BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Office of Technical Information and Publications
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Air Pollution Control Office
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
February 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, TT.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 40 cents
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The AP series of reports is issued by the Air Pollution Control Office
to report the results of scientific and engineering studies, and informa-
tion of general interest in the field of air pollution. Information
reported in this series includes coverage of APCO intramural activities
and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction with state and local
agencies, research institutes, and industrial organizations. Copies of
AP reports are available free of charge to APCO staff members,
current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as
supplies permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publica-
tions, Air Pollution Control Office, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
Air Pollution Control Office Publication AP-83
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Emission Sources . . . . . . .3
Atmospheric Interaction 9
Measurement Methods ... 15
Control Methods 29
Effects - Human Health 35
Effects - Plants and Livestock ... .53
Standards and Criteria ..... . . .55
Basic Science and Technology .59
AUTHOR INDEX 63
TITLE INDEX 67
SUBJECT INDEX 71
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX .75
United States (States, Cities) 75
Foreign (Countries, Cities) 75
iii
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BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
This bibliography contains 107 abstracts of documents and articles
on beryllium. These abstracts are numbered sequentially on their
upper right corner. The number on the upper left corner is the APTIC
accession number.
An author index, a title index, a subject index, and a geographical
location index follow the abstracts. The author index lists all authors
individually. The first author is indicated by an asterisk (*). The
indexes refer to the abstracts by the number on their upper right
corner.
All documents abstracted herein are currently pn file at the Air
Pollution Technical Information Center, Air Pollution Control Office,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709. Readers outside the Air Pollution Control
Office (APCO) may seek duplicates of documents directly from
libraries, publishers, or authors.
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EMISSION SOURCES
04212
S. Abe
THE PRESENT STATUS OF AIH POLLUTION. Clean Air Heat
Management (Tokyo) 15, (7-8) 7-18, Aug. 1966. Jap.
The present status of air pollution in Japan is given naming the
kinds o± contaminants and their origin, factors affecting
contamination density, and various types of smog. The types of
contaminants are: 1) minute particles (less than 1 micron in size)
such as found in soot, carbon, ashes, dust; 2) coarse particles
(greater than 1 micron in size), as found in dust, ashes, and
minerals; 3) reactive substances found in mist, fog, and vapor
such as S02, 503, H2S, C02, CO, N02, N203, 03,
aldehydes, HC1, NH3, HF, Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Be and 3,
U-benzpyrene. The contaminants originate from factories, chemical
plants, power stations, domestic heating, public baths, hotels,
laundries, dry cleaning establishments, hospitals, schools, and
public buildings. Also discussed are the human factors affecting
air pollution such as public awareness and interest, seasonal,
weekly, and daily changes in heating and cooking. Meteorological
aspects are covered such as wind direction and velocity, turbu-
lence, temperature, rain and snow. The types of smog found in New
York, London, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, and Yokkaichi are
described. Graphs and tables list symptoms and diseases affecting
plants and humans and give the density of dust particles and
S02 in the main cities of Japan. Data on the sulfur content
of various oils produced by Japanese refineries and on the number
of Japanese automobiles produced is included for information on
emission sources of pollutants.##
00081 '•
R.T. arnest
ATMOSPHERE CONTROL IN CLOSED SPACE ENVIRONMENT (SUBMARINE) .
Naval Medical Research Lab., New London, Conn., Bureau
of Medicine and Surgery, (Rept. No. 367.) Dec. 14, 1961. 39
pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 270896
The purpose of this work was to make a general summary of the
toxicological problems associated with the closed space environment
of submarines and to review the current state of development of
tools for measuring and removing the problem substances involved.
More than twenty-five atmospheric contaminants are listed, their
sources, and their maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) are
given, as well as the symptoms they cause, the long-term effects;
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tools for measuring the amounts of contaminants present are
described and methods of removal indicated, in so far as known.**
03110 J
J. L. Blumenthal H. J. Santy
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF BERYLLIUM METAL
IN SIMULATED LAUNCH PAD ABORT ENVIRONMENTS. Sandia Corp.,
Albuquerque, N. Hex. July 1965. 219 pp.
The experimental investigations of the reaction kinetics and
flame environment reactions of beryllium are reported.
Experiments were conducted using seven combustion gas
species (02, N2, H20, H2, NO, CO, and C02) to
determine the rate of release of airborne beryllium or its
compounds in the event of d catastrophic launch pad accident.
Beryllium heated to 2400 F in an environment of water vapor
in combination with oxygen will ignite and burn with a release
of large amounts of beryllium oxide smoke. (Author
abstract)##
20587
Durocher, Norman L.
PRELIMIHABY AIH POLLUTION SURVEY OF BERYLLIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS:
A LITERATURE REVIEH. Litton Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, Hd.,
Environmental Systems Div., Contract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub.
APTD 69-29, 79p., Oct. 1969. 71 refs.
CFSTI: PB 188078
Beryllium is among the most hazardous and toxic of the
nonradioactive substances being used in industry. Soluble
beryllium compounds, such as beryllium sulfate and beryllium
chloride, commonly produce acute pneumonitis; insoluble compounds,
such as metallic beryllium and beryllium oxide, produce chronic
pulmonary disease (berylliosis). However, the toxic effect of
beryllium is not limited to pulmonary damage; it can cause body-
wide systemic disease. Some beryllium in soils is toxic to plant
life- No evidence is available of the effects of atmospheric
beryllium on plants or materials. The increased use of beryllium
in the metallurgical industry, along with its proposed use as a
high-energy fuel for rocket motors, suggests that a study be made
of the air pollution aspects of the material. Limited data on
environmental air concentrations indicate that daily average values
are less than 0.0005 micrograms/cu m, with maximum values of 0.008
micrograms/cu m. Concentrations in the vicinity of a large
beryllium plant can range from 0.0281 micrograms/cu m to 0.0827
micrograms/cu m. Both in-plant and out-of-plant emissions are
effectively reduced by conventional air-cleaning devices. A list
of these devices and their expected efficiency is included.
Current control practices limit worker exposure to beryllium dust
to about 2 micrograms/cu m or less. The costs of beryllium air-
pollution abatement can exceed $13,000 per year; but, in many
instances, the cost is offset by the recovery of valuable
materials.
BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
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00080
J.B. Goldmann
BERYLLIUM, A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE. Lockheed Hissiles
and Space Division, Lockheed aircraft Corp., Sunnyvale,
Calif. (Special Bibliography SB-61-35) June 1961. 101 pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 26.1272
This bibliography covers publications released during the first
quarter of 1961. Citations are arranged alphabetically by author
under broad subject headings of Alloys; Analysis; Applications;
Bibliographies; Compounds; Fabrication Techniques; Hazards;
Joining; Oxides; Powder Metallurgy and Casting; Processing;
Properties; and Miscellaneous. In addition to the current
acquisitions of the 6ockheed Hissiles and Space Division
Technical nformation Centerand certain specialized journals,
the following sources were surveyed: ASH Review of Metal
Literature; ASTIA Technical Abstract Bulletin; Abstracts
Journal of Metallurgy, Parts A and B, (USSR); Acta
Crystallographica; Battelle Technical Review; Chemical
Abstracts; Crerar Metals Abstracts; Defense Metals
2nformation Center, Selected Accessions; Engineering
Index; Journal of Less Common Metals; Metallurgical
Jsbracts (Institute of Metals); Nuclear Engineering
Abstracts; Nuclear Science Abstracts; Radiation Effects
Information Center, Accession Lists; Science Abstracts, A:
Physics; Soviet Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals; Soviet
Physics-Crystallography; Soviet Science in Translation; U.S.
Government Research Reports.**
07322 6
Hara, N., A. Hamada, K. Nozaki, and H. Sakabe
BERYLLIUM CONCENTRATION IN THE AIS OF BERYLLIUM ALLOY HANDLING
FACTORY. Text in Japanese. Bull. Nat. Inst. Indust.
Health (Kawasaki, Japan), (1):5
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A study of diffusion of beryllium from disposal of a solid
propellant waste was conducted at Duguay Proving Ground, Utah,
during June-July 1965, The propellant waste was burned
in two open trenches in a canyon previously designated as a
disposal area at the base of Granite Hountain on the west
range of the Proving Ground. Air Sampling was accomplished by
use of several types of high volume air samplers. Some
soil sampling was also conducted. The study was designed
primarily to determine the distribution of beryllium to the
environment. Once this was accomplished, it became possible
to evaluate this site as a disposal area, and to make
recommendations as to the extent of sampling and precautionary
measures to be taken if the site were to be used in the future
for this type of disposal. Besults indicate that while
beryllium concentrations are high at the disposal site
following ignition of the waste, they fall off rapidly with
time and distance. The study shows that large quantities
of beryllium-containing solid propellant can be safely burned
at Dunway Proving Ground with minimum hazard to civilian
communities or to military personnel involved in the disposal
effort provided specific meteorological conditions prevail.
It is emphasized that this can be accomplished at Dugway
Proving Ground because of the uniqueness of the terrain and the
vast meteorological measurement capability that is readily
available. (Author abstract)##
00066
T? McGill
BERYLLIUM, ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL RESOURCES, TOXICITI, AND
PROPERTIES IN RELATION TO ITS USE IN PROPELLANTS AND
EXPLOSIVES. Naval Ordnance Lab., Silver Spring, Hd. ,
Chemistry Research Dept. (Kept. NAVWEPS 7346.) March 1961.
39 pp.
CFSTI: AD 253297
The objectives of this report are provision of information about
the actual anfl potential supplu of Be and about the toxicology
of Be and its compounds. Metallic Be will not be available in
quantity if nothing better than the primitive methods of mining now
in use, utilization of only the richest ores, and complex and
inefficient methods of extracting EeO do not make way for tetter
methods. If mining and extraction of Be are not improved,
pTTans should not be aide to use more than small quantities of Be
in explosives or in propellants. Six hundred short tons of Be
are considered to be the total available domestic supply until
mining and metallurgical methods have been improved. The ratio
of domestic to foreign potentially available Be has been assumed
to be 1:14. Therefore, the total foreign resources are about
10,000 short tons of Be. There are relatively vast quantities of
Be in the U.S. in low grade ores, containing at least 0.1%
beryl, estimated to contain 280,333 tons of beryl. If economical
means of recovering Be from these sources are developed, much more
pretentious plans for use of Be in explosives and
propellants can be justified. Discovery of an acid leachable ore
of considerable magnitude would lead to the same result.
Portection against the toxic effects of Be during manufacturing
processes can be achieved by good ventilation of working places.
BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
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rigorous screening of exhaust gases, and conformation to the
highest standards of personal hygiene. The toxic hazards of
underwater evaluation of Ve explosives are believed to be
negligible. Air blast evaluation of Be explosives are believed
to be negligible. Air blast evaluation of Be explosives should
be performed in isolated areas where re-entrance is prohibited
until the Be concentration in the air is less than one
microgram per cubic meter.##
13138
Noshkin, Victor E.
FALLOUT RADIONUCLIDES AND BEP.YLLIOM-7 IK OVEB-OCEAH AEROSOLS.
Tellus, 21 (3) :U14-i(28, 1969. 19refs.
Aerosols in surface air over the Atlantic Ocean were collected on
air filters for several months during each year from 1964 to
1966. Measurement of the radioactivity in these filters was by
gamma-ray spectrometry, and the concentration of various fallout
nuclides and Be-7 was determined by computer analysis of the
spectra. Results showed fallout radioisotope concentrations
equal to or slightly less than the averages for over-land
concentrations in the latitude band 0 to 40 deg N. When averaged
by 10 deg latitude bands, month to month comparisons show
significant differences in fallout concentrations over-ocean
from those over-land. Less fallout was found in the 20 to 30
deq N latitude band with a correspondingly higher concentration
in the 0 to 10 deg N band. Correlations of Be-7 to Cs-137
suggest that some Be-7 observed in marine aerosols may be
stratospherically derived. The conclusion reached from the data
was that over-land and over-ocean deposition at the same
latitudes are different and are governed by independent
meteorological events not necessarily operative on an annual
cycle. No fractionation was observed between Cs-137 and Ce-144,
in over-land and over-ocean aerosols as a function of latitude.
The source for the fallout over-land and over-ocean must be the
same well-mixed reservoir. (Author summary modified)
11095 10
Venezia, Ronald A.
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROH FEDERAL FACILITIES. Preprint,
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C-, National Center
for Air Pollution Control, 15p., 1968. (Presented at the 61st
Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,
St. Paul, Hinn., June 23-28, 1968, Paper 68-176.)
It is the Federal Government's intent to be exeaplary in
controlling air pollutant emissions from its facilities. The
basic documents used are the Clean Air Act, Executive Order
11282, and regulations pursuant to it, and BOB Circular A-78.
Most regulations cover all Federal Facilities located in the
United States and certain possessions, making distinction in some
methods of refuse disposal between urban and rural areas. Other
regulations are specific for certain metropolitan areas with
Emission Sources
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extensive air pollution problems. Each agency has surveyed its
facilities to define the air pollution problem and solutions have
been proposed to be implemented in a Government-wide 5 year
program. This program is subject to updating and review each
year. (Author's abstract)l#
00486
J. F. Zielinski
ANALYSES CF FACTOBS IN BHEYLIIUB ASSOCIATED DISEASES. The
Brush Beryllium Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Feb. 21, 1962.
45 pp.
The positive influence of the physical environments on the
incidence of acute and chronic occupational diseases in an
occupational population at risk, and of the chronic type of
disease in a nonoccupational population at risk has been
demonstrated. An attempt was made to clarify the two principal
classes of beryllium associated diseases. The magnitude of
pollution levels in a beryllium refinery and foundry prior to 19U9,
the negative influence on the health of a population exposed
during a major fire in a beryllium facility and recommended
maximum allowable concentrations are discussed.lt
BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
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ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
09472 12
Bhandari, N. D. Lai, and Kama
STRATOSPHERIC CIRCULATION STUDIES BASED ON NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL
RADIOACTIVE TRACER ELEMENTS. Tellus, 18 (2-3) :391-U06, 1966.
17 refs. (Presented at the CACR Symposium on Atmospheric
Chemistry, Circulation and Aerosols, Visby, Sweden, Aug.
18-24, 1965.)
The nature of large scale stratospheric circulation is studied
using the cosmic ray produced isotopes P32, Be7, S35 and Na22
as tracers. Supplementary information obtained from observations
of the distribution of the bomb-produced Na22 and radongenic
Pb210 is taken into account. The activities of these tracer
elements have been measured in the stratospheric air, up to
altitudes of 20 km. during 1960-64. Data are fairly extensive for
studying the characteristics of the mean circulation in the
stratosphere as well as seasonal changes in patterns of mixing/
transport of air in certain regions of the stratosphere. The
analysis allows us to distinguish three zones in the lower
stratosphere (below 20 km), well separated from the tropopause,
having distinct circulation patterns. These regions are
separately well mixed either vertically or horizontally; the mean
time of residence of aerosols in these regions differs appreciably
too. The most stable region in the stratosphere is found to be
18-20 km region at 0-30 degrees latitude, where apparent residence
times are of the order of twenty months. Polar regions are
observed to exhibit an enhanced vertical mixing during November-
February. Combining these results with the observations of
dispersion of bomb-produced Na22, which appeared in significant
amounts from early 1962 onwards all over the stratosphere, we de-
duce that in the polar regions, vertical mixing occurs rapidly
during November-February so that any activity injected in this
region at 20 km or so mixes downwards at the rate of about 1.5 km
month. It is concluded that the observed spring peaks in the
troposphere are merely the conseguence of this phenomena which is
October-November. The observations of concentrations of Pb210
triggered in upper levels (avove 20 km) of the stratosphere during
in the stratosphere are discussed. (Authors' abstract modified)
05223 13
H. E. Cramer, H. Hamilton, and G.DeSaato
ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF EOCKET HOTOR COMBUSTION BY-PHODUCTS.
Volume II. Experimental design and field installation (Final
Report). 6CA Corp., Bedford, Bass., GCA Technology Div.
(Dec. 1965). 46 pp.
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The emission of potentially toxic combustion products released
during rocket tests ought not result in significant contamination
of San Nicolas Island and its environs. This volume describes
the conduct of diffusion experiments, measurement techniques, and
the installation of meteorological and aerosol-sampling instruments
at San Nicolas Island. One part of the experimental program
was concerned with measurements on San Nicolas Island to be made
during scheduled rocket booster firings when the beryllium-oxide
effluent was to be released intc the atmosphere. The second part
was concerned with the problem of atmospheric transport and
dispersal at intermediate and long distances downwind from San
Nicolas Island which could be investigated independently of
rocket firings, using the tracer material. No rocket boosters
were fired at the San Nicholas Island facility during this
program. The portion of the program designed to collect data on
the physical properties of the beryllium oxide aerosol cloud was
used only to collect samples from which an estimate of the
beryllium-oxide background concentration levels on San Nicolas
Island could be made. Five 1146-foot towers were used as
sampling platforms at various elevations. Deposition and fallout
were measured from surface soil samples and from 3 5/8 inch
diameters horizontal containers. Over-water sampling was done
by airplanes equipped with drum-impactor type samplers.
Deficiencies in the present state-of-the art of aerosol cloud
measurement are pointed out. The need exists for a device that
will indicate in real time the presence or absence of an aerosol.
11764 14
Dilts, B. L., L. H. Robinson, and H. E. Ghilarducci
TOXIC EXHAUST CLOUD DIFFUSION STUDY. Aerojet-General Corp.,
Sacramento, Calif., Contract AF 04(611)-11623, AFEPL-TE-67-115,
74p., Hay 1967. 12 refs.
DDC: AD 814801
A field study of exhaust diffusion from solid rocket motors was
conducted at the Aerojet-General lovelock, Nevada, Facility. The
primary objective of the program was to correlate the diffusion
of puff-type rocket motor exhaust clouds with measurable
meteorological variables under stable atmospheric conditions. Two
sets of field data were collected from 413 air samplers used "anting
the static tests of rocket motors containing a nominal 2100 Ib of
beryllium propellant. The difference in the values of the
predicted versus is presented. The results from this exposure
data were much lower than anticipated and indicate a significant
mass loss. The most probable explanation is that the exhaust
clouds penetrated the shallow inversions defined by the upper
air temperature profiles. Consequently, a large percentage of the
tracer particles could not penetrate the bottom lid of the
inversion to return to the ground as the clouds diffused. This
explains the mass loss although particle deposition could also be
involved. Since the study was limited to two sets of field data,
specific correlation of exhaust cloud diffusion with measurable
meteorological variables could not be attempted. (Author abstract
modified)
10 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
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10215 15
Drozdova, V. M. and P. F. Svistov
THE CONTENTS OF SOME HICROELEMENTS IN ATMOSPHERIC
PRECIPITATIONS. ((0 soderzhanii nekotorykh mikroelementov v
atmosfernykh osadkakh.)) Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz.
Observ. (Leningrad), No. 207:92-98, 1968. 12 refs.
Atmospheric precipitations collected in Voeikovo, Vyazovye,
Hudyug, Kashira, Dal'nie, Zelentsy, sobakino and Kudymkar
during 1964-1965 were analyzed for microelement contents. The
samples were processed by extraction with sodium
diethyldithiocarbamate or kupferon in chloroform. The extracts
containing the microelements were then analyzed spectrographically.
Other samples were treated with an ion exchange resin and the
concentrates analyzed spectrographically. All samples contained
Si, Cu, and Hn. In many samples iron was detected. Cadmium
was not found; either it was not present or the methods used
were not sensitive enough. Be, Pb,- Al, Ba, and Ti were also
determined in some samples.##
05455 16
K. Potzl and W. Carnuth
ISOLATING AND IDENTIFYING 7EE IB THE ATMOSPHERE.
Isolierung und Identifizierung des Atmospharischen 7 Be.
Fadiochim. Acta 6, (3) 133-5, Dec. 1966. Ger.
At altitudes of 12 to 16 km, cosmic radiation produces various
radioisotopes, one of them being 7Be from the bombardment of
N and 0 by nuclei of more than 50 MeV. It half-life of
53 days and its high activity of 0.02 - 0.5 decays /min/cu m, '\2%
of which is by gamma-emission cf 0.48MeV, make it a. suitable
tracer for studying atmospheric exchange through the
tropopause. In order to allow gamma-spectrometric determination
of 7Be, it must be separated from other radio nuclei such as
those found in radioactive fallout. A chemical process of
eparation is described whereby 7Be together with inactive Be as
carrier is separated from rain water. The precipitates of
beryllium hydroxide may still contain 95Nb, but its gamma energy
of 0.77 MeV is far enough away from the Nb gamma line so as
not to interfere.##
00375 17
R. A. Prindle
AIR POLLUTION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH (CHAPTER EIGHTEEN).
Medical Climatology 505-18, 1964.
In this chapter author reviews major pollution episodes which
have occurred since 1930 in various parts of the world. These
episodes have demonstrated the danger and the lethality that may
Atmospheric Interaction 11
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result when certain meteorologic phenomena occur in geographical
areas where potentially high concentrations of air pollutants may
form. Certain pollutants that might be tolerated in low
concentrations in some inhabited areas might become dangerous when
mixed with pollutants from other sources that could exert an
accentuating or synergistic action. S02, particulates, CO,
beryllium, lead, fluoride, photochemical, and allergenic
pollutants and their effect on man and animals are discussed. The
most important animal experiments as well as other research are
rev iewed.##
208U9 18
Eangarajan, C. and Smt. S. Gopalakrishnan
SEASONAL VARIATION OF BEBYL1IOH -7 BELATIVE TO CAESIUM -137 IN
SURFACE AIR AT TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL LATITUDES. Tellus
(Uppsala), 22(1):115-121, 1970. 16 refs.
A comparative study of the seasonal variations of cosmic-ray
produced Beryllium -7 (Be -7) and fission product Caesium-137
(Cs-137) was conducted in the surface air at Bombay and elsewhere.
Both isotopes attain peak values during the spring months. The
amplitude of increase is much less in the case of Be-7 compared to
stratospheric Cs-137. This difference is due to only a part of
Be-7 in surface air being of stratospheric origin. By comparison
with Cs-137, it is estimated that the stratospheric component of
Be-7 is about 60% in spring, decreasing to 25% in the autumn.
Both isotopes are controlled by the same meteorological
processes which evidently transfer them from the upper tropsphere
to ground level.
cco
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10065 20
Taylor, John H. (ed.)
PROJECT SAND STOHM-AN EXPEEIMEN1AL PROGRAM IN ATMOSPHERIC DIFFU-
SION. Air Force Cambridge Research Labs, Bedford, Mass.
Office of Aerospace Research, Project
3850 - 01, EEP - 134, (196) p., September 1965. (16 rets.)
CFSTI, DDC: AFCKL-65-649
A series of field experiment in atmospheric diffusion was
conducted at Edwards Air Force Base, California, 1963. The primary
feature which distinguished this series from similar experimental
investigations was that instantaneous sources were studied. Puffs o
tracer material were generated guasi-instantaneously by short bursts
of small, horizontally fired, solid propellent rocket motors. Trace
samples were collected on a horizontal grid that had 350 sampling
positions. All of the 43 experiments were conducted under thermally
unstable atmospheric conditions. Analyses of the data identified the
region of the turbulent energy spectrum which contains the eddies
that are effective in diffusing the clouds. Eulerian measurements o
turbulence are shown to be correlated with lateral rates of cloud
growth. Downwind distributions of peak inhalation-level dosages wer
found to be quite irregular with the anomalies unpredictable on the
basis of measurable meteorological parameters. It was, nevertheless
possible to develop an operationally useful estamating equation
relating peak dosages to distance from the source. (Author's
abstract)
09070 21
Thomas, C. W. and N, A. Wograan
ATHOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR OF AIRBORNE RADIONUCLIDES. In: Pacific
Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1966 to the USAEC
Division of Biology and Medicine. Volume II: Physical
Sciences. Part 2. Radiological Sciences. D. W. Pearce
and H. R. Compton (eds.), Battelle Memorial Institute,
Richland, Hash., Pacific Northwest Lab., Contract
AT(45-1)-1830, p. 4-17, Dec. 1967. 27 refs.
CFSTI: BNHL-481-2
The concentrations of Be-7, Na-22, Sc-46, Mn-54, Co-60,
Zn-65, Y-88, Zr-95, Nb-95, Ru-103, Ru-106, Ag-110m, Sb-124,
Sb-125, Cs-134, Ba-140, La-140, Ce-144 and Th-228 in air near
ground level have been measured continuously at three latitudes in
the world. Data suggest that the annual latitudinal spring
increase of radionuclide concentration results from rapid
stratospheric mixing and indicates a mean residence half-time of
11.7 plus or minus 0.088 months for stratospheric debris. The
amplitude, width and arrival time of the spring concentration
maximum showed a latitude dependency. The Be-7 concentration was
of great interest but additional sampling at more latitudes will be
needed to define its various relationships. Short half-life
radionuclides which were injected into the troposphere by Chinese
testing have suggested a tropospheric radionuclide residence
half-time of 9 days and have indicated a circumnavigating time of
10 days for nuclear debris at 45 deg N latitude.*t
Atmospheric I nteraction 13
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MEASUREMENT METHODS
12577 22
Eokowski, D. L.
RAPID DETERMINATION OF BERYLIIUM BY A DIRECT-BEADING ATOMIC
ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.,
29(5) :tl74-481 , Sept.-Oct. 1968. 12 Befs.
A sensitive and specific analytical method for beryllium in air,
swipe, biological and packing material samples was developed. A
single-beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer and
high-temperature nitrous oxide-acetylene flame is used. The
chemical technigue for sensitivity enhancement and decontamination
from radionuclides is described. Maximum time expenditure for an
analysis is less than 30 minutes. Multiple samples may be run in
the same time period. Sensitivity of the method is less than 0.04
parts per million of beryllium with a repeatability of
approximately 2% of the amount present. Decontamination factors
for uranium and transuranium elements were greater than 5000.
(Author's Abstract)##
05213 23
P. S. Braman
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC BERYLLIUM AND BORON
MONITOR . Armour Research Foundation, Chicago, 111. (flept.
No. ARF 3203-3.) June 8, 1962. pp. 95.
The design, construction, and final testing of a prototype borane
monitor were completed. Detection of boranes in air is hased
upon the flame emission of boron in a hydrogen-air flame.
Sensitivity is in the 50-ppb range. The prototype has ranges of
C to 2, 0 to 13, and 0 to 60 ppm. Ammonia and hydrazine interfere
to the extent that 250 and 360 parts of these, respectively,
produce the same effects as 1 part of pentaborane. The borane
monitor is portable and is capable of independent operation for
approximately 9 hr. The design, construction, and final testing
of a prototype beryllium monitor were completed. Detection is
based upon the reaction of beryllium with high-energy alpha
particles. Beryllium is deposited onto the surface of a filter
tape which passes through a detection chamber. Counting rate
data from the Be/9 (alpha, n, gaima) C-12 reaction are used in
two alarm circuits which are activated at two beryllium
concentrations. The instrument is capable of sensing 0.25 to 0.5
microgram of beryllium. It is line operated. (Author
abstract) (ft
15
-------
24
05035
P. S. Braman
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC BERY1LTUB-IN-AIB
BCMITOF. TIT Research Inst., Chicago, 111. 1963. 58 pp.
(Technical Documentary Bept. No. BTD-TDB-63-1112.)
An improved model heryllium-in-air monitor has been constructed,
calibrated and tested in the laboratory. Significant improvements
include optimization of the air sample system design and
elimination of the temperature instability of critical electronic
parts. A concentration of 25 micrograms per cubic meter beryllium
-in-air requires « minutes for reliable alarming, a low level
concentration of 2 micrograms beryllium requires 60 minutes.
Sensitivity, alarm reliability and response time are all
dependant primarily upon the construction of the alpha source.
Other characteristics of the device and instrument design have
been optimized. (Author abstract)**
058H1 25
M. M. Braverman, F. A. Masciello, and V. Marsh
SPECTHOGRAPHIC TRACE ANALYSIS OF AIB-BOENE PAHTICOIATES. (J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc.) 11 (9), 408-9, 427 (Sept. 1961).
(Presented at the 5'4th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
The procedures presented here were designed for use in processing
minute traces of metals present in small quantities of particulate
matter. Special emphasis has been directed to the analysis of
spots of filter tape samples but attention is also given to samples
collected on ashless filter paper by high volume samplers which
have been operated for one hour only. Successful procedures have
bepti developed for milligram quantities of sample containing
microgram quantities of numerous metals. No transfer of sample
from filter paper is necessary but a number of spots may be
combined to increase sensitivity when indicated by low visible
intensity. The fundamental approach of these procedures is the
use of the ashed sample rather than an acid leach which frequently
introduces errors due to incomplete solubility of the metals and to
varying amount of impurities leached from the filtering medium.
The key operation in the analysis of the particulate matter
collected by the smoke sampler is the selection of the spots. The
spots are cut out, ashed, and weighed. A corresponding weight of
filter paper surrounding the spots is also weighed and represents
the blank. The ashed sample or blank is transferred to a
polystyrene vial. Thirty mg of graphite indium standard mixture,
are added and the vial is agitated. The intensity ratios of each
metal are compared to the standard indium lines, and the micrograns
of each metal are sought by consulting the working curves.
Micrograms per cubic meter for each metal are calculated by
dividing micrograms by volume cf air processed. Approximately
1000 atmospheric samples have been analyzed for Cu, Zn, Cd, Sr,
Co, V, Mo, Be, Bi, Ni, Cr, Pb, Sn, Mn, Sb. If
necessary analysis for Ca, Al, Fe, Si, Mg and Ge can be
included. The method is generally accurate from 10 to 20% of the
16 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
component determined. Usually this is resolved when a different
spectrum line of Indium is used in the intensity ratio.##
06658 26
B. S. Bykhovskaya
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SOME METHODS FOB THE DETERMINATION OF
BERYLLIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS APPLICABLE TO AIR ANALYSIS .
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, Vol. 7, 102-8, 1962. (Gigena Truda i
Prof. Zabolevaniya) 1, (6) 49-53, 1957. Translated from
Russian.
CFSTI: 62-11103
Several methods for the determination of beryllium in the air are
compared. The work was conducted with standard beryllium
solutions and also with artifical mixtures containing fixed
amounts of calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, zinc and manganese.
A comparative evaluation was made of the methods for the
determination of beryllium by fluorescence with morine,
1-aroino-4-oxyanthraguinone, 1,4-dioxyanthraguinone and by
colorimetry with guinalizerin, thoron, N-resorcinol, arsenazo, and
beryllon II. Simultaneously, the tests were made with trylon B
the disodium salt of ethylenediaminotetra-acetic acid, in an
attempt to counteract cationic interference and to separate the
constituents by paper chromatcgraphic partitioning. The most
sensitive and rpomising methods for the determination of beryllium
in the air of industrial premises are; the fluorescence method with
marine and the colorimetric determination with beryllon II. Use
of trylon B as a complex-former eliminated the effect of many
interfering elements and made possible the determination of
beryllium in the presence of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc,
aluminum, and manganese, without their preliminary separation.
The spectrographic method of beryllium determination yielded
promising results. The method of paper partitioning
chromatography appeared promising as a semi-guantitative method for
the determination of beryllium in the presence of calcium,
magnesium, iron, manganese and aluminum.#t
05574 27
L. A. Chambers, M. J. Foter, and J. Cholak
A COMPARISON OF PAHTTCULATE LOADINGS IN THE ATMOSPHERES OF
CERTAIN AMERICAN CITIES. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp.,
3rd, Pasadena, Calif., 1955. pp. 24-32.
A program of high-volume air sampling and analysis of particulate
material was undertaken in a total of more than 30 cities. Each
sampling site was chosen to represent the composite of air
pollutants characteristic of an area. Each sample for analysis
represents the total of particulate matter in sizes down to 0.3
micron removed from approximately 2,000 cubic meters of air during
a 24 hour period. The results of particulate analyses are grouped
in tables according to urban and nonurban areas, population, and
size of city. Seasonal distribution in major cities is also
graphically illustrated.##
Measurement Methods 17
-------
C4986
J. Cholak
THE NATHRE OF ATMOSPHEPIC POL1UTICN IN A NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL
COMMUNITIES. Proc, Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 2nd,
Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. 6-15.
ftn expanded electrostatic precipitator sampling program
for investigating certain more general characteristics of the air
pollution of Cincinnati was resumed in 1946. Starting with
twelve sampling sites, the program was gradually enlarged
in scope during the period 1946-51 to include the measurement of
a number of gaseous pollutants as well as determinations
of the composition of the particulate matter suspended in the air.
Various other pollutants were included in the investigation as
facilities for collecting samples and techniques for their
analysis were improved. During this same period opportunities
presented themselves for the study of pollution problems of a
number of other communities. Since these data, obtained by
comparable methods, are of interest in showing the
similarities and differences in the character of the
atmospheric pollution of various communities, it is
our purpose (1) to describe the nature of the air pollution of
Cincinnati, (2) to compare the Cincinnati data with the
findings obtained during the course of shorter studies in other
communities, and (3) to aiplify the picture with results of
observations reported in the literature. In making such use
of the data of other investigators the analytical approach
has been given careful consideration in order to make
certain that comparable data were being dealt with.##
04651 29
E. T. Commins E. E. Waller
OESEPVATIONS FROM A TEN-YE AH-SIODY 01 POLLUTION AT A SITE IN TBE
CITY OF LONDON. Atmos. Environ. 1, (1) 49-68, Jan. 1967.
As part of an extensive study of the effects of air pollution
on health, measurements of pollution have been made at a site in
London for more than ten years. The results of daily
measurements of the concentration of smoke and sulfur dioxide
made throughout that period and of more freguent measurements
made during episodes of high pollution are reported. These
show a reduction in the annual mean and peak concentrations pf
smoke during the ten year period, but there have not been
any significant changes in the concentrations of sulfur
dioxide. Occasional measurements of a wide range of other
pollutants are also reported and results from a series of
measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons indicate
a decline in the concentration of this potentially
carcinogenic component of pollution in London. (Author
abstract modified)**
13 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
2163B 30
Feldstein, Hilton
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOE AIE POLLUTANTS. In: Progress in Chemical
Toxicology. A. stolman (ed.)» vol. 1, New York, Academic Press,
1963, p. 317-338. 22 refs.
Methods are presented for the analysis of atmospheric contaminants.
Three categories of pollutants are considered. The first group
are pollutants which may have a direct toxic effect if present in
the atmosphere in sufficient concentration for a sufficient
period of time. These include fluoride, carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide, beryllium, and lead. The toxic effects which may
be manifested include direct toxicity on man, toxic effects on
vegetation, or indirect toxic effects on cattle foraging on
vegetation which has absorbed or been dusted with the contaminant.
The second group are pollutants which may not be present in the
atmosphere in sufficient concentration to cause toxicity, but which
create nuisance problems due to odor. These include hydrogen
sulfide and mercaptans. The third group are pollutants which are
involved in the photochemical process which occurs in the ambient
atmosphere and which leads to the formation of reaction products
which are eye-irritating, vegetation-damaging, and visibility-
reducing. These pollutants include N02, NO, and hydrocarbons. Of
interest in this area is the measurement of 03 which occurs as
a by-product of this photochemical process. The development of
continuous automatic recording instruments for the measurement of
certain air contaminants is discussed.
206U2 31
Just, J., S. Maziarka, and H. Hyszynska
SANITARY EVALUATION OF DDST CONTAIN IN AHBIENT AIE OF SOME CITIES
IN POLAND. (Sanitarna charakterystyka i ocena zapylenia powietrza
atmosferycznego niektorych niast w Polsce). Text in Polish. Gaz,
Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw), UU(3):96-100, 1970. 23 refs.
Samples of atmospheric aerosols were systematically collected in
ten towns. The contents of dust, tar, some polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, lead, and beryllium were determined. The leys! of
atmospheric pollution was evaluated on the basis of existing
standards and toxicological literature. High contents of
particulate matter in the air were found in all the towns studied;
the highest levels were found in Zabrze, Katowice, and Krakow.
In several towns, the level of airborne carcinogenic hydrocarbons
was also very high. It is believed that the metal content would
cause no harmful effects.
04996 32
M. Katz
SOURCES OF POLLUTION. Proc. Datl. Air Pollution
Symp., 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. 95-105
Measurement Methods 19
-------
The wind and cloud conditions in the Detroit River area for
five years are summarized. Sulfur dioxide was measured by
antompters. Hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, oxides of nitrogen,
and ammonia were sampled. Suspended particulates were
collected. The distribution of dust fall components is
tabulated. About twenty metallic elements were identified by
x-ray diffraction of suspended particulates. Community
health surveys covering morbidity and mortality records and
accounting ±or ethnic and socioeconomic factors are outlined.##
08079 33
Keenan, Robert G.
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. Occupational Health
Rev.Ottawa, 18(1):3-8, 1966. 39 refs.
Modern methods of physical and chemical analysis, as applied to
biological materials, atmospheric samples containing gaseous or
particulate contaminants, industrial process materials,
intermediates, and finished FrC(3uctE are discussed briefly. A
discussion of the uses to be made of such analytical data
includes: (1) the "normal" concentrations of certain metallic
elements in body tissues and fluides; (2) the need to compare these
concentrations with those developed analytically on samples from
exposed subjects; (3) the comparison of atmospheric concentrations
of contaminating substances found in the working environment with
the A.C.G.I.H. Threshold Limit Values; (4) the analysis of
industrial process materials, settled dusts, and finished products
to help in assessing the total exposure of the worker to chemical
elements. (Author|s abstract, modified)
03923 34
F. D. Krivoruchko
•nnOTOMETBIC DETERMINATION OF EEBYLLIUM IN AIE BY MEANS OF
CHLOSOPHOSPHONAZO B. Hyg. Sanit. 31, (4-6) 69-83, Apr.-June
1966. Puss. (Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 66-51160/4-6
The photometric determination of beryllium in air using
chlorophosphonazo R is based on the formation of a colored
compound (pinkish to yellow) at pH 9.4, due to the reaction of
beryllium ions with chlorophosphonazo fi. The sensitivity.is 0.05
micrograms Be in 7 ml of solution. The use of an efficient
complexer, consisting of Trilon B and a trithanol amine and
borate buffer solution, eliminates the influence of several
interfering elements and makes it possible to estimate beryllium
in the presence of 100 micrograms iron; 200 micrograms manganese,
zinc, cr copper; 300 micrograms aluminum, calcium, or magnesium;
500 micrograms molybdenun; 1000 micrograms nickel or cobalt; 25
micrograms silicon; and 200 micrograms titanium.##
20 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
09333 35
Lial W. Brewer, (ed.)
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOB THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
LABORATORY. Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, N. Hex.,
Industrial Hygiene Lab., SC-M-3044, 147 p., Feb.
1968. 13 refs.
This is a manual compiled of thirty-nine analytical procedures
used by an industrial hygiene laboratory. The procedures for
the following substances in air are included: The Determinaton
of Acetone, Acid and Alkali Contaminants; Benzene,
Toluene, and Other Aromatics; Beryllium (Spectrographic
Method); Beryllium (Morin Method); Cadmium; Chromic Acid,
Chromates, and Dichromates; Formaldehyde; Lead; Hethanol;
Nitrogen Dioxide; Oil Mist; Ozone (Colorimetric Method);
Ozone (Titration Method; Phosgene; Silica (Colorimetric
Method); Sulfur Dioxide; Thallium; and Zinc.t*
02415 36
C.W. LOUW
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AND THEIR ANALYSIS (SPECIAL REPORT
SMOG 2). Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research, Pretoria, (South Africa). Air Pollution
Research Group 1966. 60 pp.
In view of the recently passed Act on Air Pollution
(No. 45 of 1965) in South Africa and the anticipated increase
in interest and analytical activity in this field, it was felt
that the need existed for an up-to-date survey of air pollutants
and their analysis. A review report was conseguently prepared and
is presented here. Aspects such as the types, sources and
occurrence, concentrations and methods of analysis of the various
pollutants are discussed. Also, recommendations are made with
regard to the selection of suitable analytical methods.
(Author abstract)##
04642 37
J. P. McClosky
SPECTROPHOTOHETRIC DETERMINATION OF BERYLLIUM IN AIRBORNE DUST
SAMPLES. Microchem. J. 12, 40-5, 1967.
A simple, rapid, and accurate spectrophotometric procedure for the
determination of beryllium in airborne dust samples has been
developed, with aluminon reagent used for color formation. The
use of a complexing buffer solution containing one completing and
two chelating agents improves on the specificity of previous
methods. In contrast to the Zenia method which has a lower
limit of 2.5 microgram, the present procedure is much more
sensitive and affords accurate results for beryllium contents as
Measurement Methods 21
-------
lew as 0.3 microgram. Also, the procedure is rapid, as many as
i»0 samples having been analyzed in a normal 8-hr work period by a
single analyst. (Author summary)##
00490 38
P. !>. Mohilner
SPOT TEST FOR BERYLLIUM BASED ON COIOR EEACTION WITH EBIOCHBOME
CYANIWB R. Anal. Chem. Vol. 35:1103, July 1963.
Difficulties were encountered in attempting the morin spot test
for beryllium because impure reagent gave rise to strong
fluorescence of the blank. To avoid this difficulty a color
reaction spot test for beryllium has been devised based upon the
reaction with Eriochrome Cyanine B used by Hill for the
sppctrophotcmetric determination of beryllium. This reaction has
also been applied in a ring oven determination of beryllium. By
modification of Hill's masking system, it was possible to obtain a
test with a limit of identification of 0.1 microgram of Be in the
test drop. Of 67 ions tested, none interfered when 50 micrograms
were present in the test drop with 1 microgram of Be. Although
F.riochrome Cyanine H reacts with a number of ions, the combined
masking effects of tartrate and EDTA make this test highly
selective for beryllium. The use of a buffer in the reagent
solution is required to control the pH to obtain the neutral color
of the reagent. In acidic or strongly basic media, the reagent
color is sufficiently sinilat to the color of the reaction product
with beryllium to make the reaction useless for identification
purposes.##
17102 39
Morik, Jozsef
MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION IN HUNGARIAN INDUSTRIAL CENTERS.
(A levego szennyezettsegenek aerteke ipari telepuleseinken), Text
in Hungarian. Bagy. Tud. Akad. Orvosi Tud. Oszt. Kozlemen.,
18 (3/lt) :417-lt2«, 1967.
Budapest has by far the most serious air pollution problems of any
Hungarian industrial center as shown by large scale measurements
over a 10-15 year period. Data is presented in the form of 7
tables, compiled both by the author and by other Hungarian authors,
based on studies of air pollution in Hungarian netropolitan areas.
Eleven such areas, including Budapest, almost consistently show
values in excess of the legally permissible limits of dust, carbon
particles, and sulfur dioxide. In some of these communities, there
are also excesses of such dangerous substances as chromium, phenol,
beryllium, copper, silicon, and manganese. In the industrial
sectors of the big cities, in addition to soot, dust, and sulfur
compounds resulting chiefly froa some type of combustion, one also
finds a noticeable content of ammonia, the nitrogen oxides,
chlorine gas, and organic chlorine compounds such as chlorphenol.
The stench of some of these organic compounds, particularly the
chlorinated hydrocarbons, is noticeable as much as 15-20 kilometers
away. Measurements of fluorine pollution in the vicinity of the
22 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Varpalata aluminum plant gave figures of 0.097 mg of fluorine
per cu meter at 2 lea distance from the plant, and 0.67 mg at a
distance of 20 meters. The permissible limit is O.Q1.
10988 40
duller, R. H.
ATOHIC ABSORPTION/FLAME EMISSION INSTRUMENT OFFERS VERSATILE
AND AUTOMATED OPERATION. Anal. Chem., HO (10) : 85A-87A,
Aug. 1968.
The new Jarrell-Ash fully compensated atomic absorption/flame
emission unit was designed for the automatic, quantitative
measurement of 12 metallic elements collected on filters from air
streams in New York City. The instrument was designed to
correct errors in atomic absorption analyses that arise when
determinations are to be made in difficult matrices or under
different conditions. The instrument is usable both in atomic
absorption and flame emission modes of analysis. The apparatus
carries all logic and command circuits necessary for correction to
automated sample presentation and readout systems. *#
0649H 41
Nakamura, J. T. and K. E. Ball
ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING OF TOXIC LEVEL OF MISSILE PROPELLANTS.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 25(1):77-80, Feb. 196U.
The problem of toxicity in the over-all missile industry
represents both the materials involved and the amassed quantities
of these materials. Although most missile fuels and oxidizers are
predictable in their behavior, the handling of these relatively
common compounds in tonnage lots presents problems which have not
been explored and therefore cause due concern. Spill tests,
conducted at the Edwards Rocket Research Laboratories,
releasing up to half-ton quantities of such propellants as
fluorine, nitrogen tetroxide, hydrazine, UDHH, chlorine
trifluoride, and pentaborane have been conducted. In some tests,
fuels and oxidizers were spilled together. The purpose being to
determine the magnitude of the hazard; that is, the aspects of
explosion and fire as well as toxicity and pollution. The
following are felt to be reasonable requirements for a tentative
atmospheric monitoring arrangement: (1) accuracy plus or minus
25%, (2) range capable of at least two orders of magnitude,
preferably more, (3) speed of Response 9056 of final reading or
more in less than 10 seconds, (t) specificity the instrument need
not be 10056 specific for a particular fuel or oxidizer since in
many cases there is little chance of any other material being in
the vicinity. Common solvents, degreasing fluids, oil, gasoline
and materials of this nature should not cause an interfering
signal. A fuel concentration should not inhibit the response of
incorporated into a detection system. These "extras" might in-
clude explosion-proof design, malfunction-indicating devices and
elaborate centralized readout systems. For many application, a
may provide adequate information. The choice specifications for a
Measurement Methods 23
-------
detection system should be governed by the specific problem in-
volved and the type of information required.
choice specifications for a detection system should be governed by
detectors and spot-check devices. In a few applications,
required.##
1(4298 42
Noweir, Madbuli H. and Jacob Cholak
GAS CHRO^ATOGBAPHIC DETERMINATION OF BERYLLIUM IN BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS AND IN AIB. Environ. Sci. Technol., 3 (10):927-930, Oct.
1969. 13 refs.
The gas chromatographic determination of ultratrace quantities
of beryllium in urine, blood, tisaue, and airborne dust is
described. The method has application when only small quantities
of the material to be analyzed are available or when it is
suspected that the quantities of beryllium present are likely
to be less than, or near, the limit of detection by the more
variable spectrographic method. The sensitivity is such that
only one-thirtieth the amount of sample used in the spectrographic
method is required to attain the sensitivity of 0.01 microgram/L
cf urine, per 100 grams of tissue, or per cu m of air. However,
the method also performs satisfactorily for higher concentrations
of beryllium. Except for airborne dust, the method involves a
double extraction, first with acetylacetone in benzene and then
with a benzene solution of trifluoracetylacetone. Beryllium
in airborne dust is extracted only by trifluoracetylacetone
in benzene. Levels as low as 0.0001 microgram of beryllium
per sample can be determined by this method. Except for
Fe(3 plus) and Al(3 plus), none of the ions usually present in
airborne dust or biological material interferes with the
analysis. Ferric ion is removed in a magnetic mercury cathode;
Al(3 plus) can be precipitated with Spguinolinol in chloroform.
Pecovery of beryllium ranged from 70 to 90% at levels from
0.001 microgram to 0.10 microgram per sample. The method is
reliable, as shown by the results of analysis of airborne dust
and lung tissues. (Author abstract modified)
11165 43
Bossano, August T. and Hal B. H. Cooper
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS. Chem. Eng. , 75 (22) : 142-146 , Oct.- 14,
1968.
Knowledge of the types and rates of emissions from a source or
group of sources is fundamental to appraising an air pollution
problem. Three factors are critical in source testing and analysis:
measuring gas properties in the duct, withdrawing representative
samples, and accurate analysis.
24 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03526 44
P. Stocks, B. T. Commins, K. V. Aubrey
A STUDY OF POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN SMOKE IN
KFRSF.YSIDE AND OTHER NORTHERN LOCALITIES. Intern. J. Air
Water Pollution 4, (3/4) 141-53, 1961.
Smoke samples collected continuously for one or more years by
filter in Merseyside conurbation and elsewhere in northern
England and Wales were analysed for 7 polycyclic hydrocarbons
and 13 trace elements. The locations included seaside and
riversie, small and large towrs, a smokeless zone, the Kersey
Tunnel, bus and motor car garages, an office and a steelworks.
The amount of coronene in smoke varied little in town or
country but the higher levels in tunnel smoke and in the
motor garage were sucha s to suggest its usefulness for
measurement of air pollution by motor traffic. In country places
amounts of smoke and of the hydrocarbons were 2 1/2 times as
great in the autumn-winter half of the year as in the spring-
summer half, but in Merseyside, whilst the seasonal ratio for
total smoke was similar, for the hydrocarbons it was about
5 to 1. Indoor office air was less polluted than that outside in
winter, the hydrocarbons showing a seasonal ratio about 4 to 1.
Trace element concentrations in air were all higher in urban
than in country places but only for antimony, vanadium and
molybdenum was the excess relatively greater than for total
ash. Mersey tunnel air contained very much greater amounts of
lead than did the entering air, and in a motor garage the air
contained more lead and vanadium than the air outside. In
the smokeless zone trace elements were present in smaller
amount than at the town centre. In the rolling-mill shed and
melting-shop of the steelworks, concentrations of all the
elements, particularly of copper, were largely, increased.
(Author abstract)#f
07951 45
T. Suzuki, T. Okita, K. Iwashima, T. Monma, K. Tanaka
, K. Fujisawa
SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF TBACE METALS IN PARTICIPATES AT
AMAGASAKI, NISHINOMIYA AND AS&HIKAWA. Text in
Japanese with English Abstract. Bull. Inst. Public
Health (Tokyo). 16(1):1-14, 1967. 13 refs.
Particulates were sampled and trace metals in the particulates
quantitatively analyzed. bSthe metal content of coal smoke was
also determined. Inorganic components of particulates were
extracted from glass fiber filters and Ee, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe,
Ni, Ti, and V were colorimetrically analyzed. The annual
mean particulate concentrations in Amagasaki and Nishinomiya
were 0.30 and 0.19 mg/cu m respectively and the concentrations
in both cities varied guite simila^j. The concentrations of
Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, and V in the air at industrial and
business areas in Amagasaki were considerably higher than those
in the air of American and British cities. Since the
concentrations of metals, especially of Ni, and Ti, in the air of
Measurement Methods 25
-------
Asahikawa were low, it may be inferred that the metal content in
coal smoke is usually low. I-t was found that Cr and Fe were
released from widely distributed sources and that a large part of
Cd, Cu, Ni. Ti, and V were released from speical sources. ##
OU50?
P. W. Best and P. R. Mohilner
ESTIMATION OF BERYLLIUM WITH ESIOCHHOHE CYANINE H USING THE EING
OVEN TECHNIQUE. final. Chen. 3U, (U) 558-60, Apr. 1962.
The microdetermination of beryllium using Eriochrome Cyanine K
and the ring oven technique is discussed. The sample of air to be
examined for Be content may be collected in any of the customary
ways and placed in solution by any methods which avoids the use of
fluorides. Only the more soluble forms of Be can be detected by
this technique. 4 Whatman No. 41 filter paper on the ring oven
is prepared using Eriochrome Cyanine R solution. A standard
scale is prepared by making rings from different concentrations of
Be solution. Three rings made from different numbers of portions
of the solution are considered sufficienc for the unknown. Each
of the 3 rings is then compared visually with the standard scale to
see if it matches a unit on the scale or falls between. The
concentration of the unknown is then determined mathematically.
Once the stable standard scale is prepared the analysis of an
unknown, including preparation of the 3 rings, matching and
calculation should take less than an hour. Determination can be
made on as little as 0.01 mg/ml (0.05 microgram) of Be with an
average error of 7%. Of the elements likely to be of significance
in air pollution studies none was found to interfere when
present in 10-fold excess and only Hg, Th, Al and Cr interfere
when present in 100-fold excess. ##
21459 47
Zweibaum, Frederic and James Hoorhead
A MULTI-ELEMENT ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYZER. Atomic Absorption
Newsletter, 6{6):134, Nov. -Dec. 1967.
A multi-element atomic absorption analyzer can determine four
selected elements simultaneously while retaining the accuracy
and sensitivity of the single-element form. This system was
primarily designed for the continuous monitoring of several
elements concentrated from the atmosphere into a small volume air
stream. The air stream with enriched sample content is fed
directly and continuously into the burner nebulizer. A block
diagram of the system is presented. The four individual element
lamps are grouped into pairs, and each pair uses the dual beam
path of the instrument simultaneously. A 20 cps chopper chops
the light from the hollow cathode lamps. The light from each
pair of lamps is then reflected by a flat mirror through a lens
onto a 1200 cps, multi-blade chopper. Every blade is a mirror on
both sides. Light reflected to one toroid from one pair of lamps
forms the reference beam, while the light transmitted from a
second toroid forms the sample beam. The reverse is true for the
26 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
other lamp pair, resulting in four double-beam systems 45 deg out
of phase with each other. The beams are recombined with a beam
splitter, which consists of a quartz plate onto which aluminum
dots are evaporated covering half of the surface. There are
two photomultipliers, ahead of which are pairs of exit slits which
pass the two wavelengths for the elements being determined. Toxic
elements, such as lead and beryllium at industrial facilities can
be monitored with this system, and it has been successfully tested
with bismuth, nickel, lithium 6 and 7.
Measurement Methods 27
-------
CONTROL METHODS
02473 48
A.J. Breslin
SOLVING AIR CONTAMINATION THROUGH DIAGNOSTIC AIP SAMPLING.
Aw. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 27 (5):460-468, Oct. 1966.
Air sampling can be used as an effective diagnostic tool for
the identification of predominant sources of contamination, the
proper selection of contamination control methods, and the
regulation of occupational exposures. The diagnostic approach
in air sampling entails the discernment and interpretation of
either location-dependent or time-dependent patterns of
contamination or a combination of both. The effort
required to distinguish the patterns varies widely, depending on
the dominance of the patterns over normal fluctuations in
background concentrations of the air contaminant. Examples
are cited, covering a range of applications, from the
collection of a few samples for the detection of dominant
time or location expsure patterns to the use of multisampler
arrays at varying time collection intervals. (Author abstract)#t
16525 49
Chase, Frank H.
DUST COLLECTION PAYS ITS WAY. Am, Machinist, 11U (2):114-118, Jan,
26, 1970
Unless a dust-generating device is closely followed by a dust-
collecting device, a serious health hazard exists. This is
particularly true with some of the toxic materials, such as
beryllium and silica compounds, and silicosis is a respiratory
ailment long associated with prolonged inhalation of irritating
dusts. Compliance with local pollution control laws is another
reason for considering dust-collection equipment. Finally, dust
collectors are frequently needed not to get rid of the dust, but
to save it, such as plants working with precious metals. Their
salvage value more than offsets the cost of collection.
Essentially, a metalworking plant is faced with three types of
metal waste: chips, dust particles, and loaded lint. In
general, two types of dust collectors are in general use: the
cyclone type and the fabric-filter type. The cyclone separator
is designed for chips or larger particles. The fabric filter type
is used for fine particles. The term 'fractional efficiency1 is
defined. The advantages and disadvantages of dust collectors and
a comparative specifications in choosing a dust collector are
charted. Several case histories of metalworking installations
where a personnel or production problem was solved or alleviated
through the use of a dust collector are given.
29
-------
C3916 50
P. Hasenclever
KH1T KAY. BE DF.'-iANDFD OF HIGH EFFICIENCY FILTERS? Staub
(English Translation) 26, (10) 22-6, Oct. 1966. Ger. (Tr.)
CFSTI, TT 66-51159/10
The use of high-efficiency filters and problems associated with
their operation are discussed. A survey of results obtained in
Germany after testing high-efficiency mechanical filters (absolute
filters) for a period of three years is presented. According to
these results 63. 3X of fibre filters subjected to tests satisfied
the requirements. The permeability of large filters in nuclear
plants can, however, be several times higher than of a single
filter element or of the filter material used. This is due to the
fact that in many cases there are leaks betueen the filter elements
these leaks, which freguently cannot be controlled, by essentially
shortening the sealing line. (Author summary modified)##
08492 51
Jirele, Vratislav
EXTRACTION OF BERYLLIUM FROM POWER PLANT WASTE MATERIAL.
( (Extrakce terylia z energetickych odpadu.)) Text in Czech.
Chen. Prunysl (Prague), 17 ( 4) : 1 75-1 79, April 4, 1967. 6 refs.
Soft coal from the Sokolov region of Czechoslovakia contains
considerable amounts of beryllium which pass into the slag and fly
ash when the coal is utilized in electric power plants.
Significant amounts of toxic beryllium compounds are thus
discharged into the atmosphere. The present study was made to
investigate a process for the recovery of beryllium from slag or
fly ash. Slag containing 800 gnu Be/t. and fly ash from an
electrostatic filter containing 787 gm. Be/t. were used for the
experiments. Dissolution of Ee was tested at 25-100 deg C
with HC1, NaOH, H2.S04 and HF. The latter two acids were
found most effective. Slags obtained at different combustion
temperatures were also tested. The use of fluoride fluxing
agents was found to facilitate dissolution of the Be compounds.
Separation from acidic scluticn was tested with solutions of
di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (EHPA). The recommended
process uses cone. H2S04 at elevated temperatures and
extraction in three stages with 0.1 M EHPA in kerosene at a pH
of 2.2, resulting in complete transfer of beryllium into the
organic phase. In the presence of high aluminum concentrations,
a pH of 1.8 is recommended to suppress extraction of aluminum.(t#
07443 52
A. Juskiewicz, C. P. Skillern
CONTROL OF BERYLLIUM DUBING IMPACT TESTS. Sandia Corp.,
Albuguergue, N. Hex., SC-TM-67-827, 13p., Nov. 1967.
CFSTI: SC-TM-67-827
30 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Beryllium was impacted from an am yuu onto a target which was
contained in a large catcher. The resulting beryllium particles
were contained so that the air concentration levels in
personnel occupied rooms were acceptable for beryllium
dusts. Using this air gun and catcher combination, personnel
were exposed to very minor amounts of beryllium. No
concentration in excess of 0.05 micrograms/cu. m. of beryllium
was released to the outside atmcsphere.##
02885L 53
E. G. Kendall and W. J. Gardner
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION OF THE AEfiOSPACE CORPORATION
BERYLLIUM TOXIC MATERIALS LABCBATCBY. Aerospace Corp., El
Segundo, Calif. , Lab. Operations. July 1966, 43 pp. (Repts.
SSD-TR-66-149 AND TR-669 (6250-10.)
DDC AD 800263
The report describes the design, construction, and operation of
a toxic materials facility capable of performing research and
development of new materials containing beryllium, e.g., beryllium
alloys, beryllium oxide, and beryllides. Capabilities include
powder handling, hot pressing, vacuum induction melting,
arc-meltinq, isostatic pressing, sintering, and ceramic macining.
Health physics controls and safety regulations and practices
according to AEC standards are completely described. (Author
abstract)##
07072 54
H. E. HcLouth and J. P. Terry
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AT CAPE KENNEDY. ([Am. Ind. Byg.
Assoc. J.)) 26 (2), 172-6 (Apr. 1965). (Presented at the
American Industrial Hygiene Conference, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Apr. 26-30, 1964.)
Larger missiles and the increased use of toxic propellants require
effective planning and operations to prevent the development of
ma-jor air pollution problems. At Cape Kennedy Air Force
Station, large-scale air-borne sources are of an instantaneous
rather than a continuous nature. Significant air contamination
sources include missile exhaust, aborts, spills of volatile
propellants, disposal of toxic materials, and normal industrial or
transportation activities. Abatement techniques incorporating
equipment design, operations support, and environmental studies are
discussed. Special emphasis is given controls, test data, and
problems associated with the Titan II missile program.
(Authors' abstract)##
06838 55
A. F. Meyer, Jr.
AIR POLLUTION' CONTROL IN THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Preprint.
(196H) .
Control Methods 31
-------
Js part of the over-all systems management procedures for
development and procurement of weapons systems, special attention
has been given by the U.S. Air Fcrce to the health hazards
protection requirements associated with Air Force missile and
space booster systems. As part of the mandatory programs, the
possibility of environmental contamination of installations and
adjacent civilian communities must be investigated. Directives
have bfen issued by the military services specifying procedures to
be followed trom initiation of a concept involving use of
potentially hazardous materials through ultimate use and
disposition (Exhibits C through E). The role of the Advisory
Center on Toxicology is defined, and the means whereby military
agencies obtain prompt advice and assistance outlined. These
directives also provide for the various services' methods of
provitiinq operational preventive measures, and those relating to
their systems development programs. Actual launches from
operational strategic missile sites are not conducted except in
event of war operations. The principal air pollution hazards at
operational missile sites arise from the possibilities of release
of vapor from fuels or oxidizer during propellant transfer
operations, or as part of missile maintenance procedures. In the
case of the Titan II weapons system, the propellants are a
mixture of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and hydrazine
(aorozene 5C), and nitrogen tetroxide. These do constitute
personnel hazards. Both are toxic and can be involved in
pollution of the air. The Minuteman system uses solid
propellants and no potential air pollution problem from that
source exists at operational bases. Part of the initial site
activation procedures for these weapons systems included the
collection of numerous environmental samples to determine the
existing physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the site
and adjacent areas. During propellant transfer operations
qualified environmental specialists of the Medical Service and
safety technicians are present with appropriate propellant vapor
detection devices.**
C 8 41 0 56
Stevens, Charles H.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN HANDLING TOXIC HATEPIALS. air
Em}., 9(10):3C-31, 33, Oct. 1967. 2 refs.
Dust control equipment utilized by Beryllium Corporation in
Rcadina, Pennsylvania is described. Air pollution control
equipment was engineered in the late 1950's and installed in 1959
8 1960. The cleaned air discharging from the major collectors,
serving such areas as the arc furnace room, Detroit furnace
room, foundry and calcining operations, is directed into a final,
polishing collector. This final collector is a Hheelabrator
Corporation ultra filtration collector which uses a limestone
precoat material and asbestos flee to polish the effluent air
before its discharge to the outdoors. This ultra collector
contains 1,944 filter bags providing 27,216 sq. ft. of Orion cloth
and is designed to filter 162,000 cfm of dust laden air at a
5.95:1 air-to-cloth ratio. The collector was at first operated
as an intermittent collector requiring shakedown and reflocing
about twice a week. Recently it was converted to a
four-compartment continuous automatic unit.**
32 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11996 57
Zahradnik, Lubomir and Jan Hazacek
OBTAINING TRACE AND HABE ELEMENTS FBOB POHEB PLANT FLY ASH. In:
Preprints of the Czechoslovak Deports. International Symposium
on the Control and Utilization of Sulphur Dioxide and Fly-Ash
from the Flue Gases of Large Thermal Power Plants. Liblice House
of Scientific Workers, 1965, p. 237-244.
The utilization of power plant fly ash for the production of rare
and trace elements, such as germanium, gallium, beryllium,
vanadium, boron, and uranium is discussed. The elements are
present in the fly ash produced by the combustion of coal in
chambers where absorption of ash by the slag is high. The
accumulation of the trace and rare elements in the ash matter
depends on the volatility of their compounds produced by chemical
reactions occurring during combustion. Germanium and gallium show
the highest degree of enrichment of all trace and rare elements.
Germanium is converted during combnistion to volatile germanium
monoxide, germanium monosulfide, and germanium disulfide. Treatable
concentrations of both germanium and gallium are obtained in
cyclone slag-top furnaces and boilers with strap gates. Their
accumulation in fly ash may be due to surface sorption. On the
other hand, the presence of beryllium and uranium is influenced by
the disintegration and escape of vitrain components to the organic
matter to which both metals are bonded. In grate and cyclone
furnaces, a two-stage dust collecting system is used for gernanium-
or gallium-containing fly ash; a mechanical separator sorts out
gross fly ash components and an electrostatic precipitator
effectively absorbs the fine fly ash components.
Control Methods 33
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
13446 58
Anbar, fl. and M . Inbar
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN METAILIC CATIONS ON THE IODIDE UPTAKE IN THE
TflYEOID GLJND OF MICE. Seta Indocrinol. ( kobenhaven) , 46:61*3-652,
Auq. 1964. 21 refs.
It has been reported that certain metal ions interfere with the
iodine uptake in the thyroid. The effect of various metallic
cations on the iodine uptake into the gland was studied. Ten
experimental mice were used for each material to be examined. The
metallic cations to be tested were administered in isotope form
and traced by a radioactive tracer. The iodine uptake was
calculated in terms of % of injected dose accumulated in the gland
or as a concentration ratio. Ferric, cupric, mercuric, zinc,
cadmium, and nickel ions at the dose level of 0.1 millimoles per
kq body weight were found to decrease the uptake of iodine in the
thyroid gland. Hanganous ions exhibited a similar effect when the
dose was doubled. A parallel decrease in fluoroborate could be
demonstrated. This suggests an interference at the stage of iodide
accumulation. Cobaltous, cobaltic, magnesium, beryllium, and
zirconium ions were shown to have not effect on iodine uptake at
the same dose level. The extent of influence upon thyroxine
production was discussed.
116U2T 59
I. N. Belyayeva
"i -
\
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLINICAL COURSE OF PHEIJHOSIA RELATED TO
BIRYLLIDH COHPOUND POISONING. ( <0sobennosti klinicheskogo
techeniya pnevmonii pri intoksikatsii soedineniyami berilliya. ))
Translated from Russian- Gigiena Truda i Prof. - •--:
Zabolevaniya, Vol. 9, Mar. 1965, pp. 28-32. 6 refs.
Foreign Technology Div. , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,
FTD-MT-24-308-67, 6p., Nov. 21, 1967.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 677248
Pneumonia, which is the most serious and rather frequent
complication of beryllium compound poisoning, appearing in 20% of
the cases, develops in the interstitial tissue against the
background of toxic lesion to the alveoli and bronchioli, which
leads to particle atelectasis and dilation of some parts of the
lungs with considerable increase in permeability of pulmonary
vessels. The records of 60 patients with this condition were
analyzed. The development of pneumonia is usually related to
concomitant secondary pneumotropic infection or activation of
existing microflora which acquires virulent properties. In view
35
-------
of the significant changes in reactivity of the organism most
cases of beryllium related pneumonia have a hypoergic course
without significant temperature elevation with moderate
levkocytosis or normal leukocyte content, without any special stab-
nuclear shift. Arterial hypoxemia, hyperventilation, tendency
toward marked tachypnea, tachycordia, hypotension and
collaptoid states are observed. Because of the protracted course
of the pneumonia process, there is slow recovery of
functional capabilities of the respiratory and hemodynamic
systems. A case history is presented to illustrate these
characteristics of pneumonia related to beryllium compounds.
Treatment with a good response is obtained only with prolonged
combined sulfanilamide and antibiotic therapy in conjunction with
anti allergic, bronchodilating and cardiovascular agents.**
OU603L 60
J. Cholak, R. A. Kehoe, and I. J. Schafer
TOXIC HAZARDS OF BERYLLIUM PROPELLANT OPERATIONS (CRITIQUE OF
CURRENT SAFETY PRACTICES. Cincinnati Dniv., Ohio
Fettering Lab., (Rept. No. AHRL-TDR-64-75.) Sept. 1964.
52 pp.
DDC: AD 450 928
The soundness of the considerations which have been used to
develop current safety practices in the handling of beryllium
enriched propellants have been reviewed. The report includes a
discussion of pertinent facts relating to berylliosis and the
considerations which led to the promulgation of the tolerance
limits. Particular emphasis is given to potential hazards
arising from plant operations and test firings. Except for
certain measures, industrial hygiene practices are described in
general terms. The exceptions, dealing with locker and shower
room facilities, protective clothing, laundering of clothing, the
use of personal respiratory devices, and the disposal of solid
and liquid wastes are discussed in some detail. Hedical
surveillance programs are outlined in full. The report concludes
with a number of recommendations derived from current observations
and past experience in the handling of beryllium enriched
material.##
06289 61
J. Cholak, R. A. Kehoe, L. H, Miller, F. Princi, and
L. J. Schafer
TOXICITY OF BERYLLIUM (FINAL TECHNICAL ENGINEERING EEPOBT).
(Kettering Lab., Cincinnati Univ., Ohio) (Apr. 1962). 76
pp. (Eept. No. ASD-TR-62-7-665.)
This report based on current knowledge and experience has been
prepared as a review and as a guide for use by individuals who
have the responsibility for protecting the health of personnel
engaged in operations in which beryllium is used. The report
includes descriptions of the effects of the absorption of
beryllium and specific measures designed to prevent illness and
maintain health among persons who work with beryllium. The
36 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
report covers the history of beryllium disease, hygienic
standards, environmental control procedures, sampling and
analytical procedures, housekeeping, personal hygiene and plant
sanitation, and a medical program. Illustrations of ventilation
controls are included.t#
05222 62
J. J. Cohen, and R. N. Kusian
THH SIGNIFICANCE OF BERYLLIUM SURFACE CONTAMINATION TO HEALTH.
California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab., Hay
28, 1964. 10 pp. (Kept. No. UCRL-7903.)
Surface contamination with beryllium becomes a hazard to health
only when the potential exists for resuspension in air in enough
quantity and for enough time to exceed the prescribed standards
for airborne exposures. There are several factors governing the
rate and nature of resuspension phenomena. These factors include:
the quantity and properties of the particular beryllium compound
causing the contamination, the nature of the surface, activities in
the vicinity, ventilation in the area which might affect the
dilution of resuspended particles, and the presence of other
control measures such as respiratory protection and use of wet
methods. Experience at Lawrence Badiation Laboratory has shown
it to be extremely difficult tc correlate the amount of beryllium
surface contamination to the potential health hazard in a
meaningful manner. Because of the many variables affecting
potential beryllium exposures due to surface contamination, it is
perilous to attempt expression of its significance quantitatively.
Generally, it has been found that the problem is minimal and can
be easily controlled by exercising good judgment based upon
consideration of pertinent factors governing resuspension, and a
knowledge of the nature of beryllium toxicity. (Author
abstract)
01084 63
L. F. Dieringer
HEALTH CO.NTEOI, PROGRAH IN A BERYLLIUM FACILITY: 3 YEARS'
EXPERIENCE. J. Occupational Med. 7, (9) 457-60, Sept. 1965.
A beryllium machining facility was designed from an occupational
health standpoint and to meet state health standards for the
protection of the workers and the community. Eesults of the
monitoring program over a 3-year period were tabulated by
operation, for in-plant sampling, and by month, for out-plant
sampling. Although various troubles have been encountered in the
operation of the facility, to date no hazardous exposures have
been indicated by the monitoring program nor any abnormal illnesses
uncovered by the medical control program. (Author summary)t#
Effects • Human Health 37
-------
64
Q1953
H. 11. Donaldson
nEPYLLTUM, 1964 - TCXICITY AND HANDLING. Arch. Environ.
Pealth 10, 554-9, Apr. 1965. (Presented at the 29th Annual
.Meeting, Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Mellon Inst. ,
Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 21-22, 1964.)
The author's conclusions concerning the hazards of beryllium
workers are as follows: Controls and technology in beryllium
processing have advanced, but potential toxicity problems are still
present. Potential dermatitis still exists when skin contact is
made with soluble salts of beryllium, principally the fluoride.
Accidental exposure to fumes of beryllium-fluoride may still
result in chemical pneumonitis. Chemical pneumonitis responds
promptly to therapy apparently without permanent injury, even in
serious cases. By 1964, engineering controls were
sufficiently developed to prevent berylliosis. Where these
controls treak down, medical science has advanced to the point
where berylliosis can be detected early before disability occurs.
when discovered in such an early stage and treated, these cases
can be arreated. With adequate engineering and medical controls,
beryllium in its many forms can be handled safely in large
Quantities without fear of producing chronic disabling disease.##
05682 65
Hannon, J. K. G. W. C. Copper, J. E. Martin, Jr. G. H. H.
Schepers, H. Tebrock, H. S. Van Crdstrand, E. A. White-
head, and J. F. Zielinski
BERYLLIUM D.TSEASE. Diseases Chest 48 (5), 550-8 (Nov. 1965).
The physical and chemical characteristics of teryllium are
discussed. A summarization is given of the sources, refining, and
industrial uses of beryllium. Berylliosis is defined, and the
acute and chronic forms are delineated. Acute beryllium disease is
described in terms of respiratory, dermal, and acular
manifestations; dermal manifestations are further refined to
include contact dermatitis, allergic dermatosis, chemical ulcer,
and ulcerating granuloma. The discussion of chronic beryllium
disease encompasses respiratory, dermal, renal, and skeletal
manifestations. Aspects of industrial hygiene and the occurrence
of berylliosis are also treated.
01846 66
R. L. Harris
DOST HAZARDS PELATED TO HEALTH. Preprint. (Presented at the
1955 National Safety Congress)
The relationships between exposures to dusts and their effects
upon health are not fully Known. Completely satisfactory methods
for the assessment of exposures are not yet proved or in use.
38 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Precise definition of the cause-and-effect relationships iii the
pneumoconioses is especially difficult because disease may first
anpear a number of years after initial exposures. This
discussion reviews some of the relationships between
dust hazards and health by considering the nature of dusts, the
way the respiratory system copes with dust particles, which are
inhaled, some of the aspects of sampling to measure degree of
exposure, and some of the effects on health which may result from
excessive exposures. (Author abstract)ft*
00308 67
H. Heimann
EFFECTS OF ATR POLLUTION ON HUMN HEALTH. World Health
Organization Monograph Ser., No. 46 (Air Pollution), p.
159-220, 1961.
As one chapter of a WHO Monograph on "Air Pollution," this
paper covers the state of knowledge and world trends in research
on the effects of such pollution on human health. The acute air
pollution episodes in the Meuse Valley, Donora, London, and
Poza Rica are reviewed. Data, causes, and effects for each
episode are discussed. The symptoms of illness and organic
ami systemic effects resulting from major pollutants such as
carbon monocide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ozone, beryllium,
fluorides, aeroallergens, carcinogens and pesticides are
described. Further research tc demonstrate that specific
pollutants or combinations thereof can cause ill health is urged
in order to obtain data to balance health effects against
economic aspects for the purpose of clearing the air. The
maximum allowable concentrations for community air, published by
the Pussians, are considered inadeguate to solve the air pollution
problem. However, studies already made of the effect of low-level
concentrations have been used as a base, despite controversy, to
reduce pollution in many locations,i#
07U23 68
Reiroann, H.
STATDS OF AIR POLLUTION HEALTH RESEAECH, 1966. Arch. Environ.
Health, 14(3) :<*88-503, Har. 1967. 178 red
Health, 14 (3):488-503, Har. 1967. 178 refs. (Presented in part
before the American Industrial Hygiene Conference,
Pittsburgh, Pa., May 16-20, 1966.)
Consideration is limited tc man-made air pollutants, omitting
naturally occurring adventitious airborne materials. Radioactive
materials were not discussed. Acute episodes of air pollution;
systemic effects of air pollution caused by arsenical compounds,
mercury, beryllium, lead, carbon monoxide, economic poisons,
manganese, and asbestos; air pollutants as irritants; medical
conditions such as acute nonspecific upper respiratory disease,
chronic obstructive ventilatory diseases, chronic bronchitis,
pulmonary emphysema, bronchial asthma, and lung cancer, are
reviewed.t#
Effects - Human Health 39
-------
02288
W.C. Hueper
ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CANCER HAZARDS. PART I OF
SYMPOSIUM: CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS, Clin. Pharraacol.
Therap. 3, (6) 776-813, Dec. 1962
The growth o± an environmental carcinogenic spectrum composed
of recognized, suspected, and potential human carcinogens of
chemical, physical, and parasitic nature should provide an
impressive warning to all concerned with the maintenance and
protection of the health and well-being of mankind to exert all
possible effort to develop methods and facilities by which sources
of production, channels of dissemination, routes of
exposure, prospective and actual target organs and tissues, and
number and types of individuals exposed to natural and man-made
carcinogens can be more readily and reliably identified. It is
essential that, where possible, human contact with environmental
carcinogens be totally eliminated or, whenever such a stringent
measure appears impractical or impossible, reduced to a minimum
with respect to degree, frequency, duration, and number of persons
exposed. Hhile the presently available methods of identifying
carcinogenic agents are admittedly slow and not totally adequate,
experimental observations and their implications in man demand
that first and dominant consideration be given to the protection
of the community against actual or potential cancer hazards. In
such a decision, the health and life of the general public should
receive the benefit of doubt without any reservation. (Author
summary modified)##
21225 70
Johnson, Kenneth D.
THE BERYLLIUM OXIDES OF PROPELLANT FDME: OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. Preprint, Armed
Services Explosives Safety Board, Huntsville, Ala. 22p., 1966.
16 refs, (Presented at the Armed Services Explosives Safety
Board, Explosive Safety Seminar on High Energy Propellants, 8th,
Huntsville, Ala., Aug. 9-11, 1966.)
The National Research Council standards for exposure to beryllium
oxide arising from rocket motor firing are reviewed and their
applicability to actual test firings evaluated. Three
considerations were the physical and chemical properties of the
two reference oxides specified in the standards; the reasons for
the selection of these particular forms of the oxide as reference
compounds; and the similarity of propellant combustion oxides to
them. Several series of toxicological tests on dogs and rabbits
using rocket combustion products are reviewed. It is concluded
that not enough is known concerning the relationship between
physico-chemical properties of the exhaust oxide and the
parameters of motor burning to permit the application of the
proposed 'relaxed' standards to be applied. However, it will be
difficult to predict that a test can be conducted in conformance
with National Research Council standards. Neither will it be
possible, with assurance, to demonstrate, on a posterior
basis, that these standards have in fact been met.
40 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
20055 71
Karamzina, N. M.
EFFECT OF BERYLLIUM OIIDE AND BERYLLIUM ALLOYS HITH ALUHINOH ON
GLYCOLYSIS IN THE LDNG. (K otsenke sostoyaniya glikoliza v
legochnoy tkani pri vozdeystvii okisi berilliya i ego splava).
Text in Russian. Toksikol. Novykh Prom. Khim. Veshchestv, no.
9:193-198, 1967. a refs.
Intratracheal introduction of beryllium oxide and of a
beryllium-aluminum alloy resulted in a sharp, increase in lactic
acid in the rat lung tissue. A certain depression of hexokinase
activity in the lung tissue was detected. These tests did not
reveal any change in activity of dehydrogenase for
phosphoglycerine aldehyde. Changes brought about by
beryllium-aluminum alloy were in every case weaker and more
rapidly normalized than with beryllium oxide. This is in
agreement with data related to weighted pulmonary quotient.
20621 72
Kotin, Paul and Hans L. Falk
ATMOSPHERE POLLUTANTS. Ann. Rev. fled., vol. 15:233-254, 1964.
109 refs.
The effects of acute air pollution disasters on morbidity and
mortality are documented, and observations during and following
these episodes serve as guidelines for research aimed at
determining whether sub-lethal or even sub-threshold levels of
air pollution represent a hazard to health. Analysis of the Heuse
Valley, Poza Rica, Donora, and 1952 Xondon episodes reveals that
the aged and persons with chronic cardiac or respiratory disease
are at maximum risk as their threshold of response is lower, and
the freguent association of fog with atmospheric stasis suggests
that both gases and aerosols contribute to the morbidity with the
latter having a more pronounced effect. The chronic and
intermittent subdisaster exposures of Los Angeles, Tokyo-Yokohama,
and New Orleans are investigated in relation to symptoms produced,
and the pathological effect of air pollutants is discussed in
terms of their physical and chemical state in the atmosphere.
00093 73
V.M. Kozlov V.D. Turovskiy
T5FRYLLIUM: TOXICOLOGY, CLINICAL ASPECTS OF DISEASES, LABOR
HYGIENE. (Berilliy: toksikologiya, klinika porazheniy,
qiqiyena truda.) State Publishing House for Literature
in the Field of Atomic Science and Technology, Moscow.
Translated from Russian. Dec. 3, 1962. 120 pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 299754
This report is a translation of parts of the Russian-language
book by Koziov and Turovskiy: toksikologiya, klinika porazheniy.
Effects • Human Health 41
-------
giqiyena truda. The folio-wing chapters are included: (1)
Experimental Toxicology of Beryllium and Its Compounds; (2)
labor Hygiene i Working with Beryllium; (3) Protection of
the Txternal Environment from Beryllium Contamination.##
74
050U"
V, H. Kozlov, and V. E. Turovskiy
EEBYLLIIIM TOXICOLOGY, SYUTOMATOLCGY OF AFFECTIONS AND INDUSTRIAL
HYGIENE. (Berilliy Toksikologiya, Klinika Porazheniy,
nigiyena Truda.) Air Force Systems Commond, Rright-
Patterson ftFE, Ohio, Foreign Technology Div. 162 (Oct. 21,
1963) . Russ. (Tr.)
The book describes the problems of the toxicology of beryllium,
the symptomatology of affections caused by the action of this
compound, industrial hygiene for beryllium production, and the
protection of the environment from contamination with production
wastes. Sanitary-hygienic requirements have been worked out for
the designing of production areas, for the various types of
equipment used, and for industrial ventilation systems. The
sanitary-hygienic reguirements described in this book apply
primarily to the production of beryllium and components fabricated
from this metal and to enterprises or shops which produce
beryllium-rich alloys of other metals. These requirements cannot
be completely extended to the production processes by which alloys
containing only small quantities of beryllium are obtained and to
work associated with the fabrication of components from such
alloys. The book is for a wide range of medical specialists,
engineering and technical inspectors from the professional
associations, and workers employed in beryllium production. f#
G1527 75
C. J. Leadteater
BPPYLLTfJM. J. Roy. Aeron. Soc. (London), 70 (668) : 781-787,
Aug. 1966.
Persons involved in handling certain forms of beryllium are
liable to respiratory illness and specific skin reactions. The
serious symptoms of berylliosis, the respiratory disease, result
from the inhalation of beryllium compounds such as fluoride or
sulfate. Inhalation of finely dispersed BeO also gives rise
to the disease. The mild form of reaction to beryllium
occurring in sensitive individuals, is a contact dermatitis caused
by handling beryllium and its compounds. The resultant rash
disappears when contact with the beryllium compound ceases. The
presence of fine beryllium dust with its associated oxide," or
independent oxide particles must not be tolerated and basic
precautions are essential for the maintenance of health and
safety. The statutory maximum atmospheric concentration is 2
micrograms per cubic meter averaged over an 8-hour day and 25
micrograms per cubic meter as the maximum concentration which may
not be exceeded even for a short time. Strict controls apply also
to stack effluents and wastes. Experience in several
establishments on this problenj has proved that good
42 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
housekeeping by the confinement of dust by means of effective
ventilation systems, collection of dusts, scrupulous cleanliness
by personnel and equipment can remove the risk in beryllium
technology. This report stresses the mechanical properties
and metallurgical processing of beryllium.##
21226 76
Lehman, Arnold J., Horace H. Gerarde, Verald K. Howe, Henry F.
Smith, Jr., Herbert E. Stokinger, and William I. Sutton
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR BERYLLIUH AND ITS COMPOUNDS. National
Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D. C.,
Conmittee on Toxicology and the Advisory Center on Toxicology.
Contract N7onr-291(61), 13p,, Harch 1, 1966.
The toxicity and hazards of beryllium and its compounds were
studied to obtain a data base from which to make recommendations
for the establishment of air quality criteria. The toxic
effects, including both acute and chronic beryllium disease, are
discussed. Acute chemical Pneumonitis is dose related and
produced by exposure to mists, fumes and/or dust of soluble
beryllium compounds. Recovery is usually spontaneous after
removal from the contaminated atmosphere. The pathogenesis of
chronic beryllium disease is still unknown. The fact that only
a small percentage of the persons exposed develop the disease
lends support to the hypothesis that there is an immunological
abnormality associated with the disease, or that the
susceptibility is in some way related to an inborn error of
metabolism. The lung is the primary target organ of chronic
beryllium disease; there is a latent period between exposure and
the appearance of the disease which varies from months to as long
23 years. The total exposed population is unknown, but the
Beryllium Registry shows over 400 cases of chronic beryllium
disease from industrial and approximately 60 cases from
non-industrial exposure. A relationship exists between the
thermal history of beryllium oxide and its toxicity; the oxide
calcined at 1350 C was virtually non-toxic, whereas material
calcined at 1100 C and 400 C caused a progressive increase in
mortality with decreasing calcining temperature. With respect
to particle size, crystallinity, and density, the
physical-chemical properties produced from rocket motor test
firings are strikingly similar to the oxide formed by calcining
at 1600 C. The need for analytical methods capable of
differentiating between soluble and insoluble beryllium
compounds and identifying individual insoluble compounds was
brought out. Continuation of the existing limit of 0.01
micrograms/sq m averaged over 30 days for continuous exposure was
recommended. 1 series of air quality criteria for intermittent
exposure to soluble beryllium compounds and to beryllium
oxide were recommended.
01925 77
J. Leiben, J. A. Dattoli, and V. H. Vought
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BERYLLIUM CONCENTRATION IN URINE. Arch.
Environ. Health 12, 331-4, Mar. 1966.
Effects - Human Health 43
-------
Fifty urine samples were obtained from cases of berylliosis,
suspected cases of berylliosis, beryllium workers without
berylliosis, family contacts of berylliosis patients, and from
neighbors of a beryllium refinery. Some persons had very high
exposures over a prolonged period of time while others had short
exposures. From a study of the results of these urine
examinations it can be concluded that: 1. Quantitative or
qualitative analysis of urine does not appear to be an aid in the
diagnosis of berylliosis. Ther were ten cases of berylliosis
in this group and seven suspected cases. Of these, only one had a
positive urine. Three beryllium workers who had heavy exposure
but no disease also had a positive urine sample. 2. Community
air pollution above atomic Energy Commission suggested levels
does not cause beryllium excretion in the urine. Of 1H persons
who lived within one-guarter mile of a beryllium refinery for at
least 18 years only two excreted beryllium in their urine, and
both had drunk beryllium contaminated water in the past.##
0131u 78
B.M. Levy G.H. Higgins
PTACTTONS WITHIN THE LUNGS OF GUINEA PIGS TO THE INTRATRACHEAL
ADMINISTRATION OF ZINC BERYLLIUM SILICATE. Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J., Vol. 26:227-235, June 1965.
Zinc silicate and zinc berylliuit silicate were injected
intratracheally into two groups of guinea pigs. Serial sacrifice
of the animals was made and the pathology of lesions of the lungs
was studied. Zinc silicate produced lesions comparable to but
Ifiss severe than those from zinc beryllium silicate. Lesions from
zinc silicate reached maximal intensity in about eight seeks;
thereafter, recovery was noted and at 11 months a normal
pulmonary parenchyma was restored. The beryllium salt produced
more advanced lesions in two weeks with progression for three or
four months. At 15 months some residual injury remained.
(Author abstract)#t
13625 79
Lindberg, Walter
AIR POLLUTION IN NORWAY. II. PDBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF
AIR POLLDTION - A LITERATURE STDDY. (Den Alminnelige
Luftforurensning i Norge. Luftforurensning som Helseproblem, -
en Litteraturstudie.) Translated from Norwegian. Oslo Dniv.
(Norway), p. 66-77, 1968.
This presentation discusses functional and anatomical changes
arising from diseases caused by air pollution. The discussion
includes air pollution episodes, pollutants known to cause
specific effects (arsenic compounds, mercury, beryllium
compounds, manganese compounds, and lead). Lead and carbon
monoxide are discussed in greater detail. Emphasis is
also placed on respiratory irritations caused by S02,
nonspecific upper respiratory diseases, the effect of air
pollution on the occurrence of colds, smoking, chronic
bronchitis emphysema, bronchial asthma, lung cancer, and
heart disease.
44 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
07328 80
V. Hacguet, F, Guerrin, M. Leduc, D. Furon
REVIEW OF A CASE OF CHBONIC PULMONABY BEBYLLIOSIS. {(A
Propos d'un Cas de Berylliose Pulmonaire Chronique.))
Text in French. Lille Med. (Lilli) , 12 (2) :246-252, Feb.
1967. 27 refs.
A case of chronic pulmonary berylliosis was followed from 1963
to 1967 and the gradual deterioration of the patient's condition
is reported. The patient born in 1920 was first seen in regard
to a complaint of dyspnea which had bothered the woman since
1957 following influenza. The woman was exposed to clouds of
fluorescent powder in the mixing of powders containing
beryllium and in cleaning out the powder from defective tubes.
The occupational history, the clinical picture, the X-ray
plates, and the association with a definite reaction to a patch
test confirmed the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary berylliosis.
Cortisone therapy gave temporary improvement, but extended
cortisone therapy did not change the prognosis. The general
health of the patient deteriorated with the dyspnea increasing on
the least effort. There was a^freguent cough and a general
weakness. In 1967, the lips were cyanotic and nails were
deformed. The pulmonary fibrosis increased slowly.
Becuase of the failure to comply with the 5-year limit on the
filing of claims after leaving employment, the case was not
compensable under French law. The 5-year limit is not
sufficient especially in cases involving berylliosis.t*
C709R 81
Noro, L., V. Pirila, and J. Laamanen
AIR POIIDTION AND ALLERGY. (Work Environ. Health
(Helsinki),) Vol. 1, p. 2-15, Oct. 1962.
The authors current knowledge regarding the problem of air
pollution and allergy is reviewed and observations made in
Finland are presented. Air pollution is divided into natural and
cultural the former deriving from wind pollinated plants and the
latter from industrial sources. Emphasis is on cultural pollution
and major pollutants such as 302, beryllium, and fluorine are
treated individually. It is pointed out that there is a disparity
between maximum allowable concentrations, as commonly set, and
concentrations tolerated by allergic individuals.IS
06974 82
Pinkerton, H. K. and E. F. Ziegler
EFFFCTS OF BERYLLIUH SULFATE ON SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN
PBINATES. Aerospace .Medical Research Lab.,
Bright-Patterson SFB Ohio, Proj. 6302, Task 630202,
SMRL-TP-66-198, (11)9.T Dec. 1966. 2 refs.
CFSTI: AD 650372
Effects - Human Health 45
-------
The effects of intratracheally administered beryllium sulfate on
serum alkaline phosphatase were studied in male Nacaca mulatta
mcnk^ys. Forty male Macaca mulatta monkeys weighing from 2.0 to
5.2 kg were used in this investigation. Twenty-two monkeys
received beryllium sulfate, 10 received aluminum sulfate, and 8
received saline. They were allowed food and water ad libitum and
were maintained in individual cages throughout the experiments.
Time intervals selected for studying the effects of intratracheal
injections of the compounds on serum alkaline phosphatase were 2, 1
8, and 24 hours. Each timed study involved at least one monkey
serving as a saline control. All animals were bled before
injection for baseline determination of serum alkaline phosphatase
so that each animal served as his own control. All beryllium-
treated animals received 2 mg/kg Be + +. In additional
experiments using aluminum sulfate under identical conditions, no
inhibition of serum alkaline phosphatase was noted.##
83
02457
J.R. Prine, S.F. Erokeshoulder, D.E. HcVean, F. B.
Pobinson
DEMONSTRATION OF THE PRESENCE OF BERYLLIUM IN P01HONARY
GPANULOMA.S. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 45, (4) 448-51, Apr. 1966.
CFSTI.CDC: AD634822
Chronic beryllium disease was induced experimentally
in dogs, and the presence of beryllium was demonstrated in
specific histologic structures (pulmonary granulomas) by means
of a laser microprobe and emission spectroscopy. The ability
to detect minute amounts of beryllium in tissue sections
of necropsy and biopsy material can be a significant aid in the
diagnosis of both acute and chronic forms of beryllium disease.
The detection of beryllium in histologic structures represents an
important advance in the study of the pathogenesis of this disease.
(Author summary)##
02275 84
A.I,. Reeves
THE ABSORPTION OF BERYLLIUM FHOM THE GASTROINTESTINAL TBACT.
Arch. Environ. Health 11, 209-14, Aug. 1965.
Daring daily ingestion of BeS04 in doses of 0.6 microgram-6.6
micrograro/day by rats most of the ingested beryllium, presumably
precipitated in the intestines as the phosphate, passed the
gastrointestinal tract unabsorbed. The daily fecal Be output
came to a peak during the first exposure week, decreased
temporarily, and reached a plateau somewhat below the intake
level during the ninth week of exposure. Urinary Be
concentration, generally in the range below 1% of the fecal level,
fluctuated during the first several weeks and decreased to a trace
six to nine weeks after commencement of the experiments. Most
of the retained beryllium accumulated in the bones and some in
the liver. However, up to 24 wafeks after commencement of
exposure, subcellular fractionation studies of proteins and lipids
46 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
on liver tissue did not show evidence of hepatic cell
destruction. A slight inhibition of growth, dependent in
extent on the exposure level, was demonstrated. (Author
summary)##
09010 85
Beeves, ftndrew L.
ISOZYMES OF LACTJTE DEHYDEOGENASJ DOEING BERYLLIUM CARCINOGENESIS
It! THE HAT. Cancer ees. , Vol. 27, Part 1, p. 1895-1899,
Oct. 1967. i)2 refs.
Starch gel zymograms of lactate dehydrogenase in the pulmonary
tissue extract of rats exposed daily to the inhalation of BeS04
aerosol showed well-defined differences in comparison to paired
controls. Significant increase of both the muscle-type and
heart-type isozymes was observed during the immediate precancerous
phase (8th-10th month of exposure), followed by return to normal or
subnormal levels at the time of appearance of the fully grown
pulmonary tumors (12th-13th mcnth). H4-lactate dehydrogenase
(IDH) , but not M4-LDH, was significantly depressed in tumor
tissue both in comparison to controls or to the nonneoplastic parts
of the exposed lungs. Since beryllium salts inhibit the
activity of LDH in vitro, these results show that a reversal of
the direct effect takes place during the malignant transformation,
followed in part by a second reversal during tumor growth.
(Author's summary) ##
06168 86
Reeves, A. L. D. Deitch, and A. J. Vorwald
BERYLLIUM CARCTNOGENESIS: I. INHALATION EXPOSURE OF RATS TO
BERYLLIUM SULFATE AEBOSOL. Cancer Hes. 27, (3) 439-43, Mar. 1967.
The results of an inhalation exposure of 150 rats for 72 weeks at a
mean concentration of 34.25 micrograms of Be/cu m in the form of a
beryllium sulfate aerosol are reported. The average lung weight
towards the end of the exposure was 4.25 times normal. The two
gradually developing pathologic processes were: an inflammatory
response character! zed by an accumulation of histiocytic elements
forming clusters of macrophages in the alveolar spaces and also a
proliferative response, progressing from early epithelial
hyperplasia of the alveolar surfaces, through metaplasia and
anaplasia to lung cancer. The first tumors were found in 9 months
and the incidence was 100 percent in 13 months. All tumors were
alveolar adenocarcinomas with some focal intermixture of other
types. Three of 56 tumors reached a very large size comparatively
early. Females appeared to be more vulnerable to the exposure than
males in terms of attritional mortality and body weight loss. It
is recalled that the attack rate of indutrial berylliosis in humans
is also higher in women than in men.
Effects - Human Health 47
-------
06164 87
A. L. Beeves ana A. J. Vorwald
BERYLLIUM CABCINOGENESIS: II. PULMONARY DEPOSITION AND
CLEARANCE OF INHALED BEKYLLIUM SULFATE IN THE RAT. Cancer
Res. 27, (3) 446-51, Mar. 1967.
The deposition and clearance cf the BeS04 from a group of rats
exposed to 34.25 raicrograms of beryllium per cubic meter for 72
weeks in the form of a beryllium sulfate aerosol is reported. At
36 weeks there was a concentration plateau which was interpreted
as an equilibrium between deposition and clearance. The clearance
mechanisms included not only the solubility of intrapulmonary
precipitates, but also certain host-dependent factors involving the
lympatic route primarily. Females were less efficient in
utilizing this clearance route which resulted in slower removal
of pulmonary Be deposits, lower accumulation of inhaled material
in the regional lymph nodes, and earlier morbidity and mortality.
Only about half of the original pulmonary load was cleared
rapidly; the remainder remained in the lungs for longer periods and
later became incorporated into the nuclei of certain pulmonary
cells and was involved in carcinogenic challenge. The beryllium
assays made by spectrographic beryllium analysis are reported for
the lungs, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and blood. The ultimate
site of beryllium in tie organise appears to be the skeleton,
although temporary deposits were noted in the liver. The
inhaled beryllium which is retained in the lungs for long periods
is of the greater significance from the viewpoint of pulmonary
carcinogenesis.##
11000 88
Robinson, Parrel B., Fenton Schaffner, and Esther
Trachtenberg
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE LUNGS OF DOGS EXPOSED TO
BERYLLIUM-CONTAINING DUSTS. Arch. Environ. Health,
17(2):193-203, Aug. 1968.
Two beagle dogs were exposed by the natural respiratory route
to rocket exhaust fumes containing beryllium oxide, beryllium
fluoride, and beryllium chloride. The lung tissue was
examined electron microscopically after a three-year post-exposure
period. Beryllium particles and small agglomerates less than 1
micron in size were deposited in lysosomes in the cytoplasm of
histiocytes in the interstitium of the septa. They were closely
associated with collagen bundles several microns wide and with
increases in numbers of septal capillaries. The lesions were more
typical of the classical reaction to a foreign-body
than immunologic in character and represented an early form of
chronic beryllium disease. (Authors1 abstract)f#
48 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11241 89
E. M. Both, W. H. Teichner, and A. 0. Mirarchi
CONTAMINANTS STANDARDS. (SECTION 13.) In: Compendium of
Human Responses to the Aerospace Environment, Volume III,
Sections 10-16, Emanuel M. Roth (ed.), Lovelace Foundation
for Medical Education and Hesearch, Albuquerque, N. Hex.,
CONTRACT -.NAS-115, p. 1-115, Nov. 1968. 233 refs.
CFSTI: NASA CE-1205(III
Toxicological problems in space operations cover three
situations: (1) the acute, short term, high-level exposure either
in ground support or space cabin conditions; (2) the 8-hour work
day exposure found in manufacturing and ground support
situations; and (3) continuous, long term exposure to trace
contaminants, such as would be anticipated in extended space
missions. In view of the necessity for provisional limits of
manned space flights of 90 to 1000 d.ays duration the following
criteria for trace contaminant control in manned spacecraft have
been derived: Contaminants must not produce significant adverse
changes in the physiological, biochemical, or mental stability
of the crew. The spacecraft environment must not contribute to a
performance decrement of the crew that will endanger mission
objectives. The spacecraft environment must not interfere with
physical or biological experiments nor with medical monitoring.
Based on these criteria air quality standards for prolonged manned
missions have been established. The following topics are
discussed: kinetics of contaminants in space cabins; toxicological
factors; toxicology in the spacecraft environment; source of
contaminants; particulates and aerosols; microbial contaminants.
Tables presenting chemical analysis of all contaminants with
standard levels for space cabins are listed.**
09900 90
Sherwin, Russell P., Reginald H. Smart, and Gerald C.
Scarborough
CHRONIC BERYLLIOSIS AND CALCOSPHERITE DEPOSITION. Arch. Environ.
Health, 12(2):237-245, Feb. 1966. 8 refs.
A 24 year-old Caucasian woman had a five-year period of exposure to
beryllium dust just prior to the onset of her respiratory symptoms-.
After discontinuing her occupation her subsequent clinical course
was characterized by a progressive increasing shortness of breath,
which 13 years after the onset of her illness, necessitated
continuous oxygen therapy. She also developed a productive cough
and orthopnea. The clubbing and cyanosis of the fingernails which
began one year after onset of illness was now pronounced.
Examinations revealed an enlarged heart with a murmur and resonant
positive. Twenty years after onset of disease, the patient died.
Autopsy findings showed numerous clusters of calcospherites within
all lobes of both lungs. The autopsy examinations also supported a
beryllium pneumoconiosis in that multiple fibrocologenous nodules
were found which are consistent with healed beryllium granulomas.
The calcospherite deposits overshadowed the old granulomas both
pathologically and clinically.
Effects - Human Health 49
-------
91
08662
Smith, N. J. and R. P. Tessner
THE ANALYSIS OF TRACE METALS IN BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS BY A DIEEC1
HEADING SPECTROMETHIC TECHNIQUE. Preprint, Dow Chemical Co,,
Midland, Mich., Chemical Physics Besearch Lab., ((15))p., 1966.
(Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference,
Pittsburgh, Pa., Hay 16-20, 1966.)
The sensitivity of direct reading versus photographic recording wa
investigated. The method decided upon to test the direct reader
was the analysis of animal organs for Be, Ca, Hg, and Fe. The
animals were intratracheally treated with BeO. At intervals
ranging from 1 to 68 weeks the animals were killed and the tissues
were saved for elemental analysis, among other tests. The whole
organs were removed from the animals, weighed, wrapped in Saran
Wrap and frozen. The best method found to digest the samples was
to wet ash the whole organs in a 3:2 mixture of HC104 and HN03
acids. The photoelectric recording is slightly more precise than
the photographic method. Constant light data indicate the recorder
is precise to less than 1 percent. This infers that the lack of
precision is due to something other than recording. The Be
concentrations increase with respect to time. This procedure was
set up using the direct reader head to indicate what success could
be expected in making trace analysis by direct reading methods.
From the results of this work justification is felt for setting up
a more general direct reading method for the analysis of trace
elements.
03086 92
P. Stocks
ON THE RELATIONS BETHEEN ATHOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN URBAN AND
PDBAL LOCALITIES AND MORTALITY FBCM CANCEB, BRONCHITIS AND
PNEUMONIA, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO 3:4 EINZOPYRENE,
BFRYLLIUH, MOLYBDENUM, VANADIUM AND ARSENIC. Brit. J. Cancer
(London) 14, 397-418, 1960
Lung cancer mortality is strongly correlated with smoke
density in the atmosphere in Northern England and Wales. In
26 localities, the smoke samples were analysed in respect
of polycyclic hydrocarbons and a statistical process of
Lunq cancer mortality is strongly correlated with smoke
density in the atmosphere in Northern England and Wales.
in 26 localities the smoke samples were analysed in respect
successive elimination was applied to discover which hydrocarbon
was responsible for the smoke correlation with mortality rates.
For lung cancer and bronchitis 3:4 benzopyrene emerges
clearly as the substance of prime importance, with 1:12
benzoperylene contributing weakly for lung cancer, but for
pneumonia 3:4 benzopyrene is apparently not important. The
composite group of other cancers in males is correlated with
several hydrocarbons, but cancers of the breast and other sites
in females show no relations with any of them. In 23 localities
spectrographic analyses for 13 tfrace elements were made and a
similar process of successive elimination was applied to those
50 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
which showed appreciable correlations with mortality rates.
For lung cancer beryllium and molybdenum emerge as the
elements of most consequence, with arsenic, zinc and vanadium
showing weaker associations. For bronchitis molybdenum appears to
he the important element in both sexes whilst males beryllium,
arsenic, vanadium and zinc may also be concerned as for lung
cancer. For pneumonia beryllium emerges as the important element
in both sexes, with vanadium also concerned in males. With
other cancer in males beryllium, molybdenum and vanadium show
associations, but breast and other cancers in females show no
realtions with any element. (Author summary modified)#t
16739 93
Stokinger, Herbert E.
THE SPECTBE OF TODAY'S ESVIRONHENTAL POLLUTION—USA BRAND: NEH
PERSPECTIVES FROM AM OLD SCOUT. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J-, 30(3):
195-217, May 1969, 128 refs.
A comprehensive toxicologic evaluation of the potential human
health hazards from man-made and natural environaental pollutants
(except radiation) from air, water and food has been made to
highlight the areas of greatest concern for health agencies in
the D.S.A. The judgments are predicated on pollutant levels
existing now or in the foreseeable future, and on the hereditary
milieu of the population of the continental United States.
(Author's Summary)
OU738
A. A. Thomas
AEROSPACE TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH. Proc. NATO AGARD Conf.
(Paris) (2) 259-78, Sept. 1965.
The major areas of aerospace toxicology such as propellant
toxicology, environmental pollution, and space cabin environment
are reviewed. Because of the short duration, high level, and
infrequent exposures, the industrial Threshold Limit Values are
ueaningless. The philosophy of emergency exposure assumes that no
one will be intentionally exposed to high concentrations of
propellant vapors under ordinary conditions; if there is
exposure, subjective and objective symptomatology may occur, but
pathology should be reversible and the performance of the operator
must not be impaired. Valuable information from the aerospace
toxicological research projects include: exposure data that can be
applied to community air pollution problems, new high-energy
propellants which are potential pharmacological research tools, and
a better understanding of the oxygen toxicity problem.!*
Effects • Human Health 51
-------
11)017
Vasilieva, E. V.
IMMUNOLOGTCA1 ASSESSMENT OF A MODEL OF EXPERIMENTAL BERYLLIOSIS.
(Immunologicheskaya otsenka model! eksperimental'nogo berillioza).
Text in Russian. Byul. Eksperim. Biol. i Med., 67(3):7H-77, 1969.
11 refs.
Fats were administered 2.5 mg of beryllium oxide intratracheally
to test their immunologicalv reactivity. The results showed that
morphological changes due to berylliosis were accompanied by a
skin reaction to soluble beryllium compounds and by the formation
of humoral and sessile antibodies to lung nucleoproteins. The
immunoloqical activity of the rats resembles that of animals with
chronic berylliosis and can serve as an experimental model of
chronic berylliosis. (Author summary modified)
52 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
EFFECTS - PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
00316 96
A. E. Gregory
SFFECTS OF SIR POLLUTION ON EDIBLE CHOPS. North Carolina
Univ., Chapel Hill, Dept. of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering. May 1964. pp. 21-3.
The effects of air pollution on edible crops should be
differentiated at the onset from the 'effects of air pollution
on vegetation in general. For example, sulfur dioxide
has a very pronounced effect on pine needles, but pine needles
are a minor food source. It has been variously estimated
by different authorities that the annual loss of vegetable
produce amounts to HO to 60 million dollars. Although this
over-kill type of damage is very real to the vegetable producer
and is of great economic interest, it is of less concern
to those in public health. Their concern is with the damage
that alters the content s of crops but does not alter the
appearance sufficiently to prohibit their sale. This
results in threats to public health through the insidious
route of the gastro-intestinal tract. The alterations
in edible crops that are usually not apparent to the
consumer fall into two categories: (1) loss of nutiirnts
such as vitamins, proteins, essential fatty acids, etc. and
(2) the addition of some substance to the food which is
toxic when absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. The
loss of nutrients has been established in many cases.
Some of the substances which have been shown to produce
nutrient damage to produce are: ozone, nitroolefins,
perocyacyl nitrates, nitrogen oxides, and ethylene. Of
probably greater importance to health now and assuredly in
tho future is the addition of seme toxic substance to the
produce. With the advent of possible atomic power plants. Be
was studied for toxicity and fcund to be extremely toxic.
It was found that Be taken up into bush beans was not only
toxic itself, but decreased the Cu content. In this way
it fell into the ca-tegory of primary toxicant and also into the
category of nutrient depletor. Many other compounds also
fall into both categories. With the many new insecticides,
herbicides and larvicides being manufactured, it has become
imperative to be aware of the problem of both the effect on
edibles of a toxicant and also its effect on the plant, that
is, loss of minerals, vitamins, etc.**
06326 97
H. H. Heck, L. S. Sird, M. E. Bloodworth, H. J.
Clark, D. E. Darling, and K. B. Porter
53
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PY MISSILE PEOPELLANTS. Texas
Agricultural and Mechanical Research Foundation, College
Station. fipr. 1962, 120 pp. (Sept. MRL-TDB-62-38.)
CTSTI, DDC: AD 282984
The effects of 21 missile fuel components on aquatic organisms,
soil micrcflora, plants and soils were determined. Goldfish and
Daphnia were subjected to 0,1,10,100 and 1000 ppro of the test
compounds for 72 hours in the aquatic studies. Some or all of 10
goldfish and 13 Daphnia died, when exposed to 100 ppm of the test
chemicals. Counts of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in the
soil micrcflora studies showed no significant decrease in any of
the organisms with a 100 ppir application of test chemical to the
soil samples. Three of the chemicals may sterilize the soil of
actinomycpt.es. Plant studies were threefold using sguash,
soybean, cotton, cowpea and corn; germination studies using 1000
ppm of each test chemical produced consistent inhibition of
germination by two of the compounds and two ionic species; seedling
studies using a soil drench of each test chemical at 100 ppm,
produced toxic symptoms with three of the ionic components;
seedling studies using three test .chemicals (gases) at 100 ppm as
air pollutants produced severe injury to death of all species with
pach of the test gases. Soil studies (1000 ppm) included the
leachability and runoff potential of each test chemical as well
as the effects on soil. (Author abstract)##
54 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
08420 "
Brodovic-z, Bey A.
MR QUALITY CRITT3EIA FOB PENNSYLVANIA. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 18(1):21-23, Jan. 1968. H refs.
In late 1965 the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Commission
appointed a Council of Technical Advisors to develop air
quality criteria. Recently this Council set forth its
recommendations for ten pollutants. The philosophy of the
Council is expressed. The major difficulties and rationale are
mentioned. The recommendations are given and the potential use
of the criteria is also explained. The establishment of firm
guidelines of air quality is based solely on consideration of
effects both on health and aesthetics. The criteria are broken
into two distinct groups; air basin average and single point
measurement. The pollutants included: 1. Suspended
particulates (total) , 2. Settled particulates (total) , 3. lead
(tentative), U. Beryllium, 5. Sulfates (as H2SOU) , 6.
Sulfuric acid mist, 7. Fluorides (total soluble, as HF) , 8.
Sulfur dioxide, 10. Oxidants, 11. Hydrogen sulfide, and 12.
Carton monoxide. 8t
01270 99
H. Katz
QtJALITY STANDARDS FOR AIH AND WATEB. Occupational Health Rev.
(Ottawa) 17(1) :3-8, 1965. (Presented at the Occupational
Health and Safety Conference, Canadian Congress of labour,
North Bay, Ontario, Nov. 16, 1960).
Author reiterates air guality standards and threshold limit values
for gases and vapors (ppm) in the USSR and USA: ambient air
quality standards and workroom air threshold limit values for some
gases (carbon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ethylene,
ozone, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide) ; air guality
standards and threshold limit values for solids or liquids; and
comparative ambient air quality standards for particulate matter.
Data are given for California, Oregon, USSR, Czechoslovakia
and West Germany. ##
06677 1Q0
E. V. Khukrin
MODEBN APPROACH TO AIR EUSTINESS IN HOBKSHOPS. U.S.S.H.
literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
55
-------
Diseases, Vol. 7, 301-8, 1962. (Gigiena i Sanit.,) 2H (7)
50-5, 1959. Translated from Russian.
CFSTI: 62-11103
Extensive data were accumulated during recent years on the study
of the effect of different types of industrial aerosols. Based on
the summary and evaluation of new data obtained from work
institutes, university apartments and practicing physicians a list
was prepared of the maximum permissible concentration of 55 dusts
and aerosols. This list is presented and improvements in those
standards are recommended.##
08679 10'
Maga, John A. and J. R. Goldsmith
STANDARDS FOR AIR QOALITY IN CALIFORNIA- J, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., 10 (6) : 1)53-455, 467, Dec. 1960. 8 refs. (Presented
at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc. ,
Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
The 1959 State legislature required that the California State
Department of Public Health adop and publish standards for the
quality of the air of the State. The act also provides that the
standards nay be amended from time to time and that they shall be
adopted after public hearings. Concentrations for four substances
—ozone, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide—
were established in 1955 by the Los Angeles County Air Pollu-
tion Control District as part of an alert system. Following
adoption of the State air quality standards, that District
amended the carbon monoxide alert values to include a concentration
and time of exposure. The procedures for the adoption of the stan
dards are detailed. Three levels of air pollutants were thus
selected as follows: 1. Adverse Level - Level at which there
will be sensory irritation, damage to vegetation, reduction in
visibility, or similar effects.2. Serious Level-Level at which
there will be alteration of bodily function or which is likely to
lead to chronic disease. 3. Emergency Level - Level at which it
is likely that acute sickness or death in sensitive groups of per-
sons will occur. The three levels were not merely different
degrees of severity but each represents qualitatively different
effects. The concentrations that were used represent that was con
sidered to be the lowest values at which the defined effect could
be experienced by sensitive receptors. The standards that were
established by the Department are given. Standards were set only
for substances on which it was felt there were sufficient data. In
addition, a number of footnotes are included. Some of these foot-
notes cover substances for which actual standards in the near
future. One of the considerations of the Legislature in requir-
ing air quality standards was that they would be used to determine
standards for motor vehicle exhaust emissions. The "oxidant
index" and carbon monoxide levels in the air quality standards had
a direct and important bearing on standards for motor vehicle
exhaust emissions that vere also developed by the Department.
56 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01011
702
S. Eihm, Jr.
NEW YORK STATE'S CLASSIFICATIONS AKBIEBT AIS QUALITY
OBJECTIVES SYSTEM. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc Vol
15: (11)519-522, Nov. 1965.
The air pollution potential of any area is directly related to its
population and economic development. In Mew York State, this
pollution potential ranges from that existing in the sparsely
inhabited recreational zones to that prevailing in the densely
populated and/or heavily industrialized areas* No one set of air
quality standards or objectives can be developed which can
reasonably be applied on a statewide basis. A classifications-air
quality objectives system has been adopted by the State Air
Pollution Control Board for application in New York State.
In accordance with this system, specific areas can be classified
in one of 16 categories. Air quality objectives, in keeping with
each classification are designed to protect health and to promote
the maximum comfort and enjoyment and use of property consistent
with the needs of the area concerned. The system was
developed by the staff with the assistance of a council of
technical advisors. Units of measurement related to the most
important effect of specific contaminants are utilized. Methods
of sampling and analysis are specified. The details of the
classifications-objectives system, the place of the system in the
state's air resource management plan, the manner in which each
segment of the state after study will be classified, and how
attainment will be evaluated are described. (Author abstract) ##
Standards and Criteria
-------
BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1U209 103
near, I. J.
TUPTHF.R OBSERVATIONS ON THE OCCURRENCE CF METASTABLF PHftSFS
DURING THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF SULPHATFS. Australian J. Chem.,
21(1):21-36, 1968. 17 refs.
Observations of the occurrence of metastable phases in the
BeS04-H20 system substantiated earlier findings relating to the
7,r (SOU) 2-H20 system. The results provided further evidence that
the formation of polymorphic compounds during thermal
decomposition processes is controlled by the vapor pressure of
the volatile component in the relevant region of the particular
phase system. Metastable forms of BeS04.2H20 and BeSO4.H2O may
b° observed during thermal decomposition of BeS04.i»H20, their
occurrence depending on the partial water vapor pressure in the
immediate environment of the sample during decomposition. When
the decomposition takes place in air at low external vapor
pressure, their formation is influenced by any factors which
affpct the self-generated partial water vapor pressure. The
vapor pressure existence range of metastable BeS04.2H20 was
investigated. Anomalous effects observed when sulfuric acid
solutions were used to provide fixed water vapor pressures during
hyflration and equilibration studies are attributed to the
influence of the very low partial pressures of S03 (or H2S04)
over these solutions. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns of
the- equilibrium BeS04.2H2o and BeS04.H20 phases were indexed.
(Author summary modified)
01067 104
I.V. Feigenbutz
THE COMPOSITION AND THERPIODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOP THE COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS OF BERYLLIUM AND AIR. General Dynamics/Convair,
San Diego, Calif., No. ERR-SD-128, June 1961, 30p.
CFSTI, HDC: AD 260268
The ob-jective of this report is to present the ideal
thermodynamic properties and composition for the combustion
products of beryllium and air and to facilitate the
performance calculation for a ramjet using beryllium as a fuel.
The ideal thermodynamic properties and composition for the
combustion products of beryllium and air were computed for
assigned pressures from 0.000001 to 100 atm and temperatures from
1000 to 6000 K. The chemical species considered were gaseous
N2, N, NO, 02, 0, Be, BeO, (BeO>2, (BeO)3, (BeO)H and
BeO (solid and liquid). The contribution from C02 and A in air
59
-------
were ignored. The composition cf the reactants corresponds
to ^.U22 Be plus 0.2115 02 plus 0.7885n2 in moles. The
properties calculated are for an ideal mixture of pure gases,
liauids, and solids. The thermcdynamic properties are
reported, in table form and as a Mollier chart. The
compositions are reported in chart form only. In addition, the
foiling ooint, percent condensation of BeO, and the adiabatic
flame temperature for various pressures are given. (Author) ##
105
Karchal, Germaine
PPSEARCH ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF METALLIC SULFATES EY HEAT.
DISSOCIATION OF MAGNESIUM AND EEPYLLIOM SULFATES AND TKEIB
C01PINATIONS HITH POTASSIUM SDLFATE, (Eecherches sur la
decomposition des sulfates metalligues par la chaleur.
Dissociation des sulfates de magnesium, de glucinium et de leurs
combinaisons avec le sulfate de potassium). Text in French.
J. Chim. Phys., vol. 22:493-517, 1925. 26 refs.
The range of temperatures and pressures was measured from the
beginning of the decomposition of magnesium sulfate at 880 to
1175 C. There was a break in the rise of temperature and
pressure in the region of 1155-1165 C near the melting point.
The melting point was shown to be 1155 C as determined in a
special electric furnace. From the temperature-pressure
diagrams, it was possible to calculate the partial pressures
of sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide, and oxygen in the range
Q50 to 1190 C and the dissociation curve, temperature versus
pressure. The reaction heat of decomposition varied from 71 cal
between 1000 and 1050 r to 62.3 cal between 1084 and 1100 C.
The same types of experiments were done for beryllium sulfate.
Decomposition set in at 610 C and proceeded more rapidly at
700 c. Decomposition occurred according to the reaction:
b BeS04 yields S03.5SeO + 4S03. Again, a curve of pressure
versus temperature was recorded between 590 and 830 C. The
partial pressures of the gases (S02, S03, 02) given off in this
range were also determined. The heat of decomposition averaged
41 cal. The double salt of magnesium and potassium sulfates was
crystallized from pure single salts. Its melting point averaged
751 r.
1 611 fi 8 106
Sastri, 1. N. and T. P. Prasad
THSFMAL DECOMPOSITION OF BERYLLIUM SULPHATE TETPAHY.DBATE. J.
Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30 (6): 1639- 1640 , July 1968. 8 refs.
The pyrolitic behavior of beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate was
studied. Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate was dried to a constant
weight in a vacuum over a silica gel. About 250 mg was used for
the thermogravimetric study. A thermobalance with a sensitivity
of 1 mg, linear heating of 4 C/min, and a chart speed of 6 in./hr
was used. The differential graph was drawn by plotting the weight
loss/5 min against the temperature. The differential curve shows
60 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
that the loss of water begins at 85 C with a maximum rate at
150 C. The weight loss between 85 and 200 C corresponded to
3.5 H20. Between 200 and .300 C, the weight change was irregular
and the total weight loss in that region was equivalent to 0.5
H20. The anhydrous sulfate was stable between 330 and 600 C,
and this was converted completely to the oxide at 850 C. The
thermoqram did not indicate the existence of any intermediate
hydrate except perhaps an unstable hemihydrate in the 200-300 C
region. No change in weight was indicated in the region where
the anhydrous sulfate was present which was in contrast to the
observation of Duval and Duval that the line was not absolutely
horizontal. Further, conversion to the oxide was complete at
8flO C as against 1031 C reported by them.
15775 107
Stuart, S. I. and T. L. Whateley
ADSORPTION OF WATEB AND CARBON DIOXIDE OH BERYLLIUM OXIDE. Trans.
Faraday Soc., vol. 61:2763-2771, 1965. 28 refs.
Infrared spectrophotometry was used to investigate adsorption of
water and carbon dioxide on beryllium oxide. The spectra of
adsorbed carbon dioxide were related to kinetic and
isothermal data. At 25 C, water is physically adsorbed, and also
chemisorbed, to -form surface hydroxyl groups. Physically
adsorbed molecules are desorbed by vacuum pumping at 25 C, but
hydcoxyl groups are completely removed only after heating at 550 C.
Between ?5 and 200 C, carbon dioxide is chemisorbed to form a
simple surface carbonate icn, C03(2-), and a bidentate carbonate
species. Above 300 C, only the carbonate ion is formed.
Kinetics of chemisorpticn are exactly described by the Elcvich
equation. The intensity of ,an infrared absorption band at
1580 reciprocal cm increases markedly when water, deuterium oxide,
or carbon dioyide is chemisorbed. These increases are thought
to be related to formation of defects near the surface. A
shift in the frequency to 1550 reciprocal cm when water or
BRt.hanol molecules are physically adsorbed is due to hydrogen
bonding between these molecules and the surface hydroxyl groups.
(Author abstract modified)
Basic Science and Technology 61
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Abe, S. *1
Anbar, M. *58
Arnest, R. T. *2
Aubrey, K. V. 44
B
Ball, K. E. 41
Bear, I. J. *103
Belyayera, L. N. *59
Bhandari, N. *12
Bird, L. S. 97
Bloodworth, M. E. 97
Blumenthal, J. L. *3
Bokowski, D. L. *22
Braman, R. S. *23, *24
Bravernan, M. M. *25
Breslin, A. J. *48
Brewer, L. W. (ed.) *35
Brodovicz, B. A. *98
Brolceshoulder, S. F. 83
Bykhovskaya, M. S. *26
Camuth, W. 16
Chambers, L. A. *27
Chase, F. R. *49
Cholak, J. 27, 42, *61, *60,
*28
Clark, W. J. 97
Cohen, J. J. *62
Coramins, B. T. *29, 44
Cooper, B. H. 43
Copper, W. C. 65
Cramer, H. E. *13
Darling, D. R. 97
Dattoli, J. A. 77
Deitch, D. 86
DeSanto, G. 13
Dieringer, L. F. *63
Dilts, R. L. *14
Donaldson, H. M. *64
Drozdova, V. M. *15
Durocher, N. L. *4
F
Falk, H. L. 72
Feigenbutz, L. V. 104
Feldstein, M. *30
Fotev, M. J. 27
Furon, D. 80
Gardner, W. J. 53
63
-------
Gerarde, H. W. 76
Ghilarducci, H. E. 14
Goldmann, J. B. *5
Goldsmith, J. R. 101
Gopalakrishnan, S. 18
Gregoiy, A. R. *96
Guerrin, F. 80
H
Hamada, A. 6
Hamilton, H. 13
Harmon, J. W. G. *65
Hara, N. *6
Harris, R. L. *66
Hasenclever, D. *50
Heck, W. W. *97
Heimann, II. *67, *68
Herwig, L. C., Jr. *7
Higgins, F. B., Jr. 7
Higgins, G. M. 78
Hueper, W. C. *69
I
Inbar, M. 58
Iwashima, K. 45
J
Jirele, V. *51
Johnson, K. D. *70
Juskiewicz, A. *52
Just, J. *31
Karamzina, N. M. *71
Katz, M. *32, *99
Kehoe, R. A. 60, 61
Kendall, E. G. *53
Keenan, R. G. *33
Khukrin, E. V. *100
Kotin, P. *72
Kozlov, V. M. *73, *74
Krivoruchko, F. D. *34
Kusian, R. N. 62
Laamanen, A, 81
Lai, D. 12
Leadbeater, C. J. *75
Leduc, M. 80
Lehman, A. J. *76
Levy, B. M. *78
Lieben, J. *77
Lindberg, W. *79
Louw, C. W. *36
M
McClosky, J. P. *37
McGill, R. *8
McLouth, M. E. *S4
McVean,,D. E. 83
Macquet, V. *80
Maga, J. A. *101
Marchal, G. *105
Marsh, V. 25
Martin, J. E., Jr. 65
Masciello, F. A. 25
Mazacek, J. 57
Maziarka, S. 31
64
BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Meyer, A. F., Jr. *55
Miller, L. H. 61
Mirarchi, A. 0. 89
Mohilner, P. R. 38, 46
Monm, T. 45
Moorhead, J. 47
Morik, J. 39
Muller, R. H. *40
N
Nakamura, J. T. *41
Noro, L. *81
Noshkin, V. E. *9
Noweir, M. H. *42
Nozaki, K, 6
0
Okita, T. 45
P
Pinkerton, M. K. *82
Pirila, V. 81
Porter, M. B. 97
Potzl, K. *16
Prasad, T. P. 106
Princi, F. 61
Prindle, R. A. *17
Prine, J. R. *83
Rangarajan, C. *18
Reeves, A. L. *84, *8S, *86,
87
Rihm, A. Jr., *102
Robinson, F. R. 83, *88
Robinson, L. H. 14
Rossano, A. T. *43
Roth, E. M. *89
Rowe, V. K. 76
s
Sakabe, H. 6
Santy, M. J. 3
Sastri, M. N. *106
Scarborough, G. C. 90
Schafer, L. J. 60, 61
Schaffher, F. 88
Schepers, G. W. H. 65
Sherwin, R. P. *90
Silva, D. G. *19
Skillem, C. P. 52
Smart, R. H. 90
Smith, H. F., Jr. 76
Smith, N. J. *91
Stevens, C. H. *56
Stocks, P. *44, *92
Stokinger, H. E. *93
Stuart, W. I. *107
Suzuki, T. *45
Svistov, P. F. 15
T
Taylor, J. H. *20
Teichner, W. H. 89
Terry, J. P. 54
TessneT, R. P. 91
Thomas, A. A. *94
Author Index
65
-------
Thomas, C. W. *21
Trachtenberg, E. 88
Turovskiy, V. D. 73, 74
V
Vasilieva, E. V. *95
Venezia, R. A. *10
Vorwald, A. J. 86, 87
Vought, V. M. 77
W
Waller, R. E. 29
West, P. W. 46
Whateley, T. L. 107
Wogman, N. A. 21
Wyszynska, H. 31
I
Zahradnik, L. *57
Ziegler, R. F. 82
Zielinski, J. F. *11
Zweibaum, F. *47
66 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
TITLE INDEX
Ah >orption of Beryllium From
the Gastrointestinal Tract
84
Adsorption of Water and Carbon
Dioxide on Beryllium Oxide
107
Aerospace Toxicological
Research 94
Air Pollution and Allergy 81
Air Pollution and Community
Health (Chapter Eighteen)
17
Air Pollution Control at
Cape Kennedy 54
Air Pollution Control in
the Department of Defense
55
Air Pollution in Norway. II.
Public Health Aspects of
Air Pollution - A Literature
Study 79
Air Quality Criteria for
Beryllium and its Compounds
76
Air Quality Criteria for
Pennsylvania 98
Analyses of Factors in
Beryllium Associated
Diseases 11
Analysis of Trace Metals
in Biological Specimens
by a Direct Reading
Spectrometric Technique
91
Analytical Methods for
Air Pollutants 30
Analytical Procedures for the
Environmental Health
Laboratory 35
Atmosphere Control in Closed
Space Environment (Sub-
marine) 2
Atmosphere Pollutants 72
Atmospheric Behavior of Air-
borne Radionuclides 21
Atmospheric Monitoring of
Toxic Level of Missile
Prope Hants 41
Atmospheric Pollutants and
Their Analysis (Special
Report Smog 2) 36
Atmospheric Transport of
Rocket Motor Combustion
By-Products 13
Atomic Absorption/Flame
Emission Instrument Offers
Versatile and Automated
Operation 40
Beryllium 75
Beryllium, Actual and Potential
Resources, Toxicity, and
Properties in Relation to
its Use in Propellants and
Explosives 8
Beryllium Carcinogenesis: I.
Inhalation Exposure of Rats
to Beryllium Sulfate Aerosol
86
Beryllium Carcinogenesis: II.
Pulmonary Deposition and
Clearance of Inhaled Beryllium
Sulfate in the Rat 87
Beryllium Concentration in
the Air of Beryllium Alloy
Handling Factory 6
Beryllium Disease 65
Beryllium Oxides of Propellant
Fume: Our Knowledge of Their
67
-------
Physico-Chemical and lexicological
Properties 70
Beryllium, Survey of the
Literature 5
Beryllium, 1964-Toxicity and
Handling 64
Beryllium: Toxicology, Clinical
Aspects of Diseases, Labor
Hygiene 73
Beryllium Toxicology,
Symtomatology of Affections
and Industrial Hygiene 74
Characteristics of the Clinical
Course of Pneumonia Related
to Beryllium Compound
Poisoning 59
Chemical Aspects of Environ-
mental Health 33
Chronic Berylliosis and
Calcospherite Deposition
90
Comparative Evaluation of
Some Methods for the
Determination of Beryllium
and its Compounds Appli-
cable to Air Analysis 26
Comparison of Particulate
Loadings in the Atmospheres
of Certain American Cities 27
Composition and Thermodvnamic
Properties for the Com-
bustion Products of Beryllium
and Air 104
Contaminants Standards. (Section
13.) In: Compendium of
Human Responses to the
Aerospace Environment,
Volume III, Sections 10-16.
89
Contents of Some Microelements
in Atmospheric Precipitations
IS
Control of Air Pollution From
Federal Facilities 10
Control of Beryllium During
Impact Tests 52
D
Demonstration of the Presence
of Beryllium in Pulmonary
Granulomas 83
Design, Construction, and
Operation of the Aerospace
Corporation Beryllium Toxic
Materials Laboratory 53
Diffusion Bibliography. Los
Angeles Air Force Station
California 19
Dust Collection Pays its Way
49
Dust Hazards Related to
Health 66
E
Effect of Beryllium Oxide and
Beryllium Alloys With
Alloys With Aluminum on
Glycolysis in the Lung 71
Effect of Certain Metallic
Cations on the Iodide
Uptake in the Thyroid
Gland of Mice 58
Effects of Air Pollution
on Edible Crops 96
Effects of Air Pollution
on Human Health 67
Effects of Beryllium Sulfate
on Serum Alkaline Phosphatase
in Primates 82
Environmental Engineering
in Handling Toxic
Materials 56
Environmental and Occupational
Cancer Hazards. Part I of
Symposium: Chemical
Carcinogenesis 69
Environmental Pollution by
Missile Propellents 97
Estimation of Beryllium
With Eriochrome Cyanine
R Using the Ring Oven
Technique 46
Experimental Investigation
of the Behavior of
68
BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Beryllium Metal in
Simulated Launch Pad
About Environments 3
Extraction of Beryllium
From Power Plant Waste
Material 51
F
Fallout Radion Nuclides
and Beryllium-7 in
Over-Ocean Aerosols 9
Further Observation on the
Occurrence of Metastable
Phases During Thermal
Decomposition of Sulphates
103
Health Control Program in a
Beryllium Facility: 3 Years
Experience 63
Innnunological Assessment of a
Model of Experimental
Berylliosis 95
Isozymes of Lactate Dehydro-
genase During Beryllium,
Carcinogenesis in the Rat 85
New York State's Classification
Ambient Air Quality
Objectives System 102
Observations From a Ten-
Year-Study of Pollution
at a Site in the City
of London 29
Obtaining Trace and Rare
."lements From Power
Plant Fly Ash 57
Photometric Determination
of Beryllium in Air by
Means of Chlorophosphonazo
R 34
Preliminary Air Pollution
Survey of Beryllium and
its Compounds: A Literature
Review 4
Present Status of Air Pollution
1
Project Sand Storm-an
Experimental Program in
Atmospheric Diffusion 20
M
Measurement of Air Pollution
in Hungarian Industrial
Centers 39
Modem Approach to Air Dustiness
in Workshops 100
Monitoring of Environmental
Dispersion of Beryllium
From Disposal of a Solid
Propellant by Trench
Burning at Dugway Proving
Ground, Utah 7
Multi-Element Atomic Absorption
Analyzer 47
Nature of Atmospheric Pollution
in a Number of Industrial
Communities 28
Quality Standards for Air
and Water 99
Rapid Determination of
Beryllium by a Direct
Reading Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer 22
Reations Within the Lungs
of Guinea Pigs to the
Intratracheal Administration
of Zinc Beryllium Silicate
78
Relations Between Atmospheric
Pollution in Urban and Rural
Localities and Mortality
From Cancer, Bronchitis and
Pneumonia, With Particular
Reference to 3:4 Benzopyrene,
Title Index
69
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Beryllium, Molybdenum,
Vanadium and Arsenic 92
Research on the Decomposition
of Metallic Sulfates by Heat.
Dissociation of Magnesium
and Beryllium Sulfates and
Their Combinations With
Potassium Sulfate 105
Research and Development of
an Automatic Beryllium-in-
Air Monitor 24
Research and Development of an
Automatic Beryllium and
Boron Monitor 23
Spot Test for Beryllium Based
on Color Reaction With
Eriochrome Cyanine R 38
Status of Air Pollution
Health Research, 1966 68
Stratospheric Circulation
Studies Based on Natural
and Artificial Radioactive
Tracer Elements 12
Study of Polycyclic Hydro-
carbons and Trace Elements
in Smoke in Merseyside and
Other Northern Localities
44
s
Sampling and Analysis 43
Sampling and Chemical Analysis
of Trace Metals in
Particulates at Amagasaki,
Nishinomiya and Asahikawa 45
Sanitary Evaluation of Dust
Contain in Ambient Air-of
Some Cities in Poland 31
Seasonal Variation of Beryllium-
7 Relative to Caesium-137 in
Surface Air at Tropical and
Subtropical Latitudes 18
Significance of Beryllium Con-
centration in Urine 77
Significance of Beryllium
Surface Contamination to
Health 62
Solving Air Contamination
Through Diagnostic Air
Sampling 48
Sources of Pollution 32
Spectre of Today's
Environmental Pollution--
USA Brand: New Perspectives
From an Old Scout 93
Spectrography Trace Analysis
of Air-Borne Particulates
25
Spectrophotometric Determination
of Beryllium in Airborne Dust
Samples 37
Thermal Decomposition of
Beryllium Sulphate
Tetrahydrate 106
Toxic Exhaust Cloud
Diffusion Study 14
Toxicity of Beryllium
(Final Technical Engineering
Report) 61
u
Ultrastructure of the Lungs
of Dogs Exposed to Beryllium
Containing Dusts 88
w
What may be Demanded of High
Efficiency Filters? 50
BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
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SUBJECT INDEX
Absorption 22, 84
Adsorption 107
Aerosols 9
Aerospace 94
Airborne Dust 24, 42
Air-Borne Participates 25
Air Quality 102
Air Quality Criteria 76, 98,
101
Air Quality Standards 99,
101
Allergy 81
American Cities 27
Analysis Colorimetrically
45
Analytical Methods 22, 30
Analytical Procedures 35
Atmospheric Aerosols 31
Atmospheric Diffusion 20
Atmospheric Movements 21
Atmospheric Precipitation 15
Atomic Absorption 40
Automatic Monitor 23, 24
Autopsy 90
B
Beryllium Alloy 6
Beryllium-Aluminum Alloy 71
Beryllium Disease 61, 64, 65,
83, 92
Beryllium Disease, Acute 65
Beryllium Disease, Acute and
Cronic 76
Beryllium Disease Chronic 88
Beryllium Facility 63
Beryllium Metals 3
Beryllium Oxides 70, 107
Beryllium Particles 52
Beryllium Propellant 60
Beryllium Sulfate 82, 105,
106
Beryllium Zinc Silicate 78
Berylliosis 4, 64, 75, 77, 95
Berylliosis Acute 65
Berylliosis, Chronic 90
Bibliography (Beryllium) 19
Biological Materials 33, 42
Biological Specimens 91
Caesium 137, 18
Cancer 69, 92
Cape Kennedy 54
Carcinogenesis 85, 86, 87
Chromatography, Paper 26
Closed Space Environment 2
Color Reaction 38
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Colorimetric Determination 26
Combustion 13
Combustion Products 104
Community Health 17
Concentrations 6, 21, 23, 84
Cosmic Ray 18
D
Decomposition 105
Dermatitis 64
Diffusion 13, 14
Diffusion (Beryllium) 7
Dust 88, 100
Dust Collection 49
Dust Control Equipment 56
Dust Hazards 66
Emission Spectroscopy 83
Environmental Dispersion 7
Episodes 17, 67, 72, 79
Eriochrome Cyanine R 38, 46
Evaluation of Methods 26
F
Fallout 9
Federal Facilities 10
Filters 50
Filtration Collector 56
Fly Ash 57
G
Gas Chromatography 42
Gastrointestinal Tract 84
H
Health Effects 77
Health Research 68
I
Immunology 95
Impact Test 52
Industrial Aerosols 100
Industrial Center 39
Industrial Communities
Industrial Hygiene 74
Inhalation Exposure 86
L
Laser Microprobe 83
Lawrence Radiation Lab.
62
Literature Survey (Beryllium)
4, 5, 79
Maximum Allowable Concentrations
(MAC) 2, 11, 81
Measurement Methods 13, 26
Metal Ions 58
Metallic Cations 58
Metallic Sulfates 58
Metastable Phases 103
Microdetermination 46
Microelements 15
Missile Industry 41
Missile Propellant 97
Monitoring 47
Morbidity and Mortality
32, 72
72
BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Mortality 92
Nuclei 16
Respiratory Illness 75
Ring Oven Technique 46
Rocket Motor 13
Occupational Diseases 11
Occupational Health 63
Particulate Material 27
Photometric Methods 34
Physical Environments 11
Plant Damage 96
Pneumoconioses 66
Pneumonia 59
Pollution Episodes 17
Power Plant 51
Propellant and Explosive 8
Propellant Fumes 70
Pulmonary Berylliosis,
Chronic 80
Pulmonary Deposition 87
Pulmonary Tumors 85
R
Radioactive 21
Radioactive Fall out 16
Radioactive Tracer 12, 58
Radioactivity 9
Radioisotopes 16
Radionuclides 9
Reaction 25, 34, 78
Reaction Kinetics 3
Sampling 21, 48
Sampling Analysis 27
Seasonal Variations 18
Skin Reaction 75, 95
Soft Coal 51
Space Cabin 89
Spectrographic Methods 26,
92
Spectrometric Technique 91
Spectrophotometry 22, 37, 38,
107
Spot Test 38
Surface Contamination 62
Thermal Decomposition 25,
103, 106
Thermodynamic Properties
104
Thyroid Gland 58
Toxic Exhaust 14
Toxic Hazards 60
Toxic, Materials 49, 53,
56
Toxic Materials Laboratory
53
Toxic Propellants 54
Toxicity 61, 62, 64, 76
Toxicology 2, 8, 30, 41,
55, 59, 64, 70, 73, 74,
93, 94, 96
Subject Index
73
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Trace Analysis 25
Trace Elements 44
Trace Metals 45, 91
Tumors 86
u
Urine 77
X
X-Ray Diffraction
74 BERYLLIUM AND AIR POLLUTION
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GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX
United States'(States, Cities]
California 100 Ohio
Los Angeles 20 Cincinnati 28
Florida Pennsylvania 56, 98
Cape Kennedy 54
U. S. A. 99
Michigan
Detroit 32 Utah
Dugway Proving Ground 7
New York State 102
New York City 40
Foreign (Countries, Cities)
Czechoslovakia 51, 99 India
Bombay 18
England 44
London 29 Japan 1, 6, 45
Finland 81 Norway 79
Germany 50, 99 Poland 31
Hungary 39 South Africa 36
U.S.S.R. 15, 99
75
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