
affect a commuter's carboxyhemoglobin level, the CO levels are
not likely to be influenced by controlling hydrocarbon and carbon
monoxide emissions with afterburners. Levels of oxidants,
nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxides recorded by
state monitoring stations are tabulated.
L. Standards and Criteria 875
-------
M. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
00001
A. P. Altshuller and I. R. Cohen
ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOOXIDATION OF THE ETHYLENE-NITRIC OXIDE SYSTEM.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, Vol. 8: 611-632, 1964.
Because ethylene is not only a phytotoxicant but also is reactive
in the photochemical type of air pollution, a detailed study has
been made of the photooxidation of ethylene-nitrogen oxide mixtures
in air. The effects were determined of va-rying the concentrations
of ethylene between 0.1 and 5 ppm and of nitric oxide between 0.2
and 10 ppm on the rate of ethylene consumption, the rate of
nitrogen dioxide formation and on the yields of various products.
The greater part of the ethylene consumed could be accounted for
in the products as formaldehyde or carbon monoxide. It was not
possible to obtaina nitrogen balance in this system, although a
small amount of methyl nitrate was produced. Ethylene-nitrogen
oxide mixtures react rapidly in static irradiations at reactant
coScentrations below 0.5 ppm. For example, photooxidation of a
mixture initially containing 0.2 ppm of ethylene and 0.2 ppm of
nitric oxide resulted in a nitrogen dioxide peak in 30 min and half
conversion of ethylene in about 80 min. At equal ratios of
reactants, ethylene-nitric oxide mixtures actually are more
reactive at lower concentrations of reactants. In order to
explain the experimental results it appears that free radical chain
reactions must be postulated. A discussion of various
mechanistic reaction steps is given. (Author)##
0003U
J.J. Bufalini A.P. Altshuller
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL SHOG REACTIONS.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, Vol 7:769-771, 1963.
Results of measurements made for the photo-oxidation of
trans-2-butenenitric oxide in air and for 1,3,5-
trimethylbenzene-nitric oxide in air are discussed. The
initial concentrations of the reactants in the two systems were as
follows: trans-2-butene, 10 ppm; nitric oxide, 4.2 ppm;
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 6 ppm; nitric oxide, 3 ppm. The
conversion times for both systems decreased by approximately
a factor of two and the rates increased by a factor of two when
the temperature was increased from 20 to 40 degrees. The
conversion time at the nitrogen dioxide maximum and the rate of
half-conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide are
two independent measures of reactivity which give good agreement
on a relative basis. Similarly which give good agreement on a
relative basis. Similarly on a relative basis, good agreement
877
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is obtained on the times at which the hydrocarbon reaches half of
its initial concentration and the normalized rates at these times
in the reaction although they do represent somewhat different
measures of reactivity. The results from these two systems
should not be taken as indicating that temperature changes are
independent of the nature of the hydrocarbon used as a
reactant. The investigation showed that temperature
difference of a few degrees can cause measurable changes in
photo-oxidation rates.##
00058
E.S. Tipson
REVIEW OF OXIDATION OF POLYCYCLIC, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D,C., Division of
Physical Chemistry. (NBS Fept. 8363.) (NBS with PHS
support.) May 27, 1964. 89pp-
A survey has been made of the literature on the oxidation of
polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons. Information has been assembled
on (1) the oxidants effective in the oxidation of such hydrocar-
bons, (2) the relative reactivity of the hydrocarbons, (3) the
conditions under which oxidation proceeds, (4) the chemical
mechanisms involved when such oxidations occur, and (5) the
products formed. (Author)##
00069
C. Orr, Jr., W.P. Hendrix, F.K. Kurd, W.J. Corbett
INTERACTION OF SUBMICRON SMOG PARTICLES AND VAPORS (FINAL
REPT.). Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, Engineering
Experiment Station. Dec 31, 1961. 94 pp.
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the physical
effect of organic solvent vapors on aerosols having particle
radii in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 micron. To accomplish this,
an ion counter was employed to determine the particle size
distribution of various aerosols both in the presence of pure gases
and in the presence of gases containing foreign vapors. The size
distributions were established as functions of vapor concentration.
Systems consisting of aerosolized particulates (listed first)
and a vapor (listed second) such as ammonium iodide and alcohol,
camphor and alcohol, poly (methyl methacrylate) and methyl ethyl
ketone increased in particulate size with an increase in vapor
concentration belov relative humidities of 100% while systems of
stearic acid and turpentine, carbon and benzene, graphite and
benzene, paraffin and hexane, and napthalene and gasoline showed
no size change below the saturation point. Except for the systems
of graphite and benzene and carbon and benzene, the particulates
were soluble to a measurable extent in the liquid phase of the
vapor with which they were paired. From the results of this
878 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
investigation it may be concluded that: (1) Particulate
aerosols that are soluble in volatile organic solvents
incease in size with increase in solvent vapor concentrations.
The extent of the size change may be predicted from theoretical
considerations. (2) In general, the grSeater the solubility of
the aerosol material the lower will be the relative humidity at
which significant growth will occur. (3) For materials
with a relatively low solubility (less than approximately 5% by
weight) relative humidities in excess of 100% are required for
growth if the nuclei size is of the order of 0.01 micron diameter.
(4) An ion counter affords an excellent means for analyzing
aerosol particulate radii in the range from 0.01 to 0.1 micron.##
00101
E. P. Koutsoukos and K. Nobe
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBONS. IV. EFFECT OF PEEPAEATION
METHOD ON CATALYTIC ACTIVITY. California Univ., Los Angeles,
Dept. of Engineering. (Report No. 64-12.) Feb. 1964. 46 pp.
CFSTI: AD 601026
Five types of CuO catalysts were prepared in this study by
varying the amount of KOH used in the precipitation of
Cu(OH)2 from aqueous Cu(N03)2 solutions. The rate of the
catalytic combustion of ethylene was used as a measure of the
ictivity of these catalysts. Overall rate expressions of the
form r equals kp sub E to the Nth power were used to
correlate the experimental data. An average reaction order of
0.60 provided the best correlation of all the kinetic data. The
experimental data indicated that the temperature required for a
given conversion decreased with increasing amounts of KOH used in
the preparation of the catalyst (up to 25% greater than
stoichiometric). The BET surface area and mechanical strength
of the catalyst increased with increasing KOH used. Using the
specific rate constant per unti surface area as a measure of
activity it was found that the catalytic activity of CuO
decreased with increasing pH (or amount of KOH used).
Comparison of the activity of the stoichiometric catalyst
prepared in this investigation with the activity of cupric
oxide-alumina (1:1) catalyst studied by Accomazzo for the same
reaction proved greatly in favor of pure CuO. (Author)#f
00119
H. E. Wentworth, E. Chen, and J. E. Lovelock
THE PULSE-SAHPLING TECHNIQUE FOR THE STUDY OF ELECTHOH-ATTACHHENT
PHESOHENA. J. Phys. Chem. 70, (2) 445-58, Feb. 1966.
A study of the parameters characterizing the electron-capture
detector operated in the pulse-sampling mode was carried out. The
pulse width, approximately 0.4 microsec., applied voltage, -50v.,
and the pulse period approximately 1000 microsec., necessary to
M. Basic Science and Technology 879
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collect all of the electrons and to achieve a steady state when
argon-10% methane is used as a carrier gas were determined. It
was assumed that the electrons acquired a thermal distribution when
no potential was applied to the cell and that the results were
independent of the pulse potential examined up to 80 v. A kinetic
model of the processes occurring within the electron-capture
detector operated in the pulse-sampling mode has been proposed.
For the case in which the electron-capturing species is capable of
forming a stable negative ion (in contrast to dissociative
electron capture), the system of differential equations was solved
using the steady-state approximation. From this solution, one can
obtain the previously defined electron capture coefficient in teras
of the constants for the processes proposed in the model. In
certain cases one can obtain values for the rate constants and/or
the electron affinity of the molecule from the temperature
dependence of this electron-capture coefficient. Evidence is
given for the validity of the proposed model, and the magnitude of
the rate constants and the electron affinities are
given for several aromatic hydrocarbons. (Author)##
00120
R. Walsh, D. M. Golden, and S. W. Benson
THE THERMOCHEMISTRY OF THE GAS PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 12 PLUS
C6H5CH3=C6H5CH2I PLUS HI AND THE HEAT OF FORMATION OF
THE BENZYL RADICAL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, (4) 650-6, Feb.
20, 1966.
With the aid of a spectrophotcneter modified for high-temperature
systems, the equilibrium constant for the reaction C6H5CH3
plus 12 at equilibrium with C6H5CH2I plus HI was measured
over the temperature range 210-390 degrees. Thermodynamic
calculations gave a value of plus 30.43 plus or minus 0,32
Kcal/mole for the heat of formation of C6H5CH2I (g) . Crude
kinetic data were obtained within the range of 210-280 degrees.
Assuming the rate-controlling step in the initial stages of
reaction to be I plus C6H5CH3 at equilibrium with C6H5CH2
plus HI, Arrhenius parameters were calculated and it was
found that the heat of formation for C6H5CH2 (g) = 44.1 plus or
minus 3.1 Kcal/mole and the bond strength of C6H5CH2-H at 298
degrees = 84.2 plus or minus 3.1 Kcal/mole, in good agreement with
values from recent kinetic studies.##
00128
K. H. Egger and S. W. Benson
NITRIC OXIDE AND IODINE CATALYZED ISOHEEIZATION OF OLEFINS.
71. THERMODYNAMIC DATA FROM EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES OF THE
GEOMETRICAL AND POSITIONAL ISOMERIZATION OF N-PENTENES. J. Am
Chem. Soc. 88, 236-40, Jan. 20, 1966.
The equilibrium of the iodine catalyzed gas phase isomerization
of 1-pentene and 2-pentene was studied over a temperature range
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
from 114.5 to 335.3 degrees. The measured values for constants of
both the positional and the geometrical isometizations yield
straight lines when plotted vs. 1/T (degree K). Entropy and
enthalpy values were derived by application of least-square fits
of data to linear equations using a standard computer regression
program yield with standard errors (for a mean temperature of
500 K.) The data can be equally well fitted to both linear and
quadratic equations. The data for the heats of isonerization are
in very good agreement with values calculated from the data on the
heat of formation reported by Prosen and Hossini and quoted in
the API tables. The entropy differences between the isomers
obtained from the direct experimental data agree reasonably well
with the comparative estimates of Kilpatrick, et al. Values for
partial group contributions and -corrections thereof were
calculated from the data of this work and results reported
earlier from related studies on n—butenes and 1,3—pentadienes.
They are in excellent agreement with earlier estimates.##
00161
C. A. Arrington, W. Brennen, G. P. Glass, J. V.
Hichael, and H. Niki
EEACTIONS OF ATOMIC OXYGEN WITH ACETYLENE (I) KINETICS AND
MECHANISMS. Harvard Oniv.,. Cambridge, Mass., Dept. of
Chemistry. Mar. 1965. 28 pp.
CFSTI: AD 461329
The room temperature reaction of acetylene with atomic oxygen has
been studied in a moderately fast flow system. The course of the
reaction was followed using both the Bendix T.O.F. Mass
Spectrometer and a photometric method. The major products of the
reaction were carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Large amounts of
atomic hydrogen were also observed. The reaction scheme presented
is consistent with the results obtained. The rate of the overall
reaction is determined by the first initial step in which atomic
oxygen adds to acetylene to yield an excited complex which then
undergoes unimolecular decomposition to give triplet methylene.
The rate constant for this initial reaction was measured, at room
temperature as (8.9 plus or minus 2.8)z10 to -14th power
cc./molecules. sec. The activation energy was less than 1
kcal./mole. Experiments with acetylene-d2 have established the
specific reactions which constitute the major pathway by which
triplet methylene, produced in the first initial step is consumed.
(Author abstract)##
00190
R. D. Doepker and P. Ausloos
GAS-PHASE RADIOLYSIS OF CYCLOPENTANE. RELATIVE RATES OF
H2(-)-TRANSFER REACTIONS FROM VARIOUS HYDROCARBONS TO
C3H6(PLOS). J. Chem. Phys. 44, (5) 1951-8, Har. 1, 1966.
The radiolysis of cyclo-C5D10 was investigated in the presence
of various saturated and unsaturated perprotonated hydrocarbons .*
M. Basic Science and Technology 881
-------
On the basis of the isotopic analysis of the propanes formed in
these mixtures and several other experimental observations it is
concluded that the C3D6 (plus)ion, which is the major ion
produced in the fragmentation of C5D10(plus), reacts with
various saturated hydrocarbons (AH2) as follows: (a) C3D(plus)
plus AH2 yields CD3CDHCD2H plus A(plus). Hates of this
process relative to that of the reference reaction (b) C3D6 (plus)
plus cyclo-C5D10 yields C3D8 (plus) were measured with an
accuracy of better than 2%. It is suggested that the saturated
hydrocarbons also transfer an H(-)ion to C3D6(plus) according to
the following reaction (c) C3D6 (plus) plus AH2 yields
C3D6H plus AH (plus). Although in agreement with theory the
total rate of reaction of C3D6 (plus) with AH2 is generally seen
to increase with an increase in molecular weight of AH2, there
are appreciable variations in the rates of the H2 (-) transfer
reaction (a) versus that of the H(-)-transfer reaction (c) with a
change in structure of the hydrocarbon molecule. Beaction (c) is
usually favored when AH2 is a branched hydrocarbon, except for
neopentane which is entirely unreactive toward C3D6 (plus).
Onsaturated hydrocarbons do not transfer H2(-)ion to C3D6 (plus)
but probably undergo a condensation-type process. The radiolysis
of cyclopentane was also investigated in the presence of 02, NO,
and (CH3) 3N. It is demonstrated that the C3H6 (plus) and
C5H10 (plus)ions transfer their charge to NO, or (CH3)3N and
that a pressure of 20 torr approximately 20% of the parent ions
undergo ring opening prior to the approximately 20% of the parent
ions undergo ring opening prior to the charge-transfer
process. (Author)##
00231
J.W. Newton
EVIDENCE FOR A FUNCTIONAL BISULPHIDE IN PHOTOPHOSPHOBYLATION.
Nature, 195 (U839) :349-J51, July 28, 1962.
The investigation reported here was prompted by results of
immunochemical studies on chromatophores of photosynthetic
bacteria and by the finding that the photochemical apparatus of
Rhodospirillum rubrum yielded serologically univalent
fragments after disulphide scission. The presence of these cell
particles of a repeating antigenic sub-structure with individual
determinant groups spaced between each pair of disulphides was
therefore indicated. Production of the univalent subunits of
chromatophores can be brought about by treatment with sulphite,
heavy metals under alkaline conditions, mercaptans, or sonic
oscillation. Since the antigens under consideration are placed
in the chromatophore during photosynthetic growth, and since the
photophosphorylation system appears in the chromatophore under
these conditions, the possibility of a functional involvement of
these structural disulphides in photophosphorylation has been
examined. (Author's abstract)ft
00238
E.R. Stephens, F.B. Burleson, E.A. Cardiff
THE PRODUCTION OF PURE PEFOXYACYL NITRATES. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3) 87-9, Bar. 1965. (Presented
at Sixth Conference on Methods in Air Pollution Studies,
/882 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
California State Dept. of Public Health Berkeley, Jan. 6-7,
196U.)
Three different reaction systems have been used to prepare the
first three members of the PAN homologous series Two of these
involve photolysis by ultraviolet black light lamps and one is a
dark reaction. All are carried out in the gas phase: (1)
Photolysis of dilute (100 ppm) mixtures of a symmetrical olefin
(e.g., 2 butene) with eigher nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide
in dry oxygen or air. This was the original method and it most
closely resembles the way in which these compounds are formed
in polluted atmospheres. (2) Photolysis of dilute alkyl nitrite
in oxygen. This is the preferred method for PAN and PPN.
It was successful for the preparation of the four carbon
homologue. (3) The dark reaction of the appropriate aldehyde with
N02 and 03 at low concentration in oxygen. This is the
preferred method for the preparation of the four carbon
homologue. The starting material is n-butyraldehyde. In all
cases the sam e gas chromatcgraphic procedure is used for
purification. (Author)#*
00353 .
A. Padwa D. Crumrine
PHOTOLYTIC DESDLPHURIZATION OF DIBENZOYLSTILBENE
EPISULPHIDE. Chem. Commun. (21) 506-7, Nov. 10, 1965.
The photo-extrusion of sulphur from dibenzoylstilbene
episulphide (I) by ultraviolet light filtered through
Pyrex glass is described. Irradiation of trans-dibenzoyl-
stilbene episulphide (I) with a Pyrex filter in benzene
as solvent afforded a mixture of cis— and trans-dibenzoyl-
stilbene (II and III) in high yield. The photolysis was
followed by infrared spectroscopy and was essentially
complete in 30-60 min. The photodesulphurization is
markedly stereospecific. Consideration of the isomeric
distribution of the olefin obtained in a number of photolyses
and the irradiation time demonstrated at least 90% stereo-
selective removal of sulphur from (I) to give (III).
Increasing the time of the irradiation gave a slightly higher
proportion of the cis-olefin but resulted in a diminished
overall yield of the olefinic material. The lower yields
can be attributed to a competing side reaction which predominates
at longer photolysis time. The loss of sulphur from the
episulphide upon photolysis is most simply explained
by assuming a cleavage of the C alpha-S bond of
the three-membered ring followed by loss of atomic sulphur. The
light absorbed by (I) possesses sufficient energy to effect
a carbon-sulphur bond vleavage.##
00355
A. Padwa
PHOTOCHEMICAL TRANSFORHATIONS OF A BETA, GAHMA EPOXY KETONE.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87, 4205-7, 1965.
In contrast to exhaustive studies concerned with the
photochemistry of alpha, beta epoxy ketones there has been
no attempt, to date, to examine the phototransformations of the
M. Basic Science and Technology 883
-------
related beta, gamma acyl oxide system. although a formally
analogous rearrangement occurs, the mechanism of the
transformation is markedly different.
trans-1,4-Diphenyl-3-buten-1-one one (I) was prepared by
trans-1,4-diphenyl-2-butene-1,4-diol with p-toluenesulfonic acid.
Treatment of I with m-chloroperbenzoic acid afforded, in
essentially quantitative yield, trans-1,<4-diphenyl-3,4-epoxy-butan-
1-one (II) . The irradiation of II was conducted using
an internal water—cooled mercury arc lamp with a Pyrex filter
to eliminate wave lengths below 280 millimicrons. The photolysis
was followed by withdrawal of small samples at fixed intervals and
examination of these by thin-layer chromatography. Upon
irradiation of 500 mg. of II in benzene for 8 hr., the spot
on a thin-layer plate due to II had completely disappeared and
three new spots had appeared in its place. Chromatography of the
crude photolysis mixture afforded 2,5-diphenylfuran (21%) and
dibenzoylethane (III, 30%) as the only isoable products. The
formation of 2,5-diphenylfuran was shown to be the result of a
ground-state acid-catalyzed rearrangement of II. By using
scanning liguid-liguid partition chromatography the crude
photolysis mixture could be resolved into two major components.
In addition to dibenzoylethane (III, 18%), an alcohol was
obtained. The elemental analysis of this component IV indicates
that it is an isomer of II. The molecular weight is consistent
with a monomeric unit. The high-dulution IE spectrum (CHC13)
of IV shows a sharp strong intramolecular hydrogen bond; the
IE band corresponding to a non-bonded hydroxyl stretching
frequency was absent. The fact that absorption due to this bond
is strong and is invariant with concentration suggests that the
hydroxyl group of IV is cis to the oxide ring. The
ultraviolet spectrum (95% ethanol) with maxima IV is
converted rapidly to dibenzoylethane by chromatography on Woelm
base-washed alumina but can be recovered unchanged from liquid-
liquid partition chromatography.##
00356
H. Kristinsson G. w. Griffin
PHOTOCYCLIZATION OF 3,3-DIMETHYL-1-PHENYLBUTENE- 1 .
A NOVEL PHOTOINDUCED 1,2-HETHYL MIGRATION. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 88, (2) 378-9, Jan. 20, 1966.
The first example of a photoinduced 1,2-methyl migration in a
simple hydrocarbon system is reported. A mixture (1.3:1) of cis-
and trans-3,3-dimethyl-1-phenylbutene-1 (la and Ib,
respectively) was synthesized. A photoequilibrium between la and
Ib was established rapidly under the irradiation conditions, and
therefore separation was deemed unnecessary. Irradiation of I
in benze (0.1 M) for 70 hr afforded almost exclusively
2,3-dimethy1-4-phenylbutene-1 (II). The primary products
in this photoreaction are presumably cis- and
trans-2,2,3-trimethyl-1-phenyl-cyclopropane (IVa and b,
respectively). That IVa and IVb are intermediates in the
conversion of I to II is supported by the observation that the
isomeric cyclopropanes (IVa and IVb) are completely converted
to the olefin II after only 24-hr irradiation in benzene
(0.1). It is clear in view of this result why the
cyclopropanes do not accumulate upon photolysis
of I. It is assumed that the conversion of I to IV occurs in
a concerted fashion with methyl migration accompanying
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
cyclization. A mechanism involving formation of a common
transitory intermediate which collapses to II directly or
alternatively to IVa and IVb cannot be excluded, however,
even though a pathway exists for facile conversion of IV to
II. ##
00565
Story, Paul R. and John R. Burgess
OZONOLYSIS. EVIDENCE FOR CARBONYL OXIDE TAUTOMERIZATION AND FOH
1,3-DIPOLAR ADDITION TO OLEFINS. J. Am. Chem. SOC.,
89(22) -.5726-5727, Oct. 25, 1967. 12 refs.
Evidence of the existence of carbonyl oxides is based on their
reaction with alcohols to form alkoxy hydroperoxides. Studies
report evidence for 1,3-dipolar addition of carbonyl oxides to
aldehydes but none such for the similar addition to olefins.
Evidence is presented for 1,3-dipolar addition of a carbonyl oxide
to an olefin and further, that the olefin 4-s a vinyl hydroperoxide,
formed in the ozonolysis reaction by tautomerization of the
carbonyl oxide. Upon examination of the reaction mixture from the
ozonolysis of tetramethylethylene with gas and liquid
chromatography, one of the major products was found to be
peroxyhydroperoxide. A structural assignment was given to the
compound on the basis of information obtained from the infrared
absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements along with
observation of various other reactions. It was also established
that the other product obtained from the ozonolysis reaction was
hydroxyacetone. The isolation of hydroxyacetone and peroxy
hydroperoxide was thought to be good evidence for the
tautomerization and subsequent rearrangement of carbonyl oxides.
However, the structure assigned as peroxy hydroperoxide has now
been found to be incorrect. Although the evidence for carbonyl
oxide tautomerization stands, the evidence for carbonyl oxide
addition to an olefin is not valid. The structures are presented
along with newly found proof for elimination of the original one.##
00608
E. R. Allen, J. N. Pitts, Jr.
THE VAPOR PHASE REACTION OF METHYL RADICALS WITH
CROTONALDEHYDE. J. Phys. Chem., 70 (6) :1691-1694, June 1966.
13 refs.
The reaction of crotonaldehyde (but-2-en-1-al) with methyl
radicals (produced by the photolysis of acetone at 3130 A) at
temperatures in the range 120 to 250 degrees has been investigated.
The major products of the reaction were carbon monoxide,
propylene, four isomeric butenes, methane, hydrogen, and ethane in
decreasing order of abundance. The mechanism of the formation
of products is discussed. An expression for the rate constant of
the displacement reaction is presented.##
M. Basic Science and Technology 885
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00770
E. Sawicki, T.w. Stanley, H. Johnson
QUENCHOFLOOHOKETEIC ANALYSIS FOP POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS.
Hikrochim. Acta, bSvol. 1, 178-192, 1965.
Quenchofluorometry should have a wide range of application,
especially in the anaylsis of polycyclic compounds. By varying
the solvent system and thus its particular type of quenching effect
fluorescence methods of analysis are made much more highly
selective. The following types of determinations can be made:
aza heterocyclic hydrocarbons in the presence of other
polynuclear compounds and vice versa, fluoranthenic hydrocarbons
in the presence of other types of aromatic hydrocarbons, aza
heterocyclic hydrocarbons in the presence of some aromatic amines
and vice versa, and aza heterocyclic hydrocarbons in the
presence of imino heterocyclic hydrocarbons and vice versa.
(Authors' summary)##
00869
E, Sawicki, T.H. Stanley, W.C. Elbert
THE APPLICATION OF THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGBAPHIC AND SPECTRAL
PBOCEDURES TO THE ANALYSIS FOR AZA HETEEOCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS IN
COMPLEX MIXTURES. Occupational Health Rev. 16, (3) 8-16,
1964.
Procedures tor the separation and characterization of aza
heterocyclic hydrocarbons present in complex mixtures have been
developed. Of the several hundred compounds present in the basic
fraction of coal tar pitch, the following aza heterocyclic
hydrocarbons have been characterized by easily reproducible
procedures: benzo(h)-guinoline, methylbenzo (h)quinoline,
dimethyl(or ethyl) benzo (h)-quinoline, 10-alkylbenzo (hOquinoline,
benz(c)-acridine, dimethyl(or ethyl)benz (c) acridine,
dibenz (a,h)acridine, lOH-indeno (1,1—b)guinoline, acridine,
phenanthridine, indeno(1,2,3ij)-isoquinoline, benzo (f)quinoline,
a Ikylbenzo (f)quinoline, benzo(Imn)-phenanthridine, benz (a)acridine,
alkylbenz(a)acridine, and dibenz-(a,j)acridine. Coal tar pitch
was used as the standard material in the analyses because
it is readily available, contains a large assortment of basic
compounds and carcinogens, and is found in high concentrations
in air near outdoor tarring operations. The following separation
procedures were used: column chromatography (alumina-pentane with
increasing amounts of ether followed by increasing amounts of
acetone) , circular paper chromatography (formamide: water,
35:65), thin-layer chromatography (alumina - pentane: ether, 19:1)
and thin-layer chromatography (cellulose - formamide:water, 35:65).
The following characterization procedures were used: ultraviolet
absorption spectrophotometrey of an eluent or an extract,
quenchofluorometry, spectrophotofluorometry of an extract or an
eluent, spectrophotofluorometry on the thin-layer plate or on
paper, spectrophotophosphorimetry on paper, color tests, and
observation of fluorescence colors on the thin-layer plate or
on paper before and after trifluoroacetic acid fuming. The
described procedures are used directly in the analysis of airborne
particulates and air pollution source effluents for polynuclear aza
heterocyclic hydrocarbons. (Author abstract)##
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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00916
E. J. Baum, J. K. S. Wan, and J. N. Pitts, Jr.
REACTIVITY OF EXCITED STATES. INTEABOLECOLAE HYDROGEN ATOH
ABSTRACTION IN SUBSTITUTED BUTYROPHEHONES. J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 88 (12):2652-2659, June 20, 1966. (Presented in part at
the Symposium on Structure and Photochemistry of Excited
States, 149th National Heeting of the American Chemical
Society, Detroit, Mich., Apr. 1964; and the IVth
International Congress on Photobiology, Oxford, England, July
1964.)
The quantum efficiency of photccycloelimination of ethylene
("type II process"), Phi sub II, from butyrophenone and
several para-substituted derivatives is highly sensitive to the
electron-donating character of the substituent and to the nature of
the lowest triplet state. Thus at 3130 A, 25 degrees, and in
several solvents. Phi sub II drops from 0.42 and 0.39 in
butyrophenone and p-methylbutyrophenone, respectively, to 0.00 in
the p-NH2, p-OH, and p-C6H5 derivatives. Energy-transfer
and spectroscopic studies indicate that the photoreaction proceeds
from the lowest triplet state of these ketones and that this state
is n, pi (asterisk) for reactive and Pi, Pi (asterisk) for
unreactive ketones, p-Bromo- and o-hydroxybutyrophenone do not
undergo photocycloelisiination. The former eliminates bromine
atoms with a quantum yield of 0.25. The latter photoenolizes in a
reaction similar to that observed for o-hydroxy- and
o-methylbenzophenone. The photocycloelimination reaction is
temperature dependent with an activation energy of about 2
kcal/mole for butyrophenone. (Author abstract)##
00917
E. J. Baum and J. N. Pitts, Jr.
INTRAMOLECULAR ENERGY TRANSFER: PHOTOELIMINATION OF HALOGEN
ATOMS FROM AROMATIC KETONES. J. Chem. Phys., Vol.
70:2066-2067, 1966.
Photochemical reaction of bromine atom photoelimination in
p-bromobutyrophenone, a previously unreported reaction in
ring-substituted aromatic ketones, is discussed. The results
obtained indicated that photoelimination of halogen atoms was
quite general for aromatic ketones substituted in the ring with Br
and !.*#
00925
J. K. S. Han, R. N. McCormick, E. J. Baum, and
J. N. Pitts, Jr.
THE ROLES OF MOLECULAH STRUCTURE AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE REACTIVITY
OF EXCITED STATES. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87(20):4409-4414,
Oct. 20, 1965. (Presented at the Symposium on Structure and
Photochemistry of Excited States, 149th National Meeting of
the American Chemical Society, Detroit, Mich., Apr. 1965.)
M. Basic Science and Technology 887
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The importance of molecular structure and environment in the
reactivity of excited states was discussed and demonstrated by a
study of two model photochemical systems in both conventional
liquid medium and solid potassium bromide matrix. The two
photochemical systems are the dimerization of anthracenes, which
is a bimolecular reaction involving a Pi, Pi (asterisK)
excited singlet and a ground—state monomer, and the
cyclo-elimination process (type-II split) of butyrophenon.es,
which is a unimolecular decomposition involving an n,
pi (asterisk)triplet state. (author abstract)##
01026
Foote, J.K., n. H. Ballon, and J. N. Pitts, Jr.
THE VAPOR PHASE PHOTOLYSIS OF BENZENE AT 1849 A. J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 88 (16) :3698-3702, Aug. 20, 1966. 28 refs.
The quantum yield of disappearance of benzene vapor at 1849
degrees is 0.9 plus or minus 0.3. The major irradiation product
appears to be a valence isomer of benzene, tentatively identified
as "benzvalene". Addition of diluent N2 reduces the rate of
formation of the product but, up to 50mm total pressure, increases
its maximum concentration. Small amounts of fragmentation
products, i.e. methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, are also
observed as well as considerable amounts of polymeric or
carbonaceous deposit on the cell walls. These products may be
formed in the secondary photolysis of "benzvalene". (Author
abstract)##
01034
E. Sawicki and H. Johnson
THE VARIOUS QUENCHING EFFECTS IN THIN-LAYER CHROHATOGRAPHY -
APPLICATION TO AIR POLLUTION. J. Chromatog. Vol. 23:142-148,
1966.
Eight fluorescence quenching techniques of value in the direct
analysis of spots on thin-layer chromatograms are discussed. Use
of an insoluble quencher in the adsorbent is of benefit in the
selective analysis of fluorescent compounds. It is predicted
that with the help of polymeric materials containing nitro,
phenolic, amino, aniliao, thiocarbonyl, ketonic carbonyl,
hydrazine, azo, and nitroso groups quick highly selective methods
of direct quenchofluorometric analysis of spots on a plate will be
possible for compounds containing various types of functional
groups. This type of functional group analysis should approach
the simplicity of colorimetry. Examples are given of the
application of some of these techniques to the analysis of urban
air pollutants. The following compounds have been readily and
quickly characterized by the fluorescence quenching techniques:
acridine, benz (a)acridine, benz (c)acridine,
7H-benz (d,e)-anthracen-7-one, benzo(f)quinoline,
benzo(h)quinoline, . phenalen-I-one and xanthen-9-one. All of
these compounds have been found in the examined polluted urban
atmospheres. (Author summary)##
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01186
H. C. Rani and S, G. Levine
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF 2-ALKYLAMINOPHENOXAZ-3-ONES. North
Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, Dept. of Chemistry. 1965.
17 pp.
CFSTI,DDC: AD 631 366
As a continuation of 2 previous studies in photochemistry of
2-dialkylamino-phenoxaz-3-ones has been investigated. In general
these compounds have been found to be more photo-reactive than the
corresponding monoalkylanino-phendxaz-3—ones. The-
dimethylaminophenoxaz-3-one 1 underwent photochemical demethyla-
tion. Irradiation of the 2-polymethyleneiminophenoxaz-3-ones gave
different products depending upon the size of the
polymethyleneimine ring. The phenoxazones 9, 11, and 12 gave
novel pentacyclic compounds 23, 25, and 26 respectively. Stable
dihydrophenoxaz—3-ones have been obtained by the reduction of
compounds 10, 11, and 12. (Author abstract)f#
01210
J. N. Pitts, Jr., J. K. S. Wan, and E. A. Schuck
PHOTOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN AN ALKALI HALIDE MATRIX. I. An
0-nitrobenzaldehyde Actinometer and Its Application to a
Kinetic Study of the Photoreduction of Benzophenone by
Benzhydrol in a Pressed Potassium Bromide Disk. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 86, 3606-10, Sept. 20, 1961.
The feasibility of guantitative photochemical studies in a solid
KEr "pellet" of the type customarily used for IR studies
was investigated. Irradiation was by filtered UV light at an
angle to the "analyzing" IB beam from the IR spectrophotometer.
An actinometer consisting of o-nitrobenzaldehyde dispersed in the
KBr disk was developed to measure light intensities and was
used to obtain room temperature quantum yields in the system
benzophenone-benzhydrol similarly dispersed in KBr. IR
spectroscopy was used to identify products and determine reaction
rates by repetitive scanning in situ. In the photoreduction of
benzophenone by benzhydrol at 3340 A., the value of phi for
benzophenone disappearance was a function of benzhydrol
concentration and approached unity at high concentrations.
Benzhydrol disappeared by an apparent first-order law. Assuming
a simple mechanism, the ratio of the rate constants for the
deactivation vs. the reduction of excited benzophenone to form
ketyl radicals was 0.0125 mole/1. of KBr. Addition of
naphthalene to the "pellet" reduced the phi of benzophenone
disappearance. The ratio of the rate constants k5/k3 for
naphthalene "quenching" vs. reduction of benzophenone by benzhydrol
was estimated at about 50. These experimental findings indicate
that photoreduction in the KBr matrix proceeds via triplet
benzophenone, as in liquid solutions. "Blending" benzophenone
and benzhydrol with KBr and forming disks at a pressure of 4800
p.s.i. by the usual pelletizing technique seems to result in a
uniformly dispersed "solid solution." (Author abstract modified)##
M. Basic Science and Technology 889
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01233
P. Ausloos and E. E. Hebbert
PHOTOELIMINATION OF ETHYLENE FROM 2-PENTiNONE. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 86, pp. 4512, 1964.
Author reports additional information concerning photoelimination
of olefins from carbonyl-containing compounds. Measurements of
the light emission were observed in the energy transfer process
in the photolysis of 2-pentanone. Authors conclude the
probability that at any given wavelength the same process will
occur from either a triplet or a single state may depend on the
structure of the compound under consideration.##
01241
H. A. Accomazzo and K. Nobe
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF C1 TO C3 HYDROCARBONS. Ind. Eng.
Chem. Prod. Fes. Develop. 4, («) 425-30, Oct. 1965.
(Presented at the 149th Meeting American Chemical Society,
Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Detroit, Mich., Apr. 1965.)
The catalytic combustion kinetics of methane, ethane, ethylene,
acetylene, propane, propylene, propadiene, propyne, and
cyclopropane on CuO:A1203 has been investigated at initial
hydrocarbon concentrations between 182 and 1450 ppm in the
temperature range 140 to 510 C., and at gas flow rates of 160,
275, and 525 liters per hour (NTP. The correlation considered
temperature gradients along the bed and external diffusion of
reactant to the catalyst surface. The predicted results agreed
within 15% of the experimental results at the higher flow rates
between 10 and 80% conversion. Methane was the most difficult
hydrocarbon to oxidize and acetylene was the easiest. In
general, increase in carbon number decreased the temperature
necessary for a given conversion. For a given carbon number, the
required temperature decreased with degree of saturation. The
combustion products were essentially only carbon dioxide and water.
The same catalyst bed was used for approximately 1000 hours with
no loss in activity. (Author abstract)#t
01318
H.J.R. Stevenson, D.E. Sanderson, A.P. Altshuller
FORMATION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AEBOSOIS. Intern. J. Air Water
Pollution, Vol. 9:367-75, June 1965. (Presented at the
American Industrial Association Conference, Philadelphia, Pa.
April 29, 1964.)
Aerosol was produced photochemically by irradiation of a number
of hydrocarbon-nitrogen dioxide mixtures, some requiring sulfur
dioxide. In those reactions not requiring sulfur dioxide, its
addition increased the aerosol production in most cases. Mixtures
of hydrocarbons gave more aerosol than expected from their
production individually. Shorter wavelength illumination had
little effect indicating that sulfur dioxide activation is
unimportant. The size of the aerosol depended upon the
conditions of the experiment. (Author abstract)##
890 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01358
B.C. Tebbens F. Ottoboni
DYNAMICS OF VAPOE-AIR MIXTURES. Am. Ind. Hyg. ASSOC. J-,
Vol. 26:4U5-tt«8, Oct. 1965.
Although it is generally recognized that density difference
affects the vertical movements of gases, the downward flow of
heavier-than-air mixtures has received little experimental
attention. On theoretical grounds, a very small density increase
can produce downward flow. Experimentally, a density
difference of 0.6% was sufficient to induce vertical gas flow in a
pipe. From a series of observations it was found that the
relationship of density to flow rate can be characterized, and that
in unrestricted systems the maximum concentration of heavy
vapor is far less than that predicted from vapor pressure data.
This maximum is related not only to vapor pressure, evaporation
rate, temperature, etc., but also to the fact of downflow and air
induction associated with it. (Author abstract)#f
01579
F.C. Alley L.A. Ripperton
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANT PRODUCTION IN
A BENCH SCALE REACTION SYSTEM. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Vol. 11:581-584, Dec. 1961. (Presented at the
51th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control association.
New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
The tabulated results of nine irradiation runs are given for
olefin and nitrogen dioxide mixtures. The oxidant production
is shown as a function of time of irradiation and temperature.
Oxidant production was calculated by subtracting the initial
oxidant reading before the lights were turned on from the oxidant
reading at the particular sample interval. The peak oxidant
production was approximately doubled for each 10 degree
temperature increase. The average hydrocarbon reaction rate
for each four-hour irradiation period is plotted against
temperature. The rate increased sharply as the reaction
temperature increased from 13.5 to 25 C, then decreased slightly
AS THE TEMPEEATURE INCREASED TO 35.0 C. FROM THESE RESULTS IT
is concluded that the peak oxidant production occurring during the
irradiation of olefin and nitrogen dioxide mixtures is dependent
on the reaction temperature. The magnitude of this temperature
effect is of the same order as that which would be predicted for
a thermal reaction.#f
01628
F. A. Vingiello and T. J. Delia
CLEAVAGE OF 10-SUBSTITUTED 1,2-BENZANTHEACENES. J. Org.
Chem. 26, 1005-8, Apr. 1961. (Presented before the Chemistry
Section at the Southeastern Eegional Meeting, American
Chemical Society, Birmingham, Ala., Nov. 1960.)
M. Basic Science and Technology 89H
-------
Authors present information concerning the acid-catalyzed
decyclization of an aromatic hydrocarbon. In order to gain
information regarding the cleavage, a group of ketones was
synthesized, the study of whose cyclization might give information
regarding tvo factors thought to be important in the cleavage;
namely, stability of the carbarium ion of the departing group and
steric requirement of the departing group. Data in the report
indicates that both alkyl and aryl groups may be lost from
aromatic polynuclear compounds as a result of an acid-catalyzed
reaction and that the stability of carbonium ion of the departing
group as well as steric strain may facilitate the cleavage.**
01630
F. A. Vingiello, S. G. Quo, and P. Polss
7- AND 12-THIENYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENES. J. Org. Chem. 30,
266-9, Jan. 1965.
Authors describe the preparation properties and mode of
formation of 7- and 12-thienylbenz(a)anthracenes. Analysis of the
spectral patterns vere made.##
01631
p. A. Vingiello and W. H. Zajac
SOME NEW ALKYL 1,2,3,4-DIBENZOPYRENES. J. Org. Chem. 26,
2228-30, July 1961. (Presented before the Division of Organic
Chemistry at the Southeastern Regional Meeting, American
Chemical Society, Birmingham, Ala., Nov. 1960.)
Using a previously described method, the authors prepared and
catalytically cyclodehydrogenated 9— mono— and dimethylphenyl-1,2
benzanthracenes to give a series of new alkyl-substituted
1,2,3,1 - dibenzopyrenes.*#
01632
F. 1. Vingiello and H. M. Schlechter
SYNTHESIS AND CYCLIZATION OF THE THREE ISOMERIC 2-BENZYLPHENYL
PYRIDYL KETONES. J. Org. Chem. 28, 2148-50, Sept. 1963.
(Presented before the Division of Organic Chemistry,
Southeastern Regional fleeting, American Chemical Society,
Richmond, Va., Nov. 1959.)
A considerable number of studies have been made regarding the
rates of the acid-catalyzed aromatic cyclodehydration of ketones;
these studies included only ketones containing one basic group,
the carbonyl function of the ketone. Substituents on the ketone
were restricted to alkyl groups and halogen atoms. The
cyclization behavior of ketones containing a group more strongly
proton accepting than the ketonic carbonyl would test a possible
limitation of the Bradsher-type aromatic cyclodehydration
reaction. Protonation of the substituent might retard formation
of the carbonium ion needed for cyclization. This inference
actually does not exist since all three isomeric 2-benzylphenyl
pyridyl ketones are cyclized at a faster rate than
2-benzylbenzophenone by the usual hydrobromic acid-acetic
acid-water mixture.##
892 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01633
F. A. Vingiello, W. w. Zajac, Jr., and L. G. Hahone
THE SYNTHESIS OF NAPHTHO(2,1-A)PERYLENE AND
DIBENZO(AE)PEBYLENE. J. ORG. CHEM. 28, 3253-5, NOV.
1963. (Presented before the Division of Organic Chemistry,
Combined Southeastern-Southwestern Regional Meeting, American
Chemical Society, New Orleans, La., Dec. 1961.)
A method for synthesis of naphtho (2,1-a)perylene and
dibenzo(ae)perylene is described .* Various dehydrogenation agents
and reaction procedures were used in an attempt to convert
8-(1-naphthyl) benz (a)anthracene to naphtho (2,1-a)perylene;
heating with sulfur, with selenium, with 'palladium on carbon;
vapor phase dehydrogenation at 130 C on asbestos; fusion with
sodium and aluminum chloride; porolysis of 700 C; aluminum
chloride in boiling benzene; and aluminum bromide in boiling
benzene - all failed to give a significant yield. Finally,
cyclodehydrogenation of 8-(1-naphthyl)benza(a)anthracene with
stannic chloride and aluminum chloride in boiling benzene for five
minutes gave a sufficient yield.##
01634
F. A. Vingiello, E. B. Ellerbe, T. J. Delia, and
J. Yanez
SYNTHESIS OF THE THREE ISOMERIC
7-PYRIDYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENES. J. Med. Chem. 7, pp. 121,
196U.
The authors, aware of the causal relationship between certain
polynuclear compounds related to benz(a)anthracene and their
carcinogenic effect, prepared the three isomeric
7-pyredylbenz(a)anthracenes for screening for possible
carcinogenic activity. The synthetic route to these compounds
involves extensions to useful cyclodehydrogenation reactions,
previously recorded.#f
01635
F. A. Vingiello and T. J. Delia
12-PYHIDYLBENZ(A) ANTHRACENES. J. Org. Chem. 29, 2180-3,
Aug. 196«. (Presented in part before a joint meeting of the
Division of Water and Waste Chemistry and the Division of
Analytical Chemistry, 1i»0th National Meeting, American
Chemical Society, Chicago, 111., Sept. 1961.)
The authors extended the dehydrogenation reaction to the
12-pyridylbenz(a)anthracenes and consequently have
M. Basic Science and Technology 893
-------
azadibenzopyrenes for testing of carcinogenicity. In
accomplishing this reaction five new ketones and one ketimine
(amine) have been prepared and ring closed to their corresponding
12-pyridylbenz(a)anthracenes which were then studied in
dehydrogenation reactions.##
01648
S. E. Horganroth and J. G. Calvert
THE PHOTOLYSIS OF 1 , 1'-AZO-N-BUTANE VAPOR; THE REACTIONS OF
THE N-BDTYL- Preprint. (Presented before the Division of
Physical Chemistry, 149th National Meeting, American Chemical
Society, Detroit, Mich., Sept. 1964.)
The vapor phase photolysis of 1,1'-azo-n-butane, at 3660 A was
investigated as a function of reactant pressure, temperature, light
intensity, and added gas. The sequence of listed reactions is
consistent with observed results. With the assumption that the
rate constant for the reaction, 2n-C4H9 yields n-C4H18 is
2.2 x 10 to the 13th power cc/mole-sec, and that for the reaction,
(n-C4H9) 2N2 + M yields (n-C4H9)2N2 + H« is 3.2 x 10 to the
14th power cc/mole-sec, the rate constants for the following
reactions were estimated: (n-C4H9)2N2 yields 2n-C4H9 plus
N2, k2 approx equals 2.5 x 10 to the 9th power x e to the
-3.8/8T power/sec; n-C4H9 yields C2H plus C2H5, k5 approx
equals 3.7 x 10 to the 13th power x e to the -28.7/ET power/sec;
n-C4H9 plus (n-C4H9) 2N2 yields n-C4H10 plus
C4H8N2C4H9, k6 approx equals 1.4 x 10 to the 11th power x e to
the -7.1/RT power cc/mole-sec. The disproportionation to the
combination ratio for the n-C4H9 radical (k3/k4) is estimated as
0.14. Estimations of the thermodynamic quantities for the
n-C4H9 radical are given.##
01677
S.W. Benson G. Haugen
THE ELIMINATION OF HF FROH "HOT" FLUOHINATED ETHANES.
AN ESTIMATION OF THE ACTIVATION ENERGIES AND BATE PlfiJHETERS.
J. Phys. Chem. 69, (11) 3898-3905, Nov. 1965
BASIC SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY: Fluorinated hydrocarbons.
Decomposition, Fluorides, Activation energy. Reaction kinetics,
Thermodynamics
The classical Rice-Ramsperger-kassel theory of unimolecular
reactions is shown to give a quantitative description of the
decomposition of a "hot" molecule of CH2FCH2F. The
analysis also makes possible an estimate of the activation energy
for the elimination of HF from this molecule within narrow
limits: CH2FCH2F yields CH2 equal CFH plus HF; Eact
equal 62 plus or minus 3 kcal./nole; delta E298K. equal 8 kcal./
894 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
mole. From the theory one predicts the observed reductions in
the rate of the elimination reactions for the series of "hot"
molecules C2H6-xFx as x is increased. A similar analysis
gives a theoretical explanation of the observed pressure dependence
of the rates of stabilization of the "hot" molecules (CH2C1.
CH2C1), (CH2C1.CHC12), and (CHC12.CHC12). A
quantum modicication of the classical Eice-Hamsperger-Kassel
theory was found necessary when the magnitude of the unfixed
internal energy approaches the size of a quantum of
vibrational energy. This approximation of the classical theory
predicted the correct rate of elimination of a Cl atom from the
hot radical (CHC1CHC12) which at the transition state had
only 2 kcal./mole of unfixed energy. In these calculations the
carbon-carbon bond energy in ethane was assumed to be invariant
upon the replacement of hydrogen by halogen atoms. (Author
abstract) ttf
01680
K.W. Egger S.W. Benson
IODINE &ND NITRIC OXIDE CATALYZED ISOHERIZATION OF OLEFINS.
VII. THE STABILIZATION ENERGY IN THE PENTADIENYL RADICAL AND THE
KINETICS OF THE POSITIONAL ISOHEHIZATION OF 1,4-PENTADIENE.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88 (2) 241-6, Jan 20, 1966.
The kinetics of the iodine atom catalyzed isomerization of
1 , 4-pentadiene to form 1,3-pentadiene has been studied in the gas
phase over a temperature range from 129 to 241. The formation
of small amounts of n-pentenes and cyclopentene does not change
the basically very simple rate law for the positional
isomerization of n-pentadienes which is governed by the rate of
abstraction of a hydrogen atom from 1,4-pentadiene by iodine.
When compared with the activation energy for the analogous
hydrogen abstraction from n-pentane, assuming the activation
energies for the back reactions to be equal (HI attack on pentyl
and pentadienyl radicals), one obtains 15.4 plus or ninus 1 kcal./
mole for the resonance energy in the pentadienyl radical.
This value is only 25% larger than the allyl stabilization energy.
These stabilization energies are discussed in terms of a simple
model of three-electron bonds and related to energies in the
benzene system. (Author abstract modified)##
01682
D.K. Golden, R. Walsh, S.W. Benson
THE THERHOCHEHISTRY OF THE GAS PHASE EQUILIBRIUH 12 PLDS CH4
(EEVERSIBLE) CH2I PLUS HI AND THE HEAT OF FORHATION OF THE
HETHYL RADICAL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87, (18) 4053-7, Sept.
20, 1965.
With the aid of a Cary spectrophotometer, modified for use
with high-temperature gas systems, it has been possible to obtain
the equilibrium constant for the reaction CH4 plus 12 yields
M. Basic Science and Technology 896
-------
(reversible) CH3I plus HI at 605, 630, and 667 K, From
the measured value at 630 K. of Keg= 2.32 plus or minus 0.09
plus 10 to the -4 power and the known values, delta S630 - 3.64
gibbs/mole and delta Cp= plus 0.63 gibbs/mole, the heat of
reaction at 298 K. is found to be delta H298 - 12.56 plus or
minus 0.13 kcal./mole. Combining this with known values of the
heats of formation of CH4, 12, and HI yields the value delta
Hf 298 (CH3I(g))= 2.38 plus or minus 0.016 kcal./mole. These
results together with the kinetic parameters of Flowers and
Benson lead to delta Hf 298 (CH3 (g)) = 34.1 plus or minus
0.5 kcal./mole, DH298(CH3-H) = 104.1 plus or minus 0.5
kcal./mole, DH298(CH3-I) 56.3 plus or minus 0.5 kcal./mole in
good agreement with recent data on these quantities. (author
abstract)##
01747
J.C.W. Chien
THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS. Hercules Chem. (53) 19-23,
Sept. 1966.
After a brief discussion of photooxidation theory, photoinitiated
oxidation in the presence and absence of light absorbers is
described. The effect of impurities on photooxidation of
hydrocarbons is discussed. The theory of charge-transfer
absorption by hydrocarbon-oxygen systems is examined. Other
charge-transfer initiated reactions are mentioned. It is
concluded that charge-transfer is of little significance in the
photooxidation of polyolefins. Governing factors for degradation
of these resins are impurities and additives. Charge-transfer,
however, may be responsible for photooxidation of hydrocarbons and
sulfides in the atmosphere. The author believes that the
hypothesis of photoinitiation by charge-transfer will lead to an
extension of knowledge of reactions occurring in the atmosphere.**
01771
R. D. Cadle and E. H. Allen
KINETICS OF THE REACTION OF 0(3P) WITH METHANE IN OXYGEN,
NITROGEN, AND ARGON-OXYGEN MIXTURES. J. Phys. Chem. 69, (5)
1611-5, May 1965.
Rate constants for the reaction of atomic oxygten with methane
have been determined using molecular oxygen, molecular nitrogen,
and argon-oxygen mixtures as the "carrier gas. The reactions were
first order with respect to each reactant. Rate constants were
much higher for oxygen than for nitrogen as the carrier gas and
were represented by the expressions k equal 2.3 (plus or minus 1.1)
times 10 to the 13 power exp(-6600 (plus or minus 1500/RT)cu
cm/mole sec.) and k equal 7.1 (plus or minus 3.5) times 10 to the
896 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
12 power exp (-7300 (plus or minus 1500/RT) cu cm/mole sec.)
respectively. Apparently, ground-state molecular oxygen, when
present in appreciable quantities, took part in the reaction.
(Author abstract)##
0182U
B.E. Hebbert P. Ausloos
QOENCHING OF THE TRIPLET STATE O'F ACETONE AND BIACETYL BY VARIOUS
UNSATURATED HYDBOCARSONS. J. Am. Chem. SOC. 87, (2U) 5569-
72, Dec. 20, 1965.
The quenching effect of several unsaturated hydrocarbons on the
emission from acetone, excited at 3130 A., has been
determined in the gas phase at 32 degrees. It is noted that
addition of an olefin usually results in a pronounced reduction
of the phosphorescence emitted by acetone but that the
fluorescence yield remains unchanged. It is suggested that
acetone transfers its triplet energy to the olefin molecule. It
is concluded that when the energy-transfer process is
endothermic, the quenching efficiency increases with
diminishing delta H of the reaction. When the energy-transfer
process is exothermic, no correlation is seen between the
quenching efficiency and the delta H of the reaction. Because
of the low energy of the 0-0 band, corresponding to the S sub 0
- T sub 1 transition in beacetyl, triplet—state energy
transfer from biacetyl to most monoolefins occurs with very
low efficiency. The probability that triplet energy will be
transferred upon collision is as follows: 1,3-butadiene, 1.6 x 10
to the minus 1 power; styrene, 2.5 x 10 to the minus 5 power;
2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, 1.6 x 10 to the minus 7 power. (Author
abstract)##
01833
P. Ausloos and S. G. Lias
H2-TEANSFEB REACTIONS IN THE GAS-PHASE EADIOLYSIS OF
HYDROCAEBONS. J. Chem. Phys. «3, (1) 127-35, July 1, 1965.
The radiolysis of cyclohexane has been investigated in the
presence of varying concentrations of acetylene, ethylene,
propylene, butene, and cyclopropane. On the basis of a number of
observations, it is concluded that, in all cases, the H2-transfer
reaction C sub n H sub m plus cyclo-C6H12 plus yields C sub n
H sub m plus 2 does take place. No extensive rearrangement
occurs in the collision complex. For instance, a transfer of H2
to CD3CDCD2 results exclusively in the formation of
CD3CDHCD2H, while an H2 transfer to (CD2)3 leads to the
formation of CD2HCD2CD2H. Relative rate constants for the
transfer of an H2 molecule to CH3CHCH2, 1-C4H8, iso-C4H8,
2-C4H8, C2H2 are, respectively, 1.00, 0.68, 0.27, 0.10, 0.11,
and 0.072, Similar variations in the relative rate constants of
the H2-transfer reaction C sub n H sub m (plus) cyclo-C6H12
M. Basic Science and Technology 897
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yields C sub n H sub m plus 2 plus C6H10 plus are noted. The
following additional information was derived in the course, of the
study: (1) Shen cyclopentane or n-pentane is substituted for
cyclohexane in the reaction mixture, the H2-transfer reaction
again occurs. Dnder comparable experimental conditions, the
probability of the H2-transfer reaction is proportional to the
yield of the parent ion as derived from the 70-eV mass-spectral
cracking patterns. (2) An increase in the pressure of
cyclopentane, from 12.7 to 210 mm, leads to approximately a 50%
increase in the yield of the parent ion of cyclopentane. (3) The
parent cyclohexane ion undergoes a charge transfer to NO at a
rate which is comparable to the rates of the H2-transfer
reactions. 02 does not interact with the parent ion. (4) The
cyclopropane-d sub 6 parent ion reacts with cyclo-C6H12 to form
CD3CDHCD2H, indicating that this ion acquires the propylene
ion structure prior to or during reaction. (Author abstract)**
01875
M. F. Brunelle, J. E. Dickinson, and H. J. Hamming
EFFECTIVENESS OF OEGANIC SOLVENTS IN PHOTOCHEMICAL SHOG
FORMATION (SOLVENT PROJECT, FINAL REFT.). Air Pollution
Control District, Los Angeles County, Calif., Evaluation
and Planning Div. July 1966. 188 pp.
The principal objective of this study, the determination in an
environmental chamber of the smog-forming potentials of individual
organic solvents likely to be emitted to the atmosphere, was
accomplished and it is now possible to reach certain conclusions
based on these data. By compound types, the effects to which each
solvent group was found to contribute can be summarized as follows:
(1) Aromatic hydrocarbons, except benzene, contribute
substantially to aerosol formation, rapid 03 formation, eye
irritation and total aldehyde formation. (2) Chlorinated
hydrocarbons exhibit almost greater 03 forming activity than
the aromatics. Eye irritation was moderate to severe, depending
upon the test conditions, and aerosol formation was negligible.
On the basis of an experiment with tetrachloroethylene (8 ppm)
and NO (2 ppm), alone, it is concluded that most of the activity
of the mixed chlorinated solvent may be attributed to
trichloroethylene. (3) Aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes), both
high-boiling and low-boiling, contribute primarily to 03
formation. They also produce total aldehyde concentrations
comparable with those produced by irradiation of auto exhaust.
The high-boiling alkanes tested tend to exhibit greater reactivity
than the low-boiling materials. (4) Ketones contribute
significantly to 03 formation (0.3 - 0.4 ppm after 5 to 6 hours'
irradiation) and, to some extent to eye irritation, though mostly
at higher concentrations or with mixtures. As with several other
solvents, aerosol formation is negligible. A single test with
acetone (8 ppm) and NO (2ppm) showed little activity by this
compound with respect to ozone formation or aerosol formation, and
only very slight eye irritation was indicated. Data indicate that
the branched ketones are considerably more reactive than
straight-chain ketones. (5) Alcohols are the least active class
of compounds tested.#t
898 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
0.1880
K. H. Egger and S. H. Benson
IODINE AND NITRIC OXIDE CATALYZED ISOHEEIZATION OF OLEFINS.
V. Kinetics of the Geometrical Isomerization of
1,3-Pentadiene, a Check on the Bate of Dotation about Single
Bonds, and the Allylic Resonance Energy. J. An. Chen. Soc.
87, (15) 3314-9, Aug. 5, 1965.
The kinetics of the nitric oxide catalyzed, homogeneous, gas
phase isonerization of 1,3-pentadiene have been studied over a
temperature range between 126 and 326 degrees. Analysis of the
data shows that the rate-controlling step in the NO-catalyzed
geometrical isonerization of pentadiene is the rotation about the
single bond in the intermediate radical. Iodine is shown to for«
a much more stable intermediate radical, and results indicate that,
in the 12-catalyzed system, the addition reaction of I atoms is
rate controlling. The rotational rate constant log kc was
calculated to be (11.5 plus or minus 0.3) - (5,3 plus or ninus
1.0)/theta sec. compared to (11.2 - (3.8)/theta sec.) as
reported earlier for the iodine catalyzed cis-trans isomerization
of 2-butene. (Author abstract modified)#t
01881
K. W. Egger and S. W. Benson
NITKIC OXIDE AND IODINE CATALYZED ISOMEHIZATION OF OLEFINS.
IV. Thermodynamic Data from Equilibrium Studies of the
Geometrical Isomerization of 1,3-Pentadiene. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 87, (15) 3311-t, Aug. 5, 1965.
The measurement of equilibrium constants of the iodine-catalyzed
gas phase reactions of olefins and their parent hydrocarbons has
been shown to be a very simple, direct, and valuable method to
determine precise differences in the thermodynamic properties of
the reactants. Applied to the cis-trans isomerization of
1,3-pentadiene, the present paper reports an appreciable amount of
side reactions and considerable difficulties in product separation.
This result is in contrast to the clean-cut experiments on the
isomerization of 2—butene. The important two side reactions, the
polymerization of 1,3-pentadiene and the formation of diiodide in
the lower temperature range, are shown to be a consequence of the
considerably more stable radical intermediate formed with
1,3-pentadiene compared to 2-butene. The NO-catalyzed system
showed excellent reproducibility and no measurable side reactions.
N02 gave rise to the same difficulties obtained with the iodine
catalysis. This is to be expected from the C-ONO bond
strength of about 54 kcal.tt
01891
G. E. Youngquist and J. L. Allen
KINETICS OF THE ADSOEPTION OF PUBE HYDROCABBONS BY SYNTHETIC
ZEOLITES. Preprint. 1963.
M. Basic Science and Technology 89.9
-------
Rate and equilibrium data for adsorption of ethane, ethylene,
propane, propylene, butane and butylene on a synthetic zeolite,
Davison calcium Hicrotraps, «ere obtained. Intraparticle
diffusion was found to be rate limiting. Effective diffusion
coefficients and their concentration and temperature dependence
were determined. Equilibrium data were successfully correlated
using the Potential Theory. (Author summary)#t
01961
G. E. HcHillan, J. G. Calvert, and J. N. Pitts, Jr.
DETECTION AHD LIFETIME OF ENOL-ACETONE IN THE PHOTOLYSIS OF
2-PENTANONE VAPOB. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 3602-5, Sept. 20,
1964.
The formation of the enol form of acetone in the "type II"
primary photochemical process in methyl ketones containing
gamma—hydrogen atoms has received general acceptance in recent
years on the basis of published indirect evidence. In this work a
direct observation of the transient enol form of acetone has been
made by infrared absorption during the photolysis of 2-pentanone.
The enol to keto conversion was studied by following both the
disappearance of the enol and the appearance of the keto form using
long-path infrared techniques. The half—life of enol-acetone is
about 3.3 min. at 27 degrees and 750-mm. total pressure. The
ketonization process seems to occur mainly at the reaction vessel
wall. Photolyses of 2-pentanone were also carried out in small
reaction vessels pretreated with D20. In this case the
keto-acetone ultimately produced is partly monodeuterated, and a
partial exchange of the enol form at the vessel wall is indicated;
this result is similar to that reported by Srinivasan in
experiments with 2-hexanone. The extent of exchange exhibits a
peculiar dependence on the residence time in the cell which
complicates the interpretation of the ketonization step under these
conditions. (Author abstract)##
01978
A. P. Altshuller, I. S. Cohen, S. F. Sleva, and S. I.
Kopczynski
AIH POLLUTION: PHOTOOXIDATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.
Science 138, (3538) 442-3, Oct. 19, 1962.
A number of aromatic hydrocarbons participate as effectively as
the olefins in atmospheric photooxidation reactions in the presence
of nitrogen oxides and ultraviolet light. Judged both on the
basis of reactivity and concentrations in the atmosphere, the
aromatic hydrocarbons cannot be ignored as contributors to the
photochemical type of air pollution. (Author abstract)t#
01990
A. Goetz and T. Kallai
THE SYNTHESIS OF DEFINED AEROSOL SYSTEMS. Am, Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J. 24, 453-61, Oct. 1963.
900 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Instrumentation and procedures for the synthetic production of
photochemical aerosols within a laminar airflow along a tubular
channel are described. Special micro-dosimetry quantitatively
facilitates continuous addition of reactive trace components
(hydrocarbons, NO, N02, 302) and of defined nucleating
particulates. The flow is subsequently irradiated symmetrically
in the spectral range (320-450 millimicrons) in a special channel
section without temperature increase, at adjustable intensity
levels and exposure durations up to several times solar intensity
at ground level. The resulting aerocolloidal components are
analyzed with the Aerosol spectrometer for determining the size
and mass distribution of the photoactivated particulates at various
reaction stages. Examples of smog-type reactions between traces
of N02 and olefins, and of modifications of natural aerosols, are
presented. (Author abstract)##
02082
E. Sawicki, T.W. Stanley, J. Pfaff, H. Johnson
SENSITIVE NEW METHODS FOB AOTOCATALYTIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC
DETERMINATION OF NITRITE THROUGH FREE-RADICAL CHROMOGENS.
Anal, Chem. 35, (13) 2183-91, Dec. 1963.
Hany of the methods presented here are more sensitive than
any described in the literature. A molar absorptivity of
1,270,000 can be obtained in the 1-methyl-2-quinolone azine
procedure, while in most other procedures molar absorptivities
average over 200,000. The following reagents are compared:
1-methyl-2-quinolone azine, 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone azine,
glyoxal bis (N,N diphenylhydrazone), 3-methyl-2-
benzothiazolinone picrylhydrazone, phenothiazine, N,N,N',N'-
tetramethyl-4,4'-diaminostilbene, N,H' - diphenyl p -
phenylenediamine, N,N,N',N-tetramethylbenzidine, N,N,N',N'-
tetramethyl - p - phenylenediamine, and N,N,N* - trimethyl - p -
phenylenediamine. The syntheses of some of the reagents are
given. Evidence is prrsented that free radicals are obtained
in all the procedures. The advantages and disadvantages of the
methods are discussed. Recommendations are given for application
of some of the procedures to the analysis of solutions
containing dyes, large amounts of sulfite, or minute amounts of
nitrite. (Author abstract)##
02160
C. A. demons, P. W. Leach, and A. P. Altshuller.
1,2,3,-TRIS (2-CYANOETHOXY) PROPANE AS A STATIONARY PHASE IN
THE GAS CHROWATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF AHOHATIC HYDROCABBONS.
ANAL. CHEM. 35, (10) 1517-8, SEPT. 1963
The gas chronatographic procedure described has been used
successfully to follow the rate of disappearance of various
aromatic hydrocarbons in dilated auto exhaust in a large
photochemical reactor. Some of the concentrations of the aromatic
HYDROCARBONS ARE AS FOLLOHS BENZENE, 0.07 P.P. H. ; TOLUENE, 0.15
p.p.m.: ethylbenzene, 0.04 p.p.m.; and n-propylbenzene, 0.01
M. Basic Science and Technology 901
-------
p.p.m. Excellent analytical results have been obtained even at
low concentration levels. For example, in one series of seven
experiments in which the initial concentration of m-xylene plus
p-xylene was only 0.038 p.p.m., it was determined that 0.011 plus
or minus 0.003 p.p.m. were photooxidized to products. Such
results are possible only if column substrates such as
1,2,3-tris (cyanoethoxy)-propane, which have good selectivity and
excellent stability, are available to use with flame ionization
detectors operating at maximum sensitivities.#t
02203
B.C. Tebbens, J.F. Thomas, H. Mukal
FATE OF ABENES INCORPORATED WITH AIRBORNE SOOT. Am. Ind.
Hyg. Assoc. J. 27, (5) 415-22, Oct. 1966.
Modification of airborne arenes by environmental factors is
significant not only because of possible reduction or enhancement
of biologic effect on humans in contact with air contaminants,
but also of the difficulty in relating arene sources to the
compounds found in air. Smoke as an experimental source of arenes
was diluted, then irradiated in a 22-ft. dynamic flow chamber.
Samples were collected before and after irradiation and
determination of concentration of 2 arenes, benzo(a)pyrene and
perylene, and particle sizes were made. Irradiation caused
partial modification or disappearance of the arenes by 35-65$ of
the original content. Without irradiation an apparent increase of
arenes was noted and this was thought to be a function of the
system and particle size factors. The presence of oxygen
increases the degree but is not necessary for the modification of
arenes. (Author abstract modified)ft
02201*
R.M. Teeter, C.F. Spencer, J.W. Green, L.H.
Smithson
ANALYSIS OF ALPHA OLEFINS USING A GAS CHROMATOGEAPH-BASS
SPECTROHETER COMBINATION. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. U3,
82-6, Feb. 1966. (Presented at the American Oil Chemists'
Society Meeting, Houston, Tex., Apr. 1965.)
The gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GCHS) combination
with and without catalytic hydrogenation is the most
effective way to obtain detailed analysis of commercial
alpha olefin mixruees. Previous descriptions of this
technique presented examples only up to CIO alpha olefins.
We have extended this tecnigue to include alpha olefins up to
C20. The complete analysis of C11-C14 alpha olefin
mixture is given as an example. (Author abstract)##
022«3
P.E. Rebbert P. Ausloos
THE REACTIONS OF METHYL RADICALS IN THE SOLID-. LIQUID-, AND
GAS- PHASE PHOTOLYSIS OF DIMETHYLBERCURY. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 85, 3086-9, Oct. 20, 1963.
902 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The gas-phase photolysis of CD3COCD3 has been investigated
in the presence of CH3HgCH3 from 376 to 453 K. From
the isotopic distributions of the methane and ethane fractions,
evidence was obtained for the occurrence of the reaction: C03
plus CH3HgCH3 yielding CD3HgCH3 plus CH3 (Energy
of activation equals 12.6 kcal./mole). This reaction is also
postulated to occur in the liquid-phase photolysis of
dimethylmercury.• From the isotopic distribution of the ethane
produced in the liquid- and solid— phase photolysis of
CH3HgCH3-CD3HgCD3 mixtures, it was concluded that cage
recombination of methyl radicals does take place. Contrary to the
conclusions reached in an earlier work by Derbyshire and
Steacie, no evidence could be obtained for hot methyl radical
effects in the liquid-phase photolysis of dimethylmercury.
(Author abstract)##
02253
H. C. Hottel, G. C. Williams, N. B. Nerheim, and G.
H. Schneider
KINETIC STUDIES IN STIRBED REACTOBS: COMBUSTION OF CARBON
HONOXIDE AND PROPANE. Symp. Combust., 10th, Cambridge Univ.,
England, 1964. 1965. pp. 111-21.
The burning rates of carbon monoxide and of propane premixed with
oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor in various proportions were
measured over ranges of equivalence ratios and pressures. Burning
rates were determined from metered flow rates and analysis of
reactor products. The burning rate of carbon monoxide g moles/ml
(sec) is expressed mathematically. A kinetic mechanism is
proposed which fits the data for CO with rate constants
consistent with literature values. It calls for the rate-limiting
step: CO plus OH yielding C02 plus H; equilibrium for the
following reactions: OH plus H2 equal H20 plus H; H plus
02 equal OH plus 0; 0 plus H2 equal OH plus H; and a
three-body chain terminating step. The mechanism proposed for
propane combustion involves in addition the very fast reaction of
propane to CO and H20 at the expense of OH, 0 and H.*t
02258
G. A. Oldershaw and R. J. Cvetanovic
PHOTOCHEMICAL ADDITION OF HYDROGEN BROMIDE TO 2-BDTENE IN THE
GAS PHASE. J. Chen. Phys. 41, (11) 3639-44, Dec. 1, 1964.
The relative rates of th,e photochemical addition of hydrogen
bromide to 2-butene, and of the simultaneous cis-trans
isomerization have been measured in the gas phase at 54 C.
Similar but less extensive experiments have been carried out with
1,2-dideuteroethylene. In this case, comparison of the rates with
the data in the literature indicates much faster cis-trans
isomerization than can be expected from the decomposition of
thermalized bromoethyl radicals. Alternative explanations of the
fast geometric isomerization are briefly discussed.##
M. Basic Science and Technology 903
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02286
C.P. Fenimore G.W. Jones
THE HATED-CATALYZED OXIDATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE BY OXYGEN AT
HIGH TEMPERATURE. J. Phys. Chem. 61, 651-4, May 1967.
By sampling burnt gases from lean flat hydrocarbon flames at one
atmosphere pressure, the oxidation rate in the presence of ample
water at 1700-2000K is determined to be - 1/(02) (dln(CO)/dt)
t 1.2 x 10 to the 9th power e to the -24,000/RT/(moles/1)/sec.
In burnt gas from CO flames containing very little water,
-dln(CO)/dt is independent of oxygen and roughly proportional
to water. The slower rate of comparatively dry CO flames is
raised toward the value appropriate to hydrocarbon flames by adding
hydrogen to the CO. A partial mechanism is suggested which is
consistent with these results. (Author abstract)##
02337
D. Phillips.
PHOTOLYTIC PROCESSES IN PERFLUOHOCYCIOBUTANONE VAPOF. J.
PHYS. CHEH. 70, (4) 1235-43, APS. 1966.
CFSTI, DDC AD 635437
The photolysis of perfluorocyclobutanone in the vapor phase at
3130, 3340, 3660, and 4047 A has been investigated.
Fluorescence and decomposition yields have been determined at the
four wavelengths and the effects of pressure and temperature upon
them studied. Two modes of decomposition occur at the shortest
wavelengths and at high temperatures, one producing carbon
monoxide and perfluorocyclopropane, the other producing
tetrafluoroethylene. A mechanism is proposed which explains the
results, and rate constants for reactions are determined.
Results indicate that about 7 kcal/mole excess vibrational energy
can be removed from the excited ketone by each collision with an
unexcited ketone molecule. (Author abstract)##
02374
H.I. Shulman, G.R. Youngquist, J.I. Allen, D.W.
Ruths, S. Press
DEVELOPMENT OF A CONTINUOUS COONTEHCDRRENT FLUID-SOLID
CONTACTOR: II. ADSORPTION. Preprint. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Symposium, National American Chemical Society
Meeting, Chicago, 111., Sept. 1964.
A continuous countercurrent contacting device for the
separation of gas mixtures by adsorption was developed. The
device can be used with molecular sieves to separate water and
sulfur dioxide from mixtures with air, and ethylene from
mixtures with air and ethane. Characteristic mass transfer
coefficients were obtained and correlated diagrams. (luthor
summary)#t
904 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
02412
A. Goetz B. Pueschel
THE EFFECT OF NUCLEATING PARTICULATES ON PHOTOCHEHIC&L AEROSOL
FORHATION. J. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOC. 15, (3) 90-5,
Nar. 1965, (Presented at the Sixth Conference on Methods
in Air Pollution Studies, Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1964.)
The role of nucleating particulates in the formation of
photochemical aerosols was studied in a steady, laminar flow of
ultrafiltered air containing N02 and octene-1 in the
concentration range of: (30 - 170 ppm), when subjected to intense
irradiation under isothermal conditions. The particulates
consisted of monodisperse polystyrene latex (d equal 0.36 micron)
in concentrations similar to those in the atmosphere; the
irradiation intensity varied between: (6 - 40,000 lumne/liter) and
the mean exposure duration between 30 - 180 sec. Samples of the
flow, prior to and after its photoactivation, were withdrawn
either by an Aerosol Spectrometer (AS) or by a Hoyco
Aerosol Photometer. The photometric data include all
colloidal components in the airborne state, whereas the counts
obtained from the AS—deposits refer only to the nucleated latex
particles. The following pattern is evident: The
photochemical reaction yields fractional products (less than 3%)
which have the tendency to agglomerate (or polymerize) due
to their relatively low volatility—independent of the presence or
absence of nucleating particulates. The growth process appears
principally different from that of fog formation by H20)-
condensation, where, for identical supersaturation, it is inversely
proportional to the nuclear concentration. In the absence
of nuclei, autonucleation, i.e. self-agglomeration, occurs
at a much lesser reaction rate and higher photon demand. The
growth rate of the nuclei, when present, depends on the
concentration of the oxidation catalyst (N02). Under
identical conditions the mass of nuclear accumulant is directly
proportional to the concentration of the reactive hydrocarbon,
while the growth rate depends on the light intensity and the
exposure duration. The findings indicate that density and nature
of particulate matter present in an air mass prior or during
photo-activation are, aside from the chemical reactant levels,
of major significance in aerosol formation. (Author abstract
modified)##
024U3
HYDROCARBON - AIR FUEL CELLS. General Electric Co., Lynn,
Mass., Direct Energy Conversion Operation. (Technical
Summary Sept. No. 8, July 1-Dec. 31, 1965). 266p., 1965
CFSTI AD 479005
Detailed information is presented on a continuing research and
development program to develop a direct hydrocarbon oxidation—air
fuel cell technology, Current work included research on
electrochemical oxidation processes, electrocatalysts,
electrolytes, electrode structures, and fuel cell life testing.
Multi-pulse potentiodynamic techniques have been further developed
for analyzing hydrocarbon surface processes. Performance of fuel
cell systems with hydrogen fluoride and phosphoric acid
M. Basic Science and Technology 905
-------
electrolytes have been studied for high performance
hydrocarbon oxidation. Boron carbide and carbon have been
successfully employed as substrates for high surface area platinui
and the results and application to Teflon-bonded electrodes, are
reported. A variety of modified Teflon-bonded developmental
electrodes were evaluated. (Author abstract)##
02445
G. W. Griffin
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF DNSATDR&TED CARBONYI DERIVATIVES AND RELATED
SMALL RING SYSTEMS (FINAL REPT. JULY 1, 1963-DEC. 31, 1965.)
Tulane Univ., New Orleans, La., Dept. of Chemistry
(AROD Rept. No. 4375:11.)28 pp., June 1, 1966
CFS1I AD 635217
The photofragmentation of a variety of small ring hono- and
heterocyclic systems including cyclopropanes, epoxides, aziridines,
oxaziranes and spisulfides are studied. The photorearrangement of
cyclopropanes to olfins and the photoinduced conversion of
cyclopropenes to indenes also are examined. The studies are
complementary and those parameters which determine the reaction
course are defined in each case. For example, it is of interest
to determine why certain cyclopropanes fragment to carbenes and
others simply rearrange to isomeric olefins. Many of those
reactions described have synthetic utility and heretofore
inaccessible systems now have been synthesized. The
photofragmentation of stilbene oxide is illustrative and appears
to be the method of choice for preparing phenylcarbenes and thus
phenylcyclopropanes and cyclopropenes.f#
02467
D. Vanderwerf
A STUDY OF THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE TOTAL ABSORPTANCE
OF CO NEAR 4.7 MICRONS AND 2.3 MICRONS AND CH4 NEAR 3.3
MICRONS. Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Research
Foundation (Rept. AFCRL-64-448) (Scientific Rept. No. 5)
pp. 83, May 1964.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 442926
The dependence of the total absorptance of the baads of carbon
monoxide near 4.7 microns and 2.3 microns, and of methane near
3.3 microns, on absorber concentration, pressure, and temperature
was measured. Data were taken for absorber pressures between
100 and 1000 mm Kg, and at temperatures up to 400 C, for a fixed
absorber path length of 30.6 cm. The nature and possible reasons
for the observed temperature dependence of the total
absorptance are discussed. (Author abstract)##
906 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
02472
S.S. Wilks
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON LIGHT-INDUCED CARBON HONOXIDE ,IN CLOSED
ENVIRONMENTS. School of Aerospace Hedicine, Brooks
AFB, Tex., Aerospace Medical Division. Sept. 1963. 9 pp.
CFSTI, DDC AD 420946
Experimental data is presented concerning the effects of solar
light upon certain classes of organic substances which nay be
components of the sealed environment of space vehicles. Many
materials such as organic plastics, pigments, insulating
material, etc., will, when exposed to light in the presence of
oxygen, liberate a number of toxic end products such as carbon
monoxide, aldehydes, acids and certain hydrocarbons. In a
sealed environment these agents may reach levels toxic to human
beings during a long sojourn in a sealed system. Therefore,
along with products that may result from thernal and
electrical activity (motors, generators, etc.), these products
may constitute a considerable hazard in sealed environments.
(Author abstract)t#
02U89
J. K. S. Wan and J. N. Pitts, Jr.
A SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF THE REACTION BETWEEN IODINE AND
CYCLOPROPYLJMINE. Tetrahedron Letters, 44:3245-50, 1964
The reaction between iodine and cyclopropylamine in n—heptane
solution was studied spectroscopically. Preliminary results
suggest that 1:1 charge-transfer complex between iodine and
cyclopropylamine was formed first; subsequently precipitation of
white crystals of a 2: 1 cyclopropylamine-iodine complex,
C3H5NH2)2 12 (A), occurred. Evidence suggests that the
solid product (A) has probably an ionic structure.t#
02U93
J. K. S. Wan, L. D. Hess, and J. N. Pitts, Jr.
FREE-RADICAL ADDITION TO AZOBENZESE IN CHMENE SOLUTION.
ELECTROS PAHAHAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRA OF SOME LONG-LIVED
RADICAL INTERMEDIATES. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 2069-70, 1964
A degassed solution of azonbezene in cumene was irradiated at room
temperature in the microwave cavity of Varian V 4500 e.p.r.
spectrometer with 100-kc. field modulation. Light source was a
PER mercury high pressure lamp equipped with filters which
absorbed wave lengths shorter than 4000A. At room temperature
irradiation, a spectrum was observed with an intensity dependent
upon the initial concentration of azobenzene. The spectrum is a
triplet, each component of which contains 4 groups of lines with
intensities following a 1:3:3:1 binominal distribution. Each of
the groups is further split into 3 lines. The radical structure
consistent with observed spectrum is composed of the azobenzene and
M, Basic Science and Technology 907
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cumene structures joined at a nitrogen atom and the tert-carbon
atom. Experimental coupling constants and experimental and
theoretical spin desnities are tabulated. Separate experiments
on a larger scale in which the reaction was subjected to liquid
chromatography resulted in N,N'-Dephenyl-N-(1-methyl-1-
phenylethyl) hydrazine being eluted. Its identity was confiraed
by IB and n.m.r. analysis.#t
02K95
M. Mukai, B. D. Tebbens, and J. F. Thomas.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHROMATOGRAPHY OF AEENES PRODUCED DURING
COMBUSTION. Anal. Chem., 36 (6) : 1126-1130, May 1964.
(Presented at the Division of Water and Waste Chemistry,
T»tth Meeting, ACS, Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 1963.)
The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons synthesized in a flame
during incomplete combustion of various fuels are sufficiently
similar to suggest that the process of their formation is
independent of the fuel used. To test this hypothesis a
laboratory investigation was carried out with burner enclosed in a
system which allowed controlled combustion of several dissimilar
gaseous fuels and quantitative recovery of combustion products of
interest. Quantitative determination of six arenes showed a
constant proportional production of anthracene, pyrene,
fluoranthene, benzo (a)pyrene, perylene, and benzo(e) pyrene.
Analytical procedures included paper chromatography, paper-to-
paper transfer, and new solvent systems which separate isomers such
as pyrene and fluoranthene. The spectrofluorometer was used for
guantitation of arenes after elution from the chromatogram. Types
and relative guantities of arenes produced appear to depend on the
temperatures of flame zones and on complexity of combustion
products. (Author abstract)ft
02U96
J. N. Pitts, Jr., E. A. Schuck, and J. K. S. Wan.
PHOTOREDOCTION OF 2,2-DIPHENYL-L-PICRYLHYDEAZYL (DPPH) IN
HYDROCARBONS. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 296-7, Jan. 20, 1964.
Preliminary results of an e.p.r. investigation of the photo-
induced abstraction of hydrogen atoms from hydrocarbons by 2,2-
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) are reported. Light absorption
by DPPH solutions at 3130 A was determined by using the
photochemical disappearance of benozphenone and the formation of
acetone in isopropyl alcohol as the actinometer. In the dark no
diminution of e.p.r. signal intensity was observed. During
irradiation the signal decreased according to the first-order rate
law. An eguation for determining the reaction rates of DPPH in
different hydrocarbon solvents using the quantum yield is given,*!
908 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
02506
H. C. Clark, Jr.
OCCURRENCE OF NORMAL PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS IN NATURE (TABLES AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY). Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Mass.
JULY 1966. 56 PP.
CFSTI,DDC AD 635898
Tables of annotated bibliography of occurrence of normal paraffin
hydrocarbons (C (sub n) H(sub 2n plus 2) in land plants and
products; land organisms; marine plants and organisms; and
geologic and atmospheric samples. (Author abstract)f#
02517
D. Marsh and J. Heicklen
PHOTOOXIDATION OF PEBFLUOROETHYL IODIDE AND PERFLUORO-N-PHOPYL
IODIDE. Aerospace Corp., El Segundo, Calif., Lab.
Operations. Apr. 1966. 11 pp.
DDC: AD 483914
Perfluoroethyl iodide and perfluoro-n-propyl iodide were
photolyzed in the presence of oxygen. In both cases, the major
product is CF20. In the C2F51 system, it is produced with a
quantum yield of about 2.0. CF3CFO is also produced, but is
100 times less important. With HI present, the oxidation is
drastically modified, and the R02 intermediate must live at least
10 to the 7th sec. (Author abstract)##
02528
T. F. Thomas and C. Steel
PHOTOINITIATION OF ONIHOLECULAR REACTIONS. THE PHOTOLYSIS OF
2,3-DIAZABICYCLO(2.2.1)HEPT-2-ENE. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
87, (23) 5290-3, Dec. 1965
The gas-phase photolysis of 2,3-diazabicylo (2.2.1)hept-2-ene (I)
with 337-millimicrons light has been investigated in the pressure
range 10-1000 microns. The variation in the yields of hydrocarbon
products, bicyclo(2.1.0)pentane (II), cyclopentene (III), and
1,3-cyclopentadiene (IV), with pressure is consistent with the
initial formation of "hot" II which can either be deactivated or
isomerized to "hot" III. The latter can either undergo
unimolecular decomposition to yield IV or be deactivated.
Changing the wave length of irradiation from 313 to 334
millimicrons changed the relative yields of the products in a
Manner consistent with this "hot" molecule mechanism. (Author
abstract)##
02534
H. S. Johnston and J. Heicklen
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATIONS. III. ACETONE. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 86, 4249-54, Oct. 20, 1964.
M. Basic Science and Technology 909
-------
The room-temperature photooxidation of acetone (0.25 to 17 mm.)
in oxygen (0.09 to 9.7 mm.) with continuous UV radiation above
2200 A, was studied by the method outlined in part I of this
series; observations were made by leaking the reaction mixture
directly into the electron beam of the mass spectrometer during
photolysis. The principal products of the reaction were H2CO,
H20 CH30H, and CH300H; minor products were CH3COOH,
HC300CH3, and higher molecular weight products which were
probably CH3COCHO and CH3COCH20H. Because of the
cracking pattern of the reactants, it was impossible to establish
the presence or absence of CH4, CO, CH2CO, and C02.
From the identified products at least 14 free radicals are
inferred to be intermediates in this system. An exhaustive and
impartial examination of all possible radical-radical
disproportionation and recombination reactions indicates that the
data excluded a large number of possible reactions but that 140
reactions could still be occurring. Formaldehyde, so far as
these studies go, could be formed by 39 different reactions.
Thus, this experimental method cannot give a complete mechanism,
nor can any method that simply analyzes all molecular products.
(Author abstract)##
02535
H. S. Johnston and J. Heicklen
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATIONS. IV. ACETALDEHYDE- J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 86, 4254-8, Oct. 20, 1964.
The room-temperature photooxidation of acetaldehyde (0.4 to 18
mm.) in oxygen (1.0 to 9.2 mm.) with continuous uv radiation above
2200 A was studied by the method outlined in part I of this
series. Observations were made by leaking the reaction mixture
directly into the electron beam of the mass spectrometer during
photolysis. The principal products of reaction were CH30H
and presumably CO and C02; other products were H20, CH20,
HCOOH, CH300H, CH3COOH, CH300CH3, and probably
CH3C(0)OOG. Because of the cracking pattern of the
reactants, it was impossible to establish the presence or absence
of CH4, CH2CO, CO, and C02. Oxidation of the primary
radicals, CH3 and HCO, leads to CH300, CH30, HO, and
H02, and probably HCO (00) and HCOO. There are at least six
radicals in this system that can disproportionate in 36 ways and
undergo other reactions. Thus this reaction is much too
complicated for its mechanism to be revealed merely by analysis of
all products. (Author abstract)##
02734
PARTIAL OXIDATION PRODUCTS FORMED DURING COMBUSTION (SIXTEENTH
PROGRESS REPT. JULY 1 TO DEC. 31, 1966.) California Inst. of
Tech., Pasadena, Chemical Engineering Lab. 1966. 16 pp.
During the period covered by this report, primary effort was
directed to the investigation of the effect of the nature of fuels
upon the formation of the residual quantities of the oxides of
nitrogen and upon the microscopic nature of the perturbations
resulting therefrom. Tables summarize results of these studies.
Table I sets forth the experimental conditions in connection
910 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
vith the investigation of the behavior of the propane-air and the
n-butane-air system. In Table II, the composition of the
reaction products of the ethane-air system propane-air and
n-butane-air systems are summarized. The analysis of the
perturbations in normal stress obtained in connection with the
propane-air and ethane-air systems is given in Table III.
Plans for continuation of these studies upon the renewal of the
Public Health Service Grant No. AP-00108-08 are discussed.
02802
E, Sawicki, T. R. Hauser, and S. McPherson
SPECTHOPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINING THE
P-HYDROXYSTYRENE GROUP. 3-HETHYL-2BENZOTHIAZOLINONE
HYDRAZONE PROCEDURE. Preprint. 1961.
3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone is a versatile
analytical reagent which has been used to detect, characterize and
determine trace amounts of various types of strongly nucleophilic
organic compounds. The mechanism of the present test is difficult
to ascertain. Two possibilities are that the reagent attacks the
beta-carbon atom in the p-hydroxy-styrene derivative or that the
latter derivative splits at the ethylene double bond to produce at
least one aldehyde which then reacts with the reagent to form a
blue formazan cation. Spectrophotometric Procedure.—To 1 ml of
the methanolic test solution was added 1 ml of the MBTH reagent
followed by 2 ml of the ferric chloride solution. The mixture was
allowed to stand for 15 minutes and then diluted to 10 ml with
methanol. Absorption measurements were taken at the wave length
maxima. The blank was colored light greenish yellow. Spot
Plate Procedure. — To 1 drop of methanolic test solution was
added 1 drop of the MBTH reagent followed by 1 drop of the
ferric chlorid solution. The mixture was allowed to stand for
5 minutes. A positive reaction is shown by a blue—green
color. The blank was pale greenish yellow. The test is highly
selective for phenols containing a p-vinyl type group as compared
to phenols without a vinyl group. It is possible that phenols
with an o- or m-vinyl type group will react as phenols to give
a red-orange color. A p-hydroxystyrene derivative in which a
methylene group is placed between the ethylene double bond and the
benzene ring gives practically no reaction.##
0280U
E. Sawicki
SPOT TEST DETECTION AND SPECTROPHOTOMETBIC DETERMINATION OF
HICROGRAH AMOUNTS OF ALDEHYDES AND ALDEHYDE-YIELDING COMPOUNDS —
A REVIEW. Bicrochem. J., Symp. Ser. 2, 59-106, 1962.
(Presented at the International Symposium on Bicrochemical
Techniques, University Park, Pa,, Aug. 13-18, 1961.)
This review covers recent advances in the detection,
characterization, and determination of trace amounts of aldehydes.
Some of the well-established methods are also discussed and
compared with the newer methods. The analysis for non-aldehydic
compounds from which an aldehyde can be obtained is discussed
in the section concerned with that particular aldehyde.
Discussion of general tests is followed by discussion of the more
M. Basic Science and Technology
-------
highly selective methods. Hhere possible, a mechanism for each
procedure is included, for only with a knowledge of the structure
of the final chromogen and its manner of formation can a thorough
scientific study of the procedure be made. An attempt has been
made to present identification limits, spectophotometric constants,
interferences, and ether appropriate data for all procedures. In
many of the procedures submicrogram amounts of aldehydes can be
detected and with the use of microcells submicro amounts can also
te determined.##
02812
P. Urone, J. E. Smith, and B. J. Katnik
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC STODY OF SOHE CHLORINATED HYDROCABBONS.
Anal. Chem. 3U, 476-80, Apr. 1962.
The gas chromatographic behavior of 11 chlorinated hydrocarbons
was studied on six columns and at four temperatures for possible
qualitative and guantitative applications. Paraffin and Apiezon
L columns gave good qualitative and guantitative performances.
Peak area measurements were accurate to plus/minus 0.02 in the
0- to 5 micromole range. Carefully measured specific retention
volumes made possible the calculation of partition coefficients,
activity coefficients, and excess partial molar heats of solution.
For column substrates with indefinite molecular weights, such as
paraffin and Carbowax, relative activity coefficients were
calculated. (Author abstract)#t
02837
C. S. Tuesday
THE ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOOXIDATION OF TBANS-BUTENE-2 AND NITBIC
OXIDE. General Motors Research Labs., Barren, Mich. 1961.
35 pp. (Presented at the International Symposium on Chemical
Reactions in the Lower and Upper Atmosphere, San Francisco,
Calif., Apr. 18-20, 1961.)
To elucidate the mechanism of the atmospheric photochemical
reactions of olefins and nitrogen oxides, the reactions that occur
upon the irradiation of oxygen—nitrogen mixtures containing several
parts per million of nitric oxide and trans-butene-2 were
investigated. Trans—butene—2 was used as a model olefin because
of its symmetry and relatively rapid reaction rate. The effects
of several variables on the rates of trans-butene-2 disappearance
and nitrogen dioxide formation were determined together with the
effect of these variables on the concentrations of reaction
products. Reaction variables investigated include nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, trans-butene-2, and oxygen concentrations as
well as light intensity and total pressure. A reaction scheme is
proposed to rationalize the observed effects these reaction
variables have on the rates of trans-butene-2 and nitric oxide
photooxidation and on the concentrations of reaction products.
The experimental results support the general conclusion that a
free radical chain reaction initiated by the reaction of oxygen
atoms with trans-butene-2 is very important in the atmospheric
photo-oxidation of trans-butene-2 and nitric oxide.t*
012 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
02838
H. 4. Glasson, and C. S. Tuesday
THE ATHOSPHEBIC THERMAL OXIDATION IN NITRIC OXIDE. General
Motors Research Labs., Warren, Mich. 1963. 1U pp.
(Presented in part at the mtth National Meeting, American
Chemical Society, Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 5, 1963.)
The kinetics of the thermal oxidation of NO in oxygen nitrogen
mixtures have been determined in the parts-per-million range by
long-path infrared spectrophotonetry. The results of this
investigation indicate that the reaction is second-order in NO,
first-order in oxygen, and independent of the concentration of
added N02, with a third—order rate .constant, at 23 C, of
1.57 (plus or minus .09) times 10 to the minus 9 power per
(sq ppm - mn) . It is concluded that the kinetics of the thernal
oxidation of NO are adequately described by a simple third-order
rate law and do not require the complexities suggested by
Treacy and Daniels. In addition, it was found that there is
no effect on the rate of the thermal oxidation due to either
(a) addition of several olefins or (b) photolysis of the product
N02. (Author abstract)##
02851
E.R. Stephens
THE HOLE OF OXYGEN ATOMS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC REACTION OF OLEFINS
WITH NITRIC OXIDE. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution 10,
(11-12) 793-803, Dec. 1966.
The photoconversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide in the
presence of olefin at low concentrations in air was studied with
two objectives: (1) to test the hypothesis that oxygen atoms
are the principal reagents attacking the olefin in the absence of
ozone; and (2) to determine the average number of nitrogen dioxide
molecules formed for each molecule of olefin consumed to see
whether the conversion has the aspects of a chain reaction. On
the basis of the 0-atomshypothesis it is predicted that the
rate of oxidation of a given olefin should be proportional
to the produce of the light intensity and the nitrogen dioxide
concentration. It should not be affected by the addition of
a second olefin. This was found to be nearly true for a wide
variety of reaction conditions. About one to two nitrogen
dioxide dioxide molecules were formed for each molecule of propene
oxidized.##
02853
Y. Masuda, M. Kuratsune
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF BENZO (A) PYRENE. Intern. J. Air
Hater Pollution (Presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting,
Japanese Cancer Association, Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 11, 1964.) 10
(11-12):805-11, Dec. 1966.
M. Basic Science and Technology 913
-------
Benzo(a)pyrene dissolved in benzene was irradiated by UV
light of wave length greater than 280 millicrons. Oxygen
was present in the benzene. The irradiation product was
fractionated by alumina column chromatography, isolating
three crystalline compounds. These compounds were determined
as 6,12-benzo (a)pyreneguinone, 1, 6-benzo(a)pyrenequinone and
3,6-benzo(a)-pyreneguinone by their melting points, data of
elementary analysis, and IR as well as UV absorption
spectra. AA#*
02935
E. Hatijevic, S. Kitani, and M. Kerker
AEEOSOL STUDIES BY LIGHT SCATTERING. II. PREPARATION OF
OCTANOIC ACID AEROSOLS OF NARROW AND REPRODUCIBLE SIZE
DISTRIBUTIONS. J. Colloid Sci. 19, (3) 223-37, Bar. 1964.
Octanoic acid aerosols, in the submicron range and of narrow size
distribution, were produced with excellent reproducibility when
nucleated with silver chloride evaporated in a combustion furnace.
The particle size distribution could be determined uniquely and
with high precision from light scattering data using the
polarization ration method described in the preceding paper.
The effects of the flow rate of the carrier gas, the nuclei
concentration, the temperature of the furnace used for making the
AgCl nuclei, and the temperature of octanoic acid in the boiler
upon the size distribution of the aerosol were systematically
investigated. With increasing flow rate at constant boiler
temperature both the particle size and the polydispersity
decrease. At a constant flow rate the particle size becomes
larger with increasing boiler temperature while the polydispersity
remains practically constant. Particle size also increases with
decreasing furnace temperature and dilution of nuclei. (Author
abstract) ##
03009
P. de Mayo
THE PHOTOCHEFIISTRY OF UNSATURATE SYSTEMS CONTAINING HETERO ATOflS
OTHER THAN OXYGEN (FINAL REPT. SEPT. 1965-MAY 1966).
Western Ontario Univ., London, Canada, Dept. of
Chemistry. 6 pp., 1966
This report presents a summary of a study of the products and
mechanisms of reactions wherein unsaturated systems containing
nitrogen or sulfur are photolyzed. Included are studies of
(1) the photochemical Beckmann rearrangement, (2) the general
heteroatom transfer, (3) coumalin dimerization, and (t) the
photolytic decomposition of B-ketosulphones.##
03062
S. H. Benson and G. R. Haugen.
ESTIMATED ACTIVATION ENERGIES FOR THE FOUR-CENTER ADDITION
REACTION OF H2, HX, AND X2 TO ACETYLENES. J. Phys.
Chem. 70, (10) 3336-8, Oct. 1966
914 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The application of an electrostatic model to predict the
activation energy of the four-center addition reactions of
acetylene is discussed. The transition state is considered an
intimate semi-ion pair with an equivalent charge separation of plus
or minus formal charge. The energy of activation can be equated
to the electrostatic energy of interaction of point dipoles.
Values obtained for the reacting substances (acetylene, methyl
acetylenes, hydrogen halides, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine) are tabulated. The activation energy for the
nolecular addition to acetylenes is about 1.5 kcal/mole smaller
than that for the corresponding olefin.it
03066
D. Durant and G. R. McHillan.
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF PHOTOCHEHICA1LY GENERATED T-PENTOXY
RADICALS. J. Phys. Chem. 70 (9) 2709-13, Sept. 1966.
Previous studies on excited alkoxy radicals formed in
photochemical processes were extended to the t-pentoxy species,
which is well known to decompose by two parallel paths. The
ratio of rate constants k sub 1/k sub 2 was estimated to be 104 at
111 degrees from experiments on pyrolysis of t-pentyl nitrite.
For radicals formed by photolysis of this compound, k sub 1/k sub
2 depends strongly on the absorbed wavelength but does not reach
the expected limiting value of 104 at the longest wavelength
which could be studied. The dependence of quantum yields at
3660 A on pressure of an added scavenger, nitric oxide, showed
that the k sub 1/k sub 2 obtained from photochemical experiments
could be accounted for quantitatively by a contribution from
excited radicals and a contribution identical with the ratio for
unexcited radicals, obtained from pyrolysis experiments. These
results provide limited justification for the "alpha method" often
used in kinetic treatment of excited radical effects.
Quantum-yeild measurements at high pressures of added nitric
oxide suggest preferential removal of excited radicals of lower
energy and disclose a broad energy distribution of the excited
radicals. (Author abstract)#t
03067
D. H. Golden, A. S. Rodgers, and S. H. Benson
THE KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF THE REACTION 12 PLUS C3H6 =
C3H5I PLUS HI AND THE HEAT OF FOBMATION OF THE ALLYL RADICAL.
J. 1m. Chem. Soc. 88, (14) 3196-8, July 20, 1966
The reaction 12 with CoH6 was followed spectrophotometrically
in the gas phase between 208 and 300 degrees. By making use of
the equilibrium constant for the system and the usual mechanism for
such reactions, a value was obtained for the rate constant for
I-atom abstraction of an allylic hydrogen from propylene, log sub
4 (1/mole sec) = (10.25 plus or minus 0.14) - (18.04 plus or minus
0.32)/theta. From this activation energy and values for the heats
of formation of C3H6, 12, and HI, a value of the allylic
stabilization energy of 10.2 plus or minus 1.4 kcal/mole is
obtained. The difference in stabilization energies of
methylallyl and allyl radicals is considered. Differences in A
M. Basic Science and Technology 915
-------
factors for reactions of the type HH plus I yielding R plus
HI are discussed in terms of the entropy of the transition
state. (Author abstract)##
03078
A.S. Rodgers, D.M. Golden, S.W. Benson
THE THERMOCHEMISTRY OF THE GAS PHASE EQUILIBRIA 12 PLUS C3 ' 6
EQUALS C3H5I PLDS HI. J. Am. Chem. Soc- 88, (14) 3194-6,
July 20, 1966
A Gary spectrophotometer was used to obtain the equilibrium
constant for the the reaction C3H6 plus 12 equals C3H5I plus
HI between 208 and 300 degrees. The heat of formation obtained
for allyl iodide, g, was 22.9 plus or minus 0,6 kcal/mole.
Equilibrium values calculated were 8.33 plus or minus
0.23 kcal/mole at 527 degrees, or 7.96 plus or minus 0.33 at 298
degrees. Entropy values at 527 degrees were —1.00 plus or minus
0.46 gibbs/mole or, at 298 degrees, -1.91 plus or minus 0,80
gibbs/mole. Second law values for the heat of formation for
allyl iodide,g, are 21.46 plus or minus 0.25 kcal/mole and, for
entropy, 74,81 plus or minus 0.80 gibbs/mole. The heat of
formation values compare well with previously measured values, but
the entropy calculation yields agreement with higher bond
additivity and supports third law values.##
03088
R. Walsh S.H. Benson
KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF THE GAS PHASE REACTION BETWEEN IODINE
AND FORMALDEHYDE AND THE CARBON-HYDROGEN BOND STRENTH IN
FORMALDEHYDE. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, (20) U570-5, Oct. 20,
1966
The gas phase reaction of iodine with formaldehyde was
investigated spectrophotometrically in the temperature range 180-
300 degrees. The reaction is very clean, giving CO and HI as
the only products except at very high conversions at the lowest
temperatures, when a little CH3I is formed as a side product.
A reaction mechanism is presented in the text. Kinetic
measurements over a wide range of initial conditions indicate
that the rate-determining step is I. plus CH20 yields CHO
plus HI, and log k sub 4= 10.92-17.43 theta, where theta 2.303
RT in kcal/mole. Further measurements of the inhibiting effect
on HI on the reaction suggest that the back activation energy
for step 4 is 1.5 kcal/mole. This difference in forward and
back activation energies establishes a bond strength of 87.0 kcal/
mole. The value implies a dative pi-bond energy in carbon
monoxide of 68.5 plus or minus 2 kcal/mole, in good agreement with
other estimates.##
916 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03107
R.H. Boubel L.A. Bipperton
OXIDES OF NITROGEN AND UNBURNED HYDROCARBONS PBODUCED DURING
CONTROILED COBBDSTION. J. Air Pollution Control ASSOC. 15,
(6) 270-3, June 1965.
A diffusion flame burner was operated to determine the effect of
several parameters on the quantity of NOx and unburned
hydrocarbons produced. The statistical analysis indicated
the unburned hydrocarbon emissions to be dependent upon the
rate of heat release in .the system, the amount of excess
combustion air, the fuel molecular structure, and the
interaction between the fuel structure, and the amount of excess
air. The NOx emissions reached a maximum at the conditions
which yielded minimum unburned hydrocarbon emissions. Multiple
regressions were made which yielded predicting equations for
both the unburned hydrocarbon and the
NOx for the apparatus used. (Author abstract)ft
031T»
W.A. Glasson C.S. Tuesday
HYDROCARBON REACTIVITY AND THE KINETICS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC
PHOTOOXIDATION OF NITRIC OXIDE. General Motors Corp.,
Barren, Hich., Fuels and Lubricants Dept. (Research
Publication GBR-586) Aug. 15, 1966. 23 pp. (Presented at
the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-21, 1966.)
The reactivity in the atmospheric photooxidation of NO has
recently been determined for a large number of hydrocarbons. To
aid in the application of these hydrocarbon reactivity
measurements, the kinetics of the atmospheric photooxidation
were studied. The hydrocarbon investigated covered a wide
range of reactivities and structures and included: 2,3-dimethyl-2-
butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, 2-methyl-1-pentene, propylene,
mesitylene, and n-hexane. The rate of NO photooxidation
increases less than linearly with hydrocarbon concentration for
all the hydrocarbons studied. The degree of non-linearity,
however, varied with hydrocarbon structure and
reactivity. The effect of the NO and the N02
concentrations on the rate of NO photooxidation also depended
somewhat on hydrocarbon structure and reactivity. For all of
the hydrocarbons studied, however, the NO photooxidation rate
increased linearly with increased light intensity. The effect
of complex hydrocarbon mixtures on the rate NO photooxidation
was investigated using 3 commercial gasolines. The NO
photooxidation rates measured for these mixtures agreed within
experimental error with calculated rates based on
chronatographic analyses of the gasolines and the reactivity in
NO) photooxidation of the individual hydrocarbons in the
gasolines. (Author abstract)##
M. Basic Science and Technology 917
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03184
A. Y. Ong and H. I. Schiff.
THE PHOTOLYSIS OF CO2 AT 1470 A. Can. J. Chem. 44, 1981-
91, 1966.
The apparatus used to study the photolysis contained a
collimating region which minimized the effect of divergent light,
and permitted the temperature of the cell and lamp to be controlled
separately. Analytical sensitivity was such that conversions less
than 0.2% were possible. Although CO and 02 were the only
stable products, the CO/02 ratios were higher than those
required by mass balance. The product yields were found to be
independent of C02 pressure and to be linear with irradiation
time at 25 C. At higher temperatures the guantum yields
decreased and at 200 C were no longer linear functions of
irradiation time. The 02 yields decreased when CO was added,
the effect increasing with temperature. The overall quantum
yield was less than unity. Reactions were observed with CH4,
H2, and N20 when these were added in small amount. These
results indicated the presence of a reactive species, capable of
promoting back reactions and of being adsorbed on the walls. A
mechanism is suggested which best fits the results and which
postulates C03 as the reactive species. (Author abstract)#*
03343
HYDROCARBON AIR FUEL CELLS (SEMI-ANNUAL TECHNICAL SUHMARY
REPORT NO. 9, JAN. 1 - JUNE 30, 1966). General Electric
Co., Lynn, Mass. (Order No. 247). 1966. 238 pp.
CFSTI, DDC 640 521
Electrocatalyst Research: A portion of the research effort was
directed towards the understanding of the complex processes
occurring at hydrocarbon anodes. Surface species were identified
as partially dehydrogenated radicals derived from fuel, cracking
products and partially oxygenated species. Some are particularly
refractory and contribute to limitations on performance. In all
cases, the anodic performance is strongly influenced by the
adsorption rate, the ability of the catalyst to promote
cracking, and the reaction of C(1) radicals with water.
Accumulation of the refractory species results in the lowering
of maximum currents. For economic reasons, long term goals
indicate the use of non-platinoid electrocatalysts in fuel cell
electrodes. At present, work is being concentrated on more
effective utilization of the noble metals, especially Pt, Pt-Bu,
Pt-Ir, and ternary alloys of Pt, Ru and Au were evaluated as
high area cVtalysts in thin porous electrodes, with 85% H3P04
electrolyte, >and propane and octane fuels. None showed
significant improvement over Pt used alone. Better results with
these alloys were obtained with H2-CO fuel mixtures.
Electrodes: Emphasis in this area is on the development of
electrode structures which employ the catalysts developed from the
above mentioned research. Basic electrode structure is the thin
proous Niedrach-Alford types. Major effort was directed toward
B4C supported catalysts. Multi-Component Fuels: Plans are to
include research on mixtures of saturated hydrocarbons, olefins,
918 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
aromatic hydrocarbons as well as the reference fuel of octane.
Electrolytes: The principal electrolyte has been concentrated
H3P01. HF was used as an alternate electrolyte and did not
show the same tendency to cycle as the H3P01 electrolyte.##
03U28
C. S. Tuesday.
THE ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOOXIDATION OF OLEFINS: THE EFFECT OF
NITROGEN OXIDES. General Motors Research Labs, Barren,
Mich. , 1961, 25 pp. (Presented at the Conference on Motor
Vehicle Exhaust Emissions and Their Effects, Los Angeles,
Calif., Dec. 5-7, 1961.) (Kept. No. GHR-355.)
The role of the oxides of nitrogen in the atmospheric
photooxidation of olefins was further investigated. A previous
study from this laboratory indicated, among other things, that the
photooxidation of trans-2-butene was both promoted and inhibited
by nitric oxide depending upon the concentration. To explain and
extend this observation, the effects of various concentrations of
N02 and NO on the photooxidation rates of propylene,
isobutene, trans-2-butene, and 2,3 dimethyl-2-butene were
determined together with the effects of NO concentration on
reaction products. The olefins investigated differed not only in
photooxidation rate for a particular N02 concentration but also
in the dependence of this rate on the initial concentration of
N02. Initial increases in N02 concentration increased the
photooxidation rate of all the olefins studied. When the initial
N02 concentration was increased further each olefin behaved
differently. The photooxidation rates of trans-2-butene and
tetramethylethylene increased with increasing concentrations of
NO up to a maximum rate. Further increases in the initial
concentration of NO reduced the photooxidation rate of both these
olefins. Further increases in NO concentration inhibit the
olefin photooxidation rate by decreasing the concentration of ozone
and the rate of the ozone—olefin reaction. The decreased rate of
ozone plus olefin reaction also decreases the rate and amount of
compound X formation since compound X is apparently formed by
further reactions of some of the pro.ducts of the ozone plus olefin
reaction. The role of the oxides of nitrogen in the atmospheric
photooxidation of olefins is quite complex. NO promotes or
inhibits olefin photooxidation depending upon the ratio of
reactants. N02 promotes or inhibits olefin photooxidation
depending both on the relative concentration of reactants and the
nature of the olefin-##
03446
B. H. Croom and E. W. Leyhe.
THEHMODYNABIC, TRANSPORT, AND FLOW PEOPERTIES FOR THE PRODUCTS
OF METHANE BORNED IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED AIR. National
Aeronautics and space administration, Langley Station
Hampton, Va., Langley Research Center. (Hept. No. NASA
SP-3035.; 1966. 90 PP.
CFSTI, NASA: SP-3035
M. Basic Science and Technology 9V9
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In testing materials for resistance to extremely high-temperature
oxidizing environments, large-scale hypersonic test facilities for
simulating flight environments to which some of these materials lay
be exposed are used. Combustion heating of a high-pressure
airstream is one of the approaches used in this simulation. It is
sometimes desirable to maintain burning in a test gas in order to
determine the effect of oxidation on materials in the test gas.
As combustion-product oxygen percentages approaching those in air
(20% by vol) are reguired, the need for data on the properties of a
combustion-heated, oxygen-enriched test medium is obvious. The
present paper presents results of the data obtained on the
properties of methane burned with oxygen-enriched air. These
include calculations to determine the composition and the
thermodynamic, transport, and flew properties (including normal-
shock properties) of gas mixtures. These properties are computed
for methane burned in air enriched with oxygen so as to maintain
approximately 20% oxygen in the combustion products. Results are
presented for equivalence ratios of 0.315, 0.380, 0.425, 0.1(80, and
0.525, for pressures varying from 0.0001 to 1000 atmospheres and
for temperatures from 100 E (56K) to 6000 R (3300K) . (Author
symmary)##
03488
J. Heicklen and H. S. Johnston
PHOTOCHEHICAL OXIDATIONS. I. ETHYL IODIDE. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 84, 4394-4403, Dec. 5, 1962.
The room temperature (25 plus or minus 2 degrees) photo—oxidation
of ethyl iodide (0.06 to 2.8 mm.) in oxygen (2.8 mm.) with
continuous radiation (usually above 2200 A.) was studied by
irradiation in a cylindrical volume with a pinhole leak directly
into a Bendix model 14 time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The
initial products observed are C2H50H, CH3CHO, and 12 in
large amounts and C2H50OC2H5, C2H500H, and C2H50I in
small amounts. Because of the cracking pattern of the reactants,
it was impossible to establish the presence or absence of CH4,
C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, HCH02, C02 and HI. From mass
balance HI was inferred to be a minor initial product. &
fairly satisfactory nine-step mechanism can be found for the
initial rate data, and several ratios of rate constants were
evaluated from the data. The reaction was studied to about 3%
completion, at which point diffusion of products through the
pin-hole balanced the rate of photochemical production. The rate
of attainment of this stejdy state and the steady-state pressures
gave additional information beyond that found for the initial
rates. The reaction at a few percent conversion of ethyl iodide
is much more complex that the initial reaction; there is secondary
production of alcohol, strong secondary destruction (perhaps
largely heterogeneous) of C2H500H and C2H50I, and slight
over-all inhibition by 12. Water was observed as a secondary
product, coming in after a pronounced induction period. Even with
a 14-step mechanism, all features of the reaction at 3% completion
could not be explained. Although considerable effort was
directed toward finding ozone in this system, it was never present
in an amount as great as 10 to the minus 8th power. (Author
abstract)f#
820 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03522L
R. C. Cookson
iSYHHETBIC ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS AND PHOTOCHEBISTEY. (Final
Technical status Report). Southampton Oniv., England, Dept.
of Chemistry. Nov. 1965. 14 pp.
DDC: AD 479 240
Sigma to sigma transitions of organic compounds have been observed
for the first time in the region of 210 to 260 millimicrons.
Delocalisation of the sigma electron requires a chain of 4 atoms,
the first and fourth having p orbitals parallel with the sigma
bond joining the second and third. Examples are reported amongst
unsaturated ketones, unsaturated amines and amino-ketones.
The circular dichroism of 3 alpha- and 3
beta-phenyl-2,2 - ethylenedithio-cholestane and of some conjugated
oximes is reported. The sign of rotation of the latter depends on
the helicity of the chromophore in the same way as for alpha, beta
unsaturated ketones. DV irradiation of hexamethylcyclohexane -
1,3,5-trione results in successive decarbonylation and
beta-diketone - enol - lactone rearrangements. Photochemical
isomerisation of four optically active camphenones involves
intramolecular migration of the carbonyl group from one end to the
other of the olefinic group, converting the bicyclo (2,2,1)
heptenone into the bicyclo (3,2,0) heptenone system. The
photoproducts show the high values of delta E characteristic of
extensive mixing of n to pi and pi to pi transitions. (Author
abstract) #'#
03525
V. G. Matsak
VAPOH PRESSURE AND EVAPORATION OF SUBSTANCES IN MOVABLE AIR.
Gigiena i Sanit. 22, (8) 35-41, 1957.
DDC: AD 425608
A description is given of a nomogram for the determination of
saturated vapor pressure and a method of calculating the
rate of evaporation of various chemically pure substances in
moving air. The potential danger of toxic substances may
be evaluated and industrial ventilation requirements may be
calculated using this nomogram.##
03559
R. E. Rebbert and P. J. Ausloos.
COMPLICATING FACTORS IN THE GAS PHASE PHOTOLYSIS OF AZOMETHANE.
J. Phys. Chem. 67, 1925-8, 1963.
In a recent publication of the gas phase photolysis of
azomethane, Toby and Beiss suggested a new ethane-producing
reaction: 2CH3N2 yields C2H6 plus 2N2 (a). On the other
side, Rebbert and Ausloos presented evidence for the formation of
ethane by a unimolecular elimination from azomethane CH3N2CH3
plus hv yields C2H6 plus N2 (b). The present study was
undertaken in order to determine if the pressure trends observed by
Toby and Heiss could not at least be partly accounted for by the
M. Basic Science and Technology 921
-------
occurrence of primary process (b) . It is thought that an answer
to this question, as well as to other related problems, could be
most readily obtained by photolyzing equimolar mixtures of
CH3N2CH3-CD3N2CD3. It was conlcuded that reaction (a),
which has been proposed by Toby and Weiss to account for the
observed pressure effect, has not been clearly established.##
03575
E. E. Austin, B. W. Lewis, and H. Donaldson, Jr.
4 NEW ATMOSPHEBE IESADIATION CHAMBER. Intern. J. Air Hater
Pollution 4, (3014) 237-46, 1961.
The irradiation of atmospheric samples of air with ultraviolet
light produces oxidants when hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide are
present and thus permits a measurement of the smog-forming
potential of the air. A new high irradiation intensity chamber
using fluorescent ultraviolet lamps has been developed. Data are
given for the irradiation of some hydrocarbons in air in the
presence of nitrogen dioxide. Some data are also given for
atmospheric samples. The performance of the new chamber is
compared to that of the fifty-liter chambers which have been in use
in the past. The chamber volume is eight liters. Power required
has been reduced from 1600 watts in the fifty-liter chamber to
160 watts. Oxidant levels produced at the same sampling rate on
atmospheric samples are approximately equivalent to the levels
produced in the fifty-liter chamber. (Author abstract)f#
03588
G, N. Richter, H. H. Reamer, and B. H. Sage
EFFECTS OF STABILITY OF COMBUSTION ON THE FOBMATION OF THE OXIDES
OF NITROGEN. California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Chemical
Engineering Lab. Aug. 30, 1960. 111 pp.
It has been established that the nitrogen oxides are undesirable
products of combustion processes from the standpoint of air
pollution. An investigation concerning the effect of
perturbations during combustion upon the formation of the oxides of
nitrogen was carried out upon a premixed flame, utilizing air and
natural gas as reactants. The first part consisted of
reconnaissance measurements by which the effect of audible
oscillatory combustion upon the residual quantities of nitrogen
oxides in the products of reaction was determined. The second
part comprised more carefully controlled and quantitative
measurements by which the microscopic variations in conditions in
the combustion zone were evaluated as a function of time and the
effect of the variations upon the residual quantities of the
nitrogen oxides was determined. The results indicate that
perturbations in the combustion process exert a pronounced
influence upon the formation of the nitrogen oxides. However, the
nature of the oscillatory combustion appears sensitive to
environment, and it is difficult to maintain sufficiently steady
macroscopic conditions to avoid large variations with time in the
microscopic perturbations. The variation in the mole fraction of
nitrogen oxides in the products of reaction under carefully
922 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
controlled conditions was an order of magnitude less than that
encountered under the less well controlled conditions of
combustion. (Author abstract modified)##
03985
K. C. Salooja
STUDIES OF COHBUSTIOH PROCESSES IEADING TO IGNITION OF SOHE
OXYGEN DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS. Combust. Flame 10, (1)
11-21, March 1966.
The pre-flame and ignition behaviors of several related
oxygen drivatives of hydrocarbons, acetic acid, methyl fornate,
methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, propionic acid,
ethyl formate, acetyl acetone, and acetic anhydride were
investigated. Hechanisms proposed to explain observed
differences are discussed in relation to: (1) a carbonyl group
causes greater activation of adjacent alkyl groups than
does an oxygen atom in an ether linkage; (2) peroxy radicals
formed in the initial stages of oxidation can readily undergo
1,5 and 1,6 intramolecular transfer; (3) the oxygen aton in the
carbonyl group tends to form hydrogen bonds intramolecularly.
With acetic acid, the combustion process appeared more
exothermic than of any hydrocarbons studied. Methyl formate
ignited at a much lower temperature than acetic acid, with
explosive violence; also greater amounts of methane and
nethanol were produced than by acetic acid at corresponding
pre-flame stages: While C02 is formed in greater amounts than
CO from methyl formate, the reverse is true with methyl acetate.
In comparison with methyl acetate, ethyl acetate began to oxidize
at a slightly higher temperature but ignited at a considerably
lower temperature with explosive violence. In comparison
with ethyl acetate, methyl propionate began to oxidize at a lower
temperature but its extent of reaction increased less with
temperature, and it eventually ignited at a higher temperature.
Methyl propionate produced more C02 th an CO until slightly
below ignition temperature than ethyl acetate. Analysis of
gaseous oxidation products of propionic acid and ethyl formate
showed that acetaldehyde was formed in larger amounts from
propionic acid and ethylene was formed in larter amounts from ethyl
formate. Biacetyl trast to hydrocarbons oxidizing in the "low
temperature" region, biacetyl oxidation in the low temperature
region. Acetic anhydride was even more reactive than biacetyl and
showed no zone of negative temperature coefficient. In its
oxidative degradation, CO was formed in considerable amounts
before any consumption of 02 could be detected.##
03986
B. A. Davies D. B. Scully
CARBON FORMATION FEOB AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS II. Combust.
FIAME 10, (2) 165-70, JDNE 1966.
Previous work on the yields of carbon black from aromatic'
hydrocarbons by injection of their vapours into the products of
M. Basic Science and Technology 923
-------
combustion of a rich towns gas-air premixed flame has been
continued. Yields from toluidines are higher than fron
aniline. The yields fron cresols are the same as from
phenol. The addition of oxygen to benzene and toluene decrease
the yields, which eventually become the same, indicating
preferential oxidation of the side chain. The N02 group in
nitrobenzene does not alter the amount of soot formed relative
to that from benzene. Acetylene forms soot much less
readily than benzene. Cyclopentadiene does not form soot, but
indene does so readily. Styrene, ethylbenzene and
naphthalene have also been studied. (Author summary)##
03969
J. G. Christian and J. E. Johnson
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS OVER HOPCALITE.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution 9, (1/2) 1-10, Feb. 1965.
Catalytic combustion studies showed Hopcalite, an unsupported
coprecipitate of copper and manganese oxides, to provide
substantially complete oxidation at ca. 300 C of vapors of several
types of hydrocarbons, oxygenated compounds, nitrogen compounds,
and halogenated compounds. The lower molecular weight
hydrocarbons proved resistant to oxidation; methane was oxidized
only to the extent of 30 per cent even at 400 C. The organic
nitrogen compounds produced the theoretical amount of C02 as well
as appreciable amounts of nitrous oxide (N20). Ammonia
produced 70% nitrous oxide at 315 C, and about 2% nitrogen dioxide
(N02). The decomposition of organic halogen compounds ranged
from slight in the case of Freon-12 to virtually complete for
methyl chloroform. In addition, new organic halides were formed
by the oxidation of methyl chloroform and Freon-11. There is at
least partial retention of halogen on the catalyst when
Freon-114B2 and Freon-11 are decomposed. Aerosols of
dioctylphthalate, a hydrocarbon-type lubricating oil, and a
triarylphosphate ester lubricant were guantitatively oxidized by
Hopcalite at 300 C. (Author abstract)##
04022
C. ». Zielke, E. T. Struck, J. M. Evans, C. P.
Costanza, and E. Gorin
MOLTEN SALT CATALYSTS FOE HYDROCRACKING OF POLYNUCLEAR
HYDROCARBONS. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Design Develop.
5, (2) 151-7, Apr. 1966.
Batch autoclave tests have shown molten salts which are Lewis
acids to be superior catalysts for hydrocracking polynuclear
aromatics when used in high concentrations. These catalysts are
compared with conventional supported catalysts for conversion of
pyrene and a refractory hydrocracking residue from coal. Zinc
chloride and aluminum bromide give high rates of conversion along
with a high iso- to normal isomer distribution. Tin chloride is a
very weak Lewis acid and is relatively inactive. In spite of the
high cracking activity of these salts, no added hydrogenating
catalyst is needed. Zinc chloride, in contrast to A1Br3, is
924 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
relatively inactive for hydrogenation and hydrocracking of
single-ring aromatics producing a high yield of gasoline. Molten
salts are deactivated by basic nitrogen, but are much more
resistant than supported dual-function catalysts. (Author
abstract) ##
OU201
C. P. Fenintore and G. H. Jones
OXIDATION OF SOOT BY HYDROXYL EACICALS. J. Phys. Chem. 71,
(3) 593-7, Feb. 1967.
The mechanism of oxidation of soot is investigated. The soot was
obtained by burning ethylene gas in two burners in series using a
fuel-lean mixture. In flame gases of temperatures from
1530-1890 degree K and P02 approximately 0.6001 to 0.3 atoms,
the rate of soot oxidation does not depend very strongly on
P02. The observations are consistent with the assumption that
about one tenth of the collisions of OH with the soot remove a
carbon atom, the number of collisions being calculated from POH
by kinetic theory.##
04228L
P. Goldfinger, G. Huybrechts, and L. Meyers
THE CHLOEINE PHOTOSENSITIZED OXIDATION OF HYDBOCAHBONS AT IOH
TEMPERATURE (FINAL TECHNICAL REPT.). University Libre
de Bruxelles, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique.
Jan. 1966. 30 pp.
The study of the chlorine photosensitized oxidation of
trichloroethylene has been completed. A mechanism has been
proposed for this reaction where dichloroacetyl chloride is the
main reacton product and the rate constants of the relevant
elementary reaction steps were estimated. This together with
preceding studies on the oxygen effect on the photochlorination
of ethane and trichloroethylene has led to a reaction theory which
seems to be of general validity. In the second part of this
report a new reaction theory of chlorine photosensitized
oxidation of hydrocarbons is presented which describes many of
the kinetic investigations that have been carried out by the
present work and reported in the literature. Due to the
diversity of radicals in the reaction mechanism and the
formation of different products not sufficiently unreactive, the
reaction mechanism is not in final form and more experimental
work is needed. (Author abstract) ##
M. S. Bykhovskaya and R. N. Makedonskaya
DETESHINATION OF ALIPHATIC ABINES IN AIR. ( (K metodike
opredeleniya alifaticheskikh aminov v vozdukhe.)) Hyg. Sanit. 31,
(9) H21-II25, Aug. 1966. Suss. (Tr.)
. CFSTI: T 66-55160/7-9
M. Basic Science and Technology 925
-------
In studies of the primary aliphatic amines, optimum conditions
were studied for their determination with ninhydrin,
potassium 1, 2-naphthoguinone-t-sulfonate and p-nitro-
phenyldiazonium. The best reproducibility was achieved in
an agueous-pyridine solution with the addition of a little
ascorbic acid. The reaction product imparts a blue-violet color
to the solution, as distinguished from the control solution which
displays a pinkish-violet color. The maximum light absorption of
the solution occurs at the wavelength of 575 OR. The
sensitivity is 1 microgram in the volume analyzed. In the
concentration range of 1 to 10 micrograms there is a linear
relationship between the optical density and the amine
concentration in solution. No interference is caused by
secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines or by aromatic amines.
Any ammonia interferes with the determination, because its
presence in the sample to the extent of 1 microgram colors the
solution an intense blue-violet. The most selective
reaction for the determination of secondary amines is based on the
formation of copper dialkyldithiocarbamate. Where an air sample
is taken in ethanol, and 0.1 ml of 15% alcohol solution of
CS2, 0.1 ml of 0.1% alcohol solution of copper acetate and 0.1
ml alcohol solution of NH3 are added to the 2-ml sample. The
addition of each reagent is followed by mixing of the solution.
after 10 min. the intensity of the colored sample is compared
against the standard scales, or else the optical density of the
solution is measured in a cell. A method for the determination
of trimethylamine in air using a citric acid solution in acetic
anhydride was developed. Reactions with citric acid and acetic
anhydride as well as those with phosphotungstic or phosphonolybdic
acids may also be applied to studies of several tertiary amines,
no interference being caused by secondary and (other) tertiary
amines.##
01273
A. D. Babinsky and S. J. Derezinski
WATER AND CARBON REMOVAL FROM CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCTION SYSTEBS.
TBW Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, Dept. of New Products. (Hept.
Nos. AMRL-TR-66-83 and ER-6652-5.) June 1966. 51 pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 642 59<*
Methods suitable for use in a weightless environment for
removing water and carbon from carbon dioxide reduction process
systems were investigated. Water removal studies were conducted
using a porous metal, plate-type, condenser-separator to remove the
water from the exit gas streams of both Sabatier and Bosch type
carbon dioxide reduction reactors. Hater remaining in the
effluent stream ranged from 0.97 to 2.08 percent by volume with the
Sabatier reactor, and 0.78 to 0.92 percent with the
Bosch reactor. A regenerative chemical dryer used to increase
the reaction rate of the Bosch reactor, resulted in relatively
minor changes in the reaction rate in steady state operation.
Carbon flow pattern tests were conducted to determine design
characteristics of a carbon separator-filter. A combination
centrifugal separator and porous metal filter was used to remove
carbon from the recycle flow stream and pass approximately 99
percent of the carbon to the carbon collector. Periodic back flow
through the filter removes the remaining carbon from the filter.
The Bosch reactor utilizes flat iron catalyst plates stacked on a
hollow rotating shaft. carbon is dislodged from the rotating
plates by carbon removal fingers projecting between the catalyst
926 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
plates. Reaction gases flowing through the reactor carry the
carbon out of the reactor to the filter-separator. Filter
clogging was observed due to continuance of the reaction in the
filter element. Feasibility of water separation and carbon
removal were demonstrated. Recommendations are made to improve
long term operation of the carbon filter element. (Author
abstract)##
04285L
E. J. Pozioraek
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS (A LITERATURE SURVEY.)
Army Edgewood Arsenal, Md., Physical Research Lab.
(Rept. EASP 100-U.) Sept. 1966. 35 pp.
DDC: AD U88-239
The literature on the photochemistry of heterocyclic compounds
was surveyed with a particular interest in pyridine chemistry.
This listing of references was compiled as a result of
searching volumes 41 to 61 of Chemical Abstracts under the
headings light, photochemistry, and pyridine.f#
04288
P. Budininkas, R. H. Ferris, and G. A. Hemus
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STUDY RELATED TO THE SYNTHESIS OF
FORMALDEHYDE FROM C02 AND H2 (QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPT. NO. 2).
General American Transportation Corp., Miles, 111.
General American Research Div. Jan. 1967. 12 pp.
This report summarizes the activities of the General American
Research Division on the synthesis of formaldehyde. The
activities during this quarter were concerned with (1) selection
of solid catalysts and a correlation of their activities for the
oxidation of methane to formaldehyde with their chemical and
physical properties, (2) construction of an experimental system
for methane oxidation to formaldehyde and the development of
experimental procedures, and (3) testing solid catalysts and
investigating the effects of variables such as temperature, feed
gas composition, and space velocity on the yields of
at concentrations below 22 ppm sulfur dioxide than would have been
silica tube as the catalyst with a maximum formaldehyde yield
ranging up to 0.7% of the methane in the feed gas.*#
OU289
P. Budininkas, R. H. Ferris, and G. A. Remus
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STUDY RELATED TO THE SYNTHESIS OF
FORMALDEHYDE FROM C02 AND H2 (QUARTERLY PROGRESS HEPT. NO. 1).
General American Transportation Corp., Niles, 111.
General American Research Division, Oct. 1966. 32 pp.
This report summarizes the activities of the General American
Research Division on the synthesis of formaldehyde. The
activities during this period were concerned with (1) general
M. Basic Science and Technology 927
-------
survey of the published abstracts of literature pertaining to the
synthesis of formaldehyde (2) a review of methods for the synthesis
of formaldehyde and their suitability for space applications (3)
detailed literature survey on the oxidation of methane to
formaldehyde.t*
01314
D. C. Bradley and C. H. Harsh
HERCAPTIDES OF COBALT, NICKEL, COPPER AND ZINC (TECHNICAL
SEPT. NO. 5). Dniversity of Western Ontario, Canada, Dept.
of Chemistry. May 17, 1966. 6 pp.
Studies were made on the chemistry of the mercaptides of cobalt,
nickel, copper and zinc. The mercaptides were synthesized and
their solubilities, thermal stabilities, magnetic properties,
molecular weights, absorption spectra and polymer characteristics
were investigated. Normal alkylmercaptans appeared to promote the
formation of cobalt (III) mercaptides while isopropyl and
tert-butylmercaptans formed boalt (II) mercaptides. Nickel
mercaptides were obtained as dark brown or black powders.
Ni(SHe)2 was insoluble in common organic solvents but solubility
in ether, carbon tetrachloride, n-hexane or cyclohexane of the
higher mercaptides increased steadily with size of the alkyl
group. Cuprous isopropylmercaptide and cuprous
n-amylmercaptide were precipitated as pale yellow solids which were
insoluble in common organic solvents and reguired nitric acid or
hydrochloric acid and H202 treatment to effect solution. Zinc
isopropylmercaptide, zinc—n-amylmercapt-ide and zinc
phenylmercaptide diammoniate were obtained as white precipitates,
the first two being insoluble in common organic solvents but
dissolving in pyridine. The polymeric nature of the mercaptides
is deduced from their solubility, volatility and other
characteristics. In the case of the nickel mercaptides, it is
probable that the soluble fractions contain mainly hexameric
species with the possible presence of pentamers and tetramers; the
insoluble fraction may be a linear polymer.##
04H09
Y. Ohrn and J. Linderberg
PFOPAGATORS FOR ALTERNANT HYDROCARBON MOLECULES. Phys. Rev.
139, (4A) A1063-8, Aug. 16, 1965.
DDC, AD-631 430
The possibility of a Green"s-function formulation of the
molecular many-electron problem was investigated. Green's
function for electron and for particle—hole propagation was
calculated for even alternant hydrocarbons. With the use of three
parameters (gamma, beta and V, where gamma is the difference
between the ionization potential and electron affinity for a carbon
atom pi-electron when no interactions are present between atoms,
or an estimated 10.53eV; and where gamma is the unit of energy
and beta = 0.46 gamma = 4.84 eV is the appropriate value for the
interatomic parameter) accurate correspondence between calculated
and observed spectra for ethylene, benzene, naphthalene and
anthracene was observed. (Author abstract modified)tt
928 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01454
A. A. Armstrong, Jr. and W. K. Walsh
RADIATION-INDDCED OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS. North Carolina
State Oniv., Raleigh, Dept. of Textile Chemistry. (Rept.
Bo. ORO-634.) July 15, 1965. 40 pp.
CFSTI, ORO-634
The radiation-induced oxidation of ethane, propane and isobutane
was studied in a flow—type reactor using hydrogen bromide as a
catalyst. A Cobalt-60 source (Gammacell 220) was used for the
irradiation. The exposure dose rate inside the reactor was
approximately 180000 r./hr. In the oxidation of ethane, a
G-value of 800 was obtained for the production of acetic acid.
An increase in total flow rate of ethane to the reactor increased
the production rate of acetic acid. The most pronounced effect
was noted from an increase in pressure. An increase in the rate
of production of acetic acid of 8 times was obtained by increasing
the total pressure from 1 to 4 atm. In the oxidation of propane,
a G-value of 10,000 was obtained for the production of acetone.
Increases in total flow rate did not affect the rate of
production. An increase in total pressure up to 3 atm. increased
the rate of production of acetone but decreased the rate above
that. At 4 atm., corrosion products were deposited on the reactor
surface which accounted for the decrease in the rate of production
of acetone. In the oxidation of isobutane, the products were
t-butyl bromide, methyl bromide and water. The expected products
of t-butyl hydroperoxide and di-t-butyl peroxide as reported by
other investigators were not present. The radiation-induced
oxidation of propane to acetone was the only reaction studied that
gave a G-value high enough to look promising. Although the
radiation-induced oxidation of propane to acetone looked attractive
from the standpoint of radiation yield, it now is impractical from
an economic viewpoint. (Author abstract)##
04456
R. D. Doepker and P. Ausloos
PHOTOLYSIS OF CYCLOBUTANE AT PHOTON ENERGIES BELOW AND ABOVE
THE IONIZATION ENERGY. J. Chem. Phys. 43 (11) 3814-9, Dec.
1, 1965.
The photolysis of cyclo-C4H8 and of cyclo-C4H8-cyclo-C4D8
mixtures was investigated at 1470 and 1236A in the absence and
presence of NO. In addition, a series of experiments carried
out in which H2S was used as a free-radical interceptor in the
photolysis of cyclo-C4D8 at 1236 A. Approximately 90% of the
observed products can be accounted for by the primary process:
C4H8+hv yields 2C2H4. The extent to which the internally
excited ethylene formed in this process will decompose further
increases with diminishing pressure and wavelength. The
photolysis of cyclobutane was investigated at energies above the
ionization energy (I.E.=10.3eV), using the argon resonance lines
at 11.54 and 11.72 eV. It is shown that when NO is added to
the system, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, and 1-butene are major
products. These butenes are, however, not produced when
NO (I.E.=9.25 eV) is replaced by 02 (I.E.=12.1 eV) and are
only formed in trace amounts when no additives are present. It
is suggested that the parent ion acquires the olefinic structure
and undergoes charge exchange with NO. (Author abstract)t#
M. Basic Science and Technology 929
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04483
E. L. Wong A. E. Potter, Or.
MASS-SPECTROMETRIC INVESTIGATIOH OF REACTION OF OXYGEN ATOMS
WITH METHANE. National Aerorautics and Space Administration
Cleveland, Ohio, Lewis Research Center (Hept.
NASA TN D-3371.) Apr. 1966. 15 pp.
1 mass-spectrometric stirred-reactor technique was used to study
the reaction of atonic oxygen with methane with low
concentrations of molecular oxygen. Low concentrations
of molecular oxygen were used to suppress the reactions
0 + 02 + H yields 03 + H and H + 02 + B yields H02 + H.
An overall rate constant for oxygen-atom disappearance
due to added methane was obtained for the temperature range
of 375 to 576 K. This rate constant was 4. 2x10 to the 14th
power exp (-10 300/RT) and was compared with the previous rate
constant for this reaction in the presence of a large excess of
molecular oxygen. This comparison showed that the presence of an
excess of molecular oxygen increased the oxygen-atom consumption
only for the lower temperatures. Product analyses indicated that
the stoichiometry of the reaction could be represented by :
CH4 + 4.09 0 yields 0.91 CO + 1.00 02 + 0.95 H2 + 1.00 H20
+0.09 C02 + 0.10 H. On the basis of product analyses, a
reaction mechanism was proposed. From this reaction mechanism
and the reaction stoichiometry the rate of the initial elementary
reaction CH4 + 0 yields CH3 + OH was estimated to be about
one-fourth of the overall rate for oxygen atom disappearance, or
about 9x10 to the 13th power exp (-10 000/RT.) (Author
summary)*#
04550
P. F. Hoolrich
METHODS FOR ESTIMATING OXIDES OF NITROGEN EMISSIONS FROM
COMBUSTION PROCESSES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 22, 481-4,
Dec. 1961. (Presented at the 22nd Annual Meeting, American
Industrial Hygiene Association, Detroit, Mich., Apr. 1961.)
Methods for estimating emissions of oxides of nitrogen from
combustion processes were developed. Nitrogen oxide formation is
related to temperature or heat supplied in the combustion process;
and temperature or heat supplied is related to exhaust gas voluae
as a function of per cent C02 in the exhaust gas. The formation
of nitrogen oxides is related to fuel consumption by a power
function which is linear on a log-log plot. Equations and
nomographs were derived by means of which the pounds of nitrogen
oxides per hour emitted from a combustion process may be
estimated. Using these values as intercepts on the logarithmic
plot of emission of oxides of nitrogen in pounds per hour versus
fuel heat input in Btu/hr and the reciprocal slope of 1.18
previously developed, the mathematical relationship between heat
input and NOx emission is Ibs NCx/hr = Btu/hr over 0.000066
exp 1.18; Ibs NOx/hr = Btu/hr over 0.0000444 exp 1.18. Where
Btu/hr = total heat input from fuel per hour.flf
930 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
04583
J. Heicklen, and H. S. Johnston
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATIONS. II. HETHYL IODIDE. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 84, 4030-9, 1962.
The room-temperature photo-oxidation of methyl iodide (0.2 to
3.0 mm.) in oxygen (0.030 to 10 mm.) with continuous DV
radiation above 2200 A. was studied. Observations were made by
leaking the reaction mixture directly into the electron beam
of the mass spectrometer during photolysis. The principal
products of reaction were 12, H2CO, CH30H and under
some conditions CH30OH; minor products were H20, C02,
HCOOH, CH300CH3 and CH3OI. Because of the
cracking pattern of the reactants and major products and the
background air peaks, it was impossible to establish the
presence or absence of CH4, CO and HI. There are
conflicting claims in the literature as to whether methyl
radicals react with oxygen according to CH3 * 02 (+ M) =
CH302 (+ H) (followed by the Vaughn mechanism) or CH3 +
02 = H2CO + HO (Followed by HO attack on loosely
bound hydrogen atoms). This study indicates both processes do
occur, with the first being more important under conditions used
here. It seems probable that oxygen molecules abstract hydrogen
atoms from CH30 radicals to produce H2CO and H02. A
fairly complete and internally consistent mechanism is developed
for the initial reaction, typically the reaction of about 0.0001
or 0.001 of the methyl iodide. As the reaction progresses,
inhibition caused by CH3 + 12 equals CH3I + I becomes
very pronounced, radicals abstract from H2CO, a large number of
other secondary reactions seem to occur, and the mechanism proposed
is regarded as exemplary rather than established. In terms of the
relatively simple initial reaction, many ratios of constants are
evaluated. (Author abstract)##
04617
L. S. Caretto and K. Nobe
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF CYCLOHEXANE, CYCLOHEXENE, AND BENZENE
(CHEMICAL AND TRANSPORT KINETICS). Ind. Eng. Chem. Process
Design Develop. 5, (3) 217-22, July 1966. (Presented before
the Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 149th Meeting, American
Chemical Society, Detroit, Mich., Apr. 1965.)
The oxidation of benzene, cyclohexane, and cyclohexene in low
concentrations over a fixed bed of copper oxide-alumina (1 to 1)
catalyst was found to follow the simple rate expression, rate = kp
to the 1/2 power, where k follows the Arrhenius temperature
dependence at low temperatures. Deviations at high temperatures
led to an investigation of pore diffusion effects, which were
analyzed by a computer calculation using finite difference
equations and considering the effectiveness factor to be a
function of concentration. This functionality is indicated
graphically, where effectiveness factor is plotted as a function
of bed position. The apparent diffusivity ratio necessary to
give good agreement between calculated and experimental exit
conversions ranged from 0.7 to 1.6, compared with an expected value
of 0.26. One possible explanation for these large diffusivity
M. Basic Science and Technology 931
-------
ratios is surface diffusion. Quantitative considerations of
surface 'diffusion showed that large diffusivity ratios could be
explained by a surface diffusion contribution of 1.7 to 5.1 tiles
as much as the gas phase diffusion in the pores. (Author
conclusions)##
OH633
P. A. Leighton
SOME REMARKS ON THE NITRIC OXIDE — NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONVERSION.
Preprint. (Presented at the Air Pollution Research
Conference on "Atmospheric Reactions," Univ. of Southern
California, Los Angeles, Calif., Dec. 5, 1961.)
Nitric oxide-nitrogen dioxide photochemical conversion theory is
reviewed. It has been almost universally postulated that the
products of oxygen-olefin and possibly ozone-olefin reactions,
which promote the above mentioned conversion, are free radicals.
The extent to which these reactions produce radicals and the
nature of the radicals produced in air have not been established.
Other unresolved questions pertaining to this conversion reaction
involve reaction kinetics and reactant concentrations.##
04653
J. H. Singer, E. B. Cook, H. E. Harris, V. R. Howe,
J. Grumer
FLAME CHARACTERISTICS CAUSING AIR POLLUTION: PRODUCTION OP OXIDES
OF NITROGEN AND CARBON MONOXIDE. Bureau of Mines,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (Presented at the Symposium on Combustion
Reactions of Fossil Puels, 152nd National Meeting,
American Chemical Society, New York City, Sept. 11-6, 1966
and at the Basic Research Symposium, Chicago, 111., Mar.
14, 1967.) 40 pp.
Concontrations of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide in
combustion gases of lean, stoichiometric, and rich propane-air
flames are predicted from theoretical kinetic and
thermodyuamic calculations. Experimental values are higher
than the theoretical by factors of 2 to 7. Lowering the
primary flame temperature with cold flue gas reduces the nittic
oxide and increases the carbon monoxide concentrations.
Cooling rates of 5500 degrees to 10,000 degrees R/sec starting
at about 3500 degrees R maintain the nitric oxide in the
primary combustion zone at the initial value and do not
prevent oxidation of the carbon monoxide.##
04668
w. L. Slater R. M. Dilie
PARTIAL COMBUSTION OF RESIDUAL FUELS. Chem. Eng. Progr. 61,
(11) 85-8, Nov. 1965.
932 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Partial oxidation of residual fuel oils produces high
purity synthesis gas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, methane, and only minor traces of impurities. The
methane concentration in the synthesis gas produced at
elevated pressures corresponds to equilibrium conditions.
Although the studies of the process have been made at pressures
up to 1,500 Ib/sg in gauge, there have been no indications that
this pressure can not be increased several fold. The soot
produced from heavy oils is water-wettable, has oil adsorption
numbers of 150 to 500 lb/100 Ib, and has specific surface areas
of 100 to 1,200 sg m/g. The oil adsorption number of the soot
increases directly with the steam/oil ratio in the feed to the
synthesis gas generator. (Author conclusions)f#
OU926
Ki C. Salooja
INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON COMBUSTION PROCESSES LEADING
TO IGNITION. Combust. Flame 10, (1) 45-9, Mar., 1966.
Combustion studies were carried out on the following hydrocarbons:
pentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, iso-octane,
cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane. The oxygenated compounds
studied included acetic acid, methyl formate, propionic acid,
ethyl formate, methyl acetate, acetaldehyde, acetone, diethyl
ether, isopropanol and methanol. Results are reported for only
one of the hydrocarbons studied, namely pentane, because the
behavior of different hydrocarbons was generally similar. KC1
markedly inhibited the oxidation process at all stages leading to
ignition. In marked contrast to its effect on hydrocarbons,
KC1 promoted the pre-flame oxidation of acetic acid, propionic
acid, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate and acetone.
It markedly inhibited the combustion of methanol and isopropanol.
The effect of KC1 on the ignition of acetic acid and acetone
was not studied since these compounds ignite well above 600 C, but
with propionic acid and the esters studied KC1 strongly inhibited
the onset of ignition despite its promoting effect on their
pre-flame oxidation. The promoting effect on the oxidation of
carbonyl compounds, particularly the lowering of the temperature
at which oxidation commences, suggests a direct reaction between
KC1 and carbonyl compounds. Another observation is that, in
contrast to the behavior in the clean vessel, KC1 generally
causes more C02 to form than CO. Under the experimental
conditions, KC1 does not significantly catalyse the combustion
of CO to C02. Therefore, the greater formation of C02 must
arise from attachment of oxygen to the carbonyl progenitor of
CO. The inhibiting effect of KC1 on the combustion of
hydrocarbons would seem to arise primarily from its effect on
H02 radicals formed prior to the appearance of carbonyl
intermediates. The absence of any H202 in the products in
KCl-coated vessels supports this view. ##
04992
A. J. Haagen-Smit, C. E. Bradley, H. M. Fox
FORMATION OF OZONE IN LOS ANGELES SflOG. Proc. Natl. Air
Pollution Symp. , 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. 54-6.
M. Basic Science and Technology 933
-------
When bent pieces of rubber were exposed to sunlight in the
presence of oxygen and nitrogen dioxide no cracking took
place. Rubber cracked in nitrogen dioxide in air but not when
the air was filtered through charcoal. Rubber cracked
in 3-methylheptane and N02 in air but not when either was used
alone; it cracked when introduced to a mixture exposed to
sunlight for several hours. Ozone was identified as the rubber-
cracking material. Rubber cracked in some organic acids
photooxidized with N02 in air; ozone was again isolated
and identified. Rubber cracked in gasoline photooxidized with
N02 in air. Ozone formed when 4-n-nonene was photooxidized
with N02 in air. Biacetyl in air cracked rubber when
exposed to sunlight; ozone was identified. Rubber also cracked
with biacetyl and N02 in air. Rubber cracked in butyl nitrite
in air exposed to sunlight. The concentrations of the organic
materials and of N02 were of the same order as those found
in los Angeles smog.##
05043
I. R. King
RECOMBINATION OF IONS IN FLAMES EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE. Texaco
Experiment Inc., Richmond, Va. (Rept. Nos. AFOSH-463,
TP-165A, and EXP 2789) Aug. 1, 1961. 5 pp.
The effect of temperature on the recombination rate of ions in a
hydrocarbon-air flame is presented and the results compared with
predictions based on present-day theories. Measurements were
conducted with an alternate-probe technique in a propane-air flane
burning on a Meker-type burner 5.5 cm in diameter. Two probes of
different length, mounted at right angles to each other on a connon
shaft (the two probes being in a plane perpendicular to the shaft),
entered the flame from the side, parallel to the flame front. By
measuring current first with one probe, then with the other, and
substracting the two readings, it was possible to determine the ion
concentration in the center of the flame. An ion-ion process
agreeing with the langevin prediction is indicated.**
05047
N. R. Mukherjee, M. R. James, W. S. Hummers, H.
Eyring, and T. Ree
STUDIES TO DETERMINE THE MECHANISM OF PRODUCTION AND REMOVAL OF
ELECTRONS IN FLAMES. (Dtah Univ., Salt Lake City.) (Rept.
Ho.AFBMD-TR61-1 Aug. 8, 1961 37 pp.
Probable chain reactions and mechanism for the formation of the
most abundant positive ions are summarized. A steady state
analysis of reactions reveals a number of important conditions
that must be fulfilled for the most abundant ion formation.
Approximate values for the maximum and minimum concentrations of
the most abundant ion with respect to oxygen are obtained. A
semi-theoretical method is used to calculate the concentration of
the most abundant ion in hydrocarbon-oxygen or hydrocarbon-air
flames. Experimental studies have been performed on the effect
934 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
of ultra-violet light on ion concentration in flames. Research
has also been started on the effect of the degree of unsaturation,
state of oxidation, and length of the carbon chain on ionization
of various hydrocarbons in a hydrogen-oxygen flame.
05051
B. S. Rabinovitch, and D. W. Setser
ONIMOLECUL4H DECOHPOSITION AND SOHE ISOTOPE EFFECTS OF SIMPLE
ALKANES AND ALKYL RADICALS. Washington Dniv., Seattle, Dept.
of Chemistry and Kansas State Univ., Hanhattan, Dept. of
Chemistry. June 1, 1964. 142 pp.
A theoretical study is reported on the nature of unimolecular
reactions, their dependence on the energy parameters of the
systems involved (photo-chemical or thermal), and their dependence
on molecular structure. The relevant aspects of the RRKM
formulation for unimolecular reactions are discussed. Emphasis is
placed upon the present status of the theory, and the best
techniques for carrying out computations. Characteristics of
various model hydrocarbon-type molecular species which are used
in theoretical calculations are outlined. Kinetic isotope
affects are considered and model calculations presented for
hydrogen-deuterium substitution. Consideration of reaction
processes shows that a given hydrocarbon species can be produced
at many different pressures, in a variety of energy states and with
various hydrogen-deuterium isotopic compositions. Specific rate
constant relationships to experimental parameter are discussed.
The behavior of some C(1)-C(4) alkanes and alkyl radicals are
calculated as examples of highly important practical systems. It
is hoped this will provide useful insights into experimental
situations.!#
05058
D. E. Van Sickle and R. R. Mayo
OXIDATION OF UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS (FINAL KEPT. OCT. 1,
1961-SEPT. 30, 1963). Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park,
Calif. Jan. 10, 1964. 8 pp.
Research effort for the last two years was directed principally
toward product studies of low temperature, liquid-phase olefin
oxidations. Pure hydrocarbons were utilized where possible, azo
initiators employed, and conversions limited to 5%. Correlation
of the hydroperoxide produced with the remaining products found
and assignment of relative rates for two chain propagation
reactions were attempted. A secondary effort was the study of
autocatalysis in oxidation. Cyclopentene was chosen as a model
compound, since its oxidation mechanism is the simplest of the
olefins studied. Decomposition and initiating properties of
hydroperoxides also received attention. (Author introduction
modified)##
M. Basic Science and Technology 935
-------
05100
J. N. Pitts, Jr., H. H. Johnson, and T. Kuwana
STRUCTURAL EFFECTS IN THE PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES OF KETONES
IN SOLUTION . --J. Phys. Chem. 66, 2456-61 (Dec. 1962).
(Presented at the Symposium on Reversible Photochemistry
Process, Durham, N.C., Apr. 1962.)
The primary objective of this investigation was to check the
effect of substituent groups and location of substitution on the
photoreduction of a series of benzophenone derivatives. The
behavior of a series of hydroxy, methoxy, amino, and
chlorobenzophenones in the photopinacol reaction was studied using
product isolation, UV spectroscopy, phosphorescence,
fluorescence, and EPR spectroscopy. Results and correlations
derived from these studies are discussed herein. Seme of these
include the following: Ortho substitution by a number of
functional groups has a pronounced effect on the "go — no go"
photoproperties of the benzophenone derivatives. Replacing the
OH or the CH3 by methoxy or carboxy restored the
intermolecular hydrogen atom abstracting power of the benzophenone.
This suggests that the deactivating effect of o-OH,NH2, NHCH3,
and methyl groups is due to their tendency to form reversible
photoenols. Ten and 24-hour irradiation at room temperature of
degassed 0.01 M solutions of p-aminobenzophenone in isopropyl
alcohol using a medium intensity mercury lamp produced no
significant permanent changes. Strong phosphorescence was noted
during irradiation in the rigid medium at 77 K., and EPR
resonance signal due to the triplet state of 4-aminobenzophenone
was observed. Long-lived phosphorescence -was also observed for
p-dimethylamino and p,p'-bis(dimethylamino) benzophenone. EPH
studies of these and other para-substituted compounds are in
progress. A preliminary report on a similar study in the
anthraquinone system is included.##
05208L
T. J. Wallace, and N. Friedman
FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF
HYDROCARBON FUELS (FIRST QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPT. FEB. 16-MAY
16, 1965.) ESSO Research and Engineering Co., Linden, N.
J., Process Research Div. Hay 16, 1965. 30 pp. (Rept. No.
1).
The reactivity of dilute solutions of benzaldehyde phenyl
hydrazone (BPH) and tolyl phenyl hydrazone (TPH) in benzene
toward molecular oxygen has been determined at 25 to 30 C. and
one atmosphere pressure of oxygen. Both hydrazones oxidized
readily under these conditions with TPH being more reactive than
BPH. This reactivity difference is probably due to the
electron-donating capabilities of the methyl group. It suggests
that electron-attracting groups will decrease the reactivity of
the initial hydrazone but accelerate the decomposition of the
peroxide which is formed. The stoichiometry of the above
reactions was determined. Each mole of oxygen consumed reacts
with one mole of hydrazone to produce one mole of peroxide. The
disappearance of the hydrazone is best represented by a pseudo
S36 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
first order kinetic plot. Good reproducibility of the rate
constants was observed. The rate-determining step is, most
likely, hydrogen atom and cunene in benzene at 25 to 30 C.
About 8 to 10% oxidation of each hydrocarbon was observed under
these mild conditions. In the absence of BPH, no oxidation of
indene was observed over a 72 hour period. Infrared data show
that indene is converted to products which contain a carbonyl
linkage. To date, attempts to oxidize tetralin have been
unsuccessful. (Author abstract)ft
05226
E. Ferht, and P. A. Back
THE HEACTION OF ACTIVE NITROGEN WITH HIXTDRES OF ETHYLENE AND
NITRIC OXIDE . Can. J. Chem. 43, 1899-904, 1965. (Presented
at the Annual Conference, Chemical Inst. of Canada,
Kingston, June 1964, N.R.C. No. 8406.)
The reaction of active nitrogen, produced in a condensed
discharge at 1 mm pressure, with mixtures of ethylene and nitric
oxide has been studied with mixtures ranging in composition from
pure ethylene to pure nitric oxide. The sum of HCN + 14N15N
produced from mixtures of C2H4 and 15NO remained constant and
equal to the HCN produced from pure C2H4 for NO
concentrations up to 50 mole %. As more NO was added, this sum
rose towards the value of 14N15N produced from pure 15NO.
These data appear to lend support to the HCN yield from
ethylene as the true measure of nitrogen atom concentration. It
is suggested that 15NO also undergoes a concerted reaction with
excited 14N14N molecules, to produce 14N15N, and that these
excited molecules can quenched by collision with ethylene or
methane without consuming nitrogen or forming HCN. (Author
abstract)
05325
Long, R.
FORMATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS DURING INCOMPLETE
COMBUSTION. (Progress Rept. Oct. 1, 1964-Mar. 31, 1967).
Birmingham Univ., England. (Mar. 1967). 37 pp.
This report comprises three parts: Part I: discusses the
development of a rapid analytical method for polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in soots. Extraction with CHCL3 was followed by
column chromatography and then by programmed temperature gas
chromatography, with UV spectrophotometry. Certain polycyclic
aromatics thus identified, have not been reported hitherto in the
literature on soots from hydrocarbon flames. Investigations were
made on diffusion flames in which various concentrations of 02 in
02-N2 and 02-Ar mixtures as oxidant were used. In other
experiments oxygen and other additives were introduced into the
fuel supply. The effects on the formation of total soot,
carbonaceous residue, CHCL3 soluble material and polycyclic
aromatics are discussed. Part II: An investigation was made of
the concentrations of stable species in the pyrolysis zone and
particularly in the luminous zone of propane and ethylene diffusion
flames burning on a Wolfhard-Parker type of burner. The effects of
M. Basic Science and Technology 937
-------
02, H2 and C2H2 as additives to the fuel and of O2 and N2 to the
air stream were examined. Results showed that the sooting rate is
related to the C2H2 present in the luminous zone for the C2H4
flames. Part III: An investigation was made of the polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons associated with the soot in pre-mixed C2H2-02
flames operating at 20 mm. Hg. On the assumption that the
concentration of polycyclic aromatics in the soots collected at
increasing heights in the flame represents the state of affairs in
the flame, it appears that the polycyclic aromatics are formed
principally in a lower temperature region of the flame than that
corresponding to "carbon" formation. Results also indicate that
C2H2 is important in carbon formation in C2H1 and C3H8-air
diffusion flames. (author summary modified)
05333
Purcell, 1. C. and I. R. Cohen
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE PRESENCE OF ALIPHATIC
KETONES. Atmos. Environ., 1(6):689-692, Nov. 1967. 16 refs.
Products of photooxidation reactions involving ketone-hydrocarbon
mixtures are reported. Reaction mixtures were prepared in plastic
bags fabricated from fluorinated ethylene-propylene plastics.
The containers were irradiated by fluorescent lamps with intensity
maximum at 3100 A. The ketones and/or hydrocarbon mixtures
consisted of: acetone, acetone-2-methy1-1-butene, and diethyl
ketone. The percentage conversions, after 1,2, and 3 hours of
irradiation, of 2-methyl-butene-1 and acetone as a function of
ratio of ketone to olefin showed that the acetone conversion is
essentially constant, whereas olefin conversions increase with
increasing ratio. Extrapolation of zero ratios of fcetone to
olefin indicates an inexplainable background reaction at longer
conversion times. As with the aldehyde-olefin systems, the rate
of consumption of olefin increased at longer reaction times. The
ketone conversion rates are virtually constant. Fast oxidants
such as ozone or peroxy acid were not detected. Alkyl
hydroperoxide was identified as a slow oxidant product. The
portion of these products due to the ketone photooxidation and that
due to the olefin has not yet been determined. A mechanism often
cited to explain the photooxidation of ketones involves a
free-radical scheme.##
053 H 5
R. long and E. E. Tompkins
FORMATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN PRE-MIXED
ACETYLENE-OXYGEN FLAMES. Nature 213 (5080), 1011-2 (Mar. 11,
1967) .
An investigation is reported of the polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons associated with the soot in pre-mixed acetylene-oxygen
flames operating at a pressure of 20 mm of Hg. At the specified
pressure, an acetylene-oxygen ratio of about 0.95 just began to
produce soot. The flame corresponded to acetylene-oxygen ratios
of 1 to 2 and 1 to 5. The apparent temperatures (uncorrected)
were recorded at varying heights and the results are
plotted for flame 1. Soot was removed from the collecting grid.
938 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
extracted, and the extract dissolved in CS2. Analyses were
carried out by chromatographic techniques and thermal conductivity.
Eesults showed that between heights of 1 and about 4 in. in the
flame there is a gradual increase in the concentration of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soot but a considerably
greater increase occurs later in the flame at heights of 6-10 in.
above the burner. assuming that the concentration of polycyclic
aronatic hydrocarbons in the soot reflects the state of affairs in
the flame, the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
appears to occur principally in a lower temperature region of the
flame than that corresponding to soot formation. Of the
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pyrene occurs in the greatest
concentration in the soot up to approximately 7 in. above the
burner after which 1 : 2-benzanthracene predominates.
(although the gas chromatographic peak represented chrysene and
1 to 2-benzanthracene unresolved, spectrophotometry of this
fraction indicated only a small proportion of the former.) The
relative concentrations of individual hydrocarbons change with
height above the burner. Formation of higher condensed ring
systems by the pyrolysis of relatively low molecular weight
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been established and such
processes in this study appeared to be occurring in the flame.ft
05423
Benson, S. W. and G. R. Haugen
THE MECHANISM OF THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE BEaCTIONS BETWEEN C2H2
aND HYDROGEN. J. Phys. Chem. , 71 (13):4404-4411, Dec. 1967.
24 refs.
The observed high-temperature rates of isotope exchange between
C2H2 and D2 have been interpreted in terms of a radical
mechanism. The chain propagation steps for the system are D +
C2H2 yields C2HD + H and H + D2 yields D + HD. The
lower temperature addition kinetics to form C2H4 are fitted very
well by a related chain with the same initiation and termination
but a different propagation. The theoretical steady- state rate
expression, derived from the radical mechanism, adequately
predicts the observed rates at temperatures greater than 1400 deg
K. The problem of attainment of steady state during the short
time interval of the experiment and the catalytic effect of traces
of oxygen and organic impurities on the induction period are
discussed. (authors' abstract, modified)##
05425
Shaw, R., F. H. Cruickshank, and S. W. Benson
THE REaCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE WITH 1,3- AND
1,4-CYCLOHEXANDIENES. J. Phys. Chem., 71 (13) : 4538-4543 Dec.
1967. 16 refs.
The gas-phase reactions of nitric oxide with 1,3- and
1,4-cyclohexadiene have been studied in a Pyrex reaction vessel
between 306 and 359 deg. Initial pressures were varied:
1,3-CH, 3-57 torr; 1,4-CH, 10-71 torr; and NO, 64-436 torr.
No pressure change could be detected. Products identified by gas
chromatography and mass spectrometry were water, nitroux oxide.
M. Basic Science and Technology 939
-------
benzene, and traces (about 10% of the benzene) of cyclohexene.
Good mass balances were obtained for the hydrocarbons, but the
water analyses were erratic and the nitrous oxide was less than
given by the stoichiometric equation. The rate of production of
benzene was unaffected by increasing the surface to volume ratio
20 times and was first order in cyclohexadiene and nitric oxide.
The rate-determining step is given. (Authors' abstract,
modified) ##
05440
R. Gelius and VJ. Franke
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF AIKYL-LEAD
COMPOUNDS. NNZur Kenntnis der Verbrennungsprodukte von
Alkylbleiverbindungen.)) Brennstoff-Chem. Essen 47(9) 280-5,
Sept. 1966. Ger.
Tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, and tetra-n-propyl lead were burned in
air in the presence of n-n-heptane, isooctane, or benzene. The
combustion products were collected on the surface of a cooled
glass tube, in a glass wool filter, and in an electrofilter. In
order to eliminate the formation of nitrites, the nitrogen in the
air could be replaced by argon. The combustion of the alkyl lead
compounds takes place as follows: the compounds thermolyze when
the combustible mixture approaches the hot regions of the flame.
The result is a smoke of fine PbO particles. The combustion
residues are then almost identical to those from the alkyl lead
mixture. In the third zone, behind the flame, PbC03 (52-86%),
PbO (13-45%), Pb02 (as Pb304, etc. 0.1-3%), and Pb(N02) 2 is
formed. In internal combustion engines the effectiveness of
PbO as an antiknock agent lasts about 1 millisecond. These
experiments suggest that the surfaces of the PbO particles may
convert to Pb(N02)2, thereby rendering the antiknock additive
ineffective.##
05611
S. H. Nicksic, J. Harkins, and B. A. Fries
A RADIOTRACER STDDY OF THE PRODUCTION OF FORMALDEHYDE IN THE
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ETHYLENE IN THE ATMOSPHERE (PART II—THE
EFFECT OF OTHER COMPOUNDS ON YIELD AND CONVERSION). J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (6) 224-8, June 1964.
In this study, the tracer procedure was used to study some aspects
of the effect of composition of the irradiated mixture on the
amount of formaldehyde produced from ethylene, the latter being the
dominant olefin in auto exhaust. The irradiation chamber
contained oxidants, N02, CH20, hydrocarbons and aerosols.
Oxidant, nitrogen dioxide, and aerosols were measured in order to
obtain a more complete monitoring record of the reaction.
Chemical formaldehyde and radiochemical formaldehyde measurements
together with gas chromatographic determination of hydrocarbons,
were used to establish yields and conversion. Results showed:
(1) Ethylene gives more formaldehyde in the presence of oxygenates
and certain aromatics because the reactions are faster; the
fraction converted, however, remains constant. The quantitative
aspects of the effect of oxygenates remain to be studied. (2)
940 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Formaldehyde yield from ethylene irradiated alone depends on the
nitric oxide-hydrocarbon ratio. (3) In the presence of other
olefins, the nitric oxide dependency is much less. (4) Production
of formaldehyde from ethylene is not influenced by other olefins
except for the nitric oxide effect. In reference to changing
composition of exhaust, oxygenates can be expected to increase
formaldehyde formed during photo-oxidations, but it is not yet
possible to state how big the effect might be. The removal of
olefins will probably affect formaldehyde production in proportion
to the extent of removal. Removal of other olefins will not
affect the reactions of ethylene per se except for the nitric
oxide-hydrocarbon ratio effect.tt
05613
Levine, M-, W. F. Hamilton, and E. Simon
ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HALOGENS AND BUTYL
HALIDES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
14(6) : 220-223, June 1964, (Presented at the 56th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Detroit, Mich.,
June 9-13, 1963.)
This investigation was oriented toward delineation of the
interactions involved in the chemical inhibition of smog exhibited
by iodine and to a much lesser extent by the 'other halogens.
Apparatur used for handling and irradiating polluted atmospheric
air was a 500 cu ft chamber enclosed by a "Mylar" polyester film
1 ml thick. The chamber is mounted on large casters allowing
positioning of the unit for optimum sunlight exposure. When
thermal (dark) reactions are studied, the entire chamber is rolled
into a large, light tight, thermostatically controlled oven.
Other details concerning the laboratory procedure are given. The
results of these tests show that neither temperature, over the
range of about 100 to 200 ~S, nor sunlight greatly influences the
reaction ratio of 03 with iodine 2, and that sunlight has a much
greater effect on the reaction rates of the halogens with 03 than
does temperature. The qualitative rates of halogen-ozone
reactions in purified air in sunlight are iodine 2 greater than
Br2 greater than C12. The effectiveness of iodine 2 in
reducing 03 in a smoggy atmosphere is enhanced over its effect on
03 in purified air, whereas the effectiveness of Br2 and C12 in
quenching smog 03 is diminished. The effectiveness of Br2 in
reducing 03 is inhibited by the presence of both saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons, whereas the iodine 2-03 reaction is
unaffected.##
05643L
H. H. Reamer
PARTIAL OXIDATION PRODUCTS FORMED DDRING COMBUSTION. Preprint.
1966.
During the period covered by this report, primary effort vas in
the investigation of the effect of the fuel employed upon the
characteristic perturbations and the residual quantities of the
oxides of nitrogen. The experimental conditions encountered in
connection with the investigation of the behavior of the
M. Basic Science and Technology 941
-------
propane-air and the n-butane-air system are given. The average
reaction pressure «as approximately 11 p.s.i.a. The composition
of the products of reaction for the ethane-air, propane-air,
n-butane-air and natural gas-air systems are tabulated. All the
measurements involving natural gas-air, ethane-air, propane-air
and n-butane-air, were carried out at a stoichiometric mixture
ratio of approximately 0.93. Variation in the perturbations of
normal stress and the frequency, as a function of the molecular
weight of the fuel are reported. The quantities of residual
oxides of nitrogen increased rapidly with an increase in molecular
wt from that of the natural gas-air system to that of the
ethane-air system and progressively increased with further
increases in molecular wt. to propane and n-butane. On the other
hand, the perturbations in the double amplitude of the normal
stress decreased progressively with an increase in molecular wt. of
the fuel. Phase relationships between the upper and lower ports
were almost exactly 180 degrees. The frequency was approximately
509 cycles per sec in the case of the natural gas-air system. An
increase to 521 cycles per sec was found for the ethane-air system
and a small decrease to 518 and 516 cycles per sec for the
propane-air and the n-butane-air systems respectively was observed.
The analysis of the perturbations in normal stress obtained in
connection with the propane-air and ethane-air systems is
included. It is apparent, as in the case of the ethane-air
system, that a phase relationship slightly reater than 180 degrees
exists between the upper and lower ports, again confirming that the
primary nature of the perturbations involved a longitudinal wave.tt
05821
1, G. Wayne
ON THE MECHANISM OP PHOTO-OXIDATION IN SMOG. Preprint.
(Presented at the Joint Besearch Conference on Motor
Vehicle Exhaust Emissions and Their Effects, Los Angeles,
The action of sunlight on urban atmospheres contaminated with auto
exhausts promotes oxidation of hydrocarbons and NO and eventual
accumulation of 03. Some very intriguing problems of chemical
mechanisms are presented by these reactions. It is the purpose
of this paper to subject to an elementary kinetic analysis some of
the proposed reaction schemes and to introduce a mechanisn which
shows promise of explaining certain features of the photooxidation
process. Experiments have established that the oxidant material
is mainly 03. The various hydrocarbons present in automobile
exhaust disappear at different rates; olefins in general react more
rapidly than paraffins, and most olefins react more rapidly than
ethylene, which is the predominant olefin in auto exhaust.
Eelevant information available from experiments involving the
irradiation of synthetic atmospheres containing low concentrations
of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen has presented reasoning
leading to the conclusion that react chains are very probably
involved in these systems. Briefly, the reasoning is that, since
N02 is the only likely primary absorber of actinic light
products, hydrocarbons are probably involved by reaction with the
oxygen atoms produced in the photolysis of N02; but since the
rate of accumulation of products is sometimes faster than the
estimated rate of reaction between hydrocarbon molecules and
oxygen atoms, each appropriate oxygen atom collision must lead to
several subsequent steps, i.e., to a chain of reactions. Such a
chain might promote the conversion of NO to N02 in either of
two ways: by direct consumption of NO, or by consumption of
molecular oxygen to form 03. Kinetic implications of chain
mechanisms of 3 different types of examined: (1) A mechanism
offered by Saltzman, in which chains are initiated by free
942 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
radicals formed in a hydrogen abstraction reaction by oxygen atoms;
(2) A scheme suggested by Leighton incorporating some suggestion
of Schuck and Doyle; (3) A new hypothetical mechanism,
serving to illustrate the possible ccnseguences of a chain-
branching step. Further study, particularly of the relative
rates of photooxidation of nitric oxide and olefins in systems with
very little nitrogen dioxide, should provide evidence bearing on
the importance of branching chains in the urban photochemical smog
system.#t
058H9
N. A. Renzetti and G. J. Doyle
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE PARTICULATE IN IRRADIATED AUTOMOBILE
EXHAUST. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 8 (U), 293-6
(Feb. 1959).
The Los Angeles smog is characterized by its several
manifestations namely, eye irritation, crop damage, reduced
visibility, and high ozone concentrations. Since automobile
exhaust is the major contributor to the pollution of the Los
Angeles atmosphere, its relation to all aspects of smog formation
is of prime importance. There have been three studies of the
chemical nature of the particulate in non-irradiated auto exhaust.
This is believed to be the first report on the nature of
photochemically generated aerosol in auto exhaust. All of the
aerosol collected for the chemical analyses was generated under
similar conditions. The irradiated chamber was first flushed with
pure air and then auto exhaust at 5000 or 7200 ppm by volume was
allowed to enter the chamber after passing through the inlet
filter. As soon as steady state concentrations were reached, the
chamber irradiation lamps were turned on. The experiments were
dynamic in nature with 1-hr residence time for the mixture in the
chamber during which period the irradiation took place. The
aerosol under study was that generated essentially in a stirred
flow reactor. The runs lasted up to 9 hr in order to collect
samples of sufficient size for the standard microanalytical
techniques to be used in the analyses. Microcombustion technique,
microanalytical chemical techniques and infrared absorption
spectrum measurements are reported. Irradiated auto exhaust
appears to be the principal source of nitrate, sulfate, lead, and
organic compounds in the particulate matter of Los Angeles smog.
Further, these findings explain the higher values of nitrate and
sulfate found in Los Angeles and other similar West Coast
cities in comparison with other cities. Assuming six million
gallons of gasoline are consumed in auto engines per day in Los
Angeles, about one ton per day of non-irradiated particulate and
at least 10 tons per day of photochemically generated particulate
are present in a typical smog.f#
06056
R. J. Grant and H. Banes
ADSORPTION OF BINARY HYDROCARBON GAS MIXTURES ON ACTIVATED
CARBON. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals 5 (t):490-498, Nov.
1966.
The Polanyi adsorption potential theory is extended to predict
the adsorption of binary gas aixtures on activated carbon. The
M. Basic Science and Technology 943
-------
calculation method assumes that the adsorbate behaves as an ideal
liquid mixture and that the total adsorbate volume determines the
adsorption potential of each pure component and hence its
adsorption pressure as a pure gas. The method in principle
applies to a wide vareity of binary mixtures and can be extended to
multicomponent systems. It is here successfully applied to new
data on mixtures of methane with propane, butane, and hexane at 25
C. and total pressures up to 1000 p.s.i.g., as well as to
literature data at atmospheric pressure. (Authors' abstract)##
06102
N, Endow, G. J. Doyle, and J. L. Jones
THE NATURE OF SOME MODEL PHOTOCHEMICAL AEROSOLS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 13 (4), 141-7 (Apr. 1963).
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.)
To obtain greater knowledge of the chemical nature of that part of
smog which reduces visibiligy, its significance to health and
its formation in model aerosols were generated by the
photo-oxidation of a single hydrocarbon, by nitrogen oxides and, in
most instances, by the co-photooxidation of a third
component-sulfur dioxide. The model aerosols are the result of
the same type of process which undoubtedly takes place in the
atmosphere, but the complexity of the reactions is considerably
reduced and the chemical composition is more closely controlled.
Evidence from infrared spectra of precipitated model aerosols
formed by the photo-oxidation of lower olefin homologs-nitrogen
oxides-sulfur dioxide mixtures at 50% relative humidity indicated
that the principal constituent of the aerosol was sulfuric acid.
Other analytical data, microchemical elemental analysis, spot
tests, and the like, gave support to the belief that the
principal constituent of these aerosols was sulfuric acid. In
addition to sulfuric acid, the aerosols contained a smaller
concentration of nitrite-type material. Height loss studies of
precipitated aerosols indicated either that portions of the
condensed aerosol materials were volatile or that the aerosol was
unstable and a decomposition product was volatile.##
06182
Billings, C. E.
EFFECTS OF PABTICLE ACCUMULATION IN AEBOSOL FILTRATION (4 DOCTOB'S
THESIS). For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, California
Inst. of Tech., Pasadena. (1966). 233 pp.
The filtration of solid aerosol particles produces a decrease in
filter penetration and an increase in filter resistance because of
the accumulation of deposited material. Functions are derived for
the effects of particle accumulation on filter penetration and
resistance. A new aerosol tunnel is described which provides a
uniform field of particle and fluid flow for extended periods.
Data are presented on the effec-ts of accumulation of 1.3-micron
polystyrene particles on the performance of filter mats tested in
the aerosol tunnel. A quantitative microscopic study of
accumulation of 1.3-micron particles on single isolated 10-micron
glass fibers is described. Photographs of deposit structure and
measurements of aggregate size are included. (Author)s abstract)
,944 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
06625
B. S. Tsay
A DISCDSSION OF THE FORMULA X USED IN COMPUTING THE AMOUNT OF FUEL
REQUIRED TO PRODUCE COMBUSTION GASES AT A GIVEN TEHPERATUEE IB 1
COMBUSTION CHAHBER OH AN AFTERBURNER. Chi Hsieh Rung
Ch'eng Hsueh Pao (Chinese J. Mechanical
Engineering) 12 (3), 94-6 (1964) Chin. (Tr.).
CFSTI,DDC: AD 625 788
AD 625 888
A generalization of 2 formulas for calculating the amount of fuel
required to produce combustion gases at a given temperature in a
combustion chamber or in an afterburner is presented. The
applicability of the original formula based on (CH3)m fuel to
other fuels is discussed. (Author's abstract, modified)##
06648
Hatsak, V. G.
VAPOR TENSION AND VAPORIZATION OF SUBSTANCES IN MOVING AIE.
Gigiena i Sanit., (8) 35-41, 1958. In: U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, Vol. 8,
1-9, 1962
CFSTI: 62-11103
The purpose was to place at the disposal of engineers and
hygienists working in the field of sanitary technology basic data
regarding vapor tension and rate of vaporization of different
inorganic and organic substances in moving air. Particular
emphasis was placed on substances, and especially toxic
substances, most commonly used in industrial technology. Such
information should allow hygienists to evaluate the potential
danger associated with vaporization of toxic substances in relation
to their physico-chemical and toxicological properties, and
sanitary engineers to apply it in their computation of air
ventilation in general and of guantative determination of the
degree of air charged with vapor of high-molecular substances, and
in correctly distributing incoming and exhaust air, and in
computing other means required for the sanitary improvement of
labor conditions. It is suggested that sanitary engineers use the
nomograms presented especially where a 5S error is permissible.
More than 85 chemically pure substances are represented in three
nomograms and two tables.f#
06698
S. W. Hum, B. Dimitriades, and H. D. Fleming
HOH HYDROCARBON TYPES DETERMINE SMOG-FORMING POTENTIAL OF EXHAUST
-GASES. S.A.E. (Soc. Automot. bSeng.) J. 74 (2), 59-61
(Feb. 1966).
Relationships between automobile exhaust gas reactivity under
irradiation and composition of unburned hydrocarbons in the
M. Basic Science and Technology 945
-------
exhaust was studied over a wide range of fuels and driving
conditions. Indices measured were: rate at which NO is
converted to N02; oxidant formation; and formaldehyde formation.
These were correlated with concentrations of; unsaturates
pins oxygenates; non-aromatic unsaturates plus oxygenates; and
non-aromatic unsaturates plus oxygenates, less acetylene and
propylene. Correlation between composition and chemical
reactivity is not consistent. Oxidant formation is constant
within experimental error limits. Variability in the rate of
N02 formation is considered to be due to variations in
composition, including variations in molecular weight, within each
of the general classifications with which reactivity correspondence
was sought. Inherently low precision of the analytical method nay
be at fault for the + or - 34% scatter shown in
formaldehyde-formation data. For exhaust samples of similar
origin (that is, the same fuel) , a fairly well defined correlation
exists between reactivity and composition. Extracting all or part
of the unsaturates and oxygenates from exhaust samples does tend
to reduce their reactivity. Nitrogen oxides also play a complex
role in determining reactivity. In a hydrocarbon-nitrogen oxides
mixture, reactivity is more or less a monotonic function of the
hydrocarbon concentration, but its dependence on nitrogen oxides
is not monotonic. Comparing the reactivity of two exhaust samples
, therefore, means taking account not only of reactive hydrocarbon
concentrations, but also their ratios to nitrogen oxides, as well
as the direction in which the hydrocarbon to nitrogen oxides ratio
affects reactivity.##
06720
A. J. Fatiadi
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON PTEENE
ADSORBED ON GARDEN SOIL. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1 (7),
570-2 (July 1967).
Irradiation of pyrene adsorbed on garden soil for 240 hrs at 32
degrees gave a mixture of products that could be separated by
thin-layer and column chromatography. Eight compounds were
formed, and five have been identified: 1,1'-bipyrene, 1,6- and
1,8-pyrenediones, and 1,6- and 1,8-pyrenediols. When the pyrene
adsorbed on garden soil was stirred in the dark for 240 hrs at 32
degrees, the yield of 1,1'-bipyrene was lowered (from 4 to 6%) to
0.3%, and only traces of the two diones were formed; on treatment
in the dark at 110 degrees for only 8 hrs, dione yields were
increased to 2.5%. When other particulates (silica gel,
alumina, Florisil, etc.) were used instead of garden soil,
1,1'-bipyrene was not formed. Experiments in which
radical-capture agents were incorporated showed lower yields of
1,1'-bipyrene, indicating that the reaction with ultraviolet
irradiation involves a free-radical mechanism. The yield of the
diones was unchanged with these agents present, suggesting that
they are formed by attack cf adsorbed oxygen on photo-excited
pyrene molecules. Irradiation of pyrene in the crystalline
form without soil did not produce 1,1•bipyrene. No attempt was
made to follow quantitatively the input of energy during the
irradiation of pyrene on soil (a heterogeneous reaction); from the
practical standpoint, however, the main objective of this study
was to trace the fate of pyrene on soil, as a representative
reaction of a series of polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons
(carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic). (Author abstract)##
'946 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
06980
A. J. Fatiadi
SEPARATION OF PYRENEDIONES BY COLUMN CHHOHATOGBAPHY. J.
Chromatog. 20, 319-24 (1965),
Pure 1,6 - 1,8 and 4,5 pyrenediones were needed as reference
compounds in connection with studies on the photochemical
oxidation of pyrene. The procedure reported by Vollmann for
the preparation and separation of 1,6 and 1,8 pyrenediones
involves a laborious series of processes. After tests with a
variety of adsorbents and solvents, it was found that 1,6 and 1,8
pyrenediones, in an oxidation mixture obtained from purene, are
separated directly on a column of silica gel with glacial acetic
acid as an eluate. The final purification of 1,6 pyrenedione
was accomplished on a column of activated alumina with benzene as
a solvent. The composition of each eluted fraction was
checked by thin layer chromatography. The infrared and UV
spectra of the purified diones and of 1-0x0-6,7
phenalenedicarboxylic acid anhydride were recorded.ft
06997
B. H. Fabuss, A. S. gorsanyi, D. A. Duncan, R.
Kafesjian, J. 0. Smith
RESEARCH ON THE MECHANISM OF THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF
HYDROCARBON FUELS. Monsanto Research Corp., Everett, Mass.
Boston Labs. (Aug. 1964). 128 pp. (Rept. No. ASD-TDR-63
-102, Part II.)
The decomposition and particle formation of 28 naphthenic
and 8 paraffinic hydrocarbons were studied. The decomposition
approximately a first-order kinetic process, although self-
acceleration was observed with most monocyclic hydrocarbons and
self-acceleration was observed with most monocyclic
hydrocarbons and self-inhibition was observed for polycyclic
hydrocarbons. Pressure increased the decomposition rate. A
detailed study of the effects of organosulfur contaminants was
made. These contaminants inhibited the cracking of naphthenes and
straight-chain paraffins and accelerated the cracking of
branched paraffins. An increase in contaminant concentration
and an increase in the number of methyl substituent groups on a
hydrocarbon increased this effect. Several binary hydrocarbon
mixtures were cracked. The component hydrocarbons did not crack
independently. Nevertheless, the decomposition rate of the
mixture could be predicted assuming no mutual interferences in
decomposition. The micro-coker, a new small-scale device for
studying decomposition and deposit formation in a flow system,
was developed. (Author abstract)#f
07108
Renzetti, N. A. and G. J. Doyle
PHOTOCHEMICAL AEROSOL FORMATION IN SULFUR DIOXIDE-HYDROCARBON
SYSTEMS. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, 2:327-345, June
1960. 31 refs. (Presented at the Int. Clean Air Conf,,
London, Engl., Oct. 20-24, 1959.)
M. Basic Science and Technology 947
-------
1 series of photochemical experiments were conducted in a 50-1.
stirred-flow reactor to study aerosol formation from different
hydrocarbons in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sulfur
dioxide. Irradiation by simulated sunlight of trace
concentrations (p.p.m.) of the reactants, in some cases yielded
particles in the size regime 0.1-0.3 microns diameter, which by
scattering of light are important to visibility in the
atmosphere. A large number of experiments with 3 p.p.m. of
various hydrocarbons, 1 p.p.m. nitrogen oxides, and 0.1 to 0.5
p.p.m. 302 indicated that -the olefinic hydrocarbons were the only
important aerosol formers in contrast to the paraffinic and
aromatic hydrocarbons. It was observed that the photolysis of
sulfur dioxide proceeds at the rate of 0.4 per cent per minute.
The high sulfate content of the particulate matter and low
gaseous sulfur dioxide concentrations observed in the Los-
Angeles smog are consistent with the findings of this
laboratory program. (Authors' summary, modified)##
07188
B. N. Poglazova, G. E. Fedoseeva, A. J. Khesina, H.
U. Heissel, and L. H. Shabad
DESTRUCTION OF BENZO(A)PYRENE BY SOIL BACTERIA. Life Sci.
6(10):1053-1062, 1967.
Data are given on the presence of bacteria capable of
accumulating and destroying the carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene, which
is found in the air and soil of large modern cities. Samples
collected on the land of an old oil refinery contained up to 200 ag
of benzo(a)pyrene per kilogram of soil. Seventeen strains of
spore-forming bacteria, some of which belong to the Bacillus
megaterium species were isolated from soil samples and grown on
meat infusion agar. The cultivated bacteria accumulated and
destroyed the benzo (a)pyrene in the nutrient media and in the soil.
It was possible to increase the ability of the soil bacteria to
destroy benzo(a)pyrene by prolonged cultivation in media
containing the hydrocarbon. The benzo(a)pyrene content of the
samples was followed by guantitative spectral fluorescent methods.
A fundamental method of biologically reducing the carcinogenic
hydrocarbons in the soils is given.##
07271
Whitby, K. T., B. Y. H. Liu, and A. R. McFarland
A STUDY OF ATOMIZES AE80SOL GENERATORS (INTRODUCTION-SECTION
I). (Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering), Progress rept. no. AP OOU80-2, p. 1-10, Aug.
1967. 5 refs.
The further development of three generators was attempted. The
first of these is an atomizer type generator which is suitable both
for polystyrene lastex aerosol generation and for the generation of
moderately monodisperse submicron aerosols by the atomization of
the dye solutions. The second is a condensation type generator
capable of generating high concentrations of monodisperse aerosols
from the atomization, evaporation, and recondensation of such
substances as OOP, glycerol, and triphenalphosphate. The third
generator is an advance version of the Model II spinning disk
948 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
aerosol generator previously developed. The principal
specifications of the generators and the progress to date are
reviewed.#t
37272
Liu, B. Y. H.
METHODS OF GENERATING MONODISPEESE AEEOSOLS (SECTION II).
In: A Study of Atomizer Aerosol Generators. {(Minnesota
Univ., Minneapolis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering)),
Progress rept. no. AP 00480-2, Publication no. 104, Rept. no.
COO-1248-10, p. 1-34, Aug. 1967. 32 refs. Presented at the
Bth Conf. on Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene
Studies, Oakland, Calif., Feb. 6-8, 1967.)'
The methods of generating monodisperse aerosols are discussed.
The principal characteristics, advantages and limitations of the
following methods are given: spinning disk aerosol, generator,
atomizer-impactor generator and condensation generator.##
07273
Whitby, K. T. and Y. H. Liu
POLYSTYRENE AEROSOLS—ELECTRICAL CHARGE AND RESIDUE SIZE
DISTRIBUTION. (SECTION III). In: A Study of Atomizer
Aerosol Generators. ((Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, Dept. of
Mechanical Engineering)) p. 1-32, Aug. 1967. 16 refs. Also:
((Atmospheric Environ.)), 2 (2):103-116, March 1968.
The complete size distribution of polystyrene aerosols produced
from a dilute hydrosol of the polystyrene latex particles by the
atomization and evaporation process has been measured over the
size range, 0.002 microns to 5 microns in 18 size intervals by
means of an aerosol counting and size distribution measuring
system consisting of three instruments in parallel operations: a
condensation nuclei counter, an electric particle counter, and an
optical particle counter. The concentration of the residue
particles resulting from the evaporation of the empty liquid
droplets containing no PSL particles has been found to be
approximately five orders of magnitude higher than the monodisperse
PSL particles. The use of an impactor with a sharp 2 micron
droplet cut-off has been shown to be effective in improving the
monodispersity of the generated polystyrene aerosol. The
improvement apparently resulted from the reduced number of
multiplets formed. The electrostatic charge on the PSL
particle has been measured and the median charge has been found to
be on the order from 10 to 100 elementary electron units.
However, some particles have been found to carry over 600 units of
charge. Charges of these magnitudes are approaching or even
exceeding the maximum charge that can be placed on these particles
in an electrostatic precipitator and undoubtedly can have a very
substantial effect on the behavior of the aerosol. A radioactive
Kr-85 gas of 0.5 millicurie activity has been found to be an
effective means of neutralizing the aerosol charge. (Authors'
abstract, modified)t*
M. Basic Science and Technology 949
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07395
E. D. Schwartz, R. G. Mathews, D. J. Brasseaux
RESOLUTION OF COMPLEX HYDROCARBON MIXTURES BY CAPILLARY
COLUMN GAS CHROKATOGRAPHY - COMPOSITION OF THE 80 DEGREES -
180 DEGREES C AROMATIC PORTION OF PETROLEUM. J. Gas
Chromatog., 5(5):251-253, May 1967. 7 refs.
The selectivity of a number of liquid substrates, for the
separation of the 80 degrees -180 degrees C aromatic hydrocarbons,
has been investigated. Capillary columns coated with esters which
form pi-complexes with the aromatics are particularly useful for
these separations. Modification of the ester substrate
by the addition of other suitable solvents is necessary in
order to obtain the optimum selectivity for the resolution of this
complex mixture containing several closely related hydrocarbon
isomers. It is possible to separate these 21 aromatic
hydrocarbons, in approximately <*5 minutes, with a 200 ft. length of
0.01 inch i.d. stainless steel coated with a modified pi-complexing
substrate. (Authors' abstract)#t
07457
Benson, S. W. and R. Shaw
KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF THE PYROLYSIS OF 1,4-CYCLOHEXADIENE.
Trans. Faraday Soc.. 36 (532):985-992, April 1967. 18 refs.
The homogeneous gas-phase pyrolysis of 1,U-cyclohexadiene has been
shown to obey the pattern of reactivity of cyclic olefins. The
reaction was studied using mass spectrometry, u.-v, spectroscopy,
gas chromatography, and pressure measurements. The process is
first order to at least 80% decomposition. The rate constant has
been measured over a range of seven powers of ten, in packed and
unpacked, static and flow reactors between 250 and 620 deg C and
between 0.001 and 100 torr. The absence of hydrogen atoms has
been shown by the lack of exchange with hexadeuterobenzene and
toluene. The chain decomposition involving cyclohexadienyl
radicals is, therefore, not important, probably due to the
endothermicity and low A—factor of the bimolecular initiation.
From the Arrhenius parameters for the intramolecular elimination
of hydrogen from 1,4-CH, and from estimates of the entropy and
heat changes, the rate constant for the dienophilic
1,4-hydrogenation of benzene was calculated. (Authors' abstract,
modified)#t
07458
Benson, S. H. and G. R. Haugen
MECHANISMS FOR SOME HIGH-TEMPERATDRE GAS-PHASE REACTIONS OF
ETHYLENE, ACETYLENE, AND BUTAEIENE. J. Phys. Chem.,
71(6):1735-1746, May 1967.
Sufficient information concerning the rate parameters of the
individual propagation and termination steps of radical reactions
now exists so that it is possible to predict the kinetic behavior
of a chain mechanism with better than order-of-magnitude
950 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION.
-------
reliability. This precision comes from the similarities that
exist between the A factors and activation energies of homologous
reactions. In particular, the creditability of a proposed chain
mechanism for the high-temperature gas-phase reaction of
unsaturated hydrocarbons can be tested by comparing the observed
kinetic behavior with that predicted by the mechanism. A
pyrolytic chain was proposed that adequately describes the
experimentally observed high-temperature hydrogenation of acetylene
and also the high-temperature pyrolysis of ethylene. The
propagation steps representing the formation of the major products
of these systems are diagrammed. The minor product in both
systems is 1,3-butadiene. In the pyrolysis of ethylene, the side
reaction accounts for the production of butadiene. In the case of
the hydrogenation of acetylene, a concurrent chain is responsible
for the side products. (Authors' abstract, modified)##
07«62
Egger, Kurt W. and Sidney H. Benson
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE KINETICS OF HYDROGEN IODIDE ADDITION TO
1,3- AND 1,4-PENTADIENE. J. Phys. Chem., 71 (6) :1933-1936,
May 1967.
Quantitative kinetic information on the addition of HI to
olefins, obtained complementary to reported studies of the iodine
atom catalyzed isomerization and dimerization of n-pentadienes in
the gas phase is reported. The rate of addition of HI to either
1,3- or 1,i*-pentadiene was checked as a possible side reaction in
these studies. It was found that, during the isomerization of
1,i»-pentadiene in the presence of iodine at temperatures between
1,U-pentadiene in the presence of iodine at temperatures between
U20 and 515 deg K, 5-10% monoolefins had been produced. Bate
constants were calculated from pressure measurements, as only the
constants were calculated from pressure measurements, as only the
rate-controlling step leads to a pressure change. The iodine
buildup during the reaction, monitored spectrophotometrically,
checks out within experimental error limits with the amount of
saturated hydrocarbon or monoolefin, respectively, measured by
gas—liquid chromatography. The measured pressure changes are in
reasonable agreement with the iodine- produced. The method and
experimental procedures used have been reported in detail earlier.
The results are summarized here. A more careful and detailed
study of the HI addition to 1,3-pentadiene is needed before any
further conclusions can be drawn. There is no doubt, though, that
HI adds much faster to the conjugated olefinic bond and it is
believed that this corresponds to the homogeneous reaction rate.tt
07163
Harrison, Arthur P., Jr., and Vivian E. Raabe
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PHOTODYNAHIC ACTION OF BENZO A PYRENE ON
ESCHESICHIA COLI. J. Bacteriol., 93 (2) :618-626, Feb. 1968.
23 refs.
Death of Escherichia coli resulted when a buffer suspension was
exposed simultaneously to colloidal benzo a pyrene (BP) and
355-millimicrons illumination. Neither hydrocarbon nor
illumination alone caused death; oxygen had to be present. The
survival curve had a shoulder, and then death proceeded
M. Basic Science and Technology 95]
-------
exponentially with time. Death rate was independent of
temperature between 6 and 32 C. The duration of the shoulder,
however, decreased slightly with increase in temperature. The
shoulder was not due to delay in BP entering the cell. Death
was influenced by the composition of the medium in which the cells
were grown prior to illumination. The amount of BP bound to the
cells was determined after three ethyl alcohol-ether extractions.
Appreciable binding occurred in the presence of 355-millimicrons
illumination with air, and relatively little binding occurred under
nitrogen; very little binding occurred in the dark with nitrogen or
air. At the outset, rate of binding under illumination with air
was not temperature-dependent, but with time it became strongly
teraperature-dependent. Binding under illumination with nitrogen
was temperature-independent. Bound BP was associated primarily
with cell protein. Cells in growth medium resisted death and
BP binding. At 21 and 32 C, deoxyribonucleic acid damage
occurred during exponential death. No damage was detected at 21
and 32 C in the dark with BP, under illumination in absence of
BP, or under illumination with BP in a nitrogen atmosphere.
(Authors' abstract)##
(Authors' abstract)##
07495
Ciborowski, J. and R. Pohorecki
THE EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES ON SUBLIMATION CONDENSATION.
Int. Chem. Eng., 7(1):4859, Jan. 1967. 46 refs. Translated
from Chem. Stosowana, Vol. 2B, p. 159-182, 1966.
The effect of electrical discharges on the condensation of vapor
at temperatures below the triple point has been studied. A
simplified schematic diagram of the apparatus used is presented.
It was composed basically of a saturator, a heater, a superheater,
an ionizer, and a condensation chamber. The condensation vas
carried out by mixing a hot stream of gas containing vapors of the
condensing component (naphthalene) with a stream of cold inert gas.
It was concluded that: the existence of a considerable effect of
electrical discharges on the course of sublimation condensation has
been established. This effect is based primarily on
intensification and simultaneous stabilization of the course of
the progress. The effect of discharges on the condensation
process depends on the type of discharge. This effect is
considerable in the case of spark discharges, but in the case of
corona discharges it was not observed at all. The magnitude of
the effect observed depends to a small degree on the voltage (if
it is large enough for spark discharges to occur). This
magnitude also depends on the thermodynamic parameters of the
system; however, no dependence on the flow rate of the gas
through the ionizer was observed (within the investigated limits of
changes of this value) . The effects of electrical discharges on
the condensation process can be explained by the formation of a
larger number of active condensation nuclei, which facilitate
nucleation of the new phase.#f
07498
Hughes, A. N., H. D. Scheer, and R. Klein
THE REACTION BETWEEN 0(3P) AND CONDENSED 01EFINS BELOW 100
DEC K. J. Phys. Chem., 70 (3) :798-805, March 1966.
952 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The addition of oxygen atoms to condensed simple olefins has
been studied in the 77 to 90 deg K temperature range. The
ground-state 0(3P) atoms were generated in the gas by
dissociation of 02 on rhenium or tungsten surfaces heated to 2300
deg K. At 90 deg K and oxygen pressures below HO mtorr, the
aajor products were found to be the unfragmented epoxides and
carbonyls. Above 50 mtorr, ozonides and oxygenated products
characteristic of rupture at the double bond were observed. Above
100 mtorr only the ozonides and their fragments were produced. At
77 deg K, the ozonolysis reaction occurred at much lower oxygen
pressures. Comparison of these results with those obtained in
the gas phase at 300 deg K indicates that the low-temperature
environment efficiently removes the excess energy from the excited
biradical formed in the primary act of 0 atom addition to the
double bond. In all cases studied, fragmentation was less
extensive than the comparable gas phase process. (Authors'
abstract)##
07509
Scheer, Milton D. and Ralph Klein
OXYGEN ATOM REACTIONS WITH CONDENSED OLEFINS. Science,
144(3623) :1214, June 5, 1964. 4 refs.
Gaseous oxygen atoms, thermally generated from 02 on a 2300 deg
K zirconia surface, react with simple condensed olefins below
100 deg K. Initial results indicate that the distribution of
products differs from that obtained in the gas phase at higher
temperature. Reaction between the condensed olefins and oxygen
atoms differ from the gas phase results in that neither CO nor
C02 are formed as reaction products. (Authors' abstract,
modified)##
07510
Schneider, Ronald A. and Jerrold Meinwald
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ALPHA, BETA-ONSATURATED CARBONYL
COMPOUNDS WITH OLEFINS. J. Am. Chen. Soc., 89 (9) :2023-2032,
April 26, 1967.
The synthesis of trans-5,5,6-trimethyl-3,6-heptadien-2-one is
described. Upon irradiation, it is converted into the cis isomer
which undergoes two modes of intramolecular cycloaddition to form
1,4,7,7-tetramethyl-3-oxabicyclo(4.1.0) hept-4-ene and
1,3,6,6-tetramethyl-2-oxabicyclo(3.1.1)hept-3-ene. The
cycloadditions are considered to proceed through a diradical
intermediate formed from s-cis. It is suggested that s-cis or
s-trans conformational preference may be an important factor in
determining the mode of photo-reaction of alpha beta-unsaturated
carbonyl compounds with olefins. The s-trans-1-acetylcyclohexene
was found to react with isobutylene to form
cis-1-acetyl-2-methylallycyclohexane without side reactions.
Several s-cis enones were found to be photochemically reactive.
Some general rules are presented which summarize existing
observations for this class of reactions.##
M. Basic Science and Technology 953
-------
07512
Slater, David H., Susan S. Collier, and Jack. G. Calvert
THE PHOTOLYSIS OF 1,1•-AZOISOBDTANE VAPOH AT 3660 A; THE
REACTIONS OF THE ISOBUTTI FBEE EADICAL. Preprint, Ohio State
Dniv. , Columbus, Evans Chem. Lai., (25) p. , (1967).
(Presented at the Eobert Livingston Photochem. Symposium,
Minneapolis, Minn., Hay 9, 1967 and 154th Nat. Meeting, Rmer.
Chem. Soc., Chicago, 111., Sept. 1967.)
The vapor phase photolysis of 1,1'-azoisobutane was studied in
experiments at wavelength 3660 A and at various temperatures and
pressures. The product rate data fit well the suggested reaction
scheme involving an excited azoisobutane molecule and reactions of
the isobutyl free radical. The ratio of rate constants for the
disproportionation and combination reactions of the isobutyl
radical was estimated to be 0.075 plus or minus 0.007 (25-168 deg).
Bate constants for the H-atom abstraction and the decomposition
reactions of the isobutyl radical were derived. From the effects
of pressure and temperature on the quantum yield of nitrogen, an
estimate was obtained for the rate constant for the excited
az/-molecule decomposition reaction. If the excited singlet were
the reactant, then fluorescence emission should be observable fron
the azoisobutane. No emission was detectable even in experiments
at -180 deg.##
07607
Stein, K. C., J. J. Feenan, G. P. Thompson, J. F.
Schultz, L. J. E. Hofer, and B. B. Anderson
THE OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS CN SIMPLE OXIDE CATALYSTS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 10 (4) :275-281, Aug. 1960. 2 refs.
(Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Los Angeles, Calif., June 21-26, 1959.)
A large number of catalysts have been laboratory tested for the
oxidation of various hydrocarbons for the purpose of developing
catalysts which may be suitable for oxidizing hydrocarbons in
automobile exhaust gas. A large number of catalysts were tested
using the rapid microcatalytic- chromatographic technique. A group
of eight hydrocarbons was selected for study, comprising n-pentane,
isopentane, pentene-2, pentyne-1, n-hexane, cyclohexane, 2,3 -
dimethylbutane, and benzene. Many oxides of some of the metals of
groups IE, VB, VIE, VIIB, and VIII of the periodic table were
selected. A list selected from the oxides used, together with their
B.E.T. surface areas and x-ray diffraction data is shown in Table
I. Results show that: branched hydrocarbons are more difficult to
oxidize than normal hydrocarbons; ease of oxidation increases with
molecular weight in homologous series; unsaturated aliphatic
hydrocarbons are more easily oxidized than the corresponding
paraffins; in comparing open chain and cyclic compounds having the
same number of carbon atoms, reactivity toward oxidation probably
decreases according to the sequence; the most active single oxide
catalysts were found to be the oxides of cobalt, nickel, manganese,
chromium, cerium, titanium, and iron. It is conceivable that
different forms or preparations of the same oxide would have
different activities. The microcatalytic - chromatographic
technique has proved to be a very convenient means for rapid
screening in oxidation studies. It is to be recommended where a
954 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
large number of catalysts or reactants are to be investigated or
where a wide range of temperatures is to be used.
07682
General Electric Company, Lynn, Massachusetts, Direct Energy
Conversion Operation
HYDROCARBON - AIR FUEL CELLS. Contract No. Da 44-
009 ABC 479 (T) , Technical Summary Hept. No. 10, 235p., Dec.
31, 1966.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 649895
Detailed information is presented on a continuing research and
development program to develop a direct hydrocarbon oxidation-air
fuel cell technology. Current work included research on
electrocatalysts, multi-component fuels, and investigations with
alternate acid electrolytes. Phosphoric acid seemed to be the best
electrolyte in spite of the anodic cycling which has been observed
in single cells. Teflon-bonded platinum electrodes supported on
tantalum screens were chosen in spite of their limited life and
high cost9 Normal octane was chosen as the fuel, even though it
also is expensive. The result of the system study was, therefore,
a view of the upper limit in performance attainable today, even
though the system is expensive. The system analysis of a direct
liquid hydrocarbon system showed the optimum components and
conditions to be: (1) Phosphoric acid electrolyteB about 96 w/o
at 150 C, with a 1/16 inch electrolyte; (2) Platinum electrodes of
active area 10 by 15 inches; (3) Normal octane as the fuel and air
as the oxidant; and (4) Three times stoichiometric reaction air.
Such a system is capable of delivering 540 watts net at an overall
efficiency of 20 percent based on higher heating value. The system
is water conservative at ambients of 85 F or lower. About 60 watts
is needed for parasitic power if free convection cooling is used.
Not much system weight reduction could be obtained by decreasing
the electrolyte gap by half, but the weight could be reduced by 40
percent by designing for an operating temperature of 180 C. The
high concentration of acid needed at 180 C poses a problem of
electrolyte solidification upon cooling after shutdown of the unit.
Free convection cooled auxiliaries were favored for system
simplicity and higher efficiency. A conceptual layout of a 0.5 kw
system for the free convection configuration operating at 150 C is
presented.
07705
Asset, Gabrielle and Thomas G. Hutchins
LEEWAHD DEPOSITION OF PARTICLES ON CYLINDERS FROM MOVING AEROSOLS.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 28 (4) :348-353, July-Aug, 1967. 9 refs.
A study of leeward deposition of moving aerosols on cylinders was
conducted by exposing glass rods of various dimensions to aerosols
in a wind tunnel. Particles of several size ranges were carried to
the target at three different velocities. For each exposure, the
ratio between the number of particles counted on the leeward side
of the cylinder and the number counted over an egual area on the
windward side was calculated, as was the impaction parameter
corresponding to the mean particle size. When the impaction
M. Basic Science and Technology 955
-------
parameter was smaller than 0.085, the ratio did vary, generally
showing an increase with decreasing particle size and wind velocity
but with increasing cylinder size.
07791
Benson, S. W.
HECHANISM OF THE DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS OF BUTADIENE. J. Chen.
Phys., 46 (12) :4920-4926, June 15, 1967.
Kinetic data on the pyrolysis of 1,5-cyclooctadiene to give
butadiene and 4-vinyl cyclohexene by parallel paths are analyzed
and shown to be quantitatively consistent with a common biradical
precursor, the octadien-2,6,-diyl-1,8 biradical. It is further
shown that these data are in excellent agreement with independent
studies of the reverse reactions; pyrolysis of 4-vinyl cyclohexene
to butadiene and the dimerization of butadiene. A fourth study of
the pyrolysis in solution of 1,2-divinyl cyclobutane to give
butadiene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, t-vinyl cyclohexene, and
cis-trans isomerization is shown to fit the same scheme with only
minor modifications in two of the rate constants. The analysis
lends support to the 12.6-kcal assignment of the allyl
stabilization energy. It also resolves an apparent anomaly in the
rate parameters for the reverse Diels-Alder pyrolyses of
cyclohexene, 3-methyl cyclohexene, and 4-vinyl cyclohexene.
Arrhenius parameters for all the elementary rate constants are
assigned and shown to be reasonable compared to similar
processes. Important rotation-controlled rates in the scheme are
examined and conclusions drawn about the contributions of
different rotomeric forms of the biradical. (Author's abstract)*!
07798
Hess, L. D., J. L. Jacobson, K. Schaffner, and J. N. Pitts, Jr.
STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY IN THE 7APOB-PHASE PHOTOLYSIS OF KETONES.
V. ALIPHATIC CYCLOPROPYL AND OLEFINIC KETONES. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
89(15) :3684-3688, July 19, 1967. 34 refs.
Vapor-phase irradiations of the aliphatic cyclopropyl and olefinic
ketones, methyl cyclopropyl ketone(I), 1-cyclopropy1-2-
propanone (II), 1-cyclopropyl-3-butanone (IV) , and 1-penten-t-
bone (III) at 3120 A and 120 degrees have been carries out.
Quantum yields of yields of carbon monoxide
from the type I split are 0.04 for ke-
tone I, 0.88 for ketone II, 0.71 for ketone IV and 0.60 for
III. Other primary photochemical processes in these ketones are
the isomerization of cyclopropane in coumpounds I and II, and
the type II split in compound IV. The data from these reactions
together with previously reported results provide the basis for a
coherent evaluation of the relationship between structure and
photoreactivity in the vapor phase at 3130A and 120 degrees of the
two series of closely related aliphatic and cyclic ketones which
possess cyclopropyl and double bonds, respectively, in the alpha,
beta and gamma positions to the carbonyl group. (Authors)
abstract, modified)
956 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
07806
Alley, F. C.
A BENCH SCALE REACTION SYSTEM FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC SMOG
POTENTIAL. Preprint, Clemson Dniv., S. C., Chemical Engineering
Dept. , ((10p.))» 1966. (Presented at the 21st Annual Instrument
Society of America Conference 5 Exhibit, New York City, Oct. 24-27,
1966, Paper No. 11.3-1-66.)
Photochemical smog results when the atmosphere contains certain
hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen and is irradiated under
favorable conditions of temperature and humidity. If smog control
efforts are to be successful, the complex series of reactions by
which smog is pfoduced must be completely understood from a
standpoint of reaction mechanism and kinetics. This paper
describes a bench scale photo-chemical reaction system for
simulating the processes occurring when a polluted atmosphere is
irradiated by sun light. The flexibility of the system as aell as
the capabilities and limitations of several existing pollutant
monitoring devices are discussed. (Author! s abstract)
07988
Norris, Logan A. and David Greiner
THE DEGRADATION OF 2,4-D IN FOREST LITTER. Bull.
Environ. Contamination Toxicol., 2(2):65-74, 1967. 9 refs.
The influence of forest litter type and several chemical factors
on the persistence of 2,4-D in forest litter was determined.
2,4-D is rapidly degraded in forest litter and the rate of
degradation varies with the type of litter, herbicide formulation
and the presence of DDT. The degradation of 2,4-D varies
slightly in litter from different vegetation types when incubated
under similar environmental conditions. Greater variation in herb-
icide degradation rates may be expected in the field; but this will
be due primarily to differences in the site microenvironment,rather
than inherent differences in the litter. Various formulations of
2,4-D are degraded at different rates in forest litter although
this is believed to be more a function of constituents of
formulation than a direct effect of the technical acid, salt or
ester. Finally, these experiments have shown that up to 4 gallons
per acre of diesel oil has little or no effect on the decomposition
of 2,4-D isooctyl ester, while 1 Ib./A. of DDT appears to
stimulate herbicide degradation. ASM#f
08078
Kanel, Mostata M. and Eric A. Lundstrom
CONTINUOUS GAS MIXING BY THE USE OF CRITICAL FLOW THROUGH SMALL
EIABETER TUBES, California Univ., Berkeley, Coll. of Engineering,
Grant AF-AFOSP-129-67, TN-2-67, AS-67-3, ((60))p., March 1967. 10
refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 651637
M. Basic Science and Technology 957
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A continuous-flow gas mixing device is introduced utilizing
critical flow in small-diameter tubes and commercially available
hypodermic needles, where the flow rate is fixed by the stagnation
pressure upstream. The assumption of laminar adiabatic flow of a
perfect gas with friction is found to be adequate for smaller I,D.
tubes. This assumption becomes less accurate for larger tubes or
higher stagnation pressures due to increasing Reynolds numbers
beyond the laminar-transition region. The continuum assumption
holds for all gases considered (hydrogen, helium, hytrogen,
acetylene. Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon) excepting hydrogen and
helium where slip flow occurs at low pressures for small diameter
tubes. This effect can be neglected experimentally where it is
over-shadowed by the larger effect due to tolerance in the inside
diameter of the tubes. Hypodermic needles of regular tip and
nominal length equal to the required length can be used directly
introducing an error less than 10 percent due to the combined
effect of tolerance, pointed tip, and longer actual length. Less
error can be obtained by painting the needle with insulating
material to reduce heat transfer and by grinding the tip to the
required length. In the latter case, care must be taken to kee
the tip clean and undistorted. For greater accuracy each needle
should be calibrated individually. AS
08105
R. S. Juvet, Jr. P. L. Tanner, J. C. Y. Tsao
PHOTOLYTIC DEGRADATION AS A HEANS OF ORGANIC STRUCTURAL
DETERMINATION. J. Gas Chromatog., 5(1):15-21, Jan. 1967.
15 refs.
Difficulty reported by many authors obtaining reproducible results
in inter-laboratory studies using the pyrolysis-gas chromatographic
technique prompted an investigation of other, more reproducible,
methods of sample decomposition. The method chosen was mercury-
sensitized photolytic decomposition because of the
simplicity of the experimental technique, the simplicity of the
fragmentation patterns, the predictability of the decomposition
products, and the availability of ultraviolet light sources
in many well-equipped laboratories. This proved to be a
particularly fortunate choice since, not only are results
highly reproducible, but preliminary work led to the discovery
that functional groups present in a sample may be identified by
characteristic constants related to the retention of certain
irradiation product peaks called homologous peaks and common peaks,
eliminating the need for identification of the decomposition
products in evaluating the structure of the sample. In this
paper, the procedure is discussed in detail and the decomposition
product retention parameters are tabulated for aldehydes,
ketones, alcohols, esters, and ethers. (Authors' abstract)#t
08118
C. J. Thompson, H. J. Coleman, R. L. Hopkins, H. T.
Rail
HYDROGENOLYSIS-AN IDENTIFICATION TOOL. J. Gas
Chromatog., 5(1):1-10, Jan. 1967. 7 refs.
958 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The development of equipment and techniques that permit
application of Sabatier's classical discoveries in vapor-phase
hydrogenation to micro samples was accomplished just six
years ago in Bartlesville Petroleium Research Center.
Since then, many improvements in the procedure have been
made. Identifications of sulfur compounds in petroleum,
previously thought impossible with the quantities of materials
available, are now being made routinely. Many laboratories
around the world are using the procedure and modifications
thereof. The hydrogenolysis apparatus for structure
determination of naturally occurring organic compounds is
described. This technique rapidly and quantitatively
removes the sulfur atom from organic sulfur compounds to produce
paraffins or cycloparaffins. Indentification of the produced
hydrocarbon identifies or contributes to the indentification
of the precursor. The technique is direct, applicable to
extremely small samples (0.000005 ml), and requires no costly
apparatus. The method also has been applied successfully to
halogen-, oxygen-, and nitrogen-containing compounds. In
addition it has been applied, with success, to the removal of
other hetera atoms such as phosphorus, silicon, and metals.
Only a few anomalies have beenn found, principally in the
deoxygenation reaction. The basic technique, with recent
improvements, permits structure characterization that would
be difficult or impossible by any other procedure.t#
08337
Naumann, Peter
THE VOLATILITY OF AEROSOLS. Staub (English translation) ,
27(8):4-5, Aug. 1967. 5 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/8 (HC $2.00)
Many organic compounds occurring as suspended matter have a
volatility (i.e., the maximum possible vapor concentration) which
is many times higher than the maximum allowable concentration
value. Although these substances occur in the form of suspended
matter, it must be taken into account that they may
also be present in the form of gas (vapor). This fact is
important in the selection of a suitable respirator. It is
proposed, therefore, to give in the MAC list, in the case of
these substances, the MAC value not only in mg cu m but also in
ppm, and to emphasize the necessity of using a combined suspended
matter gas filter. (Author's summary, modified)##
08353
Hoare, E. E. and D. A. Hhytock
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF DIETHYL KETONE VAPOR. Can. J. Chem.
(Ottawa), Vol. 1*5, p. 2841-2845, 1967. 9 refs.
Results from studies of the photo-oxidation of diethyl ketone are
reported. Quantum yields of the products of the reaction of
diethyl ketone when photolyzed in the presence of oxygen with
eight of 3130A were studied as a function of time at 150 and 100
C. The reaction products were mostly the same as those from the
photo-oxidation of methyl ethyl ketone. In addition, propionic
acid and ethylene were products at 150 and 100 C, while trace
aiounts of acetone and methyl ethyl ketone were detected at 150 C.
M. Basic Science and Technology 999
-------
The variety of the reaction products and the absolute values of
their quantum yields indicate that the reaction is a complex chain
reaction of short length. The primary photolysis split is well
established. The chain reaction must be caused by hydrogen
abstraction from the ketone molecule by a radical during which
two types of 3-pentanonyl radical may be formed.##
08558
Hamming, Walter J.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF SOLVENTS. S.A.E. (Soc. Automotive
Engrs. ) , Preprint 670809, 14p. , 1967. 5 refs. (Presented at the
Aeronautic 6 Space Engineering and Manufacturing Meeting, Los
Angeles, Calif., Oct. 2-6, 1967.)
Evaluative studies of relative photochemical reactivities of
various organic solvents for purposes of emission control are
reported. Solvents include olefins, xylenes and other aromatics of
comparable weight, toluene, branched ketones, tri- and
tetrachloroethylene; benzene, and saturated halogenated
hydrocarbons. Criteria used to Judge relative photochemical
reactivity were mainly eye irritation and ozone formation. Initial
judgments based on these standards were also invluenced by aerosol
formation, aldehyde production, and effect of test substances on
rate of conversion of NO to N02. The results of the entire study
show clearly that xylene is more reactive than toluene and sone
olefins. However, the latter, as a group, appear to have the
greatest photochemical reactivity of all hydrocarbon types. Normal
ketones, such as methyl ethyl ketone, are slightly reactive, but
branched ketones, such as methyl isobutyl ketone, are somewhat aore
reactive than their normal isomers. Chlorinated ethylenes, except
perchloroethylene, appear to be photochemically active to a degree
roughly comparable with branched ketones and toluene. Alcohols and
aldehydes are less reactive than toluene; and branched
hydrocarbons, cyclic paraffins, and normal paraffins, still less
so. Benzene, perchloroethylene, saturated halogenate hydrocarbons
and acetone appear virtually unreactive. The results of this study
clearly demonstrated that both the quantity of organic solvent
emissions in Los Angeles County and their overall photochemical
reactivity were such that a reduction was necessary. The results of
the studies were utilized to construct Fule 66 for the control of
organic solvent emissions in Los Angeles County.
08645
Lichtenstein, Stanley
INSIDE AIR POLLUTION—THE VIEW FROM NBS. Ind. Heating, 34(7):1250,
1252, 1254, 1258, 1260, July 1967. Also: Air Eng., 9(11):12-15.
Nov. 1967.
Investigations by U.S. Bureau of Standards are finding out what
happens to estimated total of 140 million tons of pollutants fed
into atmosphere annually by motor vehicles, industry, power plants,
space heating and refuse disposals. Various methods used in
studies of air pollution are discussed. Several scientific teams
making important contributions to air pollution are listed
#60 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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08827
Bei, Kei, Jean-Claude Hani, and J. N. Pitts, Jr.
THE FOBHATION OF POLYENIC DIALDEHYDES IN THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF
PDHE LIQUID BENZEN, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 89 (16) : H225-4227,
Aug. 2, 1967. 1U refs.
The photooxidation of dry, liquid benzene, has been investigated
and among the several products that were formed, two polyenic
dialdehydes; trans, trans-2,4-hexadienedial (mucondialdehyde, I)
and 2,4,6,8,10-dodecapentaenedial, II, were isolated.
Dnfiltered radiation from a medium-pressure mercury lamp was used
to irradiate at room temperature pure, dry, liquid benzene through
which oxygen was continuously bubbled. The irradiated benzene was
chromatographed twice on silica gel, giving three fractions. The
first fraction eluted with an 80:20 pentane-ether solution,
contained mucondialdehyde (I). The second fraction, eluted with
a 70:30 pentane-ether solution, contained dialdehyde II.
Infrared, ultraviolet, and nrar techniques were used to determine
the physical and spectroscopic properties of I and II,
Confirmatory evidence was obtained by mass spectrometry and by
microhydrogenation which, in the case of II, yielded a product
identical with an authentic sample of 1,12-dodecanediol. The
physical and spectroscopic properties of the products,
specifically infrared spectrum comparisons, confirm the all-trans
configurations for both compounds. Results suggest that benzene
ring opening by oxygen may also be involved.##
08845
Altshuller, A. P., S. L. Kopczynski, W. A. Lonneman,
T. L. Becker, and D. Wilson
PHOTOOXIDATION OF PROPYLENE WITH NITROGEN OXIDE IN THE PRESENCE
OF SDLFUH DIOXIDE. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
<(10))p., ((1967)) . 13 refs.
The photooxidation of 2 ppm of propylene and 0.5 ppm of nitrogen
oxide was investigated under dynamic flow conditions with sulfur
dioxide present in the reaction mixtures at concentrations from 0.0
to 1.2 ppm. Application of the statistical 't1 test showed no
significant differences in rates of consumption of propylene and
nitrogen oxide or in yields of oxidant, peroxyacetyl nitrate,
formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde among tests at the various levels of
sulfur dioxide, including zero ppm. Amounts of sulfur dioxide
consumed in the reactions ranged from 25 to 60S, Although a
sulfur balance was not obtained, appreciable amounts of sulfate
were measured as a product of the oxidation of the sulfur dioxide.
On the basis of previous investigations, the sulfate is believed
to be present as sulfuric acid aerosol. These results suggest
that appreciable levels of oxidant may occur in urban atmospheres
even when high concentrations of sulfur dioxide are present.
(Authors' abstract) ##
M. Basic Science and Technology 9&1
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08877
Hess, L. D. and J. N. Pitts, Jr.
STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY IN THE VAPOR-PHASE PHOTOLYSIS OF
KETONES. IV. CYCIOPBOPYL AND OLEFINIC CYCLIC KETONES.
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 89 (9):1973-1979, April 26, 1967. 32 refs.
Vapor-phase irradiation of bicyclo ( (3. 1.0))hexan-3-one (I) and
3-cyclopentenone (III) at 3130 and 2380-2654 A results in the
formation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon products with high
quantum efficiencies, phi (sub CO) equals 0.77 and 0.87 for I
and II, respectively, under a variety of experimental
conditions. The hydrocarbon products from I and 1,4-pentadiene
(major), vinylcyclopropane, and 1,3-butadiene, while III gives
almost exclusively butadiene (phi (sub CO) equals 0.88) over a
wide range of temperatures. In contrast, irradiation of
bicyclof(3.1.0))hexan-2-one (II) and 2-cyclopentenone(IV) under
identical conditions produces only trace amounts of CO and no
detectable hydrocarbons. However, compound II does undergo a
photoinduced rearrangement to form 3-methyl—2-cyclopentenone. The
cyclopropyl and double-bond groups were found to exhibit similar
effects on the modes of photoreactivity of these four cyclic
Icetones. Either of these groups conjugated with the carbonyl
chromophore stabilize the ketone, whereas their location in the
homoallylic position greatly facilitates photodecomposition.
(Authors' abstract)##
09030
B. A. Lombos, P. Sauvageau, C. Sandorfy
THE ELECTEONIC SPECTRA OF NOHHAL PARAFFIN HYDBOCARBONS.
Chem. Phys. Letters (Amsterdam), Vol. 1, p. 42-43, March-
April 1967. 3 refs.
The far ultraviolet absorption spectra of the normal paraffin
hydrocarbons from C1 to C8 were photoelectrically recorded with
a double beam instrument down to 1150 A under 0.2 A
resolution. An attempt is made to interpret the spectra in terns
of Mulliken's united atom treatment of the excited states
of methane and ethane. (Authors' abstract)##
09046
Sage, B. H.
PARTIAL OXIDATION PRODUCTS FORKED DURING COMBUSTION.
(EIGHTEENTH PROGRESS REPORT: JULY 1 TO DECEMBDH 31, 1967.)
Preprint, California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Chemical
Engineering Lab., ( (65))p., 1967. ((21)) refs.
The modifications in the pressure combustor were found to function
satisfactorily and have permitted measurements of both the
perturbations in normal stress and the perturbations in total and
monochromatic optical intensity. Experimental activities have
been limited primarily to obtaining information concerning the
perturbations in total and monochromatic optical intensities
962 HYDROCARBONS AND Al R POLLUTION
-------
utilizing air and natural gas as fuel. Results are presented in
several tables. To more fully explain the behavior in the
pressure combustor, a set of routine computer programs to permit
the prediction of the composition of the products of reaction for
any mixtures of air and any hydrocarbon was completed. The
calculations have been carried out for varying rates of heat loss
from the combustor. The exit temperature from the combustor was
computed in this fashion. It was also computed from the rate of
flow of gas through the converging-diverging nozzle at the exit of
the combustor. Bather good agreement was obtained between these
widely different means of evaluating the exit temperature. The
complicated behavior of the perturbations in normal stress at the
two ends of the combustor is depicted. The behavior depicted can
be explained by the difference in temperature at the two ends of
the combustor and the markedly greater radial temperature
distributions near the exit of the combustor. Furthermore, the
velocity of wave propagation is somewhat different at the sane
point in the combustor depending on the direction of propagation as
a result of the local momentum velocity of the gases. 1
manuscript derived from the work upon the oscillatory combustion in
the pressure combustor, has been completely reworked. A
significant amount of additional experimental information was
included. The revised manuscript which covers all of the
experimental work that has been completed with the pressure
combustor for the air-natural gas system, is appended.##
09078
Cadle, R. D. and F. E. Grahek
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THE SYSTEM KETENE-NO-H2. In: International
Conference on Photochemistry Held at Munchen, September 6—9,
1967,Part I, Preprints. Hax-Planck-Institut fuer Kohlenforschung,
Huelheim an der Ruhr, West Germany, p. 113-125, Sept. 1967.
CFSTI: PB 176466
Nitric oxide has been found to react rapidly with singlet methylene
produced by the photolysis of ketene and possibly also with excited
ketene, judging from the ratios ethylene produced/ketene reacted.
The presence of nitric oxide prevented the formation of methane and
ethane when ketene-NO-H2 mixtures were irradiated at room
temperature or 200 C, The products resulting from the presence
of nitric oxide were all of low molecular weight, judging from the
mass spectra. Eight products were separated using gas
chromatography and their mass and infrared spectra determined.
Only one, hydrogen cyanide, was definitely identified. (Authors]
abstract)
09079
K, F. Preston, R. J. Cvetanovic
THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF BUTENE-1 BY NITROGEN DIOXIDE AT SHORT
WAVE-LENGTHS. In: International Conference on
Photochemistry Held at Munchen, September 6-9, 1967, Part I,
Preprints. Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kohlenforschung,
Huelheim an der Ruhr, West Germany, p. 166-192. Sept. 1967.
17 refs.
CFSTI: PB 176466
M. Basic Science and Technology 953
-------
The photooxidation of butene-1 by nitrogen dioxide has been
studied at 2288 A and at longer wavelengths. From the neasured
effects of additions of inert and other gases on the product
yields it is concluded that 1D2 oxygen atoms participate in the
photooxidation at 2288 A. Ground state oxygen atoms, produced by
the photodissociation of N02 and possibly by quenching of
0(1D) by the olefin, are also important in the
photooxidatiin at 2288 A, and are believed to give rise to
practically all of the observed yields of the addition porducts,
n-butanal and 1,2 epoxybutane. The indications are that the
reaction of 0(1D) with butene-1 at total pressures below one
atmosphere yields very little stabilized addition product.
(Authors' abstract)##
09080
Peter Borrell, P. Cashmore
THE UNSENSITISED ((SIC)) PHOTOLYSIS OP BDT-1-ENE AT 1849 A.
In: International Conference on Photochemistry Held at
Munchen, September 6-9, 1967, Part I, Preprints. Hax-
Plank-Institut fuer Kohlenforschung, Muelheim an der
Ruhr, West Germany, p. 193-210, Sept. 1967. 16 refs.
CFSTI: PB 176466
On photolysis at 1849 A, but-1-ene yields 25 hydrocarbon
products and a solid polymer. In order to elucidate the
mechanism, the effects of added gases, time, pressure of reactant
gas and temperature were investigated. A free radical mechanise
is postulated in which there are six primary reactions to
account for the products and their relative yields. The two
major primary reactions are clevage of the C-C and C-H
bonds in the Beta position to the double bond in a 6:1 ratio.
Addition of foreign gases to the system caused a decrease in
the product yield which was shown to be due to quenching of the
reaction. This is attributed to the collisional deactivation
of an excited state intermediate of which the
decomposition lifetime has been estimated to lie within the
values of 2.6 to 6.4 x 10 to the minus 10th power sec.
(Authors' abstract)##
09082
Paul Suppan
SOLVENT AND TEMPEPATUBE EFFECTS IN THE PHOTOHEDUCTION OF
KETONES. In: International Conference on Photochemistry
Held at Munchen, September 6-9, 1967, Part II, Preprints.
Max-Plank-Institut fuer Kohlenforschung, Muelheim an der
Ruhr, West Germany, p. 643-658, Sept. 1967. 15 refs.
CFSTI: PB 176466
The dependence of the quantum yield of photoreduction on
solvent polarity and on temperature has been investigated for a
number of substituted aromatic ketones. An interpretation in
terms of the dipole moments in excited states to account for
the solvent effect is discussed. From the temperature effect
it is suggested that the different reactivities of n-pi*, pi-pi*,
and CT states is related to an activation energy. (Author's
abstract)##
964 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
09085L
Smith, C. W., C. M. Ablow, S. V. Hanagud, E. M. Spurlock, ana
D. R. Grine
ULTRASONIC DISSEMINATION OF AEROSOLS. Stanford Research Inst.,
Henlo Park, Calif., Contract DA-18-035-AMC-122 (A) , Proj. PAU-U900,
Task 1B522301A08101, SRI-TR-9, 67p. , July 1967. 9 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 818285
The basic mechanism of sonic aerosol formation was investigated.
Aerosol production from a thin liquid layer on a vibrating surface
has been known for many years, yet the basic mechanism controlling
the drop formation is not known with certainty. Two possibilities
are generally suggested. One is that capillary waves, excited on
the surface, grow to an unstable size and throw off droplets from
the peaks of the waves. The other possibility is the mechanism of
caviation. The theory of a liquid flow ove.r the surface of an
oscillating reed was studied to help the understanding of high flow-
rate devices. A simple resonance theory has been developed which
contrasts with the usual parametric capillary wave theory. An
experimental photo—optical technique has been devised and used to
give quantitative information on droplet size and velocity
distributions. Capillary wave behavior has been examined
experimentally and compared with existing theory. A possible
explanation of the transition of capillary waves to an aerosol has
been suggested. The existance of cavitation during sonic aerosol
production from water was verified.
09099
E. C. Kuster, D. Comery
DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLUBLE ADDITIVES IN LIQUID HYDROCARBON
FUELS, Australian Defence Scientific Service,
Melbourne, Defence Standards Labs., TN-103, 8p. , Sept. 1967.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 822973
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, with or without glycerol,
is currently being used as an additive to inhibit ice
formation at low operating temperatures, or microbiological
growth at ambient temperatures in liquid hydrocarbon fuels. 1
simple, efficient testing technique for use in the field
to determine additive concentrations in fuel storage tanks has
been developed and is based on the determination of refractive
index of an aqueous extract. It consists of extracting
a measured .80 ml of fuel, in a 100 ml rubber-capped serum
bottle, with 1.00 ml of distilled water injected from a
calibrated 1 ml hypodermic syringe. After adequate
shaking and settling, the aqueous extract is removed, again with
a hypodermic syringe, and its refractive index read on a
conventional Abbe type refractometer. Under field conditions,
(tests on samples of known concentration show that results accurate
to O.OOtS can be easily obtained with concentrations up to
0.20% additive in fuel.**
M. Basic Science and Technology §65
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091 16
Horvath, H,
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF FREON 12. Appl. Opt., 6(6):1140,
June 1967. 2 refs.
The refractive index of Freon 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) was
measured with a Michelson interferometer by counting the fringes
during evacuation and refilling the gas cell. The results were
reduced to 20 C and 760 mm Hg and can be easily converted to
other working conditions. Refractive index has the greatest
influence on the scattering coefficient. The amount of
scattered light is estimated to be 14.4 times larger for Freon
than for air. Using a very sensitive light scattering
instrument (integrating nephelometer), the ratio was found to be
15.4 plus or minus 0.7.#tt
09172
Pejack, Edwin R. , and Henry R. Velkoff
EFFECTS OF A TRANSVERSE ELECTRIC FIELD ON THE CHARACTERISTICS
AND HEAT TRANSFER OF A DIFFUSION FLAHE. Ohio State Dniv., Re-
search Foundation, Columbus, Contract DA-31-124-AHO-D-246,
Pro]. 1861, TR-8, 134p., Nov. 1967. 52 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 664180
Effects of a transverse electric field on a parallel flow
diffusion flame in a flat combustion chamber were investigated.
Various mixtures of propane, nitrogen, and air were introduced
separately at the base of an experimental combustion chamber and
burned in a diffusion flame sheet located between flat walls of
the chamber which served as anode and cathode. The electrode
walls were instrumented to measure the local heat transfer rate,
local current density, and pressure. It was found that the
application of a voltage difference across the electrodes moved
ions out of the burning zone and resulted in a current at the
electrode walls. The heat transfer rate near the base of the
flame was considerably increased on the cathode and decreased on
the anode; at positions further from the base of the flame the
electric effect was lessened. Flame distortion was thought to
be caused by electrically induced gas motion derived froa a
gradient in current density in the flow direction and by the
onset of an electrically induced flame flickering. An analysis
of the products of combustion revealed that the applied electric
field acted to increase the amount of unburnt solid carbon and
decrease the quantities of unburnt fuel and carbon monoxide.
(Authors' abstract)t#
09197
W. J. Thomas, B. John
KINETICS AND CATALYSIS OF THE REACTION BETWEEN SULPHUR AND
HYDROCARBONS. Trans. Inst. Chen. Engrs. (London),
45(3):T119-T127, 1967. 23 refs.
966 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A study of the thermodynamics of the synthesis of carbon
disulphide from sulphur and hydrocarbons reveals those conditions
which are most favourable for high yields of carbon disulphide
without the disadvantages of carbon deposition. although high
molecular weight hydrocarbons should give equilibrium yields of
carbon disulphide, some qualitative experiments showed that only
the side-chain carbon atcms of aromatic hydrocarbons are
active in forming carbon disulphide. Catalyst-activity
tests that both silica-gel and vanadium pentoxide are
superior catalysts for the formation of carbon disulphide
from methane and sulphur. A detailed quantitative kinetic
investigation, supplemented by adsorption studies, shows
that the formation of carbon disulphided on a sulphided
vanadium pentoxide catalyst proceeds via the chemisorption of
sulphur, and in this respect differs from the formation
of carbon disulphide on a silica-gel catalyst. Although
the products retard the reaction rate, the activation energy
is lower on the supported vanadium pentoxide catalyst. The
advantages of using a vanadium pentoxide catalyst are briefly
discussed. A suitable design equation for the rate of
formation of carbon disulphide from methane and sulphur over
a vanadium pentoxide catalyst is also presented. (Authors'
abstract, modified)f#
09200
Tipson, B. S., A. Cohen, and A. J. Fatiadi
AIR POLLUTION STUDIES. In: Bobert Schaffer (ed.),
Organic Chemistry. July 1966 through June 1967,
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.,
NBS-TN-427, 11p., Oct. 1967.
Studies have been conducted on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and certain of their oxidation products. A description is given
here of the detection of impurities in commercial preparations of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The procedures used to
purify these preparations are discussed. The presence of an
impurity in zone refined anthracene was demonstrated. Upon
isolation with the use of thin-layer chromatography, carbazole
was found to be an impurity. Upon re-examination by thin-layer
chromatography two other impurities were discovered. A dimer
of anthracene, 9,9:10,10-bianthracene, was prepared. Its
ultraviolet and infrared spectra were recorded. In order to
establish specifications of purity for anthracene as a possible
standard a comparison was made between three commercial samples
of anthracene: high purity, synthetic and zone-refined. It was
shown that the synthetic anthracene is the purest of the three
samples. Fluorene was similarly studied.ft
09267
Doepker, H. D., S. G. Lias, and P. Ausloos
PHOTOLYSIS OF CYCLOPENTANE AT '1470, 1236, AND 1048-1067 A.
J. Chem. Phys., 46 (11) :«3UO-43<»6, June 1, 1967. 23 refs.
The photolysis of cyclopentane has been investigated at
wavelengths of 1U70, 1236, and 10U8-1067 angstroms. The primary
process, which is the elimination of a hydrogen mole from
M. Basic Science and Technology 967.
-------
cyclopentane, is of major importance at 1470 angstroms but its
quantum yield diminishes at shorter wavelengths where processes
involving C-C cleavage becomes more predominant. The products
formed in the gas-phase photolysis of cyclo-C5-D10-H2S
mixtures and in the solid-phase photolysis of cyclo-CSHIO
indicate that the excited cyclopentane molecule undergoes ring
opening to form a 1-pentane molecule. In the gas phase, the
internally excited 1-pentane decomposes to form methyl and ethyl
radicals. At 1048-1067 angstroms, ionization is extensive. On
the basis of an isotopic analysis of the propane formed in the
photoionization of C5D10-C5H10-02 mixtures the pattern of the
dissociation of the parent ion is determined. Fragmentation of
the parent ion diminishes with an increase in pressure. The
collisional deactivation process is more pronounced for the
perdeuterated than for the perprotonated cyclopentane ion. The
data also indicate that a fraction of the parent ions undergoes
ring opening to form cis or trans-2pentene as a final product.
(Authors' Abstract)##
09700
Benson, S. H. and R. Shaw
KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF HYDROGENOLYSES. THE ADDITION OF
HYDROGEN ATOMS TO PROPYLENE, TOLUENE, AND XYLENE. J. Chem.
Phys., 47 (10) :4052-405 Nov. 15, 1967. 29 refs.
Previously measured rates of hydrogenolysis of propylene, toluene,
and xylene all fit, within a power of 10, an empirical equation
over an unusually wide range of conditions. The observed
fractional -order kinetics require a radical chain mechanism; one
is proposed which gives a theoretical rate equation which is in
excellent agreement with all reliable data.
09745
Mieville, Rodney L. and Garbis H. Mequerian
MECHANISM OF SULFUR-ALKYLLEAD ANTAGONISM. Ind. Enq. Chem.,
Prod. Res. Develop., 6(4):253-257, Dec. 1967. 16 refs.
6(4):253-257, Dec. 1967. 16 refs.
Sulfur compounds reduce the antiknock effectiveness of alkylleads
by a dual mechanism involving the induced decomposition of
alkylleads by thiyl radicals and the deactivation of active PbO by
S02. With a fuel containing either tetraethyllead or
tetramethyllead, octane losses in an enqine and reductions in
autoignition temperatures in d tubular reactor were determined for
thiophene, thiophenol, butyl mercaptan, ethyl sulfide, ethyl
disulfide, and di-tert-butyl polysulfide. The tvo effects
correlate directly with each other. Autoignition experiments with
an unleaded fuel in a tubular reactor coated with lead oxide showed
that reduction in autoignition temperature was caused by S02
produced by the oxidation of sulfur compounds. However, rates of
S02 production correlate with octane losses only for thiophene,
ethyl sulfide, and disulfide. Octane losses caused by mercaptans
and the polysulfide are high relative to their ability to induce
decomposition of alkylleads at lower temperatures. The initiation
of the decomposition is postulated to occur through thiyl radicals
9fi8 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
in the liquid phase. Engine results with several fuels containing
different sulfur compounds are consistent with the proposed dual
•echanisn. (Authors' abstract)
09750
Chaudhuri, J., J. Jagur-Grodzinski, and H. Szwarc
ELECTRON AFFINITIES OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE GAS PHASE AND
IN SOLUTION. J. Phys. Chen. 71 (9):3063-3065, Aug. 1967. 7 refs
Becent studies led to reliable determination of absolute values of
electron affinities of aromatic hydrocarbons in the gas phase. The
electron affinities.were deduced from temperature dependence of the
experimentally obtained electron-capture coefficients, K. To
obtain a reliable value for electron affinity, K should be
determined over a sufficiently wide temperature range within the
high-temperature region. The experimental data show that the plots
their slopes the values of electron affinity were obtained. The
intercepts vary within plus or minus 1 of their mean value, and
such variations are plausible because the ratios kL/kD, as well as
f (aromatic.-=neg. radical)/f(aromatic) depend on the nature of the
aromatic hydrocarbon. These ratios may vary by a factor of 2 or 3
when different aromatic hydrocarbons are compared, leading to
uncertainty of more than 1 in the intercept. The assumption of a
constant intercept, introduced by previous authors may not be
justified. The accuracy of the calculated electron affinity,
claimed by the authors and resulting from this assumption, would be
f (aromatic) varies by not more than 6 deg. A plot of the change in
electron affinities obtained from the present studies vs. electron
affinity deduced from studies of previous authors are plotted. The
resulting points fit a straight line having a slope of 45 deg.,
indicating that free energy of solvation of aromatic.-ions (or
more correctly the difference in the free energy of solvation of
aromatic.- and aromatic) is virtually constant and independent of
the nature of the hydrocarbon, at least within the investigated
series.
09761
Altman, Philip L. and Dorothy S. Dittmer (comps. and eds.)
ATMOSPHERE AND POLLUTANTS. (CHAPTER V.) In: Environmental
Biology, Aerospace Medical Research Labs. (6570th) , Wright-
Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF33 (615)-2252, NIH-GB-06553, NASA-
NASr-238, Proj. 7164, Task 716406, AMHL-TR-66-194,
p. 269-329, Nov. 1966. (300) refs.
numerical data on air pollutants are compiled and tabulated for a
broad range of problems. The effects of pollutants on human
health, plants and livesotck are presented. Characteristics and,
chemical composition of the atmosphere and its pollutants are '
compiled. Data on emission sources of pollutants and their
distribution at various periods of time in different locales are
presented. Other categories covered are air dispersion of small
organisms, biological effects of gaseous ions, and spacecraft and
nuclear submarine atmospheres.
M. Basic Science and Technology 939
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10028
laseter, J. L., J. Weete, and D, J. Heber
ALKANES, FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS, AND FREE FATTY ACIDS IN SURFACE
WAX OF USTI1AGO MAYDIS. Phytochemistry, Vol.7, p.001-005, 1968.
ref s.
The wax fraction from chlamdospores of Dstilago maydis
(Basidiomycetes) were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry combination. The hydrocarbon fraction contained
predominantly C25, C27, and C29 n-alkanes. A second fraction elated
from a silica gel column contained natural methyl esters of both
saturated acids with predominant esters being from C16 through C20.
The methyl esters of C18 mono and dienoic fatty acids were present!
abundance. The free fatty acid fraction contained fatty acids
ranging in carbon number from C12 through C20. In both the free acid
and natural methyl esters the distribution of carbon skeletons were
similar with the predominant compounds having even carbon number
chains. (Authors' abstract)
10039
Sternberg, H.H., C.L. Delle Donne, and I. Wender
SIMILARITY BETWEEN THE ELECTROCHEMICAL ELIMINATION OF SULPHUR FBOB
COAL AND FROM DIBENZOTHIOPHENE. Fuel, 47(3):219-222, May 1968.
5 refs.
When dibenzophiophene was reduced electrochemical under the same
conditions as coal, sulphur was eliminated only after four hydrogen
atoms had been added to the dibenzothiophene ring. A similar patter
of sulphur removal had been observed previously during the
electrochemical reduction of coal where sulphur was eliminated only
after 25 hydrogen atoms per 100 carbon atoms had been added to the
coal. The hypothesis is that the first step in the electrochemical
reduction of dibenzothiophene is addition of hydrogen to the aronati
ring. No carbon-sulphur bonds are broken and no sulphur is
eliminated until partial hydrogenation of the aromatic ring has take
place.
10041
Goetz, Alexander and Olgierd J. Klejnot
TRANSFORMATION OF GASEOUS REACTIVE HYDROCARBONS INTO AEBOCOLLOIDS
ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 17
(9) : 600-603, Sept. 1967.
A substantial variety of hydrocarbons, particularly the reactive
types, can be converted from the gaseous into the aerocolloidal stat
by brief exposure to 0V-irradiation. The procedure for evaluating
the capacity of various hydrocarbons to form aerocolloids, and thus
to define the difference between non-reactive and reactive types, is
illustrated. Two sensoring devices were utilized; an aerosol
photometer and a moving slide impactor. A summary includes these
observations: the aerocolloid formation by ultraviolet exposure is
due to intermediate oxidation states of the molecules with a high
970 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
tendency to polymerize into sub micron particulates. High humidity
levels increase the reaction rate and thus the aerosol formation.
The characteristic difference between saturated and unsaturated HC
types is the much lesser VU-reactivity of the former. This method
permits the tracing of organic components in the open atmosphere. I
promises to facilitate the simple and rapid discrimination between
the neutral and potentially reactive HC types.
100U5
Nemeth, Andras and Robert F. Sawyer
THE OVERALL KINETICS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE METHANE OXIDATION IN A
FLOH REACTOR. California Dniv., Berkeley, Division of Ther-
mal Systems, 68-2, 20p., (1968). 20 refs.
The rate of methane consumption in an oxidation reaction was
measured in a non-isothermal flow reactor in the temperature range o
1180-1282 deg. K. The reaction was monitored by mass spectromet-
ric analysis. The following overall irate expression was found va-
lid, however, only for temperatures greater than 1200 deg. K. The
result is in reasonable agreement with data measured by another
method in the high temperature range. (Authors' abstract modified)
10119
Laseter, J. L., D. L. Weber, H. Schneider, and J. Oro
STUDIES ON THE INCORPORATION OF ACETATE-1-1«C AND STEARATE-UL-1HC
INTO THE HYDROCARBONS OF CHLOREL1A PYRENOIDOSA. Houston Univ.,
Tex. Dept. of Biology and Biophysical Sciences, 10p., April
Dept. of Biology and Biophysical Sciences, 10 p., April 8, 1968. 10
8, 1968. 1 refs.
Both labelled acetate and stearate were found to serve as
precursors for the formation of hydrocarbons in Chlorella
pyrenoidosa. Acetate incorporation was inhibited in the dark. Of
particular interest was the observation that the carbon skelton of
stearic acid could be converted into heptadecane but not into the
predominant monounsaturated C17 hydrocarbon. This study presents th
first evidence that straight- chain fatty acids serve as precursors
for short-chain saturated hydrocarbons. (Authors' abstract)
10129
Hum, R. W., Basil Dimitriades, and R. D. Fleming
EFFECT OF HYDROCARBON TYPE OF REACTIVITY OF EXHAUST GASES. In:
Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE Progress in Technology Series, Vo.,
12, New York, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1966, p. 1-9.
6 refs. (Presented at the Mid-Year Meeting, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Chicago, 111., May 1965.)
Unburned hydrocarbons and other products of combustion are
recognized as contributors to photochemical air pollution. The
work reported here was a first approach in finding an expression of
exhaust gas quality—or compositional characteristic—that
M. Basic Science and Technology 97/1
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would associate directly with the photochemical activity of the
composite sample. Olefins, aromatics, and partial oxidation
products have been cited as the principal smog precursors in
exhaust gas. However, results of this study indicate that for the
general case, collective determination of these classes provides
and unreliable indication of reactivity. The findings are expected
to be useful in further development of methods to measure — or
predict — the air polluting potential of exhaust gas with
increased reliability. (Authors abstract)
10512
Simonaitis, R. and J. N. Pitts, Jr.
PHOTOCHEHISTRI OF G&MA-BUTYRCLACTONE IN THE LIQUID PHASE. Pre-
print California Univ., Riverside, Dept. of Chemistry, 18p.,
(1965/)
The photolysis of gama-butyrolactone was investigated in the
liquid phase with the 2537A line of a mercury resonance lamp. The
major products were allylformate, succinaldehyde, cyclopropane, and
carbon dioxide with quantum yields at 25 deg. C of the 0.23, 0.06,
0.013 and 0.015, respectively. From product quenching data, it is
suggested that triplet-triplet energy transfer from gama
butyrolactone to cis-butene, transbutene, cyclohexene and biacetyl
occurs at a diffusion controlled rate and that the allylformate and
cyclopropane originate from one state, probably a triplet, but that
succinaldehyde originates from a different state. Added isopropyl
alcohol quenched the formation of allylformate and cyclopropane, but
acetonitrile as a solvent had no effect on their yields over the
concentration range of 0.3-16.0 moles/liter. An increase in
temperature from 25 deg. C to 98 deg. C increased the yields of
succinaldehyde and cyclopropane and decreased the yield of
allylformate, but the sum of the quantum yields of these products
remained relatively constant. (Authors' abstract)
10519
Cowell, Gawin W, and James N. Pitts, Jr.
PHOTOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN RIGID MATRICES. II. A STUDY OF THE
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF ANTHRACENE IN POLYSTYRENE AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN 0-NITROBENZALDEHYDE ACTINOMETER IN
POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE. Preprint, California Univ., Riverside,
Dept. of Chemistry, (19)p., (1967/).
The photochemistry of o-nitrobenzaldehyde and anthracene in rigid
polymer films has been studied at 25 deg. and 3340 and 3660A. o
Nitrobenzaldehyde 'dispersed1 in polymethylmethacrylate, M.H. <
20,000 plus or minus 3,000, undergoes the well known photo
isomerization to o-nitrosobenzoic, the quantum yield being 0.05 plus
or minus 0.06. Within experimental error, this is the same as in
fluid solutions and in the pure sold. In view of the stability and
convenience of this system, its use as an actinometer in the spectra
region 2800-H100A is envisaged. Anthracene 'dispersed1 in
polystyrene, M.W. < 47,000 plus or minus 4,000, undergoes
photodimerization at a rate much reduced from that in fluid solution
or in a potassium bromide pellet. The nature of the 'dispersion' of
the nathracene in the film differs significantly from its state in
372 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
potassium bromide matrices. In the presence of oxygen, the major
part of the photochemical reaction leads to the formation of the
photooxide of anthracene. Kinetic and mechanistic details are
discussed. (Authors' abstract)
10520
Mainster, M. A. and J. D. Memory
SDPERDELOCALIZABILITY INDICES AND THE PULLMAN THEORY OF CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Vol. 148(3):605-
608, 1967 1 refs.
Alternative electronic indicies, based upon the use of
superdelocalizability as d measure of reactivity, are used to obtain
an alternative formulation of the Pullman theory of chemical
carcinogenesis. Although the alternative formulation of the Pullman
theory of chemical carcinogenesis does n.ot offer improved
correspondence with experimental results,, it is of interest for
several reasons. The success of the superdelocalizability criteria
demonstrates that at least one index of reactivity other than
localization energy may be used to characterize molecular
carcinogenicity accurately. The reformulation successfully
incorporates the description of the reactivity of a region in terns
of single atom parameters only, and permits greater computational
ease for potential extensions to substituted hydrocarbons, because
only the fundamental molecular framework must be considered, whereas
a calculation of the complex localization energy indices usually
involves seven different structures. Furthermore, criteria can be
expressed explicitly in terms of molecular orbital coefficients and
energies. Since many experimental spectroscopic parameters may be
described theoretically by molecular orbital methods, this
characterization suggest that correlation of carcinogenicity with
these experimental guantities may be possible.
11050
E, R. Stephens
CHEMISTRY OF ATMOSPHERIC OXIDANTS. Preprint, California
Oniv., Riverside, Statewide Air Pollution Research Center,
12p., 1968. 15 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of
the Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul, Minnesota,
June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-57.)
ill of the important oxidants in polluted air are formed there by
chemical reactions which occur anong the primary pollutants.
The most abundant of these oxidants is ozone which is formed in a
cycle involving nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, atmospheric oxygen,
and hydrocarbons. This ozone is best understood, not as a
reaction product, but as an intermediate in steady state
concentration between formation and disappearance reactions.
Hydrocarbons permit accumulation of ozone by reacting to
scavenge the nitric oxide which would otherwise remove the ozone.
The amount of ozone which can be formed in ambient polluted air is
liiited to about one ppm because these scavenging reactions
become less effective when the nitric oxide concentration
beeones very snail. The peroxyacl nitrates are a group of
oxidants which result from reactions between oxides of nitrogen
and organic pollutants. Olefinic and aronatic hydrocarbons Bake
M. Basic Science and Technology 973
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the largest contribution to PAN formation; saturates
contribute little if any. the role of nitrogen dioxide and other
oxidizing agents is also discussed. (Author's abstract)##
11097
Crider, Walter L.
HYDEOGEN-AIE FLAME CHEMILOHINESCENENCE OF SOME ORGANIC HALIDES.
Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National
Air Pollution Control Association, ((17))p., ((1968)). 8 refs.
The effects of hydrogen and air flow rates on the flame
chemiluminescent spectra emitted by some organic halides are
illustrated. Flame chemiluminescent spectra of an organic
phosphite and an organic sulfide over the same range of burner
operating modes are presented for comparison. Detection limits
of halide vapors in air were found to be 0.01 ppm (v/v) for
CH3I, 0.03 ppm for Br(C2HU)Br, 1.4 ppm for CHC13 and
CC11, and 3.0 ppm for CH2C12 and C1(C2H4)C1. (Author's
abstract)t#
11147
Fatiada, A. J.
PERIODIC ACID, A NOVEL OXIDANT OF POLYCYCLIC, AROMATIC HYDROC1H-
BONS. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Std. A, 72A (4) :341-350, July-
Aug, 1968.
Certain polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons can be oxidized with
periodic acid in aprotic solvents containing a small proportion of
water. A unique, two-fold character of response to periodic acid by
these hydrocarbons has been found: (1) production of a coupling
reaction through a radical intermediate ((conversion of pyrene into
1,1 '.bipyrene, and fluorene into 1,2-bis (2,2'-biphenylylene
ethylene)) or (2) conversion into guinones by a two-equivalent
oxidation mechanism that does not involve a radical
intermediate ( (acenaphthenem andtracen, anthrone,
benz((a)) anthracene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene)). Little or
no reaction was observed when oxidation was attempted with sodium
metaperiodate instead of periodic acid. Electron-spin resonance
revealed no radical intermediate in the oxidation of malonic acid
with either periodic acid or sodium periodate. (Author's abstract)
11188
Windsor, M. W., and J. B. Novak
STUDIES OF RADIATIONLESS TRANSITIONS IN COBONENE USING NANOSECOND
LASEB PHOTOLYSIS AND SPECTBOSCOPY. Preprint, TEW Systeas,
Redondo Beach, Calif. Chemical Sciences Dept., (18)p., 1968.
20 refs. (Presented at the International Conference on Holecu-
lar Luminescene Loyola Oniv., Chicago, 111.,Aug. 20-23,1968.)
CFSTI: AD 672997
974 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
He have used the technique of nanosecond laser photolysis and
spectros q spectroscopy to observe absorption from both the lowest
excited singlet state 31, and the lowest triplet state Tl, of
coronene. The technique employs a Q-switched ruby laser to produce
both a 30 nsec pulse at 347 nm for excitation, plus, at the sane
time, a laser-induced spark which provides a background continuum
for absorption spectroscopy. Time-resolved spectra are obtained
with an image converter camera. We have observed new transient
absorption bands for coronene at 520 and 380 nm and attribute these
to absorption by the SI state. The new bands locate previously
unobserved higher singlet level of g parity. These bands decay over
a period of several hundred nanoseconds and are concomitantly
replaced by absorption bands characteristic of the lowest triplet
state, thus providing a pictoral record of the process of
intersystem crossing. We have also obtained the T-T absorption
spectrum of coronene in epoxy plastic out to 1.14 microns using a
double-beam cross-irradiation technique. New maxima in the infra-
red serve to locate th energies of three low-lying excited triple
levels. From the energy level data we believe that in coronene
intersystem crossing froa higher singlet states to the triplet
manifold may occur. We discuss how our kinetic observations of the
decay of the lowest excited singlet and the build-up of the lowest
triplet state bear on a recently proposed stationary state model of
radiationless transitions. (Authors' abstract)
11210
Miller, William J.
FLAME IONIZATION AND COMBUSTION INHIBITION. (TECHNICAL KEPOHT
NO. 1.) Aerochem Research Labs.S Inc., Princeton, N.J.
CST-102, TP-151, 23p., Jan. 1967. 17 refs.
The inhibition of spherically symmetrical low-pressure CHt or
C2H2/02 diffusion flames by a variety of additives has been
studied. The relative efficiencies of the compounds studied have
been found to be very nearly the same as in 1-atm flames. A
detailed examination of the effects of CC14, Fe(CO)5, and
Cr02C12 upon ion content and emission spectra has been made and
the results interpreted in terms of previously postulated
correlations between the ability of a given compound to reduce
electron concentrations and its effectiveness as a flame inhibitor.
No such correlation was found to exist and it has been concluded
that for these flames no causal relationship exists between the
two phenomena. The relatively large inhibition efficiencies of
Fe(CO)5 and CB02C12 are attributed to in situ ultrafine
particle formation downstream of the flame front and their
subsequent diffusion into the reaction zone. The formation of
these particles is indicated by ion profiles of nucleating species;
the presence of the particles in the reaction zones of inhibited
flames is further evidenced by the emission of continuum radiation.
The dominance of diffusional over convective mass transport is the
characteristic of the system which accounts for its susceptibility
inhibition by these compounds. (Author's summary)**
M. Basic Science and Technology 975
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11239
S. Susan, D. H. Slater, and J. G. Calvert
THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THE AZOALKANES. Preprint, Ohio State
Dniv., Columbus, Evans Chemical Lab., ((29))p., ((1968)).
((34)) refs.
The photochemistry of the azoalkanes has been the subject of man;
studies in several laboratories. The major interest developed
because of their attractiveness as free radical sources. The
first absorption band lies in the accessible near ultraviolet, and
in the gas phases a large fraction of the light-absorbing molecules
decompose tc form free radicals. In the gas phase photolysis
of azoalkanes of higher complexity, a significant fraction of the
light-excited molecules do not decompose, but are stabilized by a
second order kinetic process which is often termed "collisional
deactivation". A description of the photochemistry of 1, 1' —
azoisobutane is given. A kinetic study of the products of the
gas phase photolysis of 1,1'azoisobutane is presented.##
11248
David H. Slater, and Jack G. Calvert
THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF 1,1'-AZOISOBUTANE: THE HEACTIONS OF THE
IOSBUTYL FEEE RADICAL WITH OXYGEN. Preprint, ((19)) p., 1967.
(Presented at the International Oxidation Symposium, San
Francisco, Calif., Aug. 29, 1967.)
A study has been made of the photooxidation of 1,1'azoisobutane
in experiments at 3660 A and full mercury arc and at temperatures
from 308 to 405 degrees K. The data prove the unimportance of
energy transfer and singlet oxygen involvement for this
system. The rates of products and their quantum yields are
consistent with a mechanism involving the reactions of the
isobutyl free radical with oxygen. The product distribution
suggests that the isobutylperoxyl and/or isobutoxyl free radicals
are unstable toward a decomposition reaction even at 308
degrees K for our conditions (Authors' abstract)f#
11543
DeGrazio, Robert P. and Robert G. Auge
EVALUATION OF A GAS MIXING SYSTEH. Dow Chemical Co., Denver,
Colo., Rocky Flats Div.., Contract AT (29-1)-1106,
HFP-1143, 7p., Hay 1968.
CFSTI: RFP-11U3
Because of the need to obtain standard gas mixtures in
concentrations ranging from parts per million to percent for
infrared and gas chromatographic analysis, a gas mixing apparatus
was developed. To evaluate its capability, the apparatus was used
to prepare mixtures of different concentrations of gases. The
mixed gases were analyzed by gas chromatography and infrared
specroscopy. The results of the analyses of the prepared mixtures
were then compared statistically with standard mixtures of the
976 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
sane gases obtained commercially. The comparison of these
analyses shoved that the apparatus can effectively and
reproducibly prepare gas mixtures over the ranges studied. The
apparatus is described and the precision and accuracy data are
presented. (Authors' abstract)#i
11571
Kutscher, W., H. Tomingas and H. P. Weisfeld
STDDY OF THE HAZARDS PRESENTED BY SOOT AND AIR DDST WITH
PABTICULAR EHPHASIS ON THEIR CARCINOGENIC ACTION. PART 9 -
SEPARATION OF 3,4-BENZOPYBENE FOLLOWING SOOT INHALATION IN THE
LONG OF LIVE RATS. ((Untersuchunger uber die Schadlichkeit
von Russeii und Luftstauben unter besonderer Berucksichtigung
ihrer kanzerogenen Wirkung.)) Text in German. Arch. Hyg.
Bakteral., 152 (3):258-288, June 1968. 9 refs.
The separation of benzopyrene from soot was investigated in the
lung of rats, following inhalation or tracheal injection of soot
suspensions. Isolated benzopyrene was found in the rat lung U
hours following soot inhalation. Benzopyrene separated from soot
was found in rat lung tissue 2 hours following tracheal injection-
Isolated carcinogen was no longer present in the lung at the end
of 15 hours, but the lung soot still contained benzopyrene H months
following treatment.t#
12058
Solooja, K. C.
COMBUSTION STUDIES OF OLEFINS AND OF THEIR INFLUENCE ON
HYDROCARBON COMBUSTION PROCESSES. Combustion Flame,
12(5) :U01-mO, Oct. 1968. 21 Ref.
Comparative studies of the pre-flame and ignition behaviours of
ethylene, propane, but-1-ene, cis-but-2-ene, trans-but-2-ene,
isobutene, hex-1-ene and hexa-1.5-diene have been made. Moreover,
the effect of all these olefins on the combustion of hexane at
different oxidation stages leading to ignition has been studied.
The observed relative order of ease of combustion of some of the
olefins is different from that observed in laboratory studies by
other workers but agrees with the relative order of knocking
tendencies in engines. It is shown that, in general, olefins are
less prone to oxidative degradation than the conjugate alkanes, and
not vice versa as has been presumed recently in proposals for a new
mechanism for the combustion of hydrocarbons. All the olefins
studied markedly affect the combustion of hexane from the earliest
stage of its oxidation. The earliest pre-flame stage is inhibited
while the final stage leading to ignition is promoted. The
nature of the effect on the intervening stages, varies widely,
however, ethylene and isobutene inhibit, while hex-1-ene, hexa-1,5-
diene and but-2-enes promote; propane and but—1—ene have a
negligible effect. The results facilitate understanding of the
mechanism of combustion of olefins and of their role as
intermediates in the combustion of hydrocarbons in general.
Mechanisms are proposed to explain the various observations.
Author's Abstract**
M. Basic Science and Technology 977
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12169
J- N. Pitts, Jr., and J. K. S. Wan
THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY 07 KETONES AND ALDEHYDES. Preprint,
California Univ., Riverside, Dept. of Chemistry, 103p., Dec.,
196U. 272 refs.
With the development of modern experimental techniques,
particularly in analysis of complex mixtures by liquid-gas
chromatographic methods, photochemistry has assumed an increasing
importance in studies of free radical reactions, energy transfer
processes and the synthesis of new and unique organic compounds.
Perhaps the most widely studied class of compounds, historically
and today, is that containing the carbonyl chromophore. The
absorption spectra of most carbonyl compounds fall in the
experimentally readily accessible region of the ultraviolet where
quarta has high transmission and mercury arcs produce strong ling
emission spectra. In order to obtain a thorough understanding
of the photochemistry of a given system, one must elucidate the
entire "life history" of the photoprocess; this includes the
primary process (es) and all secondary reactions in the system.lt
12172
Hilis 0. Folkins, and Elmer L. Miller
HOLE OF THE CATALYST IN THE REACTION OF ALCOHOLS AND
HYDROGEN SDLFIDE. Preprint, 9p., 1962. 15 refs.
(Presented at the Session on Processes during the 27th
Midyear Meeting of the American Petroleum Institute's Div.
of Refining, in the Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, Calif.,
May 15, 1962.)
The main products formed in the high-temperature catalytic
reactions of aliphatic alcohols and hydrogen sulfide are the
corresponding mercaptans and sulfides. Minor amounts of other
compounds such as ethers, aldehydes, and olefins are also
produced. The reaction can be controlled to produce either
mercaptan or sulfide by judicious choice of catalyst
composition. Operating conditions play an important but secondary
role in product distribution. Catalysts including alkali metal
salts and oxides incorporated with activated alumina and similar
supports promote mercaptan formation almost exclusively,
whereas acidic-type catalysts favor sulfides as the product. The
effects of general composition, promoter concentration, and the
nature of the catalyst support upon activity and selectivity are
discussed for reactant alcohols from methanol through octanol.
Processes for both mercaptan and sulfide production have resulted
from these catalyst studies. (Authors' abstract)##
12949
Soda, Reiten
POLLUTED AIR PRODUCTION WITH GASEOUS PARTICLES. (Gasujo no
osenbutsu ni yoru osen-kuki sakuseiho). Text in Japanese. Kuki
Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 6 (7): 10-
17, 1969. 17 refs.
978 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Special techniques have been devised using scattering cells,
permeation tubes, or multiple step dilution to obtain a
reproducible contaminated atmosphere. Artificially polluted air
is used not only in the evaluation of a high efficiency air
filter, but also in the experimental analysis of harmful effects
on animals. Different gas particles are used and gas
concentrations are also varied for different experiments. For
example, CS2 (0.1 ppm) and C6H6 (1 ppm) are used for animal
inhalation experiments and hydrocarbons (100 ppm), S03 (10 ppm),
and nitrogen oxides (10 ppm) are used for the measurement of
collection ratios of high efficiency air filters. To perform
these experiments and measurements correctly, purity,
concentration, temperature, and pressure of the polluted gas
should be stable.
13034
Heaver, E.E., J.S. Ninomiya, I.B. Skewes, and C.H. Kuof
OXIDATION OF GASEOUS HYDROCARBONS IN CONCENTBATIONS OF PARTS
PEK BILLION IN FLOW SYSTEMS. OXIDATION OF 1-BUTENE IN TYPE
410 STAINLESS STEEL TUBES. Environ. Sci. Technol., 3(1):57-62,
Jan. 1969. 6 refs.
1-Butene was oxidized in concentrations of 7 to 350 ppm in 90%
nitrogen-10% oxygen blends flowing laminarly in fresh and
aged Type 410 stainless steel tubes with residence times of
0.10 to 0.25 sec at temperatures between 450 and 800 C. In
the fresh tubes, the reaction appears to be largely
homogeneous, since nearly identical oxidation rates are
obtained in tubes of different diameters and hence of
different surface-volume ratios. However, on prolonged use
the tubes become increasingly catalytic, showing an order of
magnitude increase in rates of oxidation; simultaneously, the
surface area of the tube increases by an order of magnitude as
shown by BET measurements. The rates of disappearance of the
1-butene approach first-order with respect to hydrocarbon
concentration as the tubes are aged; they become independent
of oxygen concentration when about 20 times the
stoichiometric amount of oxygen is present. (Author
abstract modified)
13062
Carson, John F. and Francis F. Wong
SEPASATION OF ALIPHATIC DISULFIDES AND TEISULFIDES BY GAS-
LIQUID PARTITION CHHOHATOGRAPHY. J. Org. Chem., 24 (2):175-179,
Feb. 1959. 17 refs.
The application of gas-liguid partition chromatography to the
separation and isolation of some aliphatic disulfides and
trisulfides is discussed in connection with a study of the
volatile components of onions. The polar phases, Carbowax and
Eeoplex, and a nonpolar phase, Apiezon B, were compared in the
separation. It was found that mixtures of disulfides and
trisulfides can be separated at 150 C without serious
decomposition. No exchange reactions occurred between mercaptans,
disulfides, and trisulfides, and allytic disulfides were
M. Basic Science and Technology 979
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separated without the formation of monosulfides. Absence of
decomposition during chromatographic separation was confirmed by
infrared analysis of collected fractions. The polar phases were
particularly useful for separating unsaturated disulfides from
the corresponding saturated compounds.
13078
Beytia, Enrigue, Pablo Valenzuela, and Osvaldo Cori
TERPENE BIOSYNTHESIS: FORHATION OF NEROL, GERANIOL, AND OTHER
PEENOLS BY AN ENZYME SYSTEM FROM PINUS RADIATA SEEDLINGS. Arch.
Biochem. Biophys., 129 (1):346-356, Jan. 1969. 37 refs.
The properties of a soluble enzyme system obtained from Pinus
radiata seedlings, which transforms 2-C-14-mevalonic acid (MVA)
into C5 and C10 alcohols, were studied. The system
incorporated 6 to 1% of the radioactivity from MVA into
isopentenol, dimethy lallyl alcohol, nerol, and geraniol and
required Mg (2=) or Mn (2=) and SH groups for optimal activity.
Five and ten-carbon prenols are formed from the corresponding
phosphorylated derivatives by a phosphatase, which may be
partially inhibited by NaF. About 1% of the radioactivity from
BVA remains bound to the proteins in an apparently non-covalent
association. This radioactivity, which behaves mainly as CIS
prenols, may be related to the biosynthesis of carotenes or
phytol, and not to monoterpenes. It can be extracted with
1-butanol. The identification of C-14-isopentenol in a hexane-:
soluble fraction, after incubation of the enzyme system with MVA,
suggests that isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) is hydrolyzed by
an acid phosphatase. Dimethyl allyl alcohol, identified in the
same fraction, is probably formed by enzymic hydrolysis of
dimethy allyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). The sensitivity of the
enzyme system forming allylic phosphates also suggests the
isomerization of IPP to DMAPP. Formation of geraniol and geranyl
pyrophosphate (GPP) is probably related to the biosynthesis of
diterpenes, carotenes, and phytol. There is no evidence that
GPP is the precursor of monoterpenes.
13278
Rehwoldt, R. E., B. L. Chasen, and J. B. Li
2-CHLORO-5-CYANO-3,6-DIHYDROXYBENZOQUINONE, A NEW ANALYTICAL
REAGENT FOH THE SPECTROPHOTOMETBIC DETERMINATION OF CALCIDM (II).
Anal Chem., 38 (8):1018-1019, July 1966. 8 refs.
A new analytical reagent, 2-chloro-5-cyano-
3,6-dihydroxybenzoguinone (HDDQ), for the spectrophotometric
determination of calcium is described. The reagent is the
product of the decomposition of 2,3-dichloro-
5,6-dicyanobenzoguinone (DDQ) by water. Its disodium salt was
prepared from DDQ. Experiments to study the nature of disodium
HDDQ solution and complexes revealed that dilutions of the
solutions followed Beer's Law, and that the precipitations varied
in color and structure. A series of disodium HDDQ and Ca(N03)2
980 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
solutions were prepared and a linear plot was obtained for the
calibration curve for the HDDQ supernatant solutions of the
Ca complex. The sensitivity of the determination was found to
decrease when the pH was less than four. Spectrophotometric
analyses were performed on several aquaria water samples.
13364
Garibyan, T. A., A. A. Hantashyan, and A. B. Nalbandyan
FORMATION OF PEROXIDE RADICALS DURING PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF
HYDROCARBONS. (K obrazovaniyu perekisnykh radikalov pri
fotokhimicheskom okislenii uglevodorodov). Text in Russian.
Army Khim. Zh. (Erevan), 22 (4):285-287, 1969. 3 refs.
i previously described apparatus for electron paramagnetic
resonance determination of radicals formed from hydrocarbons
was modified to determine whether the peroxide radical was formed
from the free alkyl radical according to the equation H plus 02
yields R02 or heterogeneously on the cold surface. It was shown
that the peroxide radicals were formed just in the zone of the
gas phase reaction.
13391
Harvik, Jon
CATALYST FOR THE REACTION BETWEEN HYDROCAEBONS AND SOLFUR DIOXIDE
FOB THE PREPARATION OF PURE SULFUR. (Norg. Geol. Undersokelse
Torondheira, Norway) U. S. Pat. 3,369,872. 1p., Feb. 20, 1968.
3 refs. (Appl. Aug. 10, 1965, 1 claim.)
Carbon formation can essentially be eliminated in the reduction
of sulfur dioxide with hydrocarbons such as mineral oil by the
use of a cordierite catalyst or other material with uniformly
sized pore of molecular dimensions. Sulfur dioxide is contacted
with the mineral oil and catalyst at 800 to 1300 C to produce
sulfur and reaction gases free of carbon. Sulfur dioxide and
H2S occur in a 1:2 ratio. The S02 and H2S may be reacted to
form more sulfur.
13*53
Crowell, E. P. and B. B. Burnett
HICRO DETERHINATION OF ROSIN AND FATTY ACIDS IN TALL OIL. TAPPI,
19(7) :327-328, July 1966. 4 refs. (Presented at the 51st Annual
Meeting of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper
Industry, held in New York, H. Y-, Feb. 20-24, 1966.)
The standard procedure for the determination of total rosin acids
and acid number, ASTH D-803, requires 9 g of sample for single
determinations. Therefore, it is not applicable to situations
were large quantities of tall oil are not available. Such is the
case with samples of crude tall oil from black liquor streams of
the kraft pulping process. The boron trifluoride-methanol
esterification procedure for selectivity masking fatty acids in
the rosin acid determination was investigated and found to be
M. Basic Science and Technology
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attractive because it is simple to use and has proven applicability
to small samples. Gas chromatographic investigation showed that
this methylation procedure is selective for fatty acids and is
therefore acceptable for this purpose. The minimum sample
requirement for the determination of both fatty and rosin acid
is 75 mg of tall oil. Acceptable agreement between the ASTH
procedure and this micro method was observed for samples with
greater than 15% rosin acids. (Authors' abstract)
13465
Hicke, Alfred F., Henry E. Mclaughlin, and Joseph H. Stump, Jr.
PROCESSES FOR REMOVING STILBENE FROM TALL OIL FATTY ACIDS.
(Tenneco Chemicals, Inc., Delaware) U. S. Pat. 3,257,U38. 4p.,
June 21, 1966. 11 refs. (Appl. May 18, 1962, 5 claims.)
The process utilizes catalytic amounts of boron trifluoride to
convert a major portion of the stilbene compounds in tall oil
fatty acids to higher-boiling derivatives. The catalyst is removed
and the treated fatty acids are distilled. The reactions occur
readily at room temperature, but the process is successful up to
100 C. Tall oil fatty acids containing 0.1% or more stilbene
can be treated to obtain a product containing less than 0.04S
stilbene.
13494
Dryden, I. G. C.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION AND REACTIONS OF COAL. In: Chemistry of
Coal Utilization, Supplementary Volume, H. H. Lowry (ed.),
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., Committee on
Chemistry of Coal, p. 232-295, 1963. 392 refs.
Various methods of determining the chemical composition of coal
are surveyed. Solvent extraction yields little information about
the coal molecule, apart from a molecular weight distribution. If
solvent extracts contain more than 1 to 5% o± the parent coal,
they resemble it closely, provided they are prepared below 250 C.
If prepared above this temperature, pyrolysis has clearly modified
their composition. The best specific solvents for coal contain a
nitrogen atom with a readily available pair of electrons. Evidence
from polarography has suggested that certain nuclei containing one,
two, and three rings play an important part in coal structure.
X-ray histograms suggest that about one-half of the carbon in the
nuclei is almost equally distributed between one, two, and three
rings, but these estimates may be biased toward the larger ring
systems. In the polarography of coal extracts, the frequent
occurrence of half-wave potentials, for the reduction of
aromatic systems, points to the presence of a considerable
proportion o± biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene
structures. The extent of reduction suggests a minimum
polycyclic aromaticity between 0.35 and 0.5. Methods of functional
group analysis and polarography at lower potentials have shown
that the hydroxyl and carbonyl group concentrations account for
70 to 90% of the 02 in bituminous coal. Hydrogenation, extensive
oxidation, hydrolysis, pyrolysis, and fluorination are the most
interesting reactions of coal, but furnish only limited information
about the structure of coal itself.
«82 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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13H99
Bagliano, G. and L. Ossicini
THE ADSORPTION OF METAL IONS FROH HF-HC10« MIXTURES ON SOHE ION
EXCHANGE PAPERS. J. Chromatog. , 21 (3) : 499-502, Harch 1966. 2 refs.
A comparison of ion exchange from HF-HC1 and HF-HC104 mixtures for
ions known to adsorb from these solutions is made using two types
of anion and one cation exchange paper. The concentration of
HC1 or HC10U was maintained constant at 1N and the HF concentration
was varied from 1 to 10%. Experimental results show that, while
there are considerable differences in adsorption froa HF-HC1, very
few ions were adsorbed from HF-HC104. Tantalum may be adsorbed
from mixtures with Hf, Zr, Ti , Kb, Ho, W, and D on an anion exchange
resin paper from HF-HC10«.
13505
Marton, Joseph
DETERMINATION OF LIGNIN IN SHALL PULP AND PAPER SAMPLES USING
THE ACETYL BROMIDE METHOD. TAPPI, 50 (7) : 335-337, July 1967.
10 refs. (Presented in part at the 51st Annual Meeting,
Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, Feb. 20-
21, 1966.)
The acetyl bromide method of determining lignin in wood was
extended to determine lignin in unbleached softwood pulps.
Small (5-30 mg) pulp and uncoated paper samples are dissolved
in an acetyl bromide-acetic acid mixture. The absorbance of
the solutions at 280 nm is related to the absorptivity of
reference lignin preparations. The calculated lignin content
correlates excellently with Kappa number determinations. A
correction is applied to compensate for background absorption
at zero Kappa number. The precision of the lignin determination
method is plus or minus 2 relative percent. It has potential
1 advantages where micro sampling is involved and the pulps are
modified or the pulp lignin contains solubilizing groups.
(Author's abstract modified)
Starkman, E. S. and H. K. Newhall
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF METHANE AND AIR, AND PROPANE AND
AIR FOR ENGINE PERIORMANCE CALCULATIONS. Preprint, Society of
Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 13p., 1967. 16 refs.
A chart-form review of the thermodynamic properties of selected
fuel-air mixtures suitable for utilization in engine performance
calculations was presented. Methane and propane, representative
of natural gas, and LPG were -the fuels considered. Comparisons
were made between the performance to be expected with these
gaseous fuels compared to octane as representative of gasoline.
Cycle analysis showed loss in power could be anticipated when
converting from gasoline fuel to LPG with further loss between
LPG and natural gas.
M. Basic Science and Technology 933
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13553
Cronan, C. S.
OIL DEFINING TANDEM PULLS...HIGH PURITY AROMATICS FKOM COKE-OVEN
OIL. Chem. Eng., 66 (2) : 110-113, Jan. 12, 1959.
The Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp. has been successfully
producing high-purity aromatics from crude coke oven light
oils since 1957. The light oil is produced during the high
temperature carbonization of coal to make metallurgical coke,
and is recovered from the coke oven gas by scrubbing with
an absorbent oil. It is then sent to stripping towers
to remove carbon disulfide and other light ends. After
pretreatment, the light oil is heated and fed to a Hydrofiner
reactor. After caustic scrubbing, benzene, toluene, and
xylene products are separated from gases and sent to a
stream stripper where residual H2S is removed; they then
proceed to Udex extraction. The Udex process extracts aromatics
from paraffins using aqueous diethylene glycol, then strips
pure aromatics from the glycol. Final fractionation of the
finished products is done in three towers: two continuous
towers for benzene and toluene, and a batch column for xylene.
A flowsheet illustrating the process of hydrofining and
extraction is included.
13580
Slutsky, S. , J. Tamagno, and I. Fruchtman
AN ANALYSIS OF HYDKOCAHBON-AIR COMBUSTION FLAMES. Preprint,
American Inst. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York,
Technical Information Service, 51p., 1966. 11 refs. (Presented
at the AIAA Second Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference,
Colorado Springs, June 13-17, 1966, Paper 66-573.)
The overall structure of the combustion process in a jet flow
of h-ydiocarbon-air mixtures was studied both experimentally
ar.d analytically. The hydrocarbons considered were methane,
ethane, propane, and ethylene, with flame stabilization assured
by a small oxy-hydrogen pilot. This research was essentially
basic in nature; however, in choosing particular aspects for
investigation, the selection was oriented toward fuels and
conditions pertaining to supersonic combustion in ramject engines.
Flame propagation angles were determined by means of time
exposure direct photographs, supplemented by measurements
of mean total temperature and total static pressures for
various values of stoichiometric equivalence ratios. The
progress made in the incorporation of finite rate hydrocarbon
chemistry with numerical techniques for the computation of
flows with viscosity, diffusion, and heat transport is presented.
The first case to date has been for the methane-air combustion
system and has resulted in numerical solutions which are in
good agreement with experiments. The formulation of mathematical
models for the description of high speed combustion flames
as described by the foregoing methane-air combustion has
resulted in new insights into the mechanism of combustion rate
phenomena in flames.
984 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
13636
•hitehouse, A. G. R.
THE HEAT OF ADSORPTION Of GASES BY COAL AND CHAHCOAL. J. Soc.
Chea. Ind., «5:13T-20T, Jan. 15, 1926. 18 refs.
Although the adsorption of gases by charcoal and other substances
has been investigated extensively during recent years, the thermal
change accompanying this phenomenon has received much less
attention. In view of this experiments were conducted with
different types of coal and charcoal to measure the adsorption of
S02, nitrogen, methane, CO, C02, and oxygen using specially
designed adsorption apparatus and a calorimeter. The heat
evolved/cc of gas absorbed decreased as more gas was absorbed;
the results obtained with charcoal and the different coals were
very similar. The values obtained for the heat evolved/cc of gas
adsorbed were: CO2:0.346-0.255 cal; 502:0.627-0.359 cal; methane:
0.245-0.199 cal; oxygen: 0.19-0.17 cal; nitrogen:0.22-0.17 cal;
and C0:0.198-0.188 cal. An equation is given relating the total
heat evolved/g of adsorbent with the total volume of gas
adsorbed/g of adsorbent. The gases studied were adsorbed Bore
slowly by coal than by charcoal; the differences were most
pronounced in the cases of methane and nitrogen.
13666
Nagasawa, Sin
FOHDAMENTAL STUDIES OF ADSORPTI'J.J OF GASES AND VAPODRS BY ACTIVE
BENTONITE. Tohoku J. Agr. Res., 4(1):75-95, 1953. 6 refs.
Adsorption of gases and vapors tiy active bentonite which was
prepared from commercial bentonite and activated by acid and heat
treatments was measured. Isothermal equilibrium was measured
and the empirical formulas of Freundlich's type were determined
for benzene, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and water vapor. Each
isoteric equilibrium and isobaric equilibrium was calculated, and
expressed by empirical formulas. Each desorption equilibrium
was measured. The hysteresis-like phenomenon was observed with
benzene, water, and sulfur dioxide at several temperatures.
Isosteric differential heat of adsorption was calculated. From
those values, and from the desorption equilibrium, it was
ascertained that capillary condensation might take place at high
relative pressures. (Author abstract modified)
13686
Fischer, Hans
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ADSORPTION OF GASES ON CHARCOAL IN
SOLDTION. (Vergleichende Untersuchung uber die Adsorption an
Holzkohlen in Losung und in Gasen). Text in German.
Kolloid-Beih., 42 (4-2) :125-183, 1935. 17 refs.
The adsorption capacity of eleven types of coals in solution was
determined. The amount adsorbed during equilibrium conditions
and during a certain period of time, as well as the adsorption
M. Basic Science and Technology .985
-------
speed, were determined each time. Prior to the tests, the
purity of the coals was determined. For the study of adsorption
in solution, succinic acid in aqueous solution, iodine in
aqueous KI solution, iodine in alcoholic solution, and methylene
blue in aqueous solution, and the gases S02, C02, and C2H1 were
used. Dry carbon was mixed with one of the above substances in
solution, shaken, and after some time the concentration was
determined by titration. Hith gases, the adsorbed amount was
determined by measurement of the pressure difference caused by
adsorption. It was found that in solution all types of coals
reached the adsorption equilibrium slowly. The adsorption speed
depended very much on the grain size of the carbon particles;
the larger the particles, the lower the adsorption speed.
Porous coal adsorbed rapidly, dense coals slowly. Succinic acid
was adsorbed best, methylene blue least. The adsorption
capacity of porous coal in solution was higher than that of
dense or indistinct coal. The same results were obtained for the
adsorption of S02 vapor. With C2H4 and C02, however, the dense
coals had a higher adsorption capacity than the porous ones.
The adsorption speed was higher with gases owing to the higher
molecular motion of gases. It was concluded that the various
types of coals showed no markedly different adsorption
properties. Greater difference existed only between impure,
tarry ordinary retort coal and activated tar-free coals.
13766
Graham, J. Ivon
THE ADSORPTION OB SOLUTION OF METHANf AND OTHEB GASES IN COAL,
CHARCOAL, AND OTHEE MATERIALS. Colliery Guardian (London),
132 (3168) :809-811, Sept. 16, 1921. 7 refs.
The adsorption curve for coal dust and C02, up to a 50%
concentration, was first obtained by making several additions of
known quantities of the gas and reading the equilibrium pressure.
A definite amount of methane was then added and allowed to set
for two days, to ensure equilibrium between the C02 and methane
in the gas mixture and that adsorbed by the coal. The points
obtained for the adsorption of C02 alone, and mixed with methane
lay practically on the same curve when allowance was made for
experimental error. There was, however, a marked effect on the
adsorption of methane. A much smaller amount was adsorbed by the
coal when C02 was present than when only methane was present.
It was found that when moisture was added to the coal dust, its
adsorptive capacity decreased by 25%, and when 10.5% pyridine
was added, the adsorptive capacity was reduced to a lower level.
Crushing the coal in the laboratory did not produce an increase
in the coal adsorption proportionate to the increase in surface
area. It was concluded that the actual surface area of the
particle forms only a small proportion of the total surface
available for adsorption. Coal dust was examined for use in Army
respirators during 1917-1918. It was found that while it was
very effective for adsorbing chlorine gas, it was useless for
the adsorption of carbon monoxide.
986 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
13876
Hemy, H. and W. Hene
ADSORPTION OF GASES BY ACTIVE CHARCOAL. (Ueber die Adsorption
von Gasen durch aktive Kohle). Text in German. Kolloid - Z.
(Geraany), 61 (3):313-322, Dec. 1932. 12refs.
The adsorbability of a number of gases by a highly active charcoal
was studied. A simple relationship was found to exist between
the adsorbabilities at 15 C and the vapor pressures of the
liquefied gases at 15 C. The dependence on pressure of
adsorption at room temperature (15 C) of the gases H2, 02, N2,
N20, C02, S02, and CH3C1 was investigated as was the dependence
on temperature of the adsorption at atmospheric pressure of the
gases H2, C02, SO2, NH3, and CH«. An empirical formula was
derived which jointly represents the adsorbabilities of the
latter gases at those temperatures at which their vapor pressures
are equal. A few exploratory experiments were carried out on the
adsorption of gas mixtures by charcoal. It was discovered that
with any of the several gas mixtures used, the total amount
adsorbed was not related simply to the sum of adsorbabilities
of its individual components. However, this amount corresponded
approximately to the mean value of the adsorbabilities of the
individual components of the mixture.
13882
Airey, E. B.
GAS EMISSION FROH BROKEN COAL. AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL
INVESTIGATION. Int. J. Rock Mech. Bin. Sci., 5 (6) : l*75-«94, Nov.
1968. 7 refs.
Deep soft seam coal from the Sherwood Colliery ranges in size
between 0.5 in. and 200 mesh was brought into equilibrium
with methane at pressures of 50, 150, and 300 psi. One
empirical formula with only three constants was developed
to describe the rate of degassing observed for all the sizes,
pressures, and moisture contents tested. Errors in the empirical
formula were very small. A theory based on gas flow through a
homogeneous solid is shown to give poor agreement with
experimental results. A theory incorporating a mathematical
model including a crack system is shown to be compatible
with the empirical equation.
13931
Seery, Daniel J. and Craig T. Bowman
A SHOCK TUBE STUDY OF HETHANE OXIDATION. Preprint, Am.
Chem. Soc., Washington, D. C. , Div. Fuel Chem., 11(4):82-95,
1967. 11 refs.
An experimental study was made on the oxidation of methane behind
reflected shock waves to provide information on the reaction
mechanism and chemiluminescence for high temperature oxidation.
In this study, pressure, OH, CH, CO, C2, and H20 emission and
M. Basic Science and Technology 987
-------
OH absorption were monitored during the reaction. Dsing a.
proposed 15 step reaction mechanism, temperature, pressure,
and concentration profiles were calculated for the conditions
of the experiment. The concentrations of the intermediates
increased rapidly during the early stages of the reaction and
then maintained a constant value through most of the induction
period. Induction time was defined to be the time between
the heating of the gas by the reflected shock wave and the rapid
increase in pressure or characteristic emission or absorption.
Carbon monoxide and H20 showed a rapid increase early in the
induction period and then increased linearly to their equilibria
concentrations. Carbon dioxide increased linearly from the
start and only at the end of the induction period did it increase
rapidly. A peaking of CH emission was observed; however, OH
emission and OH absorption were found to increase simultaneously
during the reaction. From the pressure and OH emission, it was
concluded that the reaction passes through two phases - a first
phase in which the pressure and OH emission increase slowly,
followed by a second phase in which the pressure and OH emission
increase rapidly.
13933
lyublina, E. I.
RELATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HTDBOCAEBONS
AND THEIH TOXICITY. (0 svyazyakh fiziko-khimicheskikh svoystv
uglevodorodov s ikh tokisichnost'yu). Text in Russian. Gigiena
i Sanit., no. 7:20-25, 1969. 4 refs.
A formula is suggested for preliminary calculation of toxicity
indices on the basis of a correlation existing between the
physicochemical properties of hydrocarbons and their lethal
concentrations for mice and that of their maximal permissible
concentrations in the air of industrial premises. From the
molecular weights and boiling points of volatile hydrocarbons,
it is possible to calculate the value of LD50 and various
physicochemical constants of hygienic significance by means
of a given nomogram, (Author summary modified)
11T45
Bjerklie, John and Stephen Luchter
RJNKINE CYCLE WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND SPECIFICATION RATIONALE.
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., New York, N. Y.,
10p., 1969. 1« refs. (Presented at the International
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 13-17,
1969, Paper 690063.)
Present applications of Rankine cycle turboalternators and
turbogenerators cover a power range of 2.5 orders of magnitude
and extend from unattended microwave repeater stations to
marine and automotive installations. Organic working fluids
used include dowtherm, dichlorobenzene, toluene, liquid metals,
water, monochlorobenzene, perfluorodecalin, and hexafluorobenzene.
As more potential applications for the Hankine turbine and
reciprocating systems become apparent, a family of new organic
fluids suited to quantity applications must be developed.
,988 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Ideally, these fluids will have high thermal efficiency. The
best will be those whose vapor pressures extend across
temperature fields without going beyond pressure limts.
Alternatives will be fluids requiring low superheat and having
the widest temperature difference between peak and minimum
pressure. Other requirements are high molecular weight,
thermal stability, freezing points below minimum temperature,
isentropic saturated vapor lines, and a liquid specific heat
of 0.4. Fluids must be compatabile with common construction
materials.
1*158
Swinnerton, J. W., V. J. Linnenbom, and C. H. Cheek
DISTRIBUTION OF METHANE AND CARBON MONOXIDE BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE
AND NATURAL HATERS. Environ. Sci. Technol., 3 (9):836-838, Sept.
1969. 13 refs.
Methane and carbon monoxide concentrations in the atmosphere and
in natural waters were measured from samples collected during an
oceanorgaphic cruise between Washington, D. C. and Puerto Eico in
June 1968. The purpose of the measurements was to determine to
the level of these concentrations and to obtain information on the
direction of net transport across the air.-water interface. Such
information is expected to prove helpful in determining whether
these gases are being generated in the water by biological
processes and escaping into the atmosphere, or whether as the
result of relatively high atmospheric partial pressures, the
gases are going into solution in the seawater. The concentration
of methane was highest in the upper Potomac River and decreased
as the ocean was approached because of pollution in the river and
bay waters. Methane was at equilibrium between the atmosphere
and the open ocean where its average concentration in the
atmosphere was 1.2<* plus or minus 0.03 ppm. It is still not clear
whether the ocean is acting as a source or a sink for methane
under equilibrium conditions. Conversely, carbon monoxide
concentrations increased in the open ocean relative to the river
and bay waters. Equilibrium was not observed for carbon monoxide,
and the net transport of this gas appears to be from the water
into the atmosphere for all samples analyzed. Atmospheric carbon
monoxide concentrations ranged from 0.075 to O.Ut ppm. Possible
natural sources of carbon monoxide in the open ocean are the
photochemical decomposition of organic matter near the surface and
its production by various algae, green plants, and some species
of siphonophores. (Author abstract modified)
1U164
Hansen, Andrew C., Jr.
CONVERSION OF SULFUR-CONTAINING HYDROCARBONS. (Universal Oil
Products, Co., Inc., Des Plaines, 111.) U. S. Pat. 3,U61,062.
6p. , Aug. 12, 1969. 1 ref. (Appl. Sept. 6, 1966, 9 claims).
1 principal object of the invention is the production of high
octane gas by an economical combination of hydrorefining and
catalytic reforming of hydrocarbon mixtures contaminated with
sulfur compounds. A related object is the integration of a
hydrocarbon conversion process with a hydrocarbon treating
M. Basic Science and Technology 989
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process. One embodiment of the invention involves a combination
process for the conversion of sulfur-containing hydrocarbon
stock charge. This comprises the steps of (a) contacting a
naphtha charge stock and hydrogen with a cobalt-molybdenum
hydrogenation/desulfurization catalyst in a fixed bed reactor
at conditions selected to convert sulfurous compounds to hydrogen
sulfides and hydrocarbons; (b) removing hydrogen sulfide from the
hydrorefined effluent; (c) introducing at least a portion of the
remaining effluent into a conversion zone where the hydrocarbons
are contacted with a catalyst of alumina, platinum, and combined
chloride; and (d) recycling at least a portion of the conversion
zone effluent to combine with an alkylaromatic hydrocarbon
stocK charge prior to contacting the latter in the hydrorefining
zone, and separating the remaining conversion zone effluent to
provide a hydrogen-rich gaseous phase and a normally liquid carbon
product. The process produces a substantially debutanized pentane
plus product in amounts from 3020 to 3880 b/d. Two changes are
instituted in the combination process for catalytically reforming
sulfur-containing hydrocarbon charge stock. A portion of the
hydrorefined effluent is introduced into a catalytic reforming
reaction zone containing a platinum catalyst, and the total
reformed effluent is combined with a stock charge of gasoline
boiling range hydrocarbons prior to contact in the hydrorefining
14220
Gilbert, Everett E. and E. Paul Jones
SOLFONATION AND SULFATION. Ind. Eng. Chem. , 53 (1) :501-507, Jan.
1961. 167 refs.
The literature published in 1960 on the chemistry of sulfonation
and sulfation is reviewed. New procedures are reported and the
properties and possible uses of new products are summarized.
Topic headings include the direct sulfonation of polyethylene
film, alpha-sulfonation of pelargonic acid with S02, oxidative
sulfonation by aqueous chlorination of trithiane, sulfonation
with S02 compounds, polymerization and condensation methods,
aromatic sulfonation with H2S04, the preparation of long-chain
alkylated aromatics, the preparation of polystyrene and aromatic
resins, benzene and naphthalene derivatives, the direct
preparation of aromatic sulfonyl chlorides, sulfation of
alkenes, monohydric alcohols, glycol esters and ethers, and the
sulfamation of cyclohexylamines and insulin.
14227
Farnsworth, H. E. and H. F. Woodcock
EFFECTS OF RADIATION QUENCHING, ION-BOMBARDMENT, AND ANNEALING
ON CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF PURE NICKEL AND PLATINUM SURFACES. II.
HYDROGENATION OF ETHYLENE (CONTINUED). HYDROGEN-DEUTERIUM
EXCHANGE. Advan. Catalysis, vol. 9:123-130, 1957. 11 refs.
A method for cleaning a wide variety of solid surfaces in high
vacuum permits the separation and individual investigation of
factors affecting the chemical properties of catalysts: lattice
defects, electronic and geometric factors, and contaminants,
including chemisorbed gas. The method consists of high-
temperature outgassing, radiation quenching, argon-ion
990 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
bombardment, and annealing and is applicable to both single
crystals and polycrystalline forms. A mass spectrometer provides
continuous or intermittent gas analysis. In experiments involving
the hydrogenation of ethylene or nickel and platinum catalysts,
catalytic activity after ion bombardment was essentially the
same as that after radiation guenching. activity after these
treatments is higher than after subsequent annealing, suggesting
that annealing removes surface lattice defects which contribute
to high activity. Results also indicate that small amounts
of impurities promote catalytic activity, while larger amounts
of the same impurity act as a poison. Measurements of hydrogen-
deuterium exchange on a nickel surface revealed no appreciable
difference in activities of annealed and guenched surfaces,
indicating that the rate-controlling factor for the hydrogen-
deuterium reaction is not the same as that for the hydrogen-
ethylene reaction.
14258
Sherman, Albert and Henry Gyring
QUANTUM MECHANICS OF ACTIVATED ADSORPTION. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
5« (6) : 2661-2675, July 1932. 12 refs.
When binding energies are expressed as 10* of the total for all
atom pairs, the quantum mechanical calculations of the
activation energies for the hydrogenation of ethylene, acetylene,
and the activated adsorption of hydrogen on charcoal at zero
K are, respectively, 51.5, 24.4 and 8.8 kg cal. Better agreement
with the values obtained by Pease occurs when the coulombic
energy is taken as 14% of the total binding. The mechanism for
the conversion of ortho-to para-hydrogen on charcoal involves
three steps: activated adsorption, collision and reaction of two
adjacently adsorbed hydrogen molecules, and desorption. At
very low temperatures, the last step, a zero-order evaporation
process, is undoubtedly the rate-determining step. As the
temperature increases, the rate of desorption increases until
finally the collision of two adjacently adsorbed molecules is
the slow process. With increasing temperature, the chance of
two hydrogen molecules being adsorbed in adjacent positions
approaches zero, and simultaneously the conversion of para- to
ortho-hydrogen drops to zero. Since the adsorption obtained
is the so-called atomic adsorption, the C-H bonds must have
strength of 51.8 kg cal in order that the final bonds will have
strength of only 2 kg cal more than the initial hydrogen bond.
A carbon dioxide distance of 3.6 A is most favorable for
calculating the energy of the bonds at 51.8 kg cal. The
mechanism of conversion is assumed to involve the collision of a
hydrogen molecule from the gas phase with an adsorbed hydrogen
molecule. The problem of spin degeneracy of six electrons
is solved, and an equation for the potential binding energy of the
six electrons is applied to the calculation of activation energies.
14293
Peatman, W. B., T. B. Borne, and E. W. Schlag
PHOTOIONIZATION RESONANCE SPECTRA. I. NITRIC OXIDE AND BENZENE.
Chem. Phys. Letters (Amsterdam), 3 (7):492-497, July 1969, 21
refs.
M. Basic Science and Technology Ml
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A new method is described for the study of ionized molecules by
direct observation of optical resonance in photoionization. This
method interposes an electron filter in the system so that a
signal is detected in the measuring circuit only at the point
where the optical monochromator sweeps through a resonance
transition. Photoionization is carried out at the intersection
of a well-focused beam of light and a high intensity molecular
beam at right angles to the photon beam. Electrons are withdrawn
perpendicular to both of these beams. The energy of the
photoionization resonance is directly read off the setting of
the optical monochromator. Contributions from lower
photoionization processes are avoided. Photoionization
resonance scans of benzene show the presence of two peaks at
10.385 and 10.171 eV, respectively. It is thought that these
peaks are due to a new electronic level of C6H6(plus) at
10.385 eV and that this level corresponds to the removal of a
sigma electron from the benzene molecule. Data obtained for
NO(plus) using this method were compared with data previously
obtained by other methods. The average ionization potential
of five experimental runs was in exact agreement with the
spectroscopic value of other investigations.
1«313
Lederer, E. L.
VERIFYING ADSORPTION FORMULAS EY MEANS OF ADSORPTION MEASUREMENTS
HITH ACTIVATED CHARCOAL. (Pruefung von Adsorptionsformeln an
Hand von Adsorptionsmessungen bei einer hochaktiven Kohle).
Text in German. Kolloid-Z. (Stuttgart), 61(3):323-328, 1932.
15 refs.
Data reported by Remy on the adsorption of gases and vapors on
activated charcoal were used to verify isothermal and isobaric
adsorption laws. In the isothermal case, no decision can be made
between a logarithmic law and the formula of Langmuir. In the
isobaric case, a logarithmic law seems to fit the results best.
The isosteric curve of Trouton and Poole and the relationship of
Gurwitsch fit the data only moderately well. The relationship
between the vapor pressure and the adsorbed volume of various
gases indicates that equal amounts of different gases are
adsorbed, referred to corresponding states. Gas mixtures are
adsorbed proportionally, provided the concentrations are modified
by the influence of the mean molecular velocities and the shape
of the molecules. The adsorption data for the following gases
were used: C02, N20, HC1, H2S, NH3, C12, CH3C1, S02, CH4, and
COC12.
14335
Klimisch, Richard L.
OXIDATION OF CO AND HYDROCARBONS CVEE SUPPORTED TRANSITION HET1L
OXIDE CATALYSTS. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia,
Pa., Materials Science and Engineering Dept. and Public Health
Service, Durham, N. C., National"Air Pollution Control
Administration, Proc. First Natl. Symp. on Heterogeneous
Catalysis for Control of Air Pollution, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov.
1968. 11 refs.
992 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The reactivities of a series of potentially useful catalysts for
the oxidation of carbon monoxide and propylene were examined,
singling out the copper oxide-alumina system for more intensive
study. Evidence was obtained which indicates that these oxides
act as stoichiometric oxidizing agents for carbon monoxide.
Hass-transfer limitations were examined in the copper oxide-
alumina system for the oxidation of carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons at low concentration levels, showing the importance
of this effect. The ease of catalytic oxidation of a series
of hydrocarbons could be correlated with the atmospheric nitric
oxide photooxidation rates of these hydrocarbons. The extent
of the inhibition of these oxidation reactions by water and
carbon dioxide at realistic exhaust gas concentration levels
was also examined. Other more subtle features of these reactions
were also examined, and explanations were offered in terms of
sinple mechanistic concepts where possible. (Author summary
nodified)
U379
Lavrov, N. V.
PHYSICOCHEHICAL MECHANISE OF NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION. (Fiziko-
khimicheskiy mekhanizm goreniya prirodnogo gaza). Text in
Russian. Teoriya i Prakt. szhiganiya Gaza, Nauchn.-Tekhn.
Obshchestvo Energ. Prom., vol. 3:136-150, 1967. 12 refs.
The mechanisms of natural gas combustion are discussed in terms
of oxidation and reduction of methane. This theoretical
treatment is based on a review of the literature. The
following topics are treated: physicochemical regularities in
the process of fuel combustion; peculiarities of methane
combustion; gasification of methane; methane conversion
reactions; chain mechanism of methane combustion; low-temperature
oxidation of methane; mechanism of methane combustion at
elevated temperatures (proposed by the author together with
I. G. Petrenko); intermediate compounds and primary products
of methane combustion. The proposed high-temperature combustion
nechanism is based on the following assumption: chemical reaction
with oxygen involves separate stages of thermal decomposition
of methane; formaldehyde is regarded as an intermediate compound
in the methane-oxygen reaction analogous to physicochemical
complexes formed in carbon-oxygen combustion; methane combustion
is subdivided into three stages (incomplete combustion to
formaldehyde, decomposition of formaldehyde to CO and H2,
combustion of CO and H2).
1U385
Stezhenskiy, A. I., V. S. Luk1yanchikov, and V.. B. Protsenko
OXIDATION OF NITROGEN DURING COMBUSTION OF METHANE-NITROGEN-
OXYGEN MIXTURES. (Okisleniye azota pri gorenii metano-azoto-
kislorodnykh smesey). Text in Russian. Khim. Prom. Ukr.
(Ukr. Ed.), no. 1:7-9, 1967. 2 refs.
A methane-nitrogen-oxygen mixture was burned at a rate of 50
cu m/hr. Enriched air with an oxygen content of 40 to 13% was
provided in an excess of 1.3 to 2.6. Inlet temperature ranged
from 300 to 600 C and maximum NO yield (1.82S) was obtained
with an oxygen content of 70% and an air excess of 1.7
M, Basic Science and Technology 993
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{equivalent to eguimolar nitrogen-oxygen ratio in combustion
products). It is concluded that such a continuously operating
arrangement for fixing atmospheric nitrogen has a number of
advantages: constant NO concentration, ease of process control
and possibility of automatic control, low thermal cycling
assures prolonged and reliable operation of refractory materials
made of HgO or Zr02. The combustion chamber used was described
in an earlier article.
14388
Antonishin, N. V., V. A. Borodulya, A. M. Gulyuk, S. S.
Zabrodskiy, and V. A. Nemkovich
COMBUSTION OF LIQUID AND GASEODS FUELS IN A FLOIDIZED BED OF
FINE-GRAIN MATERIAL AND UTILIZATION OF HEAT FROM THE EXHAUST
GASES, (0 szhiganii zhidkogo i gazoobraznogo topliva v
psevdoozhizhennom sloye melkozernistogo materiala i utilizatsii
tepla ukhodyashchikh gazov). Text in Russian. Fiz. Goreniya,
Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, Sespub. Hezhvedom. Sb., 1966:20-25.
Experimental studies were made of the combustion of liquified
propane-butane, and of solar oil in fluidized beds at the
Institute of Heat and Mass Exchange of the Belorussian SSR
Academy of Sciences. Gas combustion studies were made with
quartz sand particles graded at 0.2-0.6 and 1.4-2.0 mm in a
75—mm diameter tube and in a 0.04 sg m chamber. Bed height
was 120-200 mm and maximum temperature occurred at a height
of 30-70 mm. A bed temperature of 850-1000 C gave sufficiently
complete combustion with an air excess of 1.05-1.2. Liquid
combustion studies were made with Dinas brick fragments graded
at 2-3, 3-5, and 5-7 mm in 75- and 100-mm diameter tubes. An
air excess of 1.4 in the 75-mm tube gave 96-97% combustion, and
an air excess of 1.15 in the 100-mm tube gave 94.1% combustion.
The experimental data are used in proposing a theoretical
scheme for recovering heat from exhaust gases by circulating
the material of the fluidized bed so as to pass incoming air
through it for preheating.
14391
Kiselev, A. V.
NATURE OF HYDROCARBON ADSORPTION ON GRAPHITE, OXIDES, HYDROXIDES,
AND CHEMICALLY MODIFIED SURFACES. (Priroda adsorbtsii
uglevodorodov na grafite, okisyakh, gidrookisyakh i khimicheski
modifitsirovannykh poverkhnostyakh). Text in Russian. Gaz.
Khromatogr., Tr. Pervoi vses. Konf., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow,
1959, p. 45-80. 61 refs.
Considerations necessary for a better theoretical and practical
understanding of chromatographic separation of hydrocarbons
are presented. Topics examined are: absorption energy of
hydrocarbons on graphitized carbon black and magnesium oxide;
absorption energy of hydrocarbons on hydroxides; adsorption
isotherms for individual hydrocarbons on a uniform surface;
effect of chemical modification of absorbent surface on the
absorption of hydrocarbons; effect of geometrical modification
of absorbents—creation and alteration of surface—on the
absorption of hydrocarbons. It is recommended that further
994 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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work center on the following itens: theory of adsorption forces,
calculation of adsorption energy, measurement of heat of
adsorption at different tenperatures; statistical theory of
adsorption equilibria, measurement of heat capacity of adsorption
systems; investigation of the state of surface chemical conpounds
and ad-sorption complexes using infrared spectra and other new
methods; investigation of the geometric structure of adsorbents
and structure modification; investigation of the chemical
structure of surfaces and their chemical modification;
investigation of adsorption equilibria for gas mixtures,
especially by the vacuum circulation method using new adsorbents.
11399
Dioszeghy, D.
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FLAME HESEABCH.
(Theoretische und praktische Entwicklung der Flammenforschung).
Text in German. Freiberger Forschungsh. B, no. 120:183-200,
1967. 15 refs.
Historical development and fundamentals of flame research are
reviewed. With respect to the microstructure of flames,
burning velocity and the importance of secondary air in
reducing the flame are discussed. Pertinent experiments in
Hungary were concentrated on the study of the combustion for
natural gas, the main fuel in the steel industry. Formation
of scale can be avoided if stoichiometric combustion and uniform
flame temperature are maintained. The effect of secondary air was
studied by means of a ceramic flame tube. The gases were
analyzed by gas chromatography with C02 as carrier gas. It was
found that the least amount of scale is formed when (C02/CO)
plus (H20/H2) is less than one. Larger experiments were
conducted in a chamber furnace where 14.U cu m natural gas per
hour were burned with 130 cu m air per hour. Heating tests
were performed with 30 mm brass blocks. In furnaces with
radiative heat transfer, it is important to destroy the
boundary layers at the walls. This is done by sucking the flue
gases through openings in the walls. Thirty such furnaces were
constructed and they now operate in forges throughout the
country. The wall temperatures in these furnaces are typically
1080 C without wall channels and 1250 C with wall channels.
13U15
Haseba, S., T. Shimose, N. Kubo, and T. Kitagawa
NITRIC OXIDE EXPLOSION. Chem. Eng. Progr., 62 (H):92-96, April
1966. 8 refs.
A method was found to analyze low-concentration hydrocarbons
assumed to have contributed to an explosion in the second heat
exchanger of a nitrogen wash unit. Acetylene, 1,3-butadiene, and
allene existed in the crude gas in the order of 2 to 3 ppm, 0.2
to 0.5 ppm, and 0.2 to 0.3 ppm, respectively. Nitric oxide was
detected at concentrations in the order of 0.005 to 1 ppm through
oxidation with permanganate and sulfuric acid, followed by
calorimetric' detection with the Griess-Saltzman reagent. Findings
showed that more than 90% of NO entered the unit accumulated in
the second heat exchanger, most of it oxidized to nitrogen dioxide
and nitrous anhydride, which is more reactive with hydrocarbons
M. Basic Science and Technology 995
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than NO. Experiments confirmed the possibility of spontaneous
ignition in the second exchanger and the composition of reaction
products between nitrogen and conjugated dienes. An adsorption
process is now used to remove NO, in which Na2Cr02 or C12 are added
to the wash-water circuit.
13713
Durau, F. and V. Schratz
STUDY OF ADSORPTION HEATS OF S02 AND C3H8 ON NACL AND OF C3H8 AND
C2H6 ON DECOMPOSED KMN04. (Ueber Adsorptionswaermen von S02 und
C3H8 am NaCl und Von C3H8 und C2H6 am zersetzten KMn04). Text
in German. Z. Physik. Chem. Abt. A (Leipzig), 159 (2-3) :115-
130, 1932. 22 refs.
In an experimental set-up completely isolated from the
atmosphere, the adsorption isotherms of S02 and propane (C3H8) on
NaCl powder and of C3H8 and ethane (C2H6) on decomposed KHnOU
in the temperature range from 0 C to 40 C were determined. To
increase the accuracy of the measurement, the experimental set-
up was enclosed in a thermostat especially constructed for this
purpose. The NaCl powder was obtained by melting cleaned NaCl
in a high vacuum and by pulverizing the crystals in a nitrogen
atmosphere. The KMnOt was prepared by heating under low
pressure without contacting any gas other than the oxygen
liberated during the process. The adsorption heats were
determined and results show that adsorption is caused by van
der Waal forces. The experiments also confirmed observations
made with coal, namely that the individual surface points
develop different energies. Surface points with high
adsorption potential cause chemisorption, which was weak between
S02 and NaCl and more pronounced between C2H6 and C3H8 and
decomposed KMn04. The points of high adsorption potential
disappear by crystalline transformation due to heating.
14450
Hollax, E., K. Schwabe and K. Hiesener
ELECTROCHEMICAL CLEANING OF INDUSTRIAL HASTE GASES AND DEVELOPMENT
OF A NEW TWO LAYER ELECTRODE. (Uber die Beseitigung von
Industrieabgasen auf elektrochemischem Hege und die Entwicklung
einer neuartigen Zweischichtelektrode.) Text in German. Dechena
Monograph, 59 (1045-1069) :147-157, 1968. 14 refs.
Elimination of gaseous pollutants from industrial waste gases
poses many problems, particularly the removal of S02. In an
effort to find a satisfactory solution, electrochemical fuel cell
experiments were conducted with S02 diluted with inert gas to
obtain a realistic concentration. Results of galvanostatic tests
showed that 90% of the S02 could be removed from the waste gas
feed to the anode. Measurement of the potentials against a
Hg/hg2S04 reference electrode in 3.8 m H2S04 showed that at a
fuel dilution of 1:1000 there are theoretical limits with respect
to the attainable current density and the cell voltage. Further
experiments were concerned with removal of other substances in
the waste gas in electrochemical fuel cells. Since oxygen
electrodes are 'blubber' electrodes, no difference between pure
oxygen and air as reactant was found at the cathode. With methane
996 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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and carbon monoxide only, considerably lower current densities
could be achieved. For conversion of reaction gases, it is
advisable to use tightly-sealed, non-gassing electrodes with high
electrochemical activity. These demands are fulfilled by a
carbon electrode consisting of a hydrophobia substrate and a less
hydrophobic coating. The coating layer is produced by surface
decomposition of the binding and hydrophobilizing agent of a
hydrophobic carbon body in the presence of a catalyst such as Ag,
pt, etc. Its use as an oxygen electrode is discussed. The effects
of operating parameters such as temperature, gas pressure, oxygen
partial pressure and KOH concentration on electrocheaical power
generation and on long-term performance are discussed.
14500
Gottauf, M.
GAS-CHHOMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC 'COMPOUNDS IN AIR
IN PRESENCE OF OZONE. (Gas-chromatographisch'e Bestimmung
organischer Verbindungen in luft bei Anwesenheit von Ozon). Text
in German. Anal. Chem., 246(1) :31, 1969. 2 refs.
Trace analyses of organic compounds in air can be successfully
performed by using a gas chromatographic method. The air
sample is passed through a cold trap which causes the organic
compounds to condense. The carrier gas then tikes them through
the chromatographic column. In the presence of ozone, the ozone
is also condensed, at least in part, in the cold trap and begins
to react with certain organic compounds either immediately or
during the heating process. Many organic substances are thus
destroyed and cannot be analyzed. This result can be avoided by
adding an excess amount of ethylene to remove the ozone. This
method was successfully used for measurements of the reaction rate
between ozone and various gaseous odorants. It was possible to
determine hexanal, 2-hexenal limonenes, allylisothiocyanate, and
pyridine in concentrations of 10 to the minus eighth power moles/1
at ozone concentrations between 10 to the minus seven and 10 to
the minus five moles/1.
14622
Dauba, J. L.
MAXIMUM TEHPERATDRES ATTAINABLE BY COMBUSTION OF CARBON AND
HETHANE IN AIE. (Temperatures maximales accessibles par
combustion du carbone et du methane dans 1'air). Text -in
French. Genie Chim., 92(4):102-110, Oct. 1964. 4 refs.
i thermodjnmic study made possible the prediction of te effects
of prehating of combustibles and supporters of combustion
as well as the influence of the combustible/combustion supporter
ratio, burning methane and carbon, respectively, in air. A
simple approximation to account for calorific losses in the
heat exchanger during preheating is possible if it is assumed
that heat losses are mainly due to radiation. The combustible/
combustion supporter ratio is much more important in the
carbon-air system than in the methane-air system.
M. Basic Science and Technology 997
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14648
Dimov, Neno Pentschev
CHROEATOGEAPHY OF THE LIGHT GASES ON METAL-SUBSTITUTED SILICA
GELS. (Chromatographie der leichten Gase auf metallersetzbaren
Silikagelen). Text in German. Abhandl. Deut. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin, Gas-Chromatog. 1965, no. 2:C133-C136, 1966. 16 refs.
On silica gels whose hydroxyl group hydrogens had been replaced
by metal ions, the chromatographic separation of a mixture of
methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, and butane
were studied. It was expected that on silica gels containing
-OAg, -ONa, and -OK groups, polar propylene and polarized
ethylene would be retained. However, the alkali metals lead to
a reduction of the retained volumes of ethylene and propylene.
The alkali earth metals (Ca, Ba) reduced the effect of the
hydroxyl groups but not as strongly. Propylene appears between
iso-butane and n-butane. Silica gel Cu and silica gel Ag did
not pass the olefins at 30 C and with a pressurized carrier gas
for 30 roin. Silica gel treated with Ag ions was used for
analysis of ethane traces in ethylene or of propane and butane
traces in propylene. It was found that at 20 C, 20 ml of
ethylene can be passed through 4 g of silica gel containing 8
mole % of silver without obtaining any peaks. With larger
quantities (50 ml), an ethylene peak is developed in the same
time as needed with non—treated silica gel, but this peak is so
small that it does not interfere with the guantitative
evaluation of the other peaks.
14688
Niedrach, L. W.
ELECTROCATALYSIS AND BELATED PROCESSES AT THE HYDBOCAHBON ANODE.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Materials
Science and Engineering Dept. and Public Health Service, Durham,
ti. C., National Air Pollution Control Administration, Proc. First
Natl. Symp. on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air
Pollution, Philadelphia., Pa., Nov. 1968, p. 487-524. 33 refs.
Several technigues were used to study oxidation reactions
occurring at the hydrocarbon anode of low-temperature fuel cells
using aqueous acidic electrolytes. They have provided information
about surface species and reaction kinetics. Results indicate
two major paths for such oxidations, both deriving the required
oxygen from water in the electrolyte. The first, and preferred,
path involves fission of carbon-carbon bonds to form Cl
radicals. These rapidly react with water to form a partially
oxygenated surface intermediate which in turn reacts further
at moderate overvoltage to form C02. The second path results
in the formation of more refractory multi-carbon alkyl radicals
on the surface. They are held to the surface by multipoint
attachment and are more difficult to oxidize. Because of the
many species present on the electrode surface and changes in
coverage and composition with temperature, potential, and time,
a study of the anodic oxidation of hydrocarbons requires many
transient electrical measurements. Some of the technigues used
in measurement may prove useful in connection with air pollution
and abatement problems. (Author summary modified)
#98 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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1U709
Zinmermann, F. K.
GENETIC EFFECTS OF POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS: INDUCTION OF-
BITOTIC GENE CONVERSION. Z. Krebsforsch., 72(1):65-71, 1969.
28 refs.
Hitotic gene conversion is d process which causes genetic
variegation in somatic cells by the interaction of two different
alleles of the same gene due to a presumably localized pairing
of homologous chromosomes. Five polynuclear hydrocarbons were
tested for their ability to induce mitotic gene conversion in a
deploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To enhance the
sensitivity of the test system, the yeast was also made
respiratory-deficient. Such a strain, in the absence of a
fermentable substrate, was deprived of energy sources and
consequently, unable to repair DNA damage. Under these
conditions, mitotic gene conversion was induced by 9, 10-
dinethylbenzanthracene, but net by pyrene, 3, 4-benzpyrene,
1, 2-benzanthracene, or 1, 2, 5, 6-dibenzanthracene. The
inactivity of the latter compounds was ascribed either to their
inability to react directly with DNA, or to the lack of
activating enzymes in the yeast cells. The results are discussed
in the light of a general genetic theory of carcinogenesis
including karyotic genetic effects such as mutation, mitotic
recombination, and mitotic gene conversion, as well as
cytoplasmic mutation. (Author summary modified)
114811
Abel, Hikolaus, Peter Winkler, and Christian Junge
STUDIES OF SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND GROWTH WITH HUMIDITY OF
NATURAL AEROSOL PARTICLES. PART II. INVESTIGATION OF THE
COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL PARTICLES BY MEASUREMENT
OF PARTICLE GKOWTH DUE TO ABSORPTION OF HATER VAPOR AND
OBGANIC VAPORS. Max-Planck-Institut fuer Chemie, Hainz, West
Germany, Otto-Hahn-Institut, Contract AF 61 (052)-965, AFCHL-69-
0205, p. U1-63, Jan. 1969. 15 refs.
AD 689189
A gravimetric method is described for the determination of the
growth of aerosol samples in vapors of water and organic
solvents. Results of measurements for samples of natural and
artificial aerosols for water vapor demonstrate the
possibilities of the method and some special characteristics
of these growth curves, such as the smooth form of the curves
and the hysteresis effect. Experiments show that the
typical smooth form of the growth curves of natural continental
aerosols can be explained by the presence of salt mixtures and
insoluble material. It is found that both the mutual influence
on solubility among the various ions, as well as interaction
between dissolved and insoluble material, tends to smooth the
shape of these curves. The study of hysteresis indicated that
this effect is due partly to the supersaturation of solutions
and partly to the existence.of pores in the aerosol particles
or at least in the aerosol sample. There is evidence that the
effect of the pores is enhanced by the interaction between
soluble and insoluble material. The study of growth of natural
aerosol particles in organic vapors showed that organic material
M. Basic Science and Technology 999
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is present which results in similar growth curves as in the case
of water vapor. It became clear, however, that growth in
organic vapors will influence the subsequent growth in water
vapor, that is, that exposure of the aerosol samples to organic
vapors is not reversible. Heating of aerosol samples up to
150 C resulted in mass losses up to 35*. This mass loss is due
to both organic and inorganic components. For further systematic
study of the organic components in aerosols the so-called
'solution' method was developed. In this method, the mass
losses are determined after exposure of the sample to a certain
sequence of solvents. (Author abstract modified)
14882
Bridgeman, Oscar C. and Elizabeth W. Aldrich
TABULATION OF GAS SOLUBILITIES IN HYDROCARBON AND OTHER NON-
AQUEOUS SOLVENTS. Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville,
Oklahoma, Jan. 18, 1955, 31p., 48 refs.
ASTIA, AD:84791
Tables of the available information of the solubility of a
number of gases in hydrocarbons and other non-aqueous solvents
are compiled. There are a considerable number of methods for
expressing gas solubilities. Frequently, the literature data
are incorrectly designated or computed, and an attempt was
made to rectify those errors. All gas solubility values
summarized are expressed as Ostwald solubility coefficients,
namely the volume of the gas at the stated temperature and
prevailing partial pressure dissolved in one volume of liquid at
the stated temperature. This method was selected for
uniformity and also because the value is essentially independent
of the gas pressure. For high pressures, a correction is
required to account for the departure from the perfect gas laws.
In the conversion of the literature values to Ostwald solubility
coefficients, for which precise relations exist, the final
result was expressed to the same number of figures as the
original recorded value. Since the data on air solubility is d
mixture of gases, the solubility, value will depend upon the V/L
ratio prevailing at the time of measurement because the different
components have different solubility coefficients. This is a
matter for detailed computation in each individual case. Such
computations were made for all literature data on air solubility
and the Ostwald coefficients for air in the tabulation refer
specifically to a dissolved gas of normal air composition, unless
otherwise noted. Theoretical relations between the solubilities
of a given gas in a variety of liquids constitute a guide to
weighting the accuracy of values by different observers and can
be employed to extend the range of knowledge of the solubility
of a given gas in a given liquid.
14917
Jonathan, Neville
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY APPLICATION TO CHEMICAL KIUETIC SYSTEMS.
Southampton Univ., Southampton, England, Dept. of Chemistry,
Contract AF61 (052)- 886, Proj. 8658-03, AFCRL-69-0055, 20p.,
Oct. 21, 1968. 15 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 683 772
1000 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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Work carried out on atom-molecule and atom-atom reactions in the
gas phase is reported. A zeolite pump was designed for studying
the reactions at fast flow rates and low pressures. Results are
given of studies on three light emitting reactions: atomic oxygen
plus nitric oxide, atomic nitrogen recombination, and atomic
oxygen plus acetylene. The mechanism by which ozone is adsorbed
on silica gel was investigated using infrared absorption
spectroscopy. Spectra were obtained for ozone, carbonyl
sulfide, and sulfur dioxide adsorbed on an Aerosil pressed
disc sample. In each case, a new band was detected at a lower
frequency than that due to unperturbed hydroxyl groups, and the
new band was found to increase in intensity as the latter
decreased. Shifts were measured at various temperatures, and the
results explained in terms of the formation of a hydrogen bond
between the hydroxyl group on the adsorbent surface and the
adsorbate molecule. The temperature dependence of the shift is
also consistent with the known properties of the hydrogen bond.
As the temperature is increased, the hydrogen bond becomes weaker,
and the frequency of the hydroxyl band approaches the value for a
free hydroxyl group. It is suggested that both ozone and sulfur
dioxide are adsorbed on silica gel through their central atoms
rather than through their terminal oxygen atoms.
15015
Crosley, David P.
USE OF OPTICAL PUMPING TO DETECT FREE RADICALS DURING A GAS-PHASE
PHOTOLYSIS. J. Chem. Phys. , 47 («) : 136 1-1 368, Aug. 15, 1967.
32 refs.
An optically pumped system of rubidium was used as a probe to
measure the concentration of free radicals present during the
vacuum-ultraviolet photolysis of five hydrocarbons. The
mechanism for this measurement is the reduction of the relaxation
time of the oriented rubidium in the presence of radicals,
due to the large spin exchange interaction between the two
species. Measurements were made at two different pressures
each on methane, ethane, propane, butane, and isobutane and
both relative and absolute approximate quantum yields for
radical production were determined. Separate detection of
hydrogen atoms during the photolysis, through spin exchange
coupled electron spin resonance is discussed. This method
of directly detecting free-radical intermediates appears to
be a useful complement to standard experiments in which reaction
mechanisms are deduced from analysis of final products of
the photolysis. (Author abstract modified)
150«6
Herkstroeter, William G. and George S. Hammond
MECHANISMS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN SOLUTION. XXXIX. STUDY
OF ENERGY TRANSFER BY KINETIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 88 (21):4769-4777, Nov. U, 1966. 26 refs.
Conventional flash techniques were used to measure the
acceleration of the decay of various sensitizer triplets in the
M, Basic Science and Technology 1001
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presence of energy acceptors. An extensive study was made of
the stilbenes and 1,2-diphenylpropenes as acceptors. The results
are correlated with those obtained earlier in studies of the
photosensitized cistrans isomerization of the same substrates.
The reactivity in energy transfer remains remarkably high with
these substrates even when the triplet excitation energy of the
sensitizer is insufficient to produce any known optical
transition of the substrates. The result is in good agreement
with the hypothesis that flexible molecules can undergo
'non-vertical1 transitions to produce twisted geometric forms
directly. (Author abstract modified)
15012
Seeds, J- N. and Karl Kammermeyer
ADSORPTION OF MIXED VAPOBS. Ind. Eng. Chem,, 51 (5) :707-709, Bay
1959. 17 refs.
Measurements of the rate of diffusion of components of the systen
methanolbenzene through porous glass blocks revealed the
existence of an adsorption azeotrope in analogy to vapor-liquid
azeotropes. At the temperatures studied (15, 25, and 35 C),
benzene was preferentially adsorbed from the azeotropic vapor-
liquid mixtures. However, when present in very high
concentrations, methanol was preferentially adsorbed. Thus a
composition must exist in the intermediate region which would
absorb unchanged in composition. Since the eguilibrium between
the composition of the vapor and the composition of the
adsorbate is graphically similar to common isothermal vapor-
liquid equilibria for minimum boiling mixtures of binary
constituents, this crossover composition is called an adsorption
azeotrope. The curve for vapor-adsorbate equilibrium is,
however, shifted toward the methanol-rich side of the vapor-
liquid equilibrium system. This shift is more pronounced at lower
temperatures or lower pressures. The existence of adsorption
azeotropes, is established in these vapor adsorption studies
on the benzene-methanol system, has implications in all
separation processes using adsorption methods. (Author
conclusions modified)
15019
Porter, G. and J. I. Steinfeld
GIANT-PULSE-LASEH FLASH PHOTOLYSIS OF PHTHALOCYANINE VAPOR.
J. Chem. Phys., vol. «5: 31456-3457, 1966. 6 refs.
Flash photolysis was conducted on phthalocyanine gas to
investigate the radiationless processes. Conventional flash
photolysis, using a 220-J discharge through flash tubes filled
with 3 torr of oxygen, produced a depletion of singlet
absorption followed by extremely rapid recovery, faster than
could be resolved by the apparatus. When a Q-switched ruby
laser flash passed through the vapor, a large, fast depletion
of absorbing molecules was observed, followed by a slow recovery.
The slow recovery is due to the vaporization of excess solid in
the sample tube and subsequent diffusion of the vapor into the
absorbing region; thus, the laser flash irreversibly decomposes
1002 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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a large fraction of the phthalocyanine molecules in its path.
If the Q-svitch is removed from the laser and the full 40-J pulse
is passed through the sample, no decomposition is observed. This
strongly suggests that a process involving two photons is
responsible for the photodissociation. When a similar experiment
is carried out in chloronapthalene solution at 25 C, the singlet
absorption recovers more guickly, and there is apparently no
photodissociation. A possible explanation for this, suggested
by the observation that the fluorescence yield decreases by a
factor of 77 in going from solution at 25 C to vapor at 450 c,
is that the second photon is absorbed by a metastable state Hi,
which could be the lowest triplet or a singlet of different
electronic symmetry, producing a state H2, which dissociates.
Since the crossing rate has an apparent activation energy of
it.5-7.5 kcal/mole, this process will be favored at high
temperatures- An additional effect which might be operative is
the rapid relaxation of Ml by solvent. This mechanism is
supported by our results for conventional flash photolysis of
tetraphenylporphyrin at 310-350 C, which absorbs at 1(010 A,
15020
Tardley, James T. and C. Bradley Hoore
LASER-EXCITED VIBRATIONAL FLUORESCENCE AND ENERGY TRANSFER IN
HETHANE. J, Chem. Phys. , vol. 45:1066-1067, 1966. 10 refs.
The collisional relaxation time for the transfer of vibrational
energy from the asymmetric stretch to the bend of methane were
Measured. Ultrasonic measurements indicate that most polyatomic
molecules exchange vibrational energy rapidly among the excited
states and lose energy to translation and rotation via the lowest-
energy mode. Measurements confirmed this conclusion for methane
and yielded stretch to bend rates for comparison to theory.
15032
Sobolev, Igor, J. A. Heyer, Vivian Stannett, and Michael Szwarc
PERMEATION, DIFFUSION, AND SOLUBILITY OF METHYL BROMIDE AND
ISOBUTENE IN POLYETHYLENE. End. Eng. Chem., 49 (3) :441-444, March
1957. 20 refs.
Permeability constants, diffusion constants, and solubility
coefficients were obtained for methyl bromide and isobutane
vapors in polyethylene. The results are presented in the form of
permeability isobars and permeability and sorption isotherms. The
temperature dependence of the permeability constants for methyl
bromide is shown for three different pressures: 100 mm, 300 mm,
and 640 mm of mercury. The isobars corresponding to higher
pressures depart markedly from the normally observed linear
relationship, the permeability constants first decreasing and then
increasing as the temperature is progressively lowered. A similar
behavior is observed in the permeation of isobutane. The minima of
these isobars are shifted toward lower temperatures as the pressure
is decreased, and at sufficiently low pressure, e.g., 100 mm,
normal linear plots are obtained across the whole temperature range
covered. At lower temperature both diffusion constants and
solubility coefficients depart from normal linear relations. The
M. Basic Science and Technology 1003
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diffusion constants are concentration-dependent and the activation
energy required for diffusion decreases with increasing constant
relative vapor pressure. The solubilities of constant relative
vapor pressure are independent of temperature, indicating that
lowering the temperature at constant pressure leads to the sane
sequence of effects as increasing the pressure at constant
temperatures, i.e., in a proper scale the isobar at variable
temperature is identical with the isotherm at variable pressure.
Hence, the rapid increase in the solubility coefficient at constant
pressure and variable temperature reflects the steep slope of the
sorption isotherm.
150U8
Euhemann, M. and P. L. Charlesworth
THE THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF GAS SEPARATION PLANTS. Brit.
Chem. Eng., 11 (8) : 839-842, Aug. 1966. 2 refs.
The sources of inefficiency in gas separation units are
analyzed. Variations in column pressure accompanied by other
modifications can affect thermodynamic efficiency. However,
the principal causes of low thermodynamic efficiency are
difficulty of cold recovery and the irreversibility of the
distillation columns. This is due to the large temperature
differences between the top and bottom ends of columns
fractionating the multicomponent mixtures encountered in low
temperature hydrocarbon separations. To improve efficiency
and reduce the utility consumption of hydrocarbon gas separation
plants, a higher degree of cold recovery should be achieved
wherever possible. Temperature differences between the ends
of the columns should be decreased. The circulation rate of
refrigerants should be reduced as far as possible. The amount
of the higher boiling refrigerant which must be compressed to a
sufficiently high pressure to allow it to be condensed against
cooling water should be minimized. The steps to improve
thermodynamic efficiency in two of a different design plants,
one high pressure, the other low pressure, are described.
Although the efficiency of the high pressure plant is considerably
greater than that of previous variants, power consumption is
still high. This is partly due to the fact that the ethylene
product is made available at an elevated pressured and that a
portion of it is supplied as liquid. The power consumption of
the low pressure plant is considerably lower than the high
pressure plant. Other features of the two plant designs will
have to be compared from both practical and economic viewpoints
before a design preference is made.
15055
Eisenthal, K. B., W. L. Peticolas, and K. E. Bieckhoff
LASER-INDUCED LUMINESCENCE AND DISSOCIATION IN BIPHENYL. J. CheB.
Phys., 44 (12) :4492-4497, June 15, 1966. 16 refs.
The interaction of the radiation field of an unfocused ruby laser
with molecules containing a phenyl-phenyl or benzyl-benzyl
single bond gave rise to a new luminescence. This luminescence
is linearly dependent on the molecular concentration and
proportional to either the second or the third power of the laser
intensity. Thus it appears that a multiphoton abosrption is
1004 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
occurring. The absorption does not appear to involve the
electronic states of the molecules. This luminescence occurs
throughout the visible region and bears no resemblance whatever
to either the normal fluorescence or phosphorescence. Because
of the exceedingly high laser intensities or electric fields
necessary for electronic dielectric breakdown it appears that
this mechanism is not of importance. It is suggested that
multiphoton vibrational excitation to a dissociative state of
the molecule may occur which leads to molecular fragmentation.
This process is followed by a chemiluminescent emission. A
quantitative comparison of the experimental results with a
theoretical treatment of multiphoton vibrational dissociation
is made. (Author abstract modified)
15063
Beams, J. W. and C. Skarstrom
THE CONCENTRATION OF ISOTOPES BY THE EVAPORATIVE CENTRIFUGE
METHOD. Phys. Rev., vol. 56:266-272, Aug. 1, 1939. 19 refs.
The air-driven vacuum-type tubular centrifuge was used for the
separation of the isotopes of chlorine by the evaporative
centrifuge method. The separations obtained were about the
same as predicted by the theory provided that experimental
conditions approximately conformed to the assumptions of the
theory. With a steel tube 11 in. long and 3 in. inside diameter,
containing baffles to prevent remixing, and spinning at
1060 rps, carbon tetrachloride vapor was withdrawn from the
axis at the rate of 3.2 grams per minute without decreasing the
separation factor. This separation factor for chlorine, which
at any instant is the ratio at the periphery, was 1.025 in the
above case. It is believed that the method is practical in the
case of the heavier elements, but inferior to other centrifuge
methods where large concentrations of the isotopes in smaller
quantities of material are used. (Author abstract modified)
15071
Li, N. N. and E. J. Henley
PERMEATION OF GASES THROUGH POLYETHYLENE FILMS AT ELEVATED
PRESSURES. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs. J., 10 (5) :666-670, Sept.
196U. 16 refs.
The permeability of polar and nonpolar gases (methane, ethane,
propane, butane, ethylene, Freon-12, carbon dioxide, and nitrous
oxide) in polyethylene film was studied at 15 to 40 C and film
pressures to 11 atm. The effects of film thickness, temperature,
and upstream and downstream pressures on gaseous permeation were
determined. Carbon dioxide permeation through polyethylene
obeys both Henry and Fick's laws. When upstream and downstream
pressures are maintained at 1.57 and 1.0 atm, the permeation
constant C02 is temperature dependent, obeying the usual
Arrhenius type relationship. The permeabilities of methane,
ethylene, ethane, propane, butane, NO, and Freon-12 are
pressure dependent, and the activation energies of these gases
are functions of pressure. The observed correlation between
M. Basic Science and Technology 1005
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permeability and increased pressure is further evidence of the
strong plasticizing effect exerted by organic and inorganic
polar vapors and gases. Both solubility constants and gas
diffusivity are shown to be functions of pressure. Tested
film thickness of 1, 2, 4, and 10 mil have no effect on the
permeation constant. The effect of pressure on permeability
is expressible by an exponential equation. The solubility
constants of pressure-dependent gases can be correlated by a
similar exponential equation, while diffusivity is calculated
from permeation and solubility constants.
15078
Bulvihill, J. W., W. P. Haynes, S. Katell, and G. B. Taylor
COST ESTIMATES OF PROCESSES FOE SEPARATING MIXTURES OF METHANE
AND HYDEOGEN. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., FI 6530,
43p., 1964. 42 refs.
Capital and operating costs were estimated for separating methane
and hydrogen in gas-separating plants designed to produce 90
million standard cu ft per day of product gas containing a
minimum of 90 percent methane. After a preliminary literature
review of various separation techniques, three different
processes moving-bed adsorption using active carbon, oil
absorption, and liquefaction were chosen for the cost estimates.
Three different methane feed gas concentrations, 5, 20, and 50
percent were chosen as representative methane concentrations
for the separation estimates. Capital and operating costs were
lowest for the moving-bed adsorption process in all three cases
investigated. Operating costs (1964) declined from $0.24 to
$0.06 per 1000 cu ft of product gas, and capital costs declined
from $47,490,800 to 57,411,200 as the percentage of methane in
the feed gas increased from 5 to 50 percent. (Author abstract
modified)
15085
Mellen, A. W.
CRYOGENICS IN GAS PROCESSING. Oil Gas J. , 63 (26) :96-100; 102,
June 28, 1965.
Recent developments in the cryogenic processing of natural gas are
reviewed. Cryogenic technology is distinguished by its insulation
techniques, the most widely known of which is the cold box;
by its specialized metallurgical requirements, which depend
on the use of various modified steels; and by the need for
particularly high thermodynamic efficiency. The technical
features of the helium recovery process, presently the greatest
of of cryogenics in natural gas processing, are explained,
and a flow diagram of the operation is given. Because helium
plant construction is diminishing, interest in the cryogenics
of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is increasing rapidly, with
emphasis on peak-shaving and ocean transportation operations.
In LNG plants, interest has centered on cascade-type systems;
such a system using propane, ethylene, and methane as the
cascading refrigerants is described. The, recently-developed
use of an expansion-engine cycle in conjunction with existing
pressure-letdown situations to provide refrigeration for natural
1006 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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gas liquefaction is also considered, with reference to its
application in a simple Claude cycle. The economic and
technical aspects of using the cold from LNG revaporization
in the liquefaction of industrial gases for distribution is
currently under study. Another potential application of
cryogenics in the gas industry is the reduction of the nitrogen
content of natural gas; nitrogen-rejection techniques have been
developed in helium recovery plants and may change the status
of gas fields that are not considered economic at present because
of high nitrogen content.
15088
Korving, J., H. Hulsman, H. F. P. Knaap, and J. J. K. Beenakker
THE INFLUENCE OF A MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE VISCOSITY OF CHU AND
CFK (ROUGH SPHEBICAL HOLECDLES). Phys. Letters, 17(1):33-34,
June 15, 1965. 11 refs.
An experimental determination of the influence of a magnetic
field on the velocity of CHU and CF4 is reported. The classical
picture of the phenomenon for nonspherical molecules is that
the magnetic field gives rise to a precession of the magnetic
moment of the molecule around the field direction. A more
fundamental description is given in terms of the distribution
function of the velocities and angular momenta of polyatomic
molecules. The change in the viscosity of CH4 and CFU, which are
regarded as rough spherical molecules was measured, and a change
was found for both gases. Results show that viscosity change is
a function of the magnetic field/pressure. A theoretical
treatment of viscosity and heat conductivity in a gas of rough
spherical molecules was undertaken by solving the Boltzmann
equation containing a magnetic field term. The rough-spherical
model has the advantage over the oveloid model in that the
collision process is completely specified.
15104
Hichaels, Alan S. , Wolf R. Vieth,. and James A. Barrie
DIFFUSION OF GASES IN POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE. J. Appl.
Phys., 34(1):13-20, Jan. 1963. 16 refs.
Diffusion of helium, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide,
and methane in glassy and rubbery polyethylene terephthalate
was studied in the range of 25 to 130 C. Despite the abnormal
solution behavior of these gases in the glassy polymer, the
diffusion process is evidently normal and Fickian. Correlation
of solubility constants for oxygen and nitrogen, obtained by the
time-lag method, with data obtained by a static sorption method,
indicates that glassy crystalline polyethylene terephthalate may
be considered an isotropic diffusion medium. Diffusion is
impeded purely geometrically by the presence of the crystallites,
and the impedance factor is equal to the reciprocal of the
amorphous volume fraction. In the rubbery crystalline state
of the polymer, diffusion is Fickian and apparent activation
energies for diffusion are larger than those in the glassy
crystalline polymer. A model for diffusion in the glassy
M. Basic Science and Technology 1007
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amorphous and crystalline polymers is proposed, assuming that
the driving force for diffusion is the concentration gradient
of dissolved molecules which are assumed to be in local
equilibrium with molecules in the 'holes.' The model predicts
that actual diffusion constants and activation energies are
larger than those experimentally measured. Thus, part of the
observed difference between values of the activation energy in
the glassy and rubbery states may be reconciled. Correlations
of diffusion and activation energy with the square of gas
molecular diameters are obtained in both the glassy and rubbery
states. In the latter plots, the helium data fall above the
correlations, showing evidence of partially nonactivated
diffusion in both states of the polymer. (Author abstract
modified)
15119
Ronn, A. M.
LASER-INDUCED INFRARED FLUORESCENCE. J. Chem. Phys., vol. 48:511-
513, 1968. 2 refs.
Fluorescence was detected from ethylene, SF6, NH3, CH3Br, CD3I,
D2S, CH3NH2, C3H4 and C2H5C1 at low pressures when irradiated
by a 50-H CW C02-N2-He laser. The apparatus used consisted
of a commercial C02 laser as a pumping source and an infrared
grating spectrometer for detection. Ethylene absorbed all of
the laser lines and promoted a considerable number of molecules
to the seventh excited state. Redistribution of the excited
molecules to all rotational states in the vibrational band by
thermalizing collisions is very rapid at a pressure of 50 mm Hg
and is on the order of 0.1-10 microsec. Vibrational relaxation
is much slower, approximately 0.1-10 millisec; hence, emission
occurs in most rotational transitions in the band. The o.nly
exception appeared in the emission spectrum of NH3. The emission
spectrum shows some intensity deviations from the absorption
spectrum in that all emission lines originating from s states
are slightly more intense than those from a states. The overtone
transitions are also more intense in the emission spectrum. It
may be that the fundamental transition is absorbing the laser's
power, thus causing fluorescence from all s and a states
at the same time. Although the mechanism of emission is not
fully understood, the efficiency of collisional transfer is
sufficient to populate a total vibration-rotation band when only
a few of its members are strongly saturated.
15125
Gilliland, E. R-, R. F. Baddour, and H. H. Engel
FLOW OF GASES THROUGH POROUS SOLIDS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs. J., 8 (4) :530-536,
Sept. 1962. 34 refs.
The isothermal and isobaric flow of pure gases and vapors through
microporous Vycor glass was investigated under such conditions
that the gas-phase flow occurred by Knudsen diffusion. The
isothermal flows and the isobaric flow of nonadsorbed gases are
K)08 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
correlated by existing relationships. On the assumption that
surface flow is a diffusive process and that equilibrium exists
between the vapor and solid throughout the porous media, a
correlation for the nonisothermal surface flow is developed. The
factors determining the rate of surface flow are the physical
properties of the solid, the temperature level and gradient, the
enthalpy of adsorption, the surface concentration and spreading
pressure of the adsorbed phase, and the activation energy and
coefficient of resistance for surface diffusion. The latter two
factors can be evaluated from isothermal surface flow
measurements; hence no new arbitrary constants are required in the
correlation. Agreement between predicted and measured surface
flows is good for ethylene and propylene at a mean temperature of
25 C. Both the gas-phase and surface flows are from the cold to
hot end of the porous solid. It is suggested that the use of
temperature gradients in poro.us solids and plastic films for
separating mixtures of vapors be investigated. (Author
abstract)
15131
Barrer, R. B.
SOHE PEOPERTIES OF DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN POLYMERS. J. Phys.
Chem., 61 (2) :178-188, Feb. 1967. 62 refs.
Recent developments in sorption and diffusion in some polymers
are reviewed. The five diffusion coefficients characteristic
of any binary mixture can all be obtained in penetrant-polymer
mixtures, but past measurements in a variety of systems have
..probably given erroneous diffusion coefficients (D) because it
was only recently realized that the diffusion coefficients are
a function of times as well as of concentration. Present methods
of interpretation cannot allow for simultaneous time and
concentration dependence of D. For this reason the most
reliable results refer to elastomer-penetrant systems, where time
effects are at a minimum owing to short relaxation times of
polymer molecules. For the same reason, in polymers exhibiting
less chain mobility and stronger inter-chain bonds, the steady-
state methods of measuring diffusion coefficients are preferable
to transient state procedures. A classification of penetrant-
polymer systems is given, with examples of each category.
Factors influencing the concentration dependence of D are
discussed, and also the experimental observations leading to the
zone theory of the diffusion mechanism and the quantitative
formulation of this theory. Relations between viscous resistance
and diffusion are indicated, and generalized functional
relationships are considered. Selectivity in the transmission
of molecules through organic membranes is also considered.
(Author abstract modified)
15134
Salama, C. and D. V. Eyre
MULTIPLE REFRIGERANTS IN NATURAL GAS LIQUEFACTION. Chem. Eng.
Progr. , 63(6):62-67, June 1967.
Three types of cascade cycles for liquefying natural gas in large-
M. Basic Science and Technology 1009
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capacity plants are described. i standard cascade cycle which
consists of a succession of refrigeration cycles and utilizes
propane, ethylene, and methane refrigerants in closed loops,
has certain high—cost and complex operational drawbacks. The
dual-refrigerant cycle represents a simplication of the standard
cycle by combining the ethylene and methane refrigerant cycles
into one group. The development of the autorefrigerated cascade
(ARC) cycle vas a further refinement of the liquefaction process.
The principle of this cycle is still one of refrigeration
transfer from cooling water to decreasing temperature levels,
as with the other cycles, but the refrigerant consists of a
single mixture having a composition which allows the partial
condensation at any one state to correspond exactly to the
refrigeration requirements of the next stage. The partial
condensations of the refrigerant take place at one pressure level
corresponding to the high pressure of the cycle, while the
vaporizations occur at a single low pressure corresponding to
the cycle compressor suction pressure. The refrigerant used in
the process is a mixture of nitrogen and hydrocarbons. Flowsheets
and detailed descriptions of each of the cycles are presented,
as well as a discussion of the thermodynamics involved. The
advantages of the ARC cycles over the others favor its
application whenever multiple-refrigerant cycles are considered
for the liquefaction of natural gas. These advantages include
low over-all investment, flexibility of operation, efficient use
of installed horsepower, ease of maintenance, no requirement
for the purchase of costly high-purity refrigerants, and
constant availability of the total amount of refrigeration in
different sections of the cycle.
15139
Tiffany, H. B.
SELECTIVE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF BROMINE USING A RUBY LASER. J. Chen.
Phys., K8 (7) :3019-3031, April 1, 1968. 46 refs.
Gas-phase photochemical addition of bromine to olefin molecules
was studied by inducing the reaction with monochromatic light
near 6940 A from a pulsed, tunable ruby laser. All previous
photochemical reactions of bromine were induced with light at
wavelengths shorter than 6800 A, and were found to proceed by
means of free radical chains. The Br atoms initiating these
chains are produced by direct dissociation of Br2 molecules upon
absorption of light in the continuum. The present investigation
shows that free-radical chains are responsible for the reaction
at 6940 A, also. However, direct dissociation at this wavelength
is found to be negligible, and the Br2 molecules are excited
to individual bound levels 500 to 800/cm(-1) below the
dissociation energy. Kinetic and isotopic evidence shows that
the additional energy is furnished by subsequent collisions, so
that about 1% of the excited Br2 molecules become dissociated
and can initiate the reaction. The remaining excited Br2 molecules
relax by collisions to the ground state at a rate somewhat higher
than the gas-kinetic-collision rate. It was shown that selective
laser excitation provides information about dynamic molecular
processes which is not easily obtained using other methods.
(Author abstract modified)
1010 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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151U3
Hichaels, Alan s. and Harris J. Bixler
SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN POLYETHYLENE. J. Polymer Sci., 50(154):
393-412, 1961. 22 refs.
The solubility constants for thirteen permanent gases were
measured from the 5-55 C in a linear and branched polyethylene,
hydrogenated polybutadiene, and natural rubber. Equilibrium
and time lag solubility determinations were made and were in
agreement. The solubility of each gas in polyethylene was
proportional to the volume fraction of amorphous material when
the polymer was treated as a simple, two-phase mixture of
crystalline and amorphous polymer, each with a characteristic
specific volume. A solubility constant in completely amorphous
polyethylene was determined for each gas which, with the density
of an arbitrary sample, enabled calculation of the solubility
of each gas in that particular sample. A correlation of the
solubility constants in completely amorphous polyethylene was
obtained from d thermodynamic model of the dissolution process.
The solubility constants in natural rubber, a completely
amorphous polymer under the experimental conditions, were
approximately 50% higher than those in amorphous polyethylene.
Higher intermolecular forces due to the unsaturation in natural
rubber may account for this result. The apparent heats of
solution of all gases in branched polyethylene were approximately
1.0 kcal/g mole more positive than those in linear polyethylene.
This behavior was the result of crystalline melt-out in branched
polyethylene. In linear polyethylene the experimental solubility
data yielded essentially true heats of solution, since negligible
crystalline melt-out occurred between 5 and 55 C. These were
correlated by the thermodynamic model for the dissolution process.
Available evidence indicates that the crystallites in
polyethylene are impenetrable, and are randomly distributed on a
macroscopic scale with respect to the diffusion and dissolution
processes. The amorphous phase behaves as a homogeneous liguid
whose thermodynamic properties are independent of the mode of
polymer preparation, thermal history of the sample, and level of
crystallinity. (Author summary modified)
15165
Michaels, Alan S., Harris J. Bixler, and Harvey L. Fein
GAS TBANSPOBT IN THERMALLY CONDITIONED LINEAR POLYETHYLENE.
J. Appl. Physics, 35(11):3165-3178, Nov. 1964. 18 refs.
The sorption and diffusion of helium, argon, and ethane, and their
temperature dependencies were measured in a series of linear
polyethylene films previously subjected to widely differing
conditions of cooling from the melt and to subsequent annealing
at elevated temperature. The results indicate unexpected
effects of thermal history on crystalline morphology. Rapidly
cooled polymer, after annealing at 130 C, exhibited significantly
higher permeability to all gases than slowly cooled polymer,
suggesting that gas permeability of linear polyethylene is not
uniquely determined by level of crystallinity, but depends also
on the path by which such crystallinity is developed.
Irrespective of thermal history and crystallinity level, solubility
M. Basic Science and Technology 1011
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constants and heats of solution of argon and ethane were normal,
varying linearly with amorphous volume fraction. Diffusion
activation energies for these gases were also independent of
thermal history. The solubility constants of helium were
anomalously high, and dependent on both thermal history and level
of crystallinity. With helium, anomalous temperature variations
of diffusion constants were observed with films in which
solubility was anomalous. The peculiar sorption and diffusion
behavior of helium implies that helium is capable of slow
diffusion into, and occupancy of, defects or voids within the
crystalline structure from which larger gas molecules are
excluded. The "chain immobilization factors' for argon and ethane
are thought to be a size-controlled impedance to diffusion.
They arise from the extremely small dimensions of the diffusional
paths in highly crystalline polymer.
15167
Carter, J. H.
ADSORPTION PROCESSES. Chem. Process Eng., 47 (9) :70-77, Sept.
1966. 12 refs.
Adsorptive capacity and, to a lesser extent, the effective
diameter of the internal pores of an adsorbent are important
variables influencing the choice of adsorbers for particular
separation problems. For drying gases or liquids at low
temperatures, molecular sieves are advantageous in their
higher capacity. This is particularly the case when drying
organic liguids or vapor mixtures of hydrocarbons and other
organics. Molecular sieves are also suitable for adsorbing
organic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon oxysulfide,
and olefins at relative low humidities. At high relative
humidities, the ultimate capacity of silica gel and activated
aluminum are higher. Empirical or semiempirical methods must
be used to estimate the quantity of absorbent necessary and the
dimensions of a suitable absorber bed. Flow and pressure drop
requirements of the bed and of the regenerating circuit must also
be computed. Predicting the performance of fixed—bed adsorbers
is difficult because adsorption processes involve a number of
interacting mechanisms. Mathematical treatments can give no more
than a guide to the best practice. Numerical methods of
solution involving high-speed digital computation are required
to explain the influence of these mechanisms.
15183
Michaels, Alan S_, Wolf R. Vieth, and James A. Barrie
SOLUTION OF GASES IN POLYETHYLENE TEBEPHTHALATE. J. Appl. Phys.,
34(1):1-12, Jan. 1963. 19 refs.
The solubilities of helium, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, methane,
carbon dioxide, and ethane in glassy amorphous and crystalline
polyethylene terephthalate were studied by time—lag and/or
static sorption methods. Solubilities of all the gases but
ethane were also determined in the rubbery crystalline polymer.
The only deviations from Henry's law were displayed by ethane
at 25 C and carbon dioxide at 25 and 40 C in the glassy polymer.
1012 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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Correlation of solubility constants for oxygen and nitrogen
obtained by the static sorption method with values obtained
dynamically indicate that the glassy crystalline polymer is an
isotropic diffusion medium. Sorption in the glassy amorphous
and crystalline polymers generally takes place by two processes
operating concurrently: ordinary dissolution plus 'hole-filling.1
Crystallinity reduces gas solubility in the glassy polymer,
but not generally in direct proportion to the decrease in
amorphous volume. An exception is helium. The glassy state of
the partially crystalline polymer extends to about 80-85 C where
a transition region is noted on a van't Hoff plot for solubility
constants. The other extremity of this region (about 95 C)
narks the onset of rubber-like behavior in the polymer. Heats
of sorption in the glassy crystalline polymer are more
exothermic than in the rubbery crystalline polymer, characteristic
of the transition from sorption by dissolution and void-filling
processes to dissolution alone. The heat of solution of helium
is slightly positive in both the glassy and rubbery states of
the crystalline polymer. It appears that the major contribution
to helium sorption in either state of!.the crystalline polymer
is ordinary dissolution. In both the glassy and rubbery states,
carbon dioxide shows evidence of a polar interaction with the
polymer. Solubility constants are correlated with gas force
constants in both the glassy amorphous and rubbery crystalline
polymers. (Author abstract modified)
15186
Michaels, Alan S. , Raymond F. Baddour, Harris J. Bixler, and
C. Y. Choo
CONDITIONED POLYETHYLENE AS A PERHSELECTIVE HEHBRANE. Ind. Eng.
Chem. Process Design Develop,, 1(1):14-25, Jan. 1962. 16 refs.
The purposes of the investigation were (1) to measure the rates
of transmission of xylene isomers through conventional
polyethylene films under controlled conditions; (2) to
condition polyethylene films by heating the polymer in the
presence of selected isomers, followed by cooling; and (3)
by measuring the isomer transmission characteristics of the
conditioned films, to establish whether the conditioning process
has any significant effect on either film permeability or
permselectivity to the isomers. By swelling polyethylene film
in p-xylene and annealing the film at an elevated temperature
in the swollen state, it was possible to increase the xylene
liquid permeation rate through the film and the permselectivity
of the film to p- with respect to m- and o-xylenes. Permeability
and permselectivity changes are highly dependent on the degree
of swelling, the treatment temperature, polymer crystallinity,
and the treating compound. Alteration of the crystalline texture
of the polymer is believed responsible for the observed effects.
This technique of tailoring a polymeric membrane to render it
lore effective as a separation barrier appears to open new
prospects for the utilization of membrane permeation as a
practical mixture separation method.
15187
Kanmermeyer, Karl and Darrell D. Wyrick
EFFECT OF ADSORPTION IN BARRIEF SEPARATION. Ind. Eng. Chem.,
50(9):1309-1310, Sept. 1958. 12 refs.
M. Basic Science and Technology: 1013
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Separation experiments were carried out with mixtures of propane
and carbon dioxide in flow through porous glass as the microporous
barrier to determine if porous barriers are affected by the
differences in the adsorbability of the components. The
experiments show that components of essentially equal molecular
weight can be separated on the basis of differences in adsorption
on a microporous barrier. Mixtures of propane and carbon
dioxide gave appreciable enrichment in propane, the more
condensable component, entirely on the basis of adsorbed
flow. It is concluded that mixtures can be effectively separated
with barriers by utilizing differences in the adsorbed flow of
the components by proper adjustment of operating conditions.
Studies are under way to establish the degree of adsorption
of propane and carbon dioxide on the porous glass barrier under
the conditions of the separation experiments.
15198
Baddour, Raymond F. , Alan S. Michaels, Harris J. Bixler, Richard
P. De Filippi, and James A. Barrie
TRANSPORT OF LIQUIDS IN STRUCTDRAILY MODIFIED POLYETHYLENE. J.
Appl. Polymer Sci. , 8 (2) : 897-933, 1961*. 20 refs.
The mechanism responsible for changes in film properties was
investigated and the structural aspects of a crystalline polymer
that affects liquid sorption and diffusion were determined.
Cast linear polyethylene films subjected to dry and solvent
annealing display markedly different sorption and diffusion
barrier properties than do untreated films. The subsequent
sorption of liquid o- and p-xylene and cis- and trans-acetylene
dichloride per unit volume of amorphous polymer increases as the
annealing temperature and/or treating solvent concentration
increases. Integral diffusivities calculated from sorption and
steady-state permeation rates show a monotonic increase with
sorption per unit volume of amorphous polymer. The concentration
dependence, however, is less marked than observed in similar
systems at low permeant activity. Apparently the treatment
reduces the effective crosslinking imposed by the crystallites
on the amorphous polymer chains through disentanglinq and
incorporating some of these chains into crystallites. Thus the
polymer is capable of a greater degree of swelling when brought
into contact with a compatible liquid in spite of a higher degree
of crystallinity. The low concentration dependence of the
diffusivities is probably due to heterogeneous distribution
of excess permeant in a treated film. If the excess permeant
were preferentially sorbed in regions of low polymer concentration,
then the above observations could be explained. Long-duration,
osmotic stress-induced swelling and recrystallization are cited
to account for time-dependent permeation rates in treated and
untreated films. (Author summary modified)
15238
Shtern, V. Y.
MECHANISM OF THE VAPODR-PHASE NITRATION OF ALKANES BY NITROGEN
PEROXIDE. Khim. Kinetifca, 1966:286-322. 33 refs. Translated
from Russian. Ministry of Technology, Orpington, Kent, England,
1J3H HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
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Ill Reports Centre, HINTECH T 6031, 30p., Feb. 1969.
DDC: AD 689718
To determine the optimum conditions for obtaining nitro products
by the nitration of alkanes, the kinetics and mechanism of the
thermal nitration of methane and propane were studied. A glass
vacuum apparatus with a conventional cylindrical reactor was used
for the experiments in which slow reactions, cold-flame, and hot-
flame reactions were observed. Only nitromethane, carbon oxides,
hydrogen, and water were found in the products of the slow
reaction of methane nitration. In addition to these products,
the cold-flame reaction yielded formaldehyde and ethane. The
hot-flame reaction lead to the appearance of ethylene and to
an increase in the ethane and hydrogen content. The main products
of the slow reaction of propane nitration were nitro-alkanes
and carbon oxides. Hethane and hydrogen were not present. The
Bain products of the cold-flame reaction were carbon oxides,
olefins, formaldehyde, and methane. The hot-flame reaction
decreased the yield of alkenes and carbonyl compounds, increased
the carbon oxides, and yielded hydrocyanic acid. The mechanism
of alkane nitration is a branching chain reaction that can
simulate an unbranching chain reaction when chain discontinuity
predominates over the branching. Chain formation is linked with
the formation of excited alkyl nitrite whose almost instantaneous
decomposition, with the formation of the alkoxyl radical HO,
makes possible the further development of the chain. Branching
is a result of the reaction of aldehyde with NO2. Instead of the
formation of two or three free valencies, the formation of the
active acyl radical, HCO, occurs in the course of branching.
15243
Beijer, R. J.
THE PHILIPS-STIRLING ENGINE. (Der Philips-Stirlingmotor).
Text in German. Hotortech. Z. (Stuttgart), 29 (7) : 284-298, July
1968. 14 refs.
The development of the Philips-Stirling engine is described and its
advantages are enumerated. The engine is based on the principle of
loving gas back and forth between a hot chamber and a cold chamber
by a displacement piston. Development of the Stirling principle
began in 1938 in the Philips research laboratories with the
construction of small hot-air engines. Through the invention of
the double acting engine, the path to larger Stirling engines was
opened. Development of the rhombic gear in 1953 permitted
operation with a pressureless crankcase. Hydrogen and helium
replaced air. The engine efficiency could be raised to 38%, the
specific power to 110 hp referred to the piston displacement
volume. Better gaskets improved the longevity of the engine. The
problems of thermal tension and heat transfer have been solved.
Laboratory models of 10, 40, and 90 hp per cylinder have been built
and tested while experiments on a model with 400 hp per cylinder
are under way. A Stirling engine performs as well as or even
better than a diesel engine. If the Stirling engine is driven with
a fossil fuel, the exhaust gases are guite clean. They contain no
CO or hydrocarbons owing to a steady combustion in a chamber fenced
in by hot walls. Concentrations of NO and NO2 are low. A table
comparing the exhaust gas composition of the Stirling engine with
a gas turbine indicates this quite clearly. The reason for the
reduction in emissions is not fully understood since flame
M. Basic Science and Technology 1
-------
temperatures in the burner are very high. To study the
relationship between the temperature of the preheated air and
the NOx content, an electrically driven air preheater was
installed in a 90 hp one-cylinder engine. It was found that the
NOx content decreases with decreasing temperature of the
preheated air. If part of the exhaust gas is returned to the
combustion air, the NO content can be further reduced.
15265
Michaels, Alan S. and Harris J. Bixler
FLOW OF GASES THROUGH POLYETHYLENE. J. Polymer Sci.,
50 (154) :413-H39, 1961. 17 refs.
Diffusion and permeability constants for twelve permanent gases
were measured in a linear and a branched polyethylene,
hydrogenated polybutadiene, and natural rubber from 5-55 C.
The time-lag method was used in the determinations. For all
gas-polymer pairs investigated, a linear plot of the logarithm
of the diffusion or permeability constants s the reciprocal
absolute temperature exists, indicating the occurrence of
activated diffusion. Arguments are presented supporting the
hypothesis that natural rubber is a completely amorphous analog
of polyethylene with respect to the diffusion process. The
reduction in diffusion constants is to quantitatively express
in going from natural rubber to hydrogenated polybutadiene
(29% crystalline), to the branched polyethylene (43% crystalline),
and to the linear polyethylene (77% crystalline). These
reductions were strongly dependent on gas molecular size,
increasing as the molecular size increases. A geometric
impedance factor and a chain immobilization factor are introduced
to account for the effect of crystallinity. The former is
assumed to be independent of molecular size; it explains the
necessity of the diffusing molecule to bypass crystallites
which are shown to be impenetrable. The latter size-dependent
factor reflects the reduction in amorphous chain segment
mobility brought about through the proximity of crystallites.
Analysis of the geometric impedance factor supports the
existence of thin, highly anisometric sheets of crystalline
polymer in polyethylene. The anisometry of the crystallites
increases with increasing crystallinity consistent with the
chain folding mechanism for crystal growth in polyethylene.
Nucleation and growth kinetics also account for the variation
in crystal anisometry observed in polymers prepared by
different methods of polymerization. The apparent activation
energies for diffusion determined in polyethylene include not
only the energy reguired for chain segment separation, but also
the effect of thermal expansion and crystalline melting.
Correlations are presented which permit the estimation of gas
diffusion constants in a wide variety of polyethylenes. (Author
• summary modified)
15273
Shapiro, Hymin, Earl George De Bitt, and Jerome Engel Brown
ENGINE FDELS WITH THE BOILING POINT OF THE GASOLINE CONTAINING
A CYCLIC MANGANESE TRICAEBONYL COMPOUND. (Hotorentreibstoffe
1016 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
voi Benzinsiedebereich mit einem Gehalt an einer zyklischen
Hangantricarbonylverbindung). Text in German. (Ethyl Corp.,
New York) fj. German Pat. 1,231,058. 5p., Dec. 22, 1966.
(Appl. Nov. 19, 1959, 2 claims).
An additive for fuels of the boiling point range of gasolines
contain as antiknock agent a cyclic manganese tricarbonyl
compound of the general formula AHn(CO)2. The A stands for a
cyclic hydrocarbon residue with 5 to 17 carbon atoms including
a C5 group of cyclopentadiene structure. This hydrocarbon residue
is bound to manganese with the aid of the carbon cyclopentadiene.
The additive is a gasoline soluble compound of an element of the
fifth subgroup of the periodic table of elements with the
ordinal numbers 15 to 83 at such a quantity that the atom ratio
of the added metal to manganese lies between 0.001:1 and 3:1.
These additives prevent or at least delay accumulation of large
quantities of manganese-containing precipitations between the
spark plug electrodes and on the exhaust valves. The concentration
of the manganese compounds in engine fuels should preferably
range from 0.008 to about 1.585 g/1 manganese. To obtain
excellent antiknock effects, this concentration should not
be exceeded. Antimony is the preferred corrective substance
of the fifth subgroup, which contains also phosphorus, arsenic,
and bismuth.
1529U
Perkin-Elmer Corp., Pomona, Calif.
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF CONTAMINANT AND ATMOSPHERIC SENSOH. PHJSE
1. Contract NAS 1-7260, NASA CE-1375, 133p., Sept. 1969.
The Contaminant Atmosphere Sensor is designed to monitor the
general condition of spacecraft atmospheres during extended
manned spacecraft missions. It is intended to provide information
on concentrations of hydrogen, water vapor, helium or nitrogen,
oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and total
hydrocarbons. This report presents the results of analyses of
the resolutions and sensitivities required to monitor the above
compounds in both helium-oxygen and nitrogen-oxygen atmospheres.
The basic instrument of the sensor is the Two Gas Analyzer with
a ball leak inlet system. This instrument continuously monitors
water, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide on four fixed
collectors. For total hydrocarbon measurement, a collection for
m/e 1(7-120 is added and, for helium oxygen atmospheres, a mass
4 collector is added. Problems encountered in carbon monoxide
measurements have been resolved by accumulator cell techniques
which permit carbon monoxide to be determined on an intermittent
basis. The normal sample gas flow pattern is interrupted to
allow the sensor to monitor CO at m/e 28 as it is desorbed from
the accumulator cell. The Contaminant Sensor should meet
specified performance goals while still having acceptable weight,
power, and size.
15305
Dzhamaletdinova, M. K.
SIMULTANEOUS MICHODETERMINATION OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND
DRANIUH. (Odnovremennoye mikroopredeleniye ugleroda, vodoroda i
urana). Text in Russian. Zavodsk. Lab. (Moscow), 29(10):
1175-1176, 1964.
M. Basic Science and Technology 1017
-------
The possibility of simultaneously making quantitative
determinations of carbon, hydrogen, and uranium in 3-5 mg samples
of organic uranium compounds was demonstrated. Gravimetric
analysis is used and takes advantage of the fact that above
500 C in an oxygen atmosphere, guantitative formation of stable
D308 takes place, while at 800 C, uranium does not form either
the carbide or the carbonyl. The method described takes 35-40
minutes and shows a relative error of 0.2%.
15329
Dunken, H. and H. Winde
INTERACTIONS OF SULFDB DIOXIDE WITH POLAE COMPOUNDS. EFFECTS
OBSERVABLE IN THE UV ABSORPTION SPECTRUM. (Wechselwirkungen des
Schwefeldioxids mit polaren Verbindungen. Im UV-
Absorptionsspektrum beobachtbare Auswirkungen). Text in German.
Z. Physik, Chem. (Leipzig), 56 (5/6):303-308, Dec. 1967. 5 refs.
The interactions of the sulfur dioxide molecule with ketones,
nitriles, esters, chloroform, and alcohols were studied in the
UV range between 330 nm and 250 nm. The ketones were boiled
with KMn04 and dried with sodium sulfate and fractionated in a
vacuum; carbon tetrachloride(CC14) and n-octane were shaken with
sulfuric acid, neutralized, dried, and fractionated. The S02
was taken from a steel container and dried with P205.
lodimetry was used for analysis of the sulfur dioxide.
Considerably different spectra were obtained for the system
S02/propiontrile and S02/CC14 or S02/aliphatic hydrocarbons,
although S02 concentrations were the same in all cases. From
the region of longer wavelength to about 294 nm, the extinction
coefficient of the sulfur dioxide in solutions of nitriles,
ketones, esters, and alcohols is smaller than that in CC14
solution. At 294 nm, the situation reverses and the extinction
coefficient of sulfur dioxide in solutions of the polar compounds
is considerably larger than that in CC14 solutions.
15405
Lasoski, S. W., Jr. and W. H. Cobbs, Jr.
HOISTURE PERMEABILITY OF POLYMERS. I. EOLE OF CRYSTALLINITY
AND ORIENTATION. J. Polymer Sci., 36(130):21-33, 1959. 16 refs.
With the three polymers widely different in polarity, the water
vapor permeability of unoriented films was shown to increase
as the amorphous fraction increased. For polyethylenes,
adherence to this relation is exhibited only with structures
having densities above 0.94, a range in which the number of
short chain branches is low. Films with densities lower than
0.94 exhibit higher film permeabilities than those calculated
on the basis of the permeability of the amorphous areas of
linear polyethylene. This results from the increase in the
number of short chain branches and an increase in amorphous area
permeability of the lower density polyethylenes. The variation
of water vapor permeability with the square of the amorphous
fraction may be theoretically accounted for by a linear
variation of the diffusion and solubility coefficients with the
amorphous fraction. With polyethylene terephthalate and nylon
1018 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
610, the solubility coefficients exhibit this linear relation.
The square permeability relation appears to be a limiting case
for structures in which crystallization does not impose restraints
on the segaental motions important in permeability. Where
restraints do occur, as in oriented films, a higher order
dependency on the amorphous fraction exists. This was exemplified
with biaxially and uniaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate
films, with which it was shown that orientation in oriented
crystalline films effects a decrease in permeability in addition
to that ascribable to crystallinity. Only those oriented
structures in which the orientation is locked-in, as by
crystallization, exhibit a decrease in water vapor permeability.
The relations of permeability and solubility coefficients to
crystallinity have an important utility in that the extent
of crystallinity or crystal density may be estimated with the
proper data. On the bases of the literature, water vapor
permeability data for two high density polyethylenes at three
different vapor pressure differentials, the crystal density of
polyethylene was estimated to be 0.995, 1.008, and 0.998 or an
average of 1.00, in agreement with Bunn's value calculated
on the basis of x-ray diffraction studies. (Author summary
lodified)
15139
Dunken, H. and H. Winde
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SDLFUR DIOXIDE AND POLAB COMPOUNDS. II.
THERHODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF COMPLEX-FORMING REACTIONS.
(Wechselwirkungen des Schwefeldioxids mit polaren Verbindungen.
II. Thermodynanische Groessen der Komplexbildungsreaktionen).
Text in German. Z. F. Physik. Chem. Neue Folge (Frankfurt),
58(5/6) :246-256, 1968, 4 refs.
The number and stoichiometry of S02 molecule complexes, as well
as the thermodynamic parameters of the respective equilibria,
were determined. For this purpose, extinction measurements were
taken with the VSU 1 (Carl Zeiss) from -40 C to + 20 C. The
complex forming constants were determined from the temperature
dependence of the extinction differences of sulfur dioxide in
solution with polar compounds in nonpolar solvents (CC14;
2,2,4-trimethylpentane; and n-C8H10. The systems S02/n-butanol/
CC14, SO2/isopropanol/CC14, S02/2-butanone/n-C8H10,
S02/diethylether/n-C8H10, S02/n-butanol/2,2,4-trimethylpentane,
S02/acetone/CClU, S02/2-pentanone/n-C8H10 were used. The
results show that the enthalpies of the S02/alcohol complexes are
lower by 1 kcal/mol than those of the S02/ketone complexes.
In general, the enthalpies are rather lew compared to the enthalpy
of a hydrogen bridge. The entropies for the S02/ketone complexes
range from -13 to -15 cal/deg mol. Those of the S02/isopropanol
and n-butanol complexes are much lower. The entropy of the
S02/acetone complex is -12.9 cal/deg mol.
15481
Zimin, E. P. and V. A. Popov
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION, STIMULATED BY SOLID PAETICLES.
Eksperimental'noye issledovaniye elektroprovodnosti produktov
sgoraniya, stimulirovannoy tsvedymi chastitsami). Source not
M, Basic Science and Technology 1019
-------
given. Translated from Eussian. Foreign Technology Div.,
Bright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Translation Div., 17p., Aug. 23,
1968. 7 refs. FTD-HT-2H-183-68
CFSTI: AD 685511
An experimental study was carried out on the electrical
conductivity of the products of combustion of methane with
oxygen—enriched air in the presence of solid particles of
various substances. By artificially introducing solid particles,
the electrophysical properties of the working gas was improved.
Solid particles transported from the combustion chamber may be
present in the duct of an open-cycle MHD generator working with
prodncts of coal combustion. In addition, when there are
sufficiently large temperature reductions in the rear part of
the duct, particles may form through the condensation of
combustion product volatile directly into the solid phase.
Experiments showed that the introduction of particles stimulates
the electrical conductivity of the products of methane combustion
which, without particles, are nonconducting. The dependence
of temperature, particle size, and the relative mass flow rate
was studied. A sharp increase in electrical conductivity was
noted in the range of 1800-2100 K, The ash content spectrum
of particles from natural fuels was investigated. The maximum
conductivity was obtained with the introduction of ash particles,
while the smallest value corresponded to carbon particles.
However, particles of low-ash coals were only slightly inferior
from the viewpoint of stimulating conductivity. The dependence
of conductivity on ash content was 18%. With a further increase
in ash content, the electrical conductivity drops, and for an
ash content of 50% a minimum was observed, after which the
conductivity increases to a maximum value corresponding to
ash. The maximum ash content at 18% is explained by the release
of volatile components from the coal. This conclusion is
supported by measurements made on coke particles. The electrical
conductivity obtained was close to that for pure carbon and
differed greatly from that relating to coal.
15486
Hoods, F. J., M. E. Omstead, and J. E. Johnson
VAPOR-PHASE OXIDATION OF HYDROCABBONS. PART 2 - EFFECT OF
OXYGEN CONCENTRATION ON PLATINUM-CATALYZED COMBUSTION AND
IONIZATION. Naval Research Lab., Washington, D. C., Chemistry
Div., Contract NEL Problem C 01-03, Proj. BB 001-06-41-5850,
NEL Kept, 6816, 16p., Feb. 7, 1969. 13 refs.
AD 684072
The catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons was studied with
particular attention given to the ionization phenomena
associated with it. The greater ion yield of highly branched
alkanes relative to straight chain alkanes was confirmed. The
effect of the concentration of oxygen in the gas mixture on the
extent of oxidation and ionization varied with the hydrocarbon
used. In general, increase in 02 content caused considerable
enhancement of the ion yield. However, with some hydrocarbons
such as 2,2-dimethylpropane and 2,2-dimethylbutane, the fraction
oxidized decreased markedly with increased 02 concentration in
the temperature range, 400-700 C, The data seemed consistent
with an explanation based on lower temperature oxidation
occurring only on the platinum surface, whereas at higher
1020 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
temperatures the catalytic process extends itself to some degree
into the vapor phase. It is also suggested that dissociative
adsorption o± 02 at higher temperatures is involved in the
ion-producing process. (Author abstract modified)
15191
Novak, J. R. and M. W. Windsor
LASER PHOTOLYSIS AND SPECTHOSCOPY IN THE NANOSECOND TIME BANGE:
EXCITED SINGLET STATE ABSORPTION IN COHONENE. J. Chem. Phys.,
1(7(8) : 3075-3076, Oct. 15, 1967. 5 refs.
Laser photolysis apparatus with a spectroscopic source, capable
of recording the spectral absorption of transient species in
the nanosecond time range, was developed and used to study the
first excited singlet state of coronene. Coronene showed a laser
line at 317 nm and fluorescence between 410 and 480 no. Ground
state absorption bands of coronene were in the 320-350 nm region.
Using both excitation and background pulses, the middle exposure
showed heavy bleaching of the ground-state absorption bands and
a new absorption in the 500 nm region with a peak at 520 nm.
The 520 nm band decayed at the same rate as the fluorescence
and was concomitantly replaced by triplet bands growing in at 480
and 390 nm. This was considered unequivocal confirmation that
absorption by the S 1 state is responsible for the 520 nm band.
This technique is faster by about two orders of magnitude than
current flash-spectrographic instrumentation and extends the
studies of transient absorption spectra into the nanosecond
range. By using calibrated plates or photoelectric recording,
kinetic data can be obtained. This technique should have wide
application to solid, liquid, and gaseous systems in searching
for intermediates of very short life and increasing the
understanding of photochemical primary processes.
15521
Curran, George P. and Everett Gorin
PHASE II: BENCH-SCALE RESEARCH IN CSG PROCESS. LABORATORY
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES. (Interim Report.) Consolidated
Coal Co., Library, Pa., Research Div., OCR Contract
11-01-0001-415, R & D Rept. 16, 58p., 1968. 9 refs.
CFSTI: PB 184719
Basic physico-chemical data important to the development of the
C02 acceptor process are given. Kinetic and integral rate
data for lignite char gasification were obtained at 1500 F and
16 atm for two gas inlet compositions. These data show both the
strong inhibiting effect of H2 and the catalytic effect of sodium
on the gasification rate. The highest sodium content char was
the most reactive, but its reactivity was reduced by water
extraction to remove the major fraction of sodium. Differential
rate data at 1500 F were obtained with a single lignite char at
11 and 16 atm over a wide range of gas compositions. Hates of
formation of carbon oxides and methane were measured. Both rates
were inhibited by H2 as well as CO. The use of the acceptor showed
a favorable effect on the rate of both the carbon steam and methane
rates, since the acceptor action reduces the partial pressure
M. Basic Science and Technology, 1021
-------
of strongly inhibiting CO. The lignite chars showed an unusually
high rate of methane formation with pure hydrogen at temperatures
of 1400-1500 F which was suppressed by the presence of a small
quantity of steam. Phase equilibrium data from the literature
were reviewed, and new data were presented in the binary
Ca (OH)2-CaC03 system. The presence of low-melting eutectics
limited practical fluid bed operations to steam partial
pressures of 11 atm or below. Agglomerates were formed in the
fluid bed above 11 atm, and actual melts were produced above
16 atm. The use of the Ca (OH) 2-C03 system makes either the
preparation of synthetic lime or the reactivation of spent lime
or dolomite acceptors possible. The reconstituted acceptors
are physically strong and their activity is almost equivalent
to fresh limestone. Physical studies pointed out that the major
cause of activity loss was the growth in size of CaO
crystallites. The rapid segregation of the CaO and HgO phases
occurred early in the cycling of dolomite acceptors. acceptors
agglomeration in the regenerator occurred when it was operated
without char combustion. Microprobe studies showed that it was
due to sintering of an outer shell material enriched by Fe,
Si, and Al, and was prevented by the addition of ash. (Author
summary modified)
15664
Chaika, P. A.
EXPERIMENTAL UNIT FOE POISONING ANIMALS WITH VISCOUS LIQUID
AEROSOLS. (Elcsperimental'naya ustanovka dlya zatravki
zhivotnykh aerozolem vyazkikh zhidkostey). Text in Russian,
Gigiyena Trude i Prof. Zabolevaniya, no. 8:58-61, 1969. 3 refs.
The device described consists of a vacuum chamber measuring 100 by
70 by 40 cm. A vacuum of 10-15 mm H20 is produced with a
Vifchr1 vacuum cleaner attached to the base of the chamber. An
incoming air stream passes through a mechanical rotary
disintegrator, carrying liquid particles into the path of a second
air stream entering at the top of the chamber- Aerosol density
and particle size are regulated by varying the depth to which the
rotating disks of the disintegrator are submerged, and also by
varying the rate of rotation. This arrangement is used to
inoculate animals with anthracene oil, producing an aerosol
concentration of 0.01 to 1.0 mg per liter.
15744
MacFarlane, Walter and Robert Wright
SOLUBILITY OF VAPOURS IN GASES. J. Chem, Soc., 1934:207-210.
The attraction between methyl alcohol, ether, acetone, or
chloroform vapors and carbon dioxide, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, or
hydrogen chloride gases was studied at average temperatures and
pressures by qualitative and quantitative methods. In the
qualitative method, used only for methyl alcohol vapor, equal
volumes of a gas and air saturated with vapor were allowed to mix,
and after equilibrium had been attained, the change of pressure
at constant volume was observed. The results indicate that a
considerable attraction exists between hydrogen chloride and
1022 H/DROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
nethyl alcohol vapors. In the quantitative experiments, liquid
was vaporized in a flask containing mercury and gas, after which
pressure readings were taken at 15-min intervals for two and one-
half hrs. The results were compared by calculating to the common
inn13 °f the Pressure exerted by 1 mM of vapor in a volume of
100 cc at the temperature of the experiment. The pressures
exerted in air are shown to be slightly greater than the
theoretical; the pressures exerted in the presence of any other
gas are less. in mixtures of hydrogen chloride with methyl
alcohol, ether, or acetone vapors, the pressure decreases are
marked, indicating considerable attraction between the two
constituents of the mixture.
15784
Hichael, Arthur and Nathan Weiner
THE MECHANISM OF THE SUIFONATION PROCESS. J. An. Chen. Soc. ,
vol. 58:294-299, Feb. 1936. 10 refs.
The role of sulfuric anhydride in reactions between ethylene and
fuming sulfuric acid was studied, and reaction products
determined. When the concentration of sulfuric anhydride did not
exceed that necessary to form pyrosulfuric acid, one nole of
ethionic acid was formed for each mole of pyrosulfuric acid.
When anhydride was in excess, carbyl sulfate was formed fro« the
reaction mixture in the ratio of one mole to two of sulfur
trioxide or to one of S206. The results demonstrate that the
reaction of fuming sulfuric acid with ethylene does not, as
proposed, proceed by addition of H2S04 to form isethionic acid.
Pyrosulfuric acid adds, like other inorganic acid anhydrides,
to ethylene by fission between the anhydride oxygen and sulfur
to form ethionic acid. Carbyl sulfate is formed in ethylene-
funing sulfuric acid reactions by the addition of the alkene
to the S206 component of the balanced anhydride systea S03 in
equilibrium with S2S06. Further experiments showed that the
product of reactions between isethionic acid and one mole of
100% sulfuric acid, one nole of 100% sulfuric acid and one mole
of anhydride, or one mole of anhydride alone is ethionic acid.
The product of isethionic acid and two moles of anhydride is
carbyl sulfate, indicating that isethionic acid is converted
to carbyl sulfate by the action of two moles of S03 or one of
S206. It is concluded that all sulfonic acid synthesis with
sulfuric acid proceed by pseudo-substitution involving the
addition of a hydrogen and carbon of a hydrocarbon group in the
organic compound to the unsaturated oxygen and the attached sulfur
of a sulfonyl group. Sulfonation with sulfuric anhydride is
interpreted as an aldolization reaction.
15805
Gilbert, Everett E.
THE REACTIONS OF SDLFDR TBIOXIDE, AHD OF ITS ADDDCTS, WITH
OBGANIC COMPOUNDS. Chen. Rev., vol. 62:549-589, 1962. 558 refs.
The reactions of sulfur trioxide and its organic complexes
are reviewed with respect to organic compounds through 1960.
The preparation and properties of the following complexes
M. Basic Science and Technology 1023
-------
are explained: pyridine, dioxane, trimethylamine, triethylanine,
dimethylaniline, thioxane, bis (2-chloroethyl)ether,
2-methylpyridine, quinoline, and dimethylformamide. Reactions
with aliphatic and alicyclic compounds are described as with
either saturated compounds (hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons,
carboxylic acids, esters, nitriles, ketones aldehydes, alcohols,
sterols, glycols, polyether glycols, polyether alcohols,
carbohydrates, nitrogenous polysaccharides, ethers, anines,
amides, amino acids, proteins, oximes, and hydroxylamines) or
with unsaturated compounds (alkyl and aryl ethylenes,
cycloalkenes, halogenated ethylenes, vinyl ethers and esters,
ketones and aldehydes, alkenoic acids, alkadienes, cycloalkadienes,
alkynes, alfcenols, and alkynols). Reactions with aromatic
compounds are grouped as benzene derivatives (benzene, toluene
the xylenes, petroleum oils, polystyrene, halogenated benzenes
and alkylbenzenes, amines and anilides, phenolic compounds,
aminophenols, mono- and dicarboxylic acids and related compounds,
sulfonic acids, nitro compounds, and halosulfonation reactions);
naphthalene derivatives (hydrocarbons, naphthylamines,
naphthols, and aminonaphthols); and reactions with
heterocyclic compounds (furan derivatives, thiophene derivatives,
pyrrole and indole derivatives, pyridine, and alkyl pyridines).
15816
Christian, Sherril D. and Just Grundnes
CHARGE-TRANSFER COMPLEX BETWEEN SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND TRIMETHYLABINE
IN THE GAS PHASE AND IN HEPTANE. Nature, vol.214:1111-1112,
June 10, 1967. 7 refs.
Spectral and thermodynanic parameters were obtained for a
trimethylamine-sulfur dioxide complex in the gas phase at 15-60 C
and in heptane at 13—40 C. In sixteen gas-cell experiments at
39,7 C with amine concentrations from 0.0004 to 0.0049 miles/1
and sulfur dioxide concentrations from 0.000023 to 0.000059
moles/1, the peak absorbancy of the complex varied from 0.10—0.60
cm. Ultraviolet spectra of the complex were very similar in both
phases; Spectral parameters and the variation of spectral
and thermodynamic constants with temperature were almost
identical. Aparently, the mechanisms responsible for the effect
of the medium on the spectral characteristics of weaker complexes
are not important in this system. The increase in the complex
formation constant (Kc) and minus delta H(enthalpy at the
standard state) which occurs as the medium is changed from gas
to heptane, suggests that this highly polar complex is more
strongly solvated than the sum of its uncombined components.
Preliminary results indicate that both Kc and minus delta H
become even larger in polar solvents.
15848
Hooker, George W., Lewis R. Drake, and Stephen C. Stowe
REACTION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE WITH DlOLEPINS AND SEPARATION OF
LATTER FROH HYDROCARBON HIXTDRES. (Dow Chemical Co., Hidland,
Hich.) D. S. Pat. 2,395,050. 7p., Feb. 19, 1946. (Appl-
Bay 14, 1940, 12 claims).
V024 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A method for reacting sulfur dioxide with conjugated diolefins to
produce crystalline sulfones that are readily decomposed by heat
specifically concerns the separation of butadiene-1.3 from
•ixtures with a butylane or butane. The sulfur dioxide and
diolefin material, which should contain at least 0.75 part by
weight of sulfur dioxide per part of hydrocarbon, is charged
in an autoclave or bomb under pressures sufficient to cause partial
liquefication. In its early stages, the reaction takes place
between 100-150 C; these temperatures are lowered to about 70 C
during the reaction. Heating is continued until the reaction
approaches equilibrium between the sulfone product and the sulfur
dioxide and diolefin reactants. At 70 C, almost complete
conversion of butadiene to the sulfone is achieved. Although
the reaction produces an adequate yield of crystalline sulphones
without the use of inhibitors, polyhydric phenols can be added
to prevent formation of amorphous sulphones. These inhibitors
also counteract the tendency of diolefins to undergo partial
polymerization at high temperatures. Only a few hours are
required to produce the crystalline sulfones. Hydrocarbons are
vaporized from the sulfones releasing the pressure and sulfur
dioxide by mild heating. The sulfone can be dissociated into
the diolefin and sulfur dioxide by more vigorous heating at
120 C or above.
15851
Horton, Frank, P. J. King, and A. Mclaughlin
HELICAL-COIL DISTILLATION COLUMNS. PART I: EFFICIENCY STUDIES.
PART II: LIQUID FILM RESISTANCE. Trans. Inst. Chen. Engrs.
(London), 12 (8):T285-T304, 196H. 33 refs.
The operation of helical-coil distillation columns was studied
at atmospheric and reduced pressures. A correlation is given
for efficiency at atmospheric pressure based on the gas film.
The importance of liquid-film resistance is stressed for low
pressures; its effect is correlated by an extension of the
Higbie equation to flow in helical coils. Operation of the 1.1
cm diameter column at partial reflux under an absolute pressure
of 20 mm Hg is discussed. Performances of a number of high-
efficiency distillation columns are compared. It is shown that
the helical-coil design is particularly useful for low-pressure
fractionation of heat-sensitive hydrocarbons and that the
efficiency of the column at reduced pressures is not satisfactorily
explained solely in terms of the vapor-phase resistance.
At atmospheric pressure the helical-coil column does not offer a
reasonable alternative to more efficient packings, though its
performance is comparable to that of spinning-band and open-tube
columns. The liquid film resistance was measured by a carbon
dioxide absorption technique and the liquid film coefficients
in helical-coils were found to be in general agreement with values
predicted for inclined tubes. However, a reason correlation with
the experimental resistance data was obtained only when its
overall coefficient was calculated on the basis of substantial
wetting of the whole surface of the tube. These results imply
that the film coefficient is independent of the size of the tube.
M. Basic Science and Technology 1025
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15869
Reed, Cortes F.
METHOD OF REACTING AROHATIC HYDROCARBONS. (Charles L- Horn,
Hinneapolis, Hinn.) n. S. Pat. 2,171,111. 2p. , Sept. 26, 1939.
(Appl. May 25, 1936, 6 claims).
A Method of forming benzene derivatives directly in the presence
of an oxide of sulfur, tellurium, and selenium, vhile controlling
the temperature of the reaction to prevent polymerization, is
described. The aethod also provides a means of preparing
chlorobenzene substitution products, particularly chlorobenzenes
which give a high yield and require a minimum number of steps in
its preparation. The method consists of reacting an aronatic
hydrocarbon with a vapor mixture of chlorine and an oxide of
sulfur, selenium, or tellurium at room temperature. The
temperature of the reaction is limited to 70 C. The passage of
the mixture into the reaction medium is continued until
crystalline products are precipitated.
15872
Latchum, John W. Jr. and James S. Connors
REGENERATION OF ABSORBENT. (Phillips Petroleum Co.,
Bartlesville, Okla.) U. S. Pat. 2,104,854. 6p., July 30, 1946.
(Appl. Dec. 18, 1944, 15 claims).
A method is described for stripping acidic gases, such as
sulfur dioxide, from absorbent amine solutions in a dry or
moisture-free condition suitable for marketing as dry gases
or even for use in cyclic processes requiring dry reagents.
The process is especially valuable used in conjunction with solvent
extraction processes for removing nitrogen gas from hydrocarbon
gases. Acidic gas is separated from the body of the gas mixture
by reaction with a diethanolamine or xylidine absorbent. The gas
mixture is removed from the absorbent free of the acidic gas.
The absorbent is passed through a stripping zone which has an
inlet and outlet for the absorbent flow. A vaporous, paraffinic
hydrocarbon is passed through the outlet. The hydrocarbon has a
boiling point well below the boiling point of diethanolamine.
Acidic gas and hydrocarbon is removed from the inlet of the
stripping zone. The stripped absorbent is removed through the
outlet and recycled into the original contacting step. Acidic
gas is removed from the vaporous hydrocarbon as the second
product of the process and the hydrocarbon is recycled back to
the stripping zone.
15874
McKinnis, Art C.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION. (Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles)
U. S. Pat. 3,350,470. 7p., Oct. 31, 1967. 9 refs. (Appl.
Dec. 1, 1961, 8 claims).
A solvent extraction aethod is described for separating
diaromatic hydrocarbons from monoaromatic hydrocarbons of
petroleum origin. The method comprises a liquid-liquid extration
>026 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
technique, employing liquid sulfur dioxide and lower alkane
solvents, preferably nornal aklanes having 5 to 10 carbon
length chains. Honomethylnaphthalene is separated from similar
boiling nonoaromatic and nonarooatic hydrocarbons by
contacting the mixture continuously with liquid sulfur dioxide at
-20 to 0 C and concurrently with a saturated aliphatic
hydrocarbon liquid boiling in the temperature range 95-350 F.
A rich extract phase of liquid sulfur dioxide is forned containing
part of the hydrocarbon mixture enriched in monomethylnaphthalene.
Also formed is a raffinate phase containing the remaining
hydrocarbon mixture, the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon liquid
and a small amount of sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is
evaporated from the extract to form a sulfur dioxide overhead
product and a hydrocarbon bottom product enriched with
mononethylnaphthalene. The sulfur dioxide overhead product is
liquified to form liquid sulfur dioxide and recycled. The
extraction of 2-methylnaphthalene from a like-boiling hydrocarbon
mixture is accomplished in the same way. The method has general
application for the preparation of feedstocks for thermal and
catalytic dealkylation processes.
15911
Yamate, Noboru
PHOTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF AIR POLLUTION. II. STUDIES ON
PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTS OF AUTO EXHAUST. (Taiki osen no kokagaku
kenkyu (dai 2 ho) Jidosha haiki gasu no koshosha seiseibutsu ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Eisei Kagaku (J. Hyg. Chem.),
15(4):248-252, 1969. 5 refs.
Automobile exhaust was irradiated with xenon or solar light under
static conditions, and the concentration changes of hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, and irradiation products were
analyzed. Hydrocarbon concentrations were determined by
hydrogen—flame ionization gas chromatography; nitrogen oxides and
formaldehyde concentrations, by colorimetry; and irradiation
products, by electron-capture gas chromatography. Irradiation
decreased the concentrations of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
but increased formaldehyde concentrations. The irradiation
products were methyl nitrite, ethyl nitrite, methyl nitrate, ethyl
nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, isobutyl nitrate, biacetyl, and
peroxyacetyl nitrate. These photochemical reactions of auto
exhaust presumably occur in the atmosphere.
15914
Kokurin, A. D-
MECHANISM OF COKE AND CARBON BLACK FORMATION DURING THERMAL
PYROLYSIS AND DIFFUSION COMBUSTION. J. Appl. Chem. DSSR (English
translation from Russian of: Zh. Prikl. Khim.), 42 (7):1498-1501,
July 1969. 11 refs.
The mechanism of soot formation was studied by pyrolizing various
hydrocarbons and their mixtures at 1000-1500 C. At the relatively
low temperatures and low heating rates, and with considerable
contact time, mainly polycyclic liquid (tarry) products were
formed. They were converted to coke by further condensation.
Carbon black formed at the higher temperatures as the result of
the condensation of C2H and C2 radicals, which are incapable of
M. Basic Science and Technology 1027
-------
forming liquid tarry products. Therefore, the quality of carbon
black, i.e., its structure and dispersity, is determined by process
conditions and the composition of the raw material. The higher the
temperature and heating rate, the greater is the amount of raw
material converted to carbon black and the less the amount
converted to coke. The quality of carbon black differs in
accordance with the degree of participation of radicals and
macromolecular liquid products in its formation, the degree of
coking, and the contents of impurities, liquid particles, and cokes
in the carbon black.
15970
Byden, L. L. and C. S. Marvel
POLYSHLFONES FROM ACETYLENES AND SDLFUE DIOXIDE. J. An. Chen.
Soc., Vol. 58:2047-2050, Oct. 1936. 7 refs.
In investigations of the reaction of sulfur dioxide with a variety
of substituted acetylenes, monosubstituted acetylenic hydrocarbons
were found to combine with sulfur dioxide to give polymeric
products. Both monoalkylacetylenes with an alkyl group containing
one to five carbon atoms and phenylacetylene combined readily
with sulfur dioxide in the presence of alcohol and peroxide—
containing paraldehydes. Disubstituted acetylenes did not give
this addition reaction. The products of the addition of sulfur
dioxide to the monosubstituted acetylenes are presumably
polysulfones containing one double bond for each hydrocarbon
residue in the polymer. The addition of sulfur dioxide is to
the acetylene and not an allene. The polymers are readily
hydrolyzed. Among the phenylacetylnepolysulfone derivatives
are benzylmethyIsufone, acetophenone, benzoic acid, and sodiun
sulfite. Hydrolysis of 1-pentynepolysulfone gave a trace of
methyl n-propyl ketone. About 40-503S of the sulfur was removed
as sulfur dioxide. The only other hydrolysis product isolated was
C10H16S02- Pyrolysis in boiling dioxane removed half the sulfur
from 1-heptenepolysulfone as sulfur dioxide.
Phenylacetylenepolysulfone was insoluble in dioxane, but 62-73)1
of the sulfur was liberated as sulfur dioxide after heating the
polymer. Though evidence is still too meager to ascribe definite
formulas to acetylene-sulfur dioxide polymers, there is apparently
considerable difference between alkyl substituted and aryl
substituted products.
15988
Porter, George
THE MECHANISM OF CARBON FORHATION. In: Combustion Researches and
Reviews 1955. London, Butterworth, 1955, Chapt. 10, p. 108-123.
26 refs, (Presented at the 6th and 7th AGARD Combustion Panel
Meetings, Scheveningen, The Netherlands, May 1951 and Paris, Nov.
195«, AGARDograph no. 9.)
CFSTI, DDC: AD 688925
Chemical processes leading to carbon formation in five systems
are reviewed and experiments in flash pyrolysis of ketone,
acetone, and diacetyl are summarized. The five systems considered
are pyrolysis of pure hydrocarbons, pyrolysis of acetylene,
diffusion flames, explosion in closed vessels, and pre-mixed
flames. It is contended that previous theories of mechanisms of
V028 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
carbon formation are incorrect, since they require the
intermediate formation of polymeric hydrocarbons. When the tiae
for half reaction is one second or less, the pyrolysis of
hydrocarbons results in decompositon, and not polymerization;
decomposition leads to the formation of acetylene and hydrogen
before carbon formation. These hypotheses are supported by the
flash pyrolysis experiments which showed that acetone and
diacetyl formed ethylene and acetylene and ketone formed
acetylene. Absorption spectra of the reactions occurring during
flash pyrolysis of acetylene show the formation of carbon and
hydrogen without intermediate hydrocarbon polymers. It is
concluded that solid carbon is formed from acetylene by
simultaneous combustion and dehydrogenation. Carbon formation in
explosions of hydrocarbons with oxygen occurs by pyrolysis of the
hydrocarbon in the same way as in the absence of oxygen. The
relative rate of this mechanism compared with the oxidation of
the hydrocarbon and carbon determines the amount of carbon
finally formed. Carbon formation in a diffusion flame occurs by
the same pyrolytic mechanism unless the fuel is near to, but less
than, 1000 C. Homogeneous explosions are chemically similar to
carbon formation in pre-mixed flames. The fact that carbon
particles formed during combustion and homogeneous gas-phase
pyrolysis are very similar in shape and diameter supports the
view that the same mechanism is common to all processes.
15990
Fox, Arthur L., Clyde O. Henke, and Cortes F. Heed
PURIFICATION OF HYDEOCAREON-SULPHUR DIOXIDE-CHLORINE REACTION
PRODUCTS, (Charles L. Horn, Minneapolis, Hinn. and DuPont De
Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Wilmington, Del.) U. S. Pat, 2,228, 598.
6p. , Jan. 14, 1941. (Appl. June 30, 1938, 15 claims).
A process is described for purifying surface-active compounds
formed by reacting hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine
and hydrolyzing the resulting product. The invention provides
a method of removing water—insoluble oils from the emulsion
obtained when hydrocarbons are treated with a gaseous mixture
of sulfur dioxide and chlorine and the resulting product is
hydrolyzed with a hot caustic alkali. The method is exemplified
by the treatment of a hydrocarbon oil with a gaseous mixture of
sulfur dioxide and chlorine in the presence of light until the
oil gains a. certain weight. This produce is hydrolyzed and
neutralized with a caustic alkali solution. The crude product
that is obtained is an aqueous emulsion of hydrocarbon sulfonates,
unreacted hydrocarbon, chlorinated hydrocarbon, and salts. This
material is purified by diluting with water or a water-soluble
organic solvent and removing the water immiscible layet.
Purification can also be accomplished by centrifuging without
dilution, by extracting the water insoluble portions with a
water insoluble organic solvent, by steam distillation, or by a
combination of these processes. Many of the products prepared
according to the invention have excellent foaming and cleansing
properties. These products can serve as intermediates for
preparing derivatives useful as plasticizers for paint, varnishes,
corrosion inhibitors, gum solvents, extractants for the refining
of gasolines and oils, insecticides, detergents, wetting agents,
and rewetting agents. They may also be used to improve flotation
processes of ores, pigments, coals, etc. and to break petroleum
emulsions. Other uses include fungicides, mildew preventives,
penetrating agents, and dust collecting agents.
M. Basic Science and Technology 1029
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16023
Hascitti, Vincent B.
A SIMPLIFIED EQUILIBRIUM HYDROCARBON-AIR COMBUSTION GAS MODEL FOE
CONVENIENT USE IN AIR-BREATHING ENGINE CYCLE COMPUTER PROGRAMS.
Virginia Univ., Charlottesville, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering,
Thesis (M. Aerospace Eng.), 1967(7), U4p. 11 refs.
N69-1969«
A simplified hydrocarbon-air combustion gas model was developed
for use in engine cycle computer programs. The generalized model
reduces to the hydrogen-air system as well as dissociating air.
The exclusion of chemical species containing atomic nitrogen
allows a. considerable simplification of the composition equations.
The thermodynamic properties of stoichiometric combustion of the
kerosene-air and hydrogen-air systems are computed with the
simplified model and are compared with more comprehensive gas
models. In addition, the effect of the neglected chemicals species
on the performance of an idealized subsonic combustion ramjet is
presented. The simplified gas model was used to define the
limiting conditions for solid carbon and ammonia formation for rich
gas mixtures. & computer program listing of the simplified gas
model calculation procedure is presented. (Author abstract
modified)
16027
Blakeway, John Murray and Philip Marshall
SULPHONATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. (Colgate Palmolive Co.,
New YorK) D. S. Pat. 3,3«6,505. <*p-, Oct. 10, 1967,
(Appl. March 15, 1963, 5 claims).
An invention describes the co-sulfonation of sulfonatable organic
compounds of different volatilities with sulfur trioxide diluted
with an inert gas. Problems arise if the organic compounds
are of substantially different volatilities, for such as those
which when sulfonated and neutralized are useful as active
ingredients in detergent compositions. A high molecular weight
alclyl benzene and the diluted sulfur trioxide are introduced in
the reaction zone. The more volatile component, a low nolecular
weight alkyl benzene, and additional diluted sulfur trioxide are
added to the reaction zone only after sulfonation of the less
volatile component is substantially completed. The point at
which the more volatile component is added is not critical. But
the earlier this is begun, the greater the risk of losing the more
volatile component with the inert gas. The more volatile component
is usually introduced when 50% of the less volatile component
is sulfonated. The extent of sulfonation is calculated from the
amounts of the low molecular weight aklyl benzene and the
sulfur trioxide. This invention can be applied to any suitable
sulfonating process in which the sulfonating agent is diluted iiith
sulfur trioxide.
J-030 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
160HO
Scyer, W. F. and Eric Todd
CRITICAL SOLUTION TEMPERATURES OF SYSTEMS OF SDLFUB DIOXIDE AND
NOKHAL PARAFFINS. Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 23:325-327, Harch 1931.
7 refs.
The conditions under which paraffin hydrocarbons (butane, hexane,
octane, decane, tetradecane, dodecane, and dotriacontane) are
insoluble in liquid sulfur dioxide were investigated. The
temperatures defining the limits of miscibility were plotted
against both the number of grains of sulfur dioxide in 100 grams of
mixture and against the mols of sulfur dioxide in 100 mols of
mixture. The curves obtained by plotting niscible temperature
against the mol fraction times 100 of the sulfur dioxide Here
distorted to the right, since the molecular weight of the
hydrocarbons were higher than that of sulfur dioxide. Symmetrical
curves were obtained when the miscible temperatures were plotted
against percent by weight of the sulfur dioxide. The similarity
of curves with only one consulute temperature was unwarranted:
surface tension measurements indicated that the association is
nil or negligible in both hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide.
However, the curves indicate that below the critical solution
temperature the solubility of sulfur dioxide in the hydrocarbon
is greater at the same temperature than the solubility of the
hydrocarbon in the sulfur dioxide. The curve of molecular weight
of hydrocarbons vs critical solution temperature indicates that
molecular weight is a factor in determining the critical solution
temperature point; it must be considered in any attempt to deduce
a general equation defining miscibility limits in a binary
system. It is also shown that the amount of hydrocarbon soluble
in sulfur dioxide at its boiling point is comparatively small.
16052
Locket, George Hazlewood
HOLECOLAR ASSOCIATION OF AROHATIC HYDROCARBONS HITH THIONYL
CHLORIDE, SULPHURY! CHLORIDE, AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE. J. Chen. Soc.,
1932:1501-1512, 1932. 30 refs.
The viscosities, densities and heats of mixing for mixtures of
thionyl and sulfuryl chlorides and sulfur dioxide with aromatic
hycrocarbons were determined at 25 degrees. Comparative
determinations were made with cyclohexane, stannic chloride, ether,
and ethyl acetate. In contrast to cyclohexane, the aromatic
hydrocarbons associated with thionyl and sulfuryl chlorides and
sulfur dioxide and behaved like polar liquids which is in contrast
to cyclohexane. The hydrocarbons may be electron donors, but it
is probable that they can acquire an induced dipole moment from
the inorganic molecule. This effect will only be apparent with
molecules which are highly unsymmetrical or in vhich a large
electronic shift is localized. Release of the electrons to the
nucleus of the hydrocarbon by methylation increases the induction
effect and the association. This view explains complex formation
with other unionized inorganic molecules. Polarization of the
hydrocarbons is a probable explanation of their activity in the
Friedel-Crafts reaction, but in view of the complexity of the
reaction, it cannot be determined whether the free halides or more
complex molecules produce polarization.
M. Basic Science and Technology 103]
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16054
Seyer, H. F., K. Hartin, and L. Hodnett
SYSTEMS OF SDLFOB DIOXIDE AND THE ISOMEEIC XYLENES. J- Am. Chem.
Soc., vol. 59:362-363, 1937. 1 ref.
A series of freezing-point measurements were taken on systems of
sulfur dioxide and ortho-xylene, sulfur dioxide and para-xylene,
and sulfur dioxide and meta-xylene. The bulb method was used to
determine the freezing points. The freezing-point curves of the
three systems were constructed from the data. Each system has
only one eutectic; apparently, there is no compound formation. The
latent heats of fusion were calculated and compared with
experimental values. Of the systems studied, only the o-xylene
and sulfur dioxide solution behaved very nearly as ideal solution.
The p-xylene system deviated positively and the m-xylene system
deviated negatively from the ideal solution.
16082
Suter, C. B., P. B. Evans, and James H. Kiefer
DIOXANE SULFOTBIOXIDE, A NEW SDLFATING AND SULFONATING AGENT.
J, Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 60:538-540, March 1938. 12 refs.
The behavior of dioxane toward the additon of sulfur trioxide to
form dioxane sulfotrioxide and disulfotrioxide was examined.
Under anhydrous conditions both compounds are stable at room
temperature, but on heating to 75 deg in carbon tetrachloride,
decomposition ensues with formation of water soluble products.
Both coapounds react with water instantly to give sulfuric acid
and regenerate dioxane. Either of the addition compounds serves
as a reagent for sulfonation of benzene, m-xyelene, anisole,
naphthalene, phenol, and aniline. In the case of aniline, phenol
and benzoic acid, the reaction occurs with the substituents rather
than the benzene nucleus. Primary alcohols are converted into
alkyl hydrogen sulfates. Since the higher members of this series
are valuable detergents, this reaction has practical significance.
Olefins are converted into compounds of the carbyl sulfate type
without undesirable side reactions. A study of the structure of
the addition product indicates that the carbon—sulfur bond is
formed at the end carbon. Hydrolysis of the primary addition
product yields hydroxysulfonates. The alkali hydroxysulfonates
obtained from olefins containing ten or more carbon atoms have
narked detergent properties. Further investigation of these
compounds is in progress.
16083
Hyden, L. L. and C. S. Marvel
THE EEACTION BETWEEN SULFDB DIOXIDE AND OLEFINS. III. HIGHER
OLEPINS AND SOME LIMITATIONS OF THE EEACTION. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
vol. 57:2311-2314, Nov. 1935. 18 refs.
The formation of polysulfones from sulfur dioxide and a variety of
unsaturated compounds was studied. Polysulfones were obtained by
the combination of sulfur dioxide and methylpropene, 1-pentene,
1B32 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
2-pentene, 1-nonene, 3-cyclohexylpropene, and 3-Bethylcyclohexane.
Ho reaction was obtained between sulfur dioxide and
triaethylethylene, tetramethylethylene, pinene, or 1,4-
dihydronaphthalene. The failure of these olefins to react with
sulfur dioxide indicate that increasing the number of hydrocarbon
substituents on the carbon atoms that are attached by a double
union will tend to block the addition reaction. Sulfur dioxide
was also treated with 1-chloropropene, trichloroethylene, allyl
cyanide, 2-allyl-p-cresol, undecylenic acid, sodium undecylenate,
ethyl undecylenate, ethyl erucate, crotonaldehyde, oleyl alcohol,
and undecylenyl alcohol. Only undecylenyl alcohol gave a
polysulfone. This conforms the observation that an alcoholic
hydroxyl group in the olefin molecule does not interfere with
the fornation of a polysulfone. The failure of oleyl alcohol to
combine with sulfur dioxide must be due to the fact that the
double bond is in the middle of a long chain. The polysulfones
described are probably of the alcohol type, as none of then were
alkali soluble, and those which were treated with an acid
chloride gave acyl derivatives. It was probable that the
polysulfones derived from olefins of the type ECH double bond CH2
are closely related to propylenepolysulfone in structure.
16169
Baume, Georges
FREEZING POINT OF GASEOUS HIXTURES AT VERY LOH TEMPERATURES.
(Sur le point de congelation des melanges gazeux a de tres basses
temperatures). Text in French. Compt. Rend. 148:1322-24, 1909.
6 refs.
The gas mixtures studied were (CH3)20-HC1, (CH3)20-S02 and
(CH3)20-CH3C1. The freezing point curve of the first and 2
maxima, one at -94 C, the other at -102, corresponding to a
mixture of one ether and 4 HC1. Solid ether + S02 was obtained;
temperatures were not given.
16207
Schiemann G., F. Fetting, G. Prauser, and F. Steinbach
HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS IN A FREE FAIL REACTOR. (Heterogene
Heaktionen in einem Rieselwolkenreaktor). Text in German. Inst.
Chen. Engrs. symp. Ser., no. 27:153-160, 1968. 12 refs.
The reaction mechanism in a free fall reactor was studied and
compared with the ideal flow tube and the ideal agitator vessel.
The hydrogenation of ethylene and the oxidation of carbon monoxide
on grained Pd-containing catalysts were used as model reactions.
The kinetic data of these reactions were determined in a fixed-bed
reactor connected in parallel to the free fall reactor. The speed
of the hydrogenation process was determined by the substance
transport, that of oxidation by the chemical reaction speed. To
interpret measurements of the amount of substance converted,
mixing processes were studied using a dispersion model. The
Bodenstein numbers obtained from the measured mixing coefficients
.were used to calculate the quantity converted. The measured
values agreed well with the calculated values.
M. Basic Science and Technology 1033
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16218
Buff, H. and A. W. Hofmann
DISSOCIATION OF GASEOUS COMPOUNDS BY ELECTRICALLY INDUCED
GLOBING. (Zerlegung gasfoermiger Verbindungen dnrch electrisches
Gluehen). Text in German. Ann. Chem. Pharm., 113 (2):129-150,
1860. U refs.
Gases and vapors of liquids with low boiling points were exposed
to powerful sparking as produced by the Buhmkoff induction coil,
to glowing platinum and iron wires, and to the high teaperature of
the flaae arc, and the dissociation was observed. The induction
coil is best suited for dissociation of ammonia; all the other
methods take too long. Dissociation of C2H5N begins immediately,
but it is never complete. Dissociation of C6H9N and of C4H7H is
slow and incomplete. Iron wires dissociated C2N completely but
slowly; the flame arc is much faster. The induction coil is least
suitable. Nitric oxide is dissociated rapidly by a glowing iron
spiral and by the flame arc, and slowly by the induction coil.
The dissociation is not complete. Similar results are obtained
with N02. None of the methods work with dry CO. Reduction of
CO2 is slow with both the flame arc and the induction coil. The
dissociation of CS2, C2HH, C4H4, S02, HS, PH3, C1H and SiF12 was
observed in like manner, and the efficiency of each method was
stated.
16236
Ludwig, Barbara E. and G. H. McMillan
DISPHOPORTIONATION AND COMBINATION REACTIONS OF ISOPBOPOXY
RADICALS WITH NITRIC OXIDE. J. Phys. Chem,, 71 (3):762-764, Feb.
1967. 5 refs.
Because the disproportionation:conbination ratio of ethoxy
radicals with nitric oxide is important in the photochemistry of
alkyl nitrites, nitrates, and nitro compounds, isopropoxy-nitric
oxide reactions were studied by pyrolyzing diisopropyl and nitric
oxide mixtures at 25 to 180 deg. As determined by gas
chromatography, the main reaction products were isopropyl nitrite,
acetone, and isopropyl alcohol. Traces of acetaldehyde and
methyl nitrate were also present. Over the ranges indicated, the
following variables had no effect on the acetone: isopropyl
nitrite ratio: diisopropyl peroxide pressure, 2.7-1U.6 mm; nitric
oxide pressure, 2.8-46.9 mm; nitric oxide pressure: peroxide
pressure, 0.35-8.58 mm; percent peroxide decomposition, 2.0-12, 1X;
reaction time, 0.7-14440 min; and added nitrogen, 200 mm. Below
150 deg, product ratios were temperature dependent due to surface
reactions. Above 160 deg, the isopropyl nitrite ratio is
temperature independent. This constancy together with
independence of the ratio of the other variables suggests that the
disproportionation:combination ratio is 0. 17 at 26 to 180 deg.
Like alkyl-alkyl reactions, isopropoxy-nitric oxide reactions show
appreciable difference in activation energies for
disproportionation and combination processes.
1034 HYDROCARBON SAND AIR POLLUTION
-------
16257
Hathias, L. E. S., 1. Crocker, and H- S. Hills
LASER OSCULATIONS AT SDBHILLIHETBE WAVELENGTHS FROH PDLSED GAS
DISCHARGES in COMPOUNDS OF HYDROGEN, CABBON AND NITROGEN.
Electron. Letters, 1(2):45-U6, April 1965. 8 refs.
Oscillations at a number of wavelengths between 126 and 373 microns
vere obtained with a pulsed discharge through dimethylamine at low
pressure. The strenger lines in this stimulated emission
spectrum were obtained with many other volatile compounds
containing hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen, and with mixtures of
hydrogen and bromine cyanide, and methane and ammonia. A new
spectrum (four lines between 181 and 205 microns) was obtained
with a mixture of deuterium and bromine cyanide. Oscillations at
fourteen new wavelengths between 126 and 373 microns were obtained
in these experiments. Seven of the wavelengths lie in the region
of 200 microns, where no stimulated emission sources were
previously available. The radiation was tentatively attributed to
HnCN with n greater than one.
163«8
Zikanova, A., H. H. Dubinin, and I. O. Kadlets
INVESTIGATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE ADSORPTION OF BENZENE BY
ACTIVATED CHARCOALS WITH VARIOUS POROUS STRUCTURES AND GRAIN
SIZES. COMMUNICATION 3. ANALYSIS OF THE KINETIC FACTORS IN
CONNECTION HITH THE POROUS STRUCTURE ACTIVATED CHARCOALS. Bull.
Acad. Sci. USSR, Chem. Ser. (English translation from Russian of:
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim.), no. 6:1120-1126, June 1969.
7 refs.
The change in the coefficient of internal diffusion of benzene in
grains of activated charcoal was evaluated as a function of the
filling of the volume of the adsorption space in kinetic
experiments conducted successively a four initial concentrations:
CO1 eguals 1.1, C02 equals 3.8U, C03 equals 11.7 and COt eguals
23.H mg/1. First the kinetic curve was determined at an initial
concentration, CO1, and after the equilibrium state was reached,
the experiment was continued with an abrupt change of the initial
concentration, to C02. The time of change of the concentration
was considered for the second experiment, etc., in calculating the
effective diffusion coefficient. The curves show that the
coefficients increased regularly with increasing volume and
specific surface of the transport pores (transitional and
nacropores). An evaluation of the role of various kinetic
factors in the general mass exchange is given. Under the
conditions studied, longitudinal transport and internal diffusion
of the substance being adsorbed are deciding factors for the
dynamics of adsorption.
16U39
Wilde, M. P. v.
HIXED INFORMATIONS. (Vermischte Hittheilungen). Text in German.
Chem. Ber., 19(1):352-357, Jan. - June 1874. 2 refs.
M. Basic Science and Technology 1035
-------
The production of acetylene by passing acetylene chloride through
a red glowing porcelain tube can be increased by filling the tube
with pieces of quicklime or soda lime. Experiments with
acetylene showed that 2 volumes of acetylene (C2H2) nixed with U
volumes of hydrogen yields 2 volumes of C2H6. Ethylene (C2H«)
nixed with the same volume of hydrogen yields C2H6. In further
experiments, the influence of electric current on a aixture of
S02 and oxygen as well as on ethylene and on acetylene was
studied. The volume of the 502/02 mixture was reduced slowly in
the first case. It took 5 to 6 hours to reduce 50 ccm of the gas.
The two gases reacted directly with each other and S02 was formed.
Ethylene and acetylene condensated very rapidly under formation
of polymers in the first case; in the latter case, an oily liquid
condensated which solidified after several hours. This substance
is brown and amorphous as well as insoluble. Further studies of
this substance will be performed.
16463
Kashtanov, L. I. and V, P. Byzhov
INVESTIGATION OF THE OXIDATION KINETICS OF GASEODS SOLFUK DIOXIDE
IN WATER SOLUTIONS AND THE PBOCESSES OF CONTAMINATION OF
HANGANESE SULFATE HITH PHENOL. (Izucheniye kinetiki okisleniya
gazoobrasnogo sernistogo angidrida v vodnykh rastvorakh i
protsessov otravleniya sernokislogo margantsa fenolom). Text
in Russian. Izv. Teplotekhn. Inst., 1939:37-10. 7 refs.
Oxidation of S02 in water solutions was studied experimentally to
determine the effect of phenol both with and without HnSOt
catalyst. The following conclusions were reached. Oxidation
processes taking place during absorption of S02 by a solution are
analogous to those for oxidation of solutions of sulfuric acid.
The percent of oxidation decreases as the total quantity of gas
passing through the adsorbing liquid is increased. The percent
of desorption increases as the total gas flow rate through the
absorber increases. The percent desorption increases as S02
concentration of the solution increases. Manganese sulfate salts
increase oxidation rate twofold. The presence of phenol in the
solution retards autooxidation of S02, the percent oxidation
decreasing with increased phenol concentration. Phenol in amounts
of 0.1% completely eliminates catalytic action. Trace amounts of
phenol sharply decrease the rate of autooxidation both with and
without catalyst. Increasing the phenol concentration above O.U
has practically no further effect. Oxidation of S02 takes place
not only in solution, but also at the surface of the solvent.
161*85
Toung, Hussell A.
LIQUID METHANE...A CHEAPER MEANS OF PEAK SHAVING? Oil Gas J. ,
57(13):75-82, March 23, 1959.
Current progress and development in methane gas liquefaction and
storage are reviewed. Either the expander cycle or the cascade
type are preferred among the numerous liquefaction processes. The
expander cycle is a simple straight methane-refrigeration cycle
and is more economical in small plants. The cascade cycle is
similar, but in large plants refrigerants such as propane or
1036 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
ethane are substituted. The economics of peak load shaving are
discussed. Tabular presentations of the comparative economics of
peak load sharing include investment costs, fixed and direct costs,
and operating cost per day sendout.
16599
Mousseron, Max
ON DIVERS ALICYC1IC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING SOLFDR. (Sur divers
In the course of a study of some S-bearing alicyclic compounds,
several series of compounds were examined. A brief description
of the method of their preparation, the temperatures of their
melting and boiling points, their specific gravity at 25 C, and
their index of refraction at 25 C are given. A list of these
compounds is as follows: cyclohexylthiohydrqxy-2 cyclopentane,
cyclohexylthiohydroxy cyclohexane, cyclohexyithiohydroxy-
2 cyclohexane, ethyl ether and ethyl diether of bis-
hydroxycyclohexyl sulfide, bis-hydroxy-2 cyclopentyl disnlfide,
bis-hydroxycyclohexyl, cyclohexylthioamino-2 cyclohexane, bis-
amino-2 cyclohexyl disulfide, epithiomethene cyclohexane,
thiodicyclohexylmethylol-1, cis-methyl-3 cyclohexylsulf onic acid,
trans-methyl-3 cyclohexylsulf onic acid, as well as the K-salts
of the latter two.
16605
Asinger, Friedrich
THE PRODUCTS OF THE COMMON INFLUENCE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND CHLOBINE
OB ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS IN ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. IV PART: THE
PRODUCTS OF THE COMMON INFLUENCE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND CHLORINE ON
N-DODECANE. (Zur Kenntnis der Produckte der gemeinsamen
Einwirkung von Schwefeldioxyd und Chlor auf aliphatische
Kohlenwasserstoffe im ultravioletten Licht, IV. Mitt.: Die Produkte
der gemeinsamen Einwirkung von Schwefeldioxyd und Chlor auf
n-Dodecan). Text in German. Chem. Ber., 77-79 (3-4):191-194, 194H.
13 refs.
In a study of the reactions of high molecular straight-chained
paraffines hydrocarbons to snlfochlorination, n-dodecane was
subjected to a partial sulfochlorination to avoid excessive di
and polysulfochloride formation. The sulfochlorides were
liberated from the unconverted hydrocarbon through selective
extraction with liguid S02. Di and polysulfochlorides were
precipitated from mixtures with monosulfochlorides with pentane.
The mixture of monosulfochlorides was then desulfurized, leaving
a Bixtnre of dodecyl chlorides in which the chlorine assumed the
sane position as previously held by the sulfochloride group. The
dodecyl chloride mixture was converted into dodecylenes with
silver stereate. From 100 g of dodecylene mixture 87g water-
insoluble fatty acids were obtained. The composition of the
individual acids in mol percent was: C6 17.2, C7 18.6, C8 16.6,
C9 19.2, C10 18.1 and C11 10.3.
M. Basic Science and Technology 1037
-------
16608
John, G. S. , H. J. Den Herder, E. J. Hikovsky, and B. F. Waters
PHYSICOCHEHICAL STUDIES OF HOLIBDENA BE-FOBHING CATALYSTS. In:
Advances in Catalysts. Adalbert Faricas (ed.), vol. 9, New York,
Academic Press, 1957, Chapt. 27, p. 252-267. 22 refs.
In reforning a virgin naptha over molybdena on alumina, best
performance is attained with a cogelled catalyst containing
about 10% molybdena. To understand the fundamental aspects
of this performance, several physicochemical properties of
cogelled catalysts were investigated. Hydrogen-deuterium
studies, in addition to showing a minimum in exchange ability,
reaffirmed that the effectiveness of the molybdena depends on
the method of catalyst preparation. Estimates based on naptha
conversion indicate that only 70-75% of the molybdena is
dispersed on the external surface of the catalyst. A stable
nonstoichiometric molybdous oxide is postulated as the
catalytically active component. Abrupt, reproducible
discontinuities in the kinetic constants of nitrous oxide
from decomposition studies are interpreted as indicative of
either electronic or structural changes in the active component
of the catalyst. The stabilizing influence of alumina was
evidence of a delicate balance of bonding forces and was seen
in the conductive properties and heats of solution near 10
wt% Ho03. The studies also revealed that water has a stabilizing
effect upon the nonstoichiometric oxide. Thermodynamic
information shows that Mo03 is the stable phase in water
vapor, while molybdenum is the stable phase in the presence
of hydrogen. The variance of experimental observation from
the thermodynamic calculations is attributed to an interaction
between the alumina and molybdena and the stabilizing influence
of water. In commercial reforming, the chemistry of the
catalyst is further complicated by the presence of sulfur
compounds. Sulfur dioxide absorption studies show that
dispersing a monolayer of molybdena over the alumina surface
will prevent adsorption of S02. It is concluded that in the
preparation and use of reforming catalysts, attention should
be centered on the conditions which produce and stabilize the
active intermediate oxide. Best performance is attained with
a catalyst combining a high surface area with a high degree
of dispersion and availability of the molybdena. These factors
must be balanced against operational conditions that influence
the degree of reduction of the molybdena and the accumulation
of sulfur.
16611
Mousseron Max and Robert Granger
BESEAHCH ON THE ALICYCLIC SEHIES. STUDY OF THE OBGANO-MiGNESIOH
COHPOUNDS (6TH EEPOBT). (Becherches en serie alicyclique. Etude
des organo-magnesiens (6e memoire)). Text in French. Bull. Soc.
ChiB. France, vol. 13:251-6, 19<»6. 27 refs.
In the course of carbonation of magnesium derivatives of the
methyl-chlorocyclohexanes, a s«all yield was obtained in acid,
particularly for compounds of two of the hydrocarbon chains
with BgBr. These secondary reactions are essentially interaediate
1038 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
reactions in a series of reactions; they are the consequence of
the reducing property of the deoxidation of cylic magnesium
derivatives. These reactions, which are quite comparable, are
described in a study of the action of organo-magnesium compounds
on acids and their salts, halogen derivatives of acids, esters,
ketones, and aldehydes, that is, a series of compounds having a
carbonyl group. The reduction of sulfinic acids formed in the
course of fixation of sulfur dioxide on chlorocyclohexylmagnesium
is also studied.
16626
Backer, H. J. and J. Strating
CYCLIC SDLFOHES DERIVED FROH BUT4DIEHES. (Sulfones cycligues,
derivees de butadienes). Text in French. Bee. Trav. Chim.,
vol. 53:525-543, 1931. 21 refs.
addition of sulfur dioxide to butadienes gives rise to cyclic
sulfones which possess a double bond which, in most cases, fixes
Cl or Br atoms. On the other hand, sulfones whose double bond
carries one or two groups of tert.butyl or two groups of phenyl
resist the Br addition (steric hindrance). 2,3-dimethylbutadiene
sulfone forms a dibromide, which yields a diol (trans) on
hydrolysis. Direct oxidation of this sulfone by permanganate
gives rise to the stereomer diol (cis). The dibromide, losing
two molecules of hydrobromic acid leaves a weakly stable
thiophenesulfone. An acetic solution of Cl reacting with
dimethylbutadienesulfone fixes in it acetyl hypochlorite. The
same type of addition-reaction could be carried out with the
ethylene. The homologs of isoprenesulfone isomerize on
exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The method of preparation and
of some properties are presented, such as temperature of melting
and/or boiling point, color, crystal habit, and, in the case of
trans- and cis- isoaers of 3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-
thiacyclopentane-1.1-dioxide only, the crystal structure. The
37-odd organic compounds studied by the authors are identified
by their chemical designation and, in 25 cases, by their
structual formulas as well and are ordered according to the 8
specific butadienes from which they were derived.
M. Basic Science and Technology 1039
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Aarvik, J. *13391-M
Abbanat, R. A. *04927-F
Abe, S. *04212-A
Abel, B. M. *00176-F
Abel, N. *14811-M
Abeles, F. B. *01179-G
*07167-G *11100-G
Ablow, C. M. 09085-M
Accomazzo, M.A. 05250-E
08207-E *012241-M
Achenback, K. 13913-E
Adams, D. F. 00379-B
*00942-D *01784-D
*06050-D
Adams, J. A. 01744-B
Adams, J. D. *04262-D
Agnew, W. G. *13958-E
Angina, E. P. *04248-D
*11498-D
Airey, E. M. *13882-M
Ajax, R. L. *00115-H
Akamatsu, I. *16494-B
Albert, D. K. 01503-D
Aldrich, E. W. 14882-M
Aldyreva, M. V. *04092-F
Alekseeva, M. V. *04064-D
*05959-D
Alekseeva, N.V. *05951-D
Alekseyeva, M. V. *10926-E
*06674-E
Alexeyev, A. Ye. *07316-F
Alivisatos, G. P.*09117-J
Alkaitis, A. A. 04723-F
Allen, E. R. *00139-C
*00608-M 01771-M
Allen, J. L. 01891-M
Alley, F. C. *01264-C
01304-D *01579-M
*07806-M
Allison, A. C. *01081-F
Allt, P, K. *10945-E
Alperstein, M. *04731-B
04772-D
AT shits, I. M. *02595-D
Altman, P. L. *09764-M
Altshuler, B. *07027-F
Altshuller, A. P.
*03058-A *00109-B
*01815-B *00302-C
*00465-C *00757-C
00773-C 01828-C
*01984-C 02352-C
02359-C *03858-C
*05533-C *14019-C
*00108-D 00584-D
*00610-D 01832-D
*01979-D *02098-D
*02157-D *02158-D
*02159-D *02161-D
*02162-D *02349-D
*03059-D *03448-D
*03679-D *03680-D
*03684-D *03727-D
*07807-D *00622-F
01402-F 00961-G
*01983-H *01736-J
*01980-J *01981-J
*02129-J *00001-M
00034-M *01978-M
*08845-M
Amanat, M. 11682-F
08897-F
Amdur, M. 0. *01584-F
*05650-F *06910-F
Andersen, H. C. *15271-D
Anderson, D. 0. *05652-J
*08511-F
Anderson, R. B. 02737-E
Andreatch, A. J. *03569-D
Andreeshcheva, N. G.
*11476-D *02588-F
Adrienko, L. G. 02573-B
Anghileri, L. J. 09055-F
Anikina, T. A. 02595-D
Antonishin, N.W.
*14388-M
Arito, H. *10946-D
Arkhipova, 0. G.
*04104-F. *14596-F
Armstrong, A.A., Jr.
*04454-M
Arnest, R. T. *00081-B
Arnold, W. N. *03573-G
05778-G
Arrington, C.A. *00161-M
Arutyunov, Yu. I. *10238-D
Asce, M. 08300-J -
Asher, W. J. *09106-B
Asinger, F. *16605-M
Asset, G. *07705-M
Atkins, D. H. F.
*03783-G
Auge, R. G. 11543-M
Ausloos, P. *00629-C
00190-M *01233-M
01824-M *01833-M
02243-M 0355--M
04456-M
Austin, L. G. *07979-B
Austin, R. R. *05583-D
*03575-M
Avy, A. P. *03129-B
Ayers, R. U. *12521-B
Babina, M. D. *02121-D
Babinsky, A. D. *04273-M
Bachman, H. E. 11234-E
Back, K. C. *00096-F
03821-F
Back, R. A. 05226-M
Backer, H. J. *16626-M
Baddour, R. F. 15125-M
15186-M *15198-H
Baez. A. P. 05839-J
Bagliano, G. *13499-M
Bailor, W. C. *09820-B
Bainbridge, A. E. *03673-C
Baker, C. J. 10668-D
Balchum, 0. J. 02277-F
Balestrieri, S. 01289-D
*03291-D 04541-D
•07706-D
Baltz, J. A. 02460-D
Banner, A. P. *02725-E
Barber, E. D. *01581-D
*01720-D *00911-D
02210-J
Barboni, G. 09405-B
Barchas, M. 00092-D
Barger, R. J. 11171-B
Barlage, W. B., Jr.
*01304-D
Barnes, J. M. *07599-A
*03702-F
Barnes, R. *08295-F
Barodina, G. L. 08226-D
Barrer, R. M. *15131-M
Barringer, A. R. *04881-D
*05191-D
Barrington, A. E.
*02406-D
Barry, R. 02077-D
-------
Barsini, G. 09936-J
Bartholomew, E. *01873-E
Bartle, R. 12887-D
Basbagill, W. J. *02317-J
Battigelli, M. C.
*06640-F *00650-B
Baum, E. J. *00916-M
*00917-M
Baum, F. *08373-B
*08257-D
Baume, G. *16169-M
Baxter, I. *01378-A
Bazas, B. N. 09117-J
Bazhenov, V. A.
15729-C
Beams, J. W. *15063-M
Bean, S. L. *15392-B
Beaver, H. *09752-B
Beckman, E. W.
*00154-B
Beebe, J. M. *06504-D
Begeman, C. R. 04938-J
01851-E *10734-B
Begemann, F. 07181-A
Begutter, R. 15248-J
Behmann, C. 09737-B
Beighton, J. *07925-B
Bell, F. A., Jr.
*03433-J
Bell, J. H. *16701-D
Bellar, M. L. 00772-D
Bellar, T. A. 02157-D
*01926-D *00036-D
*00542-D *00772-D
01736-J 01980-J
Belyakov, A. A. *05210-D
*06893-D
Bender, D. F. *07743-D
*00230-D 00765-D
*00768-D *00912-D
Benes, M. *14430-D
Benforado, D. M. 00257-E
*07836-E
Benline, A. J. *00169-K
Bennett, P. A. *01894-B
*03580-B
Benson, C. S. *00834-C
Benson, D. 15490-F
Benson, H. E. *08390-B
Benson, S. W. *07457-M
07462-M *05423-M
*07791-M *09700-M
*01677-M 01680-M
01880-M 01881-M
*03062-M *07458-M
03088-M 00128-M
Benzina, G. I. *03938-D
Bergshoeff, G.
*02474-E
Berkowitz, N. 10292-M
Berner, A. *09738-D
Bernert, J. *13028-D
*16211-D
Bernhart, A. *16156-E
Bersis, D. *02188-D
Bethge, P. 0. *07214-B
Bettens, B. 11559-D
Beytia, E. *13078-M
Bhullar, A. S. *04621-B
Biersteker, K. *14479-A
Biller, W. F. 07627-D
Billings, C. E. *06182-M
Bils, R. F. *06'600-F
*04416-F
Bisel, G., Jr. 03433-J
Bishop, J. M. 08109-F
Bixler, H. J. 15143-M
15165-M 15265-M
Bjerklie, J. *14145-M
Bjerklie, J. W. *14202-E
Black, H. H. 03420-B
Blakeney, B. C. *03438-A
Blakeway, J. M. *16027-M
Bloomfield, J. J.
04052-A
Bobrov, R. A. *04999-G
Bockian, A. H. *15308-C
Boddy, J. H. *02635-B
Boerma, M. 01850-E
Boettner, E. A. *08294-D
*01310-D
Bogacz, J. *03678-F
Bohlig, H. *10239-F
Bokov, A. N. 02549-B
Boldue, M. J. *03965-D
*03966-D
Bolotova, M. N.
*03925-J
Bolt, J. A. *01850-E
Bol' shakov, G. F.
*02074-H
Bonamassa, F. *03401-A
15308-C 00324-B
Bonnevie, P. 07599-A
Booker, D. V. *08042-F
Borg, S. A. 00842-F
Borisova, M. K. *08151-F
Borisyuk, Yu. P.
*06886-J
Borne, T. B. 14293-M
Borodulya, V. A.
14388-M
Borrell, P. *09080-M
Borsanyi, A. S. 06997-M
Bosco, G. *08315-J
*09936-J
Bottoms, R. R.
*15999-E
Boubel, R. W. *03107-M
*05605-D
Bovee, H. H. *12579-D
Bowden, D. H. 11309-F
Bowman, C. T. 13931-M
Bradley, C. E. 04992-M
Bradley, D. C. *04314-M
Bradley, D. W. 00214-D
03537-D
Bradow, R. L. 04731-B
04772-D
Braman, R. S. *03967-D
*15904-D
Brandt, C. S. *03472-G
00242-C
Braverman, M. M. 07564-D
Bravo, H. *05839-J
Brehop, W. M. 07846-E
Brennan, E. 14968-G
Brennen, W. 00161-M
Brever, W. *02066-B
Breuer, L. W. *09333-D
04529-E
Brewer, R. F. *05666-G
Breysse, P. A. 12579-D
Brice, R. M. *01830-J
*00268-B
Bricteux, J. *11554-D
Bridgeman, 0. C.
*14882-M
Brief, R. S. 03971-D
Briegleb, W. *08285-D
Brink, D. L. *08354-D
Brink, J. A., Jr. *00587-E
Brockhaus, A. 15898-D
08274-F
Brodine, V. 16318-B
Brody, 0. V. *00910-F
Broering, L. C., Jr.
*05536-D *01831-D
Bronsberg, E. Sh.
*07153-D
Brown, G. M. 03983-E
Brown, M. F. 00036-D
Brubacher, M. L. *09331-B
*10135-B 00155-D
Brumner, M. *03122-B
*11457-B
Brunauer, S. *13543-D
Brunelle, M. F.
*01875-M
Brunei, D. 00779-F
Bryan, J. G. 02351-J
Bryan, R. J. 06099-F
Buchberg, H. *00177-C
Buchta, 0. *00905-B
Buchwald, H. *01023-D
Buck, M. 07692-D
Bucove, B. 06535-J
1042
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Budinger, F. E. 04635-D
Budininkas, P. *04288-M
*04289-M
Budzak, P. M. *13050-D
Bufalini, J. J. *00034-M
*10489-D *01244-C
*02352-C 00757-C
*00773-C
Buff, H. *16218-M
Burakhovich, M. S.
*04256-G
Burgess, J. R. 00565-M
Burggrabe, W. F.
00587-E
Burkart, J. K. 00142-D
Burkatskaya, E. N.
*04107-F
Burleson, F. R, 00238-M
01208-D *01076-B
00184-G
Burl in, R. M. 04792-B
Burnett, B. B. 13453-M
Burton, G. G. 00499-F
Burton, M. J. 01453-B
Buscaglia, R. *06284-D
Bush, A. F. *00087-E
*03265-E
Bush, K. 00728-D
Buttivant, J. 09337-E
Buu-Hoi, N. P. *05284-F
Buzunova, L. V. *02549-B
Bykhovskaya, M. S.
*04255-D
Byrne, A. R. 13795-B
Byrne, J. 09421-B
Codle, R. D. *04988-C
00139-C *03064-C
*01771-M *09078-M
Caiman, C. D. 01351-E
Calongne, A. B.
*02500-D 03352-B
Calvert, J. G. 01648-M
11248-M 01961-M
Calvert, S. 05899-E
*03339-E
Calvert, W. R. *06285-E
*03145-E
Campau, R. M. 14036-E
Campbell, E. E. *01499-D
Campbell, J. M. *03685-J
*03686-F
Campbell, F. L.
*15996-B
Candeli, A. *15763-D
*09605-B
Cann, G. R. *03584-B
Cantuti, V. *05981-D
Cantwell, E. N. *11548-E
Carducci, C. N. 15355-D
Caretto, L. S. *05147-E
*04617-M
Carnes, R. A. 05136-D
01922-D 03253-D
Carson, J. F. *13062-M
Carson, S. *03839-F
Carter, J. W. *16486-E
*15167-M
Cartoni, G. P.
05981-D
Carugno, N. *03955-D
Carver, T. 0. *06535-J
Cashmore, P. 09080-M
Cassell, E. J.
10987-F 01369-F
Cavanagh, L. A.
*13040-J
Cave, G. C. B.
*08356-D *08357-D
Cefis, F. 00754-F
Cejka, M. *14619-B
Chadwick, R. C. 03783-G
Chaigneau, M. *13805-D
Chaika, P. A. *15664-M
Chaikin, S. 16616-D
Chakraborty, B. B.
*10741-B *12086-D
Chamberlain, A. C.
00842-F
Chambers, J. C. 07448-J
Chambers, L. A.
10456-F *06534-F
Chandler, J. M.
*13562-B *05292-B
Chapman, R. L. *09111-D
05717-D *08681-D
*10960-D
Chapoux, E. *14842-L
Charlesworth, P. L.
15048-M
Charleson, R. J.
*04931-D
Chasen, B. L. 13278-M
Chass, R. L. 09785-B
*02911-B *04599-B
03010-D
Chatfield, H. E.
*09795-E
Chaudet, J. H. 09751-B
Chaudhuri, J. *09750-M
Chelikanov, K.N.
04083-F
Chen, E. 00119-M
Chernichenko, I. A.
02559-D
Chertova, N. D.
05238-F
Chiantella, A. J. 05042-D
*01461-D
Chien, J. C. W.
*01747-M
Chikira, H. *16187-E
Chipman, J. C. 07623-B
*11237-D
Chirom's, N. P.
*05312-B
Chittawadgi, B. S.
*04610-E
Chizhikov, V. A.
*04087-F
Chovin, M. P. *00898-D
Chrisman, K. F.
*02354-D
Christian, J. G.
*03969-M
Christian, S. D.
*15816-M
Cianciolo, M. J.
05339-D
Ciborowski, J. *07495-M
Cieplinski, E. W.
*05837-D
Clark, H. F. *05836-D
Clark, R. C., Jr.
*02506-M
Clarke, J. M. *07159-F
Clarke, P. J. *16020-E
*05537-E
Clarkson, D. 03614-K
Clayton, G. D. *06078-G
Clayton, J. W., Jr.
*01426-F
Clayton, L. R. 01333-D
Cleary, G. J. *05675-J
*02023-B *08633-B
*05501-D
Cleeves, G. A.
*00188-D
Clemmesem, J. 03686-F
Clemo, G. R. *06135-D
demons, C. A.
*02160-M 02159-D
*01832-D *00584-D
Cline, E. L. *10662-B
Cobbs, W. H., Jr.
15405-M
Coffman, 0. H. *08553-B
Cohen, A. 09200-M
03234-D
Cohen, I. 01981-J
Cohen, I. R. 01978-M
05333-M 00001-M
*01693-D 03059-D
03679-D 03684-D
01984-C
Cohn, J. G. E. *13554-H
Author Index
1043
-------
Cole, A. F. W. *00696-G
Colebat'ch, H. J. H.
*04829-F
Coleman, A. I. 01650-C
Coleman, H. J. 08118-M
13779-D
Coleman, S. 03485-D
Collier, S. S.
07512-M
Collinson, P. L.
*01550-E
Colucci, J. M. *04938-J
10734-B
Comery, D. 09099-M
Cominelli, A. *07690-B
Commins, B. T.
*04487-A *04651-J
03526-0 *00985-B
01059-B
Condra, N. 00915-F
Confer, R. G. *03971-D
Conkle, J. P. *07977-B
*08025-B *08851-B
Conlee, C. J. 00115-H
*01673-B
Conn, A. L. *10047-E
Conner, W. D. *00620-D
Connors, J. S. 15872-M
Conrad, W. 15996-B
Constan, G. L. *06633-E
Conte, J. F. 14033-B
Center, G. L. 00473-F
Cook, E. B. 04653-M
Cook, W. A. 10772-D
Cookson, R. C. *03522-M
Coons, J. D. 00288-B
Cooper, D. E. *00583-E
Cooper, H. B. H.
1165-D
Cooper, J. C. *08345-E
Cope, W. C. (Chairman)
*03454-J
Copeland, J. 0.
09053-K
Corn, M
00727-J 00027-B
01238-D *00499-F
Cormelius, W.
09329-E
Corns, J. B. 10047-E
Coulson, D. M. 01592-D
Cowell, G. W. *10519-M
Crafts, A. S. 03616-G
Cresasia, D. A.
06910-F
Creswick, F. A. 14850-E
Crider, W. L. *11097-M
Crocker, A. 16257-M
Crocker, T. T.
*11299-F *00664-F
Cromwell, N. H.
*03480-F
Cronan, C. S.
*13553-M
Croom, B. H. *03446-M
Crosley, D. R.
*15045-M
Crouse, W. R.
*00337-B
Crowell, E. P. *13453-M
Cruickshank, F. R.
05425-M
Crumrine, D. 00353-M
Cuffe, S. T. *09838-B
*05067-B *01482-B
03113-B *03592-D
Cummins, R. L.
*03255-B 01802-D
Curley, A. 08329-F
Curnow, D. H.
10105-F
Curran, G. P. *15524-M
Cuthbert, J. *10241-F
Cvetananovic, R. J.
09079-M *02258-M
Dahle, E. W. Jr.
02825-J
Daigh, H. D. *04899-E
Daines, R. H. 16357-G
05420-G *14968-G
Dallas, J. L. 02317-J
Dallos, F. C. 01310-D
Danetskaya, 0. L.
*02587-J
Daniels, E. K. *03864-E
Danielson, 0. A. (Comp.
and ed.) 09784-B
Darley, E. F. *05342-G
*05344-G 05723-G
05724-G *03595-G
*03596-G 03612-G
03618-G *05342-G
*01076-B
Darley, E. R. *05680-F
Datta, P. 10945-E
Dauba, J. L. *14622-M
Dauer, S. *04357-E
Davignon, L. F.
*01080-F
Davies, R. A. *03986-M
Davis, H. J. *10964-D
Davis, H.P. *14045-B
Davis, K. *08598-F
Davis, R. B. 06025-D
Davis, T. C. 01382-B
01383-B 01384-B
Davydov, P. I. 02074-H
Dearden, P. *11143-B
Deckert, I. S. *05859-E
Deeter, W. F. 04899-E
*04922-B
DeGrazio, R. P. *11543-M
Deichmann, W. E. *00630-F
*03602-F
Delarue, N. C. *07161-F
Delaunois, C. *11558-D
*11559-D
Delia, T. J. 01628-M
01635-M
Delle Donne, C. L. 10039-M
Del Vecchio, V. *03202-B
*16352-B
DeMaeyer, E. *01668-F
DeMaeyer-Guignard, J.
01668-F
Demaio, L. *00727-J
*01238-D
de Mayo, P. *03009-M
Demidov, A. V.
*02439-D 07150-D
Den Herder, M. J. 16608-M
De Palma, T. V.
*14608-E *14609-E
De Pompeis, C.
14785-J
Derezinski, S. J.
04273-M
Derndinger, H. 0.
*14723-E *08567-E
De Schmertzing, H.
*09734-D
Detrie, J. P.
*00453-C
Devitofrancesco, G. 09430-C
Devorkin, H. *03010-D
Dewhurst, J. R. *00275-D
De Witt, E. G. 15273-M
Deynega, V. G. *13960-F
Dickinson, J. *09785-B
Dickinson, J. E.
01875-M 04616-J
01504-C
Diehl, E. K. *01362-B
Dikun, P. P. 02587-J
07292-J *07300-B
07299-B *06662-D
*14662-D *07298-D
Dilie, R. M. 04668-M
DiMattei, P. *02248-D
Dimitriades, B.
06698-M 10129-M
*10242-D 01269-D
*07838-D
Dimitriades, G.
*04857-D
Dimitroff, E. 04008-B
1044
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Dimov, N. P. *H648-M
D'lmperio, J. *09857-B
Dinneen, G. U.
08391-B
Dioszeghy, D. *14399-M
Dittmer, D. S. 09764-M
Dixon, J. P. *02237-A
Dmitriev, M. T. *11496-D
Dobrinskii, A. A.
*02605-F
Dodd, H. C. 00747-D
Doepker, R. D.
*00190-M *04456-M
*09267-M
Domke, C. J. *05596-B
*01560-D
Dontenwill, W.
*14711-F *14724-F
*14124-B
Dorn, W. M. *08554-K
Dorsey, E. L.
06504-D
Downer, W. *16427-E
Doyle, G. J. 05849-M
06102-M 07108-M
15354-D *OH63-F
01603-F *00084-F
*01587-C 03883-B
Drake, L. R.
15848-M 15836-E
Drexler, M.
*00092-D
Drowley, W. B. 00689-J
Dryden, I. G. C. *13494-A
Dubinin, M. M. 16348-M
DuBois, A. L. 07435-D
Dubois, K. *10668-D
Dubois, L. 07908-D
*09432-D *06380-D
*08889-D 00141-D
*08643-D *08644-D
*02762-J
Dubrovskaya, F. I.
*11426-F *02548-F
Duff, G. M. 09369-D
Duffee, R. A. *04049-D
Dugger, W. M., Jr.
*00950-G 03596-G
Dumarchey, G. 07408-J
Dunken, H. *15329-M
*15439-M
Durant, D. *03066-M
Durau, F. *13713-M
Durham, W. F. 06496-F
Durrant, T. *14892-B
Duxbury, G. 06008-D
Dwyer, F. G. *14333-E
Dzedzichek, V. P.
*07150-D
Dzhamaletdinova, M. K.
*15305-M
Eaton, F. J. *08408-K
Eaton, H. G. 01430-D
Eberan-Eberhorst, R.
*15321-E *15367-B
*02130-D
Ebersole, G. D. *H264-E
Eccleston, B. H. 14127-B
Edfors, M. L. *01722-F
01805-F
Edmisten, N. G. 00847-J
Egger, K. W. *07462-M
*01680-M *01880-M
*01881-M *00128-M
Ehrenborg, L. 07214-B
Eichoff, H. J. 09223-D
Eisenthal, K. B.
*15055-M
Ekberg, G. 06280-B
Elbert, E. 02227-D
Elbert, W. 02079-D
02083-D 02095-D
02797-D
Elbert, W. C. *01826-D
*00399-D 02081-D
02225-J
Elkins, H. B. *06680-F
Ellerbe, E. B. 01634-M
Elliott, J. H. 05848-D
*05648-B
Elliott, M. A.
*05850-B
Ellis, C. F. *00464-B
*06699-D
Elmenhorst, H.
14711-F 14724-F
*14124-B
Elsevier, E. 02753-E
Elston, C. W. *07342-F
Emik, L. 0. 00737-G
*11307-F 00281-F
Emmett, P. H. 13543-D
Emrich, G. 11562-B
Endow, N. 01463-F
01591-F 00084-F
*06102-M
Engdahl, R. B. 04631-D
14967-E
Engel, H. 0. *01351-E
Engelmann, R. J.
*00173-C
Engle, C. R. *09597-D
05319-D 04029-D
*07878-D *11068-D
Engsfeld, R. 16211-D
Epstein, D. *03205-A
Epstein, G. *09023-B
Epstein, S. E. *00663-F
Epstein, S. S. *06384-J
*02169-J *06383-F
*01025-F *13886-F
*00966-D *00728-D
*01302-D
Erdman, T. 15969-D
Erley, D. S. 05561-D
Esposito, G. G.
*05337-B *03991-D
Estes, F. L. *00658-F
*04575-F *04650-F
Ettre, L. S. 05837-D
*05863-D
Eubank, 0. C. 10458-E
Evans, P. B. 16082-M
Everett, R. J. *04529-E
Ewald, H. *11562-B
Eye, M. 03761-B
Eyre, D. V. 15134-M
Eyring, H. 14258-M
Fabuss, B. M. *06997-M
Fagley, W. S. 00154-B
07629-B
Faith, W. L. *00233-A
*00566-B *00344-C
*13551-E 05573-J
Falk, H. L. 05109-B
01806-F *01968-F
00195-F *00750-F
01029-F 01030-F
04589-F 08243-F
Farmer, 0. R. *03449-D
Farnsworth, H. E.
*14227-M
Farrown, J. A. 06966-J
04770-J
Fasotte, W. 11554-D
Fatiadi, A. J. *06720-M
*06980-M *11147-M
Faust, W. J. 14604-E
Fawell, H. D. 00221-B
Fedoseeva, G. E. 07188-M
Feenan, J. J. *02737-E
03796-E 03797-E
07607-M
Feiner, B. 00883-F
Fein!and, R. 03569-D
Feist, H. J. *07362-E
Feldstein, M.
*05834-D *01289-D
03291-D *04541-D
*07706-D 13860-F
03104-J
Felmeister, A.
*11682 *08897-F
Author Index
1045
-------
Felt, A. E. 14461-B
Fem'more, C. P.
*10748-B *02286-M
*04201-M
Fensterstock. J. C.
*10018-C
Ferht, E. *05226-M
Ferris, B. G., Jr.
*07162-F
Ferris, R. W.
04288-M 04289-M
Petting, F. 16207-M
Feuerstein, D. L.
*08359-B
Fiala, E. *07223-B
*16298-B *07224-E
*08604-E
Fiero, G. W. *05106-B
*08376-B *10083-K
Filatova, A. S. *03940-D
Filov, V. A. *13657-F
Finfer, E. Z. *04856-E
Fink, C. K. *12084-B
Fink, F. *15657-H
First, M. W. *04419-B
Fischer, H. *13686-M
Fiserova-Bergerova, V.
*03962-F
Fleming, R. D. *01269-D
Flesch, J. P. *02323-D
*09888-D
Flieger, K. 00225-B
Flora, R. E. 11259-F
11260-F 11261-F
Flynn, N. E. 00337-B
Folkins, H. 0. *12172-M
Foote, J. K. 00602-C
*01026-M
Formicheva, N. I.
*08171-D
Forsey, R. R. *12668-D
Fosberry, R. A. C.
*02638-E
Foster, K. E. 02354-D
Fourel, R. 04177-F
Fox, A. L. *15990-M
Fox, F. T. 02226-D
Fracchia, M. F. *08270-D
Francis, A. W. *16417-I
Franco, P. *14785-J
Frank, N. R. 07162-F
Franke, W. 05440-M
Frankhauser, R. K.
10018-C
Franzky, U. *14004-E
Fraust, C. L. *01392-D
Freedman, R. W. *14838-D
*16620-D
Freeman, J. H., Jr.
*00936-E *03989-B
Frenkiel, F. N.
*05571-K
Friberg, L. 01722-F
Fried, J. *09024-F
Friedlander, S. K
*15310-B
Friedman, N. 05208-M
Friedman, S. B.
07882-E
Friedrichs, K. H.
*15898-D
Friesell, J . W.
*12159-B
Fro!ova, I. N.
804258-F
Frysinger, G. R.
*02442-E *14519-E
*08873-E
Fukuchi, T. *14944-E
Fujiwara, M. 16135-B
Gabinova, Zh. L.
*04091-J 03363-J
Gab!iks, J. *06847-F
Gadomski. S. T. *04279-E
Gagliardi, J. C. *14462-f
*04460-B
Gahagen, H. E. III.
11100-G
Gamble, B. L. *11033-E
Gamer, C. H. *08594-E
Gammelgard, P. N.
*08071-A
Garber, M. J. 03630-G
Gardner, M. B. *00639-F
Gargala, R. V. 16444-E
Garibyan, T. A.
*13364-M
Garwig, R. P. 04470-E
Gasiorowski, K.
*05477-B
Gast, J. H. 05294-F
04575-F
Gavrilova, L. I.
*08446-D
Geckler, R. P. 08026-F
11539-F
Gelius, R. *05440-M
Geller, Z. I. 10238-D
George, J. C. *08557-B
George, R. E. *04792-B
Gerrard, J. E. 16020-E
05537-E
Gerstle, R. W. 05067-B
01482-B 01582-B
*03113-B
Ghannam, F. E. 14462-B
Ghosh, A. K. *05415-E
Giel, B. G. *02357-F
Gilbert, E. E. *14220-M
15805-M
Gilbert, N. 03544-D
Gil 'denskiol 'd, R. S.
11479-C
Gil gen, A. 16336-J
Gilliland, E. R.
*15125-M
Gills, B. G. *02001-B
*04361-B
Gimadeev, M. M.
*04110-F
Giordan, W. P. 07886-F
Giry, L. 13805-D
Giuffrida, L. 07749-D
Glass, W. I. *07165-F
Glasson, W. A.
*02838-M *03114-M
14119-F
Glater, R. A. 0087-E
03265-B
Goetz, A. *06722-A
*06186-J *06632-C
*06235-C *05479-B
*01990-M *02412-M
*10041-M *06231-D
Gofmekler, V. A.
*04098-B
Goldberg, M. S.
08244-F
Gold'berg, M. S.
*06885-L *11489-F
Golden, D. M.
*01682-M *03067-M
03078-M 00120-M
Goldfinger, P.
*04228-M
Goldhamer, R. 03839-F
Goldsmith, J. R.
01955-L *00020-B
Goldstein, R. *05848-D
Goldwater, L. S.
*01038-B
Golothan, D. W.
*09325-E
Golubev, A. A. *12969-F
Goodacre, C. L. *02637-E
Goppers; V. *01991-D
Gordon, R. J. *14180-J
*01027-C
Gore!ova, D. N.
*07299-B
Gorin, E. 15524-M
Gorskaya, R. V. *06902-D
Goshgarian, B. B.
07451-B
Gottauf, M. *14500-M
Gourinoff, B. P. *00835-B
1046
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Grafe, K. *07366-J
Graham, J. I. *1376S-M
Grahek, F. E. 09078-M
Graiff, L. B. *02358-D
Granger, R. 16611-M
Grant, E. P. *02055-K
*05320-E 09331-B
Grant, R. 0. *06056-M
03425-D
Grasso, C. 13788-J
Gray, J. T., Jr. *04008-B
Greaves, D. A. *12085-B
Green, A. E. S. *07981-D
Green, L. E. *01503-D
Greenburg, L. A. 09074-F
Gregory, A. R. *00316-G
Greiner, D. 07988-M
Grella, A. 08315-J
09389-B 09388-D
Griffin, G. W. 00356-M
02445-M
Griffing, M. E. *13033-E
Griffith, G. W. *05639-F
Grigorenko, A. I. 04254-D
Grigor'ev, Z. E. 08221-F
Grigor'eva, K. V.
*02568-F *08221-F
Griswold, H. E. 00583-E
Griswold, S. S. *09324-K
*08075-E *00107-B
Grob, K. *01278-D
Groezinger, H. *15257-E
Gronsberg, E. Sh.
*07146-D *02135-D
Gross, E. *16124-E
Gross, G. P. 14424-E
Grovenstein, E., Jr.
*01194-C
Gruber, C. W. 05336-J
Grumer, J. *07881-E
Grundnes, J. 15816-M
Grupinski, L. *12072-D
Grushko, Y. M. *07292-J
Guillemet, F. B.
05666-G
Gurinov, B. P. *05231-F
*07291-F *08200-B
Guse, W. 11061-D
Gusev, I. S.
*12276-F *06905-F
*07475-F
Gusev, M. I. *12284-F
*04083-F *11479-C
Gussey, P. 04771-E
Gustafson, P. *00103-E
Guyer, M. 04328-D
Haagen-Smit, A. J.
00229-G 01645-E
*04992-M
Haas, G. C. 07625-B
Haddad, R. *04052-A
Hadzija, 0. 14428-D
Haenszel, W. *03486-F
Haentzsch, S. 15154-J
Hagen, D. F. *07635-B
Halitzky, J. 07561-B
Hale, C. A. *14461-B
Hall, E. L. 04995-B
Hall, M. C. 04535-E
Halpin, W. R. 11164-D
Hamblin, R. J. J.
*14604-E
Hamill, P. V. V.
*01992-F
Hamilton. W. F. 05613-M
*05149-E
Harming, W. J. *05110-J
*03270-F *01504-C
*00502-C *08558-M
Hammond, E. C. 01813-F
Hammond, G. S. 15046-M
Hangebrauck, R. P.
*01404-B *05005-B
05133-B *01788-B
02232-B 00621-B
Hanks, J. J. *01546-B
Hansen, A. C., Jr.
*14164-M
Hanst, P. L. *11030-D
Hantzsch, S. *08322-J
*03369-D
Hara, I. *04148-F
Harashima, S. *07368-F
Hardison, L. C.
*14326-E
Hardman, J. A. 16526-B
Harington, J. S.
*01467-H *07783-F
Haritatos, N. J.
*14505-E
Harkins, J. 05611-M
*12002-D *03103-D
03978-F
Harkness, A. C.
*06719-E *00952-C
Harper, D. T. *08028-F
Harris, M. E. 07881-E
Harrison, A. P., Jr.
*07463-M
Hartley, F. L. *05832-E
Hartmann, H. F.
*03983-E
Harvey, P. D. 14505-E
Haseba, S. *13415-M
Hashimoto, M. *16135-B
Hass, G. C. 03586-L
*03266-E *00324-B
Hatano, S. 15909-D
Hathaway, C. E.
08838-D
Haugen, G. R. 05423-M
01677-M 03062-M
07458-M
Hauser, T. R. 02802-M
*04930-D *01802-D
02084-D 02086-D
02088-D 02090-D
02803-D 02805-D
03081-D *00214-D
02097-D *03537-D
02944-J
Hayata, Y. *15345-F
Hayer, M. *01558-B
Hayes, W. J. *01051-F
Haynes, W. P. 15078-M
Hays, R. B. *07972-F
Hearst, P. J. *05233-H
Heath, C. C. *09148-B
Heath, C. E. 03887-B
Heck, W. W. *11072-G
*05610-G *06546-G
*00242-C
Hedlund, F. *06280-B
Heggestad, H. E.
12042-G *00184-G
*12042-G
Heicklen, J. 02534-M
02535-M 02517-M
*03488-M *04583-M
Heidt, L. E. 03673-C
Heimann, H. *00174-F
*00281-F *00308-F
Hein, G. II. *14967-E
Heller, A. N. *11152-B
Hellwig, K. C.
*09195-E
Henderson, J. J.
00220-B
Hendrickson, E. R.
*03504-J
Hendrix, W. P.
00069-M
Hene, W. 13876-M
Herkstroeter, W. G.
*15046-M
Hermann, E. R.
01392-D
Herold, P. *15995-E
Herrold, K. McD.
*05372-F
Hersch, P. A. *10672-D
Hertvik, Z. *04179-E
Hess, K. *06127-E
Author Index
1047
-------
Hess, L. D. *08877-M
02493-M *07798-M
00789-C
Heszina, P. J.
*15977-D
Hetmanets, I. Ya.
04109-F
Hettche, H. 0. *02685-D
07373-D *09393-B
Heuser, A. R. *16498-B
Heuss, J. M. *14119-F
Hiam, L. *16616-D
Hickey, R. J. *08331-F
Hicks, J. R. *06482-C
High, M. D. )3438-A
Hildebrand, P. W.
*01949-J
Hill, D. M. 04028-B
Hill, D. W. *16277-D
Hill, R. L. *09365-D
Hillman, D. E. 02875-D
Hilst, G. R. *02351-J
*14997-J *11225-C
Hind, C. H. *14297-E
Hindawi, I. J. *00961-G
Hinners, R. G. *00142-D
*01987-F
Hiramatsu, T. 16132-D
Hirao, 0. *06144-E
Hirschler, D. A., Jr.
13144-E
Hitch, B. F. *15526-E
Hitchcock, L. B.
*05573-J *03871-B
Hoare, E. E. *08353-M
Hochheiser, S. *02822-J
Hockensmith, D. A.
*06947-F
Hocker, A. J. 11237-D
*04318-D
Hocker, J. D. *06328-D
Hodgson, F. N. 04234-B
08033-B
Hofer, L. J. E.
*04771-E *00015-E
Hofmann, W. 16218-M
Hoffmann, D. 01286-F
*04539-F 04553-F
04590-F *01803-B
*06108-B *15708-D
Hoffman, H. *08496-E
11457-B *08497-B
*08802-B
Hofreuter, D. *01988-F
Hogger, D. *08801-F
Hoi brook, C. G.
00275-D
Holiday, G. W. 07635-B
Holland, G. J.
*15490-F
Holland, H. R. *01165-B
Hoi lax, E. *H450-M
Hollis, 0. L. *15802-D
Hoi ma, B. *00484-D
*12580-F
Holmes, R. G. 02911-B
Honma, M. *06329-F
Hood, D. B. 01426-F
Hood, L. V. S. *11567-D
Hooker, G. W.
*15848-M *15878-E
*15836-E
Hoover, G. M. *08838-D
Horiguchi, S.
*07375-D *03902-F
Horn, K. *00411-L
*07230-B
Hornedo, M. D. *03505-J
Horsley, R. R. 06086-B
Horton, A. W. 01395-D
Horton, J. F. 01495-D
Horvath, H. *09116-M
04931-D
Hottel, H. C. *02253-M
Hovey, H. H., Jr.
*04833-J *00673-B
Howe, E. L. 02001-B
04361-B
Howes, J. E. 06682-D
Hrutfiord, B. F.
*05409-E 01885-B
Hudson, G. *16266-J
Hueber, V. R. *01430-D
Huenigen, E. *14475-L
*10553-L
Hueper, W. C. *08241-F
05298-F *02288-F
Hueter, F. G. 07842-F
03823-F 02332-F
*00473-F
Hughes, A. N. *07498-M
Hughes, K. J. 07628-D
Hull, H. M. *04998-G
Huls, T. A. *00592-B
Hulsman, H. 15088-M
Hunigen, E. *08803-L
*00562-E *02048-D
Hum, R. W. *00241-J
*14116-B *01381-B
*01382-B *01383-B
*01384-B *06698-M
*10129-M *07628-D
Hus, M. 08594-E
Hutchins, T. G. 07705-M
Hutch-ison, D. H. 04994-B
Huybrechts, G. 04228-M
Ide, H. M. 01499-D
lizuka, Y. *07352-F
Ilgenfrita, E. M.
*00730-J 06430-J
02725-E
II 'nitskii, A. P.
*02596-F *10637-E
Imasheva, N. B.
*04070-F
Inamura, S. *14494-F
Innes, W. B. *14525-D
Inscoe, M. N. *06955-D
Ingels, R. M. 09795-E
00345-C
Ingiulla, M. *13788-J
Ingram, W. *00682-J
Innes, W. R. *13036-E
Ireland, S. 16701-D
Iritani, T. *04143-D
Irons, G. U., Jr.
04500-F
Isaev, N. S. *07289-L
Ishikawa, S. *11309-F
Ishinishi, N. 16542-F
Itskovich, A. A.
*08150-F
Ivanova, G. Ya. 14773-D
Ives, N. F. *07749-D
Ixfeld, H. *07692-D
*14476-D
Izmerov, N. F. *08153-F
Jackson, M. W. *15513-E
*03456-E *05323-B
01894-B *03580-B
*02848-D
Jackson, W. E. *00679-B
Jacobs, E. S. *01225-D
*12001-D
Jacobs, J. 11263-B
Jacobs, M. B. *07564-D
*01941-B
Jacobson, J. L. 07798-M
Jacumin, W. J.
*00992-F *02747-D
Jaeger, J. *10755-D
*14658-D
Jaffe, L. S. *12175-F
*04320-H *04321-F
Jagatic, J. 06710-F
Jagur-Grodzinski, J.
09750-M
James, G. E. 10044-B
James, M. R. 05047-M
Jansen, G. A. *00379-B
Jaros, G. D. *00469-D
Jaskulla, N. 02048-D
Jeffery, P. G. *05263-D
Jeltes, R. *03949-D
1048
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Jenkins, G. I. *10428-B
Jennelle, L. F. 11632-F
Jensen, D. A. *01623-E
*01624-E *00504-B
Jewell, R. G. 04922-B
Joachim, E. U.
05380-E
Jodeck, P. *15966-E
Johanson, L. N. 08365-E
John, B. 09197-M
John, G. S. *16608-M
Johns, R. H. *04470-E
Johnson, A. J.
*15861-E
Johnson, F. A.
*08077-D
Johnson, H. 01034-M
*01696-D 02843-D
01973-D 00440-D
00767-D 00926-D
00111-J 12045-G
Johnson, H. C.
*00288-B
Johnson, H. W. 05100-M
Johnson, J. E. 03969-M
*05042-D *15529-D
05209-E
Johnson, K. J. *05720-F
Johnson, W. R. 13668-B
Johnston, A. E. 07061-D
Johnston, H. S. *02534-M
*02535-M 03488-M
04583-M 04988-C
Jonathan, N. *14917-M
Jones, C. 01550-E
Jones, E. P. 14220-M
Jones, G. W. 02286-M
04201-M 10748-B
Jones, J. L. *06052-D
*01591-F
Jones, M. H. 00177-C
Jones, R. C. 08295-F
Jones, W. M. *04871-E
*04874-E
Josephson, A. S.
*02173-F *00210-F
Just, J. *10320-K
Juvet, R. S., Jr.
*08105-M
Kachmar, E. G.
*06661-D *03929-D
Kagawa, J. *08305-F
Kahl, H. 14470-D
Kailos, N. C. *03158-B
Kaiser, E. R. *07882-E
*07561-B
Kajland, A. *01805-F
Kalasky, J. D. *01544-B
Kalika, P. W. *09310-A
Kalian, T. 01990-M
Kamel, M. M. *08078-M
Kamishima, H. 16494-B
Kammerraeyer, K.
*15187-M 15012-M
Kane, J. M. *08837-E
Kanter, C. V. *02610-B
Kanz, E. *03365-E
Kapkaer, E. A. *08524-B
Kapkaev, E. A. *04111-F
Kashtanov, L. I.
*16463-M
Kato, T. *01761-C
Katsenelenbaum 11426-F
Katz, M. *01640-A
*03556-A *01270-J
00696-G *05299-D
*05502-D *08762-D
Kaufman, A. 06479-E
Kawanami, Y. *07198-J
Kawasaki, E. H. 06329-F
Kayne, N. 05648-B
03762-E
Kaznina, N. I. *11485-D
*11493-B
Keagy, D. M. *03458-J
03504-J
Kearney, P. C. 07964-F
Keenan, R. G. *08079-D
Kelenffy, S. *16440-J
Keller, J. L. *09421-B
Kemnitz, D. A. 01582-B
Kenagy, J. A. *04139-E
Kendall, D. A. 14109-D
Kendall, R. F. 06699-D
Kendrick, J. B., Jr.
*05723-G *05724-G
03608-G 03609-G
03610-G
Kenline, P. A. *03506-J
*00638-F 01673-B
Keplinger, M. L.
03602-F
Kesseler, G. 08592-D
Kessler, R. L. *16361-D
Khan, A. U. *07257-C
Khanin, I. M. *04581-E
Khesina, A. Ya. 10637-E
Khezina, A. Y. 03935-B
Khikmatullaeva, Sh. S.
*08443-F
Khrustaleva, V. A.
06674-E *05376-D
*07285-D
Khukrin, E. V.
*06677-L
Kimina, S. N. 10631-B
King, I. R. *05043-M
King, P. J. 15851-M
King, W. H., Jr. *15200-D
Kinosian, J. R. 00157-L
Kinsey, R. H. *09840-B
*09839-B
Kipping, P. J. 05263-D
Kireeva, I. S. 02600-E
*07570-B 04108-B
Kiselev, A. V. *14391-M
04484-D
Kitani, S. 02935-M
Kitrosskii, N. A.
11496-D
Klein, R. 07509-M
*01683-D
Kleinfeld, M. *00883-F
Klejnot, 0. J. 10041-M
Klimisch, R. L.
*14335-M
Klinksiek, K. E.
*14697-B
Klosterman, D. 00622-F
Klosterman, D. L.
*00122-D
Klosterman, L. L.
01402-F
Knopp, H. *05380-E
Knuth, R. H. 02205-D
Kobayashi, M. *03215-H
Kochetkova, T. A.
04104-F
Kohler, M. *09223-D
Kokurin, A. D. *15914-M
Kol'kouski, P.
*08490-D *10089-D
Kononova, V. A.
*03931-J *08196-J
Konopinski, V. J.
02239-J *01089-J
03255-B
Konosu, H. *02886-D
*07386-D *00449-D
*04199-D
Konstantinova, A. I.
*05238-F
Kopa, R. D. *00057-E
Kopanev, A. I.
*06907-F
Kopczynski. S. L.
03858-C 05533-C
*01825-C *02359-C
08845-M
Koppe, R. K. 01784-D
Koprowska, I. 03678-F
Korth, M. W. *03547-A
*02842-F 02375-B
*00068-D
Korving, J. *15088-M
Author Index
1049
-------
Koslova, T. A. *07308-F
Kotaka, S. *00601-G
Kotin, P. *01469-F
*01806-F *01844-F
*11275-F 01968-F
*00195-F 00750-F
*01015-F *01029-F
*01030-F *04589-F
*08243-F 05109-B
Koukol, J. 00950-G
Koutsoukos, E. P.
*00101-M
Kozima, T. 04742-D
Kozyrev, B. P. *15729-C
Kraeft, D. 13989-D
Kralik, 0. 04179-E
Krasovitskaya, M. L.
*1H84-F *06869-F
Kreichelt, T. E.
*02825-J
Kreyberg, L. 03685-J
Krilov, N. A. *05383-D
Kristinsson, H.
*00356-M
Krivoruchko, F. D.
*04246-C
Kropp, E. P. *03872-E
Krotkov, P. A. *04085-D
Krueger, A. P. 00601-G
Kruse, R. E. *04028-B
Krylova, N. A.
*07578-D 04064-D
*04245-C
Krynitsky, J. A. *14728-E
Kube, H. D. 01546-B
Kudryashov, V. V.
06305-E
Kuhn, M. *02648-E
Kukin, I. *08080-E
*07971-E
Kukhovkaya, A. I.
04114-B
Kulinskaya, I. L.
*08442-F
Kunte, H. *08589-D
Kupel, R. E.
01049-F
Kuratsune, M. 02853-M
Kurtzweg, J. A.
*16016-B
Kuster, E. C. *09099-M
Kutscher, W. *11572-J
*09713-F *02689-F
*01714-D *11571-M
Kuz'minykh, A. I.
03940-D
Kylin, B. *05729-F
Laffey, W. T. *10660-B
Lage, L. J. 02158-D
04796-D
Lagoshnaya, R. M.
*06876-D
Lahman, E. 08322-J
*148776-J *15154-J
*11574-D
Lair, J. C. 07613-E
Lamb, F. W. 13033-E
Lampe, K. F. *03490-F
Landee, F. A. 15875-E
Landez, J. H. 09985-F
Landsberg, H. E. *00259
Lang, H. W. 14839-D
*15484-D 16620-D
Lang, L. *16184-E
Langmann, R. *07235-K
La Pera, M. E. *03164-B
Larkin, R. L. *01049-F
Larsen, R. I. *06188-K
*02239-J *00110-J
*00321-J 00739-J
*05912-B *00798-B
*00962-B *03520-D
Larson, E. C. *07187-B
Larson, G. P. *05575-C
*07623-B
Laseter, J. L. *10028-M
*10119-M *10116-G
10118-F
Lasoski, S. W., Jr.
*15405-M
Lauch, R. P. 01414-B
Latchum, J. W., Jr.
*15872-M
Lavrov, N. V. *14379-M
Lawrason, G. C. 12161-B
Lawrence, G. *09337-E
Lawrence, R. III.
*02753-E
Laws, E. R., Jr.
, *08329-F
Lawson, S. D. *11204-I
Lawson, S. D., Sr.
*13795-B
Lawther, P. J. 06003-F
08415-F *00310-F
*01059-B
Leach, P. W. 02160-M
Leach, P. W. 01815-B
*01958-B
Leach, S. J. *03645-E
Lebbe, M. J. 00898-D
Lebowitz, M. 09440-F
Lederer, E. L. *14313-M
LeDuc, M. F. *09793-E
Lee, R. C. *14975-E
Legatski, T. W. 05632-B
Leggewie, G. *14074-B
Lehmann, E. *15575-J
Leighton, P. A. *00969-B
*04633-M
Lemaigre, P. 03122-B
*06791-B
Lemmons, T. J. 00188-D
Lemke, E. E. *03462-J
*04962-E *06031-B
Leng, J. K. 03076-F
Leng, L. J. 01958-B
02098-D
Leon, I. A. 05420-G
•F Leonardos, G. *14109-D
Lepisto, P. 01867-E
Lester, D. *09074-F
Lestz, S. S. 15883-B
Leuckel, W. 16363-D
Levin, V. *06065-D
Levine, M. 05149-E
*05613-M
Levine, S. G. 01186-M
Levy, E. J. *05404-D
Lew, M. *07884-E
Lewis, J. L. 14830-E
Lewis, J. S. 05578-D
Lewis, R. J. *07885-D
Lewis, R. W. 03575-M
Lewis, T. R. *07842-F
*02332-F
Leyhe, E. W. 03446-M
Lias, S. G. 00629-C
01833-M 09267-M
Liberti, A. *09430-C
Lichtenstein, E. P.
*16356-F
Lichtenstein, S.
*08645-M
Lieberman, L. M.
06702-D
Liebhafsky, H. A.
*06950-B
Liedmeier, G. P.
*14798-B
Lijinsky, W. *06004-F
Likina, M. T. *08226-D
Linch, A. L. *06025-D
02854-D
Lindberg, W. *13952-B
13953-F
Linderberg, J. 04409-M
Lindley, D. J. 05596-B
01560-D
Lindval, R. V. *04102-D
Linnell, R. H. *02786-D
*02785-D
Linnenbom, V. J. 14158-H
Linsky, B. 11052-C
Linville, W. *05155-E
1050
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Listen, L. *07698-I
Litvinov, N. N. *08244-F
Liu, B. Y. H. 06203-D
07271-M *07272-M
07273-M
Livingston, R. 00426-D
Licket, G. H. *16052-M
Lodge, J. P., Jr.
02237-A *03674-A
01720-D *022TO-J
Lodwick, J. R. *05300-E
Lohner, K. *08488-E
00269-E
Lombos, B. A. *09030-M
London, A. L. *05633-B
Long, R. 11143-6
10741-B 01008-B
12086-D *05325-M
*05345-H
Lopukhova, 6. S. 11498-D
Loquercio, P. *08406-B
Los1, L. I. *07304-J
Loudon, D. E. *03875-C
Louis, R. *08316-D
Louw, C. W. *02415-D
*01356-D
Low, M. 0. D. *03485-D
Lowd, J. D. 16417-1
Lubowe, I. I.
*01077-F
Luchter, S. 14145-M
Ludwicka, A. *15749-D
Ludwig, B. E. *16236-M
Ludwig, C. B. *12887-D
Ludwig, F. L. *01592-D
Ludwig, J. H. *16263-B
01830-J *09060-F
*04808-B *05007-B
*01488-B *02362-B
*00186-B
Luft, K. F. *08592-D
Lugrova, 0. 14658-D
Luis, P. *15355-D
Luk'yanchikov, V. S.
14385-M
Lunche, R. G. *08556-K
03270-F 05859-E
04962-E *14341-E
02610-B
Lundeen, G. *00426-D
Lundstrom, E. A.
08078-M
Lur'e, V.L. *00895-B
Luther, V. H. *00269-E
Lutz, J. R. 03864-E
Lynn, D. A. *01912-J
*00783-C
Lyshkow, N. A. *03096-D
Lyublina, E. I. *13933-M
McCabe, J. R. *07887-D
McCaldin, R. 0. *03527-D
McCarroll, J. R. 00682-J
*01369-F *09440-F
McCarthy, J. L. 05409-E
McCormick, R. A. 04933-C
McCormick, R. N. 00925-M
McDonald, J. E. *09224-B
McEwen, D. J. *03977-D
*07104-D *00887-F
McKean, W. T., Jr.
*01885-B
McKee, H. C. *12161-B
McKee, J. E. *00359-K
McKinnis, A. C. *15874-M
McLaughlin, H. E.
13465-M
McLaughlin, M. 05418-F
McLean, D. R. 04667-D
McLouth, B. F. *14609-E
McMichael, W. F.
*01837-B *00271-B
McMillan, G. R. *01961-M
03066-M 16236-M
McMullen, T. B. 01912-J
McNerney, J. M. 00887-F
01346-F *03820-F
McPherson, S. P. 00931-D
McPherson, S. P. 00931-D
*01471-J
McTaggart, N. G. *12663-D
Maahs, H. G. *08365-E
Mabson, W. E. 07977-B
08851-B
MacBeth, W. G. 00502-C
MacDonald, W. E. 00630-F
Mac Ewen, J. D. *08026-F
*11539-F 01346-F
MacFarlane, W. *15744-M
MacKenzie, V. G. *01073-A
*00225-B *07601-L
MacPhee, R. D. 05110-J
Mader, P. P. *03761-B
Maddox, F. D. 03027-J
Maga, J. A. *01211-A
*07844-B *08300-J
*03586-L *00157-L
Magi 11, P. L. *04994-B
*04973-D
Maher, G. R. *07483-K
Maier, W. R. 16252-F
Mainster, M. A. *10520-M
Major, W. D. *09655-B
Makedonskaya, R. N.
04255-D
Malanchuk, M. *04825-D
Malechova, M. 14430-D
Mallein, R. G. *04177-F
Mallon, M. H. 01026-M
Mallucci, C. 01081-F
Malyarova, L. K. 11484-F
06869-F
Mamedov, A. M. 03934-F
Mandl, M. 01558-B
Manes, M. 06056-M
Mani, J. C. 08827-M
Manita, M. D. 04098-B
*07575-D
Manning, R. N. 10660-B
Mannella, R. J. 06640-F
Mantashyan, A. A. 13364-M
Marcali, K. *02854-D
Marchenko, E. N. *08486-B
Marcus, W. L. 07332-F
Markus, G. A. 14767-B
Marsh, C. H. 04314-M
Marsh, D. *02517-M
Marsh, K. J. *16016-D
Marshall, D. W. *06512-E
Marshall, P. 16027-M
Martin, A. E. 00310-F.
Martin, G. B. 01264-C
11231-B
Martin, K. 16054-M
Martinelli, G. *09234-D
Marton, J. *13505-M
Martyniak, Z. 07403-D
Marvel, C. S. 15970-M
16083-M
Mascitti, V. R. *16023-M
Masdin, E. G. 01744-B
Masek, V. *08485-J
*16125-B
Mashbits, F. D. 07291-F
Mashiko, Y. 02886-D
00449-D
Massa, V. F. *14424-E
Mastrangelo, J. J.
*07886-F
Mastromatteo, E. *05737-F
Masuda, Y. *02853-M
15708-D
Mathews, D. S. *03404-J
Mathews, R. G. 07395-M
Mathias, L. E. S. *16257-M
Matijevic, E. *02935-M
Mattia, M. M. *13217-E
Matsak, V. G. *06648-M
*03525-M *08162-E
Matshiner, H. 05456-D
Matsumura, Y. *04206-D
*04648-D
Matsushita, H. 05461-D
*14125-D 00451-D
Matufuji, H. *03898-F
May, H. *10539-E
May, J. *03773-D
Mayer, M. *00972-B
Author Index
1051
-------
Maynard, J. B. 09574-D
Mayo, R. R. 05058-M
Mayrsohn, H. 14180-J
Mead, J. 12955-F
Meadows, F. L. 00534-J
Meaney, J. *08082-E
Meeker, J. E. 01817-D
06200-D 00870-F
00625-J 03426-J
Mehta, D. S. *05899-E
Meijer, R. J. *15243-M
Meinwald, J. 07510-M
Meites, L. *14757-E
Melchiorri, C. 08296-D
Melchiorri, P. 02248-D
Mel 1 en, A. W. *15085-M
Mel'nikova, L. V. 15730-D
Mel'nikova, P. A. 08171-D
Memory, J. D. 10520-M
Mencher, S. K. *06170-E
Mende, T. J. 03490-F
Mequerian, G. H. 09745-M
Mercer, W. B. *08083-D
Merriman, G. M. *05421-G
Messen-Jaschin, G.
*13784-E
Meyer, J. A. 15032-M
Meyer, R. T. *10034-D
Meyers, R. A. *14830-E
Michael, A. *15784-M
Michaels, A. *08084-E
Michaels, A. S. *15104-M
*15143-M *15165-M
*15183-M *15186-M
15198-M *15265-M
Mick, S. H. 01132-B
Middleton, J. T.
06146-A *12177-A
*05742-E 05680-F
*00229-G *00737-G
*01809-G 02299-G
*03608-G *03609-G
*03610-G *03611-G
*03612-G *03613-G
*03615-G *03616-G
*03617-G 05344-G
05903-G 00526-J
03614-K 07605-L
Mieville, R. L. *09745-M
Mikani, T. 03215-H
Mikisova, H. *00809-F
Mikiska, A. 00809-F
Millar, G. H. 07626-B
Miller, C. A. 12663-D
Miller, D. L. 03680-D
Miller, E. B. *13783-E
Miller, E. L. 12172-M
Miller, L. *01440-F
Miller, M. R. *08536-E
Miller, R. R. 01999-D
Miller, S. *03524-H
Miller, W. J. *11210-M
Millman, S. *06994-C
Minaev, A. A. *02551-F
Minai, M. 03900-F
Minayev, A. A. 12284-F
Mingle, J. G. 01854-E
Mints, I. M. 04248-D
Mironova, A. T. *07302-F
Mi rowska, E. 06021-D
Mnatskanyan, A. V.
*11272-F 02592-J
Moberg, J. L. *09766-J
Mokhov, L. A. 02439-D
Momotani, H. *08483-F
Moniz, W. B. 03185-D
Monkman, J. L. 05502-D
08889-D
Monesano, R. 07340-F
Moohr, J. W. 07782-F
Moore, C. C. 05832-E
Moore, C. B. 15020-M
Moore, G. E. *00689-J
*07427-D
Moore, J. F. 11204-1
Morgan, A. *07026-F
Morgan, D. J. 07026-F
Morgan, M. J. 11218-D
Morik, J. 16440-J
Moran, H. E., Jr.
04440-D
Morgan, D. J. *06608-D
Morgan, M. J. 15337-D
04329-D
Morganroth, W. F.
*01648-M
Mori oka, S. 03902-F
Morishita, Y. 04143-D
Morozzi, G. 15763-D
Morreal, J. A. 11030-D
Morris, G. R. 08557-B
Morris, J. P. *03352-B
02500-D
Morris, M. L. 00447-J
Morris, R. A. *05617-D
Morrow, J. I. 01419-D
04547-D 15541-D
Morton, F. *15851-M
Moskovskaya, K. A.
*04037-F
Mountain, I. M. *10987-F
Mousseron, M. *16599-M
Mrose, H. *13974-D
Mudd, J. B. 07446-G
Mukai, M. *01902-B
*02495-M
Mukherjee, N. R.
*05047-M
Mukherii, A. K. *15969-D
Muller, H. 08488-E
Mullins, W. J.
*10292-M
Mulvilhill, J. W. •
*15078-M
Munroe, W. A. 00977-D
Munson, E. S. *16252-F
Murphy, S. D. *02223-F
*03076-F
Murray, F. E. 00952-C
06719-E
Murthy, B. S. *04663-B
Myers, P. S. 00592-B
Nader, J. S. *00051-D
00620-D
Nader, J. S. *06723-D
*01481-C
Nagasawa, S. *13666-M
Nakadoi, T. 00328-D
Nakayama, K. *07393-J
Nau, C. A. 04895-D
10767-D 04701-F
*04702-F *04703-F
Naumann, P. *08337-M
Neal, J. 04701-F
04702-F 04703-F
*04705-F *04706-F
04709-F 04710-F
04711-F 04712-F
04713-F 04714-F
Nebel, G. J. 05850-B
*07637-B
Nedogibchenko, M. K.
*08165-B
Neerman, J. C. *07626-B
Neiburger, M. *00510-C
*03381-C *06043-C
Neiman, I. M. *04708-F
Neligan, R. E. *05097-B
Nelson, E. E. *14463-E
Nelson, S. S. 09734-D
Nemeth, A. *10045-M
Neronskii, 0. G.
*03937-D
Netzley, A. B.
*09825-B *09830-B
Nevens, T. D. *01838-B
Newbury, B. C. 04880-D
Newell, H. A. 16277-D
Newhall, H. K. 01375-B
*02335-B 13951-B
13544-M
Newman, D. J. *15765-E
Newton, J. W. *00231-M
Nichols, C. W. 05342-G
Nicksic, S. W. 03103-D
1052
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
*04960-D *03978-F
*05611-M
Niedrach. L. W.
*H688-M
Nielsen, B. J.
11299-F 00664-F
Niemeyer, L. E.
*04933-C
Niepoth, G. W. *01132-B
Niewenhuis, R. *07068-F
Nikberg, I. I. 07300-B
Ninomiya, J. S. 13034-M
Nippoldt, B. W. 06065-D
Nishida, K. 14487-B
Nissen, W. E. 02055-K
Nobe, K. 00097-E
05147-E 00101-M
01241-M 04617-M
*05250-E
Noble, W. M. 05485-G
03584-B
Noe, J. L. 02089-D
02798-D 02799-D
Nolan, M. *01202-J
Nomiyama, K. *03900-F
14494-F
Noro, L. 01794-F
Norris, C. H. 02323-D
Norn's, L. A. *07988-M
Norris, R. M. *08109-F
Novack, R. L. 08082-E
Novak, J. 07432-D
Novak, J. R. 11188-M
*15491-M
Nouikov, Yu. V.
*07306-F
Nowak, K. 10320-K
Nowakowski, P. *11615-B
Noyes, C. M. *16398-D
Nozaki. S. *06793-E
Oberdorfer, P. E.
*09341-B
Oblaender, K. *13989-D
Odaira, T. *15610-J
Ogata, M. *03652-F
Ohrn, Y. *04409-M
Ojakaar, L. 01636-F
O'Keefe, A. E. *11270-D
Okrent, E. H. 09148-B
Oldershaw, G. A.
*02258-M
Olesov, N. A. 15614-E
Oliver, F. W. 00235-G
Oliver, J. *05471-E
Olsen, C. R. 04829-F
Olson, D. R. 03266-E
10135-B
O'Neill, W. E. 15484-D
Ongun, A. *07446-G
Ordin, L. *06498-G
*06499-G
Ordoveza, F. E.
*00492-D
Orning, A. A. *05011-B
*05012-B
Orr, C. Jr. *00069-M
Ortman, G. C. 01828-C
*01823-D *00623-D
Ossicini, L. 13499-M
Ostrovskii, M. N.
*02571-F
Otto, H. W. *16357-G
Ottoboni, F. 01358-M
Ourusoff, L. *05746-B
Ozerskiy, A. S. 10926-E
Ozerskii, Yu. G.
14767-B
Ozolins, C. *00336-K
11224-J 09737-B
01890-B
Padovani, C. *03128-B
Padrta, F. G. 14607-D
Pagnotto, L. D. *06702-D
Pahnke, A. J. *09355-B
*14033-B
Pailer, M. H. *15248-J
Painton, R. E. 04839-D
Palmes, E. D. 07027-F
Pan, C. H. *05294-F
00658-F
Papa, L. J. *09342-D
Parker, A. *07845-A
*07945-B
Parker, C. A. *02336-D
Parker, D. R. *09316-F
Parkin, N. R. 00469-D
Parmelee, W. H. 05155-E
Parson, D. *08394-B
Partsef, D. P. *04252-F
Patterson, G. C.
*06159-E
Pattison, J. N. *03264-B
03267-D
Patton, H. W. *05578-D
Paul, D. G. 05404-D
Paulus, A. 0. 03613-G
Paul us, H. J. 14609-E
Paulus, 0. 01991-D
Payne, J. Q. *04993-B
Payne, W. W. *05298-F
*01762-F
Pearsall, H. W. *09343-D
05170-D
Peatman, W. B. *14293-M
Padwa, A. *00353-M
*00355-M
Prejack, E. R. *09172-M
Pentti, L. *15343-E
Perga, M. W. 14608-E
Perkins, R. W. 00173-C
Pesterfield, C. H.
*01626-B
Peters, J. M. *12955-F
Peters, K. H. 07366-J
Peticolas, W. L.
15055-M
Petri, H. *02969-F
Petrova, M. S. *11486-D
Pfaff, J. 00146-D
00386-D *00766-D
00868-D
Phillips, D. *02337-M
Phillips, W. F. 05092-D
Piatt, V. R. *16159-E
Pierre, J. St. 01080-F
Piette, L. H. *07097-D
Pigalev, S. A. *03930-J
Ping, A. Y. *01333-D
Pinigina, I. A. 02548-B
*02544-D *06903-D
Piper, R. *00746-B
Pires, E. G. 06546-G
Pirkle, C. I. 01051-F
Pirila, V. *01794-F
Pitts, J. N., Jr.
*00602-C 00618-C
*00789-C *00935-C
07257-C 00608-M
00917-M *01210-M
02489-M *02496-M
*05100-M 08877-M
10512-M 10519-M
*12169-M
Plata, R. L. 11307-F
Platt, T. S. 06078-G
Pless, L. G. 04663-B
Plust, H. G. *07853-B
Poglazova, M. N.
*07188-M
Pohorecki, R. *07495-M
Poirier, A. R.
*04233-B
Poletaev, M. I.
*04099-D
Poletayev, M. I. *08132-D
Popov, V. A. *07830-D
15481-M
Porter, G. *15019-M
Potter, A. E., Jr.
04483-M
Powers, J. W. 03064-C
Poziomek, E. J. *04285-M
Prager, M. J. *01451-D
Author Index
1053
-------
Preite, E. 09385-B
Prescher, K. E.
03369-D
Pressman, G. 06994-C
Preston, K. F.
*09079-M
Price, M. A. 03112-D
Prietsch, W. 00562-E
08803-L 14475-L
Prindle, R. A. *00375-B
Propst, B. 05777-G
06498-G 06499-G
Proulx, L. J., Jr.
*05895-J
Pueschel, R. 06632-C
02412-M
Purcell, J. C. 01244-C
Purcell, T. C. 01693-D
*05333-M
Pursall, B. R. *15769-B
Pustinger, J. V., Jr.
04234-B *08033-B
*03828-D
Pybus, F. C. *01020-F
Pylev, L. N. 06268-F
Qader, S. A. *10775-B
Quo, S. G. 01629-F
01630-M
Raabe, V. E. 07463-M
Rabinovitch, B. S.
*05051-M
Radomski, J. L.
03962-F
Raschka, G. J.
*03409-J
Rasmussen, R. A.
*05756-G
Ray, S. K. *01008-B
Rayher, W. *06146-A
Raymond, L. *03851-E
Razumov, V. A.
*06894-D
Reamer, H. H. 03588-M
*05643-M *11263-B
Rebbert, R. E.
01233-M *01824-M
*02243-M *03559-M
01683-D
Reckner, L. R. *03542-D
*00251-J
Rector, D. D. *06196-F
Redkin, Yu. R. 11914-J
Reed, C. F. *15869-M
Reed, L. E. *00221-B
Reed, R. D. *04838-E
Reeds, J. N. *15012-M
Rees, W. T. 02336-D
Rehwoldt, R. E.
*13278-M
Reichardt, I. 08257-D
Reichelt, H. 09738-D
Reid, F. H. *ni64-D
Reid, R. S. *01854-E
Reid, W. T. *11265-B
Remy, H. *13876-M
Rengstorff, G. W.
*06611-E
Renzetti, N. A. 05819-F
*01596-F *05113-F
*05849-M *07108-M
Reynolds, R. G. 02762-J
Rhodes, K. H. *04013-E
Richards, B. L. *05903-G
Richardson, A. *06858-D
Richter, G. N. *03588-M
Ridgway, S. L. *07613-E
Rigdon, R. H. *06266-F
04705-F *04709-F
*04710-F *04711-F
*04712-F 04713-F
04714-F
Ripp, G. Kh. 07575-D
Ripperton, L. A. 01579-M
03107-M 05605-D
02747-D
Risebrough, R. *16318-B
Rispler, L. *01228-B
Rispoil, J. A. 11087-B
Rjazanov, V. A. *01916-F
Rjwar, D. P. 05414-E
Robb, E. W. *13668-B
Robertson, D. H. 03354-D
Robinson, C. B. *00534-J
Robinson, F. R. 08028-F
Robinson, J. 06858-D
Robinson, J. W. 01205-D
04716-D
Robison, C. B. *07448-J
*07846-E
Rock, S. M. 00224-D
Rockind, M. M. *06070-D
Rodgers, A. S. 03067-M
*03078-M
Roesler, J. F. 00268-B
Rogers, L. H. 00020-B
Rogus, C. A. *02153-B
Rohrman, F. A. 01838-B
Romanovsky, J. C.
06600-F *00345-C
Rondia, D. *04014-D
*04053-D
Ronna, A. M. *15119-M
Roschig, M. *05456-D
Rose, A. H., Jr- 01411-E
*04630-B *01413-B
01837-B *01848-B
*02244-B *00027-B
*03420-B *03562-B
02378-D
Rosen, A. A. *07089-B
Rosen!und, I. T.
11548-E
Rosenstein, L. *15862-E
Ross, C. R. 01228-B
Ross, J. M. 00264-D
Ross, L. W. *08463-K
Ross, R. G. 15526-E
Rossano, A. T. *1TI65-D
*07604-L
Rossi, S. 03955-D
Rosso, A. J. 01038-B
Rostenbach, R. E. 04960-D
Roth, E. M. *11241-F
Rothe, W. *13913-E
*15327-E
Rothman, S. C. *01687-B
Rothwell, K. *05084-D
Rounds, D. W. *01062-F
*02373-E
Rounds, F. G. *05170-D
Rowe, N. R. *02764-E
Rowson, H. M. *08352-E
Rubnitz, M. E. 06710-F
Ruchkovskii, B. S. 06886-J
Ruhemann, M. *15048-M
Ruhnke, L. *01197-E
Ruschenburg, S. *11912-E
Rusinova, A. P. *06663-F
Ryan, J. M. *08393-B
Ryazanov, V. A. *05952-D
*05940-L
Ryden, L. L. *15970-M
*16083-M
Ryzhov, V. P. 16463-M
Saalfeld, F. E. *05257-D
Sachdev, S. L. *04716-D
Sadivnikova, A. G.
07304-J
Saffiotti, U. *00754-F
*00842-F *07340-F
Sage, B. H. *10475-B
*09046-M
Saito, T. *12967-B
*13497-E *14193-E
*15895-E
Saitoh, T. *16132-D
Sakabe, H. *00451-D
Sakamoto, H. *04742-D
Sakurai, H. 07368-F
Salama, C. *15134-M
1054
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Salooja, K. C. *16484-E
*03985-M *04926-M
*12058-M
Salyamon, G. S.
*04086-D
Saltzman, B. E.
*01650-C *03544-D
Samedov, I. G. *03934-F
Samoi1ovich, L. N.
*11914-J
Samoi1ovich, L. N.
*11914-J
Sanders, W. N. *09574-D
Sanderson, D. E.
01318-M
Sandomirsky, A. G.
*00257-E
Saruta, N. *16542-F
Sato, S. *04142-F
Saunders, R. A.
*03829-D *06624-D
Sauvageau, P. 09030-M
Sawicki, E. *00011-D
*00114-D *00146-D
*00203-D 00230-D
*00386-D *00440-D
*00479-D *00624-D
*00765-D 00766-D
*00767-D 00768-D
*00867-D *00868-D
00911-D 00912-D
*00926-D *00927-D
*00928-D *00931-D
*00934-D *00998-D
*01232-D 01696-D
*01729-D *01735-D
*01781-D *01795-D
*01817-D *01922-D
*01973-D *01944-D
*01995-D *01997-D
*01999-D *02077-D
*02078-D *02079-D
*02080-D *02081-D
*02083-D *02084-D
*02085-D *02086-D
*02087-D *02088-D
*02089-D *02090-D
*02091-D *02092-D
*02094-D *02095-D
*02096-D *02097-D
*02226-D *02227-D
*02795-D *02796-D
*02797-D *02798-D
*02799-D *02801-D
*02803-D *02805-D
*02843-D *03080-D
*03081-D *03253-D
*03523-D *04029-D
*04328-D 05319-D
07878-D 09597-D
*11091-D *00518-F
*00870-F *OOin-J
*00625-0 01471-J
*02225-J *02944-J
Sawyer, R. F. 06433-D
06435-D 10045-M
Scassellati-StorzoTini, G.
*06808-B
Schaad, R. *16336-J
Schadt, C. F. 13040-J
Schafer, L. J. 01089-J
Schaldenbrand, H.
*07638-B
Scharf, P. B. *07451-B
Scheel, L. 07068-F
Scheer, M. D.
07498-M *07509-M
Scherber, F. I.
*16170-D
Schiele, G. *10568-E
Schiemann, G. *02973-E
*16207-M
Schieff, H. I. 03184-M
Schlechter, M. M.
01632-M
Schlesinger, M. D.
*08391-B
Schlipkoeter, H. W.
*02963-D *08274-F
*16219-F
Schmertzing, H.
*09751-B
Schmidt, C. E. 06017-F
Schmidt, F. H. *11004-C
Schneider, R. A.
*06017-F *07510-M
Schoff, E. P. 08331-F
Schonauer, G. *02657-D
Schratz, V. 13713-M
Schuck, E. A. *03883-B
*00618-C *01602-C
06052-D 01596-F
*01603-F *05819-F
02496-M
Schueneman, J. 0.
*00599-A 03404-0
03458-J *09209-J
Schuette, F. J.
*02806-B *01876-D
08270-D
Schuetze, M. *13865-E
Schulte, J. *00538-E
Schulz, E. J. 04049-D
Schulz, H. 10539-E
Schulz, K. R. 16356-F
Schumacher, R. 02796-D
Schumann, C. E'.
*05336-J
Schumm, D. E. 09024-F
Schuttmann, W. *07956-F
Schwabe, K. 14450-M
Schwartz, C. H. 05011-B
05012-B
Schwartz, R. D. *07395-M
Scofield, F. *15352-B
Scott, M. K. 07898-D
Scott, W. E. 05818-C
02786-D *05572-D
02785-D *05627-J
00251-J
Scully, D. B. 03986-M
Seery, D. J. *13931-M
Seidman, G. *02537-G
Seinfeld, J. H. 15310-B
Seizinger, D. E. 00241-J
Seleznev, B. E. *02559-D
Selucky, M. *07432-D
Senderkhina, D. F.
*08136-D
Senderikhina, D. P.
*07156-D
Serat, W. F. *04635-D
Serzhantova, N. N.
04085-D
Setser, D. W. 05051-M
Setzer, H. *06479-E
Severs, R. K. 03965-D
03966-D
Seyer, W. F. *16040-M
*16054-M
Shabad, L. M. *10099-G
*05304-F *06268-F
*07301-F *14422-F
*03935-B *07400-D
Shabaker, R. H.
09106-B
Shaffer, N. R. 03462-J
06031-B
Shafner, H. 13886-F
Shapiro, D. D. *04109-F
Shapiro, H. *15273-M
Sharkey, A. G., Jr.
*14173-D
Sharma, R. K. *04667-D
Sharp, J. H. 07097-D
Sharpe, L. M. *09759-B
Shaw, R. *05425-M
09700-M 07457-M
Sheehy, J. P. *00220-B
Shen, L. *05954-F
Shepherd, M. *00224-D
Sherman, A. *14258-M
Sherrell, F. G. *02460-D
Sherwood, P. W. *08476-E
Shevkun, 0. N. 11486-D
Shimose, T. 13415-M
Shinagawa, K. 07375-D
Author Index
1055
-------
Shively, J. F. 00730-J
*06430-J
Shizuo, Y. *14353-E
Shoji, H. *08493-B
*H487-B
Shook, W. C. 09370-K
Shtern, V. Y. *15238-M
Shubik, P. 06004-F
07785-F
Shulman, H. L. *02374-M
Shultz, J. F. 00015-E
Shultz, J. L. 14173-D
Shvarts, Y. I. *08163-J
Sidorina, I. Yu. 07518-C
Siegel, J. *03822-F
Sigsby, J. E., Jr.
*05135-D 01926-D
*04796-D 00122-D
00542-D *02375-B
00271-B
Sigworth, H. W.
04993-B
Simmers, M. H. *08015-F
*02276-F
Simonaitis, R. 00935-C
*10512-M
Simonsen, R. N. 03872-E
Singer, J. M.
*04653-M
Singh, T. *06443-D
Sipple, H. E. 07187-B
Skala, H. *14607-D
Skanavi, M. D. 05184-B
Skarstrom, C. 15063-M
Skeel, R. T. 07089-B
Skunca, I. 14074-B
Skvortsov, A. N. *06305-E
Skvortsova, N. N.
*10631-B
Slater, D. H. *07512-M
11239-M *11248-M
Slater, W. L. *04668-M
Sleva, S. F. 03727-D
02161-D 02162-D
Slutsky, S. *13580-M
Small, M. 01302-D
02169-J 01025-F
Smelyanskii, Z. B.
07289-L
Smirnova, V. G.
06893-D
Smith, C. G. *10767-D
Smith, C. W. *09085-M
Smith, D. S. *02527-B
*06435-D
Smith, E. I., Jr.
*04440-D
Smith, G. F. *06820-F
Smith, G. T. *06163-F
Smith, G. V. 00293-D
Smith, I. D. *05649-B
Smith, I. G. 12085-B
Smith, J. E. 02812-M
03732-D
Smith, M. 07783-F
Smith, M. E. 11010-G
Smith, R. 01413-B
04630-B 07885-D
*02378-D *04596-D
00336-K
Smith, R. P. *04723-F
04927-F
Smith, S. B. *03425-D
Smith, S. H., Jr.
00103-E
Smith, T. *09002-F
Smith, W. D. 01461-D
*08519-D 05057-J
Smith, W. E. 01440-F
Smith, W. S. *00030-B
Sobolev, I. *15032-M
Soda, R. 04206-D
10946-D *12949-M
Sokoloskii, M. S.
*03363-J
Solomin, G. I.
*02566-F *03933-F
*05949-F
Somazzi, S. *07204-A
Sonley, J. M. 09365-D
Sorenson, S. C.
*13951-B
Soulages, N. L.
*01230-D
Sourirajan, S.
*08207-E
Spencer, C. F. 02204-M
Spencer, E. F., Jr.
*03762-E
Spencer, J. N.
*06219-F
Sperling, F.
*07332-F
Spindt, R. S. *00277-D
Springer, K. J.
*06039-B *11254-B
*01867-E *04888-E
Squire, E. C. 09355-B
Squires, A. M.
*06488-B
Stahman, R. C. 03562-B
03989-B 00936-E
*01411-E 02244-E
Stanescu, L. 08321-D
Stanilewicz, W.
*06021-D
Stanley, T. W.
00011-D 00114-D
00203-D 00399-D
00479-D 00624-D
00867-D 00927-D
00934-D 00998-D
01232-D 01729-D
01735-D 01787-D
01795-D 01826-D
01979-D 01995-D
01997-D *01998-D
02078-D 02080-D
02085-D 02087-D
02091-D 02092-D
02094-D 02096-D
02795-D 02801-D
*04329-D *06200-D
*11093-D *11218-D
15337-D 00770-M
00869-M 02082-M
Starkman, E. S.
*01375-B *01565-B
02527-B *05411-B
*10044-B *13544-M
Starshov, I. M. *14773-D
Statsek, N. K. *07574-F
Staudhammer. P. 05966-E
Steadman, B. L. 06196-F
Stebar, R. F. *05339-D
Steel, C. 02528-M
Stefanescu, A. *08321-D
Steger, E. *14470-D
Steigerwald, B. J.
*03543-B 00783-C
Stein, K. C. *03796-E
*03797-E *07607-M
Steinbach, W.
08373-B
Steinfeld, J. I. 15019-M
Stemmer, K. L. 09435-F
Stenburg, R. L.
*02232-B *06086-B
*02233-D
Stephens, E. R.
03264-B *02476-C
*05817-C *05818-C
*01208-D *03112-D
05572-D 03595-G
*03618-G 05627-J
*00238-M *02851-M
*11050-M
Sterba, M. J. *03289-I
Stern, A. *03085-A
*01654-B *02951-B
*05822-E
*07893-E
Sternberg, H. W. *10039-M
Sternlicht, B. 14202-E
Stevens, R. K. *04839-D
Stevenson, H. J. R.
*01318-M
1056
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Steward, R. C. 03547-A
Stewart, R. D. *00747-D
*04124-F *05561-D
Stezhenskiy, A. I.
*14385-M
Stickel, R. 06127-E
Stock, P. *03886-F
Stockman, R. L.
01949-J
Stocks, P. *03086-F
*03526-J *04051-F
Stockton, E. J.
09370-K
Stoever, W. 06235-C
Stokinger, H. E.
*04544-G
Stone, R. K. *14127-B
Stopps, G. J. *05418-F
Story, P. R. *00565-M
Stoudenmire, J. H.
16170-D
Stout, B. M., Jr.
*11259-F *11260-F
*11261-F
Strating, J. 16626-M
Strong, A. A. *01495-D
Struck, J. H. 07638-B
Struck, R. T. 04022-M
Stuart, R. A. *05056-D
Sturgis, B. M. *07627-D
Styles, H. E. *07596-B
*16024-B
Sugiyama, K. 03652-F
Sukharevskaya, T. M.
08526-F
Sullivan, J. H. *03354-D
Sullivan, J. L. 05675-J
Sullivan, R. E. *09329-E
Sumegi, I. 05729-F
Sunderman, D. N. *06682-D
Suppan, P. *09082-M
Susan, S. *11239-M
Suter, C. M. *16082-M
Suter, H. R. *07620-E
Suzuki, T. *06744-A
Suzuki, Y. *05461-D
14125-D
Swann, H. E., Jr.
*00779-F *02277-F
Swann, M. H. 03991-D
Swartz, D. J. *06104-B
Sweeney, M. P. *00155-D
*03267-D
Sweeney, W. J. *02428-B
*03887-B
Swinnerton, J. W.
*14158-M
Syczewska, K. *07403-D
Tabor, E. C. *00388-B
*00293-D *03426-J
Tada, 0. *06112-D
*13154-D
Taeuber, K. E. 03486-E
Talbot, R. B. 00176-F
Tamagno, J. 13580-M
Tanimura, H. *07335-D
*11015-J *14679-J
Tanner, R. L. 08105-M
Tarkhova, L. P. *06892-F
Taylor. F. R. 03542-D
Taylor. J. R. 05575-C
Taylor, 0. C. *00009-G
Taylor, R. E. *14036-E
Tebbens, B. D. *01798-D
*01358-M *02203-M
02495-M I
Teeter, R. M. *02204-M
Teichner, W. H. 11241-F
Tendron, G. *03116-G
Termeulen, M. A.
*02017-B
Teske, W. *11058-E
Tessier, K. C. *11234-E
Theisz, E. 04539-F
Theones, H. W. *11061-D
Thorn, N. G. 07165-F
Thomas, A. A. 00096-F
*00429-F *04738-F
*10613-F *11593-F
Thomas, G. *09803-B
Thomas, J. F. 01902-B
08359-B 01798-D
08354-D 04551-F
02203-M
Thomas, J. W. *02205-D
Thomas, M. D. *03395-G
Thomas, R. S. 07427-D
Thomas, T. F. *02528-M
Thomas, W. J. *09197-M
Thompson, C. J.
*08118-M *13779-D
Thompson, R. N. *04895-D
Thompson, W. B. *01133-B
Thornton, D. P., Jr.
*04558-E
Thorton, M. 04706-F
Tiffany, W. B. *15139-M
Tighe, J. *04631-D
Tillman, J. H. 03505-J
Til son, S. *00984-A
Timmins, G. W. 06471-D
Tinkham, L. 10662-B
Tipson, R. S. *03234-D
*00058-M *09200-M
Tkach, N. Z. *07573-F
Tkachev, P. G. 05959-D
Todd, E. 16040-M
Todd, G. W. *03627-G
*03629-G *03630-G
*05777-G *05778-G
Toliver, W. H., Sr.
*00447-J
Tomingas, R. 01714-D
02648-E 02689-F
08339-F 09713-F
11572-J 11571-M
Tomioka, T. *02142-E
Tomita, K. 02061-J
Tope, 0. *07952-F
Tompkins, E. E. 05345-M
Tosihide, 0. *15772-E
Toth, B. *07785-F
Tow, P. S. 15941-E
Travnicek, Z. *02060-H
Trayser, D. A.
*14850-E
Trafilov, V. N. *05184-B
Tret'yakova, V. A.
*03924-D
Trofimova, L. V. 08524-B
Truitt, D. *01205-D
Tsay, R. S. *06625-M
Tsuda, M. *15909-D
Tsupikov, M. T.*04254-D
Tubina, A. Ya. 15730-D
Tuesday, C. S. *02837-M
02838-M 03114-M
*03428-M
Tugarinova, V. N. 05231-F
Tupeeva, R. B. *084.33-D
Turk, A. *01419-D
*04547-D *15541-D
Tsaros, C. L. 08390-B
Tsulaya, V. R. *08431-F
Turner, D. 02635-B
Tye, R. *09435-F
*01453-B *01395-D
Tyler, W. S. *05929-E
Ubaidullaev, R. *03918-J
Ulrich, C. E. 02223-F
Umstead, M. E. 15486-M
*05057-J 00060-D
15529-D
Ung, A. Y. *03184-M
Upham, J. B. 02380-H
Upholt, W. M. *07964-F
Urone, P. *02812-M
*03732-D
Uyehara, 0. A. 14045-B
Valenzuela, P. 13078-M
Valori, P. 16352-B
*09389-B *08296-D
Author Index
1057
-------
*09388-D
Van Sickle, D. E.
*05058-M
Vander Kolk, A. L.
*08290-D *08848-D
Vanderwerf, D. *02467-M
Varshavskaya, S. N.
02596-F
Varshavskiy, I. L.
*16444-E
Vasil'eva, A. A. 04091-0
Vaskov, V. I. *02601-D
Vassiliou, E. 02188-D
Vaughan, T. R., Jr.
*11632-F
Veber, A. 08475-H
Velkoff, H. R. 09172-M
Venezia, R. A. 01604-K
11224-J
Venezky, D. L. *03185-D
Vebos, J. 07596-B
Vernot, E. H. 03813-F
Vieth, W. R. 15183-M
15104-M
Viles, F. J. 04419-B
Vingiello, F. A.
*01628-M *01630-M
*01631-M *01632-M
*01634-M *01635-M
*01633-M *01629-F
*01636-F
Violet, P. *07408-J
Viroli, G. *09385-B
Vizioz, J. *16363-D
Voinov, A. N. 04610-E
Voitenko, G. A. 04107-F
Volkova, A. P. 02601-D
Vomela, R. A. 02433-D
*00862-D
Von Becker, H. 07373-D
Von Lehmden, D. J.
05005-B 01788-B
*00621-B 02233-D
Vrebos, J. 16024-B
Vysamyae, A. Yu. *08210-F
Wade, D. T. *09347-B
Wade, R. H. *00264-D
Wagner, T. 0. *14680-B
Walker, J. A. *02636-B
Wall, H., Jr. 15392-B
Wallace, T. J. *05208-M
Wallack, S. 06284-D
Wai leave, L. *14301-D
Waller, R. E. *00985-B
04651-J
Walsh, J. T. *07850-D
Walsh, R. 01682-M
*03088-M *00120-M
Walsh, R. P. 10428-B
Walsh, W. K. 04454-M
Walters, D. F. *09835-B
Wan, J. K. S. 12169-M
01210-M *02489-M
*02493-M 00916-M
*00925-M
Wang, C. C. *04500-F
Wani, M. C. *01186-M
Warren, G. B. *02956-B
Warren, H. V. 01971-F
Wartburg, A. F.
01983-H 03448-D
Wasser, J. H. *05133-B
*11231-B
Wasserman, M. *10105-F
Watanabe, H. *00328-D
*02061-J
Watkins, C. D. *02875-D
Watson, E. S. *03430-D
Way, G. *07629-B
Wayne, L. G. *05176-F
*10456-F *04645-F
*05824-M
Weaver, E. E. *14459-E
*13034-M
Weaver, N. K. *14772-L
Weber, D. L. 10119-H
Weedfall, R. 0. *11052-C
Weete, J. 10028-M
Weete, J. D. *10118-F
Wei, K. *08827-M
Weig, D. W. 16017-B
Wei gel, J. E. 12084-B
Weil, C. S. *00915-F
Weiner, N. 15784-M
Weisburd, M. I. (Com-
piler and ed.)
*00975-B
Weisburger. E. K. -
01692-F'
Weisburger, J. H.
*01692-F
Weiss, B. 08294-D
Weiss, S. M. *09818-B
Wen-Tah, H. *07782-F
Went, F. W. 05756-6
04998-G
Wentworth, J. T.
*07632-B
Wentworth, W. E.
*00119-M
Werner, W. J. 05536-D
West, P. W. 00492-D
Westchester, J.
*02112-E
Westen, G. *02152-B
Westlake, E. F., Jr.
09023-B
Westphal, 15575-J
Westveer, J. A. *09348-D
Wettig, K. *06634-D
*02581-D
Wetzel, R. E. 02822-J
Wheatley, G. A. *16526-B
Wheat!ey, R. N.
*11171-B
Whitby, K.T. *07271-M
*07273-M *06203-D
*02433-D *06445-D
Whitehead, J. K.
05084-D
Whitehouse, A. G. R.
*13636-M
Whitman, N. E. *07061-D
Whytock, D. A. 08353-M
Wicke, A. F. *13465-M
Wiese, W. M. 03456-E
Wilde, M. P. V. *16439-M
Wilhoyte, H. J. 08536-E
Wilks, S. S. *02472-M
Will, E. 01197-E
Williams, A. F. *10075-B
Williams, D. T. 07981-D
Williams, G. C. 02253-M
Williams, G. L. 11254-B
Williams, I. H. *01178-D
*00802-J 05652-J
Williams, J. D.
*03027-J *00847-J
*01890-B 03449-D
Williamson, J. E.
09825-B
Wilson, H. N. *09369-D
Wilson, K. W. 06104-B
*15354-D
Wimmer, D. R. 14975-E
Winde, H. 15329-M
15439-M
Windsor, M. W. *11188-M
15491-M
Wineforder, J. D. 11567-D
Winkler, G. L. *15883-B
Winkler, K. 02066-B
Winkler, P. 14811-M
Winkstrom, L. L.
*00097-E
Wiseley, D. V. 01015-F
Wiser, W. H. 10775-B
Wisman, A. 00673-B
Wohlers, H. C.
*08066-D *03104-J
Wolfe, H. R. *06496-F
Wolstenholme, E. F.
*16507-D
Won, W. D. *04551-F
Wong, E. L. *04483-M
1058
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Wong, F. F. 13062-M
Wong-Woo, H. 07844-B
Wood, F. C. *10458-E
Woodcock, R. F. 14227-M
Woodland, R. G.
*04535-E
Woodruff, R. 07884-E
Woods, F. J. *15486-M
*00060-D *05209-E
Wool rich, P. F.
*04550-M
Wozniczek, H. *01534-B
Wright, R. 15744-M
Wyant, R. E. *07898-D
Wyeth, H. W. G.
*06471-D
Wykes, A. A. *09985-F
Wynder, E. L. *01286-F
*01813-F *04553-F
*04590-F 06108-B
Wyrick, D. D. 15187-M
Yakovlev, V. I. 04581-E
Yamamoto, R. K. *1 0772-D
Yamamoto, T. 08493-B
Yamate, N. *15911-M
*15171-D
Yamazaki, K. *04374-E
Yansheva, N. Y. *02600-E
Yantovskii, S. A.
*07518-C
Yanysheva, N. Ya.
*04108-B *02573-B
Yardley, J. T. *15020-M
Yates, W. 0. 04318-D
Yeich, R. A. *11540-D
Yermakova, I. V.
04102-D
Yocom, J. E. *11227-A
*06966-J *04770-J
14997-J
Young, M. A. *05790-F
Young, R. A. *16485-M
Young, S. W. *13467-E
Yuldashev, T.
*12272-F *06895-F
Younquist, G. R.
*01891-M 02374-M
Zdrojewski , A.
*07908-D 06380-D
*07435-D *00141-D
08643-D 08644-D
Zeschmann, E. G.
16298-B 07224-E
08604-E 07223-E
Zezzo, G. 07204-A
Zhdanov, S. P. *04484-D
Zhuravleva, N. A. 06876-D
Zielke, C. W.
*04022-M
Zigler, M. G. *05092-D
Zikanova, A. *16348-M
Zil 'berg, L. A.
081 63- J
Zimmer, C. E. 00321 -J
*00739-0
Ziiranerman, P. W.
*04984-G
Zimmermann, F. K.
*14709-M
Zimin, E. P. *15481-M
Zlobina, N. S.
*04084-F
Zorina, L. A.
*08526-F
Zur Muehlen, T.
*15287-J
Yuki, K. *08471-D
Yunghams, R. S. *00977-D
Yuster, S. T. *05966-E
Zajac, W. W., Jr.
01631-M 01633-M
Zawadski, E. A.
01362-B
Author Index
1059
-------
TITLE INDEX
About the Process-Technique of
the Combustion of Exhaust
Gases in Gasoline Engines in
Stationary Operations.
08488-E
Abscission: The Role of Ethylene,
Ethylene Analogues, Carbon
Dioxide, and Oxygen. 11100-G
Absorbent for Providing Clean
Air in Submarines. 03145-E
Absorbents in Microanalysis. IV.
Adsorption Properties of Silica
Gel in Simultaneous Determina-
tion of Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Iodine or Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Sulphur. 14428-D
Absorption and Chlorine Oxidation
of Sulfur Compounds Associated
with Kraft Mill Effluent Gases.
00379-B
Absorption and Excretion of
Benzpyrene when Fed to Mice.
04705-F
Absorption and Extraction of
3,4^Benzpyrene with Specific
Types of Soot. 02689-F
Absorption on Excretion of
Benzpyrene Observations in
the Duck, Chicken, Mouse, and
Dog. 04709-F
Absorption of Polar Substances
on the Solid Support of Column
Packing in Gas-Liquid Chroma-
tographic Analysis of Air
Contaminants. 03949-D
Absorption Regeneration Approach
to the Problem of Evaporative
Control. 05537-E
Accuracy of Chromatographic
Analysis of Flue Gases when
using Thermocalalytic
Detectors. 10238-D
Acetylene Determination in the Air
by Infrared Spectroscopy. 04102-D
Activated Silica Gel as an Adsorbent
for Atmospheric Contaminants.
01023-D
Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Some
Halogenated Derivatives of
Methane and Ethane. 09074-F
Acute Effects of Nitro-Olefins Upon
Experimental Animals. 03602-F
Acute Effects of Turpentine Vapor
on Rats and Mice. 07332-F
Acute Gasoline Intoxication.
04500-F
Adsorption of Benzene Vapor From on
Air Stream, by Beds of Charcoal.
04874-E
Adsorption of Benzene Vapor From on
Air Stream, by Beds of Charcoal.
II. The Rate-Controlling
Mechanism. 04871-E
Adsorption of Binary Hydrocarbon
Gas Mixtures on Activated Carbon.
06056-M
Adsorption Equipment. 09793-E
Adsorption of Gases by Active
Charcoal. 13876-M
Adsorption of Metal Ions From HF-HC
104 Mixtures on Some Ion Exchange
Papers. 13499-M
Adsorption of Mixed Vapors.
15012-M
Adsorption Processes.
15167-M 16486-E
Adsorption Properties of Active Car-
bon. II. Preliminary Study on
Adsorption of Various Organic
Vapors on Active Carbon by Gas
Chromatography. 04648-D
-------
Adsorption-Regeneration Approach
to the Problem of Evaporative
Control. 16020-E
Adsorption by Silica Gel. II.
13783-E
Adsorption or Solution of
Methane and Other Gases in
Coal, Charcoal, and Other
Materials. 13766-M
Aerosol Formation in Natural
and Polluted Air. 05479-B
Aerosol Spectrometer and Its
Application to Nuclear Con-
densation Studies. 06231-D
Aerosol Studies by Light
Scattering. II. Preparation
of Octanoic Acid Aerosols of
Narrow and Reproducible Size
Distribution. 02935-M
Aerospace Toxicological
Research. 04738-F
Airborne Carcinogens and
Allied Compounds. 00518-F
Air-Borne Oxidants as Plant-
Damaging Agents. 03608-G
Air Conservation Report
Reflects National Concern.
02237-A
Air Contaminants. 09785-B
Air-Guard System for Control
of Exhaust Emission. 02405-E
Air Pollutant Emissions From
Coal-Fired Power Plants;
Report No. I. 05067-B
Air Pollutant Emissions From
Coal-Fired Power Plants.
Report No. II. 03113-B
Air Pollutant Emission Inven-
tory of Northwest Indiana.
(A Preliminary Survey, 1966.)
09737-B
Air Pollutants. 05485-G
Air Pollutants and Plant Response
14968-G
Air Pollutants from Power Plants
(Techniques for Evaluating Air
Pollutants). 03592-D
Air Polluting Fuels from the View
Point of Health Protection of the
Population in Residential Areas.
07230-B
Air Pollution.
02129-J
00984-A 09053-K
Air Pollution Abatement. Survey of
Current Practices and Costs.
13551-E
Air Pollution and Its Abatement in
the United States. 02951-A
Air Pollution and Acute Respiratory
Illness. 09440-F
Air Pollution from Aircraft in Los
Angeles County A Report of the
Engineering Division, Dec. 1965.
06031-B
Air Pollution and Allergy. 01794-F
Air Pollution-Part IV Analysis of
Pollutants. Chapter 18 Analysis
of Organic Gaseous Pollutants.
00108-D
Air Pollution and the Automobile.
03851-E 08633-B
Air Pollution From Automobiles in
Philadelphia. 00679-B
Air Pollution with 3,4-Benzpyrene
from Petroleum and Chemical
Industries. 11914-J
Air Pollution in the Birmingham,
Alabama Area. 03458-J
Air Pollution, Bronchitis and Lung
Cancer. 08S15-F
Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality
in Liverpool Hospital Region and
North Wales. 03886-F
Air Pollution with Cancerogenic
Substances. 01844-F
1062
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Air Pollution in Charleston,
South Carolina. 03506-J
Air Pollution/Chemung County
Supplement to Comprehensive
Area Survey Report Number One
(Greater Elmira). 04834-J
Air Pollution in the City of
Athens and Surrounding
Territory. 09117-J
Air Pollution in a City Street.
00985-B
Air Pollution from Commercial
Jet Aircraft in Los Angeles
County. 04792-B
Air Pollution and Community
Health. 00375-B
Air Pollution and the Compres-
sion-Ignition Engine. 14116-B
Air Pollution Control in Connec-
tion with DDT Production.
01616-B
Air Pollution Control by Direct
Flame Incineration in the
Paint Industry. 07836-E
Air Pollution Control-Economic
Impact of Growing Problem.
00359-K
Air Pollution Control Equipment
for Cars. 16156-E
Air Pollution Control Field
Operations Manual. A Guide
for Inspection and Enforce-
ment. 00975-B
Air Pollution Control by Oil
Refineries. 02017-B
Air Pollution Control Primer.
09780-A
Air Pollution Control-Problems
for the Automotive Engineer.
07893-E
Air Pollution Control for Screw
Machine Operations. 08406-B
Air Pollution Control Systems.
10960-D
Air Pollution Damage to Agricul-
tural Crops. 03609-G
Air Pollution and Disease. 07162-F
Air Pollution Effects of Incinerator
Firing Practices and Combustion
Air Distribution. 00027-B
Air Pollution Effects on Vegetation.
03472-G
Air Pollution in the El Paso, Texas
Area. 03505-J
Air Pollution Engineering in Los
Angeles County. 04962-E
Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
09784-B
Air Pollution in Erie County (Com-
prehensive Area Survey Report
Number Two). 02833-J
Air Pollution From Fuel Combustion
Processes in Philadelphia.
07550-K
Air Pollution in the Growing
Community. 05571-K
Air Pollution by Hydrocarbons.
15154-J
Air Pollution Injury to Crops.
03610-G
Air Pollution Inventory-Enter the
Diesel. 00241-J
Air Pollution in Jacksonville,
Florida. A Pilot Study Aug.-
Sept. 1961. 00220-B
Air Pollution in Japan. 06744-A
Air Pollution in Localities with
Heavy Traffic in Metropolitan
Cities. 09393-B
Air Pollution and Lung Cancer.
04589-F 15345-F
Air Pollution and Your Lungs.
02357-F
Title Index
1063
-------
Air Pollution Measurements in
Baltimore, Md. (March and
April 1964). 02825-J
Air Pollution Measurements in
Indianapolis (June-July 1963).
02822-J
Air Pollution/The Mid-Hudson:
Greene, Ulster, Rockland,
Columbia, Dutchess (Compre-
hensive Area Survey Report
Number Six). 05008-J
Air Pollution by Motor Car
Exhaust Gases. 01534-B
Air Pollution by Motor Vehicle
Exhaust Gases. 11457-B
Air Pollution from Motor
Vehicle Gases in Tokyo and
Osaka. 15610-J
Air Pollution by Motor
Vehicles. 06791-B
Air Pollution from Motor
Vehicles. 00962-B
Air Pollution Nassau County
(Comprehensive Area Survey
Report Number Four). 05009-J
Air Pollution in the Nether-
lands. 14479-A
Air Pollution-Niagara County
(Comprehensive Area Survey
Report Number Three). 04864-J
Air Pollution in Northern
Kyushu. 06760-J
Air Pollution in Norway. I.
General Air Pollution in
Norwegian Cities and Industrial
Towns. 13952-B
Air Pollution in Norway. III.
Correlations Between Air Pollu-
tant Concentrations and Death
Rates in Oslo. 13953-F
Air Pollution and the Oil
Industry. 03871-B
Air Pollution Patterns in the
Greater Birmingham Area. 00534-J
Air Pollution: Photochemical
Aspects. 03058-A
Air Pollution: Photooxidation of
Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 01978-M
Air Pollution and Plant Response in
the Northeastern United States.
05420-G
Air Pollution:and Protective
Coatings: Houston, Dallas, and
Washington. 10083-K
Air Pollution Program, National
Bureau of Standards. 01683-D
Air Pollution Regulation of Non-
vehicular, Organic-Solvent Emis-
sions by Los Angeles Rule 66.
07483-K
Air Pollution with Relation to
Agronomic Crops: V. Oxidant .
Stipple of Grape. 05903-G
Air Pollution Research Planning
Seminar. 00174-F
Air Pollution Research Progress
Report for the Quarter Ended
March 31, 1968. 06636-E
Air Pollution (Review of Applica-
tion of Analysis). 03674-A
Air Pollution from Rooms Heated by
Stoves Using "Liquid Gas".
09385-B
Air Pollution in St. Bernard, Ohio.
03426-J
Air Pollution Simulation and Human
Performance. 15490-F
Air Pollution Situation in Los
Angeles An Aerometic Survey.
05573-J
Air Pollution in Six Major U.S.
Cities as Measured by the
Continuous Air Monitoring Program
(CAMP). 01912-J
Air Pollution - A Special Report.
09094-B
Air Pollution From Solvents. 15352-B
1064
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Air Pollution Studies.
03234-D
09200-M
Air Pollution Studies with
Simulated Atmospheres.
00177-C
Air Pollution Study of the
Capitol Region. 04770-J
Air Pollution Study of New
Britain, Connecticut (summary
Report). 06966-0
Air Pollution Teheran. An
Introductory Survey of the
Problems and Some Suggested
Activities. 09209-J
Air Pollution in Tokyo. 07198-J
Air Pollution in Westchester.
04833-J 06946-J
Air Pollution and the Obiquitous
Auto. 08273-A
Air Pollution by Volatiles Lib-
erated by Some Plastics.
11493-B
Air Pollution - Whose Problem?
01074-A
Air Quality. 11227-A
Air Quality in Boston, Massachu-
setts (November-December 1963).
02317-0
Air Quality in Clark County,
Washington. 01949-0
Air Quality Control by Petroleum
Refineries. 01165-B
Air Quality as a Controlling
Factor in Life Preoesses.
12177-A
Air Quality Criteria Associated
with Visibility Reduction.
07605-L
Air Quality Criteria for the Pho-
tochemical Oxidaiits:.-,,04966-F
Air Quality Criteria and Stand-
ards for Agriculture. 00737-6
Air Quality Data - 1966. 05336-0
Air Quality Data from the National
Air Sampling Networks and Contri-
buting State and Local Networks.
1964-1965. 02340-0
Air Quality of Los Angeles County.
04616-0
Air Quality Survey. El Paso Metro-
politan Areas. 16266-0
Air Resource Management Plan for the
Nashville Metropolitan Area.
00847-0
Air Resource Management Program
Southwestern Ohio-Northern
Kentucky. 02376-K
Air Resource Management in the San
Francisco Bay Area. 01211-A
Air Resources in the Mid-Willamette
Valley. 06977-0
Air Sampling and Analysis with
Microcolumns of Silica Gel.
01499-D
Air Sampling with Plastic Bags.
00620-D
Air and Water Pollution. 05598-K
Air and Water Pollution: Does It
Limit Industrial Expansion?
07698-1
Air and Water Pollution Studies
Related to Proposed Petroleum
Refinery for Sand Island-OAHU,
Territory of Hawaii. 03420-B
Alicyclic Compounds Containing
Sulfur. 16599-M
Alkanes, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters,
and Free Acids in Surface Wax of
Ustilago maydis.
Altered Function in Animals Inhaling
Conjugated Nitro-Olefins. 02223-F
Alternative Nonpolluting Power
Sources. 12521-B
Title Index
1065
-------
American Paint Convention: Air
Pollution and Rule 66 Dis-
cussed. 08826-K
Ammonia Absorption: Refrigera-
tion Selected for Gasoline
Plant. 16427-E
Ammonia as a Diesel Engine Fuel:
Theory and Application. 10044-B
Ammonia Fuel-Engine Compatibility
and Combustion. 04008-B
Analysis of Air and Breath for
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by
Infrared and Gas Chromato-
graphic Techniques. 01310-D
Analysis of Air Near Heavy
Traffic Arteries. 05113-B
Analysis of Airborne Pollutants.
9-D
Analysis of Alpha Olefins Using
a Gas Chromatograph-Mass
Spectrometer Combination.
02204-M
Analysis for Aromatic Compounds
on Paper and Thin-Layer Chro-
matograms by Spectro Photo-
phosphorimetry, Application
to Air Pollution. 00868-D
Analysis of the Atmosphere for
Light Hydrocarbons. 01208-D
Analysis of Chlorinated Hydro-
carbons with the Gas Chroma-
tograph. 03732-D
Analysis of Combustion Products
with Gas Chromatography
Apparatus. 06328-D
Analysis and Comparison of Avail-
able Data on Air Quality Cri-
teria in Member Countries.
07604-L
Analysis of Compounds Containing
the p-Nitroaniline Phosphor and
Analogous Groups by Phosphori-
metry and by Room-Temperature
and Low Temperature Fluori-
metry. 00146-D
Analysis for Exhaust Gas Hydro-
carbons Nondispersive Infrared
Versus Flame-Ionization. 02848-D
Analysis by Gas Chromatography of
Phenolic and Aromatic Compounds
Obtained from Thermal Cracking of
Phenols. 11559-0
Analysis of the Interesting Compo-
nents of Exhaust Gases. 11562-B
Analysis of Gaseous Air Contamina-
tions by Infrared Spectroscopy.
14470-D
Analysis of Gaseous Mixtures Con-
taining Carbon Monoxide, Carbon
Dioxide, Hydrogen, Methane, Nitro-
gen, and Oxygen. 14430-D
Analysis of Hydrocarbon-Air Combus-
tion Flames. 13580-M
Analysis of Instrument Down Time
for a Large Air Monitoring Net-
work. 07885-D
Analysis of Kraft-Mill, Sulfur-
Containing Gases with GLC loniza-
tion. 01784-D
Analysis of Small Gas Samples by
Means of Gas Chromatography.
11558-D
Analysis of the Spacecraft Atmos-
phere. 06624-D
Analysis of Trace Contaminants in
Closed Ecologic Atmospheres.
09766-J
Analysis of the Urban Atmosphere
and Air Pollution Source Effluents
for Phenelen-1-one and 7H-Benz(de)-
anthracen-7-one. 01795-D
Analytical Control of Contaminant
Concentration in Exposure Chambers
03813-F
Analytical Investigation of Some
Types of Soot, Using Mass Spectro-
metry. 13805-D
Analytical Procedures for the Envi-
ronmental Health Laboratory.
09333-D
1066
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Analytical Study of Contaminant
and Atmospheric Sensor.
15294-M
Analytical System for Identifying
the Volatile Pyrolysis Products
of Plastics. 08294-D
Analytical Techniques for Identi-
fication of Gas-off Products
From Cabin Materials. 03828-D
Analyzing Air Pollutant Concen-
tration and Dosage Data.
00321-J
Analyzing Amine Traces in Atmos-
pheric Air. 03369-D
Anatomical Effects of Air Pollu-
tion on Plants. 04999-G
Animal Exposure Chambers in Air
Pollution Studies. 00142-D
Annoyance Caused by Odorous
Exhaust Gases. 16298-B
1965 Annual Report Department
of Air Pollution Control
City of New York. 00169-F
Apparatus for the Analysis of
Combustion Products Obtained
During the Oxidation of
Hydrocarbons. 04667-D
Apparatus for Cleaning the
Exhaust Gas of an Internal
Combustion Engine. 16184-E
Apparatus for the Determination
of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon
Dioxide in the Air and of
Gaseous Components of Liquid
Fuel. 07150-D
Apparatus for Purifying Air.
13784-E
Apparent Rate Constants and
Activation Energies for the
Photochemical Decomposition
of Various Olefins. 01264-C
Applicability of Organic Liquids
to the Development of New Proc-
esses for Removing Sulfur Diox-
ide from Flue Gases. 12503-E
Application of Cell Culture as a
Primary Toxicity Screen of
Possible Spacecraft Contaminants.
07972-F
Application of Continuous Infrared
Instruments to the Analysis of
Exhaust Gas. 07627-D
Application of Controlled Partial
Gas Phase Thermolytic Dissociation
to the Identification of Gas
Chromatographic Effluents. 05404-D
Application of the Copper Oxide-
Alumina Catalyst for Air Pollution
Control. 08207-E
Application of Diffusion Cells to
the Production of Known Concentra-
tions of Gaseous Hydrocarbons.
03059-D
Application of Gas Chromatographic
Methods for Air Pollution Studies.
05863-D
Application of Gas Chromatography to
Analysis of Exhaust Gas. 07628-D
Application of Gas Chromatography to
the Analysis of Solvent Vapours in
the Industrial Air. 07335-D
Application of Gas-Liquid Chromatog-
raphy for Determination of Trace
Hydrocarbons in Air and Compressed
Breathing Gases. 05056-D
Application of Hot Wire lonization
Detector to Automotive Exhaust
Gas Analysis. 04839-D
Application of ITLC and Fluorometry
to the Estimation of 7H-Benz(de)
anthracen-7-one and Phenalen-1-one
in Organic Extracts of Airborne
Particulates from 3-Hour Sequential
Air Samples. 11218-D
Application of the 3-Methyl-2-Ben-
zothiazolone Hydrazone Method for
Atmospheric Analysis of Aliphatic
Aldehydes. 02098-D
Application of Reactivity Concepts
to Emissions from Device Equipped
and Unequipped Automobiles.
07807-D
Title Index
1067
-------
Apparatus for Purifying Air.
13784-E
Apparent Rate Constants and
Activation Energies for the
Photochemical Decomposition of
Various Olefins. 01264-C
Applicability of Organic Liquids
to the Development of New
Processes for Removing Sulfur
Dioxide from Flue Gases.
12503-E
Application of Cell Culture as a
Primary Toxicity Screen of
Possible Spacecraft Contami-
nants. 07972-F
Application of Continuous Infra-
red Instruments to the Analysis
of Exhaust Gas. 07627-D
Application of Controlled Partial
Gas Phase Thermolytic Dissocia-
tion to the Identification of
Gas Chromatographic Effluents.
05404-D
Application of the Copper Oxide-
Alumina Catalyst for Air
Pollution Control. 08207-E
Application of Diffusion Cells to
', the Production of Known Concen-
trations of Gaseous Hydro-
carbons. 03059-D
Application of Gas Chromatographic
Methods for Air Pollution
Studies. 05863-D
Application of Gas Chromotography
to Analysis of Exhaust Gas.
07628-D
Application of Gas Chromatography
to the Analysis of Solvent
Vapours in the Industrial Air.
07335-D
Application of Gas-Liquid Chroma-
tography for Determination of
Trace Hydrocarbons in Air and
Compressed Breathing Gases.
05056-D
Application of Hot Wire lom'zation
Detectoo'to Automotive Exhaust
Gas Analysis. 04839-D
Application of ITLC and Fluorometry
to the Estimation of 7H-Benz(de)
Anthracen-7-one and Phenalen-1-
bne in Organic Extracts of Air-
borne Particulates From 3-Hour
Sequential Air Samples. 11218-D
Application of the 3-Methyl-2-
Benzothiazolone Hydrazone Method
for Atmospheric Analysis of
Aliphatic Aldehydes. 02098-D
Application of Reactivity Concepts
to Emissions from Device Equipped
and Unequipped Automobiles.
07807-D
Application of Research to Motor
Vehicle Emission Control—Can we
Avoid Afterburners? 05633-B
Application of Silica Gel in Source
Testing. Part I: Collection of
Samples. 01333-D
Application of Subtractive Tech-
niques to the Analysis of Automo-
tive Exhaust. 00122-D
Application of Thin-Layer Chromato-
graphic and Spectral Procedures to
n the Analysis for Aza Heterocyclic
Hydrocarbons in Complex Mixtures.
00869-M
Application of Thin Layer Chroma-
tography to the Analysis of Atmos-
pheric Pollutants and Determination
of Benzo(a)pyrene. 0.735-D
Application of Thin-Layer Chroma-
tography to the Analysis of
Atmospheric Pollutants. Simplified
Analysis for Benzo(a)pyrene.
02795-D
Application of Trichloroacetic Acid
Level in Urine as a Measure of
Trichloroethylene Vapor Exposure.
09316-F
Appraisal of Air Pollution in
Minnesota. 03409-J
Approach to the Characterization of
the Airborne Organic Matter (Ben-
zene Soluble) in the Atmosphere of
1068
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Mexico City. 05839-J
Approach to a Solution of an Inter-
State Air Pollution Problem.
06535-J
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Nuclear
Submarine Atmospheres. 01461-D
Aromatic Hydrocarbons. I. Presence
in the Los Angeles Atmosphere
and the Carcinogenicity of
Atmospheric Extracts. 01029-F
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Produced
During Combustion of Simple
Aliphatic Fuels. 01902-B
Aromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Found in the Exhaust Gases of
Engines Run on Gasoline and
Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
16352-B
Aromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbon
in Polluted Air as Indicators
of Carcinogenic Hazards.
05109-B
Aspects of Industrial Contamina-
tion. 16523-A
Assessing the Health Hazards of
Gaseous Air Pollutants.
02969-F
Assessment of Factors Concerning
With Carcinogenic Properties
of Air Pollutants. 00750-F
Asymetric Electronic Transitions
and Photochemistry. 03522-M
Atlantic Richfield Vehicle
Vapor Recovery System. 04892-E
Atmosphere and Pollutants.
09764-M
Atmospheric Air Pollution with
Discharges from Synthetic Fatty
Acids and Alcohols Producting
Industries and Their Effect on
the Health of the Population.
11426-F
Atmospheric Air Pollution in
Poland. 10320-K
Atmospheric Analysis by Gas Chroma-
tography. 00610-D
Atmospheric Carcinogens. 00195-F
Atmospheric Contaminants and
Standards. Status Report.
14772-L
Atmospheric Contamination in Sea-
lab I. 03829-D
Atmospheric Control Systems for
Space Vehicles. 06292-E
Atmospheric Determinations of Chlo-
rinated Hydrocarbons, Especially
the Determination of 1,1,1-Tri-
chloroethane. 07375-D
Atmospheric Emissions From Hydro-
chloric Acid Manufacturing
Processes. 15392-B
Atmospheric Emissions From Open
Burning. 01582-B
Atmospheric Factors in Pathogenesis
of Lung Cancer. 01806-F
Atmospheric Hydrocarbon and Carbon
Monoxide Measurements at Point
Barrow, Alaska. 13040-J
Atmospheric Photochemical Reactions
of Halogens of Butyl Halides.
05613-M
Atmospheric Photooxidation of the
Ethylene-Nitric Oxide System.
00001-M
Atmospheric Photooxidation of
Olefins: The Effect of Nitrogen
Oxides. 03428-M
Atmospheric Photooxidation of Trans-
Butene-2 and Nitric Oxide.
02837-M
Atmospheric Pollutants and their
Analysis (Special Report Smog 2).
02415-D
Atmospheric Pollution in the Area
of Pesticide Storehouses. 03931-J
Atmospheric Pollution with 3,4-
Title Index
1069
-------
Benzpyrene in the Vicinity of
a Coal Briquet Factory.
07570-B
Atmospheric Pollution by 3,4-
Benzpyrene in the Vicinity of
a Timber-Chemical Plant.
10631-B
Atmospheric Pollution by Dis-
charge from Chemical Plants.
04256-G
Atmospheric Pollution as a
Factor in the Aging of
Elastomers. 08475-H
Atmospheric Pollution in Latin
America. 04052-A
Atmospheric Pollution and Lung
Cancer. 05639-F
Atmospheric Pollution by Petro-
leum Refineries and Petro-
chemical Plants. 06869-J?
Atmospheric Pollution, the
Problem An Over-all View.
01992-F
Atmospheric Reaction Studies
Related to Air Pollution.
00302-C
Atmospheric Survey of Chi 11i-
wack, British Columbia.
00802-J
Atmospheric Thermal Oxidation
in Nitric Oxide. 02838-M
Attempts to Prevent the For-
mation of Pollutants in the
Exhaust Gases of Two-Stroke
Engines and Diesel Engines by
Activating Combustion Within
the Engine. 02648-E
Auto-Exhaust Proportional
Sampler. 02378-D
Auto Standards Will Tighten.
04417-E
Automated Line for the Produc-
tion of Extruded Air Rotors.
15453-E
Automatic Air Monitoring and Tele-
metering to Central Points in
Allegheny County. 09370-K
Automobile and Air Pollution: A
Program for Progress. 07593-B
Automobile Emission and Motor
Oils. 14193-E
Automobile Exhaust Gas Treatment
An Industry Report. 07637-B
Automobile Exhaust Hydrocarbon
Analysis by Gas Chromatography.
03977-D
Automotive Air Pollution. 04315-B
Automotive Air Pollution (A Report
of the Secretary of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare to the U.S.
Congress Pursuant to Public Law
88-206. The Clean Air Act).
00152-K
Automotive Air Pollution. (Second
Report of the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare, to the
U.S. Congress. Pursuant to Public
Law 88-206 The Clean Air Act.)
01863-B
Automotive Air Pollution. (Third
Report of the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare, to the
U.S. Congress Pursuant to Public
Law 88-206 The Clean Air Act.)
01868-B
Automotive Air Pollution III. (A
Report to the U.S. Congress in
Compliance with Public Law 88-206,
The Clean Air Act.) 03536-E
Automotive Air Pollution Sixth
Report of the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare to the
Congress of the United States in
Compliance with Public Law 88-206.
07805-K
Automotive Air Pollution: A
Systems Approach. 07613-E
Automotive Contribution to Airborne
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in Detroit. 04938-J
1070
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Auto Emissions After Hot and Cold
Starts in Summer and Winter.
00271-B
Automotive Exhaust Problem (Its
Relation to Health). 01988-F
Automotive Exhaust Study Con-
ducted at U.S. Bureau of
Mines Petroleum Research
Center, Bartlesville, Oklahoma
(Final Rept. July 7-Nov. 10,
1959). 02806-B
Automotive Mass Emission Analysis
by a Variable Dilution
Technique. 05536-D
Availability and Evaluation of
Nonphotochemically Reactive
Primers and Topcoats for
Aerospace Applications.
08557-B
Azulene Procedure for Chroma-
tographic Analysis of Aromatic
and Heterocyclic Aldehydes,
Carbohydrates, and Other
Aldehyde Precursors. 07878-D
Basic Mechanisms of Photochemical
Aerosol Formation. 06632-C
Basic Study of Air Pollution Con-
trol Wet Scrubbers. 03339-E
Bench Scale Reaction System for
Measuring Atmospheric Smog
Potential. 07806-M
Bench-Scale Research in CSG
Process. Laboratory Physico-
Chemical Studies. Phase II.
15524-M
Benzene and Its Homologues as
Poisons in Electrical Winding
and Insulation Plants. 06663-F
Benzene: Toluene and Xylene:
Styrene (Methods for the Detec-
tion of Toxic Substances in Air).
04219-D
Benzo(a)pyrene Content of the Air
of American Communities. 02225-J
Benzo(a)pyrene Content of Dust
Samples From the Metropolitan
Area of Vienna. 15248-J
Benzo(3-4)pyrene in the Dust Sedi-
ment of Zurich, Baden, and
Klotemer Ried. 16336-J
Benzo(a)pyrene in Gasoline Partic-
ally Persists in Automobile
Exhaust. 10734-B
Benzo(a)pyrene in an Iron and Steel
Works. 11015-J
Benzo(a)pyrene and Other Aromatic
Hydrocarbons Extractable From
Bituminous Coal. 01395-D
Benzo(a)pyrene Production During
Controlled Combustion. 05605-D
3,4-Ben'zpyrene in Crude Oil and in
Bitumenous Products. 04108-B
Benzpyrene and Other Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons in the Air of
Copenhagen. 03686-F
Biological Assay Method for Mixtures
of Hydrocarbons Using Human Cells
in Tissue Culture. 02373-E
Biological Effects of Atmospheres
Contaminated by Auto Exhaust.
00473-F
Biological Effects of Atmpspheric
Pollutants and Hygienic Standards
for Atmospheric Pollutants Outside
the U.S.S.R. 11489-F
Biological Effects of Urban Air
Pollution. 10456-F
Biological Effects of Urban Air
Pollution. Effects of Acute Smog
Episodes on Respiration of Guinea
Pigs. 02277-F
Biological Effects of Urban Air
Pollution. II. Chronic Exposure of
Guinea Pigs. 00779-F
Biological Effects of Urban Air
Pollution. III. Lung Tumors in Mice.
00639-F
Title'Index1
1071
-------
Biological Interaction Between
Plasticizers and Insecticides.
16356-F
Biosynthesis of Galactolipids in
Plants. 07446-G
Bi-State Study of Air Pollution
in the Chicago Metropolitan
Area 03451-J
Bladder Tumors in a Coal Tar
Dye Plant. 01038-B
Blastomogenic Properties of
Crude Oils From Different Oil
Fields. 04109-F
Blastomogenic Substances in the
Human Environment and Some
Mechanisms Governing Origina-
tion of Cancer. 14422-F
Brief Survey of the Literature
Relating to Exhaust Gas Control
by Means of Engine Modification.
02637-E
Bromocoulometric Olefin Analysis.
12002-D
Bronchial Carcinoma, Air Pollu-
tion, Smoking, and Lung
Cancer. 06003-F
Burning Device Eliminates Air
Pollution in the Disposal of
Waste Aluminum Alkyls. 12159-B
Calibration of Automatic Analyz-
ers in a Continuous Air
Monitoring Program. 02354-D
Calibration of Coulter Counters
for Particles About 1 Micron
in Diameter. 08083-D
Calibration Particulate Air
Samplers With Monodisperse
Aerosols: Application to the
Andersen Cascade Impactor.
02323-D
Calibration Studies of a New Sub-
Micron Aerosol Size Classifier.
09888-D
Calculating Air Quality and Its
Control. 00739-J
California Motor Vehicle Emission
Standards. 07625-B
California's Program for Motor
Vehicle Emission Control. 02055-K
California Standards for Ambient Air
Quality and Motor Vehicle Exhaust.
03007-L 03582-L 03583-L 03586-L
Can Municipal Incinerators Meet
Tomorrow's Regulations? 00288-B
Cancer and Atmospheric Pollution.
0.020-F
Cancerogenic Substances in the Air
of Cities and Possible Preventive
Measures. 00835-B
Cancers in Mice From Asphalt
Fractions. 02276-F
Capillary Gas Chromatographic Method
for Determining the C3-Ci2 Hydro-
carbons in Full-Range Motor
Gasolines. 09574-D
Carbon Formation From Aromatic
Hydrocarbons II. 03986-M
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning.
08295-F
Carburetor Evaporation Losses.
07632-B
Carcinogenesis in AKR Mice Injected
at Birth with Benzo(a)pyrene and
Dimethylnitrosanrine. 07785-F
Carcinogenic Appraisal Study.
03543-B
Carcinogenic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in Automobile Effluents. 01851-E
Carcinogenic Chemical Substances in
the Environment. 04708-F
Carcinogenic Effect of Shale Fuel
Soot on White Mice. 08210-F
Carcinogenic Effects of Single and
Repeated doses of 3,4-Benzpyrene.
05298-F
1072
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons in the
Atmosphere of Osaka City.
02061-J
Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons (Effects
on Suckling Rat Trachea in Organ
Culture). 00664-F
Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons in the
Smoke from Charcoal Grilling.
Carcinogenic Properties of Coke
Oven Wastes. 02573-B
Carcinogenic Properties of Exhaust
Gas Soot of Motor Transport.
05231-F
Carcinogenic Substances in Water
and Soil. XVIII. The Determi-
nation of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons Using Combined
Thin-Layer Chromatography and
Fluorescence Measurement.
08589-D
Cardnogenicity of Organic
Extracts of Atmospheric
Pollutants. 06383-F
Carcinogenicity of Polluted Air.
I. Analysis of Exhaust Gas
From a Combustion Engine.
09405-B
Carcinogens in a Cracked Petro-
leum Residuum. The Contribu-
tions of Various Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons to the
Carcinogenic Potency of a
Catalytically Cracked Oil.
01453-B
Case for Clean Air (Special
Report). 06146-A
Catalyst for the Reaction Between
Hydrocarbons and Sulfur Dioxide
for the Preparation of Pure
Sulfur. 13391-M
Catalyst Regeneration. 09838-B
Catalyst System Morphology'and
Design. 14333-E
Catalytic Combustion and Adsorp-
tion Kinetics o"f Carbon Monoxide
OTrCupric Oxider-'01497-E
Catalytic Combustion of Atmospheric
Contaminant Over Hopcalite.
03969-M
Catalytic Combustion of Atmospheric
Contaminant in Space Vehicle
Atmospheres. 04470-E
Catalytic Combustion of Cl to C3
Hydrocarbons. 01241-M
Catalytic Combustion of Cyclohexane,
Cyllohexene, and Benzene (Chemical
and Transport Kinetics). 04617-M
Catalytic Combustion of Hydrocarbons
with Copper Oxide. I. 05250-E
Catalytic Combustion of Hydrocarbons
with Copper Oxide. II. Cyclic
Compounds. 05147-E
Catalytic Combustion of Hydrocarbons.
IV. Effect of Preparation Method
on Catalytic Activity. 00101-M
Catalytic Decomposition of Nitrogen
Dioxide. 00097-E
Catalytic Muffler. 13036-E
Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
(an Approach to Air Pollution
Control). 03796-E
Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
(Tests of Single Oxides and
Supported Catalysts in a Micro-
catalytic Reactor). 03797-E
Catalytic Oxidation of Methane at
Low Space Velocities. 06512-E
Catalytic Oxidation of Odorous Ink
Solvent Vapors. 05929-E
Catalytic Systems for Leaded and
Unleaded Gasoline Exhausts.
14604-E
Central Nervous System and the
Pharmaco-Dynamics of Some Vapor
Forming Substances Inhaled With
the Air. 07316-F
Certification of Automotive Exhaust
Emission Laboratories by Cross
Checks of the Analytical Instru-
ments. 04318-D
Title'Index
1073
-------
Change Your Process to Alleviate
Your Pollution Problem. 06170-E
Changes in Transpiration and
Photosynthetic Rates of Various
Leaves During Treatment with
Oxonated Hexene of Ozone Gas.
05777-G
Characteristics of the Expansion
of Reactive Gas Mixtures as
Occurring in Internal Combustion
Engine Cycles. 01375-B
Characteristics and Photochemical
Reactivity of Vehicular
Emissions. 06300-B
Characterization of Aromatic Com-
pounds by Low-Temperature
Fluorescence and Phosphores-
cence: Application to Air
Pollution Studies. 00440-D
Characterization of Carbazole
and Polynuclear Carbazoles
in Urban Air and in Air
Polluted by Coal Tar Pitch
Fumes by Thin-Layer Chromatog-
raphy and Spectrophotofluoro-
metry. 00230-D
Characterization and Estimation
of N-Alkanes in Airborne
Particulates. 01471-J
Characterization of Physical,
Chemical and Biological Pro-
perties of Mucus in the Intact
Animal. 03839-F
Characterization of P61ynuclear
Aza Heterocylic Hydrocarbons
Separated by Column and Thin-
Layer Chromatography From Air
Pollution Source Particulates.
00624-D
Charcoal Sampling Tubes for
Organic Vapor Analysis by Gas
Chromatography. 01392-D
Charge-Transfer Comples Between
Sulfur Dioxide and Trimethyla-
mine in the Gas Phase and in
Heptane. 15816-M
Chemical Additives in Petroleum
Fiels: Some Uses and Action
Mechanisms. 05300-E
Chemical Analyses of Auto-
mobile Exhaust Gases
for Oxygenates. 00464-B
Chemical Analysis of Permanent
and Organic Gases in A 30-
Day Manned Experiment.
00447-J
Chemical Aspects of Environmental
Health. 08079-D
Chemical Aspects of the Photo-
oxidation of the Propylene--
Nitrogen Oxide System.
03858-C
Chemical Carcinogens, Carcino-
genesis and Carcinostasis.
03480-F
Chemical Constitution and
Reactions of Coal. 13494-M
Chemical Methodology in Auto
Exhaust Studies. 04796-D
Chemical Mutagens in the Human
Environment 13886-F
Chemical Nature of the Parti-
culate in Irradiated Auto-
mobile Exhaust. 05849-M
Chemical and Physical Characteri-
zation of Polluted Environments,
Inhaled or Ingested, and of
Acoustical Nuisances „ 02538-D
Chemical Process 02234-B
Chemical Reactions in Los
Angeles Smog. 04988-C
Chemical Studies of Asbestos.
01467-H
Chemical Supplement in Air
Pollution Control Programs.
07971-E
Chemically Induced Methemoglo-
binemia in the Mouse.
04723-F
1074
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Chemicals as Causes of Cancer.
01692-F
Chemi luminescence of Hydro-
carbon Oxidation. 00426-D
Chemiluminescence Method for
Determining Ozone. 02188-D
Chemistry of Atmospheric
Oxidants. 11050-M
Chemistry of Town Air. 04487-A
Chemistry of Urban Atmospheres.
05176-F
Chemo-Electrical Sensing
Device 00092-D
Chemotherapy for Oxidant and
Ozone Induced Plant Damage.
05723-G
Chilliwack Respiratory Survey,
1963: Part II. Aerometric
Study. 05652-J
Chlorine Photosensitized
Oxidation of Hydrocarbons at
Low Temperature. 04228-M
Chromatographic Location and
Colorimetric Determination
of Msrcaptans. 04029-D
Chromatographic Separation of
Benzene and Isopropylbenzene
and of Benzene and Chloro-
benzyl in Air Analysis.
07153-D
Chromatographic Separation
of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons. A Method
for Concentration and
Preliminary Purification
of Extracts From Samples of
Atmospheric Dust. 09388-D
Chromatographic Separation and
Spectral Analysis of
Polynuclear Aromatic Amines
and Heterocyclic Imines.
00926-D
Chromatography of the Light
Gases on Metal-Substituted
Silica Gels. 14648-M
Chrominum Catalysts for Oxidizing
Automotive Exhaust. 02737-E
Chronic Effect of Certain Com-
ponents of Exhaust Gases From
Motor Cars. 04252-F
Chronic Inhalation Toxicity of
Chlorobromomethane. 00887-F
Clean Air Act Amendments and
Solid Waste Disposal Act of
1965 (P.L. 89-272). 00225-B
Clean Air for California
CInitial Report of the Air
Pollution Study Project,
California State Dept. of
Public Health). 03441-J
Clean Air and the Diesel.
14297-E
Clean Air for Good Citrus.
03611-G
Clean Air Maintenance-a Task
for the Office of Public
Health. 0723S-K
Clean Fuel Power Cycles.
06488-B
Cleaner Air and the Gas In-
dustry (Part I). 05746-B
Cleaner Air for North
Carolina (A Survey and
Appraisal for Air Pollution
Problems.), 03438-A
Cleaning of Industrial Gases With
Precious Metals Catalysts.
15271-E
Cleavage of 10-Substituted
1,2-Benzanthracenes. 01628-M
Collection and Analysis of
Odorous Gases From Kraft
Pulp Mills. Part II:
A Laboratory Study of the
Collection of Pollutants
for Analysis. 08356-D
Collection and Analysis of
Odorous Gases From Kraft
Pulp Mills. Part IV:
Title Index
1075
-------
The Analysis of Collected
Pollutants by Gas
Chroma tography. 08357-D
Collection of Trichloroethy-
lene and Perchlorethylene
Vapors. 06221-E
Colorimetric Determination of
Alcohol Vapor in Air.
02544-D
Colorimetric Determination
of Small Quantities of
Styrene in the Air. 08132-D
Colorimetric Determination of
Vinyl Chloride in the
Air. 02135-D
Colorimetric Method for the
Determination of Monoiso-
prophydiphenyl in the Air.
04099-D
Colorimetric Method for
Total Alkyl Amines
Determination. 04086-D
Colorimetric and Spectro-
photometric Determination
of Phenylurethylane in
Factory Air. 04245-C
Column Chromatographic Separation
of Basic Polynuclear Aromatic
Compounds From Complex
Mixtures. 01817-D
Column Chromatography and
Spectroscopy in the Analysis
of Airborne Polycyclics.
07435-D
Column and Thin-Layer Chroma-
tographic Separation of
Polynuclear Ring Carbonyl
Compounds. 00934-D
Combined Effect of Acetone and
Acetophenone in the Atmosphere.
07573-F
Combustion of Domestic Refuse
Containing a High Proportion
of Synthetic Materials.
15657-H
Combustion Gas Sampling Value.
04772-D
Combustion of Liquid and Gaseous
Fuels in a Fluidized Bed of
Fine-Grain Material and
Utilization of Heat From
the Exhaust Gases. 14388-M
Combustion Studies of Olefins and
of Their Influence on Hydro-
carbon Combustion Processes.
120S8-M
Combustion System for a Vehicular
Regenerative Gas Turbine
Featuring Low Air Pollutant
Emissions. 09329-E
Combustion Triangle for Flue
Gases From Compound Furnaces.
04357-E
Commission on Earth, Water and
Air, Rotterdam. 14534-J
14616-J
Committee on Air Pollution:
Report. 09752-B
Community Air Quality Guides.
12029-L
Community Air Quality Guides.
Ethylene. 15715-L
Community Hazards of Asbestos.
10241-F
Comparative Pathology of Animals
Exposed to Carbon Tetrachloride
at Ambient Air Vs. 5 PSIA 100%
Oxygen Atmosphere. 08028-F
Comparative Procedure for
Evaluating Antimicrobial
Activity of Gaseous
Agents. 05294-F
Comparative Studies of 90-Day
Continuous Exposure to
03, N02 and CC14 at Reduced
and Ambient Pressures.
11539-F
Comparative Study of the Ad-
sorption of Gases on Charcoal
in Solution. 13686-M
1076
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Comparative Study of Atmospheric
Air Pollution With Carcino-
genic Substance (3,4-Benzpyrene)
in Irkutsk and Angarsk.
07292-J
Comparative Study of Various
Methods for the Detection
of Formaldehyde. 01994-D
Conparative Toxicity Studies
on Animals Exposed Con-
tinuously for Periods up
to 90 Days to NO?, 03 and
CCU in Ambient Air Vs. 5
PSIA 100% Oxygen Atmosphere.
08026-F
Comparative Toxicity Studies of
Benzene, Toluol, and Xylol by
the Reflex Activity Method.
12276-F
Comparative Toxicity Studies at
Reduced and Ambient Pressures.
01346-F
Comparative Yields of Soot From
Premixed Hydrocarbon Flames.
10748-B
Comparison of Auto Exhaust
Emissions in Two Major
Cities. 01413-B
Comparison of Automotive
Emissions in Cities at Low
and High Altitudes.
01837-B
Comparison Between the Hydro-
carbons in Automobile
Exhaust and those Found
in the Los Angeles
Atmosphere. 05097-B
Comparison of the Effects of
Low Concentrations of
Benzene, Toluene and Xylene.
07475-F
Comparison of Fifty-two Spectro-
photometric Methods for the
Determination of Nitrite.
01995-D
Comparison of Fluorimetric
Methods of Assay for
Benz(c)acridine and
Benzo(h)Quinoline in
Urban Atmospheres and Air
Pollution Source Effluents.
00203-D
Comparison of Fluorimetric
Methods of Assay for 7H-
Benz(de)anthracen-7-one
in Airborne Particulates
and Air Pollution Source
Effluents. 00111-J
Comparison of Infrared and
Gas Chromatographic
Methods for Determination
of Methane in Mine Air.
16620-D
Comparison of MBTH and Other
Methods for the Determination
of Sugars and Other (Alpha)
Glycolic Derivatives. 02796-D
Comparison of Methods for the
/Determination of Benzo(a)-
pyrene in Particulates From
Urban Atmospheres and Air
Pollution Source Effluents.
00114-D
Comparison of Three Methods
for Trace Analysis of
Polycyclics. 08644-D
Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors for
Combustion Processes.
Gasoline Evaporation,
and Selected Industrial
Processes. 00972-B
Complex Formation, Isolation,
and Carcinogenicity of
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons. 05084-D
Complicating Factors in
the Gas Phase Photolysis
of Azomethane. 03559-M
Complying With Solvent
Control Legislation.
08556-K
Composition of Automobile
Blowby Gases. 03264-B
Title Index
1077
-------
Composition of Blowby
Emissions. 02375-B
Composition of Diesel
Exhaust Hydrocarbons,
14680-B
Opposition of Exhaust Gases
From Diesel Motors. 08802-B
Composition of Exhaust Gases
From Diesel, Gasoline and
Propane Powered Motor
Coaches. OS850-B
Composition and Nature of Blowby
and Exhaust Gases From
Passenger Car Engines.
04993-B
Composition and Odor of Diesel
Exhaust. 00251-J
Composition and Reactions of
Pollutants in Community
Atmospheres. 14019-C
Comprehensive Analyses of Auto-
motive Exhausts. 01381-B
Computer Analysis of the
California Cycle. 00277-D
Concentration and Distribution of
Irritants in Polluted Atmo-
spheres. 00499-F
Concentration of Hydrocarbon
on Silica Gel Prior to Gas
Chromatographic Analysis.
02157-D
Concentration of Isotopes by
the Evaporative Centrifuge
Nfethod. 15063-M
Concentrations of Hydrocarbons
in the Air Over Urban Streets
and Their Relation to the
Occurrence of Carbon Mon-
oxide. 08322-J
Conditioned Polyethylene as a
Permselective Membrane.
15186-M
Conditions of Safe Oxidation
of Tolerence by Atmospheric
Oxygen. 07518-C
Consideration of Emission
Standards for Exhaust
Hydrocarbons in Terms
of Quantity. 06350-B
Considerations of the
Feasibility of Control
of Oxides of Nitrogen.
15941-E
Constituents of City Smoke.
06135-D
Constitution of Aerocolloidal
Particulates Above the
Ocean Surface. 06186-J
Contamination of Air by
3,4-Benzpyrene Around
Certain Industrial
Enterprises. 06886-J
Contamination of the Air
of a Large City With
Carcinogenic Agents.
02587-J
Contamination Generation
of Internal Combustion
Engines. 03352-B
Contamination of Urban Air
Through the Use of
Insecticides. 00388-B
Contaminant Concentrations
in the Atmosphere of
Los Angeles County.
05110-J
Contaminant Studies in Closed
Ecological Systems at the
School of Aerospace
Medicine. 08025-B
Contaminants in Flue Gases.
01362-B
Contaminants Standards.
11241-F
Continuous Air Monitoring
Program in Cincinnati,
1962-1963. 00929-C
Continuous Air Monitoring
Program in Washington, D. C.
(1962-1963) 01871-D
1078
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Continuous Automatic Deter-
mination of Sulfur Dioxide
in the Presence of Auto
Engine Exhaust. 04825-D
Continuous Control of Air
Pollution With Industrial
Analysers. 09234-D
Continuous Determination of
Carbon Monoxide and Hydro-
carbons in Air by a
Modified Infrared
Analyzer. 07564-D
Continuous Gas Mixing by
the Use of Critical Flow
Through Small Diameter
Tubes. 08078-M
Continuous Measurement of
Hydrogen, Methane, and
Hydrocarbons in the
Atmosphere. 15200-D
Continuous Monitoring of
Ambient Atmospheres With
the Technicon Auto-
analyzer. 00977-D
Continuous Monitoring of Diesel
Exhaust Gas for Carbon Dioxide,
Carbon Monoxide, Oxygen,
Methane, and Nitrogen Oxides.
15484-D
Continuous Monitoring of Methane
and Other Hydrocarbons in
Urban Areas. 01828-C
Continuous Sampling of Auto-
mobile Exhaust Gas and
Adjustment of Standard Gases.
15909-D
Continuous Selective Monitoring
of Hydrocarbons: Application
to Determination of Methane.
00623-D
Continuous Trace Hydro-
carbon Analysis by
Flame lonization.
03S69-D
Contribution of Burning
of Agricultural Wastes
to Photochemical Air
Pollution. 01076-B
Control of Air Pollution.
01645-E
Control of Air Pollution
From Motor Vehicles
and New Motor Vehicle
Engines-Proposed
Rules. 00350-K
Control of Air Pollution
Originating From
Federal Installations
and Standards by the
Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare
Implementing the Objectives
Prescribed by Executive
Order 11282. 00206-K
Control of Air Pollution
Due to Petrol Engines.
16484-E
Control of Air Pollution
and Waste Heat Recovery
From Incineration.
02153-B
Control of Automobile
Emissions. Ford Crankcase
Emissions Control System.
Ford Thermactor System
for Exhaust Control.
00171-B
Control of Environment-
Economic and Technological
Prospects. 00526-J
Control of Nitrogen Oxides
in Automotive Exhaust.
04899-E
Control of Organic Solvent
Emissions in Industry.
11033-E
Control of Photochemical Smog
by Alteration of Initial
Reactant. 01504-C
Control of Solvent Emissions.
08345-E
Control of Stationary Sources.
00107-B
Control of Toxic and Explosive
Hazards in Buildings
Title Index
1079
-------
Erected on Landfills.
04419-B
Control of Vapors From Bulk
Gasoline Loading. 05859-E
Controlled Addition of Experi-
mental Pollutants to Air.
10672-D
Controlled Endo-Exothermic
Oxidation of Industrial
Wastes. 04838-E
Conversion of Fossil Fuel to
Liquid Fuels. 08391-B
Conversion of Fossil Fuels to
Utility Gas. 08390-B
Conversion of Sulfur-Containing
Hydrocarbons. 14164-M
Cooperative Research Program
for Automotive Emission
Control. 14036-E
Core Ovens. 09803-B
Correlation Between 3,4-Benzpyrene
and Carbon Monoxide Concentra-
tions in Automobile Exhaust
Gases. 04098-B
Correlation of the Blackness
Index of Hi-Vol Air Samples
With the Polycyclic Hydrocarbon
Concentrations. 10668-D
Correlation of Exhaust Emission
Test Facilities. 09348-D
Correlation of Piperonal Test
Values for Aromatic Compounds
With the Atmospheric Concen-
tration of Benzo(a)pyrene.
01729-D
Cost Estimates of Processes
for Separating Mixtures
of Methane and Hydrogen.
15078-M
Costs and Economic Impacts of
Air Pollution Control Fiscal
Years 1970-1974. 16174-1
Counteracting Offensive Odors
Caused by Organic Compounds.
14004-E
Crankcase Gas Causes 40% of
Auto Air Pollution.
01894-B
Criteria for Air Quality and
Methods of Measurement.
06948-J
Criteria for Certification
of Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control Devices
in California. 05742-E
Criteria and Methods for
Establishing Maximum
Permissible Concentrations
of Air Pollution.
01916-F
Critical Comparision of
Low-Emission OTTO and
Rankin Engine for
Automotive Use. 14202-E
Critical Solution Temperatures of
Systems of Sulfur Dioxide and
Normal Paraffins. 16040-M
Cryogenically Trapped Trace
Contaminants Analyzed by
Ionizing Gas Chromatography.
09734-D
Cryogenics in Gas Processing.
15085-M
Current Status and Future
Prospects. 08071-A
Cyclic Sulfones Derived From
Butadienes. 16626-M
Cyto-Pathological Study of
Potentially Carcinogenic
Properties of Air Pollutants.
03678-F
Damage to Vegetation From
Polluted Atmospheres.
03612-G
Dangers of the Metropolitan
City Air. 16219-F
1080
.HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Data Acquisition Systems in
Air Quality. 06723-A
Data for Substantiation of the
Permissible Concentration of
Chloroprene in the Atmospheric
Air. 02S92-J
Decreasing the Concentration of
Toxic Exhaust From Automobile
Engines. 10926-E
Defining the Problem of Air
Pollution in Metropolitan
Birmingham, Alabama. 07448-J
Definition of the Problem and
Significance of Air Pollution
From Petrol-Engined Vehicles
(Part I of Atmospheric
Pollution: A Survey of Some
Aspects of the Emissions
From Petrol-Engined Vehicles
and Their Treatment).
0263S-B
Degradation of 2,4-D in
Forest Litter. 07988-M
Degree of Air Pollution
in Norwegian Towns.
03685-J
Degree of Danger Caused
by the Influence of
Aromatic Polynuclear
Hydrocarbons During
the Manufacturing Process
of Carbon Black. I.
The Danger of Anthracene
and the Determination
of the Anthracene
Content of the Air.
08321-D
Deodorization of Exhaust
Gas in Kraft Pulping
(Part I) On the
Formation of Malodorous
Components in Kraft
Pulping. 16494-B
Deposition of Coal and
Pitch Dust on and
Around Coke Ovens.
16125-B
Deposition of Radioactive
Methyl Iodide to
Vegetation. 03783-G
Depression of Running
Activity in Mice by Ex-
posure to Polluted Air.
11307-F
Design Consideration in
Solvent Recovery.
08352-E
Design Considerations of
a Photochemical - Atmo-
sphere Environmental
Test Facility. 03401-A
Design and Development of the
Air Pump for the General
Motors Air Injection
Reactor System. 01133-B
04226-E
Design of a Method of Sampling
and Measuring Heavy Hydro-
carbon Concentrations in
Combustion Fumes. 15277-D
Design of a Non-Dispersive
Ultraviolet Gas Analyzer and
its Application to Quanti-
tative Measurement of Traces
of Toxic Gases and Vapors
in Air. 02886-D
Designing a "Clean Room" for
Plastic Processing. 04139-E
Destruction of Benzo(a)pyrene
by Soil Bacteria. 07188-M
Desulfurization of Liquid
Hydrocarbon Fuel for Fuel
Cells. 06479-E
Desulfurization as Method of
Identifying Sulfur Compounds.
13779-D
Detailed Study of Contaminant
Production in a Space Cabin
Simulator at 760 mm. Hg.
07977-B
Detailed Study of Contaminants
Produced by Man in a Space
Cabin Simulator at 760 mm.
Hg. 08851-B
Title llndex
1081
-------
Detection of 3,4-Benzpyrene in
Some Species of Smoked Fish.
07299-B
Detection and Colorimetric
Determination of Polynitro
Aromatic Compounds. 01997-D
Detection and Determination of
Polynuclear Hydrocarbons
in Urban Airborne
Particulates. I. The
Benzopyrene Fraction.
02797-D
Detection of 1,1-Dimethyl-
hydrazine by Frustrated
Multiple Internal
Reflection Spectroscopy.
014S1-D
Detection and Estimation
of Part Per Billion
Concentrations of
Hydrocarbons. 03291-D
04541-D
Detection of Fluorine on
the Nanogram Scale:
Inorganic and Organic
Fluorine Compounds.
1S355-D
Detection and Lifetime of
EMOL-Acetone in the
Photolysis of 2-Pentanone
Vapor. 01961-M
Detection of Low Levels
of Tetrafluorohydrazine
in Air. 08077-D
Detection and Measurement
of Air Pollutants by
Absorption of Infrared
Laser Radiation. 11030-D
Detection and Measurement
of Inflammable Vapours
in Aircraft. 06471-D
Detection of Phenol in the
Atmosphere With 4-
Aminoantipyrene. OS376-D
Detection of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in Liquid Smoke and
Some Foods. 06004-F
Detection of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in Polluted Atmosphere and
Other Pollutants by Means
of Quasilinear Fluorescence
Spectra. 14662-D
Detection of Polynuclear
Diaryl Ketones: Application
to Air Pollution. 01998-D
Detection and Prevention of Air
Pollution in the U.S.S.R.
03205-A
Detection of Pyrene, Benzo(a)-
pyrene, and other Polynuclear
Hydrocarbons. 01999-D
Detection of Smog Forming Hydro-
carbons in Automotive Exhaust
Gases Using Plants as In-
dicators. 03S84-B
Detection of Trace Quantities
of Dichloroethane in Air.
14773-D
Detection of Volatile Organic
Compounds and Toxic Gases in
Humans by Rapid Infrared
Techniques. OSS61-D
Determination of Aerial Con-
centration of Decomposition
and Oxidation Products of
Certain Organoaluminum
Compounds (TEA, DEAC, TIBA,
and DIBAC). 04246-C
Determination of Aldehydes in
Automobile Exhaust Gas.
09341-B
Determination of Aliphatic
Amines in Air. 04255-D
04255-M
Determination of Aromatic Con-
tent of Hydrocarbon Paint
Solvents by Gas Chromatog-
raphy. 03991-D
Determination of Aromatic
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons in
the Hazy Atmosphere of
Siena, Italy. 08315-J
1082
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Determination of Atmospheric
Pollutants in the Part-
Per-Billion Range by Gas
Chromatography: (A
Simple Trapping System
for Use With Flame
lonization Detectors).
00036-D
Determination of Benzene,
Toluene, and Xylene
Sinultaneously Present
in the Air. 06661-D
Determination of 3,4-
Benzpyrene in the Air
in Tashkent. 03925-J
Determination of 3,4-
Benzpyrene in the
Atmosphere of a
Submarine. 02336-D
Determination of 3,4-
Benzpyrene Liberated
by Sublimation of
Anode Material in
Electrolytic Shops
of Aluminum Plants.
03940-D
Determination of 3,4-
Benzpyrene in a
Mixture by Fluorescence
Spectrography at the
Temperature-197C.
14658-D
Determination of 3,
4-Benzpyrene in Products
Occurring in the Manu-
facture of Synthetic
Liquid Fuel. 07298-D
Determination of Carbon
Tetrachloride in Air.
05210-D
Determination of Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons in the Air by
the Method of Micro-Com-
bustion. 08136-D
Determination of Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere
by Activation Analysis.
06008-D
Determination of Chloroprene in
Air. 02121-D
Determination of the Combined
Effect of Toxic Substances
in Prediction of Atmospheric
Pollution. 11479-C
Determination of Dieldrin
(HEOD) in Blood. 06858-D
Determination of Dimethylaminoazo-
benzene in Air. 03929-D
Determination of 4,4' Diphenyl-
raethane Dusocyanate in Air
Under Experimental Conditions.
03924-D
Determination of Ethyl Benzene,
and Styrene in Air by
Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry.
10772-D
Determination of Ethylene Oxide
in the Atmosphere. 05383-D
Determination of Formaldehyde
in Gas Mixtures by the
Chrorootropic Acid Method.
03680-D
Determination of Freon-22 in
Air. 06876-D
Determination of Furfurol in
the Air. 06893-D
Determination of Halogenated
and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in Air by Charcoal Tube and
Gas Chromatography. 11164-D
Determination of Hydrocarbon
Content of the Air by Gas
Chromatography. 13974-D
Determination of Lignin in
Small Pulp and Paper
Samples Using the Acetyl
Bromide Method. 13505-M
Determination of Low 3,4-
Benzpyrene Concentrations
by Means of the Shpol'skii
Effect. 04248-D
Determination of the
Title 'Index
1083
-------
Maximim Permissible
Concentration of Alpha-
Methyls tyrene Vapor in
the Atmosphere. 02551-F
Determination of Mean Daily
Maximum Permissible
Concentration of
Isopropylbenzene and
its Hydroperoxide in
the Atmosphere. 03933-F
Determination of Methoxone
in Air. 08433-D
Determination of Nitrate
or Nitrate Plus Nitrite
With Aminopyrene:
Application to Air
Pollution. 01973-D
Determination of Nitrogen
Oxides in Auto Exhaust.
04857-D
Determination of Olefins
in Combustion Gases
and in the Atmosphere.
02158-D
Determination of Organic
Solvent Vapor-Air
Mixtures by a Non-
Dispersive Ultraviolet
Gas Analyzer and Ex-
amination of Precision.
07386-D
Determination of Organic
Substance Vapor-Air
Mixtures by a Non-
Dispersive Ultraviolet
Gas Analyzer. 04199-D
Determination of Paraffin
and Ceresin Aerosols in
the Air of Industrial
Plants. 07156-D
Determination of Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Air Particulate Matter.
04930-D
Determination of Primary
Nitroparaffins by the
Nitrous Acid Reaction.
03684-D
Determination and Signifi-
cance of Gaseous Fuel
Octane Numbers. 01378-A
Determination of Small Con-
centrations of 1,2,5,6-
Dibenzanthracene. 02607-D
Determination of Styrene in
Air by Paper Chromatography.
11485-D
Determination of Styrene and
Cumene Hydroperoxide in
the Air When They are
Present Together. 02595-D
Determination of the Toxicity
of Propellants Used in
Aerosol Tanks. 02601-D
Determination of Vinyl
Chloride in the Air.
07146-D
Determination of the Volatile
Components of Foodstuffs.
IV. Coffee Aroma. 03354-D
Determination of Water Soluble
Additives in Liquid Hydro-
carbon Fuels. 09099-M
Determining Air Pollutant
Emissions From Transpor-
tation Systems. 16017-B
Determining Organic Con-
taminants in Air and
Water. 14173-D
Determining Reduced-
Emission Goals Needed
to Achieve Air Quality
Goals-a Hypothetical
Case. 06188-K
Determining Source
Reduction Needed to
Meet Air Quality Standards.
00110-J
Detoxication of Automotive
Exhaust Gases-Measuring
Methods and Test Cycles.
13989-D
Development of Air
1084
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Contaminant Emission
Tables for Nonprocess
Emissions. 00673-B
Development of a Continuous
Countercurrent Fluid-
Solid Contractor: II.
Adsorption. 02374-M
Development of a Cycle
Controller for Chassis
Dynamometer. 03547-A
Development of Depleted-
Uranium Catalysts for
Destruction of Air
Pollutants in Automobile
Exhaust. 05214-E
Development and Evaluation
of Automobile Exhaust
Catalytic Converter
Systems. 07638-B
Development of an Improved
Method of Sampling and
Analysis for Atmospheric
Iodine. 06682-D
Development of an Inproved
Process for the Catalytic
Oxidation of Atmospheric
Contaminants in Submarines.
06285-E
Development of a Simple
Auto Exhaust Analyzer.
16616-D
Development of a Simulation
Model for Air Pollution
Over Connecticut. Volume
1. 14997-J
Development of Space Cabin
Tolerance Criteria to
Trace Contaminants.
00096-F
Development Work on Bioassay
Technique for Atmospheric
Pollutants. 04551-F
Developments Toward the
Remote Sensing of Vapours
as an Airborne and Space
Exploration Tool. 05191-D
Device for Sampling and
Analysis of Metallurgical
Furnace Atmospheres.
01558-B
Diesel Engine Exhaust Smoke:
the Influence of Fuel
Properties and the Effects
of Using Bariumcontaining
Fuel Additive. 09325-E
Diagnosis of Solvent Poison-
ing. 00747-D
Di-Disperse Octadecanol
Aerosol With Nuclei of
Au(198) and Sc(46)
Respectively. 01722-F
Diesel Engine Exhaust Gases.
14619-B
Diesel Engine Pollutants.
Part I. Identification.
14607-D
Diesel Engine Pollutants.
Part II. Control 14608-E
Diesel Exhaust Analysis
(Preliminary Results)
02785-D
Diesel Exhaust Composition
and Odor Studies. 02786-D
Diesel Exhaust Composition,
Odor, and Eye Irritation.
(Progress Report) May 1,
1962 to Feb. 15, 1963.
03542-D
Diesel Exhaust Gas.
Investigation With
Proposals for Action.
06280-B
Diesel Exhaust Odor
(Its Evaluation and
Relation to Exhaust
Gas Composition).
05170-D
Diesel Smoke. 04628-E
Difference in Responses
of Two Strains of
Mice to Benzene
Inhalation. 07368-F
Title Index
1085
-------
Differential Determination
of Organic and Inorganic
Lead in the Air of
Garages. 07285-D
Diffusion of Gases in
Polyethylene Terephthalate.
1S104-M
Digest of Municipal Air
Pollution Ordinances.
03353-K
Digital Data Acquisition
and Computer Data
Reduction for the
California Exhaust
Emission Test. 05339-D
Dioxane Sulfotrioxide, a
New Sulfating and Sulfo-
nating Agent. 16082-M
Direct Application of Gas
Chromatography to
Atmospheric Pollutants.
01926-D
Direct Fluorometric Scanning
of Thin-Layer Chromatograms
and its Application to
Air Pollution Studies.
01232-D
Direct Hydrocarbon and
Methanol-Air Fuel Cells.
09148-B
Direct Infrared Spectral
Analysis of Contaminants
in the Atmosphere (A
Preliminary Study).
04631-D
Direct Measurement of
Atmospheric Light Scatter-
ing Coefficient for Studies
of Visibility and Air
Pollution. 04931-D
Direct Measurement Technique
for Automotive Exhaust
Emissions. 04630-B
Direct Spectrophotofluoro-
metric Analysis of
Aromatic Compounds on
Thin-Layer Chromatograms.
00011-D
Direct Spectrophotofluori-
metric Analysis of Com-
pounds on Paper and Thin-
Layer Chromatograms and
Pherograms. 11068-D
Direct Spectrophosphori-
metric Analysis of Organic
Compounds on Paper and Thin-
Layer Chromatograms. 00766-D
Discharge to Atmosphere
at the Phenol Works.
14767-B
Discussion of Gas Chro-
matography-Measuring
Exhaust Hydrocarbons
Down to Parts Per
Billion by L. J. paPa«
05135-D
Discussion of the Formula
X Used in Computing the
Amount of Fuel Required
to Produce Combustion
Gases at a Given
Temperature in a
Combustion Chamber
or an Afterburner.
06625-M
Diseases of Crops and
Ornamental Plants
Incited by Air Pollutants.
12042-G
Dispersion and Deposition
of Air Pollutants Over
Cities. 03381-C
Disposal of Coal Tar Pitch
Distillate Obtained
From Carbon Baking
Furnace by Catalytic
Combustion. 02725-E
Disproportionation and
Combination Reactions
of Isopropoxy Radicals
With Nitric Oxide.
16236-M
Dissociation of Gaseous
Compounds by Electrically
Induced Glowing. 16218-M
Distribution and Effects of
1086
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Automotive Exhaust Gases
in Los Angeles. 07623-B
Distribution and Fate of
the Carcinogenic Hydro-
carbon Benz(a)pyrene
(3,4, Benzpyrene) in
the soil. 10099-G
Distribution of Methane
and Carbon Monoxide
Between the Atmosphere
and Natural Waters.
14158-M
Distribution and Nature
of Surface Wax in
Fungal Spores and
Mechanisms of Wax
Biosynthesis in Brassica
oleracea. 10116^3
Distribution of Vehicular
Air Pollution in the
United States. 01830-J
Disturbing Factors in
Particulate Sampling.
04049-D
Do Automotive Emissions
Inhibit Fuel Characteristics?
01383-B
Driving With Methane.
16124-E
Dry Cleaning Equipment.
09820-B
Dry-Packed Beds for the
Removal of Strong-Acid
Gases From Recycled
Atmospheres. 0 42 79-E
Dual-Column Gas Chromato-
graphic Method for the
Analysis of Light Gases.
12668-D
Dust as a Germ Carrier in
Working Rooms. 03365-E
Dynamic Irradiation
Chamber Tests of Automo-
tive Exhaust. 00068-D
Dynamic Irradiation
Chamber Tests of Auto-
motive Exhaust. Part I.
02244-B
Dynamic Model of Photochemical
Smog. 15310-B
Dynamic of Vapor Mixtures.
013S8-M
Easily Controllable Air
Pollution Source:
Naphtha Engines. 07690-B
Ecological Factors In-
fluencing Plants as
Monitors of Photo-
chemical Air Pollution.
00242-C
Economics of Changing
Volatility and Re-
ducing Light Olefins--
U. S. Motor Gasolines.
13795-B
Economics of Hydrogen
Production and Hydro
Treating. 08S94-E
Economics of Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control.
00566-B
Effect of Adsorption in
Barrier Separation.
15187-M
Effect of Air-Borne
Oxidants on Biological
Activity of Indoleacetic
Acid. 06499-G
Effect of Air Ions on IAA
Content of Barley
Seedlings. 00601-G
Effect of Air Pollutants
in Cells in Vitro.
06840-F
Effect of Air Pollutants on
the Skin. 01077-F
Effect of Air Pollutants
Title Index
1087
-------
on Wildlife. 04544-G
Effect of Benzene on the
Organism at Higher Air
Tenperature. 07308-F
Effect of Calcium Carbonate
Dust on Ventilation and
Respiratory Gas Exchange
in Normal Subjects and in
Patients With Asthma and
Chronic Bronchitis.
08109-F
Effect of Certain Industrial
Irritants on Change of
Pupil Diameter in the
Rabbit. 12969-F
Effect of Chronic Exposure
to Low Concentrations of
Toluene on the Acetyl-
choline System in the
Blood of Rabbits. 08442-F
Effect of Combustion Chamber
Deposits and Driving
Conditions on Vehicle Ex-
haust Emissions. 14033-B
Effect of Combustion Method
and of Fuel Type on the
Content of 3,4-Benzpyrene
in Smoke Glass. OS200-B
Effect of Conmercial Tune-
ups on Automotive Ex-
haust Emissions. 03266-E
Effect of Electrical
Discharges on Sublimation
Condensation. 07495-M
Effect of Engine Exhaust
on the Atmosphere When
Automobiles are Equipped
With Afterburners. 03265-B
Effects of Engine Operating
and Design Variables on
Exhaust Emissions.
07635-B
Effects of Some Engine
Variables and Control
Systems on Composition
and Reactivity of
Exhaust Hydrocarbons.
OS323-B
Effect of Ethylene on
Auxin Transport.
01179-G
Effect of Feeding
Benzo(a)pyrene on
Growth of Young
Mice. 04710-F
Effect of Fuel Anti-knock
Compounds and Deposits
on Exhaust Emissions.
04460-B
Effectiveness of Exhaust
Controls in Public
Use. 09027-E
Effectiveness of Exhaust
Controls on 1966
Vehicles. 11292-E
Effectiveness of Exhaust
Controls of 1966
Vehicles by the State
of California Motor
Vehicle Pollution
Control Board, Aug. 10,
1966. 06032-E
Effectiveness of Fuel
Cetane Number for
Cmbustion Control in
Bi-Fuel Diesel Engine.
04663-B
Effectiveness of Organic
Solvents in Photo-
chemical Smog Formation
(Solvent Project, Final
Report). 01875-M
Effects of Fuel Olefin
Content on Composition
and Smog Forming
Capabilities of Engine
Exhaust. 03761-B
Effect of High Flow-Resis-
tance on the Response
of Guinea Pigs to
Irritants. 01584-F
Effect of Hydrocarbon
Type of Reactivity of
Exhaust Gases. 10129-M
Effect of Initial Con-
centration of Reactants
1088
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
on the Biological Ef-
fectiveness of Photo-
chemical Reaction
Products. 04650-F
Effect of Intratracheal
Injection of Benzo(a)-
pyrene on Ducks. 04711-F
Effect of Interfering
Substances and Prolonged
Sampling on the 1,2-di-
(4-pyridyl) Ethylene
Method for Determination
of Ozone in Air. 03537-D
Effect of Lead Deposits
on Activity of Automo-
tive Exhaust Catalysts.
0001S-E
Effect of Low Concentrations
of Chloropyrene in the
Atmosphere on Suprarenal
Function in Children. 11272-F
Effect of Low Concentrations
of Methanol Vapor on Man
and Animals. 03918-J
Effect of Mixed Organic Solvents
on Atomic Absorption Spectro-
photometry of Refractory
Metals. 04716-D
Effect of Naphthenic Soap on
the Properties of In-
dustrial Dust. 15614-E
Effect of Nucleating Parti-
culates on Photochemical
Aerosol Formation.
02412-M
Effect of Operating Variables
on Automotive Hydro-
carbon Emissions. 027S3-E
Effect of Organic Materials
in the Atmosphere on
Vegetation. 05844-B
Effect of Other Hydrocarbons
on the in vitro Binding
of 3,4-T5ehzpyrene by
Plasma Proteins. 09055-F
Effect of Ozonation Upon.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
Including Carcinogens.
10637-E
Effect of Ozone and Ozonated
1-Hexene on Respiratory
and Photosynthesis of
Leaves. 03627-G
Effect of Photochemically
Produced Oxidants on
Growth of Avena
Coleoptile Sections.
06498-G
Effect of Recycling Com-
bustion Products on
Broduction of Oxides
of Nitrogen, Carbon
Monoxide and Hydrocarbons
by Gas Burner Flames.
07881-E
Effect of Small Benzene
Concentrations on
Higher Nervous Activity
of Animals in Chronic
Experiments. 07306-F
Effect of Solar Radiation
on the Presence of 3,4-
Benzopyrene in Industrial
Exhausts. 08485-J
Effect of Temperature on
Photochemical Oxidant
Production in a Bench
Scale Reaction System.
01579-M
Effect of Temperature on
Photochemical Smog
Reactions. 00034-M
Effect of Volatile Sub-
stances and of Gases
on the Higher Nervous
Activity of White Rats
in the Course of In-
halation Exposure.
08221-F
Effective Work Instrument:
The Laboratory Truck
Used by the Municipal
Laboratory of Paris in
a Study of Air Pollution.
00898-D
Title'Index
1089
-------
Effects of Air Contami-
nation on Health: A
Review. Part II. 08511-F
Effects of Air-Fuel
Stoichiometry on Air
Pollutant Emissions From
an Oil-Fired Test
Furnance. 05133-B
Effects of Air Pollutants
on the Growth and
Productivity of Plants.
03630-G
Effects of Air Pollution
on Animals and Plants.
03116-G
Effects of Air Pollution
on Dyed Fabrics. 00115-H
Effects of Air Pollution
on Edible Crops.
00316-G
Effects of Air Pollution
on Hunan Health.
00308-F
Effects of Air Pollution
on Plants. 02537-G
03395-G
Effects of Air Pollution
and Its Prevention
on International
Teleconmuni cation
Systems. 03215-H
Effects of Air Pollution
on Textiles, Especially
Synthetic Fibers.
02060-H
Effects on Animals
of Exposure to
Auto Exhaust. 03076-F
Effects of Atmospheres
Contaminated With
Irradiated Automobile
Exhaust on Reproduction
of Mice. 02332-F
Effects of Automobile
Exhaust Gas Emission
on Air Pollution. 16135-B
Effects of Benzo(a)-
pyrene, Cigarette
Smoke Condensate
and Atmospheric Pollutants
on the Respiratory
System of Syrian Hamsters.
05372-F
Effects of Certain Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in the
Air. 11476-D
Effects of Chronic Exposure
to Low Levels of Air
Pollutants on Pulmonary
Function in the Beagle.
11632-F
Effects of Combustion Gas
Residence Time on Air
Pollutant Emissions
From on Oil-Fired Test
Furnance. 11231-B
Effects of Design and Fuel
Moisture on Incinerator
Effluents. 06086-B
Effects of Emissions of Organic
Solvents on Los Angeles
Photochemical Smog. 03270-F
Effects of Engine Exhaust
on the Atmosphere When
Automobiles are
Equipped With After-
burners. 00087-E
Effects of Engine-Operating
Variables on the Com-
position of Automotive
Exhaust Gases. 05292-B
13S62-B
Effects on Experimental
Animals of Long-Terra
Inhalation Exposure to
Mineral Spirits. 06196-F
Effects of Feeding Benzo-
(a)pyrene on Fertility.
04712-F
Effects of Fuel Olefin Content
on Composition and Smog
Forming Capabilities of
Engine Exhaust. 03761-B
1090
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Effects of Gaseous Pollutants
on Human Health. 16542-F
Effects of Halothane,
Cyclopropane and Nitrous
Oxide on Isolated Human
Uterine Muscle. 16252-F
Effects of HC/NOjj. Ratios
on Irradiated Auto
Exhaust, Part II.
01958-B
Effects of High Volatile
Fuel on Incinerator
Effluents. 02232-B
Effects of Knock on the
Hydrocarbon Emissions
of a Spark-Ignition
Engine. 1404S-B
Effects of a Low Ethylene
Concentration on the
Growth of Cotton.
06546-G
Effects of 48/80 on the
Mechanical Properties
of the Lungs. 04829-F
Effects of the Motor Vehicle
Exhaust Gases on Humans,
Animals and Plants.
08801-F
Effects of Organophosphorus
Esters on the Ciliary
Movement and Their Use
for the Detection of
Traces of Organo-
phosphorus. 02248-D
Effects of Particle Ac-
cumulation in Aerosol
Filtration. 06182-M
Effects of Photochemical
Aerosols on Eye
Irritation. 01463-F
Effects of Photochemical
OxLdants on Materials.
04320-H
Effects of Photosensitizing
Polycyclic Atmospheric
Pollutants on Single
Cells. 06384-J
Effects of Polycyclic
Aromatic Carcinogens on
Viral Replication:
Similarity to Actinomycin
D. 01668-F
Effects of Radiation Quenching,
Ion-Bombardment, and An-
nealing on Catalytic Activity
of Pure Nickel and Platinum
Surfaces. II. Hydro-
genation of Ethylene
(continued). Hydrogen-
Deuterium Exchange.
14227-M
Effects of the Ratio of
Hydrocarbons to Oxide
of Nitrogen in Irradiated
Auto Exhaust. 02842-F
9
Effects of Stability of
Combustion on the
Formation of the Oxides
of Nitrogen. 03588-M
Effects of Temperature and
of Ultraviolet Radiation
on Pyrene Adsorbed on
Garden Soil. 06720-M
Effects of Tetraethyl Lead
on Catalyst Life and
Efficiency in Customer
Type Vehicle Operation.
14459-E
Effects of Tetraethyl Con-
centration on Exhaust
Emissions in Customer
Type Vehicle Operation.
14462-B
Effects of a Transverse Electric
Field on the Characteristics
and Heat Transfer of a
Diffusion Flame. 09172-M
Effects of Urban Fog Upon
Cultivated Plants.
00235-G
Electric Cleaning of Waste
Gases From Carbon
Electrode Baking Furnaces.
10568-E
Title'Index
1091
-------
Electrocatalysis and Related
Processes at the Hydro-
carbon Anode. 14688-M
Electrochemical Cleaning of
Industrial Waste Gases
and Development of a
New Two Layer Electrode.
14450-M
Electrohydrodynamic Re-
moval of Microorganisms
From Hydrocarbon Fuels.
01197-E
Electron Affinities of
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in the Gas Phase and
in Solution. 09750-M
Electron Transfer Oxidation
of 7,12 Dimethylbenz(a)
anthracene, a Model for
the Metabolic Activation
of Carcinogenic Hydro-
carbons. 09024-F
Electronic Spectra of
Normal Paraffin Hydro-
carbons. 09030-M
Eliminating Odors by Catalytic
Combustion. 07362-E
Elimination of 5 Micron
Particles From the
Human Lung. 08042-F
Elimination of HF From "Hot"
Fluorinated Ethanes. An
Estimation of the Acti-
vation Energies and Rate
Parameters. 01677-M
Elimination of Nitrogen
Oxide From Gas Streams.
15765-E
Elimination of Noxious
Substances From In-
ternal Combustion
Engines. 00562-E
Emission-Type Discharge
Study of Some Air
Pollutant Compounds.
15904-D
Emissions From Carbureted
and Timed Port Fuel
Injected Engines.
01411-E
Emissions From Coal-Fired
Power Plants: A Com-
prehensive Summary.
01482-B
Emissions From Gasoline--
Powered Trucks Above
10,000-LB GVW Using PHS
Proportional Sampling
Techniques. 11254-B
Emissions and Pollutant
Levels (Trends in Los
Angeles). 02610-B
Emissions of Polynuclear
Hydrocarbons From
Automobiles and Trucks.
01404-B
Emissions of Polynuclear
Hydrocarbons and
Pollutants From Heat-
Generation and Inciner-
ation and Processes.
01788-B
Emissions From Under-
ground Gasoline
Storage Tanks. 02911-B
Emphysema Profile in Two Mid-
western Cities in North
America. 11309-F
Energy Distribution of Photo-
chemically Generated T-
Pentoxy Radicals. 03066-M
Energy Generation From
Liquid Fuels. OS477-B
Energy Sources and Policies:
Their Impact on Air
Pollution, Current and
Projected. 097S9-B
Engine Behavior Characteristics
of L.P. - Gas Fuels.
05632-B
Engine Combustion and its
Exhaust Gas Products as
1092
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUHION
-------
a Problem of High In-
cidence. 02130-D
Engine Fuels With the Boiling
Point of the Gasoline
Containing a Cyclic
Manganese Tricarbonyl
Compound. 15273-M
Engine Generated Air Pollution
a Study of Source and
Severity. 01565-B
Engineering the Chronic Ex-
posure of Animals to
Laboratory Produced Auto-
mobile Exhaust. 01987-F
Engineering Control of In-
dustrial Air Pollution:
State of the Art, 1966.
01687-B
Engineering Investigation
of Direct Liquid Hydro-
carbon-Air Fuel Cells.
04233-B
Enhanced Desorption of
Atmospheric Samples From
Activated Carbon. 01419-D
15541-D
Environmental Aspects of
Nuclear and Conventional
Power Plants. 07546-B
Environmental Cancer.
01469-F
Environmental and Clinical
Investigation of Workmen
Exposed to Diesel Ex-
haust in Railroad Engine
Houses. 06640-F
Environmental Influences on
Living Cells. 01062-F
Environmental Health Research:
Interaction of Sulfur and
Other Atmospheric Con-
taminants. 08598-F
Environmental and Occupational
Cancer Hazards. 02288-F
Epidemiology of Air Pollution.
00310-F
Establishing Hygienic Norms
for Some Intermediates in
Caprolactam Production in
the Air. 02605-F
Estimated Activation Energies
for the Four-Center
Addition Reaction of
H2, HX, and X2 to Acetylenes.
03062-M
Estimation of Smog Effects in
the Hydrocarbon - Nitric
Oxide System. 00345-C
Evaluating Air Pollution
Problems (Acceptable
Equipment and Procedures).
03S27-D
Evaluation of the Adsorption
Properties of Molecular
Sieve 569 Coated With
101 WT/WT Trition xlOO.
15969-D
Evaluation of Air Pollution
in the State of Washington
(A Joint Report With the
State of Washington
Department of Health -
July 1 Through November
30, 1956). 03504-J
Evaluation of Conjugated
Nitro-Olefins as Eye
Irritants in Air
Pollution. 03490-F
Evaluating Effects of Fuel
Factors on Stabilized
Exhaust Emission Levels.
14461-B
Evaluation of Ethylene
as an Air Pollutant
Affecting Plant Life.
06078-G
Evaluation of a Gas
Mixing System. 11543-M
Evaluation of Methods Used
to Determine Injury to
Plant Leaves by Air
Pollutants. 05778-G
Evaluation of Micro-
biological Systems for
Title Index
1093
-------
Estimating Air Polluting
Substances. 05836-D
Evaluation of Optical Particle
Counters (Progress Report).
02433-D
Evaluation of Polynuclear
Hydrocarbons in Cigarette
Smoke by Glass Capillary
Columns. 0395S-D
Evaluation of "Project H-
Coal". 10047-E
Evaluation of Sulfur Compounds
in Atmospheric Dust.
09430-C
Evaluation of Techniques for
the Determination of the
Photochemical Reactivity of
Organic Emissions. 00465-C
Evaluation of Techniques
for Measuring Air-Fuel
Ratio. 01831-D
Evaluation of the Theory
of Carcinogenic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons. 06947-F
Evaluation of Various Silica
Gels in the Gas Chromatographic
Analysis of Light Hydrocarbons.
00542-D
Evaporative Loss Control
Device. 02411-E
Evidence for a Functional
Disulphide in Photo-
phosphorylation. 00231-M
Examination of Commercial
Solvents by Gas-Liquid
Chromatography. Part I.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.
02875-D
Excessive Emissions of
Firedamp in the West
Lancashire and North
Wales Coalfields,
02152-B
Excretory and Biologic
Threshold Limits. 06680-F
Exhaust Air Purification
and Solvent Recovery
in Gravure Printing.
16435-E
Exhaust Control Devices: An
Investigation of Non-
Catalytic Afterburning.
05966-E
Exhaust Controls for Air
Pollution. 04374-E
Exhaust Controls Really
Work? 09331-B 05320-E
Exhaust Emission Abatement
by Fuel Variations to
Produce Lean Combustion.
14975-E
Exhaust Emissions From
Compact Cars. 04028-B
Exhaust Emission Control
by Chrysler-The Cleaner
Air Package. 00154-B
Exhaust Gas Cleaner,
16187-E
Exhaust Gas Measurements
During a Simulated
Traffic Jam in a
Road Tunnel. 11912-E
Exhaust Gas Problem of
Motor Vehicles. 07223-B
Exhaust Gas Problem of
Motor Vehicles (Part 2).
07224-E
Exhaust Gas Problems With
Gasoline and Diesel
Engines. II. Diesel
Engines. 08497-B
Exhaust Gas Problems With
Gasoline and Diesel
Motors. 08496-E
Exhaust Purifiers Clean
the Air. 12998-E
Exhaust Gas Sampling Technique
for Relating Emissions and
Cycle Characteristics.
15883-B
1094
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Exhaust Hydrocarbon and
Nitrogen Oxide Con-
centrations With an
Ethyl Alcohol Gasoline
Fuel. 15513-E
Exhaust Hydrocarbons Measure-
ment for Tuneup Diagnosis.
0015S-D
Exhaust System Devices
for Petrol-Engined
Vehicles. 02638-E
Experience With a Modified
Method for Determination
of the Total Amount of
Combustible Organic
Substances in Waste Gases.
16211-D
Experimental Basis for the
Determination of Allowable
Acetophenone Limits in
Atmospheric Air. 04070-F
Experimental Cancer of the
Lung. Inhibition by
Vitamin A of the Induction
of Tracheobronchial
Squamous Metaplasia and
Squamous Cell Tumors.
07340-F
Experimental Carcinogenesis
of the Lung. 09435-F
Experimental Carcinogenicity
and Acute Toxicity of
Representative Epoxides.
00915-F
Experimental Data as a
Basis for the Deter-
mination of the Maximal
Permissible Amylenes
(Pentenes) Concentration
in Atmospheric Air.
04083-F
Experimental Data as a
Basis for the Determination
of Maximal Permissible
Porophore CHKH 3-5 Concen-
tration in the Air of
Working Premises. 04092-F
Experimental Data as a Basis
for the Determination of
Maximal Permissible
Toluylene Diisocyanate
Concentration in
Atmospheric Air. 04087-F
Experimental Data for the
Hygienic Evaluation of
Atmospheric Air
Pollution With Styrol.
05954-F
Experimental Data on the
Hygienic Substantiation
of the Single Per-
missible Concentrations
of Isopropylbenzene
and Isopropylbenzene
Hydroperoxide in
Atmospheric Air.
02566-F
Experimental Determination
of the Limit of Allow-
able Concentration
of Dichlorethane in
Atmospheric Air.
08151-F
Experimental Induction of
Pulmonary Tumors in
Strain-A-Mice After
Their Exposure to an
Atmosphere of Ozonized
Gasoline. 01030-F
Experimental Instrument for
the Continuous Measure-
ment of the Concentration
of Olefins in Air.
05583-D
Experimental Investigation
of Electrical Con-
ductivity of Products
of Combustion, Stimulated
by Solid Particles.
15481-M
Experimental Investi-
gations About the Intake,
Transport, and Metabolism
of Cancerogenic Hydro-
carbons in the Respiratory
Tract. 14724-F
Experimental Program for
the Control of Organic
Emissions From Protective
Coating Operations.
03762-E 03763-E 05648-B
Title 'Index
1095
-------
Experimental Program for
the Control of Organic
Emissions From Protective
Coating Operations
(Interim Rept. No. 5-
Development of Sampling
and Analytical Methods).
05848-D
Experimental Research on
the Link Between
Atmospheric Pollution
and Lung Cancer. 05304-F
Experimental Studies of the
Conditions of Exposure to
Carcinogens for Lung
Cancer Induction. 00754-F
Experimental Study of Atmo-
spheric Air Pollution With
3,4-Benzpyrene in In-
dustrial Sections. 04091-J
Experimental Unit for
Poisoning Animals With
Viscous Liquid Aerosols.
15664-M
Exposure to Carbon Monoxide
of Occupants of Vehicles
Moving in Heavy Traffic.
00268-B
Exposure of Large City In-
habitants to Solid and
Liquid Aerosols. 08274-F
Exposure of Microorganisms
to Low Concentrations
of Various Pollutants.
00992-F
Extended Testing of the
Methane lonization
Detector. 15400-D
Extraction of Organics From
Airborne Particulates:
Effects of Various
Solvents and Conditions
on the Recovery of
Benzo(a)pyrene, Benz(c)-
acridine, and 7H-Benz-
(de)anthracen-7-one.
06200-D
Eye Irritation as a
Biological Indicator
of Photochemical
Reactions in the
Atmosphere. 04645-F
Eye Irritation Formed
During Photooxidation
of Hydrocarbons in
the Presence of Oxides
of Nitrogen. 05819-F
Factors Affecting Carburator
Vapor Losses. 04922-B
Factors Effecting the Response
of Plants to Oxidant Air
Pollutants. 11072-G
Factors Influencing the
Photodynamic Action
of Benzo(a)pyrene on
Escherichia coli.
07463-M
Factors Influencing Vehicle
Evaporative Emissions.
09347-B
Fast Method for Determining
Lead in the Air. 06894-D
Fate of Arenes Incorporated
With Airborne Soot.
02203-M
Fate of Oxides of Nitrogen
Through a Direct Flame
Afterburner in the
Exhaust of a Gasoline
Engine. 00469-D
Fate of Pesticides in the
Environment-a Progress
Report. 04901-F
Feasibility Study of a
Multipurpose Infrared
Propellant Detector.
06284-D
Few Ideas on Counter-
measure as to be Con-
nection With Exhaust
Gas From Gas-Works and
Damage on Mandarin.
14944-E
1096
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Field Survey of Exhaust
Gas Composition.
07629-B
Fight Against Air Pollution
in Argentina Educational,
Legal and Technological
Aspects. 11087-B
Filtration of Waste Air
From Dry Cleaning
Machines. 14028-E
Fine Purification of Gases
With a Highly Active
Copper Catalyst. 13865-E
First Investigations on the
Pollution of the Air of
Turin by Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
15600-J
Five New Methods for the
Spectrophotometric
Determination of Alky-
lating Agents Including
Seme Extremely Sensitive
Autocatalytic Methods.
00765-D
Flame Characteristics Causing
Air Pollution. 06299-B
Flame Characteristics
Causing Air Pollution:
Production of Oxides
of Nitrogen and Carbon
Monoxide. 04653-M
Flame Emission and Duel
Flame Emission-Flame
lonization Detectors
for Gas Chromatography.
03967-D
Flame-Ionizaticn Chro-
matography for
Determination of
Organic Matter in
Air. 11496-D
Flame lonization and Com-
bustion Inhibition.
11210-M
Flame lonization Hydro-
carbon Analyzer.
05617-D
Flash Photolyzed Reactions
Monitored by Time-of-
Flight Mass Spectrometry.
10034-D
Flow of Gases Through
Polyethylene. 1526S-M
Flow of Gases Through Porous
Solids Under the In-
fluence of Temperature
Gradients. 15125-M
Fluoresence of Chickens
and Eggs Following
the Feeding of Benzpyrene
Crystals. 04713-F
Fluorescence-Quenching Effect
in Thin-Layer Chromatography
of Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons and Their
Aza Analogs. 01826-D
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
in the Analysis of Air
Samples. 07908-D
Fluorescent Detection and
Spectrophotofluorometric
Characterization and
Estimation of Carbazoles
and.Polynuclear Carbazoles
Separated by Thin-Layer
Chromatography. 00912-D
Fluorescent Dye Tracer as
a Means for Determining
Physical Decay Rates of
Aerosols. 06504-D
Fluorides and Other Chemical
Air Pollutants Affecting
Animals. OS421-G
Fluorimetric Assay for
Alpha-Glycolic Compounds
and Other Aldehyde
Precursors. 05136-D
Fluorophotometric Deter-
mination of Trace Amounts
of Atmospheric Ozone.
00328-D
Foams for Dust Control at
Sub-Zero Temperatures.
06305-E
Title 'Index
1097
-------
Formation of Ozone in Los
Angeles Smog. 04992-M
Formation of Peroxide
Radicals During Photo-
chemical Oxidation of
Hydrocarbons. 13364-M
Formation of Photo-
chemical Aerosols.
01318-M
Formation of Polycyclic Aro-
matic Hydrocarbons During
Incomplete Combustion.
05325-M
Formation of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in Pre-Mixed Acetylene-
Oxygen Flames. 05345-M
Formation of Polyenic
Dialdehydes in the
Photooxidation of
Pure Liquid Benzene.
08827-M
Formation of Soot and
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in
Diffusion Flames--
Part One. 10741-B
Formation of Soot and Poly-
cyclic Aromatic Hydro-
carbons in Diffusion
Flames. Part Three:
Effect of Additions
of Oxygen to Ethylene
and Ethane Respectively
as Fuels. 12086-D
Formation and Suppression
of Emissions From
Steelraaking Processes.
06611-E
Forward-Looking Exhaust
Gas Research for the
Automotive Petrol
Engine. 15321-E
Four Channel Chromatography
for Rapid Gas Analysis,
09365-D
Four-Year Summary Data From
the Continuous Air
Monitoring Program.
11267-J
Fractionation and Analysis
of a Micro Scale by
Gas Chromatography.
05S78-D
Free-Radical Addition to
Azobenzene in Cumene
Solution. Electron
Paramagnetic Resonance
Spectra of Some Long-
Lived Radical Inter-
mediates. 02493-M
Freezing Point of Gaseous
Mixtures at Very Low
Temperatures. 16169-M
Fresno Air Pollution Study.
03433-J
Fuel Additives for the
Suppression of Diesel
Exhaust Odor and Smoke,
11234-E
Fuel Cell Catalysts.
04272-B
Fuel Cell Energy Storage
Hybrid Systems for
Vehicles. 08873-B
Fuel Cell Fuel Studies.
(Interim Technical
Report, 10 January 1967-
9 July 1967). 09106-B
Fuel Cells. 04316-B
Fuel Cells and Fuel
Batteries--an Engineering
View. 06950-B
Fuel Cells: Principle of
Operation, Design and
Present State of the
Art in Fuel Cell
Development. 07853-B
Fuel Cells: Its Promise
and Problems. 03887-B
Fuel Cells: A Review of
Government-Sponsored
Research, 1950-1964.
07979-B
1098
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Fuel Economy Gains From Heated
Lean Air-Fuel Mixtures
in Motorcar Operation.
029S6-B
Fuel Injection Increases
Economy Reduces Exhaust
Emissions. 03989-B
Fuel Oil Additives for Con-
trolling Air Contaminant
Emissions. 04856-E
Fume Control in Rubber
Processing by Direct-
Flame Incineration.
00257-E
Fume Destroying Process.
13467-E
Fume and Odor Destruction by
Catalytic Afterburners.
14341-E
Fundamental Investigation
of the Catalytic Degra-
dation of Hydrocarbon
Fuels. 05208-M
Fundamental Problems of
Industrial Hygiene in
Processing of
Polyflucrethylene
Resins. 08486-B
Fundamental Studies of
Adsorption of Gases
and Vapours by Active
Bentonite. 13666-M
Further Developments in
the Chemistry of the
Atmosphere. 05627-J
Further Effects of Temperature
and Pressure on Photo-
chemical Oxidant
Production. 02747-D
Future Emission-Controlled
Sport-Ignition Engines
and Their Fuels.
13958-E
Gas Absorption Equipment.
09795-E
Gas Chromatograph for the
Apollo Spacecraft.
01430-D
Gasdiromatograph Column
Circuit for Analysis
of Gases in Closed
Systems for Biological
and Biomedical In-
vestigations. 08285-D
Gas Chromatographic
Analyses of the Principal
Constituents of Mine
Atmospheres. 14839-D
Gas Chromatographic
Analysis of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons at
Atmospheric Concentrations
Using Flame lonization
Detection. 02159-D
Gas Chromatographic
Analysis of Atmospheric
Pollutants in Industries.
04206-D
Gas Chromatographic Analysis
of Hydrocarbons in the
Los Angeles Atmosphere.
01980-J
Gas Chromatographic Analysis
of Paraffins and Olefins
in Complex Hydrocarbon
Mixtures: Chemical
Fractionation With Dual
High-Capacity Tubular
Columns. 00772-D
Gas Chromatographic Analysis
of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Soot
Samples. 14301-D
Gas Chromatographic Analysis
of Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons With Packed
Column (Application to
Air Pollution Studies).
01238-D
Gas Chromatographic Analysis
Shows Influence of Fuel
on Composition of
Automotive Engine Ex-
haust. 01382-B
Title Index
1099
-------
Gas Chromatographic Deter-
mination of Benzo(a)-
pyrene in Cigarette
Smog. 10964-D
Gas Chromatographic Deter-
mination of Hydrocarbons
in Automobile Exhaust.
12001-D
Gas -Chromatographic
Determination of Organic
Compounds in Air and in
Presence of Ozone.
14500-M
Gas Chromatographic
Determination of Polynuclear
Hydrocarbons in Particulate
Air Pollutants. 10946-D
Gas Chromatographic Study
of Some Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons. 02812-M
Gas Chromatographic
Techniques for the
Identification of Low
Concentrations of
Atmospheric Pollutants.
01178-D
Gas Chromatography in Air
Pollution Studies.
01979-D
Gas Chromatography for the
Analysis of Exhaust
Gases. 05263-D
Gas Chromatography of
Cigarette Smoke. Part III.
Separation of the Overlap
Region of Gas and Parti-
culate Phase by Capillary
Columns. 01278-D
Gas Chromatography-Measuring
Exhaust Hydrocarbons Down
to Parts Per Billion.
09342-D
Gas Chromatography of Small
Amount of Hydrocarbons
in the Atmosphere. 01761-C
Gas Emission From Broken Coal.
13882-M
Gas Phase Oxidation on Methyl
Mercaptan. 06719-E
Gas Phase Oxidation of Methyl
Sulfide. 00952-C
Gas Phase Radiolysis of
Cyclopentane. 00190-M
Gas Phase Reactions of Nitrogen
Oxides With Olefins. 01981-J
Gas Phase Titration of
Atmospheric Ozone. 10489-D
Gas Purification and
Separation Process.
15862-E
Gas Release From Coal as a
Function of the Role of
Heating. 10429-B
Gas Removal From Bitwninous
Coal Pits in the Ostrava-
Karvinh District. 04179-E
Gas Sorption by Suspensions
of Activated Carbon in
Water. 05899-E
Gas Transport in Thermally
Conditioned Linear Poly-
ethylene. 15165-M
Gas Utilization Today and
in the Future. 08394-B
Gaseous and Particulate
Emissions From Shale
Oil Operations. 01838-B
Gasoline Composition as
a Factor in Air Pollution.
06S34-E
Gastric Carcinomas and
Pulmonary Adenomas in
Mice Fed Benzo(a)pyrene.
04714-F
General Motors Air In-
jection Reactor System
for the Control of
Exhaust Emissions.
01132-B
Generation of Countable
Pulses by High Con-
centrations of Subcountable
1100
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Sized Particles in the
Sensing Volume of Optical
Particle Counters. 06203-D
Generation and Decay of
Small Ions. Section IV:
The Charging and Mobility
of Chain Aggregate Smoke
Particles. (Progress
Report). 00862-D
Genesis of Phytotoxic Air
Pollutants and Their
Identification and
Measurement by Chemical
and Phytological Methods.
16357-G
Genetic Effects of Poly-
nuclear Hydrocarbons:
Induction of Mitotic
Gene Conversion. 14709-M
Giant-Pulse-Laser Flash
Photolysis of Phthalo-
cyanine Vapor. 15019-M
Growing Problem. 09310-A
Guide to Operation of Atmo-
spheric Analyzers. 09515-D
Guide to the Selection of
Methods for Measuring
Air Pollutants. 08762-D
Halogenated Compounds as
Gaseous Metorological
Tracers: Stability and
Ultrasensitive Analysis
by Gas Chromatology.
016SO-C
Hazards to Health. 05650-F
Hazards of Painting and
Varnishing 1965. 00746-B
Health Aspects of Air Pol-
lution From Investigators.
01941-B
Health Hazards Associated
With Work in Confined
Spaces. 00883-F
Health Hazards of Automobile
Exhaust. 00020-B
Health Hazards of Community
Air Pollution. 05882-F
Health Hazards of Electro-
plating. 05790-F
Health Hazards of the
Pesticides Endrin and
Dieldrin (Hazards in
Some Agriculatural Uses in
the Pacific Northwest.
06496-F
Health Impairment From Exhaust
Gases With Special Reference
to Special Vehicles and Power
Equipment. 07952-F
Health Problems Resulting From
Prolonged Exposure to Air
Pollution in Diesel Bus
Garages. 0605S-B
Health Supervision of Organic
Solvent Handlers. 04148-F
Health and the Urban Environ-
ment. 10987-F
Health and the Urban En-
vironment (Air Pollution
and Family Illness: II.
Two Acute Air Pollution
Episodes in New York
City). 00682-J
Health and the Urban
Environment: Health
Profiles Versus Environ-
mental Pollutants.
01369-F
Hearings-S306. A Bill to
Amend the Clean Air Act
to Require Standards for
Controlling the Emission
of Pollutants From Gasoline-
Powered or Diesel-Powered
Vehicles, to Establish
a Federal Air Pollution
Control Laboratory and
for Other Purposes.
00003-E
Heat of Adsorption of Gases
by Coal and Charcoal.
Title'Index
noi
-------
13636-M
Helical-Coil Distillation
Columns. Part I: Ef-
ficiency Studies. Part
II: Liquid Film Resistance.
15851-M
Hematological Study on
Tri-and Perchlorethylene
Workers. 03898-F
Hepatoxicity of Inhaled
Trichloroethylene and
Tetrachloroethylene Long-
Terra Exposure. 05729-F
Heterogeneous Reactions in
a Free Fall Reactor.
16207-M
High Cost of Foul Air.
12045-G
Hot Gas Engine Revival.
15418-E
How to Increase Liquid
Recovery From Your Gas-
Condensate Oil Wells.
16417-1
How to Protect Elastomer
Parts From Ozone Attack.
0399S-H
How to Study Effect of Blow-
by Gas. OS596-B 01560-D
Hydrocarbon - Air Fuel Cells.
02443-M 03343-M
07682-M
Hydrocarbon-Air Fuel Cell
Using an Acid Electrolyte.
02442-E
Hydrocarbon Content of Urban
Air-A Six Month Survey.
02762-J
Hydrocarbon Constituents of
Automobile Exhaust Gases.
04994-B
Hydrocarbon Control for Los
Angeles by Reducing Gasoline
Volatility. 14463-E
Hydrocarbon Reactivity and
Eye Irritation. 14119-F
Hydrocarbon Reactivity and
the Kinetics of the
Atmospheric Photooxidation
of Nitric Oxide. 03114-M
Hydrocarbon Reactivities
of Motor Fuel Evaporation
Losses. 14264-E
Hydrocarbon Types Determine
Smog-Forming Potential
of Exhaust Gases.
06698-M
Hydrocarbons Ci-C4 in the
Los Angeles Atmosphere.
14180-J
Hydrocarbons Found in
Waxy Layers From Spores
of Basidiomycetes.
10118-F
Hydrochloric Acid Manufacture,
Report No. 3. 02236-B
Hydrocracking Spreads Into
New Areas. 10458-E
Hydrogen-Air Flame Chemi-
luminescence of Some
Organic Halides. 11097-M
Hydrogen Sulfide as a Free
Radical Interceptor in
the Gas-Phase Radiolysis
and Photolysis of
Propane. 00629-C
Hydrogen Reforming for
Fuel Cells. 14519-E
Hydrogenolysis-an Identi-
fication Tool. 08118-M
Hygienic Assessment of
Odor of Nonmetallic
Building Materials.
11486-D
Hygienic Characterization
of Labor Conditions in
the Chlorophos Industry.
05184-B
1102
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Hygienic Conditions on Molding
Polyester Glass Reinforced
Plastics. 00905-B
Hygienic Criteria of Air
Purity in Populated
Areas (According to
Materials of the Geneva
Symposium). 06885-L
Hygienic Evaluation of
Dinyl as an Atmospheric
Air Pollutant. OS949-F
Hygienic Evaluation of Some
Petrochemical Industries.
08524-B
Hygienic Standardization of
Alphamethylstyrene in
Atmospheric Air. 12284-F
Hygienic Standardization of
the Limits of Allowable
Concentrations of Vapors
of Gasoline in Atmospheric
Air. 08153-F
Ice Fog: Low Temperature
Air Pollution (Defined
With Fairbanks, Alaska
as Type Locality.) 00834-C
Identification of Aerosol
Propellants in Paint
Products by Gas-Liquid
Chromatography. 05337-B
Identification of Air Pol-
lution Damage to Agri-
cultural Crops. 05342-G
Identification of Aliphatic
Amines in Air as Their
Benzamides by Paper
Chromatography. 02210-J
Identification of Aromatic
Compounds as Simple
Azines by Paper and Thin-
Layer Chromatography.
01581-D
Identification of Aromatic
Ketones in Cigarette
Smoke Condensate. 16701-D
Identification and Deter-
mination of Unusual
Functional Groups.
00928-D
Identification and Distri-
bution of Air Pollutants
Through Plant Response.
03613-G
Identification of Some
Oxygenates in Automobile
Exhausts by Combined
Gas Liquid Chromatography
and Infrared Techniques.
06699-D
Identification of Vehicle
Tire Rubber in Roadway
Dust. 04895-D
Identification of Volatile
Compounds in Kraft Mill
Emissions. 07214-B
Identification of Volatile
Contaminants of Space
Cabin Materials. 04234-B
08033-B
Ignition and Combustion
Properties of Activated
Carbon Containing
Absorbed Hydrocarbons.
05209-E
Immunologic Method in Air
Pollution Research.
02173-F
Immunologic Response to the
Nitro-Olefins. 00210-F
Importance of Local Retention
of Carcinogenic Agent in
Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer.
06268-F
Improved Absorbers for Sampling
Air Contaminants. 02474-E
Improved Desprption Route to
Normal Paraffins. OOS83-E
Improved Detection and
Title'Index
1103
-------
Identification of In-
capacitating and Lethal
Agents. 07898-D
Improved Evaluation of Poly-
nuclear Hydrocarbons in
Atmospheric Dust by Gas
Chromatography. 05981-D
Improved Sampling Value for
Gas Chromatography.
07104-D
Improved Sulfur-Reacting Micro-
coulometric Cell for Gas
Chromatography. 00942-D
Improvement in Exhaust Gas
Composition of Carburator
Engines. 15257-E
Improvements in the Deter-
mination of Benzo(a)-
pyrene in Air Samples.
06380-D
Improvements in the Processes
and Operation of Plants in
the Chemical Industry Leading
to Reduced Emission. 11058-E
Improving Visibility During
Periods of Supercooled Fog.
06482-C
Impurities in the Air and
Their Influence on Plant
Life. 04984-G
Impurity into Atmospheric
Pollution in the City
of Pescara. 14785-J
Incineration of Epoxy Glass
Laminates to Recover
Precious Metals. 14609-E
Increasing Sensitivity of
3-Methyl-2 Benzothiazalone
Hydrozone Test for
Analysis of Aliphatic
Aldehydes in Air. 01802-D
Indication of the Presence of
Organochlorine Insecticides
in Rain Water in Central
England. 16S26-B
Indicator Method for Deter-
mination of Xylene
Vapor in the Air. 10089-D
Industrial Gas Analysis:
A Literature Review.
09369-D
Industrial Hygiene Hand-
book. 04529-E
Industry Action to Combat
Pollution. 01546-B
Influence of Air-Fuel
Ratio, Spoil Timing and
Combustion Chamber
Deposits on Exhaust
Hydrocarbon Emissions.
03456-E
Influence of Atmospheric
Dispersion on the Ex-
posure of Plants to
Airborne Pollutants.
11010-G
Influence of Engine Variables
on Exhaust Emissions From
Automobile Engine During
Acceleration. 16132-D
Influence of Fuel Types of
Composition of Auto-
motive Engine Exhaust.
12967-B
Influence of Gasoline
Composition on the
Constitution of Engine
Exhaust (Part II of
Atmospheric Pollution:
A Survey of Some Aspects
of the Emissions From
Petrol-Engined Vehicles
and Their Treatment).
02636-B
Influence of Gasoline In-
jection on the Exhaust
Gases of Motor Vehicles.
05380-E
Influence of Improved Mixture
Quality on Engine Exhaust
Emissions and Performance.
07846-E
1104
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Influence of Inlet Air Con-
ditions on Carburetor
Metering. 01850-E
Influence of a Magnetic Field
on the Viscosity of Qi»
and C?4 (Rough Sperical
Molecules). 1S088-M
Influence of Methemoglo-
binemia on the Lethality
.of Some Toxic Anions.
04927-F
Influence of N-P-K Ferti-
lization on Incidence
and Severity of Oxidant
Injury to Mangles and
Spinach. 05666-G
Influence of Natural and
Synthetic Sulphur-and
Nitrogen-Containing Com-
pounds of the Thermooxidiz-
ing Stability of Direct
Distillation of Fuels.
02074-H
Influence of Pathogenic
Viruses on Cancers
Induced by Inhalation.
11275-F
Influence of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
on Bacteriophage Development,
II. 07782-F
Influence of Potassium Chloride
on Combustion Processes
Leading to Ignition.
04926-M
Influence of Vehicle Operating
Variables on Exhaust
Emissions. 00324-B
Infrared Absorption by
Overlapping Bands of
Atmospheric Gases. 08838-D
Infrared Analysis of Multi-
component Gas Mixtures.
06070-D
Infrared Spectroscopy Ap-
plication to Chemical
Kinetic Systems.
14917-M
Inhalation Studies on
Chloropentafluoroethane.
01426-F
Inhibition of Flowering in
Xanthium pensylvanicum
walln. byEt
U7IB7-G
flene.
Initial Lung Clearance of
Di-disperse (2 Micron
and 7 Micron) Polystyrene
Particles in Rabbits.
12580-F
Injurious Effects of Atmospheric
Dusts. 02963-D
Insecticidal Compounds
(Effects on Replication
of Vaccina and Polio
Viruses in Human Chang-
Strain Liver Cells).
06847-F
Insecticide Compound and
Method of Dispensing
an Insecticide. 15996-B
Inspection Method for
Automobile Hydrocarbon
Emission. 08681-D
Inside Air Pollution--
the View From MBS.
08645-M
Instantaneous Monitoring
of Multicomponent Ex-
pired Gases. 02406-D
Instrumentation for Air
Pollution Monitoring.
00141-D
Instrumentation for Ambient
Air Animal Exposure
Project. 06099-F
Instrumentation for Auto-
matic Measurement and
Recording of Laboratory-
Produced Automobile
Exhaust. 01495-D
Instrumentation for Olefin
Analysis at Anfcient
Concentrations. 04960-D
Title llndex
1105
-------
Interaction of Nitrogen
Dioxide—Olefin Gas
Mixtures With Lecithin
Monomolecular Films.
08897-F
Interaction of Protein and
Lipoprotein Monolayers
With Nitrogen Dioxide-Trans
2-Butene Gaseous Mixtures.
11682-F
Interaction of Submicron
Smog Particles and
Vapors. 00069-M
Interactions of Sulfur
Dioxide With Polar
Compounds. Effects
Observable in the UV
Absorption Spectrum.
15329-M
Interactions Between Sulfur
Dioxide and Polar Compounds.
II. Thermodynantic Para-
meters of Complex-Forming
Reactions. 15439-M
Interferometric Measurement
Methods of Air Pollution.
07403-D
Interstate Air Pollution
Study Phase II Project
Report. II. Air
Pollutant Emission
Inventory. 11224-J
Interstate Air Pollution
Study: Phase II Project
Report. III. Air
Quality Measurements.
03449-D 03866-D
Interstate Air Pollution
Study Phase II Project Report.
VI. Effects of Air Pollution.
03027-J
Interstate Air Pollution
Study: Phase II Project
Report VIII. A Proposal
for an Air Resource
Management Program. 01890-B
Interstate Air Pollution
Study: St. Louis-East
St. Louis Metropolitan
Area. 01604-K
Intramolecular Energy
Transfer: Photoelimi-
nation of Halogen Atoms
From Aromatic Ketones.
00917-M
Inverse Polarographic
Determinations of Traces
of Lead in Mixtures of
Technical Hydrocarbons.
05456-D
Investigating Soot and
Atmospheric Dust in the
Mannheim Area. OI714-D
Investigation of the
Autoxidation of Petroleum
Fuels. 03164-B
Investigation of Catalytic
Combustion of Impurities
of Air. 08082-E
Investigation of the Com-
bustion Products of
Alky1-Lead Compounds.
05440-M
Investigations into the
Composition of End Gases
From Otto Cycle Engines.
04731-B
Investigation to Determine
the Possible Need for a
Regulation on Organic
Compound Emissions From
Stationary Sources in
San Francisco Bay Area.
03104-J
Investigation of Diesel
Powered Vehicle Odor and
Smoke. 01867-F 04888-E
Investigation of Diesel
Powered Vehicle Odor and
Smoke-Part 2. 06039-B
Investigation Into Dust-
Caused Damage, Especially
Carcinogenic Effects.
09713-F
1106
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Investigation of the Dynamics
of the Adsorption of
Benzene by Activated
Charcoals With Various
Porous Structures and
Grain Sizes. Communication
3. Analysis of the Kinetic
Factors in Connection With
the Porous Structure
Activated Charcoals.
16348-M
Investigation of the Effect of
Air Pollution on the Health
of Children. 04037-F
Investigation of the Oxidation
Kinetics of Gaseous Sulfur
Dioxide in Water Solutions
and the Processes of Con-
tamination of Manganese
Sulfate With Phenol.
16463-M
Investigation of Thermionic
Detector Response for the
Gas Chromatography of
P,N,AS, and Ci Organic
Confounds. 07749-D
In Vitro Effect of Aliphatic
Nitro Compounds on Tissues.
04575-F
In Vitro Pulmonary Compliance
and Physiopatholgy of
Guinea Pig Lungs Exposed
in Vivo to Gadolinium
SxWDust. 00176-F
Iodine and Nitric Oxide
Catalized Isomerization of
Olefins. V. Kinetics of
the Geometrical Isomerization
of 1,3-Pentadiene, a Check
on the Rate of Rotation About
Single Bonds, and the Allylie
Resonance Energy. 01880-M
Iodine and Nitric Oxide
Catalyzed Isomerization
of Olefins. VII. The
Stabilization Energy in
the Pentadienyl Radical
and the Kinetics of the
Positional Isomerization
of 1,4-Pentadiene.
01680-M
Ion Exchangers in Removal
of Air Contaminants.
07884-E
Irksomeness of Exhaust Gas
Odor. 08604-E
Irradiated Automobile
Exhaust. 07842-F
Irradiation of Single and
Multi-component Hydro-
carbon - and Aldehyde-
Nitric Oxide Mixtures in
Air Under Dynamic and
Static Flow Conditions.
00622-F
Irritant Potency of M-
Terphenyl of Different
Particle Sizes. 06910-F
Isolation, Identification,
and Estimation of Gaseous
Pollutants of Air.
00224-D
Kanawha Valley Air Pollution
Study Health Effects. I.
Design of the Study. 11261-F
Kanawha Valley Air Pollution
Study Health Effects. II.
Conduction of Study. 11259-F
Kanawha Valley Air Pollution
Study Health Effects.
III. Symptom Response to
Daily Measures of Air
Pollution. 11260-F
Kilowatts for Cars - a Comparison
of Energy Costs for Electric
Automobiles. 11265-B
Kinetic Analysis of Odor
Formation in the Kraft
Pulping Process I.
01885-B
Kinetic Model of the Ac-
cumulation of Gaseous
Substances in the Organism
During Periodic Inhalation.
13657-F
Title'Index
1107
-------
Kinetic Studies in Stirred
Reactors: Combustion of
Carbon Monoxide and
Propane. 02253-M
Kinetics of the Adsorption of
Pure Hydrocarbons by
Synthetic Zeolites.
01891-M
Kinetics and Catalysis of
the Reaction Between
Sulfur and Hydrocarbons.
09197-M
Kinetics of Hydrocarbons in
Engine Exhaust Systems.
13951-B
Kinetics of the Hydroremoval
of Sulfur, Oxygen, and
Nitrogen From a Low
Temperature Coal Tar.
1077S-B
Kinetics and Mechanism of
the Gas Phase Reaction
Between Iodine and
Formaldehyde and the
Carbon-Hydrogen Bond
Strength in Formaldehyde.
03088-M
Kinetics and Mschanism of
Hydrogenolyses. The
Addition of Hydrogen
Atoms to Propylene,
Toluene, and Xylene.
09700-M
Kinetics and Mechanism of
the Pyrolysis of 1,4-
Cyclohexadiene. 07457-M
Kinetics and Mechanism of
the Reaction 12 Plus
C^Hf, - C3H51 Plus HI and
the Heat of Formation
of the Allyl Radical.
03067-M
Kinetics of the Reaction
of 0(3p) With Methane in
Oxygen, Nitrogen, and
Argon Mixtures. 01771-M
Kinetics of Vapor Phase
Hydrocarbon-Ozone Reactions.
00773-C
Laser-Excited Vibrational
Fluorescence and Energy
Transfer in Methane.
15020-M
Laser-Induced Infrared
Fluorescence. 1S119-M
Laser-Induced Luminescence
and Dissociation in
Biphenyl. 1505S-M
Laser Oscillations at Sub-
millimetre Wavelengths
From Pulsed Gas Discharges
in Compounds of Hydrogen,
Carbon, and Nitrogen.
16257-M
Laser Photolysis and Spectros-
copy in the Nanosecond
Time Range: Excited Singlet
State Adsorption in Coronene.
15491-M
Latest State of Development
of Instruments for the
Continuous Monitoring of
Gas Emissions. 11061-D
Lead in Gasoline: No Effect
on Exhaust Emissions Found
in 18-Month Consumer-Car
Test. 09355-B
Leaf Injury on Tobacco Varieties
Resulting From Ozone, Ozonated
Hexene-1 and Ambient Air of
Metropolitan Areas. 00184-G
Leeward Deposition of Particles
on Cylinders From Moving
Aerosols. 07705-M
Levels of Chlorinated Hydro-
carbon Pesticides in
Human Tissues. 03962-F
Life Processes of Plants as
Affected by Air Pollution.
04998-G
1108
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Linear-Colorimetric Method
for the Determination of
Carbon Dioxide in Air.
08226-D
Liquid Fuels in Central
Heating Installations for
Urban Heating. 07204-A
Liquid Fuels From Coal
With H-Coal. 09195-E
Liquid Methane....A
Cheaper Means of Peak
Shaving? 16485-M
Liquid Phase Photolysis
of Y-Butyrelactone.
00935-C
Literature and Research Survey
to Determine Necessity and
Feasibility of Air Pollution
Research Project on Com-
bustion of Commercially
Available Fuel Oils.
01626-B
Long-Term Effect of Low
Concentrations of
Ethylene and Tricholor-
ethylene on Newborn
Animals. 11484-F
Long Term Inhalation Ex-
posure Experience With
Reference to Air
Pollution. 03823-F
Longevity of the Phyto-
toxicant Produced From
Gaseous Ozone-olefin
Reactions. 03573-G
Look at Lead Economics in
Motor Gasoline. 11204-1
Los Angeles Rule 66 and
Exempt Solvents. 07187-B
Low Ambient Pressure and
Toxicity. 00429-F
Low-Level Air Sampling and
Meteorological Sounding
System. 00188-D
Luminescent Smoke Generation
Feasibility Study
(Final Report). 11615-B
Lung Cancer Morbidity in
Relation to Air Pollution.
05238-F
Lung-Cancer Mortality as
Related to Residence
and Smoking Histories.
03486-F
Lymphoma and Chronic
Occupational Benzene
Poisoning. 04177-F
Macromolececular Compounds
Isolated From Airborne
Particles by Electrophoresis
and Paper Chromatography.
01991-D
Malodorous Products From
the Combustion of Kraft
Black Liquor. I. Pyrolysis
and Combustion Aspects.
08359-B
Malodorous Products From
The Combustion of Kraft
Black Liquor. II.
Analytical Aspects.
08354-D
Man and Air in California.
00969-B
Management of Dade County's
Air Resources. 03404-J
Man's Tolerance to Trace
Contaminants. 1159 3-F
Manual Methods and Automatic
Continuous Instruments
for Measurement of Gaseous
Air Pollutants. 15171-D
Mass Spectrometric Deter-
mination of the Aliphatic
and Aromatic Content of a
Hydrocarbon Mixture.
05257-D
Mass Spectrometric In-
vestigation of Reaction
Title Index
1109
-------
of Oxygen Atoms With
Methane. 04483-M
Mass Transfer in Drops
Under Conditions that
Promote Oscillation
and Internal Circulation.
06633-E
Materials Deterioration
and Air Pollution (Present
Status of the Public Health
Service's Program). 02380-H
Materials for Determining
the Maximum Permissible
Concentration of
Chlorobenzol in
Atmospheric Air. 06892-F
Materials for Space Cabins:
The Fir Hazard and
Atmosphere Contaminant
Control Problems.
09023-B
Maximum Immission Concen-
trations of Organic
Compounds. 07079-1
Maximum Permissible Con-
centration of Dicyclo-
hexylamine Nitrite in
the Air of Factories.
07574-F
Maximum Permissible Con-
centration of p-
Chlorophenyl
Isocyanate in Factory
Air. 04258-F
Maximum Permissible
Concentration of
Ethylene Oxide in the
Atmosphere. 06895-F
Maximum Permissible
Concentrations of
Harmful Substances in
Atmospheric Air Populat-
ed Places. 02580-L
Maximum Permissible
Concentration of
Tetrachloroethylene
in Factory Air. 04253-F
Maximum Permissible
Concentration of
Thiophene in Atmosphere.
08443-F
Maximum Temperatures At-
tainable by Combustion
of Carbon and Methane
in Air. 14622-M
Measurement of Air Pollution
Around Oil Refineries.
16016-D
Measurement of Air Pollutants.
06112-D
Measurement of Automobile
Exhaust Gas Hydrocarbons.
06052-D
Measurement of Benzo(a)pyrene,
Benzo(k)fluoranthene and
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene by
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy.
08643-D
Measurement of the Exhaust
Composition of Selected
Helicopter Armament
07451-B
Measurement of Infrared
Emission Spectra Using
Multiple-Scan Inter-
ferometry. 0348S-D
Measurement of Polycyclic
Aromatics in the
Atmosphere. 02685-D
Measurements of Methane in
the Troposphere and Lower
Stratospheres. 03673-C
Measurements of Particulate
Air Pollutants With Two
Filter Apparatus of
Different Upper Separation
Limits. 15898-D
Measurements of Styrene
Emissions and Immissions With
the Aid of Gas Chromatography.
15287-J
Measuring the Concentration
of Organic Substance in
Waste Gases by Adsorption
1110
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
and Infrared Spectrcraetry.
12072-D
Measuring and Evaluating
Automobile Exhaust Hydro-
carbon Emissions by
Interrelated Techniques.
11237-D
Measuring the Total Hydro-
carbons in Diesel Exhaust.
09343-D
Mechanism of Action of
Ferrocene on Smoke
Reduction in Diffusion
Planes. 04610-E
Mechanism of Action of the
New Antiknock Compound
Manganese Cyclopentadienyl-
tricarbonyl on the
organism. 14596-F
Mechanism of Carbon
Formation. 15988-M
Mechanism of Coke and Carbon
Black Formation During
Thermal Pyrolysis and
Diffusion Combustion.
15914-M
Mechanism of the Development
of the Hemorrhagic
Syndrome in Chronic
Benzene Intoxication.
08526-F
Mechanism of t'» Diels-
Alder Reactions of
Butadiene. 07791-M
Mechanism of the High-
Temperature Reactions
Between C?H ?and Hydrogen.
05423-M
Mechanism of Photo-Oxidation
in Smog. 05824-M
Mechanism of the Sulfonation
Process. 15784-M
Mechanism of Sulfur-Alkyllead
Antagonism. 0974S-M
Mechanism of the Vapor-Phase
Nitration of Alkanes by
Nitrogen Peroxide. 15238-M
Mechanisms of Air Pollution
Reactions. 06301-D
Mechanisms of Coal Pyrolysis
VIII—The Isothermal
Disengagement of CO and
CH4 in the Range 570-670C.
10292-M
Mechanisms of Photochemical
Reactions in Solution.
XXXIX. Study of Energy
Transfer by Kinetic
Spectrophotometry. 15046-M
Mechanisms for Some High-
Temperature Gas-Phase
Reactions of Ethylene,
Acetylene, and Butadiene.
07458-M
Medical Geology and Geography.
01971-F
Men With Intensive Oc-
cupational Exposure to
DDT. 08329-F
Mercaptides of Cobalt,
Nickel, Copper and
Zinc. 04314-M
Merits of Liquefied Petroleum
Gas Fuel for Automotive
Pollution Abatement.
06104-B
Mesoclimatological Classi-
fication System for Air
Pollution Engineers.
11052-C
Meteorological Aspects of
Air Pollution in Relation
to Biological Responses.
00510-C
Meteorological Aspects of
Atmospheric Pollution and
Atmospheric Chemistry.
11004-C
Title Index
mi
-------
Meteorological Aspects of
Oxidation Type Air
Pollution. 06043-C
Methane Composition of Urban
Atmospheres. 01736-J
Methane Detection. 16507-D
Method and Apparatus for
Testing Automotive Ex-
haust Gas. 14424-E
Method of Controlling Ex-
haust Emission. 13033-E
Method for Detecting Low
Concentrations of Airborne
Gaseous Contaminants.
11540-D
Method for the Detection and
Isolation of Traces of
Organic Fluorine Compounds
in Plants. (Final Report).
00264-D
Method for Determination of
the Total Amount of
Combustible Organic Sub-
stances in Waste Gases
With High Water Vapor
Content. 13028-D
Method for Determining Organic
Substances in Waste Gases.
14476-D
Method for Determining the
Total Amount of Combustible
Organic Substances in Waste
Gases. 07692-D
Method for Gravimetric Trace
Analysis of Hydrocarbon
Vapors. 07373-D
Method f9r On-Site Determination
of Residual Adsorptive
Capacity of Charcoals Used
in Closed Environmental
System. 03185-D
Method of Reacting Aromatic
Hydrocarbons. 15869-M
Method of Removing Nitrogen
Oxides From Gases.
13554-E
Method for Sampling and Deter-
mining Heavy Hydrocarbons
in Combustion Fumes.
11554-D
Method for Sampling and
Determination of Organic
Carbonyl Compounds in
Automobile Exhaust.
08270-D
Method of Separating Sulphur
Dioxide and the Like From
Liquid Hydrocarbons.
15966-E
Methodologic Explorations
in Experimental Respiratory
Carcinogenesis. 08241-F
Methodology in Air Pollution
Studies Using Irradiation
Chambers. 07838-D
Methods for the Determination
of Atmospheric Pollutants.
05951-D
Methods of Determination of
Nitromethane and Nitro-
ethane in the Air Production
Installations. 15730-D
Methods for the Determination
of Some Organic Atmospheric
Air Pollutants. 05959-D
Methods for the Determination
of Sodium and Butyl 2,4-
Dichlorophenoxyacetates
in Air. 08446-D
Methods for Determining Nitrogen
Oxides in Automotive Exhausts.
10242-D
Methods for Estimating Oxides
of Nitrogen Emissions From
Combustion Processes. 04550-M
Methods of Evaluating the Ex-
posure to Toxic Substances by
Analyzing the Metabolites in the
Body. 131S4-D
Methods of Generating Mono-
disperse Aerosols (Section II).
07272-M
1112
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Methods and Instruments Utilized
at the F.R.I.F. Experimental
Station for the Measurement of
Diffusion Flames. 16363-D
Methods for Lowering Solvent
Concentrations in the
Air of Plants Engaged in
Dry Cleaning Clothes. 04114-B
Methods of Measurement of Air
Pollution. 03032-L
Methods of Measuring Air Pol-
lution. Measurement of
Hydrocarbons. (Part 5)
04210-D
Methods of Measuring Air Pol-
lution (Report of the Working
Party on Methods of Measuring
Air Pollution and Survey
Techniques). 01593-D
Methods of Reducing Pollution
Caused by Internal Com-
bustion Engines. 03122-B
Methods of Reducing Pollution
Caused by Specific Industries
03129-B
Methods of Reducing Pollution
Caused by Specific Industries
(Chapter V. Oil Industry).
03128-B
Methods and Techniques
Carried out in France in
the Fight Against Atmospheric
Pollution. 00453-C
3-Methyl-2-Benzothiazolone
Hydrazone Test. Sensitive
New Methods for the
Detection, Rapid Estimation,
and Determination of
Aliphatic Aldehydes.
02097-D
Microchemical Pollutants in
the Environment. 07599-A
Microdetermination of
Caffeine Using the Ring
Oven Technique. 00492-D
Microdetermination of Ozone
in Smog Mixtures (Nitrogen
Dioxide Equivalent Method).
03544-D
Microdetermination of Rosin
and Fatty Acids in Tall
Oil. 13453-M
Microestimation of Benzo(a)-
pyrene in Airborne
Particulates and Air
Pollution Source
Effluents. 11091-D
Micro-Method for Rapid
Tesing of Catalysts
for the Oxidation of
Combustible Gases.
05415-E
Middle Ultraviolet and Air
Pollution. 07981-D
Military Procurement
Problems Resulting From
Air Pollution Controls.
14728-E
Mineral Components and 3,4-
Benzpyrene in Air R>1-
lutants of Tokyo. 00451-D
Minor Products of Combustion
in Large Coal-Fired Steam
Generators. 05011-B
Mist Removal From Compressed
Gases. 00587-E
Mixed Informations. 16439-M
Mixture Pre-Treatment for
Clean Exhaust—the Zenith
"Duplex" Carburetion System.
09337-E
Mobile Test Station for Motor
Vehicle Exhaust. 16170-D
Mode of Action of Some Toxic
Substances With Special
Reference to the Effects
of Prolonged Exposure.
03702-F
Model Aerosols for Atmospheric
Smog. 01587-C
Title'Index
1113
-------
Model Pyrolysis-the Study of
Cellulose. 13668-B
Modern Approach to Air Dustiness
in Workshops. 06677-L
Modified Method of Determining
3,4-Benzpyrene in the Atmo-
sphere. 02581-D
Modified Total Combustion
Analyzer for Use in Source
Testing Air Pollution. 03965-D
Moisture Permeability of
Polymers. I. Role of
Crystallinity and
Orientation. 15405-M
Molecular Association of
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
With Thionyl Chloride,
Sulphuryl Chloride, and
Sulphur Dioxide. 16052-M
Molten Salt Catalysts for
Hydrocracking of Poly-
nuclear Hydrocarbons.
04022-M
Monitoring of Contaminants.
The First Step in Mr
Pollution Control.
05322-D
Monitoring Methane in
Atmosphere With a
Flame lonization
Detector. 01823-D
Morbidity and Mortality in
Man Caused by Pulmonary
Cancer and its Relation
to the Pollution of the
Atmosphere in the Areas
of Aluminum Plants.
08244-F
More Letters in the Wind.
16318-B
Mortality From Pesticides
in 1961. 01051-F
Motor Vehicles, Air
Pollution and Health
(The Schenck Act).
00052-B
Motor Vehicle Emissions
and Their Effects.
05912-B
Motor Vehicle Emission
Standards-Present and
Future. 00157-L
Motor Vehicles Engines.
14723-E 08567-E
Motor Vehicle Exhaust
Concentrations in a
Road Tunnel. 03255-B
Motor Vehicle Exhaust
Studies at Three Selected
Sites. 01673-B
Motor Vehicle Pollution in
California. 03944-K
Motor Vehicle Pollution
Control. 03614-K
Multidimensional Chroma-
tography of Arenes
Produced During Combustion.
02495-M
Multiple-Chamber -Incinerators
for Burning Wood Work.
09825-B
Multiple Refrigerants in
Natural Gas Liquefaction.
15134-M
Mylar Bags Used to Collect
Air Samples in the Field
for Laboratory Analysis.
03971-D
A-Naphthylamine and B-
Naphthylamine in
Cigarette Smoke.
15708-D
National Air Surveillance
Networks Continuous Air
Monitoring Program
(1966 Data Tabulations
and Summaries for Chicago,
Cincinnati, Denver,
Philadelphia, St. Louis,
and Washington, D. C.).
06701-J
1114
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Natural Gas Challenges the
Gas Industry. Part Two.
12085-B
Natural Gas and Clean Air.
08408-K
Nature and Control of Air-
craft Engine Exhaust
Emissions. 15399-B
Nature and Effects of
Photochemical Air Pollutants
on Man and Animal. I.
General Characteristics
and Community Concen-
trations. 04321-F
Nature of Some Model
Photochemical Aerosols.
06102-M
Nature, Sources, and Fate
of Air Contaminants.
00233-A
Nature of the Benzene-Soluble
Fraction of Air Particulate
Matter. 00293-D
Nature of Hydrocarbon Ad-
sorption on Graphite,
Oxides, Hydroxides, and
Chemically Modified
Surfaces. 14391-M
Nature of Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in Air Parti dilates
(A Report of Some
Observations in the
Sydney Area). 05501-D
Naval Research Laboratory
(NRL) Total Hydrocarbon
Analyzer. 08519-D
Needs for New Instrumentation
for Monitoring the At-
mosphere for Organic
Gases and Vapors. 02349-D
New Analytical Reagent for
the Spectrophotomatric
Determination of Calcium
(II), 2-chloro-5-cyano-
3,6-dihydroxy-benzoquinone.
13278-M
New Atmosphere Irradiation
Chamber. 03575-M
New Automobile Exhaust
Analytical Train. 03267-D
New Color Reaction for
Vapors of Certain Aromatic
Hydrocarbons. 08490-D
New Colour Tests for the
Larger Polynuclear Aro-
matic Hydrocarbons.
02077-D
New Data on Limits of
Allowable Atmospheric
Air Pollutants. 05940-L
New Developments in Chemical
Carcinogenesis by Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons and Related
Heterocycles: A Review.
05284-F
New Developments in Hydro-
carbon Gas Technology.
08476-E
New Distributing Injection
System and its Potential
for Improving Exhaust
Gas Emission. 10S39-E
New Instrumentation and
Techniques for Pollution
Monitoring. 04881-D
New Jersey Air Sanitation
Program-A Review and
Proposals for the Future.
00599-A
New Method of Detection of
Glyoxal. 02079-D
New Method for the Photo-
metric Determination of
Primary Amines. 02843-D
New Method for the Spectro-
photometric Determination
and Characterization of
N, N-Dialkylanilines,
Diphenylamines and
Carbazoles Using 5-
Nitroisatin. 02078-D
Title'Index
1115
-------
New Methods for the Spot
Test Detection and
Spectrophotometric
Determination of Formic
Acid. 02080-D
New Photocolorimetric Method
for the Determination of
Naphthalene in Air.
06902-D
New Polynuclear Aromatic
Compounds Showing
Carcinogenic Activity.
01636-F
New Procedure Checks
Vehicle Exhaust Emissions.
08899-K
New Process for Desulfuri-
sation of Hydrocarbons
and Technical Gases.
1S327-E
New and Revised Motor Vehicle
Standards Adopted. 16S18-L
New Simplified Detector for
the Analysis of Organic
Impurities in Atmosphere
and Exhaust Gases.
05837-D
New Specific Analytical
Procedure for the
Detection and Character-
ization of 1,4-Naphtho-
quinones. 02081-D
New Studies on the Presence
of Aromatic P9lycyclic
Hydrocarbons in the Atmo-
spheric Dusts of the Historic
Center of the City of Siena.
09936-J
New Techniques for Testing Trace
Hydrocarbon Contamination of
Gases. 02500-D
New Test for the Detection
of Aralkyl and Dialkyl
Ketones Containing the
OC-CH2-Grouping. 02798-D
Nitric Oxide Explosion.
13415-M
Nitric Oxide and Iodine
Catalyzed Isomerization
of Olefins. IV.
Thermodynamic Data From
Equilibrium Studies of
the Geometrical Isomeri-
zation of 1,3-Pentadiene.
01881-M
Nitric Oxide and Iodine
Catalyzed Isomerization
of Olefins. VI. Thermo-
dynamic Data From
Equlibrium Studies of the
Geometrical and Positional
Isomerization of N-Pentenes.
00128-M
Nitrogen: Formation by Photo-
oxidation of Ethylene in
the Presence of its Oxides.
01244-C
Nitrogen Tetroxide Disposal
Unit Combustion Products.
05649-B
Nitro-Olefins as Potential
Carcinogens in Air Pol-
lution. 00630-F
Non-Dispersive Infrared Gas
Analysis With the Unor
Apparatus. 08592-D
Non-Selective Collector for
Sampling Gaseous Air Pol-
lutants. (Final Report)
03425-D
November-December 1962 Air
Pollution Episode in the
Eastern united States.
00783-C
Nuclear Power and the Air
Pollution Problem.
04492-B
Nuclear Submarine Atmospheres.
Part 2. Development of
Total Hydrogen Analyzer
(Interim Report). 15529-D
Nuclear Submarine Atmospheres.
Part 3. Aromatic Hydro-
carbon Content. 05042-D
1116
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Observations From a Ten-
Year-Study of Pollution
at a Site in the City
of London. 04651-J
Occupational Factors in
Carcinogenesis. 01762-F
Occurrence, Distribution,
and Significance of
Photochemical Air
Pollution in the United
States, Canada, and
Mexico. 00229-G
Occurrence of Normal Paraffin
Hydrocarbons in Nature
(Tables § Bibliography).
02506-M
October 1963 New Orleans
Asthma Study. 00638-F
Odor Threshold Determinations
of 53 Odorant Chemicals.
14109-D
Odor Thresholds of Solvents
for Assessment of Solvent
Odors in the Air. 03773-D
Oil Burners for Domestic
Applications: Present
Design and Future
Developments. 02001-B
04361-B
Oil Firing and Odour Problems.
10075-B
Oil Refining Tandem Pulls---
High Purity Aromatics
From Coke-Oven Oil.
13S53-M
Oil and Solvent Re-Refining.
09857-B
Oil-Water Effluent Systems.
09839-B
Olefin Isomerization in
Adsorptive Sampling on
Activated Carbon. 04S47-D
Organic Fraction of Parti-
culate Pollution, In-
cluding Polycyclic Hydro-
carbons. 05502-D
Organic Halogen Compounds.
01763-B
Organic Lead-Cincinnati 1964.
01089-J
Organic Spectrophoto-
metric Analysis-Review.
03523-D
Orientation Data for the
Determination of Maximal
Permissible Alpha-Methyl
Styrol Concentration in
the Air of Working Premises.
04111-F
Orientation Data for the Deter-
mination of Maximal Permissible
DDT Concentration in the Air
of Working Premises. 04107-F
Oscillatory Conbustion at
Elevated Pressure. 11263-B
Overall Kinetics of High
Temperature Methane
Oxidation in a Flow
Reactor. 10045-M
"Oxidant" Air Pollutants as
Phytotoxicants. 00009-G
Oxidant Plant Damage From
Ozone-Olefin Reactions.
03595-G
Oxidation Catalysts.
13144-E
Oxidation of CO and Hydro-
carbons Over Supported
Transition Metal Oxide
Catalysts. 14335-M
Oxidation of Gaseous Hydro-
carbons in Concentrations
of Parts Per Million in
Flow Systems. Oxidation
of 1-Butene in Type 410
Stainless Steel Tubes.
13034-M
Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
on Simple Oxide Catalysts.
07607-M
Oxidation of Nitrogen During
Title'Index
1117
-------
Conbustion of Methane-
Nitrogen-Oxygen Mixtures.
14385-M
Oxidation o£ Spot by
Hydroocyl Radicals.
04201-M
Oxidation of Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons. 050S8-M
Oxides of Nitrogen From Air
Added in Exhaust Ports.
01854-E
Oxides of Nitrogen in the
Atmosphere. 01572-B
Oxides of Nitrogen From
Gas Turbines. 06435-D
Oxides of Nitrogen and
Unbumed Hydrocarbons
Produced During Controlled
Ccnbustion. 03107-M
Oxygen Atom Reactions
With Condensed Olefins.
07509-M
Oxygenated Solvents. Re-
formulating Nitrocellulose
Lacquers. 12084-B
Ozone Analysis With the
Mini-Adak II. 06050-D
Ozone Resistance Barrier
Material. 03524-H
Ozonolysis. Evidence for
Carbonyl Oxide Tauto-
merization and for 1,3-
Dipolar Addition to
Olefins. 00565-M
Ozonospheric Modification
by Missile Exhaust.
06994-C
Paint Finisher and Air
Pollution. 05471-E
Paper Chromatographic
Identification of Carbonyl
Cofflpounds as Their 2,4-
Dinitrophenylhydrozones
in Automobile Exhaust.
01720-D
Paper and Thin-Layer
Electrophoretic Separation
of Polynuclear Aza
Heterocyclic Confounds.
04328-D
Paramagnetic Resonance of
Some Benzophenone
Derivatives in Their
Phosphorescent State.
07097-D
Parameters. 06722-A
Parameters of Aerometric
Measurements for Air
Pollution Research.
03520-D
Partial Confcustion of
Residual Fuels. 04668-M
Partial Oxidation Products
Formed During Combustion.
05643-M 09046-M
10475-B
Partial Oxidation Products
Formed During Combusti on
(Sixteenth Progress
Report July 1 to
Dec. 31, 1966). 02734-M
Particle Size Analysis of
Paraffin Aerosols by
Electron Microscopy.
02657-D
Particular Problems With
Exhaust Gas Analysis
at Volkswagenwerk AG.
14697-B
Particulate Air Pollutants
Resulting From Com-
bustion. 01798-D
Pathological Symptons Due
to Inhalation of Asbestos
Dust. 10239-F
Patterns of Aerosol Particles
Settling in Streamline
Flow in a Straight
Horizontal Tube. 02205-D
1118
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Perfluoroisobutylene and
Hexafluoropropene Deter-
mination in Air. 02854-D
Performance of Anhydrous
Anmonia as a Spark
Ignition Engine Fuel.
02527-B
Performance of a Flue-Fed
Incinerator. 07561-B
Periodic Acid, A Novel
Oxidant of Polycyclic,
Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
11147-M
Permeation, Diffusion, and
Solubility of Methyl
Bromide and Isobutene in
Polyethylene. 15032-M
Permeation of Gases Through
Polyethylene Films at
Elevated Pressures.
1S074-M
Pesticides. 07964-F
Pesticides Poisoning: The
Insecticides. 06219-F
Petroleum Asphalt In-
halation by Mice. 08015-F
Petroleum Refining Industry.
Air Pollution Problems
and Control Methods.
01620-B
Philips-Sterling Engine.
15243-M
Philosophy of Establishing
Air Quality Criteria as
Guides for the Settling
of Air Pollution Control
Standards in the United
States. 07601-L
Photoactivation of Polynu-
clear Hydrocarbons.
00663-F
Photochemical Air Pollution
Damage to Plants.
03615-G
Photochemical Addition
of Hydrogen Bromide to
2-Butene in the Gas
Phase. 02258-M
Photochemical Aerosol
Formation in Sulfur
Dioxide-Hydrocarbon
Systems. 07108-M
Photochemical Air Pollution
Syndrome as Exhibited
by the Attack of October
1965. OOS02-C
Photochemical Aspects of
Air Pollution: A Review.
00757-C
Photochemical Changes in
Thin Layer Chroma-
tograms of Polycyclic,
Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
06955-D
Photochemical Effects of
Nitrogen Oxides. 01575-B
Photochemical Measurements
of Ultraviolet Sunleight.
01027-C
Photochemical Oxidation
of Benzo(a)pyrene.
02853-M
Photochemical Oxidations.
I. Ethyl Iodine.
03488-M
Photochemical Oxidations.
II. Ms thy 1 Iodide.
04583-M
Photochemical Oxidations.
III. Acetone. 02534-M
Photochemical Oxidations.
IV. Acetaldehyde.
02S35-M
Photochemical Reactions of
Alpha, Beta-Unsaturated
Carbonyl Compounds With
Olefins. 07510-M
Photochemical Reactivities
of Exhausts From 1966
Model Automobiles
Title'Index
1119
-------
Equipped to Reduce
Hydrocarbon Emissions.
05533-C
Photochemical Reactivity of
Solvents. 08S58-M
Photochemical Studies in
Rigid Matrices. II. A
Study of the Photochemical
Reactivity of Anthracene
in Polystyrene and the
Development of an 0-
Nitrobenzaldehyde
Actinometer in Poly-
methylmethacrylate. 10519-M
Photochemical Reaction
Products in Air Pollution.
03618-G
Photochemical Reactivity of
Trichloroethylene and
Other Solvents 15354-D
Photochemical Studies of
Air Pollution. II.
Studies on Photochemical
Products of Auto Exhaust.
15911-M
Photochemical Studies in
an Alkali Halide Matrix.
I. 01210-M
Photochemical Transformation
of a Beta, Gamma Epoxy
Ketone. 003S5-M
Photochemically Induced
Reactions of Acetylenes
With Aromatic Compounds.
01194-C
Photochemistry of 2-Alkyl-
aminophenoxaz-3-ones.
01186-M
Photochemistry of the
Azoalkanes. 11239-M
Photochemistry of Gama-
Butyrolacetone in the
Liquid Phase. 10512-M
Photochemistry of Hetero-
cyclic Compounds
(a Literature Survey).
04285-M
Photochemistry of Ketones
and Aldehydes. 12169-M
Photochemistry of the
System Ketene-NO-H?-
09078-M
Photochemistry of Un-
saturated Carbonyl
Derivatives and
Related Small Ring
Systems. (Final Rept.
July 1, 1963—Dec. 31,
1965.) 02445-M
Photochemistry of Un-
saturated Systems Con-
taining Hetero Atoms
Other Than Oxygen.
03009-M
Photocyclization of 3,3-
Dimethyl-l-Phenylbutene-1.
A Novel Photoinduced 1,2-
Methyl Migration.
00356-M
Photodynamic Dioassay of
Polycyclic Air Pollutants.
02169-J
Photodynamic Bioassay of
Polycyclic Atmospheric
Pollutants. 01302-D
Photoelectrocolorimetric
Determination of Higher
Aliphatic Amines in Air.
03937-D
Photoelectrometric Method
for the Determination of
Low 3,4-Benzpyrene Con-
centrations. 04085-D
Photoelimination of Ethylene
From 2-Pentanone. 01233-M
Photodynamic Bioassay of
Benzo(a)pyrene With
Paramecium caudatum.
01025-F
Photoinitiation of Uni-
molecular Reaction. The
Photolysis of 2,3-
Diazabicyclo (2.2.1)
Hept-2-ene. 02528-M
1120
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Photoionization Resonance
Spectra. I. Nitric
Oxide and Benzene.
14293-M
Photolysis of 1,1-Azo-n-
butane Vapor: the
Reactions of the N-Butyl.
01648-M
Photolysis of 1,1-Azoisobu-
tane Vapor at 3660A; the
Reactions of the Isobutyl
Free Radical. 07512-M
Photolysis of CO, at 470 A.
03184-M
Photolysis of Cyclobutane at
Photon Energies Below
and Above the lonization
Energy. 04456-M
Photolysis of Cyclopentane
at 1470, 1236, and 1048-
1067 A. 09267-M
Photolytic Degradation as
a Means of Organic
Structural Determination.
08105-M
Photolytic Desulfurization
of Dibenzoylstilbene
Episulphide. 00353-M
Photolytic Processes in
Perfluorocyclobutanone
Vapor. 02337-M
Photooxidation of Nitrogen
Dioxide Mixtures in
Air. 01825-C
Photooxidation of 1,1-Azoiso-
butane: Ihe Reactions of
the Isobutyl Free Radical
With Oxygen. 11248-M
Photooxidation of Butene-1
by Nitrogen Dioxide at
Short Wave-Lengths.
09079-M
Photooxidation of Diethyl
Ketone Vapor. 08353-M
Photooxidation of Hydro-
carbons. 01747-M
Photooxidation of Hydro-
carbons in the Presence
of Aliphatic Ketones.
05333-M
Photooxidation of Perflu-
oroethyl Iodide and Per-
fluoro-n-propyl Iodide.
02517-M
Photooxidation of Propylene
With Nitrogen Oxide in
the Presence of Sulfur
Dioxide. 0884S-M
Photoreduction of 2,2-Diphenyl-
L-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in
Hydrocarbons. 02496-M
Physioochemical Mechanism
of Natural Gas Com-
bustion. 14379-M
Physicochemical Studies of
Molybdena Re-Forming
Catalysts. 16608-M
Physiological and Biochemical
Effects of Atmosperic
Oxidants on Plants.
00950-G
Physiological Responses of
Plants to Air Pollutants.
03629-G
Pilot Study of Ultraviolet
Radiation in Los Angeles,
October 1965. (A Report
on Concurrent Measurements
Made by Cooperating
Organizations by Various
Methods. 01481-C
Plant Damage by Air Pol-
lution. 03616-G
Plant Damage and Eye Ir-
ritation From Ozone-
Hydrocarbon Reactions.
05680-F
Plant Damage: An Indicator
of the Presence and
Distribution of Air
Pollution. 02299-G
Plant Damage by Pollution
Derived From Automobiles.
03596-G
Title Index
1121
-------
Plant Damage Caused by Ir-
radiation of Aldehydes.
00961-G
Plant Injury Induced by Photo-
chemical Reaction Products
of Propylene-Nitrogen
Dioxide Mixtures. 05610-G
Plant Response to Polluted
Air. 05724-G
Plastic Bags for Collection
of Gas Samples. 01876-D
Plastic Containers for
Sampling and Storage of
Atmospheric Hydro-
carbons Prior to Gas
Chromatographic Analysis.
00584-D
Platinum Oxidation Catalysts
in the Control of Air
Pollution. 04558-E
Pneumonia Due to Liquid
Paraffin: With Chemical
Analysis. 07342-F
Pneumatic Fuel Atomisation
as Applied to Automobile
Air Pollution Control.
OOOS7-E
Poisoning From Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Solvent.
04124-F
Policies on the Prevention
of Air Pollution Due to
Automobile Exhaust Gas.
02142-E
Polluted Air. Origin,
Medical Significance
and Combating of
Polluted Outside Air.
16345-F
Polluted Air Production
With Gaseous Particles.
12949-M
Polluted Urban Air and
Related Environmental
Factors in the Pathogenesis
of Pulmonary Cancer.
08243-F
Pollution of the Air by Auto-
mobile. Evolution of the
Formulation of the Rules
of the European Plan. Com-
parison of Limits Anticipated
in Europe and the U.S.A.
14842-L
Pollution by Air by Synthetic
Fatty Alcohols Around a
Factory Producing Fat
Substitutes. 02548-B
Pollution of Air by a
Synthetic Rubber Plant.
03930-J
Pollution Control at Femdale,
Washington. 03864-E
Pollution by Exhaust: U. S.
Law and a U. K. System.
04659-E
Pollution in Road Tunnels.
15769-B
Pollution by Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
the City of Sydney. 05675-J
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydro-
carbons From Diffusion
Flames and Diesel Engine
Combustion. 01008-B
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons of
Carcinogens for Man.
01968-F
Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Elution
From Carbon Black or
Rubber Products. 04706-F
Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Ratios:
Their Use in Studying the
Sequence of Combustion in
a Hand-Fired Intermittent
Brick Kiln. 02023-B
Polyneuritis After Occupational
Contact With DDT. 07956-F
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydro-
carbon Composition of the
Atmosphere in Some Large
American Cities. 02944-J
1122
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydro-
carbons Associated With
Particulates in Pittsburgh.
00727-J
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydro-
carbon. Composition
of Air Polluted by
Coal-Tar Pitch Fumes.
02226-D
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydro-
carbons in Urban Atmospheres
in Ontario. 00689-J
Polynuclear Aza Compounds
in Automotive Exhaust.
00870-F
Polynuclear Hydrocarbon
Emissions From Selected
Industrial Processes.
00621-B
Polystyrene Aerosols--
Electrical Charge and
Residue Size Distribution
(Section III.). 07273-M
Polysulfones From Acetylenes
and Sulfur Dioxide.
15970-M
Portable Detector for Mixed
Hydrazines Propellant
Fuel Vapors at Low
Concentration. 04440-D
Possible Contamination of
Chemical Products With
3,4-Benzpyrene During
Their Manufacture. 03935-B
Possibilities of Decontami-
nating Exhaust Gases of
Otto Engines. 00269-
Possibility of Automobile Air
Pollution Control by Low
Pressure Petrol Injection
System. 15895-E
Potential of Modifications
to the Engine Induction
System on Performance
and Emissions. 02328-B
Potentialities of Emission
Reduction by Design of
Induction Systems. 01873-E
Potpouri That is Exhaust
Gas. 01384-B
Preliminary Meteorological
Analysis of National Air
Sampling Network Data.
Vol. II. Comparison and
Interpretation of Results.
02351-J
Preliminary Observations on
the Relationship Between
Eye Irritation in Synthetic
Systems and in the Atmo-
sphere. 01596-F
Preliminary Results of
Toxicity Studies in
5 PSIA 100% Oxygen
Environment. 03820-F
Preliminary Studies on Light-
Induced Carbon Monoxide in
Closed Environments.
02472-M
Prepared Discussion: Air Pol-
lution on Lung Cancer.
04590-F
Presence of Carcinogenic
Substances and 3,4-
Benzpyrene in Particular,
in the Environment of Man.
07301-F
Presence of Oxidants in the
Atmosphere of Certain
Towns in the U.S.S.R.
07830-D
Present Day Conditions of
Atmospheric Air Pollution
by Automobile Exhaust
Gases in Cities and
Problems of its Control.
08165-B
Present Status of Air
Pollution. 04212-A
Present Status of Air
Pollution in Cities
and Towns. 07393-J
Present Status of Atmospheric
Pollution in the United
States. 03085-A
Title Index
1123
-------
Present Status of Exhaust
Gas Control in the DDR
(East Germany). 10553-K
Pressure-Broadening Effects
on Infrared Peak Intensi-
ties of Hydrocarbons.
03448-D
Pressure Relief and Blow-
downs Fundamentals of
Engineering Offsites
and Utilities for the
HPI (Part 6). 06159-E
Prevention of Air Pollution
by Fumes From Baking
Finishes. 02112-E
Prevention of Atmospheric
Pollution in Petroleum
Refineries. 14798-B
Primate, Canine and Rodent
Tracheobronchial
Epithelial Response to
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
and Air Pollutant Extracts
in Organ Culture: A
Progress Report. 11299-F
Problem of Cancer in New
Zealand. 07159-F
Problem of the Carcino-
genicity of Atmospheric
Pollutants. III. The
Radioactive Tracer
Technique for the
Quantitative Determination
of Aromatic Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons. 15763-D
Problem of Hygienically Per-
missible Limiting Concen-
trations of Air Pollution.
00411-L
Problem of Limiting Emission
of Toxicants by Motor
Vehicles in Europe. 14475-L
Problem of Removing the
Carcinogenic Properties
of Brick Coal. 02600-E
Problematics Concerning the
Determination of Benzpyrene
in Atmospheric Air.
06634-D
Problems of Air Pollution
in Plant Pathology. 05344-G
Problems of Air Pollution
due to Vehicle Emission
Gases. 06144-E
Problems of Basic Urban Air
Pollution. 03202-B
Problems of Exhaust Gases
From Otto Engines-Results
of Other and Original
Measurements. 1536 7-B
Problems and Methods of
Solution of Eliminating
Noxious Substances From
Internal Combustion
Engines. 08803-L
Procedures in Sampling and
Handling Auto Exhaust,
01269-D
Process for Disposal of
Chlorinated Organic
Residues. 04535-E
Process for Removing Organic
Contaminants From Air.
13217-E
Process for Separating
Acidic Gases. 15999-E
Process for the Separation
of Acidic Gases From
Fluids. 15861-E
Process of Purifying Gases,
Especially Synthesis-
and Fuel-Gases. 15778-E
Processes for Removing
Stilbene From Tall Oil
Fatty Acids. 13465-M
Production of Lung Cancer
in Mice by Inhalation
Exposure to Influenza
Virus and Aerosols of
Hydrocarbons. 01015-F
Production of Pure Peroxyacyl
Nitrates. 00238-M 03292-G
Products and Biological
1124
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Effects From Irradiation
of Nitrogen Oxides With
Hydrocarbons or Aldehydes
Under Byname Conditions.
01402-F
Products of Combustion of
Gaseous Fuels. 04995-B
Program Development Through
Applying Measurements and
Monitoring Khow-How. 04596-D
Progress in Medical Research
on Air Pollution. 00281-F
Progress in the Prevention and
Control of Air Pollution.
First Report of the Secretary
of Health, Education, and
Welfare to the United
States Congress. 10205-K
Progress Report on the Chemistry
of Community Air Pollution.
01591-F
Progress Report on the
Development of Exhaust
Manifold Reactors. 11548-E
Progress Report: Permeation
Standards for Trace Gas
Analysis. 11270-D
Progress Report on the Photo-
chemistry of Polluted
Atmospheres. 01603-F
Project of Normalized Method
for Determination of Vapors
of Benzyl Chloride in Air.
15749-D
Project Stratofire. 04013-E
Propagators for Alternant
Hydrocarbon Molecules.
04409-M
Proposed New Sanitary-
Standards for Projected
Industrial Production
Plants. 07289-L
Prospects for Exhaust
Control by Engine
Modification. 05822-E
Protection of City Air From
Motor Vehicle Exhaust
Gases. 16444-E
i
Protective Coatings and
Rule 66. 05106-B
Products of the Conmon In-
fluence of Sulfur Dioxide
and Chlorine on Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons in Ultra-
violet Light. IV Part:
The Products of the
Common Influence of
Sulfur Dioxide and
Chlorine on N-Dodecane.
16605-M
Properties of Diffusion
Coefficients in Polymers.
15131-M
Proton Magnetic Resonance
Analysis of Gasolines.
08316-D
Psychophysiological Testing
of Human Subjects Exposed
to Solvent Vapors.
OS418-F
Public Health Aspects of
Air Pollution From
Diesel Vehicles.
16024-B 07S96-B
Public Health Aspects of
Increasing Tetraethyl
Lead Content in Motor
Fuel. 07270-F
Public Nuisance Due to
Organic Solvents and
Propane Gas (LPG).
14494-F
Pulmonary Neoplasma Pro-
duced by Methylcholan-
thyene in the White
Pekin Duck. 06266-F
Pulmonary Toxicological
Manifestations of
Terpene Particles.
09002-F
Pulse-Sampling Technique for
the Study of Electron-
Title Index
1125
-------
Attachment Phenomena.
00119-M
Pumps. 09840-B
Purification of Air Pol-
luted by Vapors and Gases.
08162-E
Purification of Hydrocarbon-
Sulfur Dioxide-Chlorine
Reaction Products. 15990-M
12-Pyridylbenz(a)anthracenes.
01635-M
Pyrolysis of Refuse Com-
ponents. 07882-E
Quality of Atmospheric Air
in the Vicinity of
Petroleum Refinery Plants.
07304-J
Quality Control Aspects of
Chrysler's Cleaner Air
System. 16361-D
Quality Standards for Air
and Water. 01270-J
Quantitative Analysis of
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
in Atmosphere Samples
and Biological Tissues.
01049-F
Quantitative Composition of
Air Pollution Source
Effluents in Terms of Aza
Heterocyclic Compounds and
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydro-
carbons. 00625-J
Quantitative Composition of
the Urban Atmosphere in
Terms of Polynuclear
Aza Heterocyclic Com-
pounds and Aliphstic
and Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
00931-D
Quantitative Determination
of Benzene, Toluence, and
Xylene in Solvent and
in Air by Gas-Chromato-
graphy. 04143-D
Quantitative Determination
of Carcinogenic Hydro-
carbons Through Fluorescent
Spectrophotometry.
15977-D
Quantitative Determination
of Benzo(a)pyrene in
the Air of South African
Cities. 01356-D
Quanitative Determination of
Low 3,4-Benzpyrene Con-
centrations With Fine
Structure Fluorescent
Spectrum. 06662-D
Quantitative Hydrocarbon
Gas Analyses Using Alumina-
Packed Glass Capillary
Columns. 12663-D
Quantum Mechanics of
Activated Adsorption.
14258-M
Quenching of the Triplet
State of Acetone and
Biacetyl by Various Un-
saturated Hydrocarbons.
01824-M
Quenchofluorometric Analysis
for Polynuclear Compounds.
00770-M
Quenchophosphorimetric
Analysis for Conjugated
Compounds. 00386-D
Quick Measure of Jet Fuel
Properties. 10428-B
Radioactive Monodisperse
Test Aerosols and Lung
Clearance. 01805-F
Radiation-Induced Oxidation
' of Hydrocarbons. 04454-M
Radiotracer Study of the
1126
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Production of Formaldehyde
in the Photooxidation of
Ethylene in the Atmosphere
(Part II—the Effect of
Other Compounds on Yield
and Conversion). 05611-M
Range of Applicability of
Catalytic Fume Burners.
07620-E
Rankine Cycle Working Fluid
Selection and Specifi-
cation Rationale. 14145-M
Rapid Continuous Determination
of Nitric Oxide Concen-
tration in Exhaust Gases.
06433-D
Rapid Determination of Small
Quantities of Dime thy laniline
in the Air. 08171-D
Rapid Estimation of 7H-
Benz (de)anthracen-7-one
and Phenalen-1-one in
Organic Extracts of
Airborne Particulates
From 3-Hour Sequential
Air Samples. 15337-D
Rapid Gas Ghromatographic
Determination of Cj to C^Q
Hydrocarbons in
Automotive Exhaust Gas.
01225-D
Rapid ITLC Flnuorimetric
Methods for the Assay
of Phenalen-1-one and
7H-Benz(de)anthracen-7-one
in Polluted Urban Atmospheres.
09S97-D
Rapid Method for the Deter-
mination in Atmospheric
Dust. 09223-D
Rapid Methods for the
Determination of Harmful
Gases and Vapors in the
Air. 02439-D
Rapid Methods for the
Determination of Tertiary
Fatty Alcohols, Lower
Ketones and Xylenes in
Air. 04254-D
Rapid-Response Total Exhaust
Hydrocarbon Detector.
023S8-D
Rapid and Sensitive Colori-
metric Reagent for Nitrogen
Dioxide in Air. 03096-D
Rapid Survey Technique for
Estimating Community Air
Pollution Emissions.
00336-K
Reaction of Active Nitrogen
With Mixtures of Ethylene
and Nitric Oxide. OS226-M
Reaction Bad Odor Substances
With Ozone. 15772-E
Reaction Between 0(3P) and
Condensed Olefins Below
100 deg K. 07498-M
Reaction Between Sulfur
Dioxide and Olefins.
III. Higher Olefins
and Some Limitations
of the Reaction.
16083-M
Reaction Kinetics in Diesel
Combustion. 04621-B
Reaction of Nitric Oxide
With 1,3-and 1,4-
Cyclohexandienes. OS42S-M
Reaction of Oxygen Atoms
and Ozone in Air Pollution.
02476-C
Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide
With Diolef ins and
Separation of Latter
From Hydrocarbon Mixtures.
15848-M
Reactions of Atomic Oxygen
With Acetylene (I)
Kinetics and Mechanisms.
00161-M
Reactions of Auto Exhaust
in Sunlight. 05817-C
Reactions of Methyl Radicals
in the Solid-Liquid-, and
Gas-Phase Photolysis of
Title Index
1127
-------
Dimethylmercury. 02243-M
Reactions of Sulfur Containing
Hydrocarbons in an Electrical
Discharge. 10945-E
Reactions of Sulfur Trioxide,
and of its Adducts, With
Organic Compounds. 15805-M
Reactivity of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Irradiated
Automobile Exhaust.
01815-B
Reactivity of Excited States.
Intramolecular Hydrogen
Aton Abstraction in
Substituted Butyrophenones.
00916-M
Reactivity of Organic Sub-
stances in Atmospheric
Photooxidation. 00109-B
Realistic Vehicle Emission
Inspection System.
10662-B
Recent Aerosol Research-
University of Minnesota.
06445-D
Recent Development in the
Study of the Organic
Chemistry of the
Atmosphere. 05818-C
Recent Occupational Health
Experiences in Ontario.
05737-F
Recombination of Ions in
Flames Effect of
Temperature. 05043-M
Recommendation for Allowable
Concentration (1966).
07197-L
Recommended Procedures for
Measuring Odorous Con-
taminants in the Field.
08066-D
Reconsideration of Some
Significant Aspects of
the Cigarette Smoking
Lung Cancer Controversy.
07161-F
Recording of CO and its
Dependence on Traffic and
Wind. 07366-J
Recovering Hydrogen Chloride
and Sulphur Dioxide From
Gas Mixtures. 15995-E
Recovery of Organic Solvent
From Polluted Air.
02764-E
Recovery of Sulphur Dioxide
and Diolefins From
Sulphones. 15837-E
Reducing the Emission of
Small Oil-Firing Units
With Special Emphasis
on Control Methods.
02973-E
Reduction of Air Pollution
by Control Emission From
Automotive Crankcases.
03580-B
Reduction of Carcinogenic
Contaminants in Exhaust
Gaseef Petrol Engines
Through Fuel Additives
and Choice of Lubricants.
02048-D
Reduction and Problems of
Air Pollution in Great
Britain 1938 to 1976.
07945-B
Refining to Produce Gasolines
of Reduced Lead Content.
03289-1
Reflective Effects of Micro-
Concentrations of Benzene,
Toluene, Xylene and
Their Comparative Assesment.
0690S-F
Refractive Index of Freon
12. 09116-M
Regeneration of Absorbent.
15872-M
Regional Aerosol Deposition
in the Human Respiratory
Tract. 07027-F
1128
HYDROCARBONS ANDAIR POLLUTION
-------
Regulation 3. 03554-K
Regulation of Air Pollution
From Power Plants in
the United States.
01654-B
Regulation of New Motor
Vehicles. 08075-E
Relation of Odor Flow Rate
and Duration of Stimulus
Intensity Needed for
Perception. 06017-F
Relation of Plant Damage
to Fuel Composition.
05103-G
Relations Between Atmospheric
Pollution in Urban and
Rural Localities and
Mortality From Cancer,
Bronchitis and Pneumonia,
With Particular Reference
to 3:4 Benzopyrene,
Berylium, Molybdenum,
Vanadium and Arsenic.
03086-F
Relations Between Photo
Composition Modes and
Molecular Structure in
the Series of Carbonyl
Compounds, N-C3H7 COR.
01649-C
Relations Between Physico-
chemical Properties of
Hydrocarbons and Their
Toxicity. 13933-M
Relationship Between Motor
Traffic Density and
Air Pollution in a
Metropolitan Street.
15S75-J
Relationship of River Water
Odor to Specific Organic
Contaminants. 07089-B
Meteorological Factors and
Photochemical Smog. 00618-C
Relative Reactivity of Hydro-
carbons in Photochemical
Smog Formation and its Practical
Implications. 00344-C
Reliability of Measurement of
Evaporated Benzene Homologue
Concentrations With the
Benzene-Detection Tube.
04742-D
Removal of Organic Contaminants
Fran Air by Type 13 Molecular
Sieve. 00103-E
Report to the Legislature on
Air Pollution in Colorado.
01010-J
Report on the Results of In-
vestigation of the Effects
of Automobile Exhaust on the
Human Body. 03214-F
Requirements for Safe Discharge
of Hydrocarbon to Atmosphere.
03875-C
Research on the Alicyclic
Series. Study of the
Organo-Magnesium Compounds.
(6th Report). 16611-M
Research and Development Study
Related to the Synthesis of
Formaldehyde From C02 and H7.
04288-M 04289-M
Research on the Mechanism of
Thermal Decomposition of
Hydrocarbon Fuels. 06997-M
Research on New Techniques in
Absorption and Emission
Spectroscopy (Quarterly
Progress Report). 0120S-D
Resin Deimatitis in a Car
Factory. 01351-E
Resolution of Complex Hydro-
carbon Mixtures by Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography
Composition of the 80
Degrees 180 Degrees C
Aromatic Portion of
Petroleum. 07395-M
Respiratory Deposition of
Polystyrene Aerosols in
Man. 08483-F
Respiratory Hazards Associated
With Toluene Di-Isocyanate
Title index
1129
-------
in Poly-Urethane Foam
Production. 07165-F
Response of Enzyme Systems
to Photochemical Reaction
Products. 00658-F
Response of Plants to Air
Pollution. 03617-G
Responses of Electron-Capture
Detector to Halogenated
Substances. 01832-D
Results of a Health Ex-
amination on Benzene
Workers and the Effect
of Thioctic Acid.
04142-F
Retention Rate of Parti-
culate Carcinogens in
the Lungs. 00842-F
Review of Air Force Data
From Long Terra Continuous
Exposure at Ambient
Pressure. 03821-F
Review of Ambient Pressure
Animal Exposure Data
From Selected Navy
Compounds. 03822-F
Role Played by Paraffin the
Blastomogenicity of Crude
Oil. 04110-F
Role of N7°» Cfy and CO in
Atmospheric Absorption
in the Infrared. 1S729-C
Role of Oxygen Atoms in the
Atmospheric Reaction of
Olefins With Nitric Oxide.
02851-M
Role of the Scientist in Urban
Ecology. 11152-B
Roles of Molecular Structure and
Environment in the Reactivity
of Excited States. 00925-M
Rotating-Slit Aerosol
Spectrometer (ROSL-Spectrometer):
Prototype. 09738-D
Routine Determination of
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
in Airborne Pollutants.
07427-D
Rule 66 - a Part of Total
Air Pollution Control.
08554-K
Review of Chemical Mitagenesis.
12175-F
Review of Oxidation of Poly-
cyclic, Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
00058-M
Review of Pitfalls and Past,
Current and Future Research
in the Field of Air Pol-
lution Health.Effects.
00910-F
Rising Tide of Air Pollution.
05895-J
Role of the Catalyst in the
Reaction of Alcohols and
Hydrogen Sulfide. 12172-M
Role of Engine Blowby in
Air Pollution. 03562-B
Role of Optics in Air Pol-
lution Monitoring. 09111-D
Safe Use of Pesticides in
Public Health. 09090-F
Safety and Ventilation.
130SO-D
Sample Collection Techniques
for Combustion Sources -
Benzopyrene Determination.
02233-D
Sampling and Analysis.
11165-D
Sampling and Analysis of
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Vapors in Air: A Gas-
Liquid Chromatographic
Method. 07061-D
Sampling and Analysis of
Organic Solvent Emissions.
68290-D 08848-D
1130
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Sampling and Mass Spectro-
meter Analysis of Reaction
Products From the Photo-
chemical Decomposition
of Various Olefins.
01304-D
Sanitary Clearance Zones
Between Residential
Sections and Places
of Fuel Storage in
Sovkhozes of Saratovsk
(Oblast) Territory.
08196-J
Sanitary Protection of Moscow
Atmospheric Air. 03363-J
Sanitary and Toxicological
Characteristics of the
Effect of a Mixture of
Benzene and Acetophenone
Vapors in the Atmosphere.
08431-F
Scientific Approach to the
Problem. 05572-D
Scientific Methods and
Techniques to Decrease the
Pollution of the Environment
Through Inhalation of
Ingestion, and of Acoustical
"Nuisances". 02541-E
Scrubbing Devices For Air Pol-
lution Control. 03872-E
Sealed Environments in Relation
to Health and Disease.
00538-E
Search for Some Nitro-Olefins
in Polluted Air. 03112-D
Secondary Anemia and Susceptibil-
ity to Hydrogen Combustion
Products. 05720-F
Sekor: Preliminary Engineering
Design and Cost Estimates
for Steam Stripping Kraft
Pulp Mill Effluents. 08365-E
Sekor I: Volatile Organic
Compounds in Kraft Pulp
Mill Effluent Streams.
OS409-E
Selected Methods for the Measure-
ment of Air Pollutants.
00845-D
Selection of Air Filter.
06793-E
Selection of Air Intake
Points for Ventilation
of Premises in
Petroleum Processing
Plants. 08198-J
Selective Combustion Analysis
and Application to Auto
Exhaust. 14525-D
Selective Photochemistry of
Bromine Using a Ruby
Laser. 15139-M
Semi-Automatic Gas
Chromatograph for Deter-
mining N-Paraffins and
Hydrocarbon Types in
Gasolines. 01503-D
Seminar of Air Pollution
by Motor Vehicles.
00186-B 01488-B
05007-B 16263-B
Sensitive New Methods for
Autocatalytic Spectro-
photoraetric Determination
of Nitrite Through
Free-Radical Chromogens.
02082-M
Sensitive New Method for the
Determination of Nitrites
and Nitrogen Dioxide With
4-Aminoazobenzene-l-
Naphthylamine. 02799-D
Sensitive New Procedure
for the Analysis of
Aliphatic, Aromatic
and Heterocyclid
Aldehydes. 00927-D
Separating Fact From
Fiction in Auto Smog
Control. 00504-B
Separation of Aliphatic
Disulfides and Trisulfides
by Gas-Liquid Partition
Chromatography. 13062-M
Title Index
1131
-------
Separation and Analysis of
Polymiclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons Present in
the Human Environment.
03080-D
Separation and Characteri-
zation of Polynuclear
Aromatic liydrocarbons
in Urban Air-Borne
Participates. 02227-D
Separation and Determination
of Aliphatic Alcohols in
Air by Paper Chroma-
tography. 06903-D
Separation of Gaseous Mixtures
Using Porous Polyaromatic
Polymer Beads. 15802-D
Separation and Identification
of Phenols in Automobile
Exhaust by Paper and Gas
Liquid Chromatography.
00911-D
Separation and Identification
of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
in Rubber Dust. 10767-D
Separation of Pyrenediones
by Column Chromatography.
06980-M
Separation of Sulphur Dioxide
and Low-Boiling Hydrocarbons
From Mixtures Thereof.
15875-E
Shock Tube Study of Methane
Oxidation. 13931-M
Short-Term Lung Clearance in
Rabbits Exposed to a
Radioactive Bi-Disperse (6 and
3 micron) Polystyrene
Aerosol. 00484-D
Significance of the Adrenals
in the Effect of Methane-
Oxygen Hypoxic Gas Mixtures.
13960-F
Simple Flow-Volume Device
for Measuring Ventilatory
Function in the Field.
Results on Workers Exposed
to Low Levels of Toluene
Diisocyanate. 12955-F
Simple Measuring Arrangement
for Recording Hydrocarbon
Content. 08257-D
Simple Photodynamic Assay
for Polycyclic Atmospheric
Pollutants. 00728-D
Simplified Equilibrium Hydro-
carbon Air Combustion Gas
Model for Convenient Use
in Air-Breathing Engine
Cycle Computer Programs.
16023-M
Similarity Between the
Electrochemical Elimination
of Sulphur From Coal and
From Dibenzothiophene.
10039-M
Simple Sensitive Test for
Compounds Containing
the Cyclopentadiene
CH£ Grouping. Application
to Air Pollution. 02801-D
Simple Specific Test for
Inner--Ring 0-Quinones.
02083-D
Simultaneous Determination
of Lead Alkyls and
Halide Scavengers in
Gasoline by Gas
Chromatography With
Flame lonization
Detection. 01230-D
Simultaneous Microdetermination
of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Uranium.
15305-M
Singlet Oxygen in the Environ-
mental Sciences: The Role
of Singlet Molecular Oxygen
in the Production of Photo-
chemical Air Pollution.
07257-C
Size Determination of Atmo-
spheric Sulfate and Organic
Particulates. 01592-D
Sizing Up Anti-Pollution
Legislation. 08463-K
1132
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Slag Heaps as a Source of
Atmospheric Pollution.
02549-B
Smog Abatement. 05149-E
Smog: The Deadly Poisons
Peril Life in all City Areas.
05312-B
Smog - Its Origin. 06163-F
Smog: The Silent Enemy.
09281-K
Atomic Oxygen. 03064-C
Some Aspects of the Physical
and Chemical Nature of
Air Pollution.
Some Correlations Between
Spectroscopic and Photo-
chemical Processes.
00602-C
Some Implication of Ambient
Air Quality Standards.
01955-L
Smog Tune-up for Older Cars.
10135-B
Smogless Automobile. 05832-E
Smoke and Air Pollution -
New York - New Jersey.
03454-J
Solubility of Gases in
Polyethylene. 15143-M
Solubility of Vapors in
Gases. 15744-M
Solution of Gases in Polyethylene
Terephthalate. 15183-M
Solvent Control - A National
Problem. 09324-K
Solvent Emission Control
Laws and the Coatings
and Solvent Industry.
09781-B
Solvent Extraction.
15874-M
Solvent Selection for the
Reduction of Air
Pollution. 10660-B
Solvent and Temperature
Effects in the Photo-
reduction of Ketones.
09082-M
Solvents, Smog and Rule
66. 08376-B
Some Aspects of Atmospheric
Chemical Reactions on
Some Laboratory and
Epidemiological Aspects
of Air Pollution Carcino-
genesis. 01286-F
Some New Alkyl 1,2,3,4-
Dibenzopyrenes. 01631-M
Some Observations on the
Kinetics of Hydrogen
Iodide ^Additiqrj to 1,3-
and 1,4-Pentadiene.
07462-M
Some Ramification of Air
Contamination. 09060-F
Some Remarks on the Nitric
Oxide--Nitrogen Dioxide
Conversion. 04633-M
Some Results of the In-
vestigation of Air
Pollution Caused by Road
Traffic. 16440-J
Some Results of Multiple-
Tracer Diffusion Ex-
periments at Cincinnati.
04933-C
Some Toxic Effects of Air
Pollution on Public
Health. 03556-A
Soot Formation in Ethylene
and Propane Diffusion
Flames. 11143-B
Soot Formation Tendency of
LP-Gas in Atmospheric
Burners. 14074-B
Soot-Free Combustion of
Title'Index
1133
-------
Petrochemical Waste
Gases. 06127-E
Soot Hazards Investigated
From Their Carcinogenic
Aspects. 08339-F
Source Inventory IBM
System for Particulate
and Gaseous Pollutants.
00337-B
Source and Kinds of Con-
taminant From Motor
Vehicles. 01624-B
Source Testing Manual
03010-D
Sources and Distribution of
Air Pollution Ascertained
by Stationary Recording
of Gaseous Components.
02066-B
Sources of Polynuclear Hydro-
carbons in the Atmosphere.
05005-B
Southern California
Aerospace Industry's
Program to Control
Smog Produced by
Chemical Milling Maskants
and Shop Protective
Coatings. 08553-B
Space Cabin Toxicology.
10613-F
Spark Ignition Engine
Operation and Design
for Minimum Exhaust
Emission. 00592-B
Special Industrial Processes.
07925-B
Specific Spectrophotometric
Determination of Ozone
in the Atmosphere Using
1, 2-Di-(4-Pyridyl) Ethylene.
00214-D
Specificity of Catalysts for
the Oxidation of Carbon
Monoxide Ethylene Mixtures.
04771-E
Spectral Characterization of
Nitroarenes and Polycyclic
Aldehydes, Ketones,
Quinones, and Amines.
01696-D
Spectrofluorometric Method
for Determination of
3,4-Benzpyrene in Benzene
Solution Contaminated
With 3,4-Benzfluoranthene
Or 3,4-Benzfluoranthene
and 1,2-Benzpyrene. 14125-D
Spectrophotofluorimetric
Determination of Alde-
hydes With Dimedone and
Other Reagents. 03253-D
Spectrophotofluorimetric
Determination of 3-Carbon
Fragments and Their
Precursors With Anthrone.
Application to Air
Pollution. 01922-D
Spectrophotometric and
Chromatographic Method
of Monitoring Spacecraft
Atmospheres. 03430-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Aliphatic
Aldehyde, 2,4-Dinitro-
phenylhydrazones With
3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolinone
Hydrazone. 02084-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Alkylating
Agents With 4-Picoline
and 0-Dinitrobenzene.
00768-D
Spectophotometric Deter-
mination of 4-Amino-
azobenzenes, 4-Aminostil-
benes, Schiff Bases, and
Analogous Compounds With
3-Methy1-2-Benzothiazolone
Hydrazone. 02803-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Aromatic
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons.
Further Data on the
Atmosphere of Rome.
09389-B
1134
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Azulene With
Electrophilic Reagents.
0208S-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Benzene,
Isopropylbenzene, and
Alpha-methylstyrol in the
Air. 04064-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Benzo(a)pyrene
in Airborne Particulates.
1109 3-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Compounds
Containing the p-Hydroxy-
styrene Group.
3-Methyl-2-Benzothiazolin-
one Hydrozone Procedure.
02802-M
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of the-Goncen-
tration of Chloretracycline
in the Air. 02SS9-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Dimethyl-
phenylcarbinol and
Dime thy 1-Phenyl-p-Cresol
in Air. 07S78-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Formaldehyde
and Formaldehyde Releasing
Compounds With Chromo-
tropic Acid, 6-Amino-l-
Naphthol-3-Sulfcnic Acid
(J Acid) , and 6-Anilino-l-
Naphthol-3-Sulfonic Acid
(Hienyl J Acid). 02086-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Furfural
in Air. 03938-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Hydrogen
Peroxide With 8-
Quinolinol. 01693-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Low Atmospheric
Concentrations in the
Presence of Other Products
Liberated During the
Manufacture of Synthetic
fefcber. 07575-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of 1,4-NaphthoquinQne
and its 2,3-Dichloro
Derivative. 02087-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Olefins.
02161-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Olefins in
Concentrated Sulfuric
Acid. 03727-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Primary
Aromatic Amines With
Thiothrithiazyl Chloride
(Application to Deter-
mination of To line-2,4-
Diisocyanate in Air).
06065-D
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Ihiophene in
Air. 11498-D
Spectrophotometric Methods
for Olefins (Colori-
metric Determination
of Conjugated Diolefins).
03679-D
Spectroscopic Investigation
of the Reaction Between
Iodine and Cyclopro-
pylanine. 02489-M
Spot Test Detection and
Colorimetric Determination
of Aliphatic Aldehydes
With 2-Hydrozinobenzothi-
azole: Application to
Air Pollution. 02088-D
Spot Test Detection and
Colorimetric Determination
of Aromatic Amines and
Imino Heteroaromatic
Compounds With 3-Methyl-
2-Benzothiazolinone Hydrazone.
00867-D
Spot Test Detection and
Title Index
1135
-------
Determination of Nitrites
and Aromatic Nitrosamines
With Benzaldehyde 2-
Benzothiazolyhydrazone
and p-Phenylazoaniline.
02094-D
Spray-Type Benzole Scrubber
With Radially-Slotted Gas
Distributors. 04581-E
Stainless Steel Anti-Smog
Mufflers—Cut Air Pollution.
07560-E
Standardization of Methods
of Measurement of Air
Quality in Member
Countries. 05299-D
Statistical Survey of Data
Relating to Hydrocarbons
and Oxides of Nitrogen
Relationships in Photo-
chemical Smog. 03978-F
Statistics on Particulate
Contaminants-San Diego
County Air Pollution
Control District (First
Quarter 1966). 00164-A
Status of Engineering
Knowledge for the Control
of Air Pollution. 04599-B
Status Forecast for Air
Pollution Control-1972.
08837-E
Status Report on Cost Factors
in Exhaust Control.
01623-E
Status Report on Motor
Vehicle Pollution in
California. 07844-B
Status Report. (Solid
Waste Disposal.) 08084-E
Status of Vehicle Emissions
in Air Pollution. 02362-B
Colorimetric Deter-
mination of Aniline,
Naphthylamine and
Anthramine Derivatives
With 4-Azobenzene-
Diazonium Fluoborate.
02089-D
Spot Test Detection and Spectro-
photometric Characterization
and Determination of
Carbazoles, Azo Dyes,
Stilbenes, and Schiff
Bases. Application of
3-Methyl-2-Benzothiazolinone
Hfdrazone, P-Nitros ophenol,
and Fluorometric Methods
to the Determination of
Carbazole in Air. 02090-D
Spot Test Detection and
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Azulene
Compounds With 2-Hydra-
zinobenzothiazole or 3-
Methyl-2-Benzothiazolinone
Hydrazone. 02091-D
Spot Test Detection and
Spectrophotometric
Determination of Azulene
Derivatives With 4-Dimethyl-
arainobenzaldehyde. 02092-D
Spot Test Detection and Spectro-
photometric Determination
of Compounds Containing the
P-Hydroxystyryl Group: 3-
Methyl-2-Benzothiazolinone
Hydrazone Procedure. 03081-D
Spot Test Detection and
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Microgram
Amounts of Aldehydes and
Aldehyde-Yielding Compounds—
a Review. 02804-M
Spot Test and Spectrophotometric
Storage of Organochlorine
Pesticides in the Body
Fat of People in Western
Australia. 10105-F
Storage of Vapors and Gases
in Plastic Bags. 01983-H
Structural Effects in the
Photochemical Processes
of Ketones in Solution.
05100-M
Structural Effects on the
1136
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Role of Nitrogen Dioxide
Formation in the Photo-
oxidation of Organic
Compound - Nitric Oxide
Mixtures in Air.
01984-C
Structure and Reactivity in
the Vapor-Phase Photolysis
of Ketones. IV. Cyclopropyl
and Olefinic Cyclic Ketones.
08877-M
Structure and Reactivity in
the Vapor-Phase Photolysis
of Ketones. V. Aliphatic
Cyclopropyl and Olefinic
Ketones. 07798-M
Studies on Air Pollutants.
I. Analytical Methods.
11574-D
Studies on the Air Pollution
Due to Automobile Exhaust
Gases. 14487-B
Studies of Air Pollution
Caused by Motor Vehicles.
14776-J
Studies of Air Pollution in
the Department of the
Seine in 1965. Part 3.
Conditions at Orly Air
Port. 06788-J
Studies of Air Pollution in
the Department of the
Seine in 1965. Part 4.
Conditions in the Loop
of the Seine. 06789-J
Studies on Air Pollution
Owing to the Automobile
Exhaust Gases. The
Concentrations of C1-C6
Hydrocarbons in Some
Inorganic Gases in the
Exhaust Gases. 08493-B
Studies on the Analysis of
Hydrocarbons From In-
cinerator Effluents With
a Flame lonization
Detector. OS834-D
Studies of Analytical Methods
for Lead-in-Air Deter-
mination and Use With
An Improved Selfpowered
Portable Sampler. 06025-D
Studies on the Carcinogencity
of Gasoline Exhaust.
04539-F
Studies on the Chemical
Estimation Method of
Industrial Environment.
II. Determination of
Trichloroethylene,
Chloroform and Benzyl-
chloride by the Pyridine-
Formalin Method. 08471-D
Studies of Combustion
Processes Leading to
Ignition of Some Oxygen
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons.
03985-M
Studies to Determine the
Mechanism of Production
and Removal of Electrons
in Flames. 05047-M
Studies of the Determination
and Reactions of Sulfur
Dioxide as an Air Con-
taminant. 16398-D
Studies on the Determination
of Urinary Hippuric Acid
in Toluene Poisoning.
036S2-F
Studies on the Gas Chro-
matographic Determination
of Mercaptans. 01289-D
Studies of the Gas Density
Cell. 07850-D
Studies on Gasoline Engine
Exhaust. 06108-B
Studies of Hydrocarbons on
Mineral Dusts: The
Elution of 3:4 Benzpyrene
and Oils From Asbestos
and Coal Dusts by Serum.
07783-F
Studies on the Incorporation
of Acetate-l-l4r and
Stearate-UL-14c into the
Hydrocarbons of Chlorella
pyrenoidosa. 10119-M
Title Index
1137
-------
Studies on Pollution of
Atmospheric Air With
Maleic Anhydride. 02568-F
Studies of Pollution Levels
in Relation to Air Movement
in the Los Angeles Atmosphere.
OS575-C
Studies of Radiationless
Transitions in Coronene
Using Nanosecond Laser
Photolysis and Spectroscopy.
11188-M
Studies on the Removal and
Catabolism of Cancerogenic
Hydrocarbons in the
Respiratory Tract of
Golden Hamsters Exposed
to Smoke. 14711-F
Studies on the Role of
Sulfur Dioxide in Visibility
Reduction. 03103-D
Studies of Size Distribution
and Growth With Humidity
of Natural Aerosol
Particles. Part II. In-
vestigation of the
Composition of Atmospheric
Aerosol Particles by
Measurement of Particle
Growth Due to Absorption
of Water Vapor and
Organic Vapors. 14811-M
Studies on Sulfur in Acetylene
Gas Generated by Dry
Type Generators and
Method of Gas Purification.
13497-E
Studies in the U.S.S.R. on
the Distribution,
Circulation and Fate of
Carcinogenic Hydro-
carbons in the Human
Environment and the Role
of Their Deposition in
Tissues in Carcinogenesis:
A Review. 07400-D
Study of Adsorption Heats of
S02 and C3Hg on NaCl and
of C3H8 and £•£% on
Decomposed KMi04. 13713-M
Study of Air Pollution With
3,4-Benzpyrene in the
Vicinity of an Old Pitch-
Coke Plant. 07300-B
Study of Air Pollution
Carcinogenesis. 01813-F
Study of Air Pollution
Carcinogenesis. II. The
Isolation and Identification
of Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons From Gasoline
Engine Exhaust Condensate.
01803-B
Study of Air Pollution
Carcinogenic Activity
of Gasoline Engine Ex-
haust Condensate. 04553-F
Study of Air Pollution
Detection by Remote
Sensors. 12887-D
Study of Air Pollution in
the Interstate Region
of Lewiston, Idaho,
and Clarkston, Washington.
00054-B
Study of the Air Pollution
in Lyon During 1965.
07408-J
Study of Air Pollution in
Montana July 1961-July
1962. 03410-J
Study of Air Quality and
Contaminant Analysis for
Work Under Compressed
Air. 12579-D
Study of Atomizer Aerosol
Generators (Introduction-
Section I.). 07271-M
Study of Automotive Exhaust
Gases. 06674-E
Study of the Blastomogenic
Properties of Some Tars
Derived From Atmospheric
Dust and From Combustion
Products of Different
Fuel Types. 07291-F
Study of Catalyst Support
1138
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
System for Fume-Abatement
of Hydrocarbon Solvents.
08536-E
Study of the Chronic Effects
Of Insecticides in Man.
01080-F
Study of the Concentrations
of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Gas Works
Retort Houses. 01059-B
Study of the Continuous Deter-
mination of Organic Substances
With Flame lonization
Detectors. 14722-D
Study of Crankcase Ventilation
System Control Device In-
stallations on the Los
Angeles County Fleet.
05155-E
Study in the Development
of Exhaust Emission
Controls for Small
Displacement Honda
Engines. 14353-E
Study of the Effect of
Molecular Oxygen on .
Atomic Oxygen-Hydrocarbon
Reactions. 00139-C
Study of Effluents From
Domestic Gas-Fired
Incinerators. 1496 7-E
Study of the Eluting Power
of Solvent Systems on
Thin Layers of Florisil.
00399-D
Study of Ethanol-Gasoline
Blends as Automotive
Fuel. 12161-B
Study of the Harmful In-
dustrial Exhausts in the
Atmosphere in the Synthetic
Rubber Plants in Varonesh
and Yefremov. 00895-B
Study of the Hazards Presented
by Soot and Air Dust With
Particular Emphasis on
Their Carcinogenic Action.
Part 9-Separation of 3,4-
Benzopyrene Following
Soot Inhalation in the Lung
Of Live Rats. 11571-M
Study of the Hazards Presented
by Soot and Air Dust With
Particular Emphasis on
Their Carcinogenic Action-
Part 10-Dust Measurements
by Means of the TM-II
Apparatus at a Busy Section
of Heidelberg. 11572-J
Study of the Influence of
Fuel Atomisation, Vaporisation,
and Mixing Processes on
Pollutant Emissions From
Motor-Vehicle Powerplants.
148SO-E
Study of the lonization
Produced by the Catalytic
Combustion of Hydrocarbons.
00060-D
Study of Irradiated Auto
Exhaust. 03883-B
Study of Man During 56-Day
Exposure to an Oxygen-
Helium Atmosphere at
258 mm. Hg Total Pressure.
II. Major and Minor
Atmospheric Components.
04262-D
Study of the Minor Products
of Coal Combustion.
05012-B
Study of the Physiological
Effects of Carbon Black.
(I. Ingestion). 04701-F
Study of the Physiological
Effects of Carbon Black
(II. Skin Contact).
04702-F
Study of the Physiological
Effects of Carbon Black
(III. Adsorption and
Elution Potentials;
Subcutaneous Injections).
04703-F
Study of Polycyclic Hydro-
carbons and Trace Elements
in Smoke in Merseyside
Title Index
1139
-------
and Other Northern
Localities. 03526-J
Study of the Possible
Blastomogenic Properties
of Some Substances
Resulting From the
Production of Synthetic
Liquid Fuel. 07302-F
Study 011 the Relation
Between Benzo(a)pyrene
of the Suspended Matters
and That of the Falling
Matters in the Atmosphere.
14679-J
Study of the Retention and
Subsequent Metabolism
of Inhaled Methyl Iodide.
07026-F
Study of the Temperature
Dependence of the Total
Absorptance of CO Near
4.7 Microns and 2.3
Microns and CH4 Near 3.3
Microns. 02467-M
Study of Tobacco Smoking,
Air Pollution, Residential
and Occupational Histories
and Mortality From Cancer
of the Lung in Two Cities.
040S1-F
Submarine Atmospheres and
Air Pollution. 16159-E
Submarine Atmosphere
Habitability Data Book.
00373-E
Submarine Atmosphere
Studies Aboard USS
Sculpin. 05057-J
Substantiation of the
Maximum Permissible Con-
centration of Nitro-
benzene in Atmospheric
Air. 02588-F
Sulfonation and Sulfation.
14220-M
Sulfur Dioxide Role in
Eye Irritation. 00084-F
Sulfur Recovery. 14505-E
Sulphonation of Organic
Compounds. 16027-M
Sulphur Compounds in Urban
Air. 09432-D
Sulphur Dioxide Recovery
Method. 15836-E
Summary of 1961 Studies in
the Field of Limits of
Allowable Concentrations
of Atmospheric Air
Pollutants. 05952-D
Summary of 1964-1965 Air
Quality Measurements.
(90th Congress) 06707-J
Summary of Air Pollution
Data for Los Angeles
County. 03462-J
Summary of Data From the
Continuous Air Monitoring
Program. 03024-J
Summary Report of Vehicular
Emissions and Their
Control. 01848-B
Summary of the Use of
Catalysts for Stationary
Emission Source Control.
14326-E
Summer Ozone Concentrations
in Southern Ontario in
Relation to Photochemical
Aspects and Vegetation
Damage. 00696-G
Summer Tunnel Air Quality.
02239-J
Superdelocalizability Indices
and the Pullman Theory of
Chemical Carcinogenesis.
10520-M
Superior Thin-Layer Chro-
matographic Procedure
for the Separation of
Aza Arenes and its
Application to Air
Pollution. 05319-D
Suppression of Carbon
Formation in Partial-
1140
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Combustion Gasifiers.
01744-B
Surface Behavior of
Individual Lipids Similar
to Constituents of
Pulmonary Surfactant.
07886-F
Surface-Coating Operations.
09818-B
Surveillance of Motor
Vehicle Emissions in
California. 00319-B
Survey of the Actual Con-
ditions of Artificial
Pearl Factories With
Special Reference to the
Work Using Tetrachloro-
ethane. 03902-F
Survey of Air Pollution in
Communities Around the
John F. Kennedy International
Airport. 01202-J
Survey of Hydrocarbon
Ambient Air Concentration
in Midland, Michigan.
06430-J
Surveying Air Quality at
Dow Chemical Company.
00730-J
Surveys Performed in Belgium.
Pollution by Effluents
of Combustion in an Urban
Zone With Heavy Population
Density. 11577-J 11579-J
Sympos ium-Environmental
Measurements-Valid Data
and Logical Interpretation.
00051-D
Synergistic Effects in the
Photooxidation of Mixed
Hydrocarbons. 02352-C
Synergistic Properties of
Aerosols. 06235-C
Synthesis and Cyclization
of the Three Isomeric
2-Benzylphenyl Pyridyl
Ketones. 01632-M
Synthesis of Defined
Aerosol System. 01990-M
Synthesis of Naphtho(2,l-a)-
perylene and Dibenzo(ae)-
perylene. 01633-M
Synthesis of the Three
Isomeric 7-Pyridylbenz(a)-
anthracenes. 016 34-M
Systems of Sulfur Dioxide
and the Isomeric Xylenes.
160S4-M
Tabulation of Gas Solubilities
in Hydrocarbon and Other
Non-Aqueous Solvents.
14882-M
Technical Analyses by Optical
Mettods (XI) Design of a
Nondispersive Ultra-
violet Gas Analyzer and
its Application to
Quantitative Measurement
of Traces of Toxic Gases
and Vapors in Air.
00449-5
Technical Principle of
Operation of Exhaust
Gas Purifiers. 15343-E
Techniques Employed in the
Analysis of Los Angeles
Smog. 04973-D
Terpene Biosynthesis:
Formation of Nerol,
Geranicol, and Other
Prenols by an Enzyme
System From Pinus
radiata Seedlings.
13078-M
Test Procedures for
Evaluation of Industrial
Fume Converters (Sampling
and Analytical Techniques
Reviewed for). 03966-D
Test for the Sooting Pro-
pensity of Town Gas.
00275-D
Tests for Effect of Asbestos
Title'Index
1141
-------
on Benzo(a)pyrene Carcino-
genesis in the Respiratory
Tract. 01440-F
Tests to Establish Adequate
Criteria for the Harm-
fulness of Atmospheric
Pollutants and Suggestions
for a Campaign to Conbat
Air Pollution. 04053-D
Tests of Various Particle
Filters for Removal of
Oil Mists and Hydrocarbon
Vapor. 15526-E
Thanksgiving 1966 Air Pol-
lution Episodes in the
Eastern united States.
10018-C
Theoretical and Experi-
mental Investigation of
Chemical Kinetics
During Rapid Expansions
of High Temperature Com-
bustion Products. 02335-B
Theoretical and Practical
Development of Flame
Research. 14399-M
Thermal Degradation of
Polymeric Materials. II.
Toxicity Evaluations
of Some Gases Evolving
From EPON 828 + LP 33
Composite Polymer.
06329-F
Thermochemistry of the Gas
Phase Equilibrium 12
Plus C3'6 Equals
Plus HI. 03078-M
Thermochemistry of the Gas
Phase Equilibrium 12
Plus CH4 (Reversible)
CH2I Plus HI and the
Heat of Formation of
the Methyl Radical.
01682-M
Thermochemistry of the Gas
Phase Equilibrium 12
Plus C6H5CH3=C6HSCH2l
Plus HI and the Heat of
Formation of the Benzyl
Radical. 00120-M
Thermochromic Detection
of Polynuclear Compounds
Containing the Fluorenic
Methylene Group.
02095-D
Thennochromic Test for
Polycyclic p-Quinones.
02096-D
Thermodynamic Efficiency of
Gas Separation Plants.
15048-M
Thermodynamic Properties of
Methane and Air, and
Propane and Air for
Engine Performance
Calculations. 13544-M
Thermodynamic, Transport,
and Flow Properties for
the Products of Methane
Burned in Oxygen-En-
riched Air. 03446-M
9-Thienylanthracenes. 01629-F
7-and 12-Thienylbenz(a)-
anthracenes. 01630-M
Thin-Layer Chromatographic
Characterization Tests
for Basic Polynuclear
Compounds. 00767-D
Thin-Layer Chromatographic
Separation and Analysis
of Polynuclear Aza
Heterocyclic Compounds.
00998-D
Thin-Layer Chromatographic
Separation of Benzo(a)-
pyrene and Benzo(k)fluo-
ranthene From Airborne
Particulates. 01781-D
Thin-Layer Chromatographic
Separation of Polynuclear
Hydrocarbons on the Plate
Composed of Two Adsorbent
Layers. 05461-D
Thin-Layer Chromatographic
Separation and Spectro-
photofluorometric
Identification and Esti-
mation of Dibenzo(a,e)-
pyrene. 07743-D
1142
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Thin-Layer Chromatographic
Separation and Spectro-
photometric Determination
o£ Benzo(a)pyrene in
Organic Extracts of Air-
Bome Particulates.
04329-D
Thin-Layer Chromatography
Method for Estimation of
Chlorophenols. 05092-D
Thin-Layer Separation and
Low-Temperature Luminescence
Measurement of Mixtures of
Carcinogens. 11567-D
Three Cases of Aplastic
Anemia in Females
Caused by Benzene and
Toluene. 03900-F
Tissue Response to Intra-
peritoneal Asbestos
With Preliminary Report
of Acute Toxicity of
Asbestos in Mice.
06710-F
Tobacco Smoke in an En-
closed Space. 06808-B
Tolerable Limits for Toxic
Materials in Industry.
Divergences and Points
of Agreement at the
International Level.
07251-F
Toward Cleaner Skies.
14892-B
Toxic Properties and
Biotransformation of
Benzotrichloride.
04104-F
Toxicity and Analysis of
Air Pollutants. 13860-F
Toxicity of Aromatic Hydro-
carbons in the Lung.
00803-F
Toxicity of Chronic Low
Level Exposures to
Toluene Diisocyanate in
Animals. 07068-F
Toxicity of Ethylene Oxide
in Low Concentrations.
12272-F
Toxicity Evaluation of Air
Pollutants by Use of
Luminescent Bacteria.
04635-D
Toxicity of Low Styrol Vapor
Concentrations. 04084-F
Toxicological and Hygienic
Studies on Dieldrin.
07352-F
Toxicology of Boron Hydrides--
Studies of Alterations in
Tissue Amines Toxic
Decaborane-14 (B 10H 14)
and Pentaborane-9 (Bc^Ig) as
Modified by Hydrazines and
Propynlamines. 09985-F
Toxicology of Guaiacol Vapors
and Resins. 02571-F
Trace Contaminant Analysis
Test on Air Samples.
02460-D
Trace Contaminant Analysis
Test on Air Samples-
Phase II. 07887-D
Transfer and Conversion of
Electronic Energy in
Some "Model" Photochemical
Systems. 00789-C
^-Transfer Reactions in the
Gas-Phase Radiolysis of
Hydrocarbons. 01833-M
Transformation of Gaseous
Reactive Hydrocarbons
into Aerocolloids by
Ultraviolet Irradiation.
10041-M
Transport of Liquids in
Structurally Modified
Polyethylene. 15198-M
Trends in Air Conservation
in the Graphic Arts In-
dustry. 16498-B
Trends in Air Pollution
Title Index
1143
-------
Damage. 01809-G
Trichlorethylene: A Review.
06820-F
Trichloroethanol in Trichlo-
roethylene Poisoning.
00809-F
1,2,3,-Tris(2-Cyanoethoxy)
Propane as a Stationary
Phase in the Gas
Chromatographic Analysis
of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
02160-M
Tritium in the Atmosphere.
07181-A
Two Sensitive Tests for
Carcinogens in the Air.
00966-D
Ultrasonic Dissemination of
Aerosols. 09085-M
Ultrastructural Alterations
of Alveolar Tissue of
Mice. (I. Due to Heavy
Los Angeles Smog.)
04416-F
Ultrastructural Alterations
of Alveolar Tissue of
Mice. II. Synthetic
Photochemical Smog.
06600-F
Ultraviolet, Visible, and
Fluorescence Spectral
Analysis of Polynuclear
Hydrocarbons. 02805-D
Unimolecular Decomposition
and Some Isotope Effects
of Simple Alkanes and Alkyl
Radicals. 05051-M
Unsensitised (SIC) Photo-
lysis of But-1-ene at
1849 A. 09080-M
Uptake of Hydrocarbon Car-
cinogens by Lysosomes.
01081-F
Urinary Hippuric Acid Ex-
cretion as an Index
of Toluene Exposure.
06702-D
Use of Chlorine Dioxide to
Reduce Vapour Phase Gum
in Town Gas. 03983-E
Use of the Chromatographic
Equilibration Procedure
for Air Pollution Studies.
Determination of Minute
Amounts of Benzene,
Chlorobenzene, and
Nitrobenzene in Air.
07432-D
Use of Coarse Porous Glass in
Gas-Adsorption Chromatography
for the Separation of Liquid
Hydrocarbons. 04484-D
Use of the Correlation Spectro-
meter in the Study and
Control of Air Pollution.
04880-D
Use of Gas-Liquid and Thin-
Layer Chromatography in
Characterising Air Pol-
lutants by Fluorometry.
00479-D
Use of Hydrocarbons Level
Determinations in the
Study of Air Pollution.
13788-J
Use of the Integrating
Nephelometer to Measure
Aerosol Formation From
Hydrocarbons. 15308-C
Use of Low Temperature Van
Der Waals Adsorption
Isotherms in Determining
the Surface Areas of
Various Adsorbents.
13543-D
Use of Optical Pumping to
Detect Free Radicals
During a Gas-Phase
Photolysis. 15045-M
Use of Silica Gel in Source
Testing. 07706-D
1144
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Usefulness of the Method
of Sine Wave Oscillating
Pressure for Measuring
Total Respiratory Flow
Resistance in Human
Subjects and Guinea
Pigs. 08305-F
Usefulness of the Nephelo-
metric Method for Benzene
and Oil Determination in
the Air. 06021-D
Utilization of Additives in
Controlled Combustion
Products. 08080-E
Utilization of Ammonia as
An Alternate Fuel in
Army Aircraft Engines.
03158-B
Utilization of Infrared
Spectrophotometry in
Microcontaminant Studies
in Sealed Environments.
09751-B
Utilization of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products.
08393-B
Utilization of Quasilinear
Fluorescence Spectra in
Analysis of Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbon.
10755-D
Vapor Phase Determination of
Olefins by a Coulometric
Method. 02162-D
Vapor-Phase Oxidation of Hydro-
carbons. Part 2-Effect of
Oxygen Concentration on
Platinum-Catalyzed Combustion
and lonization. 15486-M
Variation in Pulping Practices
Which May Effect Emissions.
096S5-B
Various Component Gases of
Engine Generated Pollution
Pose Fiffering Health
Hazards. 05411-B
Vehicle Emissions and Effects.
A Summary of the December
1961 Air Pollution Research
Conferences. 00798-B
Vehicle Emissions vs. Fuel
Composition. 14127-B
Vehicle Exhausts and Health.
00221-B
Vehicle Performance and Ex-
haust Emission, Carburetion
Versus Timed Fuel In-
jection. 00936-E
Vehicle Pollution Problem.
04808-B
Vehicular Pollution Effects in
Urban Development. 08300-J
Ventilation of Advance
Headings. 03645-E
Ventilation for Engine
Exhaust Gases. 01228-B
Ventilation and Methane
Drainage in Longwall
Mining. 01544-B
Ventilation Problems on
Rapidly Advancing Faces,
With Special Reference
to Thin Seams. 01550-E
Verifying Adsorption
Formulas by Means of
Adsorption Measurements
With Activated Charcoal.
14313-M
Visibility Reduction Due to
Jet-Exhaust Carbon
Particles. 09224-B
Volatile Organic Material
of Plant Origin in the
Atmosphere. 05756-G
Volatile Photodegradation
Products of Organic
Coatings. OS233-H
Volatility of Aerosols.
08337-M
Volatility of Polycvclic
Title Index
1145
-------
Hydrocarbons. 04014-D
Volatization and Decomposition
of Aromatic Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons During the
Usual Procedure for the
Concentrations of
Extracts of Atmospheric
Dust. 08296-D
Vapor Phase Photolysis of
Benzene at 1849 A.
01026-M
Vapor Phase Reduction of
Methyl Radicals With
Crotonaldehyde. 00608-M
Vapor Pressure and Evaporation
of Substances in Movable
Air. 03525-M
Vapor Tension and Vaporization
of Substances in Morning
Air. 06648-M
Variation in Ascorbic Acid
Content in the Organism
of Animals Chronically
Exposed to Small Concen-
trations of Hydrocarbons.
03934-F
Variation With Polarizing
Voltage of the Response
to Methane, Carbon
Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide
of a Macro-Argon lonization
Detector for Gas
Chromatography. 16277-D
Various Quenching Effects in
Thin-Layer Chromatography
Application to Air Pollution.
01034-M
Vital Staining of Tissue
in Establishing Standards
of Atmospheric Pollutants.
06907-F
Washout Coefficients for
Selected Gases and
Particulates. 00173-C
Waste-Gas Disposal System.
09835-B
Waste Incineration in Small
Units. 08373-B
Water and Carbon Removal From
Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Systems. 04273-M
Water-Catalized Oxidation
of Carbon Monoxide by
Oxygen at High
Temperature. 02286-M
Water as a Factor in
Spreading Carcinogens in
the Environment. 02596-F
Way to Determine Sulfur in
Petroleum. 11171-B
Water and Disease.
00259-F
Web Printers and Air
Pollution Control. 14757-E
What Value Front-End
Volatility? 09421-B
What's in the Air. 07845-A
Where Does it All Go.
1S712-C
White Paper About Public
Nuisances 1969. 13366-K
Wire Reclamation. 09830-B
Washington, D. C., Metro-
politan Area Air Pollution
Abatement Activity.
06290-J
Zenith Duplex Induction
System. 08831-E
Zonal Study of Atmospheric
Air Pollution in Areas
Surrounding a Roofing
Tar Paper Plant. 08163-J
1146
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Abatement 13551-E
Abscission 11100-G
Absorbers 02474-E
Absorption 00379-B 01205-D
01419-D 05899-E
06633-E 08162-E
09795-E 1S778-E
15836-E 15861-E
1S862-E 15999-E
15872-H
Acetic Acids 03985-M
Acetone 07573-F
Acetophenono 04070-F
07573-F
Acetyl Bromide Ifcthod
1350S-M
Acetylcholinesterase
02248-D
Gee also: Enzymes
Acetylene-Oxygen Flames
05345-M
Acetylenes 04102-D
13497-E 00161-M
03062-?! 05423-f!
Q745S-M 1S198-H
15970-1! 16439-M
Active Nitrogen
05226-M
Addition Reactions
03062-M
Adrenal Glands 13960 -F
Adsorbents 03145-E
Adsorption 01023-D
01419-D 03185-D
03425-D 04547-D
04648-D 13425-D
14428-D 16486-D
03762-E 03763-E
04871-E 04874-E
05537-E 05899-E
08162-E 08353-E
09793-E 13217-E
13783-E 16020-E
16435-E 16417-1
01891-M 02374-fl
06056-H 13415-M
13499-M 13636-M
13666-M 13686-M
13713-M 13766-M
13876-H 14258-M
14313-M 14391-H
15012-!'! 15167-M
15187-H 16348-M
Aerodynamics 04581-E
Aerosol Pronellant
05337-3
Acridines 00203-D ,00328-J)
06200-1) 00624-D
00998-D
Actinoraeters 01210-M
Activated Charcoal
02764-E 05209-E
OS899-E 06056-1-.!
See also,; Charcoal
Activation Analysis
06008-D 02305-D
Activation
01677-M 03062-M
Aerosol Spectrometers
06231-D
07272-M 07273-M
08337-M 09085-M
14811-M 15664-M
Afterburners 00469-D
00087-E 01623-E
02638-E 05966-E
14424-E 14757-E
Aging 12175-F
Aircraft 06471-D
See also: Airplanes
Aircraft Engine Exhaust
Emissions 15399-B
Air-Fuel Ratio 00592-B
01132-B 01133-B
02956-B 05133-B
12967-B
018SO-E
05822-E
01485-E
05411-B
01831-D
03456-E
07846-E
15257-E
Air-Fuel Ratio Regulator
10926-E
Air Guard System
02405-E
Air Injection Reactor
04226-E
Airplanes 03158-B
06031-B 14892-B
See also: Aircraft
Air Pollution Control
Aerosols 06722-A 05479-3 00359-K
06235-C
00484-D
02205-D
02433-D
04049-D
06231-D
06504-D
01722-F
07027-F
01318-M
02412-M
05849-M
07108-H
15308-C
01592-D
02323-D
02657-D
06021-D
06445-D
IS 898 -D
01805-F
00069-M
01990-M
029 35-: I
06102-M
071 72 -M
Air Pollution Forecasts
00783-C
Airports 06482-C 01202-J
Air Quality 12177-A
1S715-L
Air Quality Criteria
11227-A 04966-F
07601-L 07604-L
07605-L
1147
-------
Air Quality Criteria in
West §'East Europe
07604-L
Air Quality Data - 1966
05336-J
Air Quality Measurement
Programs 00051-D
08898-D 01871-D
03773-D 05322-D
09234-D 09370-D
Air Quality Measurements
14479-A 00051-D
00068-D 00114-D
00141-D 00188-D
00224-D 00293-D
00449-D 00728-D
013S6-D 01499-D
01979-D 02538-1)
02685-D 02796-D
02797-D 02886-D
03080-D 03449-D
03520-D 03773-D
04596-D 05042-D
05501-D 05952-D
06624-D 07564-D
07830-D 09432-D
10668-D 14500-!!
Air Quality Standards
01270-J 03462-J
01955-L 03007-L
03582-L 03582-L
12029-L
Air Resource Management
Program 01211-A
01890-3 00847-J
06188-K
Airslicds 12177-A
00526-J
Alcohols 02548-B 02544-D
03684-1) 04254-D
06903-D 07578-D
01722-F 01833-M
08105-M 12172-?!
14220-M
Aldehydes 00464-3
01958-3 09341-B
00108-D 00845-D
00927-D 01798-D
01802-D 01922-D
01994-D 02077-D
02079-D 02084-1)
02086-D 02088-D
02097-D 02098-D
03253-D 03523-D
03542-D 03680-D
03938-D 04635-D
05136-D 06893-D
07878-D 00622-F
01402-F 01463-F
00961-G 00608-H
02535-M 03088-M
04288-M 04289-M
05611-M 08105-M
08827-M 10519 -M
12 169 -M
Aliphatic Nitrogen
Compounds 04575-F
See also: Organic
Nitrogen Compounds
Alkanes 04484-D 00 190 -M
01833-M 02528-M
04456-M 05051-H
07798-M 09267-M
10028-M 11239-H
11248-M 15238-M
Alkyl Radicals 02078-D
03991-D 03066-M
03067-M 03078-M
05051-M
See also: Aluminum
Alley Is
Alley lation 00768-D
Allergies 01794-F
Altitude 01837-B
Aluminum 01687-B
Aluminum Alley Is 12159-B
See also: Alkyl Radicals
Aluminum Oxide Packed
Glass Capillary Columns.
12663-D
Aluminum Plants 03940-D
08244-F
Alveolar Tissues 04416-F
06600-F
Ar.iines 00867-D 00926-D
02078-1) 02079-D
02089-D 02843-1)
03369-D 03937-D
04086-D 04255-1)
05376-D 06065-0
15708-D 01692-F
02210-J 02489-M
Amino Acids 02843-
04029-D
P -Aminopr opi ophenoi
04927-F
1-Aminopyrene 019'
Ammonia 10044-3
Ammonia Sulfate 0;
Analytical Methods
03205-A 03674-A
01534-B 01803-B
02806-13 07214-B
11562-B 00465-C
00036-D 00092-D
00108-D 00122-D
00328-D 00765-D
OOS45-D 00867-D
00868-D 00869-D
00928-D 01208-D
01395-D 01451-D
01461-D 01499-D
01560-1) 01592-D
01593-D 02081-D
02158-1) 02248-D
02415-D 02460-D
02538-D 02803-D
02805-D 03010-D
03096-1) 03103-D
03267-D 03369-D
03569-1) 03S28-D
03829-D 03966-D
04262-D 04541-D
04631-D 04839-D
05299-D 05501-D
05502-D 07403-1)
07427-D 07432-D
07564-1) 07575-D
07706-D 078S7-D
07898-D 08079-1)
08226-D 08294-D
OS644-D 08762-1)
08889-D 09333-D
09343-1) 09369-D
10489-D 10900-D
11061-D 1106S-D
11165-1) 11270-D
11554-D 11553-D
11559-D 11567-D
11574-D 13154-1)
13543-D 13D89-D
15171-D 15355-D
15763-D 16398-D
1148
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Analytical Methods (contd.)
03813-F 13860-F
00608-M 00770-M
00869-M 02804-M
07395-M 14648-M
15294-M 15911-M
.\nemia 05720-F
Anesthetics 162S2-F
Animal Experiments
00142-D 00484-D
02601-D
03820-F
04927-F
08221-F
13886-F
See also
Animals
01805-F
03821-F
08026-F
11539-F
11S71-M
Experimental
Animals 00915-F
04S89-F 00737-G
03116-G
Anthracenes 01395-D
03234-D' 06200-1) "
08321-D 03643-D
08644-D 11554-D
11567-D 00111-J
04938-J 00925-Ji
OIGSO-?'I 01634-M
01635-?! 02495-?.'
09200-1!
Anthrone 01922-D
Area Surveys 03438-A
04052-A 00054-15
90220-B 00337-LS
05113-B 05575-C
03520-D 03773-D
03902-F 00534-J
00730-J OOS02-J
01949-J 02833-J
03363-J 03404-J
03409-J 03410-J
03426-J 03433-J
03441-J 03451-J
034S4-J 03458-J
03504-J 03505-J
03506-J 04770-J
04S33-J 04S34-J
04864-J 05009-J
05573-J OS598-J
05652-J 06290-J
06535-J 06946-J
06906-J 06977-J
07408-J 08315-J
09117-J 09209-J
Aromatic Amines 02288-F
See also: Amines
Aromatic Fractions
02276-F 05839-J
Artificial Pearl Factories
03902-F
Asbestos 01440-F
06710-F 07783-F
08511-F 10239-F
10241-F 01467-11
Asphalt 00621-B
02276-F 03015-F
Asphalt Air Blowing
00621-B
Asphalt Hot Road Mix
00621-B
Asphalt Saturated Felt
Roofing. 02232-B
I
Aspirators 13028-D
Atmospheric Interaction
16266-J
Atmospheric Phencmena
00834-C 00696-G
Atmospheric Temperature
07308-F
Atmospheric Ultraviolet
Radiation. 01027-C
Atomic Oxygen 00139-C
03064-C
Atomization 00057-E
14850-E
Atomizers 01990-M
07271-M 07272-M
07273-M 09085-M
Auto Exhaust Analyzer
16616-D
Auto Exhaust, Ir-
radiated 02842-F
Autocatalysis
05058-M
02082-M
Automatic Measurement
Methods 01495-D
01503-D 0788S-D
1S171-D
Automobiles 01404-B
01413-B
Automotive
Controls
00171-B
00504-B
01848-B
01868-B
03122-B
04808-B
05912-B
07223-B
07638-B
0942 1-B
00142-D
00469-D
07807-D
00936-E
01873-E
04374-E
04771-E
05320-E
05832-E
06032-E
07224-E
07846-E
08496-E
09027-E
13033-E
14036-E
14463-E
1S343-E
16484-E
00350-K
03614-K
07805-K
14475- L
Emission §
00052 -B
00319-B
00566-B
01863-B
01894-B
03265-B
0532 3-B
06791-B
07637-B
09331-B
10135-B
00155-D
02048-D
13989-D
01411-E
02142-E
04899-E
OS537-E
05155-E
06144-E
07560-E
0789 3-E
08604-E
11292-E
13144-E
1429 7- E
14723-E
16156-E
00152-K
02055-K
03944-K
10205-K
14335-M
Automotive Emission
Tests. 14697-B
Subject Index
1149
-------
Automotive Qaissicns
00186-B 0022 1-B
00271-B 00268-B
00679-B 00798-B
00962 -B 00969-B
00985-B 01534-B
01565-B 01624-B
02362-B 0263S-B
02636-B 03255-B
03264-B 04315-B
05007-B OS844-B
07844-B 09393-B
114S7-B 1404S-B
16017-B 16263-B
05742-E 01830-J
02239-J 0493S-J
08300-J 092S1-IC
See also: Automotive
Exhausts
Automotive Exiiausts
00020-B 00324-3
01132-B 01133-B
01228-B 01375-B
01381-B 013S2-B
01383-B 01384-B
01413-B 01673-B
0181S-B 01837-B
01958-B 02244-3
02S06-B 03352-B
03584-B 038S3-B
03989-B 04028-K
04460-B 04630-B
04993-B 04994-B
OS097-B OS109-B
05113-B OS292-B
05411-B 05850-B
06350-B 07623-B
07626-B 07629-B
07635-B 0816S-B
08633-B 09341-B
09355-3 09389-B
09405-B 10662-3
10734-B 11254-B
11562-B 13562-B
00036-D 00068-D
00103-D 00122-D
00142-1) 00146-D
00155-D 00277-D
00469-D 00584-D
00620-D 00772-D
00893-D 00911-B
01225-D 01269-D
01495-D 01560-D
01720-D 01831-D
01926-D 02130-D
02358-D 02378-D
02785-D 02848-D
03112-D 03267-D
03977-D 04318-D
04760-D 04839-D
048S7-D 04860-D
05135-D 05263-D
05339-D 05536-D
05836-D 06052-D
06433-D 06699-D
07104-D 07400-D
07627-D 07628-D
07807-D 08270-D
086S1-D 09342-D
09348-U 09574-D
10242-D 11237-D
11S54-D 14S25-D
15763-D 15904-D
15909-D 16132-D
03266-E 10539-E
00195-F 00473-F
00370-F 01603-F
01987-F 019S8-F
02332-F 03076-F
03214-F 03270-F
03583-F 03823-F
04252-F 04553-F
06099-F 07613-F
07842-F 07952-F
OS801-F 11632-F
03S96-C 00115-!!
00058-M 05611-?:
OS849-M 06693-?.!
10129-H 15911-?;
Autoxiuation 03164-B
Autorefrigeratcd Cascade
Cycle 15134-:.!
Azines 01531-D 03929-D
1, I1 Azoisobutane
07512-M 11248-M
112 39-' I
Azulenes 020S5-D 02091-D
02092-D 0787S-D
Background Stations
11004-C
Sacteria 04635-D
07400-D 00992-F
04551-F 04650-F
05294-F 00231-M
07188-M 07463-!!
See also: llicroorganisras
Bacteriophage 07782-F
Barley Seedlings 00601-G
Battery Fuel Cells
03887-B 04233-B
04316-B 02442-B
04272-B
See also: Fuel Cells
Beaver iteport (England)
007^7-1}
uy / j^ D
Beckran Fission Inactions
07898-D
Behavior 07306-F
Bentonite 13666-?'!
Benzamides 02210-J
Bcnzanthracenes
02607-U 1121S-D
15337-D 01628-:!
See also: .Anthracenes
TH-Benz(de) anthracen-7-one.
11218-D 15337-D
See also: Benzanthracenes
Benzene Hexachloride p3'IQ>
Garm 16526-3
See also : Benzene
Compounds
Benzene Compounds
16526-B 00177-C
01825-C 01984-C
00203-D 00293-D
00768-D 00911-D
01997-D 02303-D
03081-D 03929-D
04060-D 04143-D
04206-D 04219-D
04742-D 05092-D
05376-D 05952-D
05959-D 06021-D
06661-D 06702-D
07061-D 07153-D
07432-D 07578-D
10772-D 11558-D
11559-D 15749-D
04871-E 04874-E
02566-F 03821-F
03900-F 03933-F
04142-F 04148-F
04701-F -04703-F
1150
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Benzene Compounds (contd.)
06663-F 06892-F
06905-F 07306-F
07308-F 07368-F
07475-F 08431-F
08526-F 12276-F
06788-J 00034-M
00120-M 01026-M
01978-M 02493-M
08827-M 09700-M
14293-M 15491-M
15869-M 16027-M
16348-M
Benzene Soluble Compounds
11260-F
See also: Benzene
Compounds
Benzene-Soluble Organic
Matter 00728-D
00293-D 00728-D
00638-F 06383-F
02169-J 03426-J
Benzhydrols 01210-M
Benzo(a)pyrene 00621-B
00835-B 03935-B
04098-B 04108-B
05005-B 10734-B
10964-D 11091-D
11093-D 00518-F
00663-F 00664-F
007SO-F 00754-F
00842-F 00870-F
01025-F 01029-F
01440-F 02600-F
04177-F 04551-F
0470S-F 04709-F
04712-F 04713-F
04714-F 05298-F
05372-F 07291-F
07301-F 07340-F
0778S-F 08210-F
08339-F 08598-F
09060-F 09713,-F
11299-F 10099-G
02061-J 02225-J
03685-J 04938-J
06789-J 0848S-J
11015-J 11572-J
1S2.48-J
See also: Benz(a)pyrene
314-Benzpyrene
Benzopyrene Pyrenes:
Carcinogens
Benzoles 04581-E
Benzophenones 07097-D
11218-D 00916-M
01210-M 05100-M
10039-M 11218-M
See Ketones
Benzotrichloride
04104-F
Benz(a)pyrene 03686-F
04710-F 04711-F
05650-F 08274-F
03925-J 04091-J
See also: Benzo(a)pyrene
3,4-Benzpyrene Benzopyrenes
Pyrenes: 'Carcinogens
Benzopyrenes 13668-B
00114-D 00451-D
01356-D 01395-D
01714-D 01729-D
01735-D 01781-D
01999-D 02048-D
02226-D 02233-D
02336-D 02581-D
02786-D 02797-D
02805-D 03542-D
03940-D 04085-D
04248-D 04329-D
05605-D 06200-D
06380-D 06634-D
06662-D 07298-D
07400-D 07743-D
08643-D 08644-D
14125-D 14658-D
15763-D 03678-F
08598-F 14422-F
14679-J 02203-M
02495-M 02853-M
07188-M 07463-M
11571-M
3,4 Benzpyrene 07299-B
07300-B 07570-B
08200-B 02596-F
02689-F 03086-F
04702-F 06268-F
07302-F 07783-F
0905S-F 14711-F :
16219-F 16542-F
03925-J 06760-J
06788-J 07292-J
07366-J 11914-J
16336-J
See also: Benzo-
pyrenes Benz(a)pyrene
Benso(a)pyrene
Pyrenes: Carcinogensx
Benzyl Chloride
15749-D
Bioassay 01453-B
00728-D 00966-D
01302-D 01025-F
04551-F 02169-J
Biological In-
dicators 00728-D
00966-D 05836-D
Biological Tissues
01049-F
Bioluminescence
04635-D
Biomedical Techniques
§ Measurement
01469-F
Biosphere 14019-C
Biosynethesis
10116-G
Birds 06266-F
04709-F 04711-F
04713-F
Blast Furnaces
14399-M
Blood Cells 07308-F
08526-F
Blood Chemistry 01426-F
03898-F 03934-F
04142-F 04148-F
04723-F
Blood Coagulation System
08526-F
Blowby 03264-B 03562-B
04993-B OS596-B
01S60-D
Blowby Emissions
02375-B
Body Fluids 05561-D
Bosch Reduction Reactor
04273-M
Brassica oleracea
10116-G
Subject Index
U51
-------
Breathing 00747-D
01310-D 12949-M
Bromocoulometric
Analytical Method
02162-D 04960-D
12002-D
See also: Coulcnetry
Bronchial Cancer
06003-F
Bronchitis 03086-F
0841S-F
Butadienes 01981-J
07458-M 07791-M
15848-M 16626-M
See also: Olefins
Butanes 00139-C
01S87-C 01419-D
06017-D 16427-D
04650-F 01648-M
See also: Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons
Butenes 02854-D
0463S-D 06301-D
003S6-M 022S8-M
07498-M 09079-M
09080-M 13034-M
See also: Olefins
Butyl Halides 05613-M
By-Product Recovery
08359-B 06170-E
08365-E 1450S-E
1599S-E 04668-M
15874-M
Caffeine 00492-D
Calciun Conpouids
13278-M
Calibration Methods
02323-D 02354-D
08083-D 08357-D
09888-D 10960-D
1S909-D 11543-M
California State Depart-
ment of Public Health
16518-L
Cancer 01038-B
01453-B 02S73-B
06108-B 01029-F
01030-F 01062-F
01469-F 01692-F
02288-F 03886-F
071S9-F 08241-F
Carbazoles 00230-D
00912-D 02078-D
02090-D 09200-M
Carbohydrates 07878-D
See also: Sugars
Carbon Black 03986-M
04668-M 15914-M
1S988-M 09224-B
06701-F 04702-F
04703-F 04706-F
04711-F
Carbon Dioxide 00141-D
00277-D 00469-D
0396S-D 07150-D
07627-D 08226-D
03184-M 04273-M
04288-M 04289-M
13766-M 1SS24-M
Carbon Dioxide Acceptor
Process 15524-M
Carbon Monoxide 04098-B
00141-D 00277-D
00469-D 02130-D
03965-D 07150-D
07564-D 07627-D
08838-D 08488-E
08221-F 07366-J
02253-M 02286-M
02467-M 02472-M
03184-M 04653-M
08877-M 10292-M
14158-M
Carbon Tetra Chloride
03820-F 03821-F
08026-F 08028-F
08295-F 11539-F
Carbonyl Compounds
01649-C
Carbonyl Oxide 00565-M
Carbonyls 00464-B
00146-D 00934-D
01581-D 01720-D
01998-D 02084-D
08270-D 04926-M
07510-M
Carburetion 02130-D
01854-E 01873-E
09337-E 15257-E
Carburetor Evaporation
Losses 07632-B
Carcinogens 00621-B
00835-B 01008-B
01362-B 01404-B
01453-B 01788-B
01803-B 02023-B
02549-B 02573-B
03543-B 03935-B
04098-B 04108-B
05005-B 05109-B
06108-B 06808-B
07299-B 07570-B
08200-B 09405-B
10631-B 10741-B
13668-B 14124-B
14619-B 16024-B
16125-B 00114-D
00451-D 00479-D
00624-D 00728-D
00931-D 00966-D
03156-D 01714-D
01729-D 01735-D
01781-D 01999-D
02048-D 02226-D
02233-D 02336-D
02581-D 02795-D
02805-D 03080-D
03542-D 03940-D
04014-D 04085-D
04210-D 04329-D
05084-D 05502-D
05605-D 06135-D
06200-D 06380-D
06634-D 06662-D
07298-D 07400-D
07743-D 08296-D
08321-D 085.89-D
08643-D 08644-D
10767-D 10946-D
10964-D 11091-D
11093-D 11554-D
11567-D 14658-D
15708-D 15763-D
15977-D 02600-E
01851-E 06674-E
10637-E 00195-F
00518-F 00630-F
00663-F 00664-F
00750-F 00842-F
1152
1 HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Carcinogens
00915-F
01020-F
01029-F
01062-F
01286-F
01469-F
01636-F
01692-F
01813-F
01971-F
02596-F
03480-F
03686-F
03886-F
04551-F
04590-F
04702-F
04705-F
04708-F
04709-F
04711-F
04713-F
05231-F
05284-F
05304-F
05650-F
06004-F
06268-F
06947-F
07301-F
07340-F
07785-F
08210-F
08243-F
08274-F
08511-F
09024-F
09435-F
13860-F
14422-F
14724-F
00625-J
00727-J
02169-J
02587-J
03526-J
03925-J
04651-J
05675-J
06384-J
06788-J
07292-J
08485-J
09936-J
1101S-J
11575-J
14679-J
16336-J
(contd.)
01015-F
01025-F
01030-F
01081-F
01440-F
01629-F
01&68-F
01762-F
01844-F
02288-F
02689-F
03678-F
03702-F
04539-F
04589-F
04701-F
04703-F
04706-F
04708-F
04710-F
04712-F
04714-F
05238-F
05298-F
05372-F
06002-F
06266-F
06383-F
07291-F
07302-F
07782-F
07952-F
08241-F
08244-F
08339-F
08598-F
0905S-F
09713-F
11489-F
14711-F
00111-J
00689-J
02061-J
02225-J
02944-J
03685-J
04091-J
04938-J
05839-J
06760-J
06789-J
08315-J
09766-J
10099-J
11572-J
11914-J
15248-J
00925-M
01630-M
01634-M
02203-M
02853-M
07188-M
09200-M
11571-M
01631-M
01635-M
02495-M
05325-M
07463-M
10520-M
14709-M
Carcinomas 11275-F
Carrier Gases 01771-M
Cascade Samples 02323-D
Catalysis
13554-E
Catalysts
09838-B
14525-D
02737-E
03797-E
13865-E
14333-E
01680-M
04022-M
07607-M
13391-M
14227-M
1660 8-M
13033-E
00097-E
04272-B
13543-D
00015-E
03796-E
08082-E
14326-E
00101-M
03343-M
04288-M
12172-M
13465-M
14335-M
Catalyst Support
08536-E
Catalytic Activity
05214-E 07362-E
14459-E 00231-M
01241-M 09179-M
14227-M 14258-M
Catalytic Afterburners
07637-B 07638-B
00269-E 02373-E
14341-E 14604-E
14608-E
See also: Afterburners
Catalytic Conbustion
04839-D 14525-D
15200-D 02112-E
08207-E 03969-M
04617-M 15486-M
Catalytic Converters
14604-E
Catalytic Muffler
13036-E
Catalytic
00060-D
01497-E
0272S-E
04470-E
04610-E
05147-E
OS41S-E
05929-E
06512-E
07620-E
08536-E
13144-E
16184-E
02286-M
1433S-M
Oxidation
03966-D
02648-E
03797-E
04S58-E
04771-E
05250-E
05471-E
06285-E
07362-E
08082-E
12998-E
15765-E
01241-M
05208-M
Cattle 05421-G
Cell Growth 05294-F
06847-F 06498-G
Cell Metabolism
04S75-E 09024-F
0905S-F
Cells 01062-F 06384-J
Centrifuge, Evaporative
15063-M
Ceresin Aerosols
07156-D
Charcoal
01419-D
04648-D
04871-E
13686-M
14313-M
16348-M
01392-D
03185-D
15541-D
04874-E
13876-M
14622-M
Charcoal Grilling
14124-B
Chassis Dynamometer
03547-A
Chemical Analytical
Methods 00122-D
0084S-D 02439-D
03080-D
07146-D
07373-D
10242-D
15171-D
16211-D
07342-F
04796-D
07156-D
07375-D
14428-D
15355-D
01049-F
13453-M
Subject Index
1153
-------
Chemical Bonds 01603-F
Chemical Conposition
02362-B 02375-B
02610-B 03264-B
07629-B
02685-D
0643S-D
13779-D
14119-F
13040-J
14776-J
OS849-M
13415-M
01714-D
04262-D
06624-D
06534-E
05627-J
13788-J
15575-J
06102-M
14500-M
Chemical Compounds
15712-C 00868-D
02415-D 07972-F
OS342-G 0352S-M
09764-M
Chemical Industry
03129-B
Chemical Plants
11914-J
Chemical Processes
02234-B 02236-B
14767-B 15392-B
02439-D 03940-D
14430-D 00587-E
11058-E 135S4-E
00883-F 02571-F
04256-G 13415-M
15848-M 1S990-M
Chemical Reactions
06722-A 00302-C
04988-C 06994-C
01683-D 06682-D
07884-E 14264-E
00608-M 04288-M
04289-M 07498-M
07509-M 11050-M
15805-M 16082-M
16439-M 16599-M
16626-M
Chemical Synthesis
01635-M
Chemiluminescence
00426-D 02188-D
11097-M
Children 04037-F
06869-F 10987-F
11272-F
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
10119-M
Chlorine 16605-M
Chlorine Dioxide Treatment
03983-E
Chlorophenols
05092-D
P-Chlorophenyl Isocyanate
04258-F
Chloroplasts
07446-G
Chloroprene 02121-D
11272-F 02592-J
Chlortetracycline
02S59-D
Chromatograph Back
.Flush Gas
05057-J
Chromatography 00060-D
00108-D 00141-D
00230-D 00264-D
00469-D 01696-D
02785-D 02786-D
07153-D 07878-D
11068-D 14391-M
Chromatography, Colurm
00542-D 00624-D
00926-D 00934-D
01979-D 02227-D
02581-D 04930-D
06380-D 07435-D
11574-D 12668-D
14662-D 02812-M
06980-M 07395-M
Chromatography, Gas
01382-B 01558-B
04731-B 05337-B
07214-B 16494-B
00935-C
00036-D
00542-D
00772-D
00942-D
01289-D
01392-D
01503-D
01926-D
01761-C
00479-D
00610-D
00911-D
01278-D
01310-D
01430-D
01784-D
01979-D
02159-D
02500-D
03112-D
03732-D
03967-D
03991-D
04206-D
04648-D
0489S-D
05135-D
05404-D
05848-D
OS981-D
06328-D
07061-D
0733S-D
07628-D
07850-D
08285-D
08357-D
08848-D
09365-D
09574-D
10946-D
115S4-D
115S9-D
12663-D
13779-D
14430-D
15529-D
15802-D
16620-D
02160-M
02812-M
08118-M
14SOO-M
02460-D
0287S-D
03430-D
03949-D
03977-D
04143-D
04484-D
04667-D
OS056-D
05263-D
05578-D
05863-D
06112-D
06699-D
07140-D
07432-D
07749-D
07887-D
08354-D
08S19-D
09342-D
09388-D
10238-D
11164-D
11S58-D
12001-D
12668-D
13974-D
14839-D
15541-D
15904-D
01980-J
02204-M
07395-M
13062-M
14648-M
Chromatography, Paper
00440-D 00766-D
00868-D 00911-D
01720-D 01991-D
06903-D 11068-D
11485-D 02210-J
02495-M
Chromatography, Thin-
Layer 00011-D
00114-D 00399-D
00479-D
00766-D
00868-D
00926-D
00934-D
01232-D
01735-D
0179S-D
02795-D
04329-D
00624-D
00767-D
00912-D
00931-D
00998-D
01581-D
01781-D
01826-D
04328-D
05092-D
1154
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Chromatography, Thin-Layer
(contd.) 05461-D 06955-D
07743-D 08589-D
09223-D 09597-D
10767-D 11068-D
11091-D 11093*0
11218-D 11S74-D
14662-D 15337-D
00869-M 01034-M
Chromotropic Acid
03680-D
Cigarette Smoke
03839-F
Ciliary Activity
02248-D
Citrus Crops 03611-G
Clean Roans 04139-E
Cleaner Air Package.
00154-B
Cleavage 01628-M
Closed Ecological
Systems 08025-B
Coal 01482-B 05067-B
10429-B 01395-D
07783-F 10292-M
13636-M
Coal Briquets 02600-E
Coal Characteristics
13494-A 06636-E
13766-M 13882-M
15481-M
Coal Preparation Pro-
cesses 10047-E
10039-M
Coal Tar Dye Plant.
01038-B
Coal Tar Pitch
02S73-B 00011-D
00230-D 02226-D
02725-E 11577-J
Coarse Porous Glass
Colums 04484-D
Cocarcinogenicity
01471-J
Cocklebur (Xanthium
rlvanicum
lln.j07167-G
Coffee 03354-D
Coke 15914-M
Coke Ovens 16125-B
Colloids 10041-M
Colorimetric Analysis
04245-C 0084S-D
00867-D 01802-D
01973-D 01995-D
01997-D 01998-D
01999-D 02077-D
02079-D 02083-D
02084-D 0208S-D
02086-D 02087-D
02088-D 02089-D
02090-D 02091-D
02092-D 02094-D
02095-D 02096-D
02097-D 02121-D
02135-D 02161-D
02544-D 02S95-D
02785-D 02798-D
02801-D 02803-D
02803-D 02854-D
03096-D 03523-D
03537-D 03679-D
03680-D 03684-D
03929-D 03937-D
04029-D 04086-D
04099-D 04219-D
04254-D 04255-D
04440-D 04742-D
04825-D OS210-D
06112-D 06661-D
06876-D 06876-D
06893-D 08171-D
10089-D 1S730-D
Combined Effect 11479-C
Combustible Organic
Waste Gases 16211-D
Combustion Chambers
Deposits 04460-B
14033-B
Combustion Ignition
04926-M
Conbustion Inhibition
11210-M
Conbustion, Oscillatory
03588-M
See also: Perturbations
Conbustion
09780-A
01744-B
0200 1-B
04995-B
05012-B
10475-B
00275-D
01748-D
06328-D
08080-E
05440-M
15481-M
Products
0002 7-B
01788-B
02335-B
05011-B
07451-B
10741-B
01289-D
OS605-D
04279-E
08476-E
09172-M
Conbustion Stability
03588-M
Combustion Temperatures
05043-M
Ccmnercial Finns
01073-A 02234-B
Compact Cars 04028-B
Computer Programs
11225-C 00277-D
16023-M
Concentrations
01673-B 01958-B
02610-B 03255-B
0763S-B 03059-D
03369-D 03S20-D
04049-D 07838-D
01980-J OS110-J
Condensation 08162-E
07495-M
Condensation Nuclei
Counters 062 31-D
11540-D
Coniferous Forests
04256-G
Conservation of Clean
Air and Water -
Western Europe.
(CCNCAWE) 14798-B
Construction Materials
08033-B 11486-D
Subject Index
1155
-------
Ccntact Processing
15872-M
Continuous Air Monitoring
Program (CAMP)
06723-A 00929-C
00321-J 01912-J
03024-J 06701-J
06707-J 11267-J
See also: Continuous
Monitoring
Continuous Measurements
01828-C
Continuous Monitoring
OOOS1-D 00141-D
00623-D 00977-D
01871-D 02354-D
03520-D 03569-D
05583-D 05837-D
06025-D 06433-D
06471-D 07564-D
07885-D 082S7-D
08592-D 09234-D
13050-D 14722-D
15171-D 15200-D
15484-D 15909-D
15294-M
See also: Continuous
Air Monitoring
Contractility 16252-F
Control Agencies, Federal
14728-E
Control Agencies,
Netherlands 14616-J
Control Equipment
09780-A 09787-B
00257-E 02411-E
02541-E 03462-E
03762-E 08837-E
09793-E 0979S-E
11058-E
Control Methods
00379-B 01744-B
15392-B 00068-D
00469-D 03185-D
03966-D 04648-D
07400-D 13391-M
13553-M 13666-M
14335-M 14388-M
15167-M 15524-M
Control Programs
01165-B 04599-B
09752-B 09759-B
04962-E 05320-E
05895-J 08408-K
08899-K 00157-L
Controlled
08025-B
00142-D
03185-D
03829-D
05042-D
04279-E
06512-E
03821-F
08028-F
05666-G
Atmospheres
08851-B
02336-D
03430-D
04262-D
10672-D
06292-E
03820-F
08026-F
11539-F
Cooling 15778-E
Costs 00566-B 04599-B
08394-B 08594-B
09759-B 11265-B
01623-E 06144-E
08365-E 13551-E
12045-G 07698-1
11204-1 16174-1
16417-1 03462-J
15078-M
Cotton 06546-G
Coulometry 02162-D
12002-D
See also: Bromocoulo-
metric Analytical
Method
Coulter Counters
08083-D
Coubustion
10475-B
00060-D
07692-D
02973-E
15657-H
02253-M
0398S-M
04653-M
05325-M
09046-M
12058-M
14379-M
14388-M
14622-M
Combustion
05649-B
02158-D
11554-D
14430-D
14004-E
02495-M
03446-M
05643-M
12949-M
08359-B
11263-B
02233-D
08136-D
05209-E
01241-M
03107-M
04550-M
05047-M
05643-M
11210-M
13580-M
14385-M
14399-M
15486-M
Gases 00030-B
11231-B
04667-D
13028-D
15277-D
15657-H
02734-M
04550-M
06625-M
14450-M
Coumalin Dimerization
03009-M
Countercurrent Contacting
Device 02374-M
Crankcase Emissions
01894-B 03580-B
05155-E
Critical Orifices
08078-M
Crude Oil
04109-F 04110-F
Crude Oil Tars
04108-B
Cryogenics 06070-D
15085-M
Crystal Structure
15405-M
Cumene Hydroperoxide
02595-D
Copper Oxide 05147-E
Core Ovens 09803-B
Coronene 11188-M
15491-M
Correlation Techniques
01729-D 09348-D
Corrosion 02380-H
Cupric Oxide-Alumina
01497-E
Cyclic Sulfones
16626-M
Cyclization 01628-M
01630-M 01632-M
Cyclohexadiene 05425-M
07457-M
1156
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
1,3-Cyclohexanedione
03253-D
Cyclohexanol 0260S-F
Cyclopentadienes
02801-D
Cyclopenta (c ,d) pyrene
14301-D
See also: Pyrenes
Cyclopropane 16252-F
Cyclopropylamine
02489-M
See also: Amines
Cylinders 07705-M
Cytology 03678-F
Data Analysis 00910-F
00321-J 023S1-J
Data Handling System
06723-A 00337-B
00277-D 05339-D
(2,4-D) 2,4-Dichloro-
phenoxy Acetic Acid
07988-M
(DDT) 2,2 bis
(p-chloropheny 1) -1,1,1-
trichloroethane
01616-B 16S26-B
04107-F 07956-F
08329-F
Decay Rates 06504-D
Decomposition 00426-D
13467-E 01677-M
03009-M 04456-M
050S1-M 06997-M
07988-M 08105-M
0974S-M
Degassing 04179-E
13882-M
Dehydrogenation 01633-M
Density 01358-M
Deposition 1612S-B
07027-F 08483-F
03783-G 07705-M
Design Criteria
03401-A 00592-B
02001-B 16024-B
00623-D 03425-D
07838-D 08356-D
16170-D 06292-F
08365-E 09329-E
13958-E 14341-E
15664-M 16485-M
Design Engineering
01133-B
Desorption
07706-D 15541-D
00583-E
Desulfurization of
Fuels 13779-D
06479-E 15327-E
00353-M
Detection Thresholds
14470-D
N, N-Dialkylanilines
02078-D
See also: Organic
Nitrogen Compounds
1,2,5,6-Dibenzanthracene
02607-D
See also: Anthracenes
Dibenzopyrenes 01631-M
See also: Pyrenes
Dichloroethane
14773-D 08151-F
See also: Halogenated
hydrocarbons
Dieldrin 1,2,3,4,10, 10-
hexachloro-6,7, epoxy-
' l,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-
octahydro-l,4-endo-exo-
5 8-dimethanoraphthalene
16526-B 06496-F
07352-F
Diels-Alder Reaction
07791-M
Diesel Bus Garages
06055-B
Diesel Engine Combustion
01008-B
Diesel Engines 00650-B
04008-B 04374-B
04621-B 04663-B
05007-B 06039-B
06280-B 07596-B
07690-B 08497-B
08802-B 10044-B
14116-B 14119-B
14680-B 02785-D
02786-D 03542-D
05170-D 09343-D
14607-D 15484-D
01867-E 04628-E
04888-E 09325-E
11234-E 14297-E
14609-E 15418-E
00058-M
Diesel Exhaust Products
06640-F
Diesel Propulsion Power
Method 00241-J
00251-J
Diethyl Ketone
08353-M
See also: Ketones
Diffusion 04933-C
06445-D 15104-M
15125-M
Diffusion Cells
03059-D
Diffusion Coefficients
03059-D 15032-M
15131-M 15265-M
Diffusion Flames
11143-B 12086-D
16363-D 05325-M
09172-M
Diffusion Models
11225-C
Digital Recording System
01495-D
Diisopropyl oxide
16236-M
Dimedone 03253-D
Subject Index
1157
-------
P-dimethylaminebenzaldehyde
02092-D 02161-D
Dimethylaminoazobenzene
03929-D
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
01451-D
o-Dinitrobenzene
00768-D
See also: Organic
Nitrogen Compounds
Benzene Compounds
Dinyl OS949-F
Diolefins 05844-D
15837-E 15875-E
15848-M
See also: Olefins
Dioxane Sulfotrioxide
16082-M
Diphenylaraines
02078-D
See also: Amines
4,4'DiphenyImethane
DuSoCyanate (DMD)
03924-D
Diphenyls 02078-D
03924-D 04099-D
09750-M 15055-M
1,2-di-(4-pyridyl)
Ethylene 03537-D
Direct-Flame In-
cineration 00257-E
Discharge Detectors
1S904-D
Discoloration
00115-H
Diseases o£ Crops and
Ornamental Plants
12042-G
Diseases and Disorders
08331-F
Dispersion 03381-C
Disproportionation
16236-M
Dissociation 05404-D
01680-M 1505S-M
16218-M
Distribution 14158-M
2,4,6,8,10-dodecapentaenedi-
al 08827-M
Dogs 11632-F
Domestic Heating
04361-B 07230-B
09385-B 00275-D
05720-F
Dow Chemical Company
00730-J 06430-J
Driving Cycle
00277-D
Dry Cleaning
04114-B 09820-B
01333-D 14028-E
Dry Cleaning Solvents
04114-B
Drying 08296-D
Dust 16125-B
00451-D 0268S-D
02796-D 02963-D
05981-D 08296-D
06305-E 15614-E
08339-F 09713-F
16219-F 08163-J
11S72-J 15248-J
16336-J 16440-J
Economic Effects
08394-B 08594-B
08365-E 09060-F
03610-G 03612-G
03616-G 05342-G
12042-G 03027-J
00359-K 15078-M
Effluents 05404-D
Electric Automobiles
11265-B
Electric Charge
07273-M
Electric Power Production
12503-E
Electrical Conductivity
15481-M
Electrical Discharge
07495-M
Electrical Equipment
03215-H
Electrical Particle
Counter 00862-D
Electrical Properties
02443-M 09172-M
Electrochemical
Cleaning 14450-M
Electrochemical Methods
00092-D 08077-D
Electroconductivity
Analyzers 06112-D
Electrodes 08077-D
03343-M
Electrofliters
13784-E
Electrolysis 03940-D
Electron Affinity
097SO-M
Electron Capture
Detectors 01832-D
03112-D 03955-D
05981-D
Electron Microscopy
02657-D
Electron Paramagnetic
Resonance Spectra.
02493-M
Electronic States
09030-M 09079-M
Electronic Transition
03522-M 11188-M
Electrophores is
01991-D
1158
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Electrophoresis,
04328-D 05084-D
Electroplating Industry
OS790-F
Electrostatic Model
03062-M
Electrostatic Particle
Counters 08083-0
Electrostatic
Precipitation
00373-E 10S68-E
Electrostatic Precipitators
06793-E 15614-E
Embryos 04712-F
Emission Inventories
00673-B 09737-B
11152-B 14019-C
02833-J 04770-J
06977-J 11224-J
Emission Sources
14811-M 15078-M
Emission Standards
06350-B 07625-B
03851-E 08075-E
003SO-K 03S83-L
03586-L 14842-L
16518-L
Emissivity 01824-M
Emphysema 11309-F
Endrin 06496-P
Energy Sources
09759-B
Energy Transfer
15046-M
Enforcement Procedures
02951-A 00975-B
Engine Acceleration
16132-D
Engine Design Modification
03580-B 02130-D
13989-D 00269-E
01873-E 05822-E
08831-B 13958-E
15453-E 16124-E
16187-E 1S243-M
Engine Displacement
063SO-B
Engine Exhausts
03761-B 12967-B
13951-B 14033-B
14116-B 14461-B
14462-B 14487-B
14697-B 15399-B
16135-B 16170-D
14975-E 15490-F
See also: Automotive
Exhausts Automotive
Emissions
Engine Operating Cycles
03562-B 05292-B
07629-B 07635-B
08493-B 1S883-B
16023-M
Engine Operation
Modification
02428-B 15367-B
01411-E 0240S-E
02753-E 034S6-E
1S321-E
Engine Performance
02130-D 13S44-M
Environmental Pollution
Control Committee
(DOD) 14728-E
Enzymes 00658-F 07446-G
13078-M
Epidemiology 00375-B
00310-F 01286-F
01806-F 01813-F
01992-F 04051-F
04423-F 08243-F
1634S-F 16542-F
Episodes 09310-A
00220-B 00375-B
00502-C 00783-C
10018-C 11489-F
00682-J
Equipment 05742-E
Equipment Criteria
03010-D 1S167-M
Esters 02248-D
05959-D 08446-D
03985-M 08105-M
10028-M 14220-M
Ethanol Gasoline
12161-B
Ethylene Compounds
11143-A 10741-B
00344-C 01244-C
01649-C 00214-D
05383-D 06301-D
14944-E 04771-F
08897-F 11484-F
12272-F 00737-G
01179-G 01809-G
02537-G 05728-G
06078-G 06546-G
07167-G 11072-G
11100-G 12042-G
03582-L 07605-L
15715-L 00001-M
00101-M 01233-M
05226-M 07458-M
09078-M 09099-M
15032-M 15074-M
15104-M 15143-M
15165-M 15183-M
15265-M
Ethylene Glycol
06907-F
Ethylene Oxide
05294-F 06895-F
Excretions 04705-F
04709-F 06680-F
Exhaust Emissions
00324-B
Exhaust Manifold
Reactors 11548-E
Exhaust Standards
04417-E
Exhaust Stystem
06159-E
Experimental Animals
00176-F 00803-F
04104-F 04416-F
06099-F 07332-F
07475-F 10456-F
See: Animal
Experiments
Subject Index
1159
-------
Experimental Equipment
00492-D 00772-D
00898-D 01392-D
03527-D 07628-D
08356-D 08762-D
15354-D 06182-M
Experimental Methods
00845-D 00966-D
03010-D 03S27-D
03592-D 08762-D
10960-D 153S4-D
08162-E 00842-F
01805-F 04253-F
08241-F 05666-G
Explosions 13050-D
Exposure Chambers
00142-D 01495-D
04825-D 03813-F
03820-F 03821-F
08026-F 08221-F
11539-F 15664-M
Exposure Levels
13154-D
Exposure Methods
01987-F 03822-F
06099-F 07068-F
Eye Irritation
00177-C 01602-C
04973-D 00084-F
00622-F 01402-F
01463-F 01591-F
01596-F 01603-F
02842-F 03270-F
03490-F 03978-F
04645-F 05680-F
05819-F 11260-F
12969-F 14119-F
Fatty Acids 10028-M
10119-M 134S3-M
13465-M
Feasibility Studies
01626-B 11615-B
00092-D 06284-D
06471-D 08681-D
12887-D 15941-E
13886-F
Federal Air Quality
Act 1967 14772-L
Federal Installations
00206-K
Federal Government
06146-A 08273-A
090S3-K
Field Tests 0396S-D
08066-D 14525-D
Filters 06793-E
14028-E 15526-E
06182-M
Fish 07299-B
Fixed Bed Recovery
System 08352-E
Flame Afterburners
07637-B
Flame Emission Detectors
03967-D
Flame lonization Method
Flowmeters
08078-M
07626-B
09751-B
01208-D
01230-D
01823-D
01979-D
02358-D
02848-D
03569-D
03967-D
04541-D
05834-D
05863-D
06052-D
08681-D
11496-D
11559-D
13974-D
14773-D
15277-D
01980-J
11210-M
00141-D
01225-D
01238-D
01926-D
02159-D
02500-D
03291-D
03955-D
03977-D
OS617-D
05837-D
05981-D
08257-D
09734-D
11554-D
11567-D
14722-D
15200-D
01736-J
02762-J
Flares 03864-E
Florisil 00399-D
Flow Rates 013S8-M
02935-M 03525-M
08078-M
Flow-Volume Device
12955-F
Fluid Bed Recovery
System 083S2-E
Fluorenes 01997-D
02095-D 02797-D
02801-D 09200-M
Fluorescein 06504-D
Fluorescence
11615-B 00146-D
00203-D 00230-D
00386-D 00426-D
00440-D 00624-D
00912-D 01232-D
01826-D 01922-D
02081-D 04085-D
04248-D 07435-D
07743-D 07908-D
08589-D 08644-D
09597-D 11567-D
14125-D 14658-D
14662-D 15337-D
04713-F 00869-M
01034-M 15020-M
15119-M
Fluorescence Emission
Spectra
00934-D 02S81-D
06380-D 07298-D
14662-D
Fluorescent Dye Tracer
Analysis 06504-D
Fluorescent Indicator
Analysis (FIA Method)
05042-D
Fluorimetric Analysis
00926-D 05136-D
07435-D
Fluorometric Scanning
01232-D
Fluorometry 00328-D
00479-D 00928-D
02797-D 04053-D
11218-D
Foam 06305-E
Ford Thermactor Exhaust
Control System.
00171-B
1160
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Formaldehyde 00464-B
00845-D 01994-D
02086-D 02088-D
02097-D 03680-D
00658-F 01S96-F
05294-F 07316-F
Formic Acid 02080-D
Fractionation
05S78-D
00293-D
Free Fall Chemical Reactor
16207-M
Free Radicals 04029-D
01648-M 02082-M
02243-M 02493-M
02496-M 02517-M
02534-M 02535-M
04201-M 04583-M
08353-M 09080-M
13364-M 1504S-M
Freezing Point 16169-M
Frustrated Multiple
Internal Reflection
(FMR) 01451-D
Fuel Additives
04460-B 14461-B
02048-D 06025-D
02648-E 04856-E
05300-E 07971-E
08080-E 11234-E
14636-E 07270-F
14596-F 03289-1
11204-1 05440-M
09099-M 0974S-M
15273-M
Fuel Cells 06950-B
078S3-B 07979-B
08873-B 09106-B
09148-B 12521-B
08476-E 02443-M
03343-M 07682-M
14688-M
Fuel Charging 06086-B
Fuel Evaporation
09421-B 02411-E
04892-E 05S37-E
05832-E 16020-E
Fuel Gases 01378-A
04995-B OS632-B
06488-B 09385-B
03983-E 04357-E
14975-E 16427-E
13544-M
Fuel Oil Preparation
Processes 10945-E
Fuel Cll Resources
08393-B
Fuel Oil Trends
08393-B
Fuel Oil Utilization
08393-B
Fuel Oil 00030-B
01626-B 01838-B
03164-B 05477-B
11171-B 04856-E
07302-F
Fuel Standards 07270-F
Fuel Tank Evaporation
Losses. 09347-B
Fuels 07204-A
02S27-B 03158-B
06104-B 07945-B
08200-B 10044-B
11263-B 00275-D
05605-D 01197-E
07550-K 02495-M
02734-M 05208-M
06625-M 06997-M
1414S-M 14388-M
15273-M
Fumes 00257-E
Fungi 10118-F
10028-M
Fungicides 05723-G
Furnaces 01558-B
Fuziwara Reaction
08471-D
Galactolipids 07446-G
Gas Applicances 06299-B
Gas Density Cell
07850-D
Gases 01558-B 10429-B
00173-C 00092-D
00449-D 01278-D
01451-D 02349-D
02439-D 03059-D
03425-D 04S41-D
05561-D 07150-D
08285-D 08519-D
09365-D 11270-D
11540-D 12663-D
12668-D 14430-D
14470-D 07882-E
08162-E 08221-F
08078-M 13876-M
14313-M 14882-M
15074-M 15104-M
15125-M 15143-M
15165-M 1S183-M
15265-M 15744-M
Gas-Fired Incinerators
14967-E
Gas Liquefaction
16485-M
Gas Mixing Systems
08078-M 11S43-M
Gas-off Products
04234-B 03828-D
Gasolines
02636-B
13795-B
01230-D
05056-D
09574-D
01015-F
04500-F
07270-F
08221-F
05208-M
14164-M
01382-B
06108-B
16352-B
01503-D
08316-D
15513-E
01030-F
04539-F
08153-F
03114-M
13544-M
Gas Ranges 14074-B
Gas Sampling 04630-B
15883-B 03673-C
03813-P
See also: Sampling
Method
Gas Separation 04484-D
09388-D 15078-M
15187-M
Subject Index
1161
-------
Gas Separation Plants
15048-M
Gas Transport 15165-M
Gas Utilization
08394-B
Gaschromatographic
Column Circuit
08285-D
Gaseous Compounds
16218-M
Gases, Compressed
05056-D 00587-E
Gases, Expired
02406-D
Gases, Flue
10238-D 15614-E
Gases, Stack 11554-D
12072-D
See also: Stack Gases
Gases, Waste 07692-D
12072-D 13028-D
14476-D
Gasoline Engines
02806-B 02956-B
01803-E 04374-E
Gasoline Storage Tanks
08196-J
Genetic Effects
14709-M
Glycolic Compounds,
alpha 02796-D
Glyoxal 02079-D
Government 08645-M
Grape Leaves
05903-G
Graphic Arts Industry
16498-B
Grasses 06498-G
Growth 04710-F
Guaicol Resins
02571-F
Guinea Pigs 00779-F
02277-F 06196-F
Halogens
06682-D
14428-D
00917-M
01677-M
01682-M
01881-M
02489-M
03078-M
05613-M
05191-D
08077-D
00128-M
00925-M
01680-M
01880-M
02258-M
03067-M
03088-M
1S139-M
Hamsters 08274-F
Health Impairment
00020-B 00650-B
01763-B 01941-B
07230-B 07596-B
01504-C 00142-D
00451-D 00484-D
00728-D 00747-D
01302-D 02963-D
04262-D 06702-D
06858-D 07400-D
08079-D 08321-D
10767-D 11476-D
13154-D 15708-D
01351-E 00174-F
00308-F 00499-F
00910-F 01369-F
01916-F 01988-F
023S7-F 02969-F
04037-F 05720-F
05882-F 07342-F
07573-F 08295-F
08511-F 08526-F
09060-F 11307-F
09764-M 11571-M
13933-M 14709-M
Health Statistics
03214-F 05639-F
Hearings - S 306.
00003-E
Heat Recovery Schema
14388-M
Heat Transfer
09172-M 15046-M
Helical-Coil Distillation
Colutms 15 851-M
Hemorrhage Syndrome
08526-F
Hexafluoropropene
02854-D
See also: Halogenated
hydrocarbons
Hexenes 02747-D
08207-E 04252-F
03627-G 03629-G
03630-G 05777-G
05778-G 01579-M
See also: Olefins
Highways 15610-J
Hippuric Acid
06702-D
Histamine Release
04829-F
Hi-Vol Sampler
09936-J
Hopcalite 03969-M
Hot Gas Engine
15418-E
Hot Soak 09347-B
Humans 08851-B
Hybrid Electric Propulsion.
08873-B
Hydrazines 04440-D
03821-F
2-Hydrazinobenzothiazole
02091-D
Hydrocarbon-Air Combustion
Gas Model 16023-M
Hydrocarbon-Air Fuel Cell
Engines 14519-E
Hydrocarbon Analyzer
06430-J
Hydrocarbon Fuels
06479-E
1162
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Hydrocarbon-Nitric Oxide
System 00345-C
Hydrocarbon-Ozone
Products 04999-G
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
13494-A 01815-B
01902-B 01958-B
10775-B 12084-B
00773-C 01194-C
00011-D 00108-D
0015S-D 00386-D
00399-D 00440-D
00747-D 00766-D
00867-D 00868-D
00911-D 00927-D
00928-D 00931-D
00934-D OH78-D
01461-D 01499-D
01581-D 01997-D
02085-D 02095-D
02096-D 021S9-D
02226-D 02227-D
02595-D 02875-D
03234-D 03991-D
04254-D 04484-D
04930-D 05042-D
05257-D 05959-D
06661-D 07061-D
10089-D 10772-D
11164-D 11476-D
11559-D 12086-D
14607-D 1S977-D
16701-D 00103-E
06674-E 10637-E
00622-F 00803-F
01029-F 01636-F
03933-F OS949-F
06004-F 06196-F
08415-F 09766-J
00119-M 00770-M
00916-M 01034-M
01833-M 01978-M
02160-M 02493-M
02495-M 03986-M
04617-M OS325-M
07395-M 08827-M
09197-M 09200-M
10129-M 13553-M
14145-M 14220-M
15186-M 1S874-M
16052-M 16599-M
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
Polycyclic
01008-B 01059-B
01453-B 03543-B
OS011-B OS109-B
09389-B
16352-B
01762-F
04651-J
08315-J
15600-J
15600-M
10741-B
00750-F
09024-F
05675-J
09936-J
11147-M
Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic
01902-B 09385-B
01649-C 01825-C
00584-D 00747-D
0084S-D 00927-D
00931-D 01178-D
01802-D 01926-D
02080-D 02084-D
02088-D 02097-D
02098-D 02657-D
02875-D 03253-D
03369-D 03937-D
04086-D 04255-D
05257-D 15541-D
01722-E 15837-E
15875-E 01471-J
09766-J 01833-M
01891-M 02506-M
02528-M 02734-M
04454-M 04456-M
05051-M 07108-M
07798-M 09030-M
09197-M 10028-M
10129-M 11239-M
11248-M 13062-M
13713-M 14220-M
14648-M 15134-M
15238-M 15869-M
16027-M 16040-M
16348-M 16485-M
16605-M
Hydrocarbons Chlorinated
04535-E OOS09-F
05729-F 06221-F
09316-F 10105-F
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
Solvents 04124-F
Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated
01426-F
Hydrocarbons, Halogenated
01763-B 01650-C
00264-D 00765-D
01178-D 01310-D
01356-D 01832-D
02121-D 02135-D
02227-D 02559-D
02601-D 02854-D
03732-D
OS210-D
06858-D
07146-D
08077-D
08294-D
08471-D
11476-D
15355-D
06285-E
00887-F
03821-F
08026-F
08295-F
00120-M
01875-M
02517-M
03488-M
04228-M
09116-M
14145-M
15139-M
05092-D
06008-D
06876-D
07375-D
08136-D
08446-D
11164-D
14773-D
15529-D
00883-F
03820-F
08028-F
08151-F
11539-F
01677-M
02337-M
02812-M
03969-M
04583-M
11097-M
14220-M
Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic
16024-B 09055-B
08165-B 02023-B
14124-B 05284-F
11299-F
Hydrocarbons, Polynuclear
01362-B 01788-B
05005-B 00386-D
00399-D 00440-D
00479-D 00624-D
00728-D 00766-D
00767-D 00912-D
00926-D 00931-D
00934-D 01238-D
01302-D 01395-D
01683-D 01696-D
01729-D 01795-D
01826-D 01998-D
01999-D 02077-D
02081-D 02083-D
02085-D 02087-D
02090-D 02091-D
02092-D 02226-D
02607-D 0268S-D
02805-D 03080-D
03234-D 03523-D
03542-D 03592-D
0395S-D 04014-D
0408S-D 04210-D
04328-D 04930-D
05084-D 05461-D
05501-D 05502-D
05981-D 06135-D
06858-D 06902-D
06955-D 07298-D
Subject Index
1163
-------
Hydrocarbons, Polynuclear
(contd.) 07427-D 07435-D
07743-D 07908-D
08132-D 08296-D
08321-D 08589-D
09223-D 09388-D
09432-D 09597-D
10668-D 10755-D
10767-D 10946-D
11485-D 11567-D
11574-D 12086-D
14173-D 14662-D
08511-F 00058-M
00119-M 00353-M
00770-M 00869-M
00925-M 01034-M
01628-M 01630-M
01632-M 01633-M
02445-M 03986-M
04022-M 04285-M
05345-M 07273-M
09750-M 10519-M
14220-M 15491-M
Hydrocarbons - Un-
saturated 06674-E
Hydrochloric Acid
02236-B 1S392-B
16169-M
Hydrochloric Acid
Manufacture 15392-B
Hydroconvers ion
14505-E
Hydrocracking 10458-E
04022-M
Hydrodesulfurization
13553-M 14164-M
Hydrofluoric 13499-M
Hydrogen Iodine
07462-M
Hydrogen Peroxide
01693-D
Hydrogenation 08390-B
08391-B 10775-B
05423-M 07458-M
08118-M
Hydrogenoly sis
09700-M
Hydrogen Sulfide
12172-M
Hydrolysis 15990-M
Hydrosphere 14158-M
Hydroxystyryl Groups,
Para 03081-D
Hypoxia 13960-F
Ice Fog 00834-C
Imines 00926-D
Immunology 00210-F
02173-F
Impaction 07705-M
Impingers 06025-D
Incineration 01788-B
03864-E 04535-E
04838-E 08084-E
08536-E 14609-E
15657-H
Incinerator Effluents
05834-D 15657-H
Incinerators 00027-B
00288-B 01941-B
07561-B 08373-B
09830-B 12084-B
12159-B
Indicator Tube Method
08226-D
Industrial Areas
00479-D 05951-D
07156-D 07335-D
07575-D 08471-D
14839-D 03902-F
07574-F
Industrial Emission Sources
00233-A 00107-B
00379-B 00972-B
01059-B 01546-B
01744-B 02548-B
07570-B 07925-B
09784-B 15392-B
00479-D 11058-E
16435-E 01762-F
05954-F 07698-F
11426-F
Industrial Gas Analysis
09369-D
Inflammable Vapors
06471-D
Infrared Radiation
15729-C
Inspection 10662-B
Inspection, Automobile
00155-D
Instrument Downtime
07885-D
Instrumentation
03352-B 00108-D
00122-D 00141-D
00277-D 00449-D
00469-D 00623-D
00772-D 00862-D
00942-D 00977-D
01495-D 01503-D
01593-D 01832-D
02349-D 02358-D
02378-D 02406-D
02433-D 02848-D
02886-D 03485-D
03527-D 03569-D
03965-D 03967-D
04199-D 04262-D
04318-D 04440-D
04667-D 04742-D
04880-D 04881-D
04960-D 05135-D
05583-D 05617-D
05836-D 05863-D
06025-D 06050-D
06052-D 06203-D
06231-D 06284-D
06328-D 06445-D
06471-D 07386-D
07403-D 07427-D
07435-D 07627-D
07749-D. 07850-D
08083-D 08285-D
08519-D
09111-D
09515-D
09738-D
10238-D
10960-D
11540-D
14773-D
15484-D
16507-D
08592-D
09365-D
09S97-D
09888-D
10489-D
11270-D
11S74-B
15400-D
15529-D
1164
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Integrating Nepheloraeter
15308-C
Interferometer 07403-D
Interferometric
Analysis 03485-D
07403-D
Internal Combustion
Engines 14608-E
0880 3- L
International Air
Quality Criteria
07251-F
International Peace
Bridge 01673-B
In Vitro Effects
Ion Exchange Resins
07884-E 13499-M
lonization 00060-D
lonization Detector
04839-D
Ions 01973-D 08077-D
01632-M 02443-M
02489-M 03343-M
05047-M
Irradiation Chanters
06300-B 00068-D
07838-D 03575-M
07806-M
Irritant 06910-F
Isomerization
04547-D 02445-M
Isoprene 03679-D
Isotherms 13543-D
Isotopes 07181-A
01722-F 01632-M
01634-M 01635-M
05051-M 15063-M
Jet Airplanes 04792-B
09224-B 10428-B
01202-J 06788-J
See also: Aircraft
Airplanes
Jet Fuel 10428-B
Ketones 00789-C
00146-D 01696-D
01998-D 02798-D
04254-D 07573-F
00355-M 00916-M
00917-M 01628-M
01632-M 01824-M
01833-M 01961-M
02534-M 03522-M
03985-M 04454-M
05333-M 07798-M
08105-M 08877-M
10512-M 12169-M
See also: Benzophenones
B-Ketosulphones
Ketosulphones, beta
03009-M
Kidney 04705-F
Kilns 02023-B
Knock 14045-B
Kraft Black Liquor
08359-B 083S4-D
Kraft Pulping 00379-B
07214-B 083S9-B
16494-B 08354-D
08356-D 08357-D
0836S-E 13505-M
Laboratory Animals
04701-F 04702-F
04703-F 07068-F
15664-M
Laboratory Facilities
00898-D 04318-D
Landfills 04419-B
Lasca Leaves
05485-G
Lasers 11030-D
1S139-M 1S019-M
15020-M 150S5-M
15119-M 15491-M
16257-M
Lead 06894-D
Lead Compounds
06894-D 07285-D
00015-E
Legal § Administrative
04053-D 09234-D
14028-E 08598-F
Legislation 01863-B
01868-B 04315-B
08496-E 08463-K
13366-K
Lewis Acids 04022-M
Light Radiation 03883-B
Light Scattering
04931-D 02935-M
07495-M
Lignin 13505-M
Lipids 00473-F
07886-F
Liquefaction 12085-B
15134-M
Liquefied Natural
' Gas 15085-M
Liquefied Petroleum
Gas (LPG) 05632-B
Liquid Film Resistance
15851-M
Liquid Fuels 04610-E
09195-E
Liquid Hydrocarbons
15966-E
Liquid Rocket Fuels
04440-D
Liquid Transport
1S198-M
Literature Survey
01626-B 02637-E
02129-J 04285-M
Subject Index
1165
-------
Liver 04705-F
OS729-F
Lubricants 02048-D
Luminescence 02607-D
150S5-M
Lung Cancer 16542-E
007S4-F 00842-F
01015-F 01806-F
01813-F 01844-F
03086-F 03486-F
03686-F 04423-F
04589-F 04590-F
05238-F 05304-F
05639-F 06266-F
06268-F 07161-F
07340-F 08243-F
08415-F 08511-F
08598-F 09435-F
10239-F 10241-F
11275-F 15345-F
Lung Clearance
00484-D 02963-D
01722-F 01805-F
08420-F
Lungs 02373-E
00473-F 04037-F
06163-F 07886-F
08274-F 10456-F
14724-F
Lymphoma 04177-F
Macro-Argcn lonization
Detector 16277-D
Magnetic Field
15088-M
Maintenance, Automobile
10135-B 00155-D
Maleic Anhydride
02568-F
Manganese Cyclopentadienyl-
tricarbonyl (MCT)
14596-F
See also: Fuel Additives
Manganese Sulfates
16463-M
Mangels 056.66-G
Manoraetric Methods
06876-D
Materials Deterioration
00229-G 02472-M
Metal Fabrication and
Finishing 08406-B
Meteorological Aspects
06043-C
Meteorology 00510-C
11004-C 00259-F
Mathematical Analyses
14487-B 04357-E
16486-E 06947-F
00739-J 04S50-M
10520-M 13580-M
13882-M 13933-M
Mathematical Modeling
15310-B 16017-B
00789-C 13657-F
00847-J 16023-M
Maximum Allowable Con-
centration 00081-B
02048-D 03773-D
OS951-D 05952-D
06008-D 00562-E
00096-F 00499-F
01916-F 02551-F
02566-F 02571-F
02588-F 04070-F
04083-F 04087-F
04092-F 04111-F
04253-F 04258-F
05954-F 06892-F
06895-F 07251-F
07270-F 07573-F
07574-F 12272-F
12276-F 12284-F
00110-J 03918-J
00411-L 02580-L
05940-L 06677-L
07079-L 07197-L
07289-L 08803-L
13933-M
11010-G
Methane lonization
Detector 15400 -D
Methanes 01544-B
02152-B 04419-B
08394-B 12088-B
00139-C 01828-C
03064-C 03673-C
1S729-C 00188-D
00623-D 01823-D
03924-D 08838-D
11558-D 13050-D
14430-D 15200-D
15484-D 15730-D
16277-D 16507-D
16620-D 01550-E
03645-E 04179-E
04470-E 05250-E
06512-E 08082-E
16124-E 13960-F
01736-J 05057-J
08408-K 00608-M
01682-M 01771-M
02467-M 03446-M
03559-M 04288-M
04289-M 04483-M
10045-M 10292-M
13766-M 13931-M
14158-M 14379-M
14399-M 14622-M
15020-M 15078-M
15085-M 15088-M
15134-M 16485-M
See also: Natural Gas
Medical Geography
01971-F
Membrane Filters
02205-D 15186-M
Mercaptides 00379-B
16494-B 01289-D
04029-D 03821-F
04314-M
Mesoclimatology
11052-C
Metabolism 06820-F
07026-F 14711-F
Methanol 03918-J
Me themoglob inemi a
04927-F
Methoxone 08433-D
3-Methyl-2-Benzothiazolone
Hydrazone 02091-D
02097-D 02098-D
Methyl Bromide
05294-F
Methyl Iodine 07026-F
03783-G
1166
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Methyl Mercaptan
06719-E
Methylstyrene, alpha
12284-F
Methyl Sulfide
009S2-C
Mice 01453-B 02S73-B
00639-F 01030-F
02276-F 02332-F
04S53-F 04709-F
04710-F 04714-F
06710-F 07302-F
07368-F 08210-F
Microorganisms
04419-B 01197-E
00658-F 00992-F
Mineral Components
00451-D
Mineral Processing
01S44-B 02549-B
06886-J
Mining 13050-D
14839-D 15400-D
16507-D 16620-0
01550-E 04179-E
Missile Exhaust
06994-C
Missiles and Rockets
07451-B 06284-D
Mobile Air-Sampling
Laboratory 02317-J
02822-J 02825-J
Mobile Testing Facilities
16170-D
Molecular Association
16052-M
Molecular Models
OS051-M
Molecular Sieve Analysis
00583-E
Molecular Sieves
15969-D 00103-E
16486-E 02374-M
Molecular Structure
05100-M
Molecular Weight
078SO-D 02734-M
05643-M
Molecules 04409-M
Molybdenum Compounds
16608-M
Monitoring
02349-D 02406-D
03430-D 04596-D
Monitoring Methods
01572-B
Monitoring Program
04616-J
Morbidity 01369-F
04084-F 09440-F
Mortality 00779-F
01051-F 01992-F
03086-F 03486-F
03886-F 06195-F
08331-F 13953-F
Mortality-Morbidity
08244-F
Motor Vehicle Pollution
Control Act
07893-E
Mouse Neonate Assay
00966-D
Mufflers (Anti-Smog)
07560-E
Multiple Chamber In-
cinerators 02232-B
06086-B 09825-B
Multiple-Tracer
Diffusion Experiments
04933-C
Mutagenicity Testing
13886-F
Mutation 02332-F
12175-F 13886-F
Mylar Bags 00584-D
03971-D 08848-D
Naphthalenes
02081-D 03234-D
15708-D 07495-M
Naphthenic Soaps
15614-E
1,4 Naphthoquinones
02081-D
Naphthylamines 15708-D
National Air Sampling
Network (NASN)
00739-J 02340-J
02351-J 02225-J
National Air Surveil-
lance Network (NASN)
06384-J 06701-J
Natural Gas
08394-B 12085-B
08408-K 14379-M
14399-M 15134-M
See also: Methanes
Navy Toxicology Unit
03822-F
Nephelometry 06021-D
Nervous Activity, Effect
08221-F
Nervous System
02588-F 04124-F
06820-F 07306-F
07316-F 08442-F
14596-F
Neuromuscular Reaction
1S490-F
Nitrates 00845-D
01973-D
Nitration 1S238-M
Nitric Oxide (NO)
05411-B 00845-D
04635-D 06433-D
06435-D 10242-D
14119-F 00001-M
00034-M 01880-M
01881-M 02837-M
02838-M 02851-M
03114-M 03428-M
Subject Index
1167
-------
Nitric Oxide (NO) (contd.)
04633-M 05226-M
05425-M 08845-M
09078-M 13415-M
1429 3-M 16236-M
Nitrites 01973-D
0199S-D 02094-D
02 799-D
Nitro Benzene
02588-F
See: Benzene Compounds
Organic Nitrogen Compounds
Nitroethane 15730-D
See also: Organic
Nitrogen Compounds
Nitro-olefins
00210-F 00630-F
03490-F 03602-F
See also: Organic
Nitrogen Compounds
Nitrogen Dioxide (N02)
00464-B 01264-C
00620-D 00845-D
02747-D 02799-D
03096-D 10242-D
0009 7-F 01591-F
03820-F 08026-F
11539-F 00034-M
01S79-M 02412-M
02837-M 028S1-M
03428-M 03575-M
04633-M 09079-M
13415-M
Nitrogen Oxides
00109-B 01575-B
01958-B 03883-B
07572-B 13S62-B
01244-C 07257-C
00092-D 00469-D
02130-D 03544-D
04857-D 06301-D
08838-D 09S15-D
15271-E 1SS54-E
15765-E 08598-F
00128-M 02734-M
03107-M 03588-M
04550-M 04633-M
04653-M 05824-M
09046-M 13415-M
14385-M
Nitrogen Tetroxide
05649-B
5-Nitroisatin 02078-D
Nitromethane 15730-D
See also: Organic
Nitrogen Compounds
Methanes
Nitroparaffins 03684-D
See also: Organic
Nitrogen Compounds
Nitrous Acids 03684-D
Nitrous Oxide (N20)
15729-C
Noise 02538-D
Non Polar Compounds
03949-D
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
08316-D
Nuclear Power Plants
04492-B 07S46-B
Nuclear Submarines
01461-D 05042-D
15S29-D OS209-E
Occupational Health
06702-D 08079-D
08321-D 09333-D
13154-D 013S1-E
01550-E 04529-E
00096-F 00883-F
01080-F 01762-F
02288-F 04084-F
04177-F OS790-F
06496-F 06640-F
06820-F 07165-F
07956-F 08295-F
08329-F 15345-F
Oceans 06186-J
Ocular Sensitivity
11476-D
Odor Counteraction
00379-B 05170-D
14004-E 14341-E
15 772-E
Odor Panels 14109-D
Odor Thresholds
14109-D
Odorant Chemicals
14109-D
Odorimetry 05170-D
08066-D 11486-D
Odors 00379-B
0188S-B 06039-B
07089-B 098S7-B
1007S-B 14680-B
16298-B 16494-B
02786-D 03354-D
03542-D 14607-D
01867-E 07362-E
08604-E 08150-F
Oil Burners 02001-B
04361-B 05133-B
10075-B
Oil Refineries
07830-D 16016-D
Oils 15990-M
Olefins 01383-B
01958-B 02244-B
03761-B 08524-B
12967-B 13795-B
00177-C 00773-C
01264-C 02352-C
06632-C 00155-D
00772-D 01304-D
02158-D 02161-D
02162-D 02747-D
02854-D 03679-D
03727-D 04547-D
04960-D 05136-D
05583-D 12002-D
03983-E 06170-E
15271-E 00084-F
00622-F 01402-F
01591-F 01603-F
02173-F 02223-F
03610-G 03617-G
03618-G 05103-G
05666-G 06499-G
01983-H 01981-J
05627-J 00034-M
00128-M 00356-M
00565-M 01233-M
01680-M 01824-M
01833-M 01880-M
01881-M 02204-M
02445-M 02837-M
02851-M 03114-M
1168
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Olefins (contd.)
03428-M 04633-M
OS058-M OS333-M
05611-M 07108-M
07458-M 07462-M
07509-M 07S10-M
07798-M 09078-M
10129-M 12058-M
13034-M 1341S-M
16083-M
See also: Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons
Olfactory Perception
03773-D
Olfactory Threshold
11476-D
Open Burning
01076-B 01582-B
Operating Variables
00324-B 07635-B
16024-B 16132-D
Opinion Survey
07448-J
Optical Punning
1504S-M
Oranges, Mandarin
14944-E
Ordinances 03353-K
Organic Coatings
05233-H
Organic Confounds
02074-H
Organic Emissions
03104-J
Organic Nitrogen Com-
poinds 0010 8-D
00146-D 00386-D
00399-D 00440-D
00768-D 00867-D
00868-D 00928-D
00931-D 01696-D
01826-D 01997-D
02078-D 02089-D
02094-D 03112-D
03684-D 03937-D
08171-D 1S708-D
00869-M 01186-M
020 82-M 03969-M
0428S-M 05319-M
See also: Aliphatic
Nitrogen Compomds
Organic Participates
02351-J
Organic Phosphorus
Compounds 05184-B
02248-D 07898-D
Organic Solids
14830-E
Organic Solvent Emissions
14494-F 07483-K
Organic Solvents
OS648-B
Organic Sulfur Conpoinds
01885-B 00108-D
01178-D 01289-D
01784-D 04029-D
0606S-D OS409-E
00353-M 04314-M
0974S-M 15805-M
16599-M 16626-M
Organo-Aluninun Compounds
04246-C
Organo-Magnesium Compounds
16611-M
Organo-Metallies
16611-M
Orsat Apparatus 03352-B
Otto Engines 04731-B
15367-B 00269-E
14202-E
00058-M
02286-M
04201-M
044S4-M
07509-M
10045-M
13931-M
16463-M
01771-M
02838-M
04289-M
05058-M
07607-M
13034-M
14688-M
Oxidants
00242-C
05575-C
02354-D
03544-D
09515-D
05666-G
06498-G
00058-M
01579-M
03575-M
Oxidation
07518-C
0029 3-D
03234-D
00962-B
02476-C
00328-D
02747-D
07830-D
08511-F
05903-G
04320 -H
00238-M
01747-M
11050-M
00379-B
09430-C
00426-D
06719-E
Oxidation Reaction
Mechanisms 11147-M
Oxides 03113-B
Oxygenated Fractions
03234-D 06699-D
Oxygenated Solvents
12084-B
Oxygenates 00464-B
Ozonated Olefins
03608-G
Ozone 00092-D
00214-D 00620-D
00328-D 02188-D
03537-D 03544-D
06050-D 10489-D
10637-E 11539-F
08026-F 03820-F
05666-G 14500-M
07498-M 05824-M
04992-M 05613-M
Ozone-Hydrocarbon
Reaction 05680-F
Ozone Olefin Reaction
03S95-G
Ozone Oxidation
15772-E
Ozonolysis 03537-D
00565-M
Paint Manufacturing
00746-B 07836-E
Paints 03991-D
161S9-E
Palladiun 03215-H
Paper Manufacturing
00379-B
Subject Index
1169
-------
Paper Pulp 1350S-M
Paraffin, Liquid
07342-F
Paraldehyde 07316-F
Paramagnetic Resonance
07097-D
Particle Accunulation
06182-M
Particle Classifiers
09888-D
Particle Counters
02433-D 06203-D
Particle Growth
00069-M 14811-M
Particle Size 00484-D
01714-D 02433-D
02657-D 02963-D
06203-D 09738-D
09888-D 06793-E
02935-M 07271-M
07273-M
Particles, Settling
02205-D 00499-F
Particulates 00293-D
00440-D 00451-D
00492-D 00624-D
00767-D 01278-D
01592-D 01593-D
01798-D 02354-D
02786-D 02801-D
03542-D 10946-D
15 89 8-D 08598-F
06186-J
Particulates, Nucleating
02412-M
Particulate Classificaticn
Methods
09738-D 01722-F
Patents (U.S.)
13554-E 13784-E
15861-E 1S862-E
Pathological Techniques
03678-F 07342-F
08028-F
Pentadiene 07462-M
Pentenes 04083-F
04252-F 00128-M
01880-M 01881-M
See also: Olefins
Perdiloroethylene
06221-E
See also: Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Perfluoroisobutylene
02 85 4-D
See also: Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Periodic Acid 11147-M
Permeability 15032-M
15074-M 15405-M
Permeation Standards
11270-D
Peroxyacyl Nitrates
(PAN) 00610-D
00229-G 00737-G
03292-G 03472-G
06499-G 14968-G
00238-M
Perturbations 05643-M
See Combustion,
Oscillatory
Perylenes 03234-D
08643-D
Pesticides 00388-B
01616-B 15996-B
16318-B 16526-B
06858-D 11164-D
01051-F 01080-F
03962-F 04107-F
04901-F 06219-F
06496-F 06847-F
07352-F 07956-F
07964-F 08329-F
09090-F 10105-F
163S6-F 04544-G
03931-J 04228-M
1109 7-M
See also: Hydrocarbons,
Halogenated
Petroleum Distribution
09840-B
Petroleum Paraffin
Vapor 07156-D
Petroleum Production
0116S-B 01453-B
01620-B 03128-B
06104-B 05191-D
07304-J 04022-M
Petroleum Refineries
03872-E 08198-J
11914-J
Petroleum
08071-A
02017-B
03871-B
09835-B
14798-B
03864-E
06159-E
08594-E
06869-F
13553-M
Refining
01838-B
03420-B
08524-B
09838-B
03875-C
06127-E
06170-E
10458-E
03289-1
Phenalen-1-one
11218-D 15337-D
Phenanthrenes 03234-D
Phenols 08524-B
14767-B 00911-D
08150-F 16463-M
See also: Benzene
Compounds
Phenyls Compounds
00146-D 15999-E
Phenylhydrazyls
02496-M
Phenylurethylane
04245-C
Philips-Stirling Engine
15243-M
Phosphorescence 00146-D
00440-D 00868-D
07097-D 1156 7-D
Phosphorinetry 00146-D
00868-D 00998-D
Photochemical 01076-B
01602-C 00345-C
01603-F
Photochemical Oxidants
04966-F
Photochemical Oxidation
02244-B
1170
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Photochemical Reactions
01488-B 01575-B
01815-B 05007-B
06300-B 09094-B
15310-B 00139-C
00242-C 00302-C
00602-C 00618-C
00629-C 007S7-C
01027-C 01194-C
01264-C OS817-C
05818-C 06632-C
072S7-C 00108-D
01304-D 01683-D
02747-D 05572-D
06955-D 06636-E
01463-F 03270-F
04321-F 0464S-F
04650-F 03615-G
00231-M 00353-M
00355-M 00356-M
00916-M 00917-M
00925-M 01026-M
OH86-M 01210-M
01318-M 01S79-M
01833-M 01961-M
02203-M 02243-M
02258-M 02337-M
02412-M 02445-M
02493-M 02496-M
02851-M 03009-M
03066-M 04285-M
04633-M 05100-*!
06720-M 07463-M
07510-M 07806-M
08558-M 09082-M
10129-M 10S19-M
12169-M 15046-M
1S139-M 15911-M
Photochemical Reactivities
OSS33-C 0046S-C
Photochemistry
03522-M 05613-M
OS849-M 10512-M
11239-M
Photocolorimetric
Analysis 05376-D
05383-D 06025-D
060SO-D 06902-D
08132-D 08446-D
08490-D
Photocyclization
00356-M
Photodegradation
05233-H
Photodynamic Assay
00966-D 01302-D
Photoeliminaticn
00916-M 00917-M
01233-M
Photoicnization
Resonance Spectra
14293-M
Photolysis
08877-M
01233-M
01648-M
02528-M
03066-M
09078-M
0779 8-M
15019-M
15045-M
0445641
09267-M
10034-D
09080-M
07512-M
02337-M
03009-M
03184-M
02243-M
10512-M
15491-M
03559-M
08105-M
11188-M
Photometric Measurement
Methods 00328-D
02121-D 02188-D
02843-D 03924-D
06203-D 06813*0
07386-D 11540-D
Photooxidation 00109-B
01244-C 01587-C
01984-C 03858-C
00068-D 06301-D
15354-D OS819-F
00001-M 00034-M
01747-M 01978-M
02472-M 02S17-M
02534-M 02535-M
02837-M 02851-M
02853-M 03114-M
03428-M 03488-M
0422 8-M 04583-M
04992-M 05333-M
05611-M 05824-M
0710 8-M 08353-M
08827-M 08845-M
09079-M 11248-M
13364-M
Photopinacol Reactions
OS100-M
Photosynthesis 03627-G
00231-M
Physicochemical Studies
16608-M
Phytotoxicants
08433-D 08446-D
00009-G 00316-G
00184-G 03116-G
03395-G 03573-G
03611-G 03612-G
03613-G 03616-G
03618-G 04998-G
05610-G 05666-G
05723-G 12042-G
16357-G 00001-M
07988-M
See: Ethylenes
4-Picoline 00768-D
Pinto Beans 05680-F
03627-G
Piperonal Test
01729-D
Pitch-Coke Plant
07300-B
Planning § Zoning
08300-J
Plans and Programs
00599-A 03504-J
01604-K 07235-K
Plant Damage
03265-B 05844-B
00242-C 00622-F
01402-F 02842-F
00229-G 00235-G
00316-G 00961-G
02299-G 03116-G
03395-G 03596-G
03608-G 03609-G
03613-G 03616-G
03617-G 03629-G
04984-G 04999-G
05103-G 05342-G
05420-G 05485-G
05666-G 05724-G
OS723-G OS778-G
06078-G
11072-G 12042-G
12045-G 03027-J
09764-M
Plant Growth 00601-G
01179-G 03629-G
03630-G 04998-G
05344-G 06499-G
06546-G
Subject Index
1171
-------
Plant Indicators
03584-B 02299-G
163S7-G
Plant Injury
02S37-G OS610-G
Plants 037836
05756-G 07167-G
11010-G
Plastic Bags
01983-H
Plastics 08486-B
11493-B 14609-E
Plastics Manufacturing
0090S-B 04139-E
Platinum 04S58-E
15271-E
Pneunonia 07342-F
Polar Compounds
03949-D 1S329-M
15439-M
Polarographic Methods
05456-D 1S730-D
Pollutants 00984-A
Pollution Precursors
01747-M
Pol/chlorinated Biphenyl
(PCB) 16318-B
See also: Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Polyfluoroethylene
08486-B
See also: Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Polymerization
15970-M
Polymers 04314-M
15131-M 15405-M
Polynuclear Aromatic
Compounds 0 0 72 7- J
02944-J
See also: Hydrocarbons,
Polynuclear Hydrocarbons,
Polycyclic
Polynuclear Compounds
00621-B 01008-B
01404-B 01803-B
06808-B 09405-B
0019S-F 00518-F
00663-F 00870-F
01029-F 01081-F
01286-F 01668-F
01692-F 01844-F
03480-F 03686-F
04706-F 06004-F
06383-F 06947-F
07782-F 09435-F
13953-F 00625-J
00689-J 02169-J
02587-J 03S26-J
05675-J 06384-J
11S77-J
See also: Hydrocarbons,
Polynuclear Hydro-
carbons, Polycyclic
Polystyrene 12580-F
Polysulfones 16083-M
Polyurethane 07165-F
Polyvinyl Chloride
Resin 08294-D
15657-H
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
01049-F
Porous Glass Filters
15187-M
Porous Polyaromatic
Polymer Beads
15802-D
Porportional Sampler
02378-D
Positive Crankcase
Ventilator (PCV)
1419 3-E
Potassium Compounds
04926-M 13713-M
Power Cycles 06488-B
Power Plants 01654-B
Power Production
01482-B 03113-B
03592-D 02443-M
07682-M
Precursors, Pollution
00108-D 03253-D
Pressure 03448-D
09046-M
Primary Metallurgical
Processes 01687-B
06611-E 06886-J
11015-J
Printing 05929-E
1643S-E
Process Modification
06170-E 06611-E
11033-E
Propane Gas 14494-F
Propanes 04233-B
05850-B 11143-B
03858-C 06482-C
02160-M 02253-M
04653-M
Propellants 02601-D
Propenes 02854-D
07498-M 08845-M
09700-M
See also: Olefins
Propulsion Power Method
01375-B 01382-B
01383-B 01384-B
01404-B 01488-B
0759 3-B 12521-B
02786-D 02785-D
01867-E
Protective Masks
04648-D
Proton Magnetic Resonance
Analysis 08316-D
Psychophysiological
Functions OS418-F
Public Affairs 01073-A
Pulmonary Function
02223-F 03076-F
Pulmonary Resistance
01584-F 04829-F
06910-F
1172
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
"ulBonary Tutors
04711-F
See also: Lung Cancer
Pulmonary Ventilaticn
08109-F 129SS-F
fyaps 09840-B
Pupil Size Determination
12969-F
Pyrenediones 06980-M
Pyrenes 01973-D
01999-D
02336-D
14301-D
01631-M
02495-M
Pjrridines
00768-D
01634-M
04285-M
Pyrolysis
10429-B
13668-B
05404-D
11558-D
00101-M
05345-M
074S8-M
15988-M
02077-D
03234-D
05231-F
01635-M
06 720 -M
0076S-D
0099 8-D
01635-M
08359-B
10631-B
0489S-D
08294-D
07882-E
03986-M
07457-M
15914-M
Quantm Yield
03066-M 03184-M
00916-M 09082-M
01026-M 04583-M
Quasilinear Fluorescence
Spectra
04248-D 10755-D
14662-D
Quenching 00928-D
01034-M 15046-M
01824-M
See Quenchoflorometry
Quenchof luorome try
00928-D 00770-M
See also: Specto-
photometry, Fluoriroetrlc
Quenching
Quenchophosphorimetry
00386-D
Quinolines 00203-D
00624-D 0099 8-D
Quincnes 02081-D
02083-D 02087-D
02096-D 02853-M
Rabbits 08442-F
12S80-F
Radiations, light
10041-M
Radiations, Ultraviolet
04199-D 09267-M
10041-M
Radioactive Tracer
Studies 00484-D
0310 3-D 15763-D
01805-F 08042-F
05611-M 10119-M
Radio Chemistry
04454-M
Radiolysis 00190-M
01833-M 04454-M
Radiosondes 00188-D
Rain 16526-B
Rankin Engine
14202-E 14145-M
Rats 00664-F 02605-F
08274-F 08339-F
11484-F
Reaction Kinetics
02335-B 04621-B
13951-B 00773-C
02352-C 02476-C
03544-D 10034-D
04871-E 08207-E
01241-M 00120-M
00128-M 00161-M
00190-M 01026-M
01241-M 01632-M
01648-M 01677-M
01680-M 01682-M
01771-M 01833-M
01880-M
01978-M
02496-M
02535-M
03066-M
03068-M
03184-M
03488-M
04228-M
04583-M
05226-M
05425-M
07458-M
07512-M
09197-M
10045-M
13034-M
14335-M
14917-M
15046-M
16207-M
01891-M
02253-M
02534-M
02838-M
03067-M
0308S-M
03428-M
03559-M
04483-M
05058-M
05423-M
07457-M
07462-M
07791-M
09700-M
10292-M
13686-M
14688-M
15020-M
15524-M
16348-M
Reaction Mechanisms
00344-C 00629-C
00952-C
08526-F
00161-M
01680-M
01961-M
02837-M
03067-M
03088-M
04228-M
05425-M
07458-M
08353-M
09079-M
09082-M
09745-M
13931-M
14379-M
14399-M
15019-M
15198-M
15784-M
03064-C
09024-F
01633-M
01881-M
02445-M
02838-M
03068-M
04201-M
05423-M
05824-M
07798-M
09078-M
09080-M
09700-M
12058-M
142S8-M
14391-M
14917-M
15046-M
15238-M
15914-M
Reactivity Index
05323-3
Reactivity Scales
07807-D
Recirculation
04899-E
Recombination Reactions
02243-M 05043-M
Recycling Combustion Gases
07881-E
Subject Index
1173
-------
Reduction 13033-E
13467-E 04273-M
09082-M 10039-M
13391-M
Refining Aliphatic,
Naphthenic, and Aromatic
Hydrocarbons, New
Process 13913-E
Refractive Index
09099-M 09116-M
Regeneration 15872-M
Regulation 3
08376-B 03554-K
Regulations 01654-B
04808-B 09781-B
03010-D 14028-E
08463-K 10083-K
10320-K
Reid Vapor Pressure
14463-E
Reproduction 02332-F
04712-F 07842-F
Research Methodologies
00484-D 00966-D
05836-D 07838-D
01206-D 00281-F
00754-F 00803-F
00910-F 04051-F
Research Programs 03085-A
01683-D 03339-E
06636-E 08598-F
11489-F 02376-K
10553-K 08645-M
Residence Time Oil
Burners 11231-B
Residual Fuel Oils
04668-M
Resources 08394-B
Respiratory Diseases
060SS-B 16542-E
00281-F 00308-F
00310-F 07162-F
03027-J
Respiratory Flow
Resistance 08305-F
Respiratory Function
02277-F 06840-F
Respiratory Sensitization
OS737-F
Respiratory Survey
OS652-J
Respiratory Symptoms
10987-F
Respiratory System
05372-F 07165-F
11632-F
Respiratory Tract
00499-F 07027-F
14711-F 14724-F
Retention 07026-F
10105-F 13657-F
14724-F 16219-F
Rhodamine B 02188-D
Rocket Propellants
04738-F
Roofing Tar Paper
Plant 08163-J
Rotating-Slit Aerosol
Spectrometer
09738-D
Rubber 04706-F
03524-H
Rubber, Aging
08475-H
Rubber Cracking 04320-H
Rubber Manufacturing
00895-B 00257-E
05737-F 03930-J
Rubber Tires 0489S-D
10767-D
Rule 66 OS106-B
08376-B 08553-B
085S7-B 07187-B
OS471-E 14728-E
07483-K 085S4-K
08556-K 08826-K
09324-K 085S8-M
Running Evaporation
Losses 04922-B
09347-B 14127-B
Safety Equipment
04179-E
Samplers 00119-M
00214-D 00584-D
00620-D 02378-D
03527-D 04440-D
07104-D 02474-E
06793-E 00119-M
Sampling Method
015S8-B 11254-B
00188-D 00214-D
00224-D 00469-D
OOS84-D 00610-D
00620-D 00747-D
01023-D 01178-D
01269-D 01304-D
01333-D 01392-D
01499-D 01592-D
01876-D 01991-D
02158-D 02205-D
02233-D 02323-D
02358-D 02378-D
02460-D 02500-D
02786-D 02886-D
03425-D 03449-D
03527-D 03570-D
03592-D 03966-D
03971-D 04014-D
04049-D 04053-D
04206-D 04440-D
04547-D 04667-D
04772-D 0482S-D
04960-D 04973-D
05299-D 05536-D
06112-D 06682-D
07061-D 07285-D
07375-D 07706-D
08270-D 08290-D
08848-D 08889-D
08762-D 09734-D
10668-D 10946-D
11574-D 11165-D
12072-D 14476-D
15277-D 15898-D
15909-D 00119-M
See also: Gas Sampling
Sanitary Clearance Zones
08196-J
Sarcoma 08339-F
1174
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Satellites 12887-D
Scientific Research
03058-A
Scrubbers 03339-E
03872-E 04S81-E
12503-E 15821-E
15862-E
Sea Lab I 03829-D
Seasonal 00271-B
Sensors 15294-M
Serum 07783-F
Ships OOS38-E
Silica Gels 00542-D
01023-D 01333-D
01499-D 07706-D
13783-E
Simulation 06600-C
02460-D 16132-D
05149-E 07027-F
14997-J 00925-M
01990-M 07806-M
Skin 01077-F
04702-F 04705-F
Skin Cancer 02276-F
04553-F 08210-F
Slag 02549-B
Smog 03584-B
05312-B 08376-B
15310-B 01481-C
01504-C 01602-C
02476-C 04988-C
06043-C 00224-C
03103-D 03544-D
04973-D 11237-D
01645-E 03851-E
05149-E 00639-F
01596-F 02277-F
04321-F 04416-F
04966-F 05176-F
06163-F 06600-F
10456-F 11307-F
00009-G 00235-G
03610-G OS485-G
14180-J 09281-K
00034-M 00069-M
01833-M 05613-M
OS824-M 05849-M
06102-M 06698-M
07806-M
Smog Chambers 15354-D
Smog-Forming Potential
05323-B
Smoke Generating Devices
11615-B
Smoke Seduction
04610-E
Smokes
14124-
00862-
03955-
04053-
01867-
08015-
03526-
11615-B
B 14892-B
D 01278-D
04014-D
06135-D
03886-F
03454-J
02203-M
Smoking 06 80 8-B
01278-D 10964-D
15708-D 16701-D
03486-F 03686-F
07161-F 11307-F
14711-F 15345-F
Social Attitudes
07601-L
Socioeccnomic Factors
09440-F
Soiling Index
10668-D 02340-J
06701-J
Soils 07400-D
10099-G 06720-M
07188-M
Solar Radiation
08485-J
Solid Waste Disposal
08084-E 1565 7-H
Solubility 14882-M
1S032-M 15143-M
15183-M 15744-M
16040-M
Solvent Extraction
15874-M
Solvent Recovery System
02764-E
Solvent Vapors
03773-D
07706-D
05418-F
Solvents
05106-B
08376-B
08557-B
09857-B
15352-B
01333-D
03773-D
04143-D
04716-D
07335-D
08290-D
15354-D
03762-E
05471-E
06221-E
08352-E
11033-E
1475 7-E
03902-F
08554-K
08826-K
14882-M
05848-D
16435-E
00746-B
07187-B
08553-B
09781-B
10660-B
00747-D
02875-D
03991-D
04206-D
06200-D
07386-D
08848-D
02112-E
03763-E
05929-E
0834S-E
08536-E
13783-E
00809-F
04148-F
085S6-K
08558-M
Soot 01744-B 0202 3-B
10741-B
14074-B
01714-D
120 86- D
14301-D
08210-F
08339-F
04201-M
11S71-M
10748-B
00275-D
0613S-D
1380S-D
06127-F
08274-F
03986-M
05325-M
Sources 00337-B
OS746-B 16174-1
Space Cabins 04234-B
08851-B 0902 3-B
097S1-B 00096-F
10613-F 00447-J
Space Craft 07977-B
08033-B 06292-E
07972-F 11241-F
Space Craft Atmospheres
01430-D 02406-D
02460-D 03430-D
03828-D 06624-D
11593-F 15294-M
Space Vehicle
04470-E
Subject Index
1175
-------
Spark Ignition Engines
OOS92-B 02527-B
04008-B 04731-B
OS007-B 05S96-B
05632-B 05633-B
15883-B 04772-D
05380-E 08567-E
14975-E 15273-M
Spectronveter, Multiple-
Scan Interference
03485-D
Spectrometry
16257-M
Spectrometry,
Absorption
04716-D
09751-B
Atomic
Spectrometry, Correlation
04880-D 04881-D
Spectrometry, Infrared
00277-D 00747-D
01310-D 01451-D
03267-D
03448-D
04102-D
05561-D
06052-D
06135-D
06699-D
08592-D
09111-D
12072-D
14470-D
02848-D
02500-D
03485-D
04631-D
05572-D
06070-D
06284-D
07627-D
08838-D
11030-D
12579-D
16620-D
02467-M
15119-M
05233-H
14917-M
Spectromstry, Ultra-
violet 00449-D
00624-D 01395-D
02797-D
02886-D
07981-D
08644-D
02581-D
02805-D
06135-D
08643-D
09111-D
09030-M
11498-D
1S329-M
Spectrophotometry
07626-B 00011-D
00146-D 00214-D
00230-D 00293-D
00386-D 00765-D
00766-D 00768-D
00868-D 01356-D
01693-D 01696-D
01922-D 01995-D
02078-D
02081-D
02085-D
02090-D
02092-D
02098-D
02336-D
02785-D
02799-D
02805-D
03430-D
03679-D
03727-D
04053-D
04085-D
04318-D
04716-D
04880-D
04930-D
06065-D
07578-D
08599-D
09223-D
11068-D
11093-D
00231-M
02804-M
02080-D
02084-D
02086-D
02091-D
02094-D
02161-D
02559-D
02796-D
02801-D
03081-D
03523-D
03684-D
03938-D
04064-D
04102-D
04329-D
04857-D
04881-D
05191-D
07435-D
08592-D
09111-D
10767-D
1109 1-D
00111-J
02082-M
13278-M
Spinach 05666-G
Spectrophotometry,
Fluorescent 15977-D
Spectrophotometry,
Fluorometric 00624-D
01795-D 02805-D
03253-D 03523-D
06662-D 07743-D
09597-D 10755-D
11068-D 14125-D
14658-D 14662-D
Spectroscopy 00108-D
00440-D 01205-D
00916-M 01630-M
02489-M 04409-M
Spectroscopy, Infrared
00271-B
Spectroscopy, Mass
00935-C 00224-D
01304-D 01395-D
02406-D 02460-D
03354-D 05257-D
0613S-D 10034-D
13805-D 14173-D
02204-M 04483-M
Spectroscopy Molecular
06070-D
Spores 10118-F
1002 8-M
Spot Tests
00492-D
00867-D
01994-D
02079-D
02081-D
02086-D
02088-D
02090-D
02092-D
0209 7-D
06894-D
02802-M
00386-D
00767-D
00927-D
0199 7-D
02080-D
02083-D
02087-D
02089-D
02091-D
02094-D
03081-D
01034-M
02804-M
Stabilized Combustion
Chanter Deposits
14461-B
Stack Gases 00030-B
01362-B 01482-B
01941-B 02153-B
See also: Gases, Stack
Stagnation Index
11052-C
Standards and Criteria
00155-D OS951-D
05952-D 00499-F
Statistical Analyses
08331-F 11267-J
Steam Engine 12521-B
Steam Plants 05012-B
05067-B 06488-B
07546-B
Stilbenes 02090-D
02803-D 1346S-M
Stokes1 Diameters
06231-D
Storehouses 03931-J
Stratofire Project
04013-E
Streets 13784-E
Styrene Funes
15287-J
1176
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Styrenes 08S24-B
02S95-D 04219-D
10772-D 025S1-F
08483-F 02802-M
Styrol OS954-F
Submarines 00081-B
02336-D 0318S-D
08519-D 00373-E
03145-E 06285-E
161S9-E 05057-J
Sugars 02796-D
See Carbohydrates
Sulfation 14220-M
Sulfides 16494-B
00231-M 13062-M
Sulfonation 14220-M
1S784-M 16027-M
Sulfur Compounds 08359-B
00142-D 00845-D
00942-D 01784-D
06065-D 08354-D
09432-D 11498-D
13779-D 14428-D
09197-M
Sulfur Dioxide 00620-D
00845-D 00942-D
01784-D 03103-D
03S20-D 04825-D
05191-D 09S15-D
11S40-D 16398-D
12503-E 13467-E
08598-F 01318-M
02374-M 06102-M
07108-M 08845-M
13391-M IS329-M
1S439-M 15816-M
1S848-M 15970-M
16040-M 16054-M
16083-M 16463-M
16605-M
Sulfur Dioxide Compounds
1S996-B
Sulfur Dioxide Removal
08476-E 14830-E
Sulfur Oxides Control
1S966-E
Sulfur Trioxide 15805-M
Sulfuric Acid
15784-M
Surnier Tunnel
01673-B
Surface Coating
08553-B 08SS7-B
10660-B 03762-E
03763-E 10083-K
Surface Coating Operations
05648-B 09818-B
00230-D 01333-D
05848-D
Surfactant 07886-F
Survey Methods 00337-B
11259-F 11261-F
00336-K
Synergism 06235-C
06640-F 11309-F
04544-G
Synergistic Effects
02352-C
Synthetic Fibers
02060-H
Synthetic Liquid Fuels
07298-D 07302-F
Synthetic Organic
Chemicals 07S99-A
Synthetic Rubber
07575-D
Synthetic Rubber
Cracking 03995-H
Systems Engineering
07613-E
Tandem Throttle Value
System 143S3-E
Technical Auto-Analyzer
00977-D
Temperature 00034-M
01S79-M 02467-M
02935-M 06648-M
16040-M
Temperature Gradients
15125-M
Terpene Biosynthesis
13078-M
Terpenes 06163-F
09002-F OS756-G
Testing Facilities
09348-D 16361-D
Tetrachloroethane
03902-F
See also: Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Tetrachloroethylene
04253-F
See also: Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Tetraethyl Lead
14462-B 054S6-D
06025-D 07285-D
14459-E 07270-F
03289-1 05440-M
09745-M
See also: Fuel
Additives
Tetrafluorohydrazine
08077-D
Tetranethyllead
06025-D 05440-M
09745-M
See also: Fuel Additives
Textiles 00115-H
02060-H
Thermionic Detectors
07749-D
Theimocatalytic Detectors
10238-D
Thermochemistry
00120-M
Thermodynamics
00120-M 00128-M
01677-M 01682-M
01824-M 01880-M
01881-M 03446-M
06997-M 10045-M
13544-M 13636-M
13713-M 14622-M
15046-M 1S048-M
15439-M 15524-M
Subject Index
1177
-------
Theses 0233S-B
06328-D 06633-E
10116-G 06182-M
Thiophene 08443-F
See also: Organic
Sulfur Compounds
Thresholds 04529-E
06680-F 08150-F
0815 3-F
Thymol 08150-F
Timed Fuel Injection
03989-B 05380-E
10S39-E 1589S-E
Tissue Culture
02373-E 00664-F
01062-F 06840-F
07972-F 11299-F
Tissues 03962-F
04575-F 06710-F
10456-F
Tobacco 03265-B
00184-G 00696-G
Tobacco Tar
03678-F
Toluene Diisocyanate
0830S-F 12955-F
Toluenes 07518-C
04219-D 16435-E
03652-F 03900-F
04082-F 06663-F
06905-F 07068-F
07165-F 0747S-F
08442-F
See also: Benzene
Compounds
Total Hydrocarbon
Analyzer 08519-D
Toxic Tolerances
03S56-A 00429-F
00803-F 00887-F
01346-F 0260S-F
03602-F 03702-F
04092-F 04107-F
04124-F 04142-F
04SOO-F 04738-F
04901-F 0616 3-F
07368-F 08443-F
10613-F
Toxicity
00 809 -F
02S71-F
03821-F
04104-F
04927-F
06710-F
06496-F
07068-F
07308-F
07475-F
07972-F
08026-F
08431-F
08S26-F
09002-F
09985-F
11539-F
12272-F
12284-F
1634S-F
13933-M
02601-D
02S68-F
03820-F
03902-F
04258-F
05729-F
06329-F
06840-F
07270-F
07332-F
07573-F
08028-F
08295-F
08442-F
08801-F
09074-F
11241-F
1159 3-F
12276-F
14596-F
16356-F
Traffic 07366-J
Trans-2-Butene
11682-F
See also: Olefins
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Transmissometers
09111-D
Transpiration
05777-G
Transport Properties
03446-M
Trapping Methods
00036-D 01876-D
02233-D 03291-D
03425-D 04S41-D
07887-D 08270-D
08356-D 08848-D
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
07375-D
See also: Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Trichloroethylene
06221-E 06820-F
See also: Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Trimethylamine
15816-M
TrimethyIbenzene
01984-C
See also: Benzene
Compounds
Tritiun 07181-A
Triton X100
1S969-D
Trucks 01404-B
Tumors 01038-B
04703-F 05298-F
07291-F 07340-F
Tunnels 02152-B
0325S-B 15769-B
12579-D 11912-E
Turbidiflietry 04931-D
08136-D
Turbines 09329-E
Turbines, Gas 06435-D
Turpentine Vapors
07332-F
Ultrasonics 09085-M
Ultraviolet Gas Analyzer
02886-D 07386-D
Ultraviolet Light
Radiation 00602-C
Ultraviolet Radiation
01481-C 03365-E
02337-M 06720-M
Unor Apparatus 08592-D
Uranium Catalysts
05214-E
Urban Areas 04487-A
03202-B 08165-B
11152-B 03381-C
14019-C 00114-D
00203-D 00230-D
01795-D 02227-D
02797-D 16444-E
02277-F 03486-F
05650-F 08243-F
01736-J 01830-J
1178
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Urban Areas (contd.)
03451-J 07393-J
11267-J 05571-K
Urinalysis 06702-D
09316-F
Uterine Muscle. Hunan
16252-F
Valves 04772-D 07104-D
Vapor Phase Gun
03983-E
Vapor Pressure 03525-M
06648-M
Vapor Recover/ Systems
04892-E 05859-E
15836-E
Vaporization 14850-E
14944-E 06648-M
Vaporization Tank
Cavburetion
07846-E
Vapors 00449-D
01392-D 02162-D
02439-D 04199-D
04440-D 04S47-D
06284-D 07061-D
0733S-D 07373-D
15749-D 08162-E
1S526-E 02571-F
00069-M 00608-M
01026-M 15012-M
15019-M 15486-M
15744-M
Variable Dilution
Technique 05536-D
Vehicular Operation
04630-B
Ventilation 01544-B
02152-B 08198-J
Vinyl Chloride
0213S-D
Viruses 01668-F
11275-F
See also: Microorganisms
Viscosity 15088-M
Visibility 03103-D
04931-D 04973-D
Vital Staining 06907-F
Vitamin A 07340-F
Volatility 09421-B
13795-B 1412 7-B
03354-D 04014-D
08296-D 08365-E
08337-M
Washout Coefficient
00173-C
Waste Heat Recovery
07836-E
Water Pollution
09839-B
Weather Modification
06482-C
Weisz Ring Oven
00492-D
Wickbold Combustion
Technique 11171-B
Wildlife 04544-G
Winds 07366-J
World Health Organization
(WHO) 06948-J
0688S-L
Xylenes 04219-D
10089-D 06905-F
06663-F 07475-F
09700-M 16054-M
Zenith Duplex System
04659-E 08831-E
09337-E
Zeolites 0189144
Subject Index
1179
-------
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX
Alabama
Birmingham 00534-J
03458-J 07448-0
Alaska 13040-J
Fairbanks 00834-C
California 00164-A
00319-B 00969-B
07625-B 07844-B
00155-D 00277-D
04318-D 05339-D
02405-E 06032-E
09027-E 03612-G
03613-G 03441-J
02055-K 03614-K
03944-K 09281-K
00157-L 01955-L
03007-L 03583-L
03586-L 16518-L
Los Angeles County
00224-D 14341-E
Fresno 03433-J
Los Angeles
06723-A 00107-B
03871-B 04492-B
05097-B 05106-B
05113-B 06031-B
07187-B 07623-B
08376-B 08553-B
08557-B 09785-B
00502-C 01481-C
04988-C 05575-C
01592-D 04973-D
05572-D 04962-E
00639-F 00779-F
01029-F 03978-F
04416-F 05176-F
10456-F 03609-G
03615-6 01980-J
03462-J 05110-J
05573-J 05627-J
14180-J 04616-K
05571-K 07483-K
08554-K 08556-K
08826-K 09324-K
San Francisco
01211-A 05106-B
0133-D 01592-D
03104-0 03554-K
Colorado 01010-J
Connecticut 11227-A
UNITED STATES
05895-J 14997-0
New Britain 06966-J
District of Columbia
01871-D 06290-J
Florida 03404-0
Jacksonville
00220-B
Hawaii
Sand Island-Oahu
03420-B
Idaho
Lewiston 00054-B
06535-0
Illinois
Chicago 03451-0
East St. Louis
11224-0 016040-K
Indiana 09737-B
03451-0
Indianapolis
02822-0
Kentucky
Northern 02376-K
Louisville 03520-D
Louisiana
New Orleans 00638-F
Massachusetts
Boston 02239-0
02317-0
Maryland
Baltimore 02825-0
Michigan
Midland 06430-0
Minnesota 03409-0
Missouri
St. Louis 01890-B
03449-D 03773-D
03027-0
Montana 03410-0
New Oersey 00599-A
08899-K
New York State
00673-B 05008-0
Erie County
02833-0
Nassau County
05009-0
Niagara County
04864-0
Chemung County
04834-0
Westchester County
04833-0 06946-0
New York City
11152-B 09440-F
10987-F 11489-F
00682-0 00169-K
New York City
07564-D
Oohn F. Kennedy Inter-
national Airport
01202-0
New York - New Oersey
03454-J
North Carolina
03438-A
Ohio 05598-K
Southwestern
02376-K
Cincinnati
00929-C 04933-C
01089-0 05336-J
St. Bernard
03426-0
Oregon
Mid-Willamette Valley
06977-0
Pennsylvania
Allegheny County
09370-K
Philadelphia
00679-B 04596-D
07550-K
Pittsburgh
00727-0
South Carolina
Charleston
-------
03506-J
Tennessee
Nashville
00931-D 00847-J
01471-J
Texas
El Paso 03505-J
16266-J
Washington
03504-J
Clark County
01949-J
Clarkston 00054-B
06535-J
Ferndale 03864-E
West Virginia
Kanawha Valley
11259-F 11260-F
11261-F
United States
01270-J 03353-K
Northeastern
05420-6
FOREIGN
Argentina 11087-B
Australia 08633-B
Sidney 05501-D
05675-J
Austria
Vienna 15248-J
Belgium
Liege 11577-J
British Columbia
Chilliwack
00802-J 05652-0
Canada
Ontario 00689-J
Czechoslovakia
Ostravia-Karvina
04179-E
Denmark 03686-F
England 02152-B
02635-B 07945-B
01020-F 03086-F
03886-F 04051-F
03526-J 08408-K
London
04487-A 11489-F
04651-J
Southampton
14917-M
Europe 03122-B
03128-B 14475-L
14842-L
France 00453-C
02438-D 02541-E
Lyons 07408-J
Paris 00898-D
06788-J
Finland 01794-F
Germany 07230-B
02973-E 04357-E
08594-E 11912-E
13913-E 16435-E
07235-K 07079-K
East Germany (DDR-
German Democratic
Republic)
10553-K 00411-L
Nordrhine Westphalia
02685-D 14028-E
Berlin 14722-D
08322-J 14776-J
15154-J 15575-J
Frankfurt 09234-D
Heidelberg 11572-J
Greece
Athens 09117-J
Hungary 16440-J
Iran
Teheran 09209-J
Italy 03202-B
Florence 13788-J
Genoa 04423-F
Rome 09655-B
Turin 15600-J
Pescara 14785-J
Siena 08315-J
09936-J
Japan 04212-A 06744-A
16136-B 16494-B
06112-D 07335-D
04373-F 15345-F
06760-J 07393-J
14679-J 13366-K
07197-L
Osaka 15610-J
Tokyo 00451-D
03214-J 07198-J
Latin America
04052-A
Mexico
Mexico City 05839-J
Netherlands 14479-A
16345-F
Rotterdam 14534-J
New Zealand 07159-F
Norway 13952-B
13953-F 03685-J
Poland 10320-K
South Africa 01356-D
02415-D
Spain 16523-A
Sweden 06280-B
Switzerland 11457-B
13784-E 16336-J
Zurich 15657-H
U.S.S.R.
03205-A
07299-B
08524-B
03938-D
07298-D
10926-E
02566-F
02596-F
03933-F
04110-F
07316-F
01270-J
03931 -J
05184-B
08165-B
02607-D
04064-D
06674-E
16444-E
02588-F
02605-F
04109-F
06869-F
11426-F
03930-J
07292-J
1182
HYDROCARBONS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
07304-J 08196-J
02580-L 05940-L
07289-L 14338-M
Baku 07830-D
Grozny 11914-J
Moscow 07400-D
07830-D 03363-J
04091-J
Tashkent 03925-J
Geographic Location Index 1183
* U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1970 O - 408-262
------- |