ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Office of Technical Information and Publications
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL, PROTECTION AGENCY
Air Pollution Control Office
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
February 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, B.C., 20402 - Price 50 cents
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The AP series of reports is issued by the Air Pollution Control Office
to report the results of scientific and engineering studies, and informa-
tion of general interest in the field of air pollution. Information
reported in this series includes coverage of APCO intramural activities
and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction with state and local
agencies, research institutes, and industrial organizations. Copies of
AP reports are available free of charge to APCO staff members,
current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as
supplies permit from the Office of Technical Information and Publica-
tions, Air Pollution Control Office, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
Air Pollution Control Office Publication AP-82
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
General . 3
Emission Sources 5
Measurement Methods 9
Control Methods . . .... 17
Effects Human Health 23
Basic Science and Technology 83
AUTHOR INDEX 85
TITLE INDEX : . . 89
SUBJECT INDEX 95
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX 10.1
United States (States, Cities) . . 101
Foreign (Countries, Cities) 101
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ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
This bibliography contains 160 abstracts of documents and articles
on asbestos. These abstracts are. numbered sequentially on their upper
right corner. The number on the upper left corner is the APTIC acces-
sion number.
An author index, a title index, a subject index, and a geographical
location index follow the abstracts. The author index lists all authors
individually. The first author is indicated by an asterisk (*). The
indexes refer to the abstracts by the number on their upper right
corner.
All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air
Pollution Technical Information Center, Air Pollution Control Office,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709. Readers outside the Air Pollution Control Office
(APCO) may seek duplicates of documents directly from libraries,
publishers, or authors.
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GENERAL
12438
Bowles, Oliver
ASBESTOS - A HfiTEBIALS SUK7EY. Bareau of Hines Information Circ.
7880, 94p, 1959. 61 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 680442
The present report on asbestos is a revision of a survey first
published in 1952, the demand-supply position of asbestos in
the United States. It includes information on production, imports,
consumption, exports, capacity, interchangeability, substitutes,
and possibilities for expansion. Price histories and trade
figures are presented for the years 1935 or earlier to 1965. The
properties of the commodity are described. Exploration, mining,
milling, and processing methods are discussed. Included is an
extended presentation of the structure of the industry covering
major corporations, tranportation services, processing facilities,
interrelationship to other industries, pertinent laws and
texation policies, tariffs, government controls, special labor
problems, and the history of wartime controls. (Author forward
modified)
20859 2
O'Sullivan, Derraot fi.
AIH POLLUTION. Chem. Eng. News, US(24) :37-41, 45-46, 50, 54-55,
57-58, June 8, 1970.
Various aspects of air pollution from its sources to the costs of
control are discussed. The pollutants originate from industrial
processes, paper and pulp operations, petroleum refineries, and
chemical plants; from garbage dumping, trash incineration, and
agricultural burning; from power generation and space heating;
and from automobiles, trucks, and aircraft. The chemical
reactions that produce photochemical smog are reviewed. Weather
conditions that prevail at any particular time and the topography
of an area have a marked influence on the effects of pollution.
A number of airborne pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and polynuclear hydrocarbons,
have been studied to determine their effects on health. Air
pollution levels are linked to higher death rates from coronary
heart disease and stroke; airborne asbestos particles may lead
to lung cancer, mesothelioma, and cancer of the peritoneum or
pleura. The effects of pollutants on crops and plant life are
assessed. Accurate monitoring is needed to control pollutants
and to set the standards to limit their concentrations in the air.
Auto emission reduction methods are discussed, as well as the
costs for pollution control.
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EMISSION SOURCES
10667
Feldstein, PI. I., B. Potter, A. E. Alcocer, and H.
Hoore
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC DUST DOWNWIND OF SOURCE
EFFLUENTS. Preprint, Bay Area Sir Pollution Control
District, San Francisco, Calif, and California Dept. of
Public Health, Berkeley, Air and Industrial Hygiene Lab.,
7p. , 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Fleeting of
the Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul, Winn.,
June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-11.)
Dust collected downwind from two types of industrial operations
is analyzed. One is concerned with the emission of cement dust
from a materials handling operation within a cement manufacturing
plant; and the other deals with the emission of mica dust in an
asphalt saturating operation. The method of sampling used to
collect dust was the same in both cases. The basic collecting
apparatus consisted of high volume samplers, operated by
directional control unit. Each directional control unit activated
a sampler when the wind blew from a predetermined direction. One
sampling set was placed downwind of the source and a second placed
upwind. Both were oriented in the same direction, being activated
by the same wind sweeping across the source. Comparative samples
were thus provided for evaluation of the source as a cause for
nuisance complaints. After the sampling period was completed the
filters were removed and the collected materials were chemically
processed and analyzed by X-ray spectrometry, and by microscopic
examination. Authentic saaples of cement dust and mica dust from
the industrial sources were also obtained and submitted for
comparison and analysis. Results of the analysis show that mica
dust was present in the asphalt case to the extent of 15-2055 of the
total inorganic dust collected. Cement dust was present in the
cement manufacturing case to the extent of 10-15% of the total
inorganic dust collected. Upwind samples contained little or
none of the respective minerals. It is reasonable to conclude
that the collected mineral in each was contributed by the suspected
source.**
03913
S. Fl. Resting
DOST MEASUREMENT IN PLANTS HITH ASBESTOS PROCESSING HACHINERY.
Stanb (English Translation.) 26, (10) 1i»^6, Oct. 1966. Ger.
(Tr.j
CFSTI, TT66-51159/10
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An inventory of the concentration of dusts associated with the
asbestos - processing branch of the textile industry is presented.
Observations made over longtime periods have given basic data for
dust concentrations occurring in the individual processing stages.
Statistical evaluation of all results of dust measurements shows
that there is a continuous decrease in dangerous dust
concentration. The object of further investigations is to find
out (by comparing cases of illness caused by asbestos with asbestos
dust concentrations) at what concentration and exposure time the
danger of illness caused by asbestos in negligible. (Author
summary modified)**
012U7 b
ft. Laamanen, 1. Noro, and V. Haunio
OBSERVATIONS ON ATHOSPH^TIC AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY ASBESTOS.
Ann N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 2«0-5l», Dec. 31, 1965.
(Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference,
New (yorfc City, (oct. 19-21, 196<».)
The mining (quarrying) of asbestos in Finland has been carried
out for approximately fifty years. Current production is about
15,000 tons of anthophyllite asbestos per year. Two preliminary
air pollution surveys indicate that asbestos dust is disseminated
from mining (quarrying) and milling areas rather extensively, while
the degree of pollution varies with the distance from the source
and the prevailing winds.**
09238
Hader, P. P., and E. S. Mills
CONTAMINANT CONTROL IN SPACE CABINS: APPROACH AND RESULTS.
Aerospace fled., 38 (8):822-825, Aug. 1967, ft refs.
The systematic screening of aaterials and supplies intended for
use inside space cabins is described. Materials were screened on
the basis of their outgassing properties at 120 deg F. for 72
hrs. in an apparatus consisting of a closed 72-1. Pyrex flask
containing 50 percent 02 and 50 percent nitrogen and equipped with
several inlet tubes through which gas samples were withdrawn for
gas chromatographic and infrared analysis. Pressure within the
flasks was adjusted to 0.5 atm. The test temperature of 120 deg
F. was selected as the highest, level at which the chromatograms
and infrared spectra were still representative of the actual
components in the gaseous system. Hhen paints and finishes were
tested, a water-based methacrylate paint was found to release the
smallest amounts of outgassing products, while epoxy paint and
polyvinyl acetate released considerably larger volumes of
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
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outgassing products. A sound danpener was discarded when tests
indicated the release of substantial amounts of formaldehyde.
Glasswool and asbestos ribbons released large amounts of organic
compounds, although they had been previously flashfired at 700
deg F. One insulating material was selected after 6 were
screened. Trichlorethylene, used as a space cabin cleaner, should
not be used for a final cleaning of a space cabin simulator because
it forms toxicchlorinated acetylenes. atmospheric contaminants
were also measured during a 30-day test of the space cabin
simulator by U men.ft
03914
E. Walter
EVALUATION RND ASSESSMENT OF DUST HEASUREBENTS IN ASBESTOS
PLANTS OF THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY. Staub (English Translation)
26, (10) 16-9, Oct. 1966. G
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MEASUREMENT METHODS
00907 8
C. G. Addingley
ASBESTOS DOST AND ITS SEASOREMEHT. Ann. Occupational Hyg.
(London), Vol. 9:73-82, April 1966. (Presented at the
Scientific Meeting of the Society at the London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Pledicine, Nov. 11, 1965.)
The nature of asbestos dust and the testing reguirements are
discussed. Existing standard methods are briefly reviewed. The
development of a membrane filter method of dust counting for
asbestos is described in detail. It is thought to be an
improvement on existing methods. Tyndallometric methods are
considered, and a description of the application of the "Boyco"
Particle Counter, an instrument based on this principle, to
factory testing is described. It is believed that this instrument
represents a big advance in routine test methods. (Author
summary)**
03309 9
C. G. Addingley
DOST HEASOREMENT AND HONITORING IK THE ASBESTOS INDOSTRY. Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 298-305, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at
the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York
City, Oct. 19-21, 196U.)
Author concludes that after nine months experience it was found
that the Royco Particle counter represents the best available
method for dust testing in asbestos factories. Probably for the
first time a method is available to enable, without inordinate
labor, enough tests to be made of atmospheric dust concentrations
to give results which are reliable from the statistical point of
view.**
01H64 10
H. E. Ayer, J. R. Lynch, and J. H. Fanney
A COMPARISON OP IHPINGER AND HEHBRASE FILTER TECHNIQUES FOR
EVALOATING AIR SAMPLES IN ASBESTOS PLANTS. Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci., Vol. 132:271-287, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at the
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City,
Oct. 19-21, 196U.)
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The relationship of dust counts by impinger sampling to fiber
counts from membrane filters, using a higher resolution microscope
objective for the latter, is considered. Based on 230 pairs of
samples collected in four asbestos textile plants, the over-all
ratio appears to be one mppcf by impinger (10x objective) to 10
fibers per ml. longer than 5 microns, or 3 fibers per ml. longer
than 10 microns when the membrane filter samples are counted with
phase contrast illumination on the transparentized filter using a 4
mm. (13x) objective. Individual operations may have ratios
differing from these values by a factor of two. Size selective
sampling using horizontal elutriators ahead of the sampling
device indicated that the major portion of the fibers counted
would reach the lung if inspired. The ratios are presented (1)
as a rough indication of the relationship of impinger counts to
fiber counts reported from abroad, (2) to give some indication of
the relationship for fiber counts from personal samplers using
membrane filters, and (3) as an index which nay be used, in the
absence of better information, to estimate the proportion of
asbestos ina mixed dust exposure.f*
01417 1]
J. V. Crable
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CHRYSOTILE, AMOSITE ANT) CROCIDOLITE
BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION . Am. Tnd. Hyg. Jssoc. J., Vol. 27:
293-298, June 1966.
The determination of asbestos by x-ray diffraction in
environmental samples is described. Evenly distributed mats of
asbestos samples on molecular membrane filters are prepared for
x-ray diffraction examination. Each asbestos mineral has its
characteristic x-ray diffraction pattern. A qualitative scan of
a mounted filtered sample identifies the crystalline substance
present including the asbestos minerals. A quantitative
determination of a given type of asbestos is made by measuring the
area under its major diffraction peak and comparing this area with
that of a known quantity of an external standard. (Author
abstract)t#
02479 12
J. V. Crable and H. J. Knott.
QUANTITATIVE X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF CROCIDOLIT1 AND AHOSITE
IN BT7LF OR SETTLED DUST SAMPLES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.,
27 (5) ;tm9-l»53, Oct. 1966.
A quantitative procedure for determining crocidolite and amosite
in bulk or settled dust samples is described. Crocidolite and
amosite are two of the three major types of asbestos fibers used in
the United states asbestos industry. Each has a crystalline
structure which provides a distinct x-ray diffraction pattern of
sufficient intensity to be used in quantitative analysis. Quartz
is used as the internal standard. A qualitative examination with
the diffractometer establishes the presence of crocidolite or
amosite in the samples and indicates possible interferences whose
effects are minimized by using appropriate modifications of the
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
quantitative procedure. Analysis of a series of known samples
containing varied amounts of ground crocidolite provided a mean
recovery of 99.63. The lower end of the working range of the
method is approximately 5$ crocidolite. A separate series of
known samples containing varied amounts of ground amosite provided
a mean recovery of 96.8856. (Author abstract) tt
09402 13
Edwards, G. H. and J. R. lynch
THE METHOD USED BY THE U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SEHVTCE FOE ENUMERATION
OF ASBESTOS DDST ON MEMBRANE FILTERS. Ann. Occupational Hyg.
(Oxford), 11(1):1-6, Jan. 1968. 5 refs.
Samples of air-borne mineral dusts are collected by drawing air
through cellulose ester membrane filters. Particles smaller than
nominal pore size are retained. Varying sampling rate and filter
holder controls the distribution of dust across the filter face.
Samples are mounted on standard microscope slides using a high
viscosity solution of membrane filter material in a mixture of
diethyl oxalate and dimethyl phthalate to render the filter
transparent. The mount is stable for 28-30 days, but after this
period, migration of the dust particles causes a loss of areal
concentration. The grain and fiber dust particles, which lie on
the surface of the filter, are counted with a phase contrast
microscope, using 10X eye-pieces and a 4 mm. "high-dry" objective.
The field area is delineated with a Porton graticule. Count
data are recorded in a form allowing data reduction and
statistical analysis by electronic computer. The method,
although not suitable to determine compliance with the threshold
limit value for asbestos that was developed from a different
enumeration method, is highly suited for developing basic data for
a more precise recommendation of the limit for asbestos.**
01435 14
S. Holmes
DEVELOPMENTS IN DUST SAMPLING AND COUNTING TECHNIQUES IN THE
ASBESTOS INDUSTRY . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 132:288-297,
Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at the Biological Effects of
Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
Author describes instrumentation that has been developed for dust
sampling and counting and briefly reviews the current status of
instruments under development for the dusts created in the asbestos
industry. The Long Sunning Thermal Precipitator (Ottway
Instrument), the membrane filter technigue, and the "Royco" dust
monitoring system are discussed. The need for sampling devices is
urged by the Asbestosis Research Council (England).**
Measurement Methods M
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03913
A. M. Kesting
DOS'" MEASUREMENT IN PLANTS HITH ASBESTOS PROCESSING MACHINERY.
Stauh (English Translation.) 26, (10) 14-6, Oct. 1966. Ger.
(Tr.)
CPSTI, TT66-51159/10
An inventory of the concentration of dusts associated with the
asbestos processing branch of the textile industry is presented.
Observations made over longtime periods have given basic data for
dust concentrations occurring in the individual processing stages.
Statistical evaluat9on of all results of dust measurements shows
that there is a continuous decrease in dangerous dust
concentration. The object of further investigations is to find
out (by comparing cases of illness caused by asbestos with asbestos
dust concentrations) at what concentration and exposure time the
danger of illness caused hy asbestos in negligible. (Author
summary modified)t#
06677 16
F. V. Khukrin
NODESN APPROACH TO AIR DOSTINESS IN WORKSHOPS. U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 7, 301-8, 1962. (Gigiena i Sanit.,) 2« (7)
50-5, 1959. Translated from Russian.
CFSTT: 62-11103
Extensive data were accumulated during recent years on the study
of the effect of different types of industrial aerosols. Based on
the summary and evaluation of new data obtained from work
institutes, university apartments and practicing physicians a list
was prepared of the maximum permissible concentration of 55 dusts
and aerosols. This list is presented and improvements in those
standards are recommended.t*
08125
17
T. T. Lobova
STUDY OF THE PARTICLE ST7E DISTRTBOTION OF DUST BY THE MICROSCOPY
METHOD. In: A. A. Letavet and Ye. V. Khukhrina (eds.),
Methods of Studying Industrial Dust and the Incidence of
Pneumoconioses. (Betody izucheniya proizvodstvennoy pyli i
zabolevayemosti pnevmokoniozami.) Leningrad, Heditsina
Publishing House, 1965, 123p. Translated from Russian.
Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical
Information, Washington, D. C., Joint Publications
Research Service, TT 66-30952, p. 39-43, Harch 11, 1966.
The degree of dispersion of dust, determined by the
microscopic observation of dust particles, is expressed in per
cent of the number of dust particles of various sizes with respect
to the total number of the particles measured. The study of the
particle size distribution of dust is composed of the following
12 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
operations: preparing the mount, calibrating the micrometer,
measuring and' counting the dust particles of specific fractions,
and calculation of the particle size distribution. The dust
specimen mounts are usually prepared directly at the
production site, at the sample-taking location, i. e. in the
breathing zone of the workers, as well as next to the dust
producing spot, near the ventilation devices, in the air ducts,
at the ventilation air exhausts, depending on the. aims and tasks
of the investigation. The basic disadvantages of the method
of studying the particle size distribution by means of a
micrsocope are connected primarily with the possibility of not
obtaining satisfactory dust mounts, with not accurate
calibration of the sizes of eye-piece micrometers, and finally,
with the sensitivity and the susceptibility to fatigue of the eye
in microscopic work, along with the exceptionally large amount of
work involved. The main, most important disadvantage of the
method in principle, is the feasibility to determine with its
aid of the particle size distribution only according to the number
of particles, whereas for the hygienic estimate it is important
to know the mass of the dust of various particle size.f#
02H78 18
J. R. Lynch and H. E. iyer.
MEASUREMENT OF DOST EXPOSURES IN THE ASBESTOS TEXTILE INDUSTRY.
am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 27 (5):U31-437 7, Oct. 1966.
Data obtained from environmental surveys of 9 asbestos textile
mills, which represent the baseline for the textile segment of the
PHS epidemiological study of asbestos processing industries are
presented. From these data concentration ranges are derived which
yield significant differences between typical sample groups.
Various ratio tests of different methods of counting and
analysis were made and count weight ratios based on magnesium
analyses for asbestos were calculated. (Author abstract)ft
03491 19
w. C. HcCrone and R. Draftz
THE IMPORTANCE OF THINKING SHALL. Heating, Piping, Air
Conditioning 38, (1) 126-33, 1966
Identification of micron-size particulates with the microscope is
reviewed. Analytical steps of making d low power exam, using a
first order red filter, and trying dispersion staining are
discussed. Thirty-two full color photo-micrographs of typical
contaminants are presented.ft
01W8 20
S. A. Roach
NEASUREflENT OF MRBOBNE ASBESTOS DDST BI INSTHOHENTS MEASUBING
DIFFERENT PARAMETERS . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
132:306-15, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at the Biological
Measurement Methods 13
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Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21,
1964.)
This paper records an investigation of 8 different methods for
measuring airborne dust exposure. Four instruments used were for
determining the number of particles in unit volume of air. These
were: nine Safety Appliances Midget Impinger; a (Membrane
Filter;" Casella Thermal Precipitator; and a Royco automatic
particle counter. In addition to four instruments designed for
measuring the number of concentration of dust in air, there were
four samplers which were designed to measure the mass concentration
of dust in air. These were: Electrostatic Precipitator;
Casella Soxhlet; UNICO respirable dust sampler; and a Casella
Hexhlet. The general conclusion from this work was that the
measurement of mass concentration was far simpler than the
measurement of number concentration.##
09533 21
Szymczyhiewicz, Fonrad, and Edward Biecek
EVALUATION OF THE USEFULNESS OF MEMBRANE AND FIBER FILTERS FOB
DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF INDUSTRIAL DUST BTTH DIFFERENT
PARTICLE SHAPE. ((Ocena przdatnosci filtrow membranowych i
filtrow wlokninowych do pomiarow stezen pylov przemyslowych o
roznym ksztalcie ziarn.)) Text in Polish. Med, Pracy (Warsaw),
18(5):489-495, 1967. H refs.
Dust concentration measurements using MSA electrostatic sampler
(USA), membrane filters AUFS (Czech) and AF-400 (West
German), and synthetic microfiber filters PC-8 (Czech) were made
by different methods to determine the reliability of individual
methods and filters. Hhen the electrostatic filter and the de-
scribed filtration methods were used, results agreed closely for
mineral dust with polygonal or spheriodal particles and for
fibrous dust such as asbestos, flax, and synthetic fiber "Aiiilana"
Agreement was not good for cotton dust or a mixture of cotton with
asbestos dust. Flat membrane filters and fibrous filters are not
considered adequate for the measurement of cotton dust and coni-
cally or cylindrically shaped membrane filters should be used.
(USA), membrane filters AUGS (Czech) and AF-UOO (Best Ger-
man) , and synthetic microfiber filters PC-8 (Czech) were made by
different methods to determine the reliability of individual meth-
ods and filters. When the electrostatic filter and the described
filtration methods were used, results agreed closely for mineral
dust with polygonal or spheroidal particles and for fibrous dust
such as asbestos, flax, and synthetic fiber "Anilana". Agreement
was not good for cotton dust or a mixture of cotton with asbestos
dust. Flat membrane filters and fibrous filters are not consid-
ered adeguate for the measurement of cotton dust and conically or
cylindrically shaped membrane filters should be used.#t
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
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08«68 22
wickert, Kurt
S03 DETERMINATION IN DUST-LADEN AND DUST-FREE COHBDSTION
GASES. {(S03-Bestimmung in staubhaltigen und staubfreien
Verbrennungsgasen.)) Text in German. Erdoel Kohle
(Hamburg), 20 (8):568-572, Aug. 1967.
An analytical method is described which allows an exact
determination of the S03 content of dust-free as well as of
dust-laden combustion gases. The apparatus for dust-free
analysis is illustrated and two tables are given showing the
analytical data obtained with the catalytic temperature at U50 deg
C and 550 deg C respectively and an asbestos layer at 75 deg C.
A third table shows the gas temperatures at different catalytic
temperatures and gas flow velocities. The condensation tube of
the apparatus should contain at least U to 5 gns of asbestos in a 4
cm long layer and the catalytic temperature should be high if
correct S03 values are to be obtained. For S03 determination
in dust-laden combustion gases a modified apparatus is illustrated.
The dust in the gas reacts with the S03 (or the sulfuric acid)
and if this dust reaction is disregarded the result of the analysis
becomes incorrect, the error increasing with increasing amounts of
reactivity of dast. In the analytical method described, this dust
reaction is taken into account and the S03 (vol. S) in dust-free
gas, dust-laden gas, and fuel gas is tabulated. Tt is further
shown that analytical difficulties result if calcium oxide is
present in the dust. The conditions under which S02 reacts
with dust to produce sulphate are indicated.tff
Measurement Methods 15
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CONTROL METHODS
03311 23
D. W. Hills
ECONOMICS OF DOST CONTROL. Ann. N.T. Scad. Sci. 132,
322-3U, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the Biological Effects of
Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
A brief historical introduction is given about conditions in the
U.K. asbestos textile industry in the late 1920's and early
1930's; reference is made to the 1931 conference between
employers and the Home Office that resulted in a code of
practice being established for dust suppression in asbestos textile
factories. Details are given of the various methods used for
dust control in the Company's factories together with the cost
of these measures. Some figures are also given for the cost
of dust control of dust control at the Cape Asbestos Co.
Ltd.'s new amosite mill at Penge. Current work on improving
dust control is discussed together with the part now played
in this by the asbestosis Research Council. Although
asbestos textiles form only a part of the asbestos industry
their particular significance for this monograph is that, at
least in the United Kingdom, the hazards associated with the
processing of asbestos were recognized soooner on the textile side
than almost anywere else. This was because most of the processes
were dry, and hence dust was readily foraed, and also because
most of the processes were dry, and hence dust was readily formed,
and also because the workers in some of the largest factories
formed a close-knit population whose employment records went back
for many years. Thus, when the hazard was first investigated
an excellent sample of people with varying periods of
exposure to dust was available.fi
U280 24
Khan, A. A., R. V. Amalraj, and S. Eamachandran
APPLICATION OF THEORY OF FILTRATION ON A SPECIFIC QUALITY OF
ASBESTOS. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, India, Waste
Treatment Div., B.A.R.C.-351, 30p., 1968. 2 refs.
CFSTI: N69-28114
The resistance characteristics of a typical indigenous Indian
asbestos fiber were investigated as part of a study to determine
the suitability of these fibers for the production of high-
efficiency air filters for industrial use in particulate removal.
An attempt was made to calculate the mean fiber radius within a
filter, to which single-fiber mathematics could then be applied
for greater ease in predicting fiber performance in a filter
-------
system. Certain characteristics of the fiber were determined
experimentally on the basis of Darcy's Constant, including volume
flow rate, depth of the bed, viscosity of air, cross sectional
area of the fibrous bed, and specific gravity. The method
consisted of dispersing asbestos fiber in a mixer to form a bed
of known basic weight. Water in the bed was removed by suction;
the bed was then dried and a known amount of air forced through
at a constant pressure difference, by means of a densometer.
Thickness of the bed was measured by a travelling microscope: its
thickness, size, weight, and density were used to estimate its
porosity. These characteristics were then applied to various
equations which use measurement of pressure drop across a filter
in order to determine mean fiber radius; the equations of Sullivan
and Hertel, Davies, Langmuir, and Iberall were included. It was
found that Langmuir1s equation gave results which agreed most
closely with estimates made from microscopic observation. Tabular
data presenting the results of all experimental procedures and
calculations are included.
039U2 25
F. M. Kogan S. Y. Troitskii
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT 0? ME6SDBBS FOB DUST CONTROL RT ASBESTOS-
PRESSTNG FACTORIES. Hyg. Sanit. 31, (4-6) 053-6, Apr.-June
1966. Buss. (Tr.)
CFSTI, TT 66-51160/H-6
Improvement in the sanitary working conditions has had a
distinctly favorable effect on the incidence of asbestosis in
Russia. The incidence of asbestosis was reduced by a factor
of 11.6 in a group of workers with a duration of service ranging
from 11 to 15 years, and by a factor of 3.2 in a group
of workers »ith a service duration of 16 years and more. The
favorable effect of reduced dust contents in the air on the
health of workers was demonstrated by the fact that in newly
built factories workers who had not previously worked at other
asbestos-dressing factories did not include even a single
case of asbestosis, although many fo them had been working for
a period of ten years in air containing quantities of dust.
Tn spite of the recent considerable improvement in working
conditions, these still do not protect against an incidence of
asbestosis, and there is a necessity for the implementation of
several preventive measures. ft certain amount of dust
is discharged with flue gases from drying ovens, and therefore
the installation of electrostatic precipitators is
recommended for the trapping of such discharges. Ml operations
of mixing and packing of the fiber should be improved.
Among other measures, favorable hygienic assessment is merited
by the Canadian method of packing asbestosis fiber in the
form of briquets. No less promising is the packing of fiber
in the form of briquets molded under high pressure. The
initial experiment performed at the scientific research
institute of the asbestos industry gave encouraging results. At
the same time, it is useful to moisten the asbestos fiber before
briquetting. ##
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
13946 26
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Committee on air Pollution
PROCESS FLOW SHEETS AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS. Cincinnati,
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1961, 40p. 33 refs.
A variety of industrial processes, described in the text and
illustrated by flow charts, are categorized according to the odors
or pollutants produced by each stage of plant operations.
Appropriate primary and secondary air cleaning equipment,
including dry centrifuges, wet scrubbers, and fabric and
electrostatic filters, are matched to each operation and evaluated
as satisfactory or not satisfactory. The suggested controls have
applications for asphalt and cement plants, gray iron or
malleable foundry operations, the milling of asbestos ores,
alfalfa dehydrating plant operations, coffee processing, iron and
steel making, and scavenger-type rendering processes. Suggested
reference sources are included for each process.
13517 27
Shiels, D. O.
THE ADSOHPTION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE BY PLATINISED ASBFSTOS. J. Phys.
Chem., 33:1167-1174, 1929. 4 refs.
Studies were performed on the sulfur dioxide adsorbing capacity
of platinized asbestos in the absence of air at 25 C and up to 40
mm pressure. Platinized asbestos had a greater adsorption rate
than either platinum or asbestos alone. The adsorption was
reversible, and there was a complete absence of hysteresis. At
20 mm, 11.6 vols S02/vol platinum were adsorbed. The isotherm is
represented accurately by Langmuir's equation.
09788 28
Simon, Herbert
EAGHOUSES. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air
Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A.
Ranielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p.
106-135, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
When high collection efficiency on small particle size is required,
the most widely used method consists of separating the dust fron
the air by means of a fabric filter. The fabric is usually made
into bags of tubular or envelope shape. Filter fabrics normally
used to remove dust and fames from airstreams are usually woven
with relatively large open spaces, sometimes 100 microns or larger
Control Methods 19
-------
in size. Small particles are initially captured and retained on
the" fibers" of the cloth by means of interception, «P"ge»ent^
diffusion, gravitational settling, and electrostatic attraction
once a mat or cake of dust is accumulated, further collection is
accomplished by sieving as well as by the previously mentioned
mechanisms.' The cloth then serves mainly as a supporting structure
for the dust mat responsible for the high collection efficiency.
Selecting or designina a baghouse requires the following initial
steps- The minimum volume to be vented from the basic equipment
must be determined according to the principles set forth elsewhere
in this manual; A maximum desirable baghouse resistance mast be
estimated; The blower operating point is selected to provide the
minimum required volume at the maximum baghonse resistance; A
minimum baghouse resistance is estimated for the condition
immediatly after the filter bags are thoroughly cleaned-; A second
operating point on the blower characteristic curve is determined
for the clean bag condition; The minimum filtering area required
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-
particular dust or fume being collected; The calculations are
rechecked, with the filtering area thus determined to ensure
compatibility; Recommended maximum filtering velocities and minimum
dust-conveying velocities for various dusts and fumes are listed.
The filtering media selected for use in a baghouse must be
compatible with the temperature and pH of the effluent. Maximum
permissible temperatures and chemical resistance are listed for the
various filters normally used for filter media in dust collectors.
Typical specifications for a few glass filters are also listed.
The installation and cleaning of filters; disposal of collected
dust; and baghouse construction and maintenance are discussed in
detail.
050K9 29
A. L. Pitman and S. T. Gadomski
THE SULFATE CYCLE FOP CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL AND OXYGEN
GENERATION. Naval Research Lab., Washington, B.C.,
(TCRL Kept. No. 6033.) Feb. 18, 1961. 18 pp.
A laboratory-scale plant of the Na2SOt cycle system for oxygen
generation and C02 removal aboard nuclear-powered submarines was
constructed and operated. Joint operation of the ma-jor components
was considered successful. The diaphragms used in the
electrolytic cell were expected to provide difficult problems, and
although asbestos diaphragms were known from the start to have a
limited usefulness under anodic conditions, they proved to be more
troublesome than anticipated. A replacement, microporous rubber
diaphragms in miniature electrolytic cells, achieved several
continuous runs of 125 days. Diaphragm problems in the laboratory
-scale plant, however, continued as attempts were made to generate
higher concentrations of alkali than had been made in the
miniature cells. New difficulties appeared with an increase in
porosity of the cathode diaphragms caused by the leaching action of
sodium hydroxide on a residue of silica-gel which had been used as
a pore forming material in manufacturing microporous rubber.
Attempts to solve this problem were only partially successful, and
it became evident that single sheets of microporous rubber which
were free of leachable silica but had the specified porosity were
reguired as anodic and cathodic diaphragms. while such diaphragms
are not on hand, they could be made available commercially as soon
20 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
as a demand should develop. With the diaphragm problem considered
solved if the designated microporous rubber were used, results
obtained on the laboratory-size solfate cycle system establish the
feasibility of this system for nuclear-submarine service. (Author
abstract)#f
Control Methods 21
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
07924 30
Anjilvel, L., and H. H. Tharlbeck
THE INCIDENCE OF ASBESTOS BODIES IN THE LUHGS AT BANDOH
NECROPSIES IN MONTREAL. Can. Bed. Assoc. J. (Toronto),
Vol. 95, p. 1179-1182, Dec. 3, 1966. 11 refs.
Random necropsies of adult patients who died in four Montreal
hospitals were made to determine the incidence of asbestos bodies
in the lungs. Fresh unstained smears from the lungs were obtained
by either a scraping or a squeezing method to estimate the degree
of contamination. The asbestos bodies, which were identified
morphologically, were the same as those encountered in
asbestosis. All "pseudoasbestos bodies" were excluded. Asbestos
bodies were generally scanty, but were found in U8 of the 100
necropsies. Hen were more heavily contaminated than women. In
the series as a whole, age did not appear to affect the incidence
of asbestos bodies. There was no assessment of occupational
exposure. The prevalence in Montreal of a high incidence of
asbestos bodies in the lungs is compared with other cities. The
difference in results obtained by using the two techniques is
noted. No association was noted between the presence of
asbestos bodies and death from malignant disease.##
09718 31
Ashcroft, Thomas
ASBESTOS BODIES IN HOOTINE NECROPSIES ON TYNESIDE: A PATHOLOGICAL
AND SOCIAL STUDY. Brit. Bed. J. {London, 1 (5592) :6 1«-6 1 8,
March 9, 1968. 19 refs.
Smears were prepared from the base of the right lung in 311 routine
necropsies of patients over 15 years of age. Asbestos bodies were
found in 20.3 percent of cases (25.5 percent of 196 males and 11.3
percent of 115 females). The majority of smears contained scanty
bodies, but in 17 cases they were numerous. In cases with positive
smears, histological sections failed to reveal asbestos bodies in
over 50 percent. Histological evidence of minimal asbestosis was
found in 10 cases. There were no cases of classical asbestosis.
The series includes one case of mesothelioma of pleura. There was
no significant excess of positive smears in patients dying from
gastrointestinal or lung carcinoma. The incidence was higher in
patients living in urban areas (25.6 percent) than in those from
rural areas (3.5 percent). Twenty-nine patients definitely or
probably were exposed to asbestos dust at work and 2 further
patients had non-occupational exposure. Neighborhood contamination
-------
with asbestos dust is probably not important in this series. When
compared with a series of 23 cases of mesothelioma of pleura or
peritoneum, 21 (91 percent) of which showed asbestos bodies in
historical sections of lung, the greater incidence of asbestos
bodies in the cases of mesothelioma is statistically highly
significant. (Author's summary)
07010
H. E. Ayer, J. B. Lynch
flOTES AND FIBERS IN THF, AIR OF ASBESTOS PROCESSING PLANTS AND
HYGIENIC CRITERIA FOR AIRBORNE ASBESTOS. Proc. Intern. Symp.
Inhaled Particles Vapours, II, Cambridge, England, 1965.
p. 511-5?1, 1967.
The Division of Occupational Health of the O.S. Public
Health Service is presently conducting a study of health hazards
in the asbestos processing industry. The study objectives are:
To determine the health status of the asbestos workers
in this industry with special attention to diseases of the
respiratory tract. To determine which environmental factors
have an adverse effect upon the health of asbestos workers
in the asbestos products industry. To determine the
relationship between occupational exposure and cause of death
of asbestos workers and to develop medical and environmental
criteria and procedures for the control of health risks identified
by the studies. In operations where asbestos is handled
(even if it is not mixed with other minerals) , both motes and
fibers are generated. By either count or respirable mass, the
motes account for a major portion of the particulate exposure.
Kote count, fiber count, measurement of gross respirable mass
concentration, and chemical or physical analysis of the
respirable particulate are all methods with certain advantages.
For day-to-day controls, a rapid moderately accurate method is
necessary. For enforcement of standards, a method with maximum
reproducibility which is also a good index of hazard is required.
For research studies to relate health effects to environmental
exposures, a battery of methods must be used to characterize the
particulate completely. f#
03316 33
P.. F. Bader, R. A. Bader, A. S. Tierstein, I.J.
Selikoff
POLHONARY FUNCTION IN ASBESTOSIS: SERIAL TESTS IN A LONG-TERM
PROSPECTIVE STUDY. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. (Presented
at the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York
City, Oct. 19, 196«.) 132, 391-405, Dec. 31, 1965
Studies of pulmonary function in asbestosis of the lung have
been previously reported. There is good agreement that the
principal findings include reduced vital capacity, fairly
well preserved maximum breathing capacity, hyperventilation
at rest and particularly on exercise, decreased diffusing
24 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
capacity of the lung, impaired, .oxygenation of the arterial
blood, and reduced pulmonary compliance. No significant incidence
of pulmonary emphysema has been reported. Previous studies
have had the same diffuculty assessing the degree of exposure
to asbestos dust, and both clinical and physiological data have
varied with respect to duration of exposure. There is a lack of
serial observations in asbestos workers. The present study was
undertaken to follow several parameters of pulmonary
function in a group of workers who had been exposed to asbestos
dust and then had been withdrawn from further industrial exposure.
Data were collected over a ten year period, during which time
clinical and radiological features were also followed. In 1954-
1955 17 workers were made the subject of careful pulmonary
function studies, and follow-up studies, varying from 1 to 3
subsequent studies, were made in 13. Additional observations
on 21 asbestos workers were made with reference to pulmonary
compliance to obtain information relative to vital capacity
independent of patient performance. These data will be
presented also. (Author introduction)*#
08901 34
Battigelli, Mario C.
FUNCTIONAL LESIONS IN PNTIIJMOCONIOSIS. Arch. "Environ. Health,
15(5):629-637, Nov. 1967. 56 refs. (Presented at the Hatch
Symposium, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh
Univ., Pa., July 18-19, 1966.)
A review of the literature on the main points of abnormal func-
tions associated with specific dust conditions is presented. The
function of the lungs in terms of size, ventilatory power and eff-
iciency of gas transfer in pneumoconiosis is discussed. Studies
relating to chronic bronchitis and emphysema in pneumoconiosis are
reviewed. Other topics include: pulmonary mechanics; mortality;
and pulmonary infection.**
03301 35
C. Berkley J. Churg, I.J. Selikoff, W.E. Smith
THE DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION OF BINEEAL FIBEKS IN TISSUE.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 48-63, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented
at the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, Hew York
City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
A number of new techniques are described in this paper that make
possible (1) the tagging of individual fibers with fluorochromes
in vivo for a period of at least one month and (2) facilitate
the detection of otherwise "invisible" individual asbestos fibers
and mineral particulates by electronic ashing of sections.
These techniques were designed for use (a) in experimental
studies in animals to locate individual fiber in situ shortly
after respiratory exposure and (b) in the study of human biopsy
or autopsy specimens, especially in the absence of asbestos bodies.
Localization by electronic ashing has proven highly
Effects - Human Health 25
-------
satisfactory. Variations in procedure permit correlation of
fiber location with histological structures. Studies of the
effect of ashing on asbestos bodies are also described. The
advantages of the concomitant use of phase microscopy were
demonstrated. The results of the f luorochr ome experiments raise
the guestion of mechanical fixation of particulate carcinogens
in tissue, as well as the adsorption and concentration of
dilute carcinogenic agents. (author Introd uction) t*
00830
A. Blesovsky
THE FOLDED LTTNG AFTER ASBESTOS EXPOSURE. Brit. J. Diseases
Chest (London) 60, (1) 19-22, Jan. 1966
Sinor degrees of folding of the lung^are commonly found during
decortication of the lung for enphyseiaa. Three case histories
illustrate unusual extensive lung folding due to a fibrous
membrane on the costal surface of the visceral pleura of
the lower lobe; this fibrous reaction was not associated with
adhesions between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura.
The pathogenesis is discussed, and the possibility that these
three cases were related to asbestos is suggested but unproved.
(Author's summary) ##
08203 37
Bobyleva, A. T. , R. H. Bukhantseva, S. E. Lovtsova, and M. S.
Sadilova
DTJST CONCENTRATION IN RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS OF ASBEST CITY AND ITS
EFFECT ON THE CHILDREN'S HEALTH. Gigiena i Sanit., 23(11):9-12,
1958. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, 0. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol.
«, p. 251-251, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Air was sampled for asbestos dust at different distances from three
asbestos plants during 1950. The air of residential districts vas
found to be heavily polluted with asbestos dost. A survey was made
of morbidity among children living in the area and it was concluded
that pollution from the asbestos plants was affecting the health of
the children.
15617 33
Bohlig, H.
OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DANGER THROUGH ASBESTOS.
(Berufs- und Dmgebungsgefaehrdung durch Asbest). Text in German.
Dent. Bed. Wochschr., 93 (32): 1529-1531, Aug. 9, 1968. 9 refs.
(Includes comments by W. Hess, Deut. Hed. Wochschr., 9« (23):1253-
1254, June 6, 1969.)
26 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Asbestosis is not readily detected with X-rays in its initial
stages, although normal functions may already be considerably
reduced. As the disease progresses, the lungs restrict, and
blood circulation and gas exchange in the lungs begin to
malfunction. The disease is frequently accompanied by chronic
bronchitis. Dnlike silicosis, asbestosis does not stop when all
exposure has ceased. The tuberculosis morbidity of persons with
asbestosis is egual to those who have never been exposed to
asbestos. Tt is lower than with silicosis patients. (This point
was attacked by W. Hess who thinks that asbestosis does seem to
enhance tuberculosis. In an answer to this attack, Bohlig claims
that the high correlation of asbestosis with tuberculosis in this
area is not yet clarified.) Mortality of asbestosis patients is
high, and there is hardly any cure. The best help is prevention.
And indeed, something has been accomplished in this respect in
West Germany. In 1965, 3000 new silicosis cases were listed as
compared with only 67 asbestosis cases. Dust elimination reduced
the disease, and asbestosis patients can attain old age. Since
1957, a much worse consequence of asbesto dust inhalation has
made its appearance, namely lung cancer. Unfortunately it is
frequently accompied by malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and
peritoneum. Asbestos has become ubiquitous; it is found in brake
linings, road pavements, as insulating material, in textiles,
synthetics, cardboard paper, and so on. Asbestosis is no longer
limited to occupational contact with the material.
10239 39
Bohlig, H.
PATHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS DUE TO INHALATION OF ASBESTOS DUST.
((Krankheitserscheinungen nach Asbeststaubinhalation.)) Text
in German. Zentr. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz, 16(12):353-355,
Dec. 1966.
In a brief literature review, in which authors are mentioned but
no references cited, the problem of asbestos dust as a carcinogenic
substance is surveyed. Despite greatly increased preventive
measures taken in many asbestos plants, and the resultant
reductions in cases of asbestosis, problems of asbestos inhalation
have acquired new significance during the past five years. The
retrospective examination of nesothelioma autopsy material in
various countries has implicated asbestos dust as a malignant-tumor
inducing agent, not only in asbestos workers but even in others.
The well-known 'pleura-plagues' of asbestosis and diffuse
mesotheliomas have been observed in individuals who had never had
occupational contact with asbestos but who had resided in the
vicinity of asbestos plants or mines. Tt can be stated with
assurance that pollution of the ambient air (indssion) by asbestos
factories - which were relatively late in utilizing the asbestos
dust of their dedusting installations instead of sinply releasing
it to the atmosphere - has been a causative factor in a significant
increase in the rate of appearance of both pleural plaques and
mesotheliomas. Whether or not the quantities of asbestos dust
released into the atmosphere from brake linings of automobiles are
also responsible for these malignancies is a question which has yet
to be determined; however, asbestos was detected histologically in
the lungs of city dwellers not exposed occupationslly in the
following percentages: Pittsburgh, HI.OS; Miami, 27.9*; Cape
Town 26.Q%. Individuals endangered by asbestos, in addition to
Effects - Human Health 27
-------
those -just cited, include persons who have occasional contact with
asbestos in construction or other activities (such as roofers,
insulation specialists). The properties of asbestos °res'
including their benzopyrene content, are briefly mentioned.ft
03312 40
H. Bohlig
RADIOLORTCAt CLASSIFICATION OF P17LWONAEY ASBESTOSIS. Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 333-50, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City,
Oct. 19-21, 196t.)
Every classification is imperfect, even more so regarding
asbestosis. The classifications now in use are not quite
identical, but they mainly divide the radiological appearances
into three fluently changing stages, of which especially the
second is illogically defined and not to be produced
efficiently. The fact of a conference taking place at all proves
that new international agreements about a practicable
classification for pulmonary asbestosis are necessary. If experts
agree, that linear opacities are also disseminated shadows and that
the radiological appearances of pneumoconioses can be either
disseminated or squared opacities, it would seem appropriate
to adopt these two kinds of appearances as a base for new
classification. Doing so, considerable approximation to already
existing classifications would be gained as well. For
intensifying the reproducibility of the X-ray film and, on the
other hand, enlarging the distinctness of the codified X-ray
findings, we suggest not to use the unalterable symbol "L", but to
introduce another symbol "f" for linear patterns, chiefly
occurring in asbestosis, and to combine it with the
quantitative catergories for small opacities. The large
opacities might be characterized by the symbol "A" for
beginning confluence and by "B" and "C" for opacities having
a longer diameter than 5 cm. The additional symbols would be
welcome for further accommodation of the findings code to
individual, local or national peculiarities. Extensive
reconstruction of the radiological appearances, even without the
film in question, would be possible when adopting the symbol
suggested. It is unimportant whether this proposition is
adopted or not; it is exceedingly important, that some
international agreement should be attained, which would be
really practicable. (Author summary modified)#*
07835 41
Borow, Maxwell, Alfred Conston, Lawrence L. Livornese,
and Norbert Schalet
MFSOTHELTOHA AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH ASBESTOSIS. J. Am. Med.
Assoc., 201(8) :587-591, Aug. 21, 1967. 20 refs.
Seventeen cases of mesothelioma, nine of the pleura and eight of
the peritoneum which were found at surgery over a three-year period
in a community hospital are reported along with a review of the
28 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
literature of this supposedly rare condition. In this series, the
only environmental exposure of two of the patients was that of
living in a community adjacent to an asbestos mill. The same
hospital has had a high incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma with
asbestosis. Since a review of the autopsy material for the last
ten years produced only one additional case, it is believed that
the incidence of mesothelioma is increasing as is the incidence of
asbestosis. The mode of action of asbestos in producing neoplasia
is poorly understood. Hesothelioma may be prevalent in one
asbestos mining area and absent in another a few miles away. A
number of hypotheses as to the cause of mesotheliona re reviewed.
03322 42
W.D. Buchanan
ASBESTOSIS AND PRIMARY INTRATHORACIC NEOPLASMS. Rnn. N.Y.
Acad. Sci. 132, 507-18, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at
the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, Hew York
City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
The findings of a continuing study by the Medical Branch of
H. M. Factory Inspectorate, Ministry of Labour, of
information recorded on death certificates of persons dying with
asbestosis are presented. A review of the literature indicates
that the possibility of carcinoma of the lungs or bronchi
as a complication had been expressed prior to 1947. Nevertheless,
it is believed that the first series in which the incidence of
lung carcinoma had been related to a sizeable group of asbestosis
deaths was that published in the 1947 Annual Report of the
Chief Inspector of Factories. Similar reports followed in
1954 and 1955. Dp to the end of 1963, 584 death certificates
recording the presence of asbestosis have been obtained
and the annual totals of such certificates are currently
increasing. The proportion recording a thoracic tumor is also
in both sexes continuing to increase disproportionately to the
total number, so that currently over 50 per cent of males dying
with asbestosis present have also a neoplasm. Data on the mean
age at death over various periods of time of male and female
asbestosis cases indicate on improving prognosis where the
asbestosis is uncomplicated but no significant improvement where
complicated by cancer. Suggestions ot account for this and
also the yearly increasing total of recorded cases of
asbestosis are put forward. The conclusion of the study
is that even when viewed against the steadily rising incidence
of lung cancer in the population as a whole, there seems little
doubt that there is a special risk of an intrathoracic tumor
if asbestosis is also present in the lung. (Author summary
modified)t#
03315 43
A. Caplan, J. C. Gilson, K.F.W. Hinson, J.C.
HcVittie, J.C. Wagner
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF OBSERVER VARIATION IN THE CLASSIFICATION
OF RADIOGRAPHS OF ASBESTOS-EXPOSED WORKERS AND THE RELATION OF
PATHOLOGY AND X-RAY APPEARANCES (PART II OF RADIOLOGICAL AND
PATHOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS IN ASBESTOSIS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH
Effects - Human Health 29
-------
AFRICA AND TRE UNITED KINGDOM). Ann. N.Y. Scad. Sci. 132,
379-86, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the Biological Effects of
Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
This is a preliminary study of an extended I^.O.
Classification of the radiographs of asbestos-exposed workers,
using the techniques for investigating the inter- and
intraobserver observations which form part of the basis on
which the 1950 and 1958 I.L.O. Classification was
constructed. The results of this preliminary study are
sufficiently encouraging to warrant an extended investigation
with a wider range of films spanning the full range of abnormality,
and from a number of different countries and occupational groups
(mining, textiles, insulating workers, etc.). This study
has shown that it is possible to build on the 1958 I.1.0.
Classification a system which promises to be useful for the
classification of asbestosis. It is important to emphasize
that many asbestos-exposed workers also inhale other types
of dust and it would, therefore, seem logical to use a
classification describing the results of exposure to a mixture of
dusts if possible. There is some evidence that there may be
marked differences in the prevalence of, for example, linear
markings, pleural thickening, or calcification, etc., in
different groups of films from different occupations or racial
groups. If this is so, information will be lost by
attempting to grade "asbestosis" radiologically without taking into
account the separate types of abnormality present. The separate
recording of the qualitative differences of radiological
appearances on a semiguantitative scale is the scientific
principle on which the I.)1.0. Classification is based.ft
0073« 44
T). Cauna, P.S. Totten, P. Gross
ASBESTOS BODIES IN HUMAN IUNGS AT AUTOPSY. 3. Am. Med.
Assoc., 192 (5) :111-113, Hay 3, 1965.
The incidence of asbestos bodies in the lungs was investigated
in 100 autopsies of adults. Lung smears were taken from the
sectioned surfaces of the upper and lower lobes of both lungs.
The slides were dried and mounted without staining, and
approximately 400 low-power fields were examined in each slide.
Routine histological sections of unexpanded lungs were also
examined in all cases. Asbestos bodies were found in H1? of the
sub-jects. They were not encountered in persons up to 2« years of
age. Among males the incidence was 4755, and in females 34%.
Although significant microscopic pulmonary fibrosis was
encountered in two positive cases, no instance of classical
asbestosis was found. Mesothelioma of the pleura was not
encountered. Primary lung carcinoma occurred in one patient
with asbestos bodies and in one without. (Author's
abstract)#ff
3(> ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03330 45
J. Churg, S. H. Rosen, and S. Hoolten.
HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BESOTHELIOHA ASSOCIATED HITH
ASBESTOS. inn. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 614-23, Dec. 31, 1965
(Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference,
New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1960.)
Cytological and histological features in 30 cases of mesothelioma
associated with asbestos exposure are presented. All cases
conform to the gross and microscopic criteria for this type of
tumor. There are 13 pleural and 1m peritoneal cases. The
cytological and histological features were identical in both
types. Two variants of tumor cells were seen; epithelium-like and
tnesenchymal. Epithelium-like cells were found in all 30 cases.
Tn nine of these mesenchymal tumor elements were also present.
Several histological patterns could be recognised: papillary,
tabular, tubulopapillary, solid, modular, and sheet-like. In the
majority of cases several patterns coexisted. Demonstration of
acid mucopolysaccharides in association with epithelium-like cells
was of diagnostic value. (Author summary modified)ft
08097 45
Cooper, W. c.
ASBESTOS AS A HAZARD TO HEALTH. Arch Environ. Health,
15(3):285-290, Sept. 1967. 31 refs. (Presented at the 19th
finnual Meeting of the American Academy of Occupational
Medicine, San Francisco, Feb. 8, 1967)
With the increasing use and indispensability of asbestos minerals,
the hazards must be better defined arid controlled. Present
standards for dust control do not appear to be adequate to prevent
asbestosis over a working lifetime, and many segments of industry,
aggressively attacking the problem, have already been using more
rigorous standards. The associations between asgestos minerals
and malignancies of the lungs, pleura, and peritoneum have become
increasingly convincing. Current efforts must be directed toward
better definition of the importance of type, size of fiber, and the
importance of co-factors. Tt has been suggested that asbestos
fibers act as carriers of carcinogenic metals or other substances
to vulnerable sites. The demonstration of ferruginous bodies in
from one-quarter to one-half of the lungs examined in consecutive
autopsies in a number of the cities around the world points to the
need for the positive identification of the mineral fibers that are
responsible. If they prove to be asbestos further work will be
needed to estimate their significance in terms of human health.**
09911 47
Cralley, Lewis J., Robert G. Keenan, Jeremiah P. Lynch,
William S. Lainhart
SOURCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF RESPIRABLE FIBERS. Am. Tnd. Hyg.
Assoc. J., 29(2):129-135, March-April 1968. 19 refs.
Effects - Human Health 31
-------
Fibrous bodies with an iron-containing coating have been found in
the lungs of persons coming to autopsy in a number of urban
hospitals, the number of fibrous bodies varying greatly with
approximately 1 to 6 percent of the persons examined showing
numerous bodies. Because these findings raise questions with
regard to the possibility that asbestos is a factor in increased
lung cancer, guestions concerning the nature, source, and
significance of these bodies are discussed in the light of research
needed to find answers. (Authors' abstract)
102U1 48
Cuthbert, J.
THE COMMUNITY HAZARDS OF ASBESTOS. ((Die Gefahren des Asbest
fur die Allgemeinheit.)) Text in German. Muench. Med.
Hochschr. (Munich), 109:1369-1372, April-June 1967.
The inhalation of asbestos is far more dangerous than is generally
recognized by the public, since even a transient period of
exposure can lead to disease (interstitial fibrosis of the lung,
lung cancer, mesothelioma, endothelioma of the pleura and the
peritoneum, painful dermal warts) and death many years later.
Electron microscopic studies have shown that for every asbestos
fiber recognizable under an ordinary (light) microscope, there
are hundreds of tiny unrecognized particles, which dust experiments
with juinea pigs have shown to be just as deadly as the larger
fibers. While the asbestos industry has taken energetic measures
toward the prevention of classical forms of asbestosis by dust
elimination in its plants (vacuum removal of the dnst, use of gas
masks, automation of manufacturing processes), such prophylactic
measures have not prevented the gradual long-term development of
cancer in persons who come into occasional, slight, or temporary
contact with asbestos. This group certainly includes wives of
asbestos workers and all persons living within 1.5 km. of an
asbestos plant; these persons tend to succumb to mesothelioma
after many years of such contact. A number of examples are given,
including those of carpenters and construction workers, who do not
realize that their relatively brief contact in sawing or handling
asbestos materials can lead to lung cancer many years later. The
great increase in asbestos production and in asbestosis in recent
years is tabulated; the need for utilization of alternate materials
in industry, and for further research on biological effects is
emphasized. The presence in asbestos of carcinogenic oils and
other components, including benzopyrene and chromium, is mentioned.
07816 49
Davis, J. n. G.
THE EFFECTS OF CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS DUST ON LUNG HACBOPHAGES
MAINTAINED IN ORGAN CULTURE. AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY.
Brit. J. Exp. Pathol. (London), 48 (U):379-385, Aug. 1967. 8
refs.
The effect of asbestos dust on human lungs was simulated by
injecting chrysotile asbestos dust into small pieces of adult
32 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
guinea-pig lung maintained in organ culture for 10-14 days. The
dust was well distributed from the original in-jection site and was
quickly taken up by the lung macrophages. Dust was not found in
any of the other cells. The macrophages in a dusted area
developed elongated phagocytic processes on their surface
membranes and encircled the dnst and folded back onto the cell to
form phagocytic vacnoles or phagosomes. If the dust remained
in a phagosorae it eventually contracted to form giant cells, and
eventually some became converted into fibroblasts with asbestos
dust still retained in the fibroblast cytoplasm. The asbestos
dust in macrophages is either finally liberated into the
cytoplasm, or more usually, walled up in residual bodies. This
study confirmed that giant cell formation does not necessarily
result from the presence of foreign material too large to be
phagocytosed by a single macrophage. The pathological changes
previously reported for live guinea-pigs exposed to dust can all be
produced in pieces of lung maintained in organ culture.f*
03302 50
J.H.G. Davis
ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE STtlDIES OF ASBESTOSIS IN HAN AND
BNIHALS. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 98-111, Dec. 31,
19fi5. Also published in Bed. lavoro 56, (6-7) 521-9, July 1965.
(Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos
Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
In summary the electron-microscope examination of lung naterial
containing asbestos dust has produced the following interesting
or promising information. Some workers have in the past
suggested that only relatively large fibers of asbestos dust were
able to produce damage in the lung and concluded that very small
dust particles were comparatively unimportant. These
electron-microscope studies have shown that the bulk of the
dust that is able to get into both human and guinea pig lungs
has a very small porticle size and indeed much of it is below 1
micron in length. The importances of this small particle
dust in the pathogensis of asbestosis cannot therefore be ignored,
and experiments arp now being undertaken in which animals are
being treated with only fine particles of asbestos dust.
Preliminary results suggest that it may be just as damaging as
dust containing both large and small particles. From these
electron-microscope studies, it seems that
asbestosis is basically an intracellular process and that the
alveolar macrophages and their derivatives are the only cells
directly involved. Although all sizes of dust can be
coated, however, the electron-microscope has also shown
that some dust can remain in the lung for long periods without
becoming coated, and it is even possible for different ends
of the same fiber to react differently. It is commonly thought
that the asbestos body coating may protect the tissue from the
harmful effects of the dust, and if this is true it is logical
to suggest that it is the dust that is not coated and that
perhaps cannot be coated that causes the damage. Tf this is so
then further work should be concentrated on the chemistry of
ferritin deposition onto asbestos dust.**
Effects - Human Health 33
-------
09052
Demy, Nicholas G. and Howard Adler
ASBESTOSTS AND MALGINANCY. Am. J. Roengenol. Fadium
Therapy Hud. Med., 100 (3) : 597-602 . July 1967. 16 refs.
(Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American Roenqen Fay
Society, San Francisco, Calif., Sept. 27-30, 1966.5
Historical background, pathogenesis, and pathological and
clinical evidence are discussed. The material is based on 20
years' experience with asbestosis in a community where three
industries employing 5,000 men and women use asbestos in processing
various articles^ The occupational histories were obtained from
the patients or their doctors. The industries declined
information other than that the patients had been employed there
and even this information was sometimes faulty. The majority of
the 17 patients with malignancy had long occupational exposures
varying from 15 to more than 25 years. The youngest patient with
pulmonary tumor was 38, the oldest 78; the youngest mesotheliotna
patient was «0, the oldest 89. The pulmonary tumors were
generally in patients over 60; the mesothelial tumors were
generally in younger patients. In general, the latent period
was longer than 20 years.t*
1059U 52
Ponna, A. and A.P.M. Cappa
AN EXPERIMENTAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS BY
ASBESTOS. PNEUPIOCONIOTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEYSOTILE ASBESTOS IN
THE RAT. (Contribute sperimentale allo studio della
pneumoconiosi da asbesto. Attivitta1 pneumoconiotica
dell'asbesto di crisotilo nel ratto.) Text in Italian. Red.
Lavoro (Nilan), 58(1):1-12, Jan. 1967. 19 refs.
Using a technique based on dust inhalation, and containing about
60,000 particles per ml air, 38 male albino rats
(Sprague-Dawlev) were exposed to asbestos for 12-360 hrs.
Some animals died after various periods of exposure: the first
two immediately, the last pair after 580 days (after a second
exposure of 360 hrs.). Apparently, asbestos particles under
20 microns are fibrogenic in limited nodular zones (groups of
alvioli): these zones are affected as are sites different from
those which are not affected in man (lumph nodes). The
fibrogenic activity of the dust depends on the length of fibers;
dusts under 20 microns may be eliminated by the airways and are
thought to induce fibrosis only in the limited sites where they
can remain.»f
107U6 53
Dunn, John E. Jr., and John H. Weir
A PHOSPECTIVE STUDY OF MORTALITY OF SEVERAL OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS.
34 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The study was primarily concerned with the risk of lung cancer in
certain occupations. one occupation, asbestos workers, was
found to have a definite increased risk of lung cancer, and the
risk increased with length of time in the occupation. No other
occupation was found to have increased lung cancer hazard. Other
causes of mortality were not found related to these occupations
except for two groups that had excess mortality from both cancers
of the mouth, pharynx, and larynx and from cirrhosis of the liver.
These diseases are associated with alcohol consumption, and this
is the most likely explanation. The problems involved in the
case control and prospective study sequence are discussed. Also
the possible masking effect of such a powerful etiologic factor as
cigarette smoking is discussed. (authors' abstract)ft
065H2 54
Elroes, P. C., W. T. E. McCaughey, and 0. L. Wade
niFFOSE HESOTTPttlOHA OF THE PLEUBA AND ASBESTOS. Brit. fled.
J. (London), Vol. 1, p. 350-353, Feb. 6, 1965. 17 refs.
A history of occupational exposure to asbestos was obtained in 32
out of
-------
exposure. among asbestos workers carcinoma of the lung is at
least as frequent a cause of death as mesothelioma bat the
increasing widespread use of asbestos may be exposing a wide
section of the population to the risk of secondary neoplasis.
(Author summary)**
00777
P.E. Enterline
56
MORTALITY AMONG ASBESTOS PRODUCTS WORKERS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. Vol. 132, 156-165, Dec. 31, 1965.
{Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference,
New York City Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
This is a report of deaths and causes of deaths among 2,833
white men at ages 15-61 who worked in the asbestos products
industry at some time during the period 1948-51, the bulk
of whom were working in the asbestos textile
industry. To assist in evaluating these data comparable
information is presented for workers in the cotton textile
industry.**
OR098
Interline, Philip E., and Mildred A. Kendrick
57
ASBFSTOS-DUST EXPOSURE AT VARIOUS LEVELS AND HOBTftLITY.
Arch. -Rnviron. Health, 15 (2) : 181-186, Rug. 1967. 11 refs.
A wide variety of studies have shown an association between
asbestos dust exposures and certain diseases. The mortality
experience of 21,755 white males in three asbestos products
industries were studied and comparisons were made with the
mortality experience of 6,281 white males in an industry without
asbestos dust exposures and with the mortality experience of the
entire U. S. white male population. An elevated death rate for all
causes was found only among workers in the asbestos textile
industry, an industry which has probably had heavy asbestos dust
exposure. The other two asbestos products industries-- asbestos
building products and asbestos friction materials— probably had
considerably lower levels of asbestos-dust exposure, and here death
rates for all causes were below those experienced in all 0. S.
white males, and nearly identical to those among workers in the
industry without asbestos-dust exposures. It is believed that
asbestos-dust exposures among workers in the building products
industry and the asbestos friction materials industry greatly
exceed those in modern urban communities, and that the modest
response of the workers in these industries indicates that asbestos
dust at. levels to which general populations are exposed probably is
of little importance in the etiology of the disease. (Authors)
summary, modified)
08231
58
EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS AND MSLIGNANCY. London Clin. Pled J., 7(1) : 10-
13, Jan. 1966
36
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Inhalation of asbestos fibres results in the formation of
characteristic 'asbestos bodies'* within the lung, fibres are
coated with an iron protein complex to give retractile, amber
structures of elongated, beadlike form often with bulbous ends.
These asbestos bodies may be identified in the sputum, in smears of
lung fluid, and in sections of lung tissue. Recent surveys have
shown asbestos bodies to be present in many of the otherwise normal
lungs of those living in clean, non-industrial communities,
suggesting that environmental contamination with asbestos dust is
widespread. Prominence has been given recently to the relationship
between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma. Hesothelioma may be
strongly suspected from cytological examination of serous fluids
and biopsy material, but only a full autopsy with the exclusion of
any other primary neoplasm will allow the pathologist to make a
really confident diagnosis. Hany lungs of such cases, while
containing asbestos bodies, may show little or no evidence of
pulmonary fibrosis. While exposure to dust is greatest in those
employed in mining or processing asbestos, many other trades come
into contact with asbestos products. lesser degrees of exposure to
dust have also been demonstrated in those living in the vicinity of
asbestos mines or factories. Possible widespread community
contamination by asbestos clearly calls for a full assessment of
its carcinogenic properties. Both crysotile and crocidolite have
been associated with bronchial carcinoma and mesothelioma, but
amosite has not. It follows that both gualitative and quantative
analyses of asbestos in tissues could be most helpful in the
further elucidation of this problem. In addition, the relationship
between asbestos exposure, smoking, and neoplasia requires
analysis.
11721 59
Fitschen, W. and I. Webster
EXPERIMENTAL HODEL SYSTEMS OF PNEOMOCONIOSIS. T. THE EFFECT OF
DDSTS OH SOBCUTAWEOtJS SPONGE IMPLANTS IN THE EAT. Hed. Lavoro
(Milan), 59(3) :161-167, March 1968. 22 refs.
A study of the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis at the subcellular
level has been hampered by the lack of a suitable model system.
A system using an Ivalon sponge impregnated with silica,
crocidolite, or rutile dusts and implanted subcutaneously in rats
is described. The addition of 10 mg silica to the sponge had no
effect on collagen biosynthesis. As compared to controls, 50 mg
silica increased two fold the rate of collagen biosynthesis, HO to
80 days following implantation. The same amounts of rutile and
crocidolite had no effect, although the crocidolite-treated
sponges showed histological changes indicative of a fibrous
reaction which was absent from animals treated with rutile.
Fibrous crocidolite dust is Known to be fibrogenic and the lack
of response may be due to the very small number of fibers in the
sample.ft
07819 60
Freundlich, Irwin H., and Toy B. Greening
ASBESTOSIS AND ASSOCIATED MEDICAL PEOBLEMS. Eadiology,
89(2) :22«-229, Aug. 1967. 53 refs.
Effects - Human Health 37
-------
Radiological studies of 187 asbestos workers employed in various
insulating trades showed that about 30% had some pulmonary change
which could be ascribed to the inhalation of asbestos dust. Ho
lung biopsies were performed. The pathological changes observed
are summarized in a table. A total of 56/187 (29.9?) showed
pleural thickening and/or interstitial fibrosis. Of these, 27
had pleural thickening only, 6 had parenchymal fibrosis, and 23 haa
both pleural thickening and parenchymal fibrosis. Typical
roentgenologic findings are illustrated. These observations are
discussed in terms of a literature review (53 references).
various reports from the literature, indicating an increased
incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma and mesothelioma in
asbestos workers, werp summarized, and asbestos as a possible
urban hazard was discussed.t*
13455 5l
Gaensler, Edward A. and Whitney W. Addington
ASBESTOS OS FERRUGINOUS BODIES. New England J. Med. , 280(9):488-
492, Feb. 1969. 27 refs.
The incidence of asbestos pneumoconiosis (asbestosis) and
asbestos-related neoplasms has increased alarmingly, due to the
rapidly rising use of asbestos in industry with inadeguate
controls. The current concepts of asbestos bodies found in
asbestosis are reviewed. Asbestos bodies are yellowish rods
coated with ferritine granules and are found within the aveoli.
Many other substances have been found to produce bodies of
similar appearance but without a core of asbestos. These should
all be labeled ferruginous bodies until farther study is done.
Core sources are found in urban atmosphere and are possibly
emitted from automobile braking linings. Prevalence of such
bodies is form 26-98% in post-mortem material, but there was
found to be no relation between the number of bodies found and
the severity of asbestos pneumoconiosis.
03335 62
J. c. Gilson.
PBOBI.EHS AND PERSPECTIVES: THE CHANGING HA7.ABDS OF EXPOSURE TO
ASPESTOS. Ann. N.Y. Head. Sci. 132, 696-705, Dec. 31,
19fi5 (Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos
Conference, New Tor* City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
Evidence presented at the Conference indicated that in the
future much greater care must be taken to eliminate unnecessary
exposure to asbestos dust wherever it occurs. This is going to be
a bia problem and one in which hopefully the engineers, physicists,
industrial medical officers, and epidemiologists will unite to
establish evidence of progress towards the ideal of eliminating all
the specific diseases due to asbestos, and yet retaining and
developing further the many uses of asbestos which contribute so
much to health and safety. (Author conclusions modified)f*
38
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
OR280 53
Gold, Charles and James Cuthbert
ASBESTOS - A HAZARD TO THE COMMUNITY. Public Health
(London), SO (6):261-270, Sept. 1966. 14refs.
During a recent study of pulmonary fibrosis in a Southeast
Glasgow clinic, 21 proven cases and 3 possible cases of lung
pathology associated with exposure to asbestos have come to light.
A patient with suspected asbestosis should have, in addition to
X-rays, an examination for asbestos bodies in the sputum, lung
function tests, and open lung biopsy, since asbestosis has been
proven in patients with normal or borderline X-rays by the lung
function test and most reliably by lung biopsy. It is also
important to take a complete occupational history in cases of
obscure pulmonary fibrosis, since asbestosis or pleura tumors may
occur many years after a short exposure to the asbestos dust.
Also, persons in occupations usually not associated with health
hazards may be endangered by working in close proximity with
people who use asbestos, especially in confined spaces. Case
histories are given and a table is presented showing the type of
asbestosis, occupation, length of exposure, age, and period elapsed
since exposure of the 2t patients studied. Since the use of
asbestos has become more widespread in recent years, it is
recommended that possible alternative materials to asbestos should
be used whenever possible. The proposal to mix asbestos with
tarmacadam for road use is viewed with concern.ft
03313 64
J. Gough
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS IN THE PATHOLOGY OF ASBESTOSIS. Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 368-72, Dec. 31, 1965.
the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York
City, Oct^ 19-21, 196».)
Asbestosis occurs in two anatomical forms - diffuse and
solid fibrosis. The diffuse form leads to honeycomb (Cystic)
Inng. In the diagnosis, distinction is made from other forms
of honeycomb lung. Differentiation of asbestosis from
fibrosis due to other silicates is not difficult. Hemosiderosis
of elastic tissue (elastosis bodies) may mimic asbestos bodies.
(Author summary)ft
208U3 65
Gross, Paul, Robert T. P. deTreville, and Hartin N. Haller
ASBESTOS VERSUS NONASBESTOS FIBERS. Arch. Environ. Health,
20(5):571-578, May 1970. 12 refs.
The inhalation of air polluted with asbestos dust may be
responsible for asbestotic pulmonary fibrosis, increased
prevalence of lung cancer, and mesothelioma. A number of fibrous
Effects - Human Health 39
-------
dusts other than asbestos can produce ferruginous bodies in the
lungs, so the presence of these bodies is not necessarily an index
of asbestos pollution. To determine the extent of exposure to
asbestos dust, it is necessary to indentify the naked fibers and
central cores of ferruginous bodies isolated from lungs of urban
dwellers. The fractured end of asbestos fiber is irregular with
step-like projections, while fibers other than asbestos present
smooth profiles. another important difference is the
longitudinal, parallel delineation of individual fibrils of
asbestos when viewed at a magnification of twenty thousand times.
The view of a nonasbestos, fiber is devoid of such longitudinal
lines. Fibers with diameters from two micron down to one tenth
of one micron were successfully identified. asbestos fibers
come from industrial products such as chrysotile and amosite, as
well as from cosmetic and dnsting powders. The method presented
is less time-consuming and more economical than the electron
diffraction and electron microprobe analysis techniques.
16757 66
Gross, Paul, Robert T. P. deTreville, and Martin N. Raller
PtJLPONABY FERRUGINOUS BODIES IN CITY DWELLERS. Arch. Environ.
Health, 19 (2):1R6-188, Aug. 1969. 9 refs.
Chrysotile, which comprises more than 90% of the asbestos used in
this country, has a characteristic electron diffraction pattern
because of its unique, hollow, tubular, crystalline structure, as
seen under the electron microscope. On the basis of the electron
diffraction pattern, chrysotile was decisively excluded as a
constituent of the cores of all 28 ferruginous bodies isolated
from lungs of urban dwellers not occupationally exposed to
asbestos. This exclusion is considered highly significant because
if the ferruginous bodies in the above city dwellers had been
cansed by the inhalation of asbestos dust, then some of the
cores should logically be composed of chrysotile. (Author's
Abstract)
06057 6;
P. Gross and B. Tolker
DUST PARTICLES IN LUNG SECTIONS (SOME NOTES ON METHODS OF THEIR
VISUALIZATION). Arch. Environ. Health 12 (2), 213-216 (Feb.
1966) .
The microscopic examination of cleared, unstained sections of lung
tissue with dry objectives and dark-field illumination will give a
view of the amount and distribution of many dusts that may
otherwise be obscured by cytologic constituents. Although
formaldehyde precipitate and hemosiderin may confuse such study,
these sources of confusion are readily removed. Despite the
applicability of this technique to the study of many opaque dusts
such as coal, antimony trioxide, aluminum, iron oxide, and others,
silica and silicates cannot be visualized in this manner. The
microincineration technique is still the best method for the study
of the latter dusts. The limitations of techniques using
microincineration or polarized light for the study of dust in
40 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
sections are cited. Asbestos bodies and coarse asbestos fibers
are readily visualized with dark-field illumination in cleared
unstained sections. An alternate method for demonstrating
asbestos bodies is the Prussian blue reaction for iron.
(Authors' summary)#t
10086 68
Hagerstrand, I. , L. Meurman, and B. Odlund
ASBESTOS BODIES IN THE LONGS AND HESOTHELIOHA. A RETROSPECTIVE EX-
AMINATION OF A TEN YEAF-AUTOPSY MATERIAL. Acta Pathol. Micro-
biol. Scand. (Copenhagen) 72(2): 177-191, 1968. 2H refs
In 12,763 autopsies performed during 1957-1966 at the General
Hospital, Malmo, Sweden, 35 cases of mesothelioma were found (27 of
the pleura, 8 of the peritoneum) for a freguency of 0.275 (0.35 if
children under 15 years of age are excluded). Of these, 3H were re
examined for the presence of asbestos bodies in the lungs and data
compared with data from a matched control group. Asbestos bodies
were found in 15 of 26 cases of pleural mesothelioma; a few bodies
were found in most cases, but bodies were numerous (more than 20,
about 70 micron long) in four. No cases showed pulmonary fibrosis.
In the controls, asbestos bodies were found in ten cases, but never
in large numbers. Asbestos bodies were found in three of the eight
cases of peritoneal mesothelioma; in two, bodies were numerous. Only
one of the controls had many asbestos bodies. Of the 15 cases
suspected of asbestosis, only one showed advanced pulmonary fibrosis
and numerous asbestos bodies.
01397 69
B.C. Hammond, T.J. Selikoff, J. Churg
NEOPLASTA AHONG INSOLATION WORKERS IN THE UNITED STATES WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INTRA-ABDOMINAL NEOPLASIA. Inn. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., Vol. 132:519-525, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented
at the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York
City, Oct. 19-21, 196U.)
Authors present statistics (from 1908 to 1961) to show the
mortality among males working in an environment of dust
(asbestos). Cause of death is given for workers with an emphasis
on mortality induced by cancer; cancer of the lung and pleura
and cancer of the stomach and colon. The authors conclude that
light exposure to asbestos dust does not lead rapidly to
pulmonary neoplasia (i.e. tunor). Equally obviously, this disease
is unlikely to appear if workers die at a young age due to some
other effect of asbestos exposure. However, with light
exposure and availability of antibiotics for the treatment of
infectious disease, neoplasia (i.e. tumor) is a major cause of
death of such workers.*#
00585 70
H.L. Hardy
ASBESTOS nELATED DISEASE. Am J. tied. Sci. ,
250 (i») :U9/381-57/389, Oct. 1965. (Presented at the
Effects - Human Health 41
-------
Annual Meeting, Association of American Physicians, Atlantic
City, N. J., Pay 4, 1965.)
four cases of asbestos related disease have been briefly
described. Together with past and presently accumulating
evidence, epidemiologic and experimental, these cases illustrate
the potential hazard posed by asbestos exposure to both
worker and neighbor. The purpose of this report is to interest
clinicians in the harmful biologic effects of asbestos already
documented. Evidence is impressive that asbestos exposure,
often delayed in effect, will in the future be responsible for an
imoortant amount of pulmonary disease, especially chest
tumors. Tn addition, new evidence points to asbestos exposure
as significantly associated with abdominal tumors as well.
(Author's summary)t*
01467 7]
J. S. Harington
CHEMICAL STUDIES OF ASBESTOS. Ann. N.Y. ftcad. sci., vol.
132:31-47, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at the Biological Effects
of Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1961.)
The present paper reports the results of chenical investigations
of the organic matter and metals in different tvpes of asbestos.
The primary oils which exist in natural association with
crocidolite and amosite have been found to occur in larger
amounts than reported earlier, although the content of
benzo (a) pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons remains
low. Secondary oils, the composition of which is fairly well
known, may contaminate asbestos in various ways. Insulation
materials, recently shown to be a carcinogenic hazard to workers
handling them, also contain considerable amounts of extractable
materials though their significance, like that of the asbestos
oils, is at present unknown. The possibility that metal
constituents nay play a role in asbestos carcinogenesis was
suggested by the results of the spectrochemical analysis of the
three main types of asbestos, and by their chemical composition.
Consideration was also given to the possibility that radioactivity
may play some part in the carcinogenic process.##
03319 72
J.S. Harington F.J.C. Soe
STUDIES or CAPCTBOGENESIS OF ASBESTOSIS FIBERS AND THETfl NATURAL
OILS. Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 132, 439-50, Dec. 31, 1965
(Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos
Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
Recent epidemic logical studies on lung cancer and
mesothelioma have revitalized the subject of the mechanism
of carcinogenesis by asbestos. In this paper possible
mechanisms of carcinogensis, and experimental methods of
elucidating them, are considered from a biological standpoint.
42 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The significance of oils naturally present in asbestos and of
oils purposely or accidentally added to it, and the possible role
of metal constituents, are discussed in some detail. It is
regarded as unlikely that asbestos carcinogenesis is an example
of the Oppenheimer Effect. (Author summary modified)##
07783 73
Harington, J. S. and Marianne Smith
STUDIES OF HYDROCARBONS ON MINERAL DUSTS: THE ELOTION OT 3:4
BENZPYRENF, AND OILS FROM ASBESTOS AND COAL DUSTS BY SERUM. Arch.
Environ. Health, 8(3):453-458, Harch 1964. 12 refs.
The effectiveness of serum to remove 3-1 benzopyrene and oil from
asbestos and coal was investigated. The material examined
consisted of virgin crocidolite, amosite, and chrysotile from South
African asbestos fields. The following experiments were performed:
1. The Adsorption of 3:4 Benzpyrene on Sashed Asbestos and Coal
Dust. 2. The Elution of Freshly Adsorbed 3:4-Benzpyrene from
Washed Crocidolite, Chrysotile, and Coal Dust by Serum. 3. The
Elution of 3:4-Benzpyrene From Natural Crocidolite and Coal Dust by
Serum. Chrysotile asbestos adsorbed 100% 3:4-benzpyrene from
solution after 48 hours at 37 C compared with 40? and 47% for
crocidolite and coal, respectively, and 10% for amosite. No
correlation was found between the degree of adsorption of 3:4-
benzpyrene and the extent to which it was eluted by serum. Serum
eluted the naturally occurring oils more effectively from coal dust
than it did from crocidolite fiber and was slightly more effective
than cyclohexane in eluting 3:4-benzpyrene from coal and
crocidolite. 3:4 Benzpyrene was eluted more easily from |natural!
coal and crocidolite than it was after it had been freshly adsorbed
on dusts previously freed of their naturally associated
hydrocarbons. These findings are discussed in relation to the
pathogenesis of coal workers) pneumoconiosis and asbestos
malignancy.
00704 74
HEALTH HAZARDS OF ASBESTOS. Lancet 1 (7436) :530-1, Harch 5,
1966.
The asbestos industry has become faced with a new type of
tumor. Convincing evidence from many countries associates
diffuse mesothelial tumors of the pleura and peritoneum with
past exposure to asbestos. Investigation of this new hazard
and rigorous steps to eliminate all heavy or unnecessary
exposure are considered essential.##
07423 75
Heimann, H.
STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION HEALTH RESEARCH, 1966. Arch. Environ.
Health, 14(3):488-503, Bar. 1967. 178 red
Health, 14 (3):488-503, Bar. 1967. 178 refs. (Presented in part
before the American Industrial Hygiene Conference,
Pittsburgh, Pa., May 16-20, 1966.)
Effects - Human Health 43
-------
Consideration is limited to man-made air pollutants, omitting
naturally occurring adventitious airborne materials. Radioactive
materials were not discussed. Acute episodes of air pollution;
systemic effects of air pollution caused by arsenical compounds,
mercury, beryllium, lead, carbon monoxide, economic poisons,
manganese, and asbestos; air pollutants as irritants; medical
conditions such as acute nonspecific upper respiratory disease,
chronic obstructive ventilatory diseases, chronic bronchitis,
pulmonary emphysema, bronchial asthma, and lung cancer, are
rev lew ed.##
082«n 75
Holt, P. F., J. Mills, and D. K. Young
THF EARLY EFFECTS OF CHPYSOTTLE ASBESTOS DUST ON THE PAT LONG.
J. Pathol. Bacteriol., Vol. 87, p. 15-23, (Jan. 1964. 11 refs.
Chrysotile dust of small particle size (less than 3 microns
rapidly produces fibrotic lesions in the lungs when inhaled by
rats. It is suggested that asbestos is fibrogenic only when it
can be ingested by phagocytes. The rapid fibrosis that can occur
some years after asbestos has been inhaled by man may be due to the
breakdown into large numbers of small fragments of fibres; these
are then phagocytosed. Alternatively the small particles
originally inhaled may act slowly and their effect may be
enhanced by a superimposed infection. An apparatus that maintains
an atmosphere containing snail asbestos fibres at nearly constant
concentration is described. (Authors' summary)ft
01U68 77
P. 7. Holt, J. Mills, and D. K. Young
EXPERIMENTAL ASBESTOSIS HITH FOUR TYPES OF FIBEBS: IMPORTANCE
OF SMALL PARTICLES. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 132:87-97,
Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at the Biological Effects of
Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1961.)
This paper is concerned with the changes in the lungs of guinea
pigs that have been exposed to four kinds of asbestos
dust-chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, and anthophylite. The
guinea pig lung reacts immediately to inhalation of asbestos dust.
There is a bronchiolitis with extension of the inflammatory
reaction to the adjacent alveoli. At a later stage there is a
widespread and progressive fibrosis of the lung, adenoid
proliferation of the bronchiolar epithelium, and reticulinosis and
fibrosis of the tracheal lymph glands. The inhaled dust early
becomes coated with an iron-containing protein to form asbestos
bodies. These have been recognized within seven days of exposure
to the dust. Fine dust particles, too small to be seen under the
light microscopr, will produce asbestosis in the guinea pig. The
difficulty of controlling the spread of dust has been demonstrated.
(Author summary modified)#*
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03332 78
D. 0. B. SOURIHANE
A BIOPSY SERIES OF MESOTHELIOHAT A, ADD ATTEMPTS TO IDENTIFY
ASBESTOS HTTHIN SOME OF THE TUMORS. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
132, 6K7-73, Dec. 31, 1955 (Presented at the Biological
Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21,
1960.)
A survey of histological material at a single hospital revealed 84
acceptable mesotheliomata which had been diagnosed over a period of
ten years. The histological diagnosis on biopsy material is
reasonably accurate, and the proportion of error should be less
than five per cent. Asbestos bodies are found in the lungs of
sputum of the majority of patients who have been diagnosed as
having inesotheliomata. Asbestos fibers are found within the
mesotheliomatous tissue in about one quarter of the cases, and in
about one half of the cases if only patients with asbest.osis are
considered. (Author summary)ft
05999 79
D. O'B. Hourihane, L. Lessof, and P. C. Richardson
HYALINE AND CALCIFIED PLEURAL PLAQUES AS AS INDEX OF EXPOSURE
TO ASBESTOS (A STUDY OF RADIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGIC&L FEATURES
OF 100 CRSES WITH A CONSIDERATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY). Brit.
Med. J. 1 (5495), 1069-74 (Apr. 30, 1966).
A close association between exposure to asbestos and the
development of pleural plaques has been shown. A cause-and-effeet
relationship is probable. The most extensive lesions are
radiologically detectable, and the disease asbestosis is then also
present, despite the absence of any other radiological abnormality.
The sources of asbestos are considered and evidence is presented
to suggest that there is a widespread non-industrial community
exposure. Mesotheliomata are common in patients with pleural
plaques, and it is suggested that there is a dose-response
realtionship between the asbestos and the development of these
neoplasms. The question of a relationship between lung cancer
and asbestos is left open, but the value of radiological surveys
for pleural plaques is emphasized in any study of this problem.
Asbestos is not the sole cause of pleural plagues, but it is
certainly the most common. (Author summary)f#
02288 80
W.C. Hueper
ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CANCER HAZARDS. PART I OF
SYMPOSIUM: CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS. Clin. Pharnacol.
Therap. 3, (6) 776-813, Dec. 1962
The growth of an environmental carcinogenic spectrum composed
of recognized, suspected, and potential human carcinogens of
Effects - Human Health 45
-------
chemical, physical, and parasitic nature should provide an
impressive warning to all concerned with the maintenance and
protection of the health and well-being of mankind to exert all
possible effort to develop methods and facilities by which sources
of production, channels of dissemination, routes of
exposure, prospective and actual target organs and tissues, and
number and types of individuals exposed to natural and man-made
carcinogens can be more readily and reliably identified. It is
essential that, where possible, human contact with environmental
carcinogens be totally eliminated or, whenever such a stringent
measure appears impractical or impossible, reduced to a minimum
with respect to degree, frequency, duration, and number of persons
exposed. While the presently available methods of identifying
carcinogenic agents are admittedly slow and not totally adequate,
experimental observations and their implications in man demand
that first and dominant consideration be given to the protection
of the community against actual or potential cancer hazards. In
such a decision, the health and life of the general public should
receive the benefit of doubt without any reservation. (Author
summary modified)#*
08241 81
Hueper, W. C.
H^THODOLOGIC FXPLORATTONS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESPTRATOPY
CAPCTNOGENF.SIS. Arzneimittel-Forsch, Vol. 14, p. 314-822,
July 1964. ((84)) refs.
The study, by bioassay methods, of chemicals introduced during the
past 30 years into the human environment or to be introduced in the
future into the human economy, for carciogenic effects on the
respiratory organs, is assuming increasing importance for the
following reasons. The rapid rise in the frequency of lung
cancers among the populations of all industralized countries since
the turn of the century indicates that new and potent man-made
respiratory carcinogens have entered the human environment. This
epidemiologic phenomenon has been associated with the recognition
of a growing number of occupational carcinogens to which large
worker groups become exposed and which in part also pollute the
general atmosphere and thus act increasingly on the general
population. Additional and epidemiologic and experimental
evidence incriminates an appreciable number of other chemicals
as respiratory carcinogens, some of which are evidently operating
following their introduction into the organism by various
non-respiratory routes. The thereby demonstrated polyetiology of
lung cancers in man and animals militates strongly against a
blind acceptance of the widely propagandized scientifically
unsound and sociologically irresponsible allegation that
cigarette smoking is the proven predominant cause of lung cancer
and that, therefore, the control of pulmonary cancer hazards can
largely be achieved by simply reducing the consumption of
cigarettes and by technologic decarcinogenization of cigarette
smoke. Despite the various shortcomings in the presently
available bioassay methods for testing chemicals for possible
carcinoaenic effects on the respiratory organs, their wide
application nevertheless provides effective safeguards against a
further dissemination of these agents. AS*#
46 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01365 82
B.C. Hueper
OCCUPATIONAL AND NONOCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES TO ASBESTOS. IV.
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS: COMMUNITY STUDIES. Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., Vol. 132:18(1-195, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at
the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York
City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
Information on the number and variety of exposed workers and on
the occurrence and incidence of asbestosis and of asbestos cancers
among them is most fragmentary in all countries, especially in
the United States and Canada, one being the principal consumer
of asbestos and the other chief producer of this mineral. It is
for this reason regrettable that the original plan of having a
recent epidemiologic survey on these aspects of asbestos production
in Canadian mines and mills to be undertaken under the aegis of
the National Cancer Institute of Canada was not adhered to and
that this study was carried out as an industry-dominated venture
which yielded highly controversial negative results. The
principal worker groups exposed to respiratory contact with
asbestos are employed in the asbestos mining and milling
industries, in the production and commercial use of asbestos
cement and plaster and their numerous secondary products, in the
production and application of asbestos for insulating purposes, and
in the processing of asbestos and its manufacture into textiles.
Because in many countries and states the workmen's
compensation laws are defective, the protection of asbestos workers
against occupational health hazards related to respiratory and
cutaneous contact with asbestos is inadequate. (Author
conclusion modified)ftt
03317 83
S. Hunt
ROUTINE LONG FUNCTION STUDIES ON 830 EMPLOYEES IN AN ASBESTOS
PROCESSING FACTORY. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc. 132, 406-20,
Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos
Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
This work is in its early stages, and it is not therefore possible
to assess it value fully or accurately. Authors believe
that they have established the value of, and indeed the need for,
lung function studies both as a pre-employment screen, and as a
check on the health of workers exposed to asbestos dust.
In particular, they have confirmed the findings of other
workers, namely that asbestosis can be detected by lung
function studies before it shows in X-ray films. At more
advanced stages of asbestosis the lung function results
correlate very well with X-ray findings and clinical tests. As a
result of the correlation of Inng function findings from
1960 onwards with the X-ray results of 1963-64, many personnel
are being removed from exposure even though their X-rays were
considered apparently negative for asbestosis. This work will
continue as a routine examination and as a condition of
employment. It is also intended to continue tests with
Effects - Human Health 47
-------
persons who have been removed from exposure in order to follow
any changes which may occur. There is some evidence
already that men removed from exposure four to five years ago,
when the signs of the disease were minimal, are maintaining
a reasonable functional level compared with similar men who
remained in "exposed" departments. (Author conclusions)t*
03324 84
R. Jacob M. Anspach
PULMONARY NEOPLASIS AMONG DRESDEN ASBESTOS HORKERS. Ann.
N.T. Acad. Sci. 132, 536-18, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at
the Biological Fffects of Asbestos Conference, New York
City, Oct. 19-21, 196H.)
Problems of asbestosis and its complications have been
reinvestigated among workers in the Dresden asbestos industry.
In this study the question of lung cancer associated with
asbestosis was critically examined with reference to the
observations available in Dresden. Although it was
emphasized that the conclusions reached did not warrant removal
of lung cancer associated with asbestosis from the schedule of
compensable cancers, neither did the data then available clearly
support, on a statistical basis, an unquestioned association
between the two conditions. The data presented summarize the
observations made among workers in the Dresden asbestos industry
from 1952 to mid-September, 196U, with particualar
reference to the question of the association between asbestosis and
lung cancer. These data now take precedence over previous
published data from the Dresden area, being based upon
significantly longer periods of observation.**
06710 85
J. Jagatic, M. F,. Rubnitz, M. C. Godwin, and R. W.
Weiskopf
TTSSOE RESPONSE TO INTRAPERITONEA1 ASBESTOS WITH PRELIMINARY
REPORT OF ACUTE TOXICITY OF ASBESTOS IN MICE. Preprint
(1967) .
The use of asbestos fibers exposed to a high temperature and
injected into the experimental animals produced a high degree of
toxicity, resulting in sixty per cent mortality. This experiment
gives further support to the general concensus that asbestos
produces fibrosis. Tissue in contact with asbestos needles not
only produced fibrosis, but a special and peculiar type which is
proliferative, granulomatous and invasive. It cannot be doubted
that tissue behaves differently around asbestos fibers than it does
around foreign body granuloraas. It is not the intention of this
article to theorize as to how or why asbestos powders produce
fibroblastic proliferation or malignancies; these questions are
under investigation, utilizing tissue culture techniques. The
acute toxicity of heated asbestos observed was very unusual.
There are still twenty mice under observation seven months after
in-jection with the heated asbestos. After surviving the acute
toxicity, these mice have recovered and are in good health.**
48 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01507 86
W. T. Keane ana H. R. zavon
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF PIPE INSULATOHS. Arch. Environ,
Health, Vol. 13:171-18i», Rug. 1966.
An analysis of the -job indicated that the handling of fibrous
glass, magnesium carbonate, and calcium silicate material
containing asbestos fibers, adhesives, and cements occupies 80-90%
of the av. insulators working time. This survey was made to
investigate all of the substances with which insulators come in
contact in their trade, and the majority of the substances
examined proved incapable of presenting a serious health
hazard to insulators. The only insulating substance which
justifies concern is asbestos. This report and other available
scientific data at the present time are insufficient to provide an
adequately based conclusion.##
07955 87
Kendall, Brian and Maxwell Caplin
PLEURAL CALCIFICATION. Brit. J. Diseases Chest (London),
Vol. 61, p. 126-130, 1967. 12 refs.
The causes of pleural calcification are described and some
differential diagnostic features are discussed. A total of 319
patients in three groups were studied. In patients with a
history of exposure to asbestos, pleural thickening was never
marked and the calcification appeared intimately applied to the
thoracic cage or mediastinum. Pleural calcification resulting
from exposure to asbestos is usually bilateral and affects the
parietal plaura. Tt produces multiple jagged plagues which slowly
coalesce. Basal pleural thickening is usually slight or absent,
pulmonary fribrosis is not frequent and there is generally no
contraction of the thorax. Tt has been suggested that the
calcification is due to direct mechanical irritation of the
parietal pleura by the movement during respiration of the sharp
asbestos fibres. Bilateral pleural calcification involving the
diaphragm may be diagnostic of asbestosis, although two patients
studied had such calcification after bilateral pneumothorax
treatment and neither had been exposed to asbestos. In four
patients no etiological factor could be discovered and these
exemplified endemic asbestosis. The relationship of mesothelioma
and carcinoma of the lung to asbestosis is reviewed.**
07939 88
W. C. S. Kennedy, R. Routledqe
INVESTIGATION OF A HINOR ASBESTOS HAZARD. Brit. J. Ind.
(led. (London), Vol. 2«, p. 232-239, July 1967. 13 refs.
An investigation was made of 12 men who had been exposed to small
amounts of asbestos to see fi there were any radiological.
Effects - Human Health 49
-------
physiological, or clinical changes. Ten men had worked from 15 to
37 years in a transformer department lagging transformer windings
with asbestos paste. Two of these men showed minor
radiological and physiological changes suggestive of early
ashestosis. Two men who had been milling and sawing asbestos
sheets for 5 and 23 years showed minor radiological and abnormal
physiological changes. Samples taken with the thermal
precipitator in the transformer department showed less than
1 fiber per ml of air which is below any currently accepted
maximum concentration. Samples taken in the insulation
department with the hexhelet sampler showed <47 and 57 microgram/
cu m compared to tentative maximum allowable concentration of 100
microgram/cu m. In the transformer department, mica paper has
been substituted for asbestos. In the insulation department, the
ventilation has been redesigned and improved The significance
of these findings is not clear and further follow-up studies are
planned. More evidence is required regarding possible pulmonary
changes in men exposed to low concentrations of asbestos.*#
03308
"R . Kiviluoto
PLEDRAL PLAQUES AND ASBESTOS: FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON ENDEMIC
AND OTHET? NONOCCnPATIONAL ASBESTOSIS. Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. 132, 235-9, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City,
Oct. 196U.)
In advanced cases of pleural plaques, rotentgen diagnosis is
easy. Misinterpretations as lung or pleural tumors are possible,
especially if relationship to asbestos or dusts is not known.
In the literature, benign local parietal pleural changes "of
obscure origin" consisting of hyaline sclerotic fibrin, at first
misinterpreted as lung or pleural tumors, have also been
reported. To -judge from the description of those pleural changes,
they seem very similar to those seen in asbestosis. The correct
roentgenological observation and interpretation of parietal
pleural plaques enable sdiscovery of pneuooconiosis even in
cases which show no other clinical evidence of an inhalation
damage. Even though not pathognomonic to asbestosis, pleural
plagues are of significance for industrial hygiene and may be
very helful in epidemiologic studies. The detection of exposure
to asbestos or mixed dusts is often very difficult in case
histories, mainly,because the interval between exposure and
manifestation may range from several years to decades. Also, it
should be noted that asbestos is found with great difficulty in
paraffin sections of ordinary thickness. In cases of pleural
plagues asbestos may be found more often if they are
specially searched for and if special methods are used.
(Author summary) ft*
02256 90
M. FCleinfeld
PLEORAL CALCIFICATION AS A SIGN OF SILICATOSIS. An. J. Bed.
Sci. 125/215-134/22K, Feb. 1966.
50 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A clinical and environmental evaluation was made of 8 workers
exposed to silicates, namely, talc, asbestos or mica. The
minimum duration of exposure was 23 years and the longest 5U years.
Two individuals who were exposed to asbestos also had an exposure
to fiberglass; the remaining 6 had no other occupational dust
exposure. Pespiratory symptoms were present in 6. In 5 of
these, dyspnea was the predominant complaint. Three of the 6 had
a chronic congh. Abnormal lung findings including rales and
wheezing were found in all with respiratory symptoms. Four of the
6 showed clubbing. In 5 individuals, the pleural calcification
was confined to the diaphragmatic region; in 3 the calcifications
were more widespread and in one of these they Were located over the
left lung field, along the left cardiac border and over the left
diaphragm. The chest roentgenograms of 5 also showed varying
degrees of pulmonary fibrosis. Chest roentgenograms, taken 11
years prior in one instance, and 25 years in the remaining 3,
showed pulmonary fibrosis in H and pleural calcification in 2.
Five of the 8 individuals were given pulmonary function tests.
The findings were normal in 1 and abnormal in H. Normal findings
occurred in the individual who was asymptomatic. Of the H
showincr abnormal lung function parameters, 2 had an impairment in
both vent.ilatory and diffusion capacity and 2 demonstrated
ventilatory dysfunction indicative of restrictive breathing
disorder. (Author summary)##
02272 91
H. Kleinfeld, J. Hessite, 0. Kooyman, and J. Sarfaty
FFFECT OF ASBESTOS DUST INHALATION ON LONG FUNCTION Arch.
Environ. Health 12, 71(1-6, June 1966.
Pulmonary function tests were performed on 56 workers engaged in
asbestos insulation. The mean duration of exposnre was 2t.3 years
with a range of 1U to 57 years. The predominant symptoms were
dyspnea (9) and cough (18). Basilar crepitations and clubbing
were noted in 11 and 8, respectively. The mean predicted values
for the various pulmonary function parameters measured were within
the 95% confidence limits of the control group. However, an
appreciable number of asbestos workers had values which fell
outside these limits. This was particularly evident in the vital
capacity and DLco. There were 16 who showed pulmonary
infiltration on their chest roentgenograms as compared to 40
without such evidence. Those with positive radiologic findings
had a proportionately greater number of abnormal pulmonary
function values as compared to those without. Tn general the
correlation between the degree of pulmonary function impairment and
the clinical and radiological findings was poor for the
exposed group as a whole and no consistent correlation could be
found between the duration of exposure and lung function impairment
in this group. (Author summary)**
08637 92
Kleinfeld, H. J. Hessite, and 0. Kooyman
MORTALITY EXPERIENCE IN A GROUP OF ASBESTOS WORKERS. Arch. En-
viron. Health, 15 (2):177-180, Aug. 1967. 6 refs.
Effects - Human Health 51
-------
Mortality data on 46 asbestos insnlators in New York state,who
had 15 or more yeears of exposure to asbestos dust by 1905, or had
achieved 15 years of exposure between 1945 and 1965, were reviewed.
The average age of death was 60.3 years with a range of 33 to 81
years. There were 12 deaths due to malignancies of lung or pleura.
The differences in the mean age and mean duration of exposure for
the 46 deaths and the group that developed cancers of lunq or
pleura were not statistically significant. Proportional mortality
from carcinoma of the lung and pleura among asbestos workers
studied was nine times that expected in U.S. shite males. The
observed mortality was significantly higher in the 40- to 59- as
well as in the 60- to 79-year age groups. The mean duration of
exposure of the asbestos workers with lung or pleural cancers was
five years longer in duration than that found in the talc group
with similar malignancies. Tn addition, other components in the
asbestos dust exposure such as the presence of metallic cations may
also be a factor to account for the difference in incidence between
the two groups. Carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract and
peritoneum, of which there were seven cases, showed a significantly
greater incidence in the observed as compared to the expected in
O.S. white males. Death due to cor pulmonale was observed in only
two individuals. The low incidence of cor pnlmonale was a cause of
death as compared to the high incidence of pulmonary and
aastrointestinal carcinoma may be ascribed to a lower level of
asbestos dust exposure occurring over a longer period of tine. AS
07055 93
PI. Kleinfeld, J. Messite, 0. Kooyman, and H. H. 7aki
MODTALTTY AMONG TALC MINERS AND MTLLEHS IN NEW YOBTC STATE
Arch. Environ. Health 14 (5), 663-7 (Hay 1967).
Mortality data on 91 talc miners and millers in New York state
who had 15 or more years of exposure to talc dust by 1940 or had
achieved 15 years between 1940 and 1965 were reviewed. The
average age at death was 60.4 years with a range of 38 to 84
years. Proportional mortality from carcinoma of the lung and
pleura among talc workers was four times that of the control
population. However, the significant increase in incidence
apoeared in the 60 to 79 year age group rather than in the 40 to 59
year group. This was at variance with findings in asbestos
workers who had a similar duration of exposure covering a similar
period where the increase in observed incidence was present in both
age categories. The earlier occurrence in the asbestos workers
was attributed to the greater carcinogenicity and possibly to
exposure to asbestos dust of greater concentration as compared to
commercial talc. Carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract and
peritoneum showed no significant difference in the talc and
control populations. However, in the asbestos workers
gastrointestinal and peritoneal malignancies were elevated
significantly. Death due to pneumoconiosis or its complications,
or both, was recorded in 28 individuals, 19 of whom died from cor
pulmonale. The cause of death in the remaining nine was
tuberculosis (5) or bronchopneumonia (4). The lapsed time from
first talc exposure to death froa pbeumoconiosis or complications,
or both, averaged 25.9 years, with a range from 15 to 39 years.
Excluding cor pulmonale, there were 25 cardiac deaths, 19 of
which vere doe to coronary artery disease, three to.hypertensive
heart disease, and three to rheumatic heart disease. Of the 91
52 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
death cases, data on environmental exposure sere available in 80.
The mean duration of exposure for this group was 24.7 years with a
range of 15 to 47 years.ft
03323 94
J. F. KNOX, D. S. DOLL, I. D. HILL
COHORT ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN INCIDENCE OF BRONCHIAL CARCINOMA
IN A TEXTILE ASBESTOS FACTORY. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
132, 526-35, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the Biological
Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct.
19-21, 1964.)
It is clear that there has been a considerable improvement in
the mortality experience of the workers employed. Standards of
living throughout the period have greatly improved but not
more so than in other areas of Great Britain. The main obvious
factor in this improved situation is the great improvement of
working conditions with the implementation of the regulations for
the industry enacted in 1931. In the factory studied, exposure
to asbestos dust before 1933 carried with it a greatly increased
risk of lung cancer and substantially increased risk of dying
from other respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. It is
possible that the specific occupational hazards to life have
been completely eliminated, but it is not possible to assert
this with confidence and further detailed observations are
needed.*t
0»676 95
?. H. Kogan
ASBESTOS DUST AND LUNG CANCER. (Asbestovaya pyl' i rak
legkikh.) Gigiena i Sanit. 29, (7) 96-102, July 1961. Russ.
(Tr.)
CFSTI: 65 50023/7
The majority of authors have revealed a higher percentage of
lung cancer in the bodies of persons who had asbestosis than in
those of persons who had no association with asbestos or who
had had silicosis. The majority of these patients were 55 to 60
years old; they had worked 20 years or more in the asbestos
industry. In persons working with asbestos a high incidence of
serous pleural tumors as well as neoplasms with an extrapulmonary
localization are noted. At the asbestos mines in Canada, the
mortality rate of the workers from lung cancer is higher than
the lung cancer mortality rate for the general public.
A marked tendency toward the fornation of neoplasms was noted in
animals which were covered with asbestos dust; in these
cases it was noted that not only the long asbestos fibers can
eiert such an effect. In the Soviet literature to date this
problem has not been studied.ft
Effects - Human Health 53
-------
03919 96
F. H. Kogan and A. P. Dorinovskaya
E^ECT OF ASBESTOS AND SERPENTINE DUSTS ON PULMONARY TISSUE
CHLTUTE/ Hyg. Saniq. 31, (U-6) 37-11, Apr.-June 1966.
PUSS. (Tr.)
CFSTI, TT 66-51160/H-6
Both serpentine and asbestos dust inhibited the growth and
migration of eel1 s in a culture of pulmonary tissue from a human
embrvo. The ef V-t was more pronounced in the case of
asbestos dust. The addition of asbestos dust and, to a lesser
extent, serpentine dust, caused some inhibition of the early phases
of mitosis. Serpentine dust cannot be regarded as biologically
inert, but its effects were less pronounced than those of asbestos
dust. On the whole, the findings as to the biological effects of
asbestos and serpentine agree with the results of histological
studies of the lungs in animals, as well as with the in vivo
content of hydroxyproline in the lungs. Any assessment of the
possible hazards of asbestos-containing dust should also take into
account the presence of serpentine.!*
06871 97
F. n. Kogan, A. A. Gerasimenko, G. I. Bunimovich
THF OCCURRENCE OF CERTAIN I PI HIT NOBIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN
ASBESTOSIS. (Nekotorye immunobiologicheskie sdvigi pri
asbestoze.) Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.) 30 (5), 18H-91
(May 1965) . Puss. (Tr.)
Immunobiological reactivity was studied in asbestosis
patients and healthy persons who had worked with asbestos over a
fairly long period of time to find out whether changes in
reactivity, were due to a developing condition of asbestosis or
whether it preceded asbestosis. Long-term inhalation of
asbestos dust brought about a fall of the immunobiological
reactivity of the body and probably, its allergization. There
was a most distinct inhibition of the complement titer. The
changes of the complement titer preceded the onset of
clinical and x-ray symptoms of pneumoconiosis. The study of
the immunobiological reactivity of persons sick with
asbestosis, caused by the inhalation of chrysotile asbestos,
showed that in the first case the reactivity was inhibited to a
greater extent. This was noted in the clinical course of
asbestosis as well. Persons sick with asbestosis and those
working under conditions of high dust content of the air
presented lesions peculiar to aut.oimnmnologic disease: rise
in the gamma-globulin and anticompletnentary activity of the
serum.#*
54 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
F. B. Kogan, s. Yu. Troitskii, and M. E. Gulevskaya
CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF ASBESTOS DOST. (K Toprosu o
kantserogennom vliyanii asbestovoi pyli.) Hyg. Sanit. 31. (8)
218-25, Aug. 1966. fluss, (Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 66-51160/7-9
The mortality rate of lung cancer was studied for 10 years
(1953-1962) among workers dealing with asbestos and the rest of
the population in the town as well as in all of the Sverdlovsk
region. The mortality from lung cancer in the town was twice as
high as that in the Sverdlovsk region. The finding was that
the mortality from lung cancer among workers of the asbestos
concentration plants was three times higher than among the rest
of the population in the town. The standardized sex nortability
rate among workers over 40 years old was 3.6 tises higher than that
among the rest of the population. The mortality rate among women
workers dealing with asbestos was several times higher than that
of the rest of the population. Lung cancer proved to be the
cause of lethality in 9 per cent of deaths among persons sick with
asbestosis. The paper deals with a number of possible causes
of augmented mortality from lung cancer among persons who have
inhaled asbestos dust for a long time. (Author summary
modified)##
02i»86 99
J. Lieben.
MALIGNANCIES IN ASBESTOS WORKERS. Arch. Environ. Health
13, (5) 619-21, Nov. 1966.
A study of 68 hospital admissions with asbestosis from an asbestos
textile and friction materials plant inlcuded 21 malignancies, 13
of these were carcinoma of the lung and 8 carcinomas of other
organs. Eighteen of the patients had exposure to asbestos in
their occupational environment for 10-36 yrs. Only 3 patients
had their 1st exposure after 1940. A repeat study in the future
may clarify whether this reduction of cancer occurrence in more
employees is due to latent period, to the age factor, or to the
dust control measures instituted by the plant.t#
13625 100
Lindberg, Walter
AIB POLLUTION IN NOHWAY. II. PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF
AIR POLLUTION - A LITERATURE STUDY. (Den Alminnelige
Luftforurensning i Norge. Luftforurensning som Helseproblem, -
en Litteraturstudie.) Translated from Norwegian. Oslo Univ.
(Norway), p. 66-77, 1968.
This presentation discusses functional and anatomical changes
arising from diseases caused by air pollution. The discussion
Effects - Human Health 55
-------
includes air pollution episodes, pollutants known to cause
snecific effects (arsenic compounds, mercury, beryllium
compounds, manganese compounds, and lead). Lead and carbon
monoxide are discussed in greater detail. Emphasis is
also placed on respiratory irritations caused by S02,
nonspecific upper respiratory diseases, the effect of air
pollution on the occurrence of colds, smoking, chronic
bronchitis emphysema, bronchial asthma, lung cancer, and
heart disease.
08417 101
Lucas, Galvao
THE VALUE OF RF.SPTPATORY FUNCTION TESTS IN PNEUMOCONTOSIS.
TECHNICAL AND PHYSIOPATHOLOGTCAL ASPECTS.
((n valor das provas funcionais respiratorias nas pneumoconioses.
Aspectos tecnicos e fisiopatologicos.)) Text in Portoguese. J.
Pled. (Porto), 62(1259) : 589-609, 612, March 11, 1967.
Spirograms of the chest movements during respiration, chest X-rays,
graphs, and extensive tabular data support this discussion of the
technical aspects of pneumoconiosis (silicosis, asbestosis, benign
pneumoconiosis, anthracosis, siderosis, calcicosis, baritosis, and
berylliosis). The freguent discrepancy between radiological
changes and functional alterations is mentioned. Mathematical
relations and equations, methodology, equipment, and
instrumentation used in measurement and analysis are described.
The triple gradient method used to analyze the alveolar-arterial
oxygen gradient is explained. A comprehensive classification of
pneumoconiosis caused by mineral dusts and organic agents is
presented and the types of respiratory changes are noted. Case
material is included, with a professional interpretation of the
diagnosis and prognosis of these cases, which are often accompanied
by bronchitis, emphysema, and symptoms of aging.
05739 102
NcFee, D. R. and P. Tye
ADSORPTION OF PROTEINS ON DOSTS BELATED TO THE PNETIHOCONTOSES:
SELECTIVITY. J. Occupational Med. (Ottawa) 7, (6) 269-75, June
1965.
To investigate selective adsorption cf proteins from human serum,
dusts of guartz, cristobalite, silica gel, asbestos, emergy, and
ferric oxide were eguilibrated with human serura. The unadsorbed
and adsorbed portions were then examined by both paper
electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. Although a number of
differences in selectivity were noted, only one common difference
was outstanding. Most of the dusts, including all of the active
dust, appeared to have adsorbed the fast lipoprotein selectively.
The emergy and the ferric oxide did not. Both are classed among
the so-called inert dust. There were no other characteristics
common to the active dusts which were not shared by the so-called
inert dusts. If active dust had shown no selectivity or patterns
of selectivity like those of inactive dusts, the possibility that
56 ASBESTOS AND AlR POLLUTION
-------
selectivity is a determining factor in the biological activity of
dusts would be seriously diminished. Since the finding was the
reverse, that possibility must be regarded as strengthened. )Author
summary modified)
08875 103
Hacnab, G., and Harington, J. s.
HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF ASBESTOS AND OTHER MINERAL DUSTS. Nature,
Vol. 214, p. 522-533, April 29, 1967. 10 refs.
The fact that chrysotile asbestos is as potent a hemolytic agent
as silica powder is demonstrated. Other forms of asbestos lysed
erythrocytes only after prolonged incubation with them, and a wide
range of mineral dusts was inactive. The hemolytic action of
chrysotile was completely prevented by disodium versenate and sim-
ple phosphates but only partially by polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide
and aluminium, both of which protect cells against lysis by silica.
The following finely ground materials were used: crystalline and
amorphous silica, silicic acid powder, silica gel, chrysotile,
amosite, anthophyllite and crocidolite asbestos, serpentine, alum-
inium oxide, Sephadex G-251 , high and low rank coal dust, mine
dust,colloidal carbon, talc, kaolin, glass powder, carborundum and
diamond dust. Significant hemolytic activity was found for chry-
sotile, serpentine and all forms of silica tested. The rate of
hemolysis by chrysotile was greater than that shown by silica, the
apparent lower percentage hemolysis by the asbestos being the re-
sult of the adsorption of released hemoglobin during the early
stages of lysis. Hemolysis by chrysotile took place rapidly, with
the immediate adsorption of hemoglobin on the asbestos fibres.
Because of this, the degree of hemolysis in the supernatant (as
measured colorimetrically) never reached 100 per cent. This was
also found in the case of the adsorbents, silicic acid and silica
gel. It also seems clear that the highly active lytic property
of chrysotile is related to the adsorptive capacity of this form of
asbestos. It was demonstrated that under the same conditions,
chrysotile adsorbs five times more protein from serum than silica.
Bore protein is required to "cover" the hemolytic sites of chryso-
tile than of silica. Chrysotile also has the highest fig/Si
ratio of the three forms of asbestos tested and differs also in
that iron is not formally included in the lattice. It has a very
high zero point of charge (pH 10-12), that is, over most of the
pR range it will carry a net positive charge.**
104
13563
HacPherson, Peter and John K. Davidson
CORRELATION BETWEEN LONG ASBESTOS COUNT AT NECROPSY AND
RADIOLOGICAL APPEARANCES. Brit. Wed. J. (London), 1:355-357.
Feb. 1969. 14 refs.
An attempt was made to correlate the asbestos count on histological
section with the pulmonary radiographic findings, in order to
discover if there is a level at which evidence of asbestosis
becomes discernible on a chest radiograph. The survey is concerned
Effects - Human Health 57
-------
with the radiological appearances of the first 100 of a series of
600 necropsies in which a chest radiograph had been found to be
positive in 44 and negative in 56 of the cases. Fadiological
evidence suggestive of asbestosis was found in 8 of the 44 cases
with positive counts and in only one of the group with negative
counts. As expected, the higher the asbestos count, the greater
the likelihood of positive radiographic features. Such changes
were present in eight of the nine cases in which the count exceeded
HO. The most common radiographic findings were the noncalcified
pleural plague on the lateral chest wall and calcified diaphragmatic
pleural plaques.
03303 105
J. C. "icVittie
ASBESTOSIS IN GBEAT BRITAIN. Ann. N.T. Acad. Sci.
132, 128-38, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the Biological
Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21,
19fi5.)
Author discusses the occupations which are likely to encounter
problems of asbestosis. In Great Britain, the Industrial
Injuries Act was amended to include pneumoconiosis which
was defined in the Act as "fibrosis of the lungs due to silica
dust or other dust..." Tables are presented delineating
principal occupation and the grand total of those affected
in specific occupations from 1948 to 1963.##
071fi8 106
w. T. larr
ASBFSTOS KXPOSORE DUEING NAVAL VESSEL OVERHAUL. Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J. Vol. 25:264-268, June 1964.
The Long Beach Naval Shipyard has several men on disability
compensation and one death due to asbestosis. Hany of these
employees have more than 20 years' experience as pipecoverers and
insulators working primarily aboard ship. Asbestos exposure
during ship overhaul and repair varies extensively giving an
entirely different problem from exposure in mining and
manufacturing operations. The maximum allowable concentration
for pipe covering operations or for short duration massive
exposures is unknown. There still remains a difference of
opinion among medical authorities on a HAC and the effects of
short-fiber asbestos. Chest x-ray examinations of employees
exposed to asbestos can be misleading as it usually takes a
minimum of seven years for cases of asbestosis to develop.
Shipboard pipecovering and insulating during overhaul and repair
is a hazardous trade. Employees in this trade should wear
respirators when exposed to dry insulation material containing
asbestos. (Author summary)*f
58 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05737 1oy
Hastromatteo, E.
RECENT OCCOPATIONAL HEALTH EXPERIENCES IN ONTARIO. J. Occupational
Pled. (Ottawa). (Presented at the American Industrial Health
Conference, Bal Harbour, Tla., Apr. 1965.)- 7 (10):502-511,
Oct. 1965.
Industrial exposure to several toxic agents is reveiwed and case
histories are given. Included are mercury exposure in chlor-alkali
plants, electrical outdoor advertising, the hat industry, and the
treating of grain seed with an organic mercurial fungicide;
asbestos insulation and the manufacture of brake linings and clutch
faces; exposure to toluene didiisocyanate and a curing agent for
isocyanate-containing polymers; furfuryl alcohol exposure; illness
associated with urethane foam manufacture; and respiratory
sensitization in a rubber industry.
07730 108
Hikov, M. I.
ASBESTOSIS IN EMPLOYEES OF THE 'KOELACE' ASBESTOS MINING AND
SEPARATING WORKS. ({Azbestoza kod radnika zaposlenih u rudniku
i separaciji azbesta "korlace" - brvenik na ibru.)) Text in
Serbo-Croatian. Arhiv Hig. Rada Toksikol.
(Yugoslavia), Vol. 17. p. 63-70, 1966. 23 refs.
The entire work force was examined: 64 employed in the
separation of the asbestos, 10 in the warehouse, and 23 miners.
Of these 97 workers asbestosis was diagnosed in 29 (29.9%) and an
unconfirmed suspicion of the condition was found in an additional
10. The 29 cases diagnosed were classified as 26 in the initial
stages and 3 as more advanced. The largest number of cases was
found in those employed in storage: tO% of those examined. Only
13% of the miners and 31. US of those employed in separation were
found to have the condition. A very high correlation was found
between clinical signs and symptoms and x-ray findings.#t
01«40 109
L. Hiller, W. E. Smith, and S. U. Berliner
TESTS FOR EFFECT OF ASBSETOS ON BENZO(A) PYREHE CARCINOGENESIS
IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT . Ann. fl.Y. Acad. Sci., Vol.
132:489-500, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at the Biological
Effects of Asbestos conference. New York City, Oct. 19-21,
1964.)
Time of appearance and yields of papilloraas and carcinomas in the
respiratory tract of hamsters after intratracheal injections of
benzo(a)pyrene are reported. Addition of the chrysotile variety
of asbestos to the injections gave results consistent with an
hypothesis that this material promoted benzo (a)pyrene
Effects - Human Health 59
-------
carcinogenesis in the respiratory tract. Addition of the
amosite variety of asbestos to injections of benzo(a)pyrene did not
increase the yield of tumors found in the respiratory tract. The
yield of tumors in the respiratory tract of hamsters treated with a
limited series of intratracheal injections of benzo(a)pyrene
decreased with time after discontinuation of exposure. This
observation is of interest in relation to lung cancer risks in
smokers who discontinue smoking. Further studies of histological
material from these experiments are in progress.ft
07018 HO
T. G. Morris, W. H. Roberts, R. E. Silverton, J. W.
Skidmore, J. C. Bagener, and G. W. Cook
COMPARISON OF DOST RETENTION IN SPECIFIC PATHOGEN FREE AND
STANDARD RATS. Proc. Intern. Symp. Inhaled Particles
Vapours, II, Cambridge, England, 1965. pp. 205-212, 19fi7.
A comparison was made of dusts and silica retention in specific
pathogen free (S.P.F.) and standard rats. In the examination
of the histological sections from the standard rats it was noted
that the least dust was present where the disease was most
pronounced but the weights of dust found by the chemical analysis
were not more variable in the standard rats than in the S.P.F.
rats. The disparity may be explained by the fact that in the
development of rat bronchitis there is a tremendous increase in
reticulo-endothelial tissue. Although the dust in the diseased
animals was no longer visible in the air spaces or the
peribronchial tissue it had probably been taken up by the
reticulo-endothelial phagocytes. The lung tissue response to the
dusts was found to be similar for both types of rat, the silica
producing a typical granulomatous silica reaction. It did not
appear to exacerbate the infection in the standard rats more than
the other dusts. The tissue reaction to the amosite was more
marked than to the chrysotile and was progressive, in contrast the
reaction to chrysotile regressed with the elimination of the
dust.tI
01t»72 111
G. Nagelschraidt
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF THE DUST CONTENT AND COMPOSITION IN LDBGS
BITH ASBESTOSTS, HADE DURING WORK ON COAL MINERS
PNEUMOCONIOSIS. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 6U-76, Dec. 31,
1965. (Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos
Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 196U.)
Author presents statistics delineating the possible correlation
between asbestosis, pneumoconiosis, and fibrosis. A world wide
survey has been conducted and the correlations observed are
presented in tables, the titles of which are the following: (1)
Lung Dust Analysis in Asbestosis; (2) Average Quantity of
Mineral Residue in Asbestosis Lungs from Great Britain;
(3) Average amounts of Silicon Dioxide and Ferric Oxide in
asbestosis Lungs from Great Britain; (t) Comparison of Iron
60 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
and Dust Content, of Asbestosis Workers' lungs with Similar
Data for Coal Miners with Simple Pneumoconiosis; (5)
Asbestosis Lungs from South America: Number of Lungs with
Different Grades of Fibrosis and Types of Asbestos, and
Acetic Acid Residue Content; (6) Lung Residues of Asbestosis
from South Africa: Numbers of Residues with Different Fiber
Frequencies after exposure to Amosite and Crocidolite.**
07171 112
G. Nagelschmidt
THE STUDY OF LUNG DOST IN PNEUMOCONIOSIS. Am. Tnd. Hyg.
Assoc. J. Vol. 26:1-7 Feb. 1965. (Presented at the Annual
Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Association,
Philadelphia, Pa., Apr. 1964.)
Tn Western Europe pneumoconiosis is the most important of all
industrial diseases, in the sense that it affects the largest
numbers of men. In particular, this applies in Britain,
Western Germany, France, Belgium and Holland to pneumoconiosis
of coal miners. The Safety in Mines Research Establishment
has been working since 19 U9 on techniques of analyses for dast in
lungs as related to pneumoconiosis among coal miners. There
appears to be a difference, as yet speculative, in the fibrinogenic
properties of dust as related to their solubility. For a given
severity of fibrosis, less of an insoluble dust is required the
higher the quartz content. Pneumoconiosis of coal miners seems to
vary with rank (quality) of coal or rock content of the airborne
dust. (Author's summary, modified)*!
0759U 113
Nakamura, I.
CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF PULMONARY ASBESTOSIS. J.
Nara Med. Assoc., 18 (H) :U55-
-------
03328 114
«!, L. Newhouse and H. Thompson.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MFSOTHELIAL TUMORS IN THE LONDON AREA. Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 579-88, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented to the
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, Hew York City,
Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
Two groups of patients who have attended a large hospital in the
fast End of London have been examined to determine their
exposure to asbestos. The first consisted of 83 patients in whom
the diagnosis of mesothelioma had been confirmed at autopsy or by
biopsy. Fifth-five per cent of the males and 42 per cent of the
females died under the age of 55. The interval between first
exposure and development of terminal illness ranged between 16 and
55 years (mean 37 years). The second groups consisted of 76
patients of the same hospital, matched by sex and date of birth
with those traced in the first series. Of the patients suffering
from mesotheliotnata 52.6 per cent had been exposed to asbestos, as
compared to 11.8 per cent of the control series. Three main
types of exposure were recognized: work in factories
manufacturing asbestos textiles, insulating materials, and other
products; employment as laggers or insulators; and exposure to dust
brought home by relatives working with asbestos. Among the 36
patients with mesotheliomata, with no positive occupational
history and no relatives living at home who worked with asbestos,
there were 11 who lived within half a mile of an asbestos factory;
five of the control series also lived in the same area. The
difference in the proportion of patients in the two series is also
statistically significant. (Author summary modified)**
00814 115
PI.L. Newhouse H. Thompson
MESOTHELTOMA OF PLEURA AND PERITONEUM FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO
ASBESTOS IN THE LONDON AREA. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London)
22, (4) 261-9, Oct. 1965.
R series of 83 patients from the London Hospital with a
diagnosis of mesothelioma confirmed by necropsy or biopsy
has been studied for possible exposure to asbestos. The series
consisted of 41 men and 42 women; 27 of the patients had peritoneal
and 56 pleural tumors. The earliest death recorded was in 1917,
hut only 10 of the series died before 1950 and 40 (48%) between
1960 and 1964. In 76 of the series full occupational and
residential histories were obtained. Forty (52.6??) gave a history
of occupational or domestic (living in the same house as an
asbestos worker) exposure to asbestos compared with nine (11.8%)
out of 76 patients from the same hospital suffering from other
diseases. None of the 17 suspected cases of mesothelioma,
re-jected on pathological grounds, was found to have had
any exposure to asbestos. There was also evidence that
neighborhood exposures may be important. Among those
with no evidence of occupational or domestic exposures,
30.6$ of the mesotheliona patients and 7.6% of the inpatients
with other diseases lived within half a mile of an asbestos
62 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
factory. out of the 31 patients with occupational exposures only
1U were in jobs scheduled under the Asbestos Regulations of. 1931.
The interval between first exposure and the development of the
terminal illness of mesothelioma ranged between 16 and 55 years.
In 48 patients in the mesothelioma series, lung tissue or
sputum was available for examination. In 30 (62.5%) either
asbestosis or asbestos bodies were present. (Author summary)!*
062U5 116
Nutt, A. and J. S. Harington
THE REACTION OF REDUCED GtUTATHIONE WITH QUARTZ POWDER AMD WITH
ASSOCIATED IRON AND COPPER. (Med. Lavoro (Milan)) 55 (3) 176-83
(Nar. 196H) .
The observations that quartz powder possesses oxidative and
hydroxylative properties suggested that reduced glutathione might
also be affected by quartz. In the present work, it was found that
quartz powder not freed of its surface metals (mainly iron, copper
and aluminium) oxidized reduced glutathione in in vitro conditions,
but quartz powder freed of its surface metals, did not. The
process may be ascribed to the iron present on the quartz surface,
and at this concentration both ferric and ferrous ion alone are
capable of oxidizing glutathione to the same extent as unwashed
guartz does. Copper at the concentration at which it is found on
quartz, did not affect glutathione in any way, although at higher
concentrations it was active. Previous workers have shown that
iron does not catalyse the oxidation of glutathione; the present
study shown that it is capable of doing this efficiently, but at
far higher amounts than those used in earlier studies. In vitro
and in vivo studies show that asbestos dusts are as effective, or
better, than quartz in oxidizing glutathione. (Author summary
modified)
03333 117
W. G. Owen
MESOTHEITAL TDHORS AND EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS DUST. Ann. N. T.
Acad. Sci. 132, 67U-9, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City,
Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
In the present investigation evidence of asbestos exposure was
sought in recorded examples of diffuse mesothelioma occurring in
Liverpool and in neighbouring towns of the Herseyside area of
North Best England. This is an industrial area with a
population of over two million people. Ship building and ship
repairing are prominent among the industries which use asbestos,
and there are a number of factories in the area where processing
of raw asbestos is carried out. A close association between
exposure to asbestos dust and the development of diffuse
uesothelioma is confirmed, and it is conclnded that asbestos
exposure is a major factor in the causation of this tumor.#*
Effects - Human Health 63
-------
01762 118
W. W. Payne
OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS IN CARCINOGENESIS. Public Health Ttept.
(U.S.) 81, (9) 777-81, Sept. 1966.
The author reviews the history of the occurrence of cancer in
various occupational groups resulting from exposure to specific
carcinogens. Examples are the occurrence of scrotal cancer in
workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bladder cancer
in dye workers exposed to aromatic amines, and bronchogenic cancer
in workers employed in the chromium industry. Other inorganic
carcinogens are cited, among them arsenic, nickel, and asbestos
dust. The importance of studying occupational exposures to
possible carcinogens is emphasized.ft
119
01H09
Peacock, P. P. and A. Peacock
ASBESTOS-INDUCED TONOTS IN WHITE XEGHOHN FOWLS. Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci., Vol. 132:501-503, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at
the Biological Fffects of Asbestos Conference, New York
City, Oct. 19-21, I960.)
Report gives the results of an experiment in which 0.5 ml asbestos
suspension was in-jected into the right axillary air sac of six
healthy birds, aged two to six. Amosite and crocidolite asbestos
fibers were used. The results are inconclusive, however the
tumors that did appear seem to have significance. This is
conjectured by authors since no such tumors had been observed in
some hundreds of control birds, mostly breeding stock, over a
period of thirty-six years.t*
10566 120
T>ernis, B. , E. C. Vigliani, M. A. Marchisio and S.
Zanardi
OBSERVATIONS OH THE EFFECTS OF ASBESTOS ON CELLS IN VITPO. fled.
Lavoro (Hilan), 57(12):721-729, Dec. 1966. 15 refs.
The in vitro effects of two different types of asbestos dust upon
guinea pig macrophages, mouse fibroblasts (strain L) , and upon
KB tumor cells are described. The macrophages phagocytose the
dust very actively and cellular metabolism does not appear to be
disrupted, as is the case when quartz dust is used. The
fibroblasts also take up the asbestos dust very rapidly without any
apparent damage; under the electron microscope, the particles or
short fibers are collected in vacuoles or lysosone-like bodies.
Cellular metabolism of collagen appears to be stimulated by the
presence of asbestos. The attempt to induce the formation of
asbestos bodies in KB cells by adding asbestos and FeSOU was
64 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
unsuccessful. The mechanism which leads to the formation of
asbestosas is thus probably different from that leading to
silicosis; a direct effect of asbestos on the fibrohlasts should be
considered.ft
011(20 121
B. Pernis, E. C. Vigliani, and T. j. selikoff
RHEUMATOID FACTOR IN SE8UM OF INDIVIDUALS EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 112-20, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented
at the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York
City, Oct. 19-21, 196«t.)
The presence and titer of rheumatoid factors in the sera of 315
asbestos insulation workers and of 103 controls were determined by
conditioned hemagglutination with tanned red cells coated with
aggregated human or rabbit gamma globulins. The asbestos workers
had been exposed to the dust for periods variable from 1 to 5H
years, and most of them showed x-ray evidence of asbestosis that
was graded in grades from 1 to 3. A definite increase in
freguency and titers of Rheumatoid factors, with respect to the
controls of same age and sex, was found in workers with asbestosis
of grades 2 and 3. The factor found was mainly that which
reacts with human and not with rabbit gamma globulins. Similar
serological abnormalities are found in cases of pulmonary fibrosis
of different origin (idiopathic silicosis, coal workers'
pneumoconiosis, sarcoidosis, etc.) {Author summary)ft
10259 122
Polliack, A. and H. I. Sacks
PREVALENCE OF ASBESTOS BODIES IN BASAL LONG SMEARS. Israel
J. tied. Sci. (Jerusalem), 4 (2) : 223-226, March-April 1968.
12 refs.
Asbestos bodies were found in basal lung smears in 26 of 100
consective adult autopsies in Jerusalem. They were present in
29.29.1% of males and 22.21 of females, and were more freguently
encountered in Ashkenazi than in non-Ashkenazi Jews.
Asbestos bodies, when present, were usually scanty (less than
10), and in only two males were more than 30 bodies found under
low power. The five subjects with more than ten asbestos
bodies each were all Ashkenazi Jews. The prevalence of
asbestos bodies is compared with Cape Town, Pittsburgh,
Miami, Montreal, Glasgow, and Jerusalem. Highest freguency
found is in Montreal (HS%) and may reflect differences in the
degree of atmospheric pollution.ft
07831 123
Raunio, Veikko
OCCURRENCE OF UNUSUAL PLEURAL CALCIFICATION IN FINLAND. (STUDIES
ON ATMOSPHERIC POL1UTION CAUSED BY ASBESTOS). Ann. Med. Internae
Fenniae, Suppl. <*? (Helsinki), Vol. 55, 61p., 1966. ((73)) refs.
Effects - Human Health 65
-------
The peculiar, often bilateral pleural calcification which are
common in east Finland especially in the communes of Tuusniemi and
Kuusjarvi, where there are numerous asbestos deposits, were
investigated. 600,000 x-rays were taken in the years 1960-1965 in
the course of a compulsory mass x-ray program. In Tuusniemi, where
asbestos has been quarried and milled at Paakkila for 50 years, the
pleural calcifications were found in 9 percent of the pictures
taken. In Kuuslarvi, where asbestos and talc have been quarried
for 20 years on a smaller scale, the lesions were found in 6.1
percent of the pictures compared to 0.5 per thousand in other
sections of east Finland. In eight communes bordering on the two
with the high incidence, the occurrence was from 0.3 to 3.3 %.
The asbestos in this area was primarily anthophyllite asbestos
which, in studies of atmospheric pollution, was found to be
scattered over the area for a distance of more than 25 km. from the
asbestos mine. There is a certain amount of non-industrial
exposure to asbestos dust in the area from its use in the homes in
saunas and in a crushed form as a mortar. The x-ray appearance of
the pleural calcification is peculiar and differs from
calcifications from inflammation or hemothorax. Pulmonary fibrosis
was seldom observed and extensive pleural calcifications did not
cause any subjective symptoms. The frequency of lung cancer and of
malignant pleural and peritoneal tumors was not higher in this area
than in the rest of east Finland. Ho cases of pleural or
peritoneal roesothelioma sere detected at autopsies in the central
hospitals serving the area.
10532 124
"Roberts, G. Hefin
ASBESTOS BODIES IN LONGS AT NECFOPSY. J. Clin. Pathol.,
No. 20:570-573, July 1967. ((6)) refs.
A study was made in Glasgow, Scotland, near an industrial
area where ship building is an important industry. Asbestos
bodies were found in 23% of 100 concecutive hospital necropsies,
bodies were present in 37% of the 62 males, none were found
in 38 females. These findings are compared with results of
other similar surveys. In 85.1? of cases showing asbestos
bodies, hyaline pleural plaques were found. There was one case
of asbestosis and three of bronchial carcinoma in the cases
showing asbestos bodies. (Author's abstract, modified)**
13763 125
Royall, H. J.
THE HEALTH OF THE PUBLIC AND ASBESTOS USAGE. Royal Inst. Public
Health Hyg. J. (London), 31 (1-6) : 1 26-1 46, July-Dec. 1968. 19
refs.
The incidence of asbestos bodies in the lungs of various urban
and rural populations throughout the world and the role of
asbestos in the causation of tumors are discussed. Chrysotile,
crocidolite, ataosite, and anthophyllite are the nain varieties of
asbestos which are being produced at a rate of over 3,500,000
short tons per year. Asbestos bodies have been found in the
•66 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
lungs of popnlations throughout the world, ranging from 1t to 57%
or me autopsied lungs of people of various occupations. Fifty-
nine cases of non-occupational mesothelioma, probably due to
domestic and environmental exposure to asbestos, are reviewed.
•rue oils in asbestos, especially crocidolite, contain a
poiycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 3-4-benzopyrene, a well-known
carcinogen, and crocidolite is considered to be very active in
tumor causation. Tumors appear to form after a long latent
period following exposure, thus making the asbestos"exposure of
young children especially hazardous.
06267
Sano, T.
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF PNETJHOCONIOSIS. Acta Pathol.
Japan. (Tokyo), 13(3):77-93, July 1963.
Various pneumoconioses have been investigated by autopsy in
Japan. Included in the investigation were classical and
nonclassical silicosis, asbestosis, talcosis, and pneumoconioses
caused from diatonaceous earth, metallic aluminum lung, pyrite,
pyrite cinders, graphite, and carbon lung. The tests suggested
that, from a pathogenic point of view, pnenaoconioses can be
separated into two types: lymphatic and alveolar. Silica dust
can provoke strong collagenous fibrosis in pulmonary lymph nodes,
although intraalveolar changes contribute gradually to
interstitial changes in the lung. Fibrosis is seldom observed
in the lymphnodes of pneumoconiosis patients but it is the main
cause of histological changes in the alveoli.*S
03310 127
E. L. Schall
PRESENT THRESHOLD LIHIT VALUE IN THE O.S.A. FOB ASBESTOS DUST:
A CRITIQUE. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 316-21, Dec.
31, 1965 (Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos
Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
The present threshold limit value for asbestos dust in the
O.S.A. is 5.0 millions of particles per cubic foot of air
for a daily eight-hour exposure, 40 hours per week. This value
was adopted many years ago by the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists and reaffirmed at the
annual meeting in April, 1964. It refers to airborne
concentrations of asbestos dust which represent conditions under
which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly
exposed without adverse effect. However, threshold limits should
be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should
not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous
concentrations. These limits are based on the best
available information from industrial experience, from
experimental human and animal studies, and when possible, from
a combination of the three.##
Effects - Human Health 67
-------
159!i3 128
Selikoff, T. J.
ASBESTOS. Environment, 11 (2):3-7, March 1969. 15 refs.
(Presented at the Symp. on Unanticipated Environmental Hazards
Resulting from Technological Intrustions, Am. Assoc. Advancement
of Sci. Committee on Sci. in the Promotion of Human Welfare and
the Scientists' Inst. for Public Inform., Dallas, Texas, Dec. 28,
1968.)
The magnitude of the hazard associated with direct occupational
exposure to asbestos was confirmed by a 19-year study (19t3 to
1963) of 632 insulation workers exposed to asbestos for 20 years
or more. The expected number of deaths among the workers was
203. The actual number was 255. Forth-five deaths were due to
cancer of the langs or pleura; 29, to cancer of the stomach or
colon; and 12, to asbestosis. Similar mortality statistics were
obtained for 370 workers observed from 1963 to 1967. Where HI
deaths were expected, 19 occurred. Again, there was a significant
excess of cancer. Studies in South Africa and Finland are also
reported. They indicate that utilization of asbestos poses an
indirect environmental hazard. Of i»7 cases of roesothelioma in
Cape Province, US lived in areas where asbestos was mined or
worked in an environment where indirect, haphazard exposure was
conceivable. In an asbestos mining county of Finland, 1(99 out of
6312 individuals X-rayed had pleural calcification. No
calcification was found among 7100 individuals in the ad-joining
county. In Capetown, asbestos bodies were found in 26^ of 500
successive autopsies of nonasbestos workers.
0114 HI 129
I. J. Selikoff
THE OCCURRENCE OF PLEURAL CALCIFICATION AMONG ASBESTOS INSOLATION
WORKERS . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 132:351-367, Dec. 31,
19fi5. (Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos
Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 196H.)
Data is presented which demonstrates that pleural calcification
among workmen exposed to asbestos in this trade rarely occurs in
less than 20 years from onset of exposure. Pleural calcification
was found in 5 to 725 asbestos insulation workers with less than
20 years from onset of exposure but in 1H5 of 392 men examined more
than 20 years from beginning work with asbestos. Similarly, the
extent of calcification also increased with duration of exposure.
Available data suggests that both total amount of exposure as well
as lapsed time fron onset of exposure are of importance. In this
aroup of men, the earliest case seen was in a man examined 12
years from onset of exposure. Elsewhere, somewhat shorter
periods from onset of exposure have been noted, but such cases are
rare. Asbestos is by far the most common industrial dust
involved and bilateral pleural calcification in the absence of
evidence of traumatic or infectious pleural disease can usually be
considered to be dne to asbestos exposure. In half the cases,
the calcification found was unilateral. The appearance and
location of such calcification is described and no portion of the
68 ASBESTOS AND Am POLLUTION
-------
pleura was found to be immune. The diagnostic importance of such
unilateral calcification is stressed since even unilateral
calcification is uncommon in the general population and when it
occurs, a traumatic or infectious history can generally be
obtained. when the calcification is idiopathic, it should
strongly suggest asbestosis and the presence of unilateral pleural
calcification is almost as strongly diagnostic of asbestosis as is
bilateral calcification. The pleural calcification is primarily
found in the parietal pleura, more heavily in the lower portions
of the chest. Data concerning correlations with pleural
fibrosis and asbestotic parenchymal fibrosis is given. At the
present time, it is likely that asbestos exposure is the most
common cause of pleural calcification. The finding of such
calcification as described here generally indicates asbestos
exposure more than 20 years before. (Author summary modified)##
05860 130
I. J. Selikoff, R. A. Bader, H. E. Bader, J. Churg,
and R. C. Hammond
ASBESTOSIS AND NEOPLASTA. Am. J. Bed. H2 (H) , U87-96
(Apr. 1967) .
In at least one fourth of the adults who die in urban areas in the
United States and other industralized countries asbestos
bodies are found in the lungs. This observation has led to the
recognition of asbestos-related disease as a potential serious
modern urban hazard. Known data may be summarized as follows:
(1) Asbestos inhaled under industrial conditions will produce a
serious pneumoconiosis (pulmonary asbestosis) even with relatively
light exposure. (2) Under similar conditions of heavy or light
industrial exposure, workmen die of neoplasms more freguently than
expected; (3) Widespread contamination of the environment may
occur both from industrial sources (such as asbestos-containing
flusts from construction sites) and from disintegration or use of
asbestos products (such as asbestos-containing floor tiles and
brake lining; (4) Such environmental contamination may result in
widespread inhalation and retention of small numbers of the mineral
fibers; and (5) tinder certain conditions (for example, residence
within a half-mile of an asbestos factory or in the house hold of
an asbestos worker) environmental exposure has been shown to
produce serious disease. The prediction that widespread asbestos
contamination of city air will be associated with widespread
neoplasia, however, is still an assumption, an extrapolation from
the observed data since it is not known whether or not the small
amounts inhaled as the result of asbestos air pollution have an
effect comparable to the much larger amounts inhaled in industrial
or intimate environmental circumstances. The guestion will not
be resolved for some time because of the long latent period between
initial contact and the appearance of clinical disease. Although
there are variations based upon individual idiosyncrasy, intimacy,
duration and continuity of exposure, and perhaps also upon such
factors as the variety of asbestos used (chrysotile, amosite,
crocidolite, anthophylite, tremolite) and the presence of other
concomitant dusts, by and large it may be said that disease caused
by asbestos is rarely manifested in less than ten to twenty years
from onset of exposure.*f
Effects - Human Health 69
-------
03304 131
Selikoff, I. J. J. Churg and E. C. Hammond
THE OCCURRENCE OF ASBESTOSIS AKONG INSULATION WORKERS IN THE
UNITED STATES. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 139-55, Dec. 31,
1965 (Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos
Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 196H-)
An investigation involving 1522 asbestos insulation workers in
the New York-New Jersey metropolitan area has been
conducted. Among 392 individuals examined more than 20 years from
onset of exposure, radiological evidence of asbestosis was found
in 339. In half of these, the asbestosis was moderate or
extensive. Tn individuals with less than 20 years of
exposure, radiological evidence of asbestosis was less frequent
and when present, much less likely to be extensive. Neoplastic
complications of asbestos exposure were studied among 307
consecutive deaths in this group of men. Lung cancer was
found to be at least seven times as common as expected and cancer
of the gastrointestinal tract three times as common as
expected. There were 10 instances of mesothelioma of the
pleura or peritoneum. Of the 1258 men alive at the start of
this survey, 1117 were examined. Eleven cancers of the lung
or pleura were found during this survey of the living members, all
among the 392 men with more than 20 years from onset of exposure.
No cancers were found in those men, the onset of whose work
experience was less than 20 years. It is concluded that
asbestosis and its complications are significant hazards among
insulation workers in the United States at this time.
(Author summary)**
01811 132
I.J. Selikoff, J. Churg, E.G. Hammond
RELATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS AND MESOTREI.TOPI A.
New Engl. J. fled. 272, 560-5, Mar. 18, 1965.
A study of 307 consecutive deaths (191*3-1964) among asbestos-
insulation workers in New York and New Jersey disclosed
10 deaths caused by mesothelioma of the pleura (U cases) or
peritoneum (6 cases). This is an extraordinarily high
incidence for a tumor generally so rare that it is not
separately coded among causes of deaths. In contrast, in a
prospective study of the aeneral population, among 31,65? deaths
(in patients thirty to eighty-nine years of agp), only 3 were due
to mesothelioma. In 2 additional studies, the association
of mesothelioma with asbestos was further indicated by the
finding of H mesotheliomas of the pleura and 3 mesotheliomas
of the peritoneum among 26 consecutive autopsies of cases
of asbestosis and, also, by the finding of asbestos bodies in
lung sections in more than 25% of cases of mesothelioma. It
appears that mesothelioma must be added to the neoplastic risks of
asbestos inhalation, and joins lung cancer (53 of 307 deaths)
and probably cancer of the stomach and colon (3H of 307 deaths) as
a significant complication of such industrial exposure in the
United States.f#
70 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11327 133
T.J. Selikoff, E. c Hammond
TABULAR DATA ANALYSTS OF THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTING GENERAL
COMMUNITY ASBESTOS AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, City Dniv.,
Hew York, 9p. , 1968. {Presented at the Air Pollution
Pledical Research Conference, Denver, Colo., July 22-24, 1968,
Session IT: Epidemiologic Relationships, Paper 9.)
Tabular data is given on the epidemiology of occupational health
hazards of asbestos air pollution. Geographical area, period of
exposure, population, type of exposure, age, sex and pathological
findings are presented.##
03307 134
G. K. Sluis-Cremer
ASBESTOSTS IN SOUTH AFRICA - CERTAIN GEOGRAPHICAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132,
215-33, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the Biological Effects of
Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 196U.)
Author examined two major asbestos mining areas in South
Africa which are three hundred miles apart and between which
there is very little exchange of population. The production
of crocidolite and amocite in the two sites indicate a real
difference insofar as mesothelioma is concerned. Author concludes
that the difference is not explicable on any environmental
differences between the two mining areas.ft
0331H 135
G. K. Sluis-Cremer C. PI Theron
A PROPOSED RADIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ASBESTOSIS (PART I OF
RADIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS IH ASBESTOSIS IN THE
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA AND THE UNITED KINGDOM). Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. 132, 373-8, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York
City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
The I.L.O. classification which is entitled "The
International Classification" of persistent radiological
opacities in the long fields provoked by the inhalation of
mineral dusts, has been employed successfully in codifying- the
X-rays of individuals exposed to the majority of dusts
encountered in mining and industry, although for some time
there has been a feeling that the code had some weakness when
used in asbestosis, and that a new system was needed to
facilitate diagnosis, epideniological surveys and certification.
However, as a large proportion of asbestos exposed workers are
often also exposed to other dusts which produce other changes,
and in view of the established success of the I.L.O.
Effects • Human Health 71
-------
classification in pneumoconiosis generally, it was agreed that
it would be wiser to build onto the present code, rather
than start afresh with a completely new system. To be
successful, a classification of this nature should meet
the following requirements: (a) It should describe in code-form
the principal radiological features; (b) Headings should be
repeatable by single individuals as well as between different
trained observers; (c) It should differentiate between changes
due to dust and to other abnormalities in exposed groups; and (d)
Tt should be easy to use. A modification of the original
classification has accordingly been evolved for use in
asbestosis.#t
03333 136
K. H. Smith.
TRENDS IN THE HEALTH OF THE ASBESTOS WORKER. Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci. 132, 6R5-90, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City,
Oct. 19-21, 196U.)
Author suggests a re-examination of the parameters universally
associated with the health hazards of asbestos workers. The
confirmation that certain correlation technigues could be in error
is discussed. Author concludes by saying that isolated studies of
small selected groups may be interesting but the true picture of
the biological effects of the asbestos fiber will emerge only when
there is a broad study, conducted by an impartial agency, on a
nation-wide scale.*3
03321 137
?. E. Smith, L. Miller, "R. E. "Rlsasser, D. D. Hubert
TESTS FOR CARCINOGENICITY OF ASBESTOS. Ann. N.Y. Acad.
Sci. 132, H56-88, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City,
Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
Gross and histological changes following single massive
intrapleural injections of asbestos into hamsters have
been described. Thick fibrotic adhesions ensued. Later,
pleural mesotheliotnas were found in occasional hamsters
that received brittle carieties of asbestos but not in those
that had received a soft variety. Ho tumors have as yet appeared
in the respiratory tracts of hamsters giben repeated
intratracheal injection of these varieties of asbestos.
Pulmonary fibrosis occurred following intratracheal injections,
ut this was not comparable in thickness to the fibrotic
lesions induced by intrapleural injections. The experiments
show that asbestos can induce mesotheliomas in hamsters.
Authors raise a guestion as to wheter these tumors signify a
primary carcinogenic action of asbestos fibers or are secondary
and nonspecific epiphenomena of fibrosis.##
72 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03305
W. J. Sin it her
SECULAR CHANGES IN ASBESTOSIS IN AN ASBESTOS FACTORY. Ann.
N.Y. Read. Sci. 132, 166-81, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at
the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York
City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
A single factory in the Kast End of London has been
manufacturing asbestos products for 50 years. Cases of
asbestosis from this factory have been the sub-ject of several
publications which span the past 30 years. The changes in the
disease with the passage of time were evaluated by comparing
the findings reported previously with the findings in a series
of cases which are under observation at present.ft
16761 139
Stanton, Mearl F. , Robert Blackwell, and Eliza Killer
EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY CARCINOGENESIS HITH ASBESTOS. Am. Ind.
Ryg. Assoc. J., 30 (3):236-244, May-June 1969. 21 refs.
Three methods have been used to test the carcinogenic response of
the lung and pleura of the rat to asbestos. No carcinogenic
response of pulmonary epithelium or pleura was noted to either
healing infarcts or implanted wax pellets that contained asbestos.
Sarcomas of the pleura and pericardium developed in 74 percent of
rats in which the pleura was covered with an asbestos-impregnated
; fibrous glass coat. The fibrous glass alone caused only slight
reaction, with complete healing. The last method may serve as an
accurate and convenient means of guantitating the neoplastic
response of the pleura to asbestos. (Author's Abstract)
16739 140
Stokinger, Herbert E.
THE SPECTRE OF TODAY'S ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION—USA BRAND: NEW
PERSPECTIVES FROM AN OLD SCOUT. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 30(3):
195-217, May 1969. 128 refs.
A comprehensive toxicologic evaluation of the potential human
health hazards from man-made and natural environmental pollutants
(except radiation) from air, water and food has been made to
highlight the areas of greatest concern for health agencies in
the n.S.A. The judgments are predicated on pollutant levels
existing now or in the foreseeable future, and on the hereditary
milieu of the population of the continental United States.
(Author's Summary)
Effects - Human Health 73
-------
1*162
Suzuki, Y., and J. Churq
STRUCTORT! AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASBESTOS BODY. Am. J. Pathol.,
55(11:79-91, April 1969. 30 refs.
Formation of asbestos bodies in the hamster lung from instilled
chrysotile asbestos was followed by means of light, phase, and
electron microscopy. This process took place in the cytoplasm of
certain pulmonary cells, especially the alveolar macrophages, and,
to a lesser extent, alveolar epithelial cells and septal cells.
The successive steps consisted of: (1) phagocytosis of small
fragments (often under 1 micron long and 300 A in diameter) and
incorporation in cytoplasroic phagosomes; (2) appearance of
hemosiderin the cytoplasm of the cells; (3) intracellular
transporation of iron micelles from hemosiderin granules into the
phagosomes; and (H) progressive concentration of the iron micelles
in the vicinity of the fiber and partial clearing of the protein
ground substance along the periphery of the phagosome. The
central fiber, the coat of hemosiderin, and the investing membrane
of the phagosome are considered to be the essential elements of an
asbestos body. The presence of uncoated asbestos fibers is noted
even after the lapse of 2 years. It is suggested that such fibers,
in fact, have undergone phagocytosis, but have been released due
to the death of the cell before they became coated with iron.
These uncoated fibers probably continue to interact with the cells
and may be responsible for the progressive alteration of the lung
tissue. (Author's summary)
06270 142
K. Szymczykiewicz
THE MESENTERIC TEST &S A METHOD OF EVALUATION OF HARMFUL EFFECTS
OF INDUSTRIAL DOST. Test Krezkowy Jako Hetoda Oceny
Stopnia Szkodliwosci Pylu Prezemyslowego. Med. Pracy (lodz,
Pol.) 15 (4) , 221-9 (1964) Pol.
rising the mesenteric test (injection of dust emulsion in sodium
chloride solution between great lamina mesentery of the small
intestine of a rat) , the following 8 dusts were examined: fine
glass, china, amorphous Si02, fibrous glass, crystalline
asbestos, kaolin, amorphous asbestos, and crystalline Si02.
F.ach dust was administered in 3 doses of 0.5 2.5 and 5.0 mg; after
3 months the summary weight of nodules resulting from these dusts
was calculated as well as the weight increase in relation to the
summary initial dose of 8 mg. Nodules were subjected to
histopathologic examination. The corelation between summary
weight of 3 nodules for each dust and collagen content of the
lungs, obtained 10 mo. after pulmonary administration of these
dusts, was calculated. It is stated that there exists a
correlation between the dust activity and the increase of nodule
weight as well as a high correlation (r - 0.86) between nodule
weight and collagen increase in the lungs of an animal, to which
dusts were given by intrapulmonary methods. From these findings
it is concluded that the mesenteric test makes possible the
evaluation of the biological activity of dusts.#f
74 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
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09534 U3
Tabershaw, I. R.
ASBESTOS AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD. J. Occupational Bed.,
10(1):32-37, Jan. 1968. 15 refs.
Asbestos minerals may increase the risk of long cancer in occupa-
tional groups and may lead to an unusual risk of mesothelioma of
the pleura and peritoneum in occupational groups and those living
near asbestos plants. such malignancies usually result from
exposure 30-50 years earlier. Increased incidence of malignancy
has occurred in populations which did not work with asbestos but
happened to live near plants using amosite or crocidolite.
Several autopsy studies have found that 25-50% of lung smears are
characterized by asbestos bodies. These bodies may result from
recent exposure as well as exposure many years earlier. Since
world production and use of asbestos has increased from 500,000
tons to 3,500,000 tons in the past 30 years, asbestos is suggested
as a major threat to public health.f #
01093 144
S. Tanaka and J. Lieben
COHMTTNITY CHEST X-RAYS FOB PNEOMOCONIOSIS PREVENTION. Arch.
Environ. Health 12, 10-4, Jan. 1966.
Among 395,961 70 mm chest photofluorograns taken over the
three-year period of 1961-1963 in 23 Pennsylvania Counties, there
were 428 cases in which films were read as pneumoconiosis,
silicotuberculosis, and generalized fibrosis. Of these, 111 of
the persons were between ages 25 and 54. These were investigated
further. Of the 111 persons studied, 43% were coal workers, 14SS
worked in brick and stone industries, and 9% in foundries. About
28% gave no history of occupational dust exposure. Thirty of the
48 coal workers came from one coal region county. The overall
rate of medical follow-up was 88*. In the dust exposed group,
about SOS of those followed were found to have
non-occupational diseases of the lungs. All nine women in the
study had no dust exposure. Neigher had the 11 cases that had
been read as "generalized fibrosis." On the basis of 31 confirmed
pneumoconiosis case reports, investigation for the source of dust
exposure was conducted in 20 various-sized establishments; 14 are
in current operation and are scheduled to be surveyed or to have
recommendations for proper corrective measures.**
16547 145
Teyssier, L. and R. Lesobre
THE PLEDRAL PLAQOES OF NONPROFESSIONAL ASBESTOSIS. ^ (PeS^a?JleS
refs.
Effects • Human Health
-------
Clinical descriptions of two cases of non-occupational
asbestosis are presented which are attributed to pollution of the
atmosphere in the neighborhood of asbestos processing plants.
The presence of so-called pleural plaques, which are readily
identified on the ordinary X-ray pictures when they are
calcified, should suggest asbestosis whenever none of the
conventionally accepted causes of this disease can be discovered.
An investigation designed to establish whether or not a patient
suffering from these plagues was in fact exposed to asbestos dust
in the past should include not only his occupational history, but
also his non-occupational environment. In some cases,
occupational and non-occupational exposures to asbestos dust have
taken place in succession. In addition to the two cases
described in detail, the tracing of the history of a patient who
was never occupationally exposed to the danger of pneumoconiosis,
but who had lived in his childhood in close proximity of an
asbestos processing plant is given. As no instances of non-
occupational asbestosis have been described in France, it was
thought useful to point out that it should be taken into
consideration in diagnosing certain pleural calcifications.
03306 146
J. G. Thomson
ASBESTOS AND THE TJKBAN DWELLER. Ann. N.Y.. Scad. Sci.
132, 196-21U, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the Biological
Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21,
1964.)
The extent of inhalation of asbestos fibers by urban dwellers
was investigated by counting asbestos bodies in smears from the
lung bases from 500 consecutive autopsies in subjects over the age
of 15 in Cape Town, South Africa, and 500 in Miami,
Florida. The results were similar in the two cities, and no
less than 30 per cent of the males and 20 per cent of the females
showed asbestos bodies. In 85 percent of the positive cases
the bodies were scanty, were not associated with pulmonary
changes, and were regarded as the result of contamination of the
urban atmosphere. In six per cent of all the males examined
the bodies were numerous and were presumably of occupational
origin. As a limited basal asbestosis may be associated with
malignant mesothelioma of pleura and peritoneum an increase
in this tumor is forecast as the main ground for regarding
asbestos as a potential urban hazard. While that view is
conjectural, the finding of abundant asbestos bodies in the
lung bases of 1 in 17 of the male hospital
population suggests that the occupational hazard from asbestos
is greater and more diversified than is at present realized.
The main object of this work is to draw attention to the effects
of a relatively new development, the widespread use of
asbestos in cities, and to stimulate the obtaining of comparable
figures from other parts of the world, to establish the
baselines of urban asbestos inhalation of today, and enable us to
detect increases in the future. (Author summary)t#
76 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
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09251 U7
J. G. Thomson, w. B. Graves
ASBESTOS AS BN URBAN AIH CONTAMINANT. Arch. Patho].,
81(5):H5R-(»6l*, Bay 1966. 5 refs.
That asbestos fibers are now a hazard of urban living is
confirmed in this study of 500 autopsies in Miami. Lung smears
were evaluated for the presence of golden-yellow asbestos bodies
on subjects aged 15 years and over, and the results compared with
a comparable study performed previously in Cape Town. The
overall positive findings in this study are remarkedly similar
to those in the previous study: 31.6 percent of the males
and 20, U percent of the females were positive, vith the peak
incidence of 36.4 percent in the 45-5U age group. None of the
subjects under 3i> were positive and in most, including all the
positive females, the asbestos bodies were scanty, and not
associated with any pulmonary changes. Asbestos bodies are
thought to result from breathing air contaminated with
asbestos. Sources for air-brone asbestos exposure are discussed,
and the conclusion is presented that both urban air contamination
and industrial exposure to asbestos are likely to increase in
the future, in view of the increasing consumption and diversity
of uses fo asbestos and asbestos-containg products and of its
virtual indestructibility.ft
03318 H8
M.L. Thomson, A.M. Pelzer, W. J. Smither
THB DISCRIMINANT VALUE OF PULMONAPY FUNCTION TESTS IN
ASBESTOSTS. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 121-36, Dec 31,
1965 (Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos
Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 196U.)
A clinical and pulmonary function field survey was made of 28
factory workers who had been exposed to asbestos dust for an
average of 1t years. In certifying 19 of these as having
asbestosis, the British Pneumoconiosis Board relied mainly
on radiological abnormality and the presence of dyspnea and
rales, in that order. Finger clubbing came next in
importance and cyanosis, productive cough and wheeze were of
relatively minor value. The power of 11 pulmonary function
indices to discriminate between the certified workers,
estimated by the 0/Omax test, was greatest for inspiratory
capacity, vital capacity, diffusing capacity for carbon
monoxide and compliance. These indices therefore supported the
Board's selection. The discriminant value was lower in
forced expiratory volume and pulumonary capillary blood volume
and poor in membrane diffusing capacity, air way conductance,
peak flow rate, and residual volume/total lung capacity.*f
Effects - Human Health 77
-------
149
01237 '^*
V. Timbrell
THE INHALATION OF TIBEOOS DDSTS. (SECTION V. HDHAN EXPOSUBE
TO ASBESTOS - DOST CONTROLS AND STANDARDS.) Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci.. Vol. 132, p. 255-273, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented
at the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York
City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
The largest compact particles normally found in lungs are about 10
microns in diameter. The presence of asbestos fibers 50 microns
and even 200 microns long can be explained by the fact that the
parameter of the two main deposition mechanisms is particle
free-falling speed, and for a fiber, this is predominantly
determined by the diameter and not the length. If the diameter of
an asbestos fiber is less than about 3.5 microns, the fiber stands
a chance of escaping deposition by these two mechanisms and of
penetrating deeply into the lung. The more symmetrical a fiber
is, the greater its chance of penetrating. The limitation on the
length of the fibers which reach the pulmonary air spaces is
imposed by the nasal hairs and by the snail diameters of the
respiratory bronchioles. Pathologists can expect to find that
places where respiratory bronchioles branch are preferred
deposition sites for long fibers. (Author summary)#t
03326 150
E. C. Vigliani, G. Hottnra, and P. flarazana.
ASSOCIATION OF PULMONARY TDHORS WITH ASBESTOSIS IN PIEDMONT AND
LOPIBARDT. Ann. Acad. Sci. 132, 558-74, Dec. 31, 1965
(Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference,
New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
In Piedmont and Lombardy, there are at present about 1,000
asbestos workers employed in mining, and in textile and asbestos
products factories. From 1943 to 1916, 879 cases of asbestosis
were certified in the above regions; 830 cases in Piedmont and 19
in Lombardy. Of these, 172 died and 707 are still alive. The
ultimate cause of death of the 172 subjects who died was in 15
cases carcinoma of the lunq and in three cases mesothelioma of the
pleura. One lung carcinoma and two pleural mesotheliomas were
found among the 707 libing subjects. The incidence of death from
thoracic malignancy among subjects with asbestosis has been
compared with that found among workers with silicosis. Among 172
fatal cases of asbestosis, 15 carcinomas of the lung and three
mesotheliomas of the pleura were found, that is 10.5 per cent of
all cases. Ho cases of mesothelioma and 25 cases of carcinoma of
the lung, that is 1.8 per cent, were found among 1,459 fatal cases
of silicosis. Carcinoma of the lung therefore accounts for
death in subjects with asbestosis five times more frequently than
in subjects with silicosis. The rate of death from carcinoma of
the lung and from mesothelioma has been studied in 24,700
nicropsies performed on people over 40 years of age in Turin,
Milan and Pa via. In Turin and Milan, carcinoma of the lung
accounts roughly for 4 per cent of the necropsies (5.3 per cent of
men and 1.8 per cent of women); this is half the rate found among
78 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
all subjects with asbestosis and one-fourth the rate among those
who came to post-mortem. Hesotheliomas, either pleural or
perironeai. were found in 76 out of a total of 2«,700 necropsies
(U.J per cent) of subjects over i»0 years of age. Three cases of
mesothelioma (all pleural) were found among the 172 fatal cases of
ascestosis. Altogether, six cases of mesothelioma of the pleura
occurred in people occupationally exposed to asbestos dust; three
of them had worked with crocidolite and amosite besides
chrysotile. Tn 10 cases of mesothelioma, not occupationally
exposed to asbestos dust, where a lung specimen was available for
study, no asbestos bodies were found.*f
03327 151
,1. C. Wagner.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIFFUSE MESOTHELTAL TUHOBS: EVIDENCE OF AN
ASSOCIATION FROM STUDIES IN SOUTH AFEICA AND THE UNITED
KTNGDOH. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 575-8, Dec. 31, 1965
(Presented at the Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference,
New York City, Oct. 19-21, 196U.)
Author presents case histories which support the theory of
environmental exposure (as well as occupational exposure) to
asbestos. Examination of individuals living in the vicinity of
asbestos mining areas were found to have mesothelioma tumors upon
biopsy examinations. The original investigations were
conducted in South Africa, later to be conducted among similar
situations in Great Britain. Although not confirmatory, it
seems that there is a correlation between environmental exposure to
asbestos ana the occurrence of mesothelioma tumors.#t
01476 152
J. C. Wagner
THE SEQUELAE OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS DUST. Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. Vol. 132: 691-695, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at the
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City,
Oct. 19-21, 196H.)
The sequelae of exposure to asbestos dust, include its inhalation,
deposition and the results of subsequent retention. Tn this
article, all these subjects are discussed and a number of the
controversial aspects clarified. Certain points of disagreement
remain and there are many important facets yet unsolved. However,
a number of these have been discussed and problems most urgently
requiring investigation defined. This paper summarizes some of
the salient features. (Author abstract)f*
01U77 153
J. C. Wagner, and J. W. Skidmore
ASBESTOS DUST DEPOSITION AND HETENTIOH IH RATS. Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci., Vol. 132:77-86, Dec. 31, 1965. (Presented at the
Effects-Human Health
-------
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City,
Oct. 19-21, 196 a.)
ft method of producing asbestos dust clouds has been devised and an
animal inhalation experiment carried out to test it. Observations
on the histoloqical distribution of the dusts in the lungs of the
rats have shown that the dusts tend to accumulate in the alveoli
arising directly from the respiratory bronchioles. The weights of
the asbestos dusts found in the lungs of the rats at the end of
exposure were found to differ considerably, but, the subsequently
determined elimination rates indicated that the weights of dust
deposited were in a constant ratio with the weights of dust
collected by the size-selective sampler. To deposit an equal
amount of a nonfibrous dust, allowance must be made for the
reduced efficiency of the upper respiratory tract in preventing the
penetration of the compact dust particles to the alveolar regions.
The elimination rate of Rhodesian chrysotile has been found to be
three times greater than that of the amosite and crocidolite,
which suggests an explanation for the previously observed reduced
fibrogenicity of this dust. The reason for the difference in the
elimination rate remains to be determined. (Author summary)##
03331 154
I. Webster.
MESOTHELTOMATOTJS TUMORS IN SOOTH AFRICA: PATHOLOGY ANT)
EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 623-1(6,
Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the Biological Effects of
Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 196!).)
Although the association of peripheral tumors of the respiratory
tract appears to be related to the inhalation of asbestos,
particularly crocidolite, there are sufficient points against this
to suggest that the situation is reviewed continually and that
other possible factors cannot yet be excluded. Although the
exact classification of these peripherl tumors is difficult, this
does not detract from the high incidence of such tumors in certain
areas of South Africa where asbestos is mined, milled or
processed.f#
09964 155
Zolov, C., T. Bourilkov, and L. Babadjov
PLEUPAL ASBESTOSIS IN AGRICULTURAL WORKERS. Environ. Res.,
1 (3):287-292, Nov. 1967. 10 refs.
Of 3,325 persons examined fluoroscopically in the ivren region of
Southern Bulgaria, 155 (4.975) exhibited pleural asbestosis. All
persons lived within 10 km. of an asbestos mine, but only 23 (all
males) of the 155 cases worked with asbestos and the remainder (86
males, 46 females) had no occupational contact with asbestos. The
majorit (71.61) were agricultural workers over 50 years of age.
No occupationally exposed cases were found in persons over 60; this
age spectrum is explained by the fact that asbestos production was
30 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
begun in 19U2. agricultural work consisted mainly of tobacco
growing on rocky soil and on -many of the farms the stones in the
tobacco fields showed obvious fibrous structure due to asbestos
content. Thus, those persons not exposed to asbestos at the mine
are considered to have been exposed to asbestos during farming.
Effects - Human Health 81
-------
BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
03320 156
H. S. Badollet W. 4. Gantt
PREPARATION OF ASBESTOS FIBERS FOR EXPERIMENTAL USE. Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 451-5, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City,
Oct. 19-21, 1964.)
A,method has been described for convenient preparation of asbestos
fibers in lengths suitable for biological experimentation. This
was accomplished by grinding asbestos in water in a Waring
Blendor.*#
03300 157
P. Gaze
THE PHYSICAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF ASBESTOS. Ann.
N.Y. Acad. Sci. (Presented at the Biological Effects of
Asbestos Conference, New York City, Oct. 19-21, 1964.) 132,
23-30, Dec. 31, 1965
Author confines the review to discussing varieties of asbestos
that are used in industry and commerce. In general these types
of fibers have appreciable tensile strength, strong
enough to be handled on machinery that have been used for
processing animal and vegetable fibers into textiles, paper and
related items. Article is predominately concerned with
chrysolite, amosite and crocidolite - anthophyllite, tremolite
and actinolite are mentioned only briefly.tl
03299 158
N. H. Hendry.
THE GEOLOGY, OCCURRENCES, AND MAJOR OSES OF ASBESTOS. Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sc. 132, 12-22, Dec. 31, 1965 (Presented at the
Biological Effects of Asbestos Conference, New York City,
Oct. 19-20, 196«.)
Author discusses the relative predominance of asbestos
(chrysotile) in North America, Africa, South America and
Oceania (Autralia and New Zealand). The physical properties
of asbestos, the world production by countries, and the major uses
of asbestos are delinated.*f
83
-------
15082 159
REINFORCEMENTS: NEW GLASSES, FIBFBS DEVELOPED. Mater. Eng.,
67(2) : 40-41, Feb. 1968.
NOW fibers and reinforcements for use in structural applications
are discussed. Boron nitride fibers possess high electrical
resistivity, good thermal conductivity, high resistance to self-
abrasion and wear, and have high tensile strengths. These
fibers, however, are expensive, some are sensitive to water,
and others ar& available only as powders or in limited shapes.
Potential applications include ablation shields, space suits,
re-entry parachutes, industrial dust collector bags, and
high-temperature electrical insulation. A new commercial S-glass
is being tested which has a low density, high modulus and
strength, and is close to conventional E-glass in price.
Whiskers have high tensile strengths and moduli but are
exceedingly expensive. High modulus graphite fibers possess a
low density, high strength and stiffness, and great resistance
to chemical and radiation damage.- Potential use is in reinforced
epoxy resins and the aircraft industry. Asbestos reinforced
plastics have the same increased mechanical properties as the
glass fiber and offer low cost. An asbestos-filled nylon is
said to be the first non-glass fiber reinforced material that
achieves the degree of reinforcement of short glass fiber
materials. It allows better bonding, no dilution, and low cost.
note-ntial applications include under-the-hood uses in automobiles,
boats, bake ovens, and in the electrical and electronic
industries. TFE-fluorocarbons filled with molding grade acetals
have the advantages of increased toughness, dimensional stability,
increased friction resistance. Their disadvantage is that
acetal's stiffness and strength are reduced when blended with
virgin acetal to get lower cost material. One use of the
material is in the electric knife.
138U2 160
nyehara, 0. A. and K. H. Watson
OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE. Tnd. Eng. Chem., 35(88):541-545,
May 1943. 7 refs.
The data of Lewis and Bies on the oxidation of sulfur dioxide
in a flow system over a platinized asbestos catalyst were used
to evaluate two complete rate equations: one which assumes
that the rate-controlling step is a surface reaction between
activation-absorbed sulfur dioxide and atomic oxygen, and
an alternate form which implies no adsorption of sulfur
dioxide. The first equation was found to give slightly better
correlation with the experimental data and to represent it as
accurately as the empirical equation developed by Lewis and
Ries. However, it could not be determined whether the
adsorption equilibrium constants and the overall temperature
coefficient terms evaluated are roughly applicable to other
platinum catalysts for this reaction.
84 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
n
Addingley, C. G. *8, *9
Addington, W. W. *61
Adler, H. 51
Alcocer, A. E. 3
Anralraj, R. V. 24
Anjilvel, L. *30
Anspach, M. 84
Ashcroft, T. *31
Ayer, H. E. *10, 18, *32
B
Babadjov, L. 155
Bader, M. E. *33, 130
Bader, R. A. 33, 130
Badollet, M. S. *156
Battigelli, M. C. *34
Berkley, C. *35
Berliner, S. W. 109
Blackwell, R. 139
Blesovsky, A. *36
Bobyleva, A. T. *37
Bohlig, H. *38, *39, *40
Borow, M. *41
Bourilkov, T. 155
Bowles, 0. *1
Buchanan, W. D. *42
Bukhantseva, R. M. 37
Bunimovich, G. I. 97
C
CapIan, A. *43
Caplin, M. 87
Cappa, A. P. M. 52
Cauna, D. *44
Churg, J. 35, *45, 69, 130,
131, 132, 141
Conston, A. 41
Cook, G. W. 110
Cooper, W. C. *46
Crable, J. V. *11, *12
Cralley, L. J. *47
Cuthbert, J. *48, 63
Davidson, J. K. 104
Davis, J. M. G. *49, *50
Demy, N. G. *51
DeTreville, R. T. P. 65, 66
Doll, R. S. 94
Donna, A. *52
Dorinovskaya, A. P. 96
Draftz, R. 19
Dunn, J. E., Jr. *53
E
Edwards, G. H. 13
85
-------
Elmes, P. C. *54, *55
Elsasser, R. E. 137
Enterline, P. E. *56, *57
F
Fanney, J. H. 10
Feldstein, M. L. *3
Fitschen, W. 59
Freundlich, I. M. *60
G
Gadomski, S. T. 29
Gaensler, E. A. *61
Gantt, W. A. 156
Gaze, R. 157
Gerasimenko, A. A. 97
Gilson, J. C. 43, *62
Godwin, M. C. 85
Gold, C. *63
Gough, J. *64
Graves, W. H. 147
Greening, R. R. 60
Gross, P. 44, *65, *66, *67
Gulevskaya, M. R. 98
H
Hagerstrand, I. *68
Haller, M. N. 65, 66
Hammond, E. C. *69, 130, 131,
132, 133
Hardy, H. L. 70
Harington, J. S. *71, *72, *73,
103, 116
Heimann, H. *75
Hendry, N. W. *158, *159
Hill, I. D. 94
Hills, D. W. *23
Hinson, K. F. W. 43
Holmes, S. *14
Holt, P. F. *76, *77
Hourihane, D. O'B. *78, *79
Hubert, D. D. 137
Hueper, W. C. *80, *81, *82
Hunt, R. *83
J
Jacob, G. *84
Jagatic, J. *85
K
Keane, W. T. *86
Keenan, R. G. 47
Kendall, B. *87
Kendrick, M. A. 57
Kennedy, M. C. S. *88
Kesting, A. M. *4, *15
Khan, A. A. *24
Khukrin, E. V. *16
Kiviluoto, R. *89
Kleinfeld, M. *90, *91,
*92, *93
Khott, M. J. 12
Knox, J. F. *94
Kogan, F. M. *25, *95, *96,
*97, *98
Kooyman, 0. 91, 92, 93
L
Laaman, A. *5
86
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Lainhart, W. s. 47
Lesobre, R. 145
Lessof, L. 79
Lieben, J. *99, 144
Lindberg, W. *100
Livomese, L. L. 41
Lobova, T. T. *17
Lovtsova, S. E. 37
Lucas, G. *101
Lynch, J. R. 10, 13, *18,
32, 47
M
McCaughey, W. T'. E. 54
Macnab, G. *103
McCrone, W. C. *19
McFee, D. R. *102
MacPherson, P. *104
McVittie . J. c. 43, *105
Mader, P. P. *6
Marazana, P. 151
Marchisio, M. A. 120
Marr, W. T. *106
Mastromatteo, E. *107
Messite, J. 91, 92, 93
Meurman, L. 68
Mikov, M. I. 108
Miller, E. 139
Miller, L. *109, 137
Mills, E. S. 6
Mills, J. 76, 77
Moolten, S. 45
Moore, H. 3
Morris, T. G. *110
Mottura, G. 150
N
Nagelschmidt, G. *111, *112
Nakamura, I. *113
Newhouse, M. L. *114, *115
Noro, L. 5
Nutt, A, *116
0
Odlund, B. 68
0'Sullivan, D. A. 2
Owen, W. G. *117
P
Payne, W. W. *118
Peacock, A. 119
Peacock, P. R. *119
Pelzer, A. M. 148
Pernis, B. *120, *121
Pitman, A. L. *29
Polliack, A. *122
Potter, B. 3
R
Ramachandran, S. 24
Raunio, V. 5, *123
Richardson, P. C. 79
Roach, S. A. *20
Roberts, G. II. *124
Roberts, W. H. 110
Roe, F. J. C. 72
Rosen, S. H. 45
Author Index
•87
-------
Routledge, R. 88
Royall, H. J. *125
Rubnitz, M. E. 85
s
Sacks, M. I. 122
Sadilova, M. S. 37
Sano, T. *126
Sarfaty, J. 91
Schalet, N. 41
Schall, E. L. 127
Selikoff, I. J. 33, 35, 69,
121, *128, *129, *130,
*131, *132, *133
Shiels, D. 0. *27
Silverton, R. E. 110
Simon, H. *28
Skidmore, J. W. 110, 153
Sluis-Cremer, G. K.
*134, *135
Smith, K. W. *136
Smith, M. 73
Smith, W. E. 35, 109, *104
*137
Smither, W. J. *138, 148
Stanton, M. F. *139
Stokinger, H. E. *140
Suzuki, Y. *141
Szymczykiewicz, K. *21
*142
Theron, C. PI. 135
Thompson, H. 114, 115
Thomson, J. G. *146, *147
Thomson, M. L. *148
Thurlbeck, W. M. 30
Tierstein, A. S. 33
Timbrell, V. *149
Tolker, B. 67
Totten, R. S. 44
Troitskii, S. Y. 25, 98
Tye, R. 102
y
Uyehara, 0. A. *160
V
Vigliani, E. C. 120, 121, *1SO
W
Wade, 0. L. 54, 55
Wagner, J. C. 43, 110,*151, *152
*153
Walter, E. *7
Watson, K. M. 160
Webster, I. 59, *154
Weir, J. M. 53
Weiskopf, R. W. 85
Wickert, K. *22
Wiecek, E. 21
¥
Young, D. K. 7b, 77
Tabershaw, I. R. *143
Tanaka, S. *144
Teyssier, L. *145
Zaki, M. H. 93
Zanardi, S. 120
Zavon, M. R. 86
Zolov, C. *155
88
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
TITLE INDEX
Adsorption of Proteins on
Dusts Related to the
Pneumoconioses: Selecti-
vity 102
Adsorption of Sulfur
Dioxide by Platinised
Asbestos 27
Air Pollution 2
Air Pollution in Norway.
II. Public Health Aspects
of Air Pollution 100
Application of Theory of
Filtration on a Specific
Quality of Asbestosis 24
Asbestos 128
Asbestos Bodies in Human
Lungs at Autopsy 44
Asbestos Bodies in the
Lungs and Mesothelioma.
A Retrospective Examination
of a Ten Year Autopsy
Material 68
Asbestos Bodies in Lungs
at Necropsy 124
Asbestos Bodies in Routine
Necropsies on Tyneside:
A Pathological and Social
Study 31
Asbestos Dust Deposition
and Retention in Rats
153
Asbestos-Dust Exposure at
Various Levels and Mortality
57
Asbestos Dust and Lung
Cancer 95
Asbestos Dust and Its Measure-
ment 8
Asbestos as an Environmental
Hazard 143
Asbestos Exposure During Naval
Vessel Overhaul 106
Asbestos of Ferruginous
Bodies 61
Asbestos - A Hazard to the
Community 63
Asbestos as a Hazard to Health
46
Asbestos - Induced Tumors in
White Leghorn Fowls 119
Asbestos - A Materials
Survey 1
Asbestos Related Disease 70
Asbestos as an Urban Air
Contaminant 147
Asbestos and the Urban Dweller
146
Asbestos Versus Nonasbestos
Fibers 65
Asbestosis and Associated
Medical Problems 60
Asbestosis in Employees of
the 'Korlace' Asbestos
Mining and Separating Works
108
Asbestosis in Great Britain
105
Asbestosis and Malignancy 51
Asbestosis and Neoplasia 130
Asbestosis and Primary
Intrathoracic Neoplasms 42
Asbestosis in South Africa -
Certain Geographical and
Environmental Considerations
134
-------
Association of Pulmonary
Tumors With Asbestosis in
Piedmont and Lonibardt 150
Biopsy Series of Mesotheliomata,
and Attempts to Identify
Asbestos Within Some of the
Tumors 78
Carcinogenic Effect of Asbestos
Dust 98
Chemical Studies of Asbestos 71
Clinical and Pathological
Studies of Pulmonary Asbestosis
113
Cohort Analysis of Changes in
Incidence of Bronchial
Carcinoma in a Tixtile
Asbestos Factory 94
Collection and Analysis of
Inorganic Dust Downwind
of Source Effluents 3
Community Chest X-Ray for
Pneumoconiosis Prevention
144
Comnunity Hazards of Asbestos 48
Comparison of Dust Retention
in Specific Pathogen Free
and Standard Rats 110
Comparison of Impinger and
Membrane Filter Techniques
for Evaluating Air Samples
in Asbestos Plants 10
Contaminant Control in Space
Cabins: Approach and Re-
sults 6
Correlation Between Lung As-
bestos Count at Necropsy and
Radiological Appearances 104
Detection and Localization of
Mineral Fibers in Tissue 35
Developments in Dust Sampling
and Counting Techniques in
the Asbestos Industry 14
Differential Diagnosis in the
Pathology of Asbestosis 64
Diffuse Mesothelioma of the
Pleura and Asbestos 54
Discriminant Value of Pulmonary
Function Tests in Asbesto-
sis 148
Dust Concentration in Resi-
dential Districts of Asbest
City and its Effect on the
Children's Health 37
Dust Measurement and Monitoring
in the Asbestos Industry 9
Dust Measurement in Plants
With Asbestos Processing
Machinery 4, 15
Dust Particles in Lung Sections
(Some Notes on Methods of
Their Visualization) 67
E
Early Effects of Chrysotile
Asbestos Dust on the Rat
Lung 76
Economics of Dust Control 23
Effect of Asbestos Dust In-
halation on Lung Function
91
Effect of Asbestos and
Serpentine Dust on
Pulmonary Tissue Culture
96
Effects of Chrysotile
Asbestos Dust on Lung
Macrophages Maintained
in Organ Culture 49
Electron-Microscope Studies
of Asbestosis in Man and
Animals 50
Environmental and Occupational
Cancer Hazards. Part I
of Symposium: Chemical
Carcinogenesis 80
Epidemiology of Diffuse
Mesothelial Tumors:
Evidence of an Association
From Studies in South
Africa and the Ifriited
Kingdom 151
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Epidemiology of Mssothelial
Tumors in the London Area
114
Evaluation and Assessment
of Dust Measurements in
Asbestos Plants of the
Textile Industry 7
Evaluation of the Usefulness
of Membrane and Fiber
Filters for Determining
the Concentration of In-
dustrial Dust With
Different Particle Shape
21
Hemolytic Activity of Asbestos
and Other Mineral Dusts 103
Histological Characteristics
of Mesothelioma Associated
With Asbestos 45
Hyaline and Calcified Pleural
Plaques as an Index of
Exposure to Asbestos 79
Hygienic Assessment of
Measures for Dust Control
at Asbestos Dressing
Factories 25
Experimental Asbestosis With
Four Types of Fibers:
Importance of Small Parti-
cles 77
Experimental Contribution to
the Study of Pneumoconiosis
by Asbestos 52
Experimental Model Systems
of Pneumoconiosis. I. The
Effect of Dusts on Sub-
cutaneous Sponge Implants
in the Rat 59
Experimental Pulmonary
Carcinogenesis With Asbestos
139
Exposure to Asbestos and
Malignancy 58
Folded Lung After Asbestos
Exposure 36
Functional Lesions in
Pneumoconiosis 34
Geology, Occurrences, and
Major Uses of Asbestos
158
H
Health Hazards of Asbestos 74
Health of the Public and
Asbestos Usage 125
Importance of Thinking Small
19
Incidence of Asbestos Bodies
in the Lung at Random
Necropsies in Montreal 30
Inhalation of Fibrous Dusts.
(Section V. Human Exposure
to Asbestos: Dust Controls
and Standards) 149
Investigation of a Minor
Asbestos Hazard 88
M
Malignancies in Asbestos
Workers 99
Measurement of Airborne
Asbestos Dust by In-
struments Measuring
Different Parameters
20
Measurement of Dust Exposures
in the Asbestos Textile
Industry 18
Meaenteric Test as a Method
of Evaluation of Harmful
Effects of Industrial Dust
142
Mesothelial Tumors and Ex-
posure to Asbestos Dust
117
Mesothelioma and Its As-
sociation With Asbestosis
41
Title Index
91
-------
Mesothelioma of Pleura and
Peritoneum Following Ex-
posure to Asbestos in the
London Area 115
Mesotheliomatous Tumors in
South Africa: Pathology
and Experimental Pathology
154
Method Used by the U. S.
Public Health Service for
Enumeration of Asbestos
Dust on Membrane Filters
13
Methodologic Explorations in
Experimental Respiratory
Carcinogenesis 81
Modem Approach to Air Dustiness
in Workshops 16
Mortality Among Asbestos
Products Workers in the
United States 56
Occupational Hazards of
Pipe Insulators 86
Occupational and Nonoccupational
Exposures to Asbestos. IV.
Human Exposure to Asbestos 82
Occurrence of Asbestosis Among
Insulation Workers in the
United States 131
Occurrence of Certain Im-
munobiological Changes in
Asbestosis 97
Occurrence of Pleural
Calcification Among Asbestos
Insulation Workers 129
Occurrence of Unusual Pleural
Calcification in Finland
123
Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide
160
Mortality Among Talc Miners
and Millers in New York
State 93
Mortality Experience in a
Group of Asbestos Workers 92
Motes and Fibers in the Air of
Asbestos Processing Plants
and Hygienic Criteria for
Airborne Asbestos 32
N
Neoplasia Among Insulation
Workers in the United States
With Special Reference to
Intra-Abdominal Neoplasia 69
Observations on Atmospheric
Air Pollution Caused by
Asbestos 5
Observations on the Effects
of Asbestosis on Cells
in Vitro 120
Occupational and Environmental
Danger Through Asbestos 38
Occupational Factors in
Carcinogenesis 118
Pathological Symptoms Due
to Inhalation of Asbestos
Dust 39
Pathology and Pathogenesis
of Pneumoconiosis 126
Physical and Molecular
Structure of Asbestos
157
Pleural Asbestosis in
Agricultural Workers
155
Pleural Calcification 87
Pleural Calcification as a
Sign of Silicatosis 90
Pleural Plaques and Asbestos:
Further Observations on
Endemic and Other Non-
occupational Asbestosis 89
Pleural Plaques of Nonpuofession-
al Asbestosis 145
Preliminary Study of Observer
Variation in the Classifi-
cation of Radiographs of
Asbestos-Exposed Workers and
the Relation of Pathological
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Correlations in Asbestosis
in the Republic of South
Africa and the United
Kingdom) 34
Preparation of Asbestos Fiber
for Experimental Use 156
Present Threshold Limit Value
in the U.S.A. for Asbestos
Dust: A Critique 127
Prevalence of Asbestos Bodies
in Basal Lung Smears 122
Problems and Perspectives: The
Changing Hazards of Exposure
to Asbestos 62
Process Flow Sheets and Air
Pollution Controls 26
Proposed Radiological Classi-
fication of Asbestosis
Part I of Radiological and
Pathological Correlations
in Asbestosis in the
Republic of South Africa
and the United Kingdom 135
Prospective Study of Mortality
of Several Occupational
Groups 53
Pulmonary Ferruginous Bodies
in City Dwellers 66
Pulmonary Function in Asbestosis:
Serial Tests in a Long-Term
Prospective Study 33
Pulmonary Neoplasis Among
Dresden Asbestos Workers
84
Q
Quantitative Determination of
Chrysotile, Amosite and
Crocidolite by X-Ray
Diffraction 11
Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction
Analysis of Crocidolite and
Amosite in Bulk or Settled
Dust Samples 12
Radiological Classification of
Pulmonary Asbestosis 40
Reaction of Reduced Glutathione
With Quartz Power and With
Associated Iron and Copper
116
Recent Occupational Health
Experiences in Ontario 107
Reinforcements: New Glasses,
Fibers Developed 159
Relation Between Exposure to
Asbestos and Mesothelioma
132
Relationship Between Exposure
to Asbestos and Pleural
Malignancy in Belfast 55
Rheumatoid Factor in Serum
of Individuals Exposed to
Asbestos 121
Routine Lung Function Studies
on 830 Employees in an
Asbestos Processing
Factory 83
Secular Changes in Asbestosis
in an Asbestos Factory 138
Sequelae of Exposure to
Asbestos Dust 152
Some Observations of the Dust
Content and Composition
in Lungs With Asbestosis,
Made During Work on Coal
Miners Pneumoconiosis 111
Source and Identification of
Respirable Fibers 47
Spectre of Today's Environmental
Pollution--U. S. A. Brand:
New Perspective From an Old
Scout 140
Status of Air Pollution Health
Research, 1966 75
Structure and Development of
the Asbestos Body 141
Studies of Carcinogenesis of
Asbestosis Fibers and Their
Natural Oils 72
Studies of Hydrocarbons on
Mineral Dusts: The Elution
Title Index
-------
of 3:4 Benzpyrene and Oils
From Asbestos and Coal Dusts
by Serum 73
Study of Lung Dust in Pneumo-
coniosis 112
Study of the Particle Size
Distribution of Dust by the
Microscopy Method 17
Sulfate Cycle for Carbon
Dioxide Removal and Oxygen
Generation 29
SO, Determination in Dust-
Laden and Dust-Free Combustion
Gases 22
Tabular Data Analysis of
the Evidence Suggesting
General Community Asbestos
Air Pollution 133
Tests for Carcinogenicity
of Asbestos 137
Tests for Effect of Asbestos
on Benzo(a)pyrene Carcinogenesis
in the Respiratory Tract 109
Tissue Response to Intra-
Peritoneal Asbestos With
Preliminary Report of Acute
Toxicity of Asbestos in
Mice 85
Trends in the Health of the
Asbestos Worker 136
Value of Respiratory Function
Tests in Pneumoconiosis.
Technical and Physiopatho-
logical Aspects 101
94 ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Adsorption 27, 102
Adult Patients 30
Agricultural Workers
155
Amosite 12, 65, 71, 73,
77, 111, 125, 134, 143,
157
Analytical Method 22
Anthophylite 77, 125
Asbestos Bodies 31, 44, 54,
58, 61, 67, 78, 122, 124,
125, 130, 141
Asbestos Cancers 82
Asbestos Carcinogenesis
71
Asbestos Count, Lung 104
Asbestos Diaphragms 29
Asbestos Dressing Factories
25
Asbestos Dust 8, 13, 20, 37,
38, 57, 65, 96, 116, 117,
120, 127, 148, 152, 153,
154
Asbestos Dust, Literature
Review 39
Asbestos Dust Measurement
7
Asbestos, Exposure 36, 37,
45, 48, 52, 62, 63, 70,
74, 79, 88, 90, 106, 115
Asbestos Fibers 12, 35, 85,
95, 146, 147, 149, 156
Asbestos Fibers, Indian 24
Asbestos Fibers, Inhalation
58
Asbestos Industry 9, 14, 48
Asbestos Insulation Workers
91, 92, 121, 129, 131, 132
Asbestos Mining 5, 108, 134,
151
Asbestos Oil 71
Asbestos Plants 7, 10, 15, 37,
134
Asbestos, Platinised 27,
160
Asbestos Pneumoconiosis 61
Asbestos Processing 4, 15,
32, 83
Asbestos Products Industries
57
Asbestos, Related Disease
70
Asbestos Ribbons 6
Asbestos Separating Works
108
Asbestos, Textile Industry
4, 7, 18, 23, 56, 94, 99
Asbestos Workers 32, 33, 43,
53, 56, 60, 84, 92, 93, 108,
136, 148
Asbestosis 25, 33, 38, 39, 41,
42, 43, 46, 50, 51, 61, 63, 64,
72, 77, 78, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88,
95, 97, 99, 105, 106, 108, 113,
116, 128, 131, 138, 150
See also: Pneumoconiosis
Asbestosis, Endemic 89
Asbestosis, Experimental
77
-------
Asbestosis, Non Occupational
89, 145
Asbestosis, Pleural 155
Asbestosis, Pulmonary
40, 113
Asbestotic Pulmonary Fibrosis
65
Atmospheric Dusts 30
Autopsies 35, 39, 44, 46,
47, 68, 122, 126, 146,
147
B
Baghous Filters 28
Basal Lung Smears 122
Benzo(a)pyrene 109
Benzopyrene 73
Bioassay Methods 81
Biological Effects 136
Biological Experimentation
156
Bronchial Carcinoma 58,
94
Bronchiogenic Carcinoma
60
Cancer 2, 92, 118, 128
Cancer, Lung 42, 47, 53,
65, 72, 84, 95, 98, 143
Carcinogenesis, Pulmonary
139
Carcinogenesis, Studies 72
Carcinogenic Agents 80
Carcinogenic Oils 48
Carcinogenic Response, Lung
139
Carcinogenic Substances
39, 46
Carcinogenic!ty, Tests 137
Carcinogens 35, 118
Carcinogens, Respiratory 81
Carcinoma 42, 87, 99, 109
Cells 120
Children 37, 125
Chronic Bronchitis 38
Chrysotile 49, 52, 58, 65,
66, 73, 76, 109, 125, 141,
157, 158
City Dwellers 66
Coal Miners 111, 112
Combustion Gases 22
Community Hazards 48
Community, Non-Industrial
79
Costs, Control 2
Crocidolite 12, 58, 59, 71,
73, 77, 111, 125, 134,
154, 157
D
Dark-Field Illumination 67
Dust Concentrations 4, 15
Dust Exposure 18
Dust, Mica 3
Dust Retention 110
Dusts, Biological Activity
142
Dusts, Fibrous 149
Dust, Industrial 142
E
Economics 23
Effects, In Vitro 120
Electron-Microscope Studies
48, 50
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Environmental Exposure
93, 130, 151
Epidemiology 18, 72, 79
114, 133, 151
Intrathoracic Neoplasms 42
Konimeter Measurements 7
Fibers 35, 65
Fibroblasts 120
Fibrosis 52, 85, 111
Fibrotic Lesions 76
Fibrous Bodies 47
Filters
Membrane Filter AUFS
(Czech)
Membrane Filter AF-400
(German)
Syntetic Microfiber Filter
PC-8 (Czech) 21
Fowls 119
H
Health Hazards 140
Hemolytic Activity 103
High Volume Samplers 3
Hydrocarbons 73, 118
Hygienic Criteria 32
I
Immunobiological Changes 97
Impinger Sampling 10
Industrial Exposure 107
See also: Occupational
Exposure
Industrial Processes 2, 26
Inhalation 149
Inhalation Experiment 153
Instrumentation 14
Insulation Workers 69
Literature Study (Norway)
100
Lung Dust 113
Lung, Folded 36
Lung Function 83, 91
Eung Tissue 67
Lungs 30, 31, 44, 47, 49, 50,
54, 58, 76, 77, 111, 124, 141
M
Malignancy 46, 51, 58, 61,
92, 93, 99
Materials Survey 1
Maximum Permissible Con-
centration 16
Membrane Filters 8, 13, 21
Mesenteric Test 142
Mesothelial Tumors 41, 51-, 55,
74, 114, 151
Mesothelioma 31, 39, 41, 45,
48, 54, 58, 65, 68, 78, 87,
115, 132, 134, 143
Mesothelioraatous Tumors 155
Micron-Size Particulates,
Identification 19
Microscopy Method 17
Mineral Fibers 35
Morbidity 37, 38
Mortality 38, 53, 56, 57,
69, 85, 92, 93, 95, 98,
128, 132
Motes and Fibers 32
Subject Index
97
-------
Necropsies 30, 31, 54,
104, 115, 124
Neoplasia 61, 69, 130
Occupational Cancer Hazards
80
Occupational Exposure 38, 51,
53, 54, 69, 90, 99, 107,
113, 118, 128
See also: Industrial Ex-
posure
Occupational Hazards 86
Oxidation 161
Oxidizing Glutathione 116
Particle Size Distribution
17
Pathological Symptoms 39
Peripheral Tumors 154
Pipe Insulators 86
Pleural Calcification 87,
90, 123, 129
Pleural Malignancy 55
Pleura! Mesotheliomas 137
Pleural Plaques 89, 145
Pleural Plaques, Calcified
79
Pneumoconiosis 34, 52, 59,
101, 102, 111, 112, 126
See also: Asbestosis
Pneumoconiosis, Literature
Review 34
Pneumoconiosis Prevention
144
Processing Stages 4
Proteins 102
Prussian Blue Reaction 67
Pulmonary Changes 88
Pulmonary Fibrosis 63, 65
Pulmonary Function 33, 148
Pulmonary Neoplasis 84
Pulmonary Tissue 96
Pulmonary Tumors 51, ISO
R
Radiographic Findings 104
Radiological Classification
40, 43, 135
Radiological Studies 60
Respiratory Function Tests
101
Respiratory Tract 32, 109,
154
Rheumatoid Factors 121
Royco Particle Counter 9
Sampler, MSA Electrostatic
21
Samplers, 20
Sequelae of Exposure 152
Serum 73
Ship Overhaul 106
Silica 59
Silicates 90
Space Cabins 6
Sulfur Dioxide 27, 160
Sulfur Trioxide (S03) 22
T
Textile Industry 7, 15
ASBESTOS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Threshold Limit Value n
127 '
Tissues 35, 85
Toxicity, Acute 85
Toxicologic Evaluation 140
Tumors 70, 74, 78, 119,
125, 132
u
Urban Areas 130
Urban Dwellers 66, 146
Urban Living, Hazards 147
Urban and Rural Population
125
X
X-Ray Diffraction 11, 12
Subject litdex "
-------
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX
United States (States, Cities]
Florida
Miami 141
New York State 92, 93
Pennsylvania 144
Foreign (Countries, Cities]
Bulgaria 155
Canada 95
Montreal 30
Ontario 107
England 23, 43, 105, 117,
151
Glasgow 63, 124
.London 114, 115, 138
Tynside 31
Finland 5, 123
Germany
Dresden 84
Ireland
Belfast 55
Israel 122
Italy 150
Japan 113, 126
Norway 100
South Africa 43, 135, 151,
154
Capetown 128
Sweden
Malmo 68
U.S.S.R. 25, 37
Sverdlovsk 98
Yugoslavia 108
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