-------
Airetron installation for capturing fluoride emissions during
electrolysis of aluminum cie is described; it employs 20
cyclonic air scrubbers operating at a low pressure drop of
3 in. w.g. which neutralizes gaseous fluorides at the rate of
90,COO cfro at 200-250 deg F. for a total of 1.8 million cfm of gas
purified. Recovery of the metal is accomplished, in this case,
by permitting it to settle out cf the resulting liguid and
recharging it ir.to the furnace. In this system all solids are
recovered through the recycling. In the wet-scrubbers, the fumes
become highly corrosive when wetted and linings such as rubber or
polyester-fiberglass must be used in their construction. Bag
filters provide high cleaning efficiency and operate at
relatively lew power costs.. Hcwever, the replacement of the
filter bags themselves is a high maintenance item. The
non-ferrous industry thus reguires seme of the most sophisticated
air pollution control eguipitent fcr production of an essentially
lew-cost product.*!
06636 61
"ureau of Mines, Washington, C.C.
ATR POLLUTION ^ESEflPCn PROGRESS PFPOET FOR THE QUARTER ENDED
MARCH 31, 19fiR. In cooperation with the Public Health
Health Service.) (Mar. 31, 1967) 87 pp.
This report covers progress on research in the folloring areas:
Sulfur dioxide removal from flue gas; Removal of sulfur oxides
from flue gas with manganese oxide and improved regeneration;
Economic evaluation of processes for the removal of sulfur dioxide
from flue gas; Characteristics and removal of pyritic sulfur from
selected American coals; Pollution by chlorine in coal
combustion; Flame characteristics causing air pollution;
Characteristics and photochemical reactivity of vehicular
emissions; Mechanisms of air pollution reactions; Affects of
engine, fuel nnfl combustion system parameters on vehicular
emissions; Composition, smoke and odor of dies°l exhausts.ft
00552 62
F.R. Cadv
B KRAFT "ITU WASTE CHLORINF GAS RECOVERY SCRUBBER.
Preprint. (Presented at the. second Annual Meeting, Pacific
Northwest International Section, Air Pollution Control
Association, Portland, Oreg., Nov. 5-6, 196t.)
Although most of the normal air contaminants around
Weyerhaeuser's Kraft Pulp fill at Everett, Washington
bad been removed, obnoxious waste chlorine gases occasionally
produced poor working conditions. A caustic gas-recovery scrubber
with appropriate ductwork was installed. This scrubber, while
removing the waste gases from the atmosphere, pays for itself
by the resulting formation of hypcchlorite bleach liguor.
(Author's abstract)**
Control Methods 33
-------
03R07L
THE CHLORINE OXIPATTON OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN DILUTE AQUEOUS
SOLUTION. National Council for Stream Improvement, Inc.,
New York City. (Atmospheric Pollution Technical Bulleting
18.) June 1963. 16 pp.
Oxidation of sulfide in aqueous solution requires between 2 and
3.0 moles of C12 per tnole of sulfide, depending upon conditions
and the fraction of the sulfide oxidized. Oxidation of all the
sulfide present requires at least 2.35 moles of C12 per mole of
sulfidp. Sulfate is a manor product. Complete oxidation of
methyl mercaptan in neutral or acid solutions requires between 2.«
and 3.3 moles of C12 per mole of mercaptan. Under basic
conditions, methyl mercantan apparently reacts to form an
intermediate which, in turn, appears to oxidized by C12 once all
the mercaptan has reacted. Formation of the suspected
intermediate requires some 1.5 moles of C12 per mole of
mercaptan, but a total of about 2.6 moles of C12 per mole of
mercaptan must bo added before the first trace of excess C12 can
he detected. All attempts to identify the products of these
reactions failed--probably because the concentrations involved
were below the sensitivity limits of the tests used. Oxidation of
dimethyl sulfide required 1.8 moles C12 per mole of sulfur.
Oxidation of dimethyl disulfide required 5.2 moles of C12 per
mole of disulfide—equivalent to 2.6 moles of C12 per mole of
sulfur. All of the C12 oxidations were rapid enough to be
complete before iodine was added. This means that the oxidations
of inorganic sulfides and mercaptans required less than one minute
and oxidation of the organic sulfides took less than five
minutes.**
0«»861 64
T. B. Douqlass
ROME CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF KRAFT ODOR CONTROL. Preprint.
Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 15, 1967.)
The kraft process, by which more than 60% of all wood pulp made in
the U. S. is manufactured crates an air pollution problem by
releasing methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide
to the atmosphere. lost of the problem is associated with the
emission of aases from the digester, the direct evaporator and the
recovery fur.nac«. In this pacer the chemistry involved in odor
formation, in black liquor oxidation, and in the destruction of
malodorous compounds by burning, chlorination and treatment with
ozone will be discussed. (Author abstract)tf
34 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
04790 65
G. Hausberq and D. Kleeberq
INSTALLATIONS "OB PURIFICATION OF WASTE GASES GENERATED DURING
CHLORINE TREATMENT OF LIGHT METHI, FOUNDRY KELTS.
Abgasreinigungsanlaqen fur die Chlorbenhandlunq von
Leichtmetallschmelzen. Giesserei (Duesseldorf) 53, (5) 137-H1,
War. 3, 1966. Ger.
Four types of scrubbers for wet cleaning of waste qases, in
particular from light metal foundry melts, are described. The
basic problem of separation of qaseous matter, the flow rate
connected with it and specific problems connected with exhaust
installations, are discussed. One such installation and the
technical data are discussed in detail.##
0677B 66
{INDUSTRY AND ^TMOSPHEPIC POLLUTION IN GPEAT BRITAIN.)
Industrie et pollution atmospherique en Grande Bretaqne.
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la
Pollution Atmospherique, Paris, France. (1967.) 6 pp. Fr.
(Pept. No. CT 310.) {C. T . T. F. p. A. Document No. 21.)
A summary of the basis of governmental action in Great Britain
in the struqqle aqainst industrial emissions is outlined.
The regulations imposed by the "Alkali Act" are in most cases
based on "the most practical means." Standards are qiven for
chimney heiqhts. Statutory limits are qiven for various
materials emitted such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric
acid, nitric acid, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, arsenic,
antimony, cadmium, and lead. The construction of tall
buildings tends to reduce the benefits obtained by tall chimneys.
A better knowledqe of the effects of pollutants should be
obtained so as not to burden industry with unnecessary expense in
their control. Tt is urged that international standards
for emission be adopted.##
00379 67
G. A. Jansen and P. F. Adams
ABSORPTION AND CHLORINE OXIDATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS
ASSOCIATED WITH KRAFT nn,L EFFLUENT GASES. Preprint. 1966.
Absorption of methyl mercaptan and H2S into aqueous solutions of
CI, NaOH, and Cl plus NaOH has been studied using d 2 in
diameter absorption column packed with 1/i» in. Intalox saddles.
Absorption rates were noticeably affected by chemical reactions
occurring in aqueous Cl and OH media. Potentiometric methods
Control Methods 35
-------
were used to follow the reactions of mercaptan and sulfide in
aaueous chlorine solutions. Mercaptan apparently was converted by
aqueous Cl absorption media to dimethyl disulfide and stripped off
in the effluent gas. The percentage conversion increased with
increasing pH. The absorption of H2S in agueous Cl (pH 2 to
13) was highly pH dependent. The absorption rate increased
slowly as the pH of the feed solution increased to pH 11.
Sulfate was the resulting oxidation product. At pH 11, the rate
of absorption dropped s]ightly, then rose sharply at pH 12.
Elemental S became the manor product at pH 12 and above and
fouling of tho packed column occurred. The effect of pH on
formation of sulfate and/or elemental S in chlorine-sulfide
reactions was explained by Choppin and Faulkenberry (1937).
The absorption of sulfi.de in aqueous NaOH increased until the
feed hydroxide to sulfide ratio was 1. At higher ratios, the
absorption rate remained constant. Apparently, sodium bisulfide
was the absorption product. The results of these studies indicate
that agueous Cl solutions at pH above 12 can be effectively used
for removal of B2S in absorption equipment designed to handle
S in suspension. The absorption of methyl raercaptan in
aqueous Cl solution appeared to be impractical since dimethyl
disulfide was apparently the only product formed and was stripped
from the tower by the gas stream. Hydroxide solution was
effective for absorption of both methyl mercaptan and H2S when
hydroxide to sulfide or mercaptan feed ratios were greater than 1
or 1.8 respectively. (Author)**
01H36
G. A. Jensen, r>. F. 'dams, and H. stern
68
ABSORPTION OF HYDROR^N S'lLFTDF AND METHYL MERCJiPTSN FPOH DIIDTB
GAS MIXTURES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
16(5):2«8-253, Pay 1966.
The absorption of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan by agueous
solutions of chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and chlorine plus sodium
hydroxide was studied using a two-inch diameter absorption column
packed with 1/4 inch Intalox saddles. Absorption rates were
noticeably affected by chemical reactions occurring in the aqueous
chlorine and hydroxide media. These solutions were studied as a
means of controlling sulfur-containing gas emissions from kraft
paper mills. The absorption studies indicated that aqueous
chlorine solutions at a pH above 12 were effective absorbents for
hydrogen sulfide removal .in absorption equipment designed to
tolerate sulfur in suspension. The absorption of methyl mercaptan
in agueous chlorine solutions appeared to be impractical since
dimethyl disalfide was apparently the only product, formed and was
stripped from the tower by th° gas stream. Sodium hydroxide
solution was an effective absorbent for both methyl mercaptan and
hydrogen sulfide when hydroxide to sulfide or mercaptan feed
ratios were greater than 1 or 1.R, respectively. The mercaptan
absorption coefficient was approximately twice that for sulfide
absorption. (Author abstract)**
36
CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
10308
Robert K. Koppe, and Donald F. Adams
69
GAS-PHASE CHLORINATION OF KRAFT PDLP HILL GASES. TAPPI, 51(5)
193-195, Hay 1°fi8. 12 refs.
Gas-phase chlorination of aases from kraft pulp mills appears
to be of limited value- as a means of odor reduction. In
laboratory experiments, qas samples from the recovery furnace,
batch digester, multiple-effect evaporator, and lime kiln
of a mill were charged with known volumes of chlorine gas and the
reactions were recorded by qas chromatography. The chlorine
oxidized the methyl roercaptan in the gases to dimethyl disulfide
but did not chanae the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide or
dimethyl sulfide in the samples. Complete elimination of the
methyl mercaptan apparently is possible if adequate chlorine
doses are acld^d. However, the odor reduction effected in the
total qaseous effluent would probably not be sufficient to
justify use of this process on a plant scale. (Authors'
Abstract**
165C1
Leone, P.
70
RECOVERY AND USE OF SULFUR EICXIEE IN THE SULFUR EXTRACTION
FRCCESS. (Eicupero ed utilizzazicne dell'anidride solfcrosa nel
processo di estrazione dello zolfo). Text in Italian. Ann.
Chim. (Rome), 21:238-21«, 1931. 5 refs.
A procedure is proposed for converting sulfur-bearing gases into
hydrochloric acid and chlorine gas by passing the sulfur dioxide
over sodium chloride heated tc H5C-5CO deg. The context of
the proposal is directed toward the island of Sicily in the early
1930's, where the production cf sulfuric acid from S02 is
considered unprofitable, and from where the cost cf transporting
such products as calcium sulfite and calcium bisulfite is
considered prohibitive. Two chemical reactions are involved:
sodium chloride, sulfur dioxide, water, and oxygen react to form
sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid; and sodium chloride, sulfur
dioxide, and oxyqen react to term sodium sulfate and chlorine gas.
Both reactions are strongly exothermic. The HC1 is to be used in
dissolving limestone gangue; the Na2S04, to enrich minerals uith
sulfur by way of increasing their sulfur yield; and Cl gas, in
the manufacture of calcium chlcride.
0788UL
H. Lew, R. Woodruff, W. Johnson, W. Musa
71
ION EXCHANGKPS IN REMOVAL 0? AIR CONTAMINANTS. San
Francisco Bay-Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, Calif., Chemical
Lab.-8024-66, PD-1, ((30))p.. March 1967. ((50)) refs.
DDC: AD ROR060L
Control Methods
37
-------
The ability of ion oxchanaers to be synthesized, modified,
regenerated, or used in customary form to react with gaseous air
contaminants and effect removal of these contaminants from air
was studied. ''esults show that treated and untreated ion
exchangers will react with a variety of gaseous materials and
thereby cause removal of these materials from air. Reactions
which occur between ion exchange resins and ionized reactants in
aqueous media will likely occur in gaseous systems. The
possibilities of reactions between exchangers and organic
contaminants at nominal temperatures cannot necessarily be
foreseen. Favorable reactions between organic vapors and
exchanged groups on ion exchange resins are being sought.#t
19570 72
Likrranova, T. L., and Ya. Ye. Vil • uyanskiy
SOLUBILITY OF CERTAIN GASES IN METAL CHLCBIBE CELTS.
(Bastvcriipost' nekctorykh gazov v rasplave khloridov metallov).
Text in Russian. Izv. Vysshikh Uchehm. Zavedenii Khim. i. Khim.
Tekhnol., 9(4):537-5UO, 1966. 8 rets.
Solubilities of chlorine, hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, and
carbon dioxide in molten anhydrous carnallite were studied from
5CC-900 C with gas partial pressures of 0.3C-1.02 atra. Soluiility
of chlorine and carbon dicxide was found to fce approximately equal
to the partial pressure raised tc seme temperature-dependent
power, times an empirical constant. Solubility of hydrogen
chloride and carbon monoxide has found to follow the Henry law.
Solubility increases with temperature tor chlorine, carbon
monoxide, and carbon disulfide, tut decreases for hydrogen
chloride. Heat cf solubility in the anhydrous carnallite melt of
the 50C-900 C range is (cal/mole) : C12, 3640; C02, 3700; CC,
656C.
00131 73
H. F. I.und (Fd.)
INDUSTRIAL AT*? POLT.UTON. Factory 123, (10) 90-101, Oct.
1965.
A review of industrial air pollution problems and their solution
is presented. The effectiveness of federal, statp and local
efforts on this problem, as well as the steps that industry has
taken to control it, are discussed. Pecommendations include:
education of thr public, a national planning program supported by
industry, federal and state governments, federal legislation less
costly and morp effective eguipment for containina and preventing
the nuisances.?1
38 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
08162 74
Matsak, V. G.
THE PURIFICATION 07 AIR POLLUTED BY VAPOPS AND GASES. In: Survey of
U. S. S. !?. Literature from Russian by B. S. Levine. National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied Tech.,
Vol. 3, 177-185, Hay 1960.
CPSTI: TT 60-21U75
Methods for the recovery and purification of noxious substances
ejected by qafi exhaust and ventilating installations are reviewed.
It was found easier to purify exhaust gases than ventilating air.
The methods include: Chemical purification method, Condensation
method. Liquid absorption method, and Absorption by solid
absorbents (adsorption). Present methods for air and gas
purification can be rendered close to 100 percent free of most acid
and alkali gases, organic solvent vapors and some other gases. But
no effective and cheap method has been found up to the present for
the recovery of carbon monoxide. Purification of air from solvent
vapors, such as gasoline, acetone, acetates, etc. can be used
effectively only in the case of tail gases and not in the
purification of ventilating air, even though it is effective in
both instances; the high cost makes its use for purification of
ventilation air economically prohibitive. The possibility of using
solid absorbents, such as activated charcoal and silicagel for the
purification of ventilation air may apply to many cases. The
primary obstacle lies in the high cost of adsorbent material and in
the consumption of considerable electric energy in overcoming the
pressure drop of recuperating installations.
12527 75
Morrison, J. L.
RECOVERY SCRUBBER FOR WASTE CHLORINE GAS. Tappi,
51 (12) :12UA-125A, Pec. 1968. (Presented at the 5th Water and
Air Conference of the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, Portland, Oregon, April 1-1, 1*368.)
Equipment was installed in a kraft mill bleach plant to combine
and scrub waste gas discharqes containing chlorine. Scrubbing was
done with a H7 caustic solution. The scrubber, while improving
atmospheric conditions, pays for itself by recoverying 96% of the
waste chlorine as hypochiorite bleach liquor. (Author's abstract)
##
15693 76
Mukai, Shiqeru, Yuriko Araki, Masaharu Konishi, and Keiichiro
Otomura
DFSULPHUBIZATTON OF COAL WITH .SOME OXIDIZING REAGENTS (T) .
Control Methods 39
-------
DESULPHORIZATION BY THE TREATMENT WITH CHLORINE GAS AND HYDBOGEN
PEROXIDE. (Sankazai ni yoru sekitan no datsuryu (I). Enso gasu
oyohi kasankasuiso sui ni yoru datsuru). Text in Japanese.
Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo), 48 (512) :905-911 ,
Dec* 20, 1969. U refs.
Desulfurization of coal has been investigated for many years, but
no methods have been developed for industrial use. They have been
studied mainly in the process of carbonization. The
desulfurization method was examined at room temperature before
carbonization. The conventional coal preparation technique is
insufficient to reduce the sulfur content of bituminous coal,
which has a hiah sulfur content. Desulfurization of Oshiaa and
Ikeshima mine coals hy chlorine treatment was attempted. Coal
particles were suspended in water, and chlorine gas was introduced
into this suspension for 0.5-6 hours. The sulfur content of
Oshima mine coal containing 2.16% of sulfur decreased to 1.22%;
the sulfur content of Ikeshima mine coal containing 2.58? of
sulfur decreased to KR2%. The desulfurization rate of Oshima
mine coal was 427, and Tkeshima mine coal, 30%. The elimination
rate of inorganic sulfur of Oshima mine coal was 95^ and
Ikeshima mine coal, 70%. Inorganic sulfur in coal is
practically eliminated by treating with chlorine. Reduction of
organic sulfur of Oshima mine coal was 13% and Ikeshima mine coal,
20%. After carbonizing the coal treated with chlorine, the sulfur
content of Oshima mine coal became 0.8% and Ikeshima mine coal,
1.295. The total desulf urization rate of Oshima mine'coal was
63% and Ikeshima mine coal, 53'. Unfortunately, however, the
coal treated with chlorine gas showed an unfavorable effect on the
caking property. This difficulty was solved to some extent by
adding some amounts of pitch to the chlorine-treated coal.
Desulfurization by treating with the aqueous solution of 3%
hydrogen peroxide was also examined. Coal particles were
suspended in the aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide.
Desulfurization rate of Yotsuyama mine coal was about 30? and
Akahira mine coal, about 307,. Inorganic sulfur was practically
eliminated. Caking nroperty did not decrease by treating with
hydrogen .peroxide.
OU887L 77
National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
ABSORPTION OF ODOPOns SHLFTIR COMPOUNDS IN CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC
SOLUTIONS. (Atmospheric Pollution Technical Bulletin No.
23.) Par. 1965. 23 pp.
The data reported herein cover the complete study on the utility
of flaOH and acidic and basic C12 solutions as absorbents for
odor producing sulfur compounds associated with kraft pulp mills.
Absorption of H2? and CH3SH into agueous solution of C12,
NaOH, and C12 plus sodium NaOH was studied using a 2"
diameter absorption column packed with 1/i»" Intalox saddles.
Absorption rates were noticeably affected by chemical reactions
occurring in aqueous C12 and hydroxide media. Potentiometric
titration methods were used to follow the reactions of C12
40 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
CH3SH, (CH3)2 52, (CH3) 2S in aqueous C12 solutions.
The final product of C12 oxidation of H2S in aqueous solution
is sulfate or collodial sulfur and sulfate. The sulfur-sulfate
production ratio requires between 1.5 and t moles of C12 per mole
of sulfide oxidized depending upon pH. CH3SH reacts with
one mole of C12 forming (CH3)2S2 as a stable intermediate
product. Continued C12 addition to aqueous acid systems results
in formation of a second intermediate, probably dimethyl
disulfoxide, and a final product sulfonyl chloride. In basic
soltuion only disulfide is formed by the C12-mercaptan reaction.
(CH3)2S forms sulfoxide upon reaction with C12 and further
reactions do not appear to occur. The results of the absorption
studies indicate that aqueous C12 solutions at a pH above 12 are
effective absorbents for H2S removal in absorption equipment
designed to handle sulfur in suspension. The absorption of
CH3SH in aqueous C12 solution appeared to be impractical
since (CH3)S2 was apparently the only product formed and was
stripped from the tower by the gas stream. Hydroxide solution Mas
an effective absorbent for both CH3SH and H2)s when
hydroxide to sulfide or mercaptan feed ratios were greater than
1 or 1.8 respectively, and mercaptan absorption rate was twice
that for sulfide absorption. (Author summary)*#
181115 78
NEW GAS SCEUE'BER REMOVES 0.1 MICRON DUST. Filtration Separation
(Purley) , 6(3):308, Hay-June 1969.
Peabody ltd. has developed a high-efficiency scrubber which,
when fitted with the new venturi agglomerating slot storage,
removes gas, dust, and fume dcwn to the 0.1-micron range. The
scrubber recovers 99% of all particulate matter down to 1 micron
with minimum pressure loss. It also provides a simple and
effective means of gas absorption. Such contaminants as S02,
HC1, and C12 are readily removable.
02939 79
K. Oleksynowa
\
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE CEMENT DUSTS AND THEIR VALUE
FOR AGRICULTURE . (Charakterystyka chemiczna cementowych pytow
odlotowych i ich wartosc dla rolnictwa.) Cement, Wapno, Gips
11/20, (3)62-4, 1955.
CFSTT: 60-21233
Waste dust from cement works was analyzed. The material was
obtained on electrofilters when purifying waste gas from clinker
kilns in one of the larger Polish cement plants. This material,
a waste product in cement burning, has long been an object of
interest on account of its high potassium oxide content. The raw
Control Methods 41
-------
Btaterial introduced into cement kilns contains barely 0.2 to 1.2*
K20. In the course of burning the cement, a large part of the
finest fraction is carried off by air current, and the aluminum
silicates contained in the crude clay substance undergo thermal
decomposition. at high temperatures, the liberated K20
sublimates, combine with anions freed during thermal decomposition
of the raw material. Tn this way, potassium chlorides, fluorides
and silicates of various composition are formed. The dust
analyzed in the present work contained fairly large quantities of
carbonates, so that it was a typical blend of dust. From the
analysis it was established: (1) Some 72% of the substance
including total K is soluble in water and 2% citric acid, as is
the major part of the Ca and half the Si02; (2) K, Na and Ca
pass into water solution in the form of sulfates, chlorides and
carbonates; (3) Ca, Fe and K cations pass into citric acid
solution together with silicate, carbonate and sulfate anions; and
(U) that cement dust can be used as a fertilizer. It primarily
contains compounds soluble in water and 2% citric acid,
especially K and Ca.f*
06883 80
Petrova, N. I., and Zh. 7. Pokrovenko
METHODS OF REDUCING AIR POLLUTION DDE TO WASTE PRODUCTS FHOM
NIKITOVKA KFECTIPY WORKS. ( (K voprosu ob umen'shenii
zagryazeniya vozdukha vybrosami Nikitovskogo rtutnogo zavoda.))
Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.), 30 ( 1) :74-77, Jan. 1965.
Translated from Russian.
TT 66-51033
The pollution of air by mercury vapor depends on the total
quantity of the furnace gases; trapping the mercury vapor in
condensation systems; hermetic sealing of the equipment and of the
gas flues; and special purification of gases before their discharge
into the atmosphere. The most efficient method of preventing the
pollution of the atmosphere by mercury vapor is by improving
technological processes in the plant. For example, since the
quantity of exhaust gas increases if the ore has a higher
moisture content, it is important to keep this moisture content
within the technical specifications for plants operating tubular
and retort furnaces. The most complete condensation of mercury
vapor reduces the a mount of vapor in the exhaust gases to 50% and
less. Such condensation is achieved by improving the performance
of the condensation systems and hy spraying the gas with water in
scrubbers, or in the final compartment of the condensers. The
furnace gases were purified by spraying with water in the retort
furnace shop and by the use of the pyrolusite and selective
chlorine-gas methods in the tubular furnace shop. Gases from the
retort furnaces containing between 30 and 120 mg/cu m mercury pass
through two packed scrubbers sprayed with process water before
being discharged into the atmosphere. The concentration of
mercury vapor is reduced by nearly 80% on the average. #t
42 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
08366 II
PROGRESS IN BILLING PHLPING-1 965. The Institute of Paper
Chemistry. Tappi, 49 (6) : 108A-120A, June 1966. 264 refs.
nn?n?n°al S"? topical literature reporting progress in alkaline
pulping, abstracted in the Abstract Buleetin of The Institute of
Paper Chemistry during the calendar year 1965, is reviewed.
Documents from fourteen countries are included. The bibliography
lists tw-hundred-sixty-fcur references.
08344 82
Sheppard, Stanton V.
CONTROL OF NOXIOUS GASEOUS EMISSIONS. Proc. MT!CAB Symp.,
New Developments in Air Pollution Control,
Hetropolitan Engineers Council on Air Besources, New York
City, p. 21-28, Oct. 23, 1967. 3 refs.
Several new developments have taken place which have helped
improve scrubber designs for controlling emission of noxious gases.
Some major new technical developments have been: Greater use of
the crossflow scrubber design principle, availability of light
weight plastic tower packings, and wider acceptance of corrosion
resistant glass reinforced polyester plastics. Some noxious
gases commonly encountered are oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, chlorine,
chlorine dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulflde and mercaptans.
In industrial applications, the removal of noxious gases from
exhaust air streams is most often accomplished by bringing the air
stream into contact, with a liguid stream for a certain period of
time. The amount of time reguired'to transfer the noxious gas to
the liguid is a function of several factors. These are: Gas
rate, liquid rate, solubility of gas, mechanism of contact, and
scrubber type. The packed scrubber is used most often today for
controlling emission of noxious gases to the atmosphere. It is
available in three basic operating designs: Counter current,
cocurrent and crossflow. In the counter current packed design,
the air stream containing the noxious gases is passed vertically
upward in opposite direction to the flow of the down coming
scrubbing liquid. The cocurrent packed scrubber allows the air
stream and the scrubbing liquid stream to pass through the packed
bed in the same direction. In the cross-flow scrubber the air
stream moves horizontally through the packed bed while the
scrubbing liquid moves vertically downward through the packed bed
and perpendicular to the air streams. Three relatively new tower
packing shapes are being used more frequently by engineers in
designing scrubber eguipment for removing gases. These packing
materials are constructed of high density polyethylene or
polypropylene. This gives them good resistance to corrosion and
light weight compared to ceramic ring and saddle packing. Fiber
reinforced plastics (commonly designated as FRP) are being used
more and more to replace stainless steel, rubber and PVC lined
Control Methods 43
-------
steel and other metallic alloys for scrubber bodies. FTP 1s a
material that, uses a combination of polyester or epoxy
thermosetting rosins and glass fiber reinforcements to give a
finished laminate that has excellent corrosion resistance, a high
strength to weight ratio, and light weight.##
09729 83
STABILIZED CHIOFINE DIOXIDF FOB CCCS CONTROL. Public works, 99
(14) : 166, April 1968.
Hhen a blower in the wastewater treatment plant in Phillipsburg,
New Jersey, failed during the sunnier, the superintendent arranged
for addition of stabilized aqueous chlorine dioxide. This com-
mercially available product was added to the aeration tank effluent
by a simple petcock arrangement en the drum, and a drip feed.
Odors began to diminish rapidly and were under control by the next
day. Addition of the chlorine dioxide continued for the next t1
days at the rate of 1.3 mg./1. This product can be activated by
the reduction of pF, by the presence cf free residual chlorine in
the water, cr by the addition cf small amounts of scdium
hypochlorite.t*
03085 84
A.C. Stern
PRESENT STATUS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
Am. J. Public Health ("resented at the 86th Annual
Meeting, American Public Health Association, St. Louis,
flo. , Oct. 29, 1°58.) 50 (3) 3U6-56, Mar. 1960
The status of air pollution in the United States is reviewed
in terms of knowledge availabe and action taken to deal with
this problem. Studies by the National Air Sampling
Network, state, and local health agencies are reviewed.
Facilities for training persons for air pollution work are
discussed, and the Federal Air Pollution Engineering
Research and Technical Assistance Program is surveyed.
(Author abstract)##
02774 85
V.B. Volkening
PERFORMANCE OF COATING ON METAL IN AN INDUSTRIAL ATMOSPHEHE.
Preprint. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air
44 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Hich., June 9-13,
1963, Paper No. 63-86.)
The reason and methods of procedure for a protective coating
testing program are discussed. Pesults based on fifteen years
operation of such a program in a chemical plant on the
Gulf Coast are described - some in detail. Atmospheric
contaminants from high humidity and moisture
condensation to chlorine and hydrochloric acid were encountered.
A method for calibrating the atmosphere is outlined.
Differences in the performance of several generic types of
coating resins are presented. Generous references to the
literature arp included. (Author abstract)ft
02562 86
A.T. Vulikh, Yu.A. Shivandronov, M.K. Zagorskaya,
V.I. Bogatyrev
FILTERING GAS HASKS CONTAINING ION-EXCHANGE RESINS.
(Fil'truyushchii ionitovyi protivogaz.) Hyg. Sanit. 31, (3)
H13-6, Bar. 1966.
C7STI: ^66-51160/1-3
The absorption by ion-exchange resins of the following gases mixed
with air was tested for a wide range of concentrations and gas
velocities: ammonia, amines (H-form of the cation-exchange resin
KtI-2) , sulfur dioxide, chlorine hydrochloric acid (hydroxyl and
carbonate forms of the anion-exchange resins AV-17 and
EPE-10P).##
Control Methods 45
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
06048 87
«. C. Battigelli, F. Hengstenberg, R. J. Mannella, and
A. P. Thomas
MUCOCILIARY ACTIVITY. flrch. Environ. Health 12 (1):460-U66
(April 1966). (Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting,
Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 20-21,
1965.)
The mucociliary activity of respiratory epithelia, although well
known over many years, has only quite recently assumed new
importance, being recognized as one of the basic functions that the
respiratory apparatus applies in responding to unfavorable
environments. Physical, chemical, and biological "noxae" have
been studied in their effects on the mucociliary activity of lower
animals, mammals, and in man as well, with technignes that have
proved accurate and reproducible. In this paper a brief review is
given of these methods and of the results of investigations
particularly related to the effects of air pollutants. Hesults of
investigations on the effect of diluted diesel exhaust on the
tracheal escalator of rats are summarized. An important finding
is that exhaust dilutions that are without measurable effect on the
respiratory resistance of human subjects are actually able to
induce changes in tracheal clearance in some of the animals exposed
for prolonged duration. With higher levels of exposure tracheal
clearance of small mammals is affected with greater frequency.
The removal of animals from the exposure invariably restores the
original level of activity within a few days. The particulate
content of the exhaust appears to play an important role in this
type of respiratory injury. (Authors' summary)##
022U7 88
P.K. Das, P.S. Sinha, T?. K. Srivastava, A.K. Sanyal
s,
STUDIES ON CIT.TARY MOVEMENT. PART II. EFFECTS OF CERTAIN
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS ON CILIARY MOVEMENT IN FROG'S
OESOPHAGUS. Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn. 153, (2) 367-78,
Feb. 1965.
The effects of some physical and chemical factors viz. atmospheric
temperature and seasonal variations, osmotic pressure, hydrogen
ion concentration, some cations and anions, have been studied on
one type of ciliated epithelium concerning the esophagus of a
frog. All experiments were designed so that only one factor
remains variable keeping all others constant.**
47
-------
S9
11366
V.K. Efimova
THE HYGIENIC EFFECT OF AVERAGE TWENTY-FOUR HOUR ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF CHLORIDE SKE EYCROCHLOBIDE GftSES
SIEULTANEOUSLY PRESENT IN ATMOSPHERIC AIE. In: Maximum
Permissible Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants,
Eook 8, V. A. Ryazanov and M. S. Gol'dberg (eds.),
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levins, U. S. S. H.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 15, pp.82-85, 1968. ((16)) refs.
CFSTI: PE 1791UO
The health effects of simultaneously present chlorine and
hydrochloride gases in atmospheric air was studied experimentally
with guinea pigs. Chronic exposure of guinea pigs to the
inhalation of air containing sinultaneonsly chlorine gas in 0.1 ag/
cu m concentrations had no substantial effect on the general
condition, weight, blood composition, and bone marrow hemopoiesis
of the experimental guinea pigs. Nc changes suggestive of
induced pathology were found in the organs of any of the
experimental guinea pigs belonging either to the control or
experimental groups. It is recommended that the previously
adopted limits of allowable 0.03 mg/cu m of chlorine gas and 0.015
mg/cu m of hydrochlcride gas should be retained without any
revision.i#
05076 M
B. G. Ferris, Jr., W. A. Eurgess, and J. Worcester
PREVALENCE OE CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN A PULP MILL AND A
^PEM?T^ v THE UNioED STAIE£- Bcit« J' Ind' Mea- Condon)
24, (1) 26-37, Jan. 1967.
A sample of 147 men drawn from the workers in a pulp mill was
compared with one of 124 men from a paper mill! P?he former
included those exposed to chlcrine and to sulphur dioxide No
significant differences were found in respiratory symptoms or in
si^le test of ventilatory function in the two sLples but aen
working in chlorine had a somewhat poorer respiratory function and
more shortness of breath than those working in sulphur dioxide
The working population of both Kills together had a lower
prevalence of respiratory disease than that nf *ho °Hel n .
of Berlin. N.H., previously studied, suggesting that llrli* ^^
populations may not be representative of the qlneral no i I
Further, a low prevalence of disease in a working popu^t Jon""'
d
not
48 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
07162 91
B. G. ?erris. Jr. and N. P. Frank
AIF POILOTTON AND DISEASE. Anesthesiology 25(4):470-478
Aug. 1964.
Atmospheric pollution can be classified under three headings:
general, occupational and personal. The components are complex
and variable so that it is difficult to extrapolate the prevalence
of disease in one area to that of another unless the two have
similar chemical compositions. Significant exposures can occur at
work and may produce impairment of respiratory function. It is
emphasized that tobacco smoking, and particularly cigarette
smoking, is a most important factor in the causation of chronic
nonspecific respiratory disease. Huch research has been done to
elucidate the mechanism whereby such changes are induced but
specific answers concerning the mechanisms have not been
forthcoming. Tables are included showing types of atmospheric
pollution; comparison of Los Angeles and London types of
pollution; categories of airborne materials with selected examples
that may occur in industry and that may cause disease; age
standardized rates of respiratory diseases by tobacco usage and
sex; age standardized rates {*) of respiratory disease by current
cigarette smoking habits and sex.#8
08054 92
Gross, Paul, William E. Rinehart, and Fobert T. P.
deTreville
THE PULMONARY BEACTIONS TO TOXIC RASES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.
J., 28(4) :31F5-321, .Tuly-Aug. 1^67. 8 refs. (Presented at the
Annual fleeting, American Industrial Hygiene Assoc., Chicago,
111., Hay 1-15, 1967.)
The deep pulmonary response to toxic gases depends upon which of
the two components of the alveolar wall is responding, the
capillary or thi= alveolar membrane. Injury to the capillary
results in pulmonary edema or bronchopneuaonia, whereas a dose of
irritant injuring substantially only the alveolar membrane causes
the latter to respond with the development of a multi-layered cell
mass that is supported by argyrophilic fibers. Because
collagenization of this stcoma does not usually occur, such septal
lesions caused by noxious gases resolve. The respiratory
bronchiole is the site of predilection of lesions caused by deep
lung irritants because of delayed clearance in this region.
(Authors' abstract)*#
04981 93
B. A. Kehoe
ATP POLLUTION AND COMMUNITY HFAITH. Proc. Natl. Air
Pollution Symp., 1st, Pasadena, Calif., 1949. pp. 115-20.
Effects - Human Health 49
-------
The nature and patent of the effects of industrial air
upon health are matters for speculation. The facts that can
brought to bear upon the subject are derived from three
principal sources. The first source is the literature of
industrial toxicology, industrial medicine, and industrial
hygiene. It may be generalized that a systematic study
of the composition of the atmosphere of working places and
concurrent clinical study of relevant groups of workmen has
yielded the most, pertinent information available as to the
effects of specific industrial products upon health. The second
source of information is the occurrence of air pollution episodes;
each of these incidents, in so far as they have been subjected to
investigation has yielded information. A third source of
information has been that of the statistical correlation of
trends in the incidence of carious diseases, with trends
in atmospheric pollution. The apparently significant and relevant
facts derived from these three sources are discussed.#f
03221 94
G. Muki.
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON S02 POISONING. PABT I.
SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF CL, NA, K AND CA IN RE7INFRS AT THE
MATSfJO SULFOP MINK. Japan J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 3, (1)
11-5, Jan. 1961
This paper reports on the following study: chronic S02
poisoning occurs in sulfur mine refiners exposed to contaminated
air (440-2500 ppm S02, 0-3 ppm B2S) for about 2 hours during
work. Serum Cl and serum Na increased proportionately to the
number of years worked (e.g., after 20 years serum Na was 113.1)5
of the control group). Serum K decreased proportionately to the
number of years worked (94.8% of controls in 20 year group).
Serum Ca did not vary markedly. These findings were found to
resemble closely those of adrenal hyperfunction and were presumed
to result from the consumption of Na in neutralizing and
detoxifying the S02, SO3, H2S03, H2SO4, etc. produced in
the body through inhalation of S02 having stimulated and
accelerated adrenal function, leading to promotion of the kidney's
ability to reabsorb Na.f*
11241 gj
E. M. Roth, W. H. Teichner, and A. o. Mirarchi
CONTAMINANTS STANDARDS. (SECTION 13 ) Tn- r~™r, .3 •
Human Responses to the Ae'rospace Environment, vXmfllY'
Sections 10-16, Emanuel B. Roth (ed.), Lovelace Foundation
for Hedical Education and Research, Albuguergue s n*l
CONTRACT -HAS-115, p. 1-115, Nov. 1968. 233 °X
CFSTT: NASA CR-1205(III <-«rs.
Toxicological problems in space operations cover three
50 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
situations: (1) the acute, short tern, high-level exposure either
in ground support or space cabin conditions; (2) the 8-hour work
day exposure found in manufacturing and ground support
situations; and (3) continuous, long term exposure to trace
contaminants, such as would be anticipated in extended space
missions. In view of the necessity for provisional limits of
manned space flights of 90 to 1000 days duration the following
criteria for trace contaminant control in manned spacecraft have
been derived: Contaminants must not produce significant adverse
changes in the physiological, biochemical, or mental stability
of the crew. The spacecraft environment must not contribute to a
performance decrement of the crew that will endanger mission
objectives. The spacecraft environment must not interfere with
physical or biological experiments nor with medical monitoring.
Based on these criteria air quality standards for prolonged manned
missions have been established. The following topics are
discussed: kinetics of contaminants in space cabins; toxicological
factors; toxicology in the spacecraft environment; source of
contaminants; particulates and aerosols; microbial contaminants.
Tables presenting chemical analysis of all contaminants with
standard levels for space cabins are listed.i#
01916 96
V. A. Fjazanov.
CRITERIA AND METHODS FOR JISTABIISHIHG MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR POLLOTTON. Bull. World Health Organ.
(Geneva) 32, 389-98, 1965.
Experience in the OSSR in establishing standards for air
pollution control is described. It is emphasized that health
considerations must be main criterion in deciding permissible
concentrations, which constitute the "hygienic" standards
ultimately to be achieved. Economic and technological reasons may
dictate temporary "sanitary" standards, which modify the
requirements for a limited period. "Technological" standards
relate to the economic and technological consequences of air
pollution and do not concern health. The maximum permissible
concentrations of toxic substances used in toxicology and
industrial hygiene are not sufficiently stringent for general use,
and control standards are therefore based on the results of tests
carried out on animals and human subjects. Tests on animals show
that certain concentrations of toxic substances cause functional
changes (e.g., in higher nervous activity, cholinesterase
activity, and excretion of coproporphyrin) as well as a number of
protective adaptational reactions. The results are used to
establish maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants within
a 24-hour period. Tests on human volunteers provide a basis for
determining the maximum average concentrations at a given time.
Reactions to odorous substances give the olfactory threshold and
the level of concentration causing respiratory and visual
reflexes, as well as subsensory effects such as changes in light
sensitivity and in the activity of the cerebral cortex.
Morbidity statistics also provide evidence of harmful pollution,
but cannot serve as a basis for establishing maximum permissible
concentrations, which should aim not only at preventing illness
but also at avoiding pathological and adaptational reactions.
(Author abstract)##
Effects - Human Health 51
-------
97
059U6
Stayzhkin, V. 1.
HYGIENIC DETERMINATION OF LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS OF
CHLORINE AND HYDROCHLORTDE GASES SIMULATENOUSLY PRESENT IN
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (In: Limits of allowable concentrations of
atmospheric pollutants. Book 6.) O.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 9, pp. 55-61.
(1962). Puss. (Tr.)
This study was confined to the use of low concentrations of
chlorine and hydrochloride qases and their effect on the
physiological reactivity of man. The methods of investigation
were: determination of threshold odor perception, optical chronaxy
and adaptometry. Results of this investigation indicated that 0.75
mg/cu m was the concentration of threshold chlorine odor
perception, and 0.02 mq/cu m the concentration of threshold
hydrochloride qas odor perception. The simultaneous presence in
the air of chlorine and hydrochloride gases was not odor
perceptible when the qases co-existed in the following ratio
concentrations: 0.3 tnq/cu m of chlorine and 0.1 mg/cu m of
hydrochloride gas, also 0.2 mg/cu m of chlorine and 0.13 mg/cu m
hydrochloride gas. The additive physiological and neurological
effects of simultaneously present chlorine and hydrochloric gases
in the air vere in the nature of arithmetical summation. Optical
chronaxy tests indicated that threshold reflex effects were
produced by chlorine and hydrochloride gas simultaneously present
in the air in the followinq ratio combinations: chlorine, 0.3 mg/
cu m and hydrochloride gas, 0.3 mg/cu m and also chlorine, 0.3 ng/
cu m and hydrochloride gas, 0.3 mg/cu m. Tests of eye sensitivity
to light indicated that the combination of 0.2 mg/cu • of chlorine
and 0.1 mq/cu m of hyflrochlorinde gas constituted a threshold
combination mixture of the 2 qases which elicited changes in eye
sensitivity to light. The present investigation also indicated
that the previously adopted limits of allowable single chlorine
concentration of 0.1 mg/cu m and of hydrochloride gas of 0.005 ag/
cu m simultaneously present in atmospheric air were below the
threshold of odor perception and of effect on reflex activity.
21078 98
Styazhkin, V. M.
EXPERIMENTAL BASIS FOR THE DETEPHIMATIOK OF ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATIOHS OF CHLORINE AND HCI GAS SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT IN
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. D.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Belated
Occupational Diseases, vol. 8:158-164, 1963. (B. S. Levine. ed.)
CFSTI: 63-11570 '
An experimental basis for the determination of allowable
concentrations for simultaneously present chlorine and HCI qas in
the ambient air was obtained. Studies were conducted in the
vicinity of a magnesiuro plant at 300, 500, 800, 1000 2000 and
3000 m from the plant. Air sables were collected by the '
aspiration method through an absorber equipped with a porous
52 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
plate No. 1. One absorber was filled with double distilled Hater;
the other was filled with an acidified solution of methyl orange.
Air sauples collected through double distilled water were used
for the determination of HC1 aerosol by the titration method.
Sulfuric acid, which interferred with analysis, was determined
nephelcnetrically and subtracted from the titration result.
Chlorine was determined cclcrimetrically in the sample. Results
showed that chlorine and HC1 gas concentrations were considerably
in excess of the allowable maximal single concentration limit
at all collecting points. The threshold of Cl odcr preception
was 0.7 mg/cu m and of'HCl gas, 0.2 mg/cu m«, Threshold odor
perceptions of Cl and HC1 gas simultaneously present in the air
were established in the following combinations: 0.3 mg/cu m Cl,
0.1 mg/cu ra and 0.2 mg/cu m Cl, 0.13 mg/cu a HC1. Results of
the tests by the optical chronaxy method established the
threshold of reflex effect of Cl and HC1 gas simultaneously
present in the air in the following concentration: 0.3 mg/cu m
Cl, 0.2 mg/cu m HC1 and C.2 mg/cu m Cl, 0.3 mg/cu m HC1. The
limit of maximal single concentration for Cl was 0.1 mg/cu m and
for HCl, 0.05 mg/cu m. The simultaneous presence of Cl and HC1
gas in the air in corresponding concentrations had no effect on
the control curve of dark adaptation. Results showed that the
concentrations were belcw the threshold of odor perception and
reflex effect anri below the allowable concentration limit.
08152 99
Takhirov, M. T.
DETERMINATION OF LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION OF CHLORINE IN
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Survey of U. S. S. R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine. National Bureau of Standards, Washington,
D. C., Tnst. for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p. 119-125, May 1960
CFSTT: TT 60-21475
Studies of air in .the vicinity of an industrial chenical plant
indicated that the air in the proximity of the plant was regularly
polluted with chlorine. A study of the air of Moscow indicated
that the atmospheric air was polluted with chlorine even at
considerable distances from sources of pollution. Te threshold of
Cl odor perceptibility of odor-sensitive persons was at the 0.8 mg/
cu m level. The threshold of Cl effect on the reflex sensitivity
of the eye to light coincided with the threshold of odor
perception. The Cl threshold effect on reflex activity as
manifested by changes in rhythm and amplitude of respiratory
movements was at. the 1.5 rag/cu m Cl concentration level, which
coincided with the level established by the chronaxynetric method.
The limit of allowable concentration of Cl (0.1 mg.cu m) adopted by
the a. S. S. fl. for atmospheric air of inhabited localities is
below the threshold of Cl odor perception and also below the level
of its reflex effect via the receptors of the upper parts of the
respiratory tract. The maximal daily average concentration of free
Cl in the air of central Moscow was 0.034 mg/cu m, which is
slightly above the recommended level of 0.03 rag/cu m. This clearly
indicates that the Moscow air can not admit any additional Cl
discharges and that the construction of new industrial plants which
discharge chlorine into the atmospheric air should be prohibited.
Effects - Human Health 53
-------
OU738
A. A. Thomas
AEROSPACE TOXICOLORICAT, RESEARCH. Proc. NATO AGARD Conf.
(Paris) (2) 259-78, Sept. 1965.
The major areas of aerospace toxicology such as propellant
toxicology, environmental pollution, and space cabin environment
are reviewed. Because of the short duration, high level, and
infrequent exposures, the industrial Threshold Limit Values are
meaningless. The philosophy of emergency exposure assumes that no
one will be intentionally exposed to high concentrations of
propellant vapors under ordinary conditions; if there is
exposure, subjective and objective symptomatology may occur, but
pathology should be reversible and the performance of the operator
must not be impaired. Valuable information from the aerospace
toxicological research projects include: exposure data that can be
applied to community air pollution problems, new high-energy
propellants which are potential pharmacological research tools, and
a better understanding of the oxygen toxicity problem.**
04727 101
F. R. Weedon, A. Hartzell, and C. Setterstrom
TOXICITY OF AMMONIA, CHLORINE, HYDROGEN CYANIDE, HYDROGEN
SULPHIDE, AND SULPHOR DIOXICE GASES. V. ANIMALS.
Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 11, (5) 365-85, Dec. 1940.
House flies, mice, and rats were Exposed to a continuous flow of
NH3, C12, HCN, H2S, and S02 gases under controlled
conditions at concentrations of 16, 63, 250, and 1000 p.p.m. for
periods up to 16 hours. Toxicity curves are presented for each of
the organisms at the various concentrations for the various gases;
visible signs and symptoms are described; vertebrate pathological
symptoms on autopsy are summarized. The order of decreasing
toxicity of the gases to each of the three organisms tested was
found to be HCN, H2S, C12, S02, and HN3. In
house flies, age and cage size were found to be factors in
susceptibility to the different gases. During exposure to C12
the rodents showed little initial excitement tut early signs of
irritation of eyes and nose and early and increasing signs of
pulmonary edema. Except for terminal convulsions, there was
comparatively little activity. in BCN after an initial lag
period the rodents showed a period of wild excitement and loss of
muscular coordination followed by coma ending in a terminal
convulsion. At progressively lower concentrations all these
periods including the initial lag were progressively longer but
still definite including the 63 p.p.m. level. However at 16
p.p.m. the rodents showed no effect, it is of interest that at
63 p.p.iu. the LT50 was much greater for mice than for rats thouah
the rats died later at the higher concentrations. This rlcalls
the observation in the earlier paper in this series (15) that
were found to be much more resistant than guinea pigs at
54 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
concentrations of S02 of 150 p.p. IE. and bwlos, but were much
mote susceptible at 300 p.p.m. and 1COO p.p.m., indicating a
difference in the slope of the dosage-time curves of the two
species. At high concentrations cf H2S there Has violent
activity and loss of muscular coordination very similar to that
seen with HCN; at progressively Icwer concentrations there was
progressively less activity. In addition in the lower
concentrations there was evidence of irritation of eyes and nose
and of pulmonary edema increasing with time of exposure. Exposure
to NH3 caused only very slight irritation to eyes and nose.
With S02 the signs qualitatively resembled those of C12.
Study of the orqans at death revealed that the rats exposed to
£12 showed touch edenia and ilicjlit t-c «od€ratc h-aEerrhag£ -&f fcke-
lungs while the mice showed somewhat less edema and more
hemorrhage, the hemorrhage prcbably causing death in the s.maller
animal before the edema was fully developed. The heart was more
dilated in rats than in mice. The organs of the rodents dying in
HCN showed no change of itrccrtance except a bright red color of
07138 102
Yanysheva, N. Ya.
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIT? POLLUTION BY DISCHARGES FPCH
ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS AND CHEMICAL COMBINES ON THE HEALTH OF
NEARBY INHABITANTS. O.S.S.B. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol.
1:98-10i», Jan. 1960. (Also published in Gigiena i Sanit. ,
(8):15-20, 1957.) Translated from Russian.
CFSTI: TT 60-210U9
A study was made of the effect of industrial discharges on the
health of inhabitants of a large industrial center the
atmospheric air of which was being polluted by the discharges of
several production and manufacturing plants. A study was made
of the degree of atmospheric air pollution with dust (fly ash) ,
502, sulfuric acid aerosol, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, nitrogen
oxides, and phenol. Air samples were collected by the
aspiration method under the smoke plume coming from smoke stacks
at distances ranging from 200 to 2,500 meters from a chemical
combine and an electric power plant, and up to 800 meters from a
phenol producing plant. The morbidity rate in two villages in the
industrial area and one village in a control area was studied.
Pollution of the atmospheric air with dust (fly ash), sulfurous
gas, hydrogen sulfide in concentrations many times above the
allowable limits and of aerosols of sulfuric acid and chlorine in
concentrations -just above the allowable limits, as well as the
oxides of nitrogen and phenol within the limits of allowable
concentrations dfileteriously affected the population's health.
It was concluded that the above mentioned pollutants produced
the following pathologic results: a) Increased by several times
the frequency of occurrence among children and adults of diseases
of the respiratory organs, of the nervous system, of the organs of
vision and of the skin. b) Lowered the resistance of the
population to such infectious disease as the grippe and angina.
c) Induced in children a state of susceptibility to the
development of rickets and anemia, and brought about early
manifestations of diffuse pneumosclerosis in isolated cases.#f
Effects-Human Health 56
-------
EFFECTS - PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
04673 103
L. V. Barton
TOXICITY OF AMMONT.A, CHLORINE, HYDROGEN CYANIDE, HYDROGEN
SULPHIDE, AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE GASES. IV. SEEDS. Contrib.
Boyce Thompson Inst. 11, (5) 357-63, Dec. 1940.
Boist and dry seeds of radish and rye were exposed to a
continuous flow of HCN, J2S, NH3, C12, and S02 gases
in concentrations of 1000 and 250 parts per million for periods
of 1, H, 15, 60, 240, and 960 minutes. Soaked seeds - Hoist
seeds were much more sensitive to these gases than dry seeds.
Delay in germination due to treatment was the principal effect
noted. This delay was sometimes accompanied by reduction; in
germination percentage and in some instances all the seeds
were killed. Hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulphide had no
effect on germination percentage, but delayed the appearance of
seedlings under some conditions. Ammonia and chlorine were
more toxic while sulphur dioxide proved most toxic under the
conditions of this experiment. A possible stimulatory effect on
speed of germination was noted after exposure for one minute to 250
p.p.m. of hydrogen cyanide and either 1000 or 250 p.p.m. of
atnmmonia. Further experiments are needed to confirm this.
A bleaching effect was evident after the 960-minute exposure
of soaked seeds to 1000 or 250 p. p.m. of chlorine and after
exposures of 60 minutes or longer to 1000 or 250 p.p.m. of sulphur
dioxide. Dry seeds - In no case did exposure of dry seeds of
radish to the above gases cause reduction in germination percentage
. However, "such a reduction did result when dry rye seeds were
exposed for 960 minutes to chlorine or sulphur dioxide. Delay in
germination was evidenced after exposure of dry seeds of both
radish and rye to one or more of the longer periods in all gases
except hydrogen sulphide. (Author summary)t#
05586 104
H. H. Benedict and W. H. Breen
THE DSE OF WEEDS AS A MEANS OF EVALUATING VEGETATION DAHAGE
CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Synp.,
3rd, Pasadena, Calif., 177-90 (1955)
This paper presents the results of fumigations of ten species of
weeds which occur more or less commonly throughout the United
States, by ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide.
-------
oxides of nitrooen, and sulfur dioxide. Plants of two different
ages and growina under two conditions of available soil moisture
were fumiaated at two concentrations of each compound. The
results are recorded as (1) descriptions and photographs of the
markinos which were produced on each weed by each fumigant; (2)
relative resistance of the various weeds to each fumiqaTit. By
using these two types of information it is believed that, in an
area where air pollution tray be causing markings on vegetation,
observation of the markings on seme of these weeds will lead to
identification of the pollutant and consequently determination of
the area over which it is spreading in concentrations sufficiently
high to mark veaetation. (Author summary) fit
01337 105
F. Brennan, T. A. Leone, and R. H. Daines
CHLORINE AS A PTTYTOTOyiC AIR POLLUTANT. Intern. J. Air Water
Pollution (London), No. 9:791-797, Dec. 1965.
The effect of various concentrations of chlorine in the atmosphere
was observed on a wide range of plant species in an experimental
chamber. Plants varied in sensitivity to the gas and in symptom
expression following exposure to a toxic dose. Foliage bleaching
and necrosis wsre the most common responses. When plants were
exposed to chlorine under conditions of water stress the extent of
iniury was reduced. Alsc, prolonged darkness following a chlorine
exposure period appeared to reduce the amount of foliar damage.
Plants did not accumulate chloride in the tissues following a
chlorine .exposure. (Author abstract)##
01800
T?.H. Daines, T.A. Leone, F. Brennan
AIR POLLUTION AS IT AFFECTS AGRICULTURE IN NEB JEHSEY
Rutgers The' The State Univ., New Brunswick, N.J.
Agricultural Experiment station. (Bulletin 79DJ " '
Plant damage in New Jersey from sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
fluoride, herbicides, ozone, and from oxidants other than
ozone is discussed. Relevant literature is reviewed #f
58 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05U20 107
Daines, K. H., T. A. Leon, and F. Brennan
AIH POILllTTON AND PLANT RESPONSE IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED
STATES. In: Agriculture and the Quality of Oar
Environment. Brady, w. c. (ed.), American Association for
the Advancement of Science, Washington, D. C. AAAS-Pub-85,
p. 11-31, 1967. 56 refs. (Presented at the 133rd Meeting,
American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Washington, D. c. Dec. 1^66.)
A review of pollutants that have been found to elicit plant
response is confined to the discussion of acid gases, primary
products of combustion, and products of reactions occurring in the
atmosphere. other topics discussed include: plant response as an
indicator of meteorological conditions and the fuels used for heat,
light, and power.lt
03819 108
E. F. Darley
STUDIES ON THF EFFECTS' OF THF DUST FROM A CEMENT FURNACE.
Studi Sugli Effetti Delia Polvere di Cemento da Fornace.
Pumi Polveri Milan) fi, (1)) 27«i-81, Oct. 1966. Text in It. .
Experiments were made in Germany on the effects of powder (or
dust) from cement furnaces on the leaves of green beans. The
leaves were sprayed with powder (from 0.6 - 3.8 g/sq m) for a
period of fl hr. The spraying was done for 2-3 days. Humidity
was increased in the area of the leaves during the major part of
the experiment. The method used for applying the powder allowed
only the finest particles to be deposited on the plants. Later
it was established that most of the particles were less than 10
micron in diameter. The criterion for determining the effect of
the powder was by comparing the rate of exchange of C02, or the
apparent photosynthesis, between the leaves that were covered with
dust and those that were not. All three powders used in this
experiment (the powders containing varying amounts of Si02,
A1203, Ti02, P205, Fe203, "n203, CaO, MgO, S03,
S, K20, Na20, Cl, C02, C, H20) reduced the rate of
exchange of C02 and in most cases this was reduced by more than
30S. One of the powders caused considerable damage to the
leaves, probably because KC1 was present in a high concentration.
The powders differed considerably in their chemical composition,
in particular in Ca, K, and sulfates, and since the chemical
composition varies with the size of the particle, the reciprocal
action of composition and size and the rate of deposit, require an
accurate investigation.*f
Effects - Plants and Livestock 59
-------
109
06326
W. H. Heck, I. S. Bird, H. K. Bloodworth, W. J.
Clark, D. ft. Darlina, and 1. R. Porter
ENVIRONMENTAL noLLUTTON BY MISSILE PROPELLftNTS. Texas
Agricultural and Mechanical research Foundation, College
Station. Apr. 1962, 120 pp. (Rept. MRL-TDR-62-38.)
CFSTI, DDC: An 282984
The effects of 21 raissil" fuel components on aouatic organisms,
soil microflora, plants and soils were determined. Goldfish and
Paphnia were subjected to 0,1,10,100 and 1000 ppm of the test
compounds for 12 hours in the aquatic studies. Some or all of 10
goldfish and 13 Daphnia died, when exposed to 100 ppm of the test
chemicals. Counts of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in the
soil microflora studies showed no significant decrease in any of
the organisms with a 100 ppn application of test chemical to the
soil samples. Three of the chemicals may sterilize the soil of
actinomycetes. Plant studies were threefold using squash,
soybean, cotton, cowpea and corn; germination studies using 1000
ppm of each test chemical produced consistent inhibition of
germination by two of the compounds and two ionic species; seedling
studies usina a soil drench of each test chemical at 100 ppm,
produced toxic symptoms with three of the ionic components;
seedling studies using three test chemicals (gases) at 100 ppm as
air pollutants produced severe injury to death of all species with
each of the test gases. Soil studies (1000 ppm) included the
leachability and runoff potential of each test chemical as well
as the effects on soil. (Author abstract)St
21691 110
Heck, Walter H., Robert H. Daines, and Itrahim J. Hindawi
CTHEE PHYTOTOXIC POLLUTANTS. In: Recognition of Air Pollution
Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas. Jay s. Jacobson and
A. Clyde Hill (eds.), Pittsburgh, Pa., Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 1970, p. F1-F2«. 51 refs.
The effects of several phytctcxic pollutants are considered.
Ethylene acts as a growth hcrircre; it causes a reduction in
growth, stimulates lateral growth, and decreased apical dominance.
Plant leaves may develop epinasty or show chlorosis, necrosis, or
abscission. Injury from cxidants other than ozone, PAN, or
nitrogen dioxide may be chronic or acute. These oxidants, none
of which have been identified, may cause necrosis, collapse of
leaf tissue, and dehydrated and bleached lesions. Cotton leaves
affected by herbicides show a yellow-green mottling or stippling
and vein clearing may be pronounced. Tomatoes may show epinasty
and twisting of plant parts. Arsenic trioxide injury on
sensitive fruit and vegetable crops produces necrotic spots on
the leaves, petioles, twigs, and fruits. Mild to severe
interveinal necrosis and chlorosis may cccur on broad-leaved
plants as a result of atrazine. Necrosis, chlorosis and
60 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
epinasty are the common syicptcrcs of chlorine injury. Acute tissue
collapse and necrotic spotting have resulted from ammonia injury.
Discolcraticn of peach and apple fruits have also been reported.
Hydrogen chloride caused an acid-type necrosis. Tipburn to fir
needles and necrosis along loaf margins have also been noted
after HC1 exposures. Mercury causes chlorosis, abscission of
older leaves, growth reduction, and general poor growth and
development. The effects of particulates, hydrogen sulfide, and
carton monoxide are briefly discussed.
120 U 2 HI
Heggestad, B. F.
DISEASES OF CTJOOS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS INCITED BY AIF
POLLUTANTS. Phytopatholooy, 58:1089-1097, Aug. 1968. 80 ref.
Air pollution injury to crop and ornamental plants is increasing
in the U.S.?.. Estimates of annual losses to agriculture from
air pollutants, which ranoed from $150 to $500 million during the
decade 1951-1960, are now $500 million. Although most of the loss
is due to growth suppression or chronic injury, it is the acute
injury that suggests the nature of the air pollutant and reveals
the distribution of the problem. Each pollutant tends to produce
its own pattern of injury, leaving graphic records of air pollution
episodes. Photochemical oxidants, ethylene, sulfur dioxide,
fluoride, and other pollutants produce marked reactions in various
types of plants. The recent developments and current research
trends in the assessment of these reactions are reviewed.*#
01)693
S. E. A. McCallan and C. Setterstrom
TOXICITY OF AMKONTA, CHLORINE, HYDROGEN CYANIDE, HYDROGEN
SULPHIDE, AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE GASES. I. GENERAL METHODS
AND CORRELATIONS. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 11, (5)
325-10, Dec. 1940.
A series of cooperative tests were conducted in which a survey
was made of the relative toxicity of five common industrial
gases to various forms of plant and animal life. The
apparatus employed permitted a continuous flow of the gas at
definite concentrations. It is believed that this is the first
survey attempted under such conditions. The gases studied -
ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, and
sulphur dioxide were selected because of their chemical
properties, physiological action, and their occurrence in
industrial atmospheres. The organisms were chosen to give
a wide range of behavior in the hope that a broader picture of
the mechanism ot toxic action might result. A total of 18
different, species were studied, including plant and animal
Effects - Rants and Livestock 61
-------
pathogenic fungi and bacteria, green plants, seeds, insects,
and rodents. In some cases a given species was studied under
different conditions, or i.n different forms of organs. The order
of sensitivity of classes of organisms was as follows: ammonia -
leaves greater than steins, fungi and bacteria greater than
seeds and sclerotia , animals; chlorine leaves greater than
fungi and bacteria, stems, animals greater than seeds and
sclerotia; hydrogen cyanide - animals greater than leaves, stems
greater than fungi and bacteria, seeds and sclerotia; hydrogen
sulphide - animals greater than leaves, stems greater than fungi
and bacteria, s^eds and sclerotia; sulphur dioxide - leaves,
fungi and bacteria; greater than stems, animals, seeds and
sclerotia. Details of the studies on the various organisms
appear in subseguent pacers.**
21189 113
Shikenjo, Norinsho Sanshi
BIB POLLUTION AMD ST7PICOLTURF. (Taikiosen to yosan-sogo shoroku) .
Text in Japanese. Sanshi Shikensho Shiryo (J. Sericultural
Experiment Station), no. 20:102p., ftpril 1966. 518 refs.
Various types of sericulture damage by atmospheric pollutants
are considered in terms of responsible sources, in addition to
the effects of the pollutants en mulberry leaves and' silk worms.
Damages are classified as follows: (1) sericulture damage due to
gaseous, solid, and liquid wastes, the major contaminants of
which are sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride gas, chlorine gas,
smoke dusts, and aerosols; (2) damage due to stack smokes
generated by charcoal burning, heavy-oil burning, the skyrocket
type of fireworks, and rubber-tire burning; (3) damage due to
motor vehicle exhaust gas, dust clouds, mud, and mire; (4) damage
due to aerially sprayed agricultural chemicals; (5) damage due to
irradiated substances; (6) damage due to volcanic ashes; (1)
damage due to salt-containing sea wind; (8) and damage due to
hazardous substances, such as nicotine, contained in t.otacco
plants cultivated on adjacent farms or to other hazardous plants
and crops such as pyrethrum, Picrasima guassioides Penn, bindweed,
and peppermint. .A bibilcgraphy is provided in which references
are classified according to specific sources and their respective
effects on both mulberry trees and silkworms.
16385 11
Takehara, Hideo
™° 1S68Fm! P01LUTION ON FIS"S- Reprint, no source given.
Current and recommended future research studies by Japanese
investigators on the effects cf air pollution on plants are
reviewed. local universities and agricultural research Nation,
are emphasizing studies cf the possible damaae r*?,! £ £ stations
dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine and chr CaUS^d b? su^«
sources to far^ crops, tea! fr^t^crest a^lulberrTtretf ^
62 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
ana young silkworms. Systematic basic research is being carried
out by national research institutes on such problems as the
symptoms and mechanism of injury to crops exposed to HF, and on
atmospheric diffusion phenomena; a program is also in the planning
stages to study nationally the effects of pollutants on the
flowering and fruiting of plants near factories and power
stations and in urban green belts. A number of subjects are
proposed for high priority in future research planning: these
include chronic damage to plants frcn long-term, lew-concentration
exposure to pollution as opposed to the more readily known
acute symptoms; effects of such pollutants as ozone, nitrogen
compounds, and ethylene; improvement of the methodology of
field observations and gas chamber tests; the variables in
the plants themselves that affect their susceptibility to
damage; control methods, including fertilizer improvements,
planting and cultivation methods, and shading; selection of
smoke-resistant species of various plants; and a listing of
indicates plants in urban environments.
03395 US
M.D. Thomat
EFFECTS OF AIP POLLUTION ON PLANTS. Horld Health Organ.
Monograph Ser. Uf> (Air Pollution), 1961. pp. 233-78.
The literature on the effects of air pollution on plants has
been reviewed with special reference to those pollutants that
present major problems viz., S02, HF, London type smog, and
Los Angeles type smog. The others, which are definitely of
minor importance, are referred to more briefly. S02 has long
been recognized as an air pollutant because it arises from the
combustion of nearly all fuels, especially coal, and from the
roasting of sulfide ores. It is phytotoxic in concentrations
above 0.1 x 0.2 p.p.m., depending on the length of
exposure. Below about O.t p.p.m., the gas tends to be
oxidized in the cells as rapidly as it is absorbed, and
interference with functions such as photosynthesis is slight.
Toxic concentrations of sulfate are finally accumulated. Chronic
rather than acute injury, if any, is generally manifested with
these small concentrations. Above about 0.4 p.p.m., acute injury
occurs more frequently, owing to the reducing properties of sulfate
in the cells. Temporary interference with photosynthesis or
"invisible injury" can occur to some extent, but these
concentrations cause acute injury if maintained for more than
short periods, and recovery is rapid when the fumigation is
stopped. HF behaves somewhat similarly to S02, except that
with a few species of plants it is effective in causing lesions and
interfering with photosynthesis in concentrations 2 or 3 orders
of magnitude smaller than in the case of S02. With most
species it is up to 1" times as effective as SO2. Fluoride
accumulated in the cells in sublethal amounts interferes with
photosynthesis as does sulfite, but whereas the latter is
deactivated by simple oxidation to sulfate, the former must be
removed by translocation, volatilization, or some obscure chemical
reaction, which makes much slower the recovery of the plant
functions after HF fumigation. There appears to be a
concentration of RF for each species below which "invisible
Effects - Plants and Livestock 63
-------
injury" does not occur. The I.os Angeles type smog is fairly
well understood as to its mode of formation and its phytotoxic
effects, but the actual compounds that cause these effects are
still unknown. The smog causes characteristic leaf lesions
which are quite different from those produced by other
pollutants, including ozone, which may be a constituent o± the
smog. It also causes some "invisible" injury. Visible
damage to crops in Southern and Northern California was
estimated at over ,T5 ™o "00 and $1 100 000 respectively,
annually, in 1956. (Author summary modified)#*
00301
M. D. Thomas
G.AS DAMAGE TO PLANTS. /inn. Rev. Plant Physiol. 2, 293-322,
1951 .
A detailed review is given of gas damage to plants with references
containing important bibliographies. Investigations on the
effects on vegetation of sulfur dioxide, other sulfur-containing
gases, halogens and hydrogen halides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia,
mercury vapor, and carbon compounds are cited and results
discussed. Phvtotoxicities of the different gases seem to depend
on (a) absorbability, which is related to water solubility and
reactivity with the tissues; (b) acidity or alkalinity; (c)
oxidation or reduction reactions; (d) hormonal properties; and
(e) toxicity of the element itself. Carbon monoxide, hydrogen
cyanide and hydrogen sulfide are of comparatively low
toxicity. Greater toxicity is evidenced by chlorine and sulfur
dioxide due to their rapid oxidizing or reducing properties.
The even greater toxioity of fluorine and iodine compounds is due
to their rapid absorption and inherent toxicity as elements in
themselves.#f
OM725 117
Thornton, N. C. and C. Setterstrom
TOXICITY OF APHONIA, CHLCRINE, HYDROGEN CYANIDE, HYDROGEN
SULPHIDE, AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE GASES. III. Green Plants.
Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 11, (5) 343-56, Dec. 1940.
TO study; the toxicity of various gases to plant tissue, tomato,
buckwheat and tobacco were exposed to a continuous flow of
controlled concentrations of gaseous NH3, C12, HCN, H2S, and
S02. The tomato was selected as the principal test plant and
was exposed for periods of 1, M, 15, 60, 240, and 960 minutes to
concentrations of 1, 4, If,, 6,3, 250, and 1000 p.p.m. of each of
the gases. The buckwheat and tobacco were used only to
determine degree and type of injury at the higher concentrations.
64 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The order of toxicity of the gases to the leaves and the order of
effect of the gases on pH of tomato leaves was in descending
order: C12, S02, NH3, HCN, and H2S. Acidification of
the leaf tissue was brought about by treatment with C12, S02,
HCN, and H2S. The pH of the stem tissue was lowered by
treatment with 1000 p.p.m. of gas for 960 minutes as follows:
C12 0.9; 502 0.7; HCN 1.0; and H2S 0.1. One thousand
p.p.m. of NH3 caused an increase in pH of the leaf tissue as
follows: 0.8 in one minute, 2.0 in four minutes, and 3.1 in 960
minutes; and of the stem tissue as follows: 0.1 in one minute, 0.2
in four minutes, and 3.6 in 960 minutes. Preliminary tests were
made to determine the area of the plant at which initial and
maximum pH changes took place. Tomato plants held in sunlight
were found to give greater changes in pH with C12 and 302
treatments than when held in darkness. Other gases -NH3,
HCN, and H2S-were egually effective in either light or
darkness. Only with NH3-treated plants was there any indication
of a recovery toward normal in the pH of the plants upon
standing in the greenhouse following treatment. Only NH3,
C12, and 302 were found to have an effect upon the pH of the
soil in which the plants were growing. Visible injury to plants
was observed to correlate with the effectiveness of C12, 302,
NH3, and H2S in bringing about a change in the pH. With
HCN the resulting injury to the plant was always greater than the
pH change of the treated tissue would indicate. The tomato
plants showed both epinasty and hyponasty response to HCN which
was followed by injury to the petioles. The HCN injury to the
petiole tissue progressed after removal from the gas until the
whole plant was destroyed. Plants were injured by C12 and S02
to a greater extent during clear than during cloudy weather.
(Authors' summary)##
04984 118
P. W. Zimmerman
IMPUNITIES IN THE SIR AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON PLANT LIF^.
Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 1st, Pasadena, Calif., 1949
pp. 135-41
The fact that several impurities in the air influence plant life
has been fairly well established. The toxic impurities most
frequently encountered are sulphur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride,
chlorine, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, esters of growth-
regulating substances, and constituents of manufactured
illuminating gas. To aid in identifying characteristic
effects, several species of plants have been subjected to these
gases under controlled experimental conditions.t#
Effects - Plants and Livestock 65
-------
EFFECTS - MATERIALS
08612
Bacskai, Gyula
AIR POLLUTION' *,Y T'HE CHEflTCAL INDUSTRY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE
CORROSION OP CONSTFDCTIOH .MAT^IAL. ((Vegyipari atmoLfera
szennyezodese es hatasa a szerkezeti anyagok korrozio-jara. ) ) Text
in Hungarian. *aqy. Kern. Lapia (Budapest), 22 (10) : 534-539, 1967.
* r fi T s •
Concentrations of air pollutants, such as chlorine, phenol,
ammonia, S02, and N02, in different Hungarian chemical plants are
given and the effect of these pollutants on corrosion of
construction materials, particularly iron and zinc is discussed.
Corrosion is increased by the gaseous and solid contaminants of the
atmosphere. Peeper insight into atmospheric corrosion mechanisms
is required to provide efficient protection.
OC695 12°
R. V. Chiar°n7"lli and F. L. ,Toha
THE EF^FICTS 0? AT' TOLL'ITTON CM FLECTRICAL CONTACT HAT7RIALS: A
FIELD STODY. .1. Air Folluticn Control Assoc. Ifi, (3) 123-7,
Mar. 19fi6. (^resented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Sir
Pollution Control association, Toronto, Canada, June
20-2«, 1965.)
» long-term field and laboratory program designed to determine and,
understand the effects of air pollutants on electric contact
materials and their nerformance has reached the one-year mark.
An extensive variety of precious and nonnoble metals and alloys
has been exposed for periods ranging up to one year (August 1963
to August 196«) at 6 ^ield environments. These environments
were selected to provide a wide range of air pollutants in typical
data processiriq or process control situations and comprise such
diverse locations as an air-conditioned data processing room in
New York City, an east coast oil refinery, an east coast
chemical plant, a business location in Los Angeles, a paper mill
in the south, and * heavy manufacturing plant in Buffalo. The
program undertakes to correlate material degraduation as a
function of time and environment. Humidity, temperature, and
sulfur dioxide are measured on a continual basis, and point-in-time
measurements of dust, Hi7, aldehydes, oxidants (o^one) , N02,
S02, H2S, NP3, and Cl ar<= made en a quarterly basis.
67
-------
Materials are returned periodically and evaluated in the
laboratory by contact resistance probing, e lect rol ytic reduction,
and standard metal] oqraphic techniques. The results of the
program to date are presented, and preliminary correlations are
drawn. The pronram is evaluated from the vantage point of the
one year marY. Deficiencies and aspects of special utility are
described. (Author abstract) »B
Fl. C. Mufflev
INFLUENCE OF AT HOST HTP 1C CONTAMINANTS ON CORPOSION - LITERATURE
RPpnnT. flock Island Arsenal, 111. (Pept. No. 63-20U1.)
23 pp. (June 13, 19f,3). DP,C: a F! 420 118
FIDCT AD U?r> 117
The influence of atmospheric contaminant gases and particulate
matter upon the corrosion rates of ferrous and nonferrous metals is
i n ves t iga ted „ Various means of protection from, of atmospheric
such corrosive environments are reviewed. Variations in the
rate of corrosion coincide with the severity of atmospheric
pollution in different locations where average humidity is
approximately the sani". Data from the tests in both industrial
and marine a tmosDhores , reveal that very great differences in
corrosivity can exist at locations only a few miles apart, or, in
some extreme cases, only a few 100 feet apart. The corrosion
rates of various metals or alloys for various environmental
conditions are aiven. Corrosion of metals can be overcome: (1)
by eiiminatin a the contaminants that cause corrosion of metal
parts, (2) by preventing the contaminants from coming in
contact with the metal surface, and (3) by using a metal finish
that will be resistant to the specific atmosphere.**
19M91 122
Niskanen, Eric and U. Martius Franklin
ATMOSPHERIC CCPPOSICN OF CCPPEF A fc £ SCHE CCPPHP ALLOYS. Can. Met.
Ouart., 9 (1) : 339-311U , March 1970. 6 refs.
Two-year atmospheric corrosion tests in an urban environment were
conducted on specimens cf ccpper, Muntz metal, and
copper-zinc-aluirinim alloys. The tilms en the top surface and
underside of the exposure coupons were studied by X-ray
diffraction and X-ray s pec t rogra phy . Differences between the two
surfaces are attributed to the leaching action of rain and the
possible effect of direct sunlight. The corrosion products of
copper consisted mainly cf Cu20, and also included a sub=tance
of undetermined composition, ccpper chloride, and basic copper
chlcride. The 2inc-conta ining alloys formed similar products
along with zinc sulfates, and shewed considerable dezincif ication .
A pre-oxidation treatment of the copper-zinc-aluminum alley gave
a small increase in corrosion resistance, particularly on the
underside of the coupon. The additicn cf aluminum to a copper-zinc
alloy does not change the ccrrcsicn products, but dees reduce the
ccrrosion rate and the aicunt of dezincif ication which rrmrc
(Author abstract modified) occurs.
63 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
12055 123
Nowak, F.
CORPOSTON PROULFfIS IN INCINERATORS. Combustion, 40(5):32-40,
Nov. 1968.
The state of the art of corrosion in incinerators is reviewed.
While at first, qlance there seems to be no great difference
between an incinerator whose generated heat is being used for
steam generation and a boiler fired with conventional fuel, in
fact many more problems are encountered due to the heavy deposits,
more frequent outages, and gas-side corrosion of heating surfaces.
Hue to the nonhomoqeneous nature of the waste materials and the
corrosive components in the flue gas which are steadily increasing
with the incrpaso in plastics and other industrial wastes fired,
control of conditions in incinerators is difficult. Some examples
of corrosive experience and scire approaches to control of the
problems are discussed.##
Effects - Materials 69
-------
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
02066 124
W. Breuer, and K. Winkler.
SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION OF AIR Pr.LlOT IONS ASCERTAINED BY
STATIONARY RECOBDING OF GASEOUS COMPONENTS. Herkunft Und
Ausbreitunq Von Luftverunreinigungen, Ermittelt Durch
Stationare *!egistrierung Flehrerer loiroissioEskoroponenten.
Proc. (Part T) Intern, clean Air Cong., London, 1966.
(Paper VIT/10). pp. 2^9-U2.
Simultaneous, continuous and stationary measurement of the
concentration of gas components (CO, C02, S02, H2S, C12,
nitrojLS—g-aT^p-s, hydrocarbons) combined with the recording of
meteoroljxjijjairnfactors (wind direction, speed of wind, atmospheric
sta*ti=$£jp:elMJ'') 'finable the identifying of the source of air
pollutions (motor vehicle exhaust, domestic heating, power
stations, chemical works) . The examination of special air
conditions and statistical evaluation gives information on the
process of distribution. (Author abstract) #0
00082 12S
H.W. Georgii E. Weber
THE CHFMTCAI COMPOSITION OF INniVTDIIAL FAINFALLS. Institut
fur Meteorolonie und. neophysik, Frankfurt/«, Germany.
AFCPL-TN-60-827, July 1<560. 38 pp.
CFSTT, DPC: AD 2662.HS
The chemical composition of individual cases of rainfall was
analyzed at 3 different sampling stations. The locations where
these samples were taken showed a great variety with respect to
altitude, climate and level of industrial and
anthropogeneous pollution. A relation between the concentration
of trace substances in rainwater and the quantity of rain was
found which ob<=ys a power law. The amount of trace substances in
rainwater shows a marked increase after a preceding period
of dry days. Changes in the concentration of atmospheric aerosols
and trace qases caused bv the effect of precipitation are
described. (Author)**
71
-------
126
0«99fi
M. Katz
SOURCES OF POLTHTION. T>roc. Natl. Air Pollution
Symp., 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. 95-105
The wind and cloud conditions in the Detroit Fiver area for
five years arp summarized. Sulfur dioxide was measured by
antometers. Fvdrocren sulfide, chlorine, oxides of nitrogen,
and ammonia were? sampled. Suspended particulates were
collected. Tho distribution of dust fall components is
tabulated. About twenty metallic elements were identified by
x-ray diffraction of suspended particulates. Community
health surveys covering morbidity and mortality records and
accounting for ethnic and socioeconomic factors are outlined.#f
21079 127
loucks, Bonald R., John J. Winchester, Wayne B. Katson, and Hary
A. Tiffany
THE HALOGEN COMPOSITION OF AEROSOL PAHTICLES OVEE LAKE MICHIGAN.
In: Modern Trends in Activation Anaylsis. James R. DeVoe (ed.)»
vol. 1, Washington, D. C., National Bureau of Standards SP312,
Dept. of Commerce, 1969, p. 36-12. 10 refs.
Results of the first intensive sampling of aerosols for halogens
in the inland I). S. are presented in tables. Previously published
analyses of aerosols for the halogen elements bromine, chlorine,
and iodine were restricted to ccastal locations where local
sources of sea salts are present. The inland sampling was carried
out with a cascade impactor and an Andersen sampler in the
southern fcasin of Lake Michigan and in runs between Grand Haven
and Chicago. Chemical analysis for halogens was done by neutron
activation and anodic stripping. A 'large fraction of both
iodine and bromine was found to be held by particles less than
0.25 micron radius, without apparent systematic differences due
to location, winds, or relative humidity. However, total iodine
concentrations did not vary with proximity to the Chicago-Gary
area, implying that iodine has no significant pollution sources
associated with urbanization. In contrast, the differences in
bromine values strongly suggest an urban pollution origin for
much atmospheric brcmine. Negligible amounts of chlorine were
held by particles smaller than C.25 micron radius, but a third
of it was held by particles above 1 micron radius, without
apparent correlation with meteorological parameters. A local
industrial pollution source other than automobile or fuel
combustion is suggested.
72 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
171C2 128
Porik, Jozsef
MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION IS HUNGAEIAN INDUSTRIAL CENTERS.
(A levego szennyezettsegenek iserteke ipati telepuleseinken) . Text
in Hungarian. Sagy. Tud. Akad. Orvosi Tud. Oszt. Kozlemen.,
18(3/1):«17-«24, 1967.
Budapest has by far the most serious air pollution problems of any
Hungarian industrial center, as shewn by large scale measurements
ever a 10-15 year period. Data is presented in the form of 7
tables, compiled both by the author and by other Hungarian authors,
based on studies of air pollution in Hungarian metropolitan areas.
Eleven such areas, including Budapest, almost consistently show
values in excess of the legally permissible limits of dust, carbon
particles, and sulfur dioxide. In seme of these communities, there
are also excesses of such dangerous substances as chromium, phenol,
beryllium, copper, silicon, and manganese. In the industrial
sectors of the big cities, in addition to soot, dust, and sulfur
compounds resulting chiefly frci some type of combustion, one also
finds a noticeable content of ammonia, the nitrogen oxides,
chlorine gas, and organic chlorine compounds such as chlorphenol.
The stench of some of these organic compounds, particularly the
chlorinated hydrocarbons, is noticeable as much as 15-20 kilometers
away. Measurements of fluorine pollution in the vicinity of the
Varpalata aluminum plant gave figures of 0.097 mg of fluorine
per cu meter at 2 kit distance frcm the plant, and 0.67 mg at a
distance of 2C meters. The permissible limit is 0.01.
01317 129
T. Okita
SOME CHEMICAL AND METFO"OT,OGICAt, MEASUREMENTS OF ATB POILtJTIOH
ASAHTKAWA. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, Vol.
9:323-332, June 1965.
Fog water and particulates sampled in the urban and rural areas
of Asahikawa were subjected to chemical analyses. Tt was found
that calcium sulfate was enriched in fog water, and that nitrite
was also enriched in urban fogs. Ammonium sulfate and sulfuric
acid were not major constituents in urban fog. Photometer
measurements of the areal distribution of suspended
particulates were also made. In light winds, with below freezing
temperatures, a local circulation converging toward the urban areas
was noted, and pollutants were found to accumulate over the center
of the urban area. (Author abstract)##
21419 130
Perin, G., V. Gasparini, and C. Picccli
AIK POLLUTION IN THE CITY OF fiCIZAKC. FAET II: RESULTS AND
REFLECTONS ON FOUR YEARS OF STUDIES. (L1inquinaraento atmosferico
Air Quality Measurements 73
-------
della citta cli toizano. Ncta II: Risultati e ccnsiderazxoni di un
guadriennio di Picerche). Text in Italian. flnn. Sanita Pubblica
(Home), 30 (5):795-831, 1969. 110 refs.
Air pollution studies in the city of Bolzano were begun in 1963
and interrupted at the end cf 1961, at which time a city ordinance
required the installation of sircke purifiers in home heating
plants. Studies were resumed in September '1965 and terminated
in the spring of 1967,. At 6 sampling stations, the pH of
rainwater was determined, as well as the presence of dust,
calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride, sulfate ions, sulfur
dioxide, chlorine gas, iron, fluorine gas, and aluminum; dust
was additionally analyzed according to size of particulates.
Meteorological conditions were also observed. Comparing the two
periods of study, insoluble tarry substances notably decreased
after the installation of smoke purifiers, while the content
of insoluble inorganic pollutants increased, particularly at two
stations. Chloride ion content *as higher in the summer. Taking
account of seasonal variations, the sulfur dioxide content
was clearly reduced during the second period of study. In
comparison with other cities, the residential areas of Bolzano
showed better air quality than such areas in Melbourne, Maples,
Modena, and London, while the industrial zone was about
comparable to that cf such large industrial complexes as Nagoya,
Muenster, Mestre-Marghera, and Pittsburgh. Neither the
industrial nor the residential zones gave values that exceeded the
acceptable limits.
08780 131
Prave, V. E., F. I. Fadutskii, B. I. Eadomysl'skaya,
and A. L. Volhova
THE CHLORINE CON1FNT IN THE AIR Cf EWEILINGS DISINFECTED WITH
CHICRAMINE SOLUTIONS. ((Sederzhanie khlora v vczdukhe zhilykh
pcmeshchenii posle do.zinfektsii rastvorami khloramina.) ) Hyg.
Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit), 32(7-9):
280-283, July-Sept. 1967. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51«09/3
The air in places where disinfection had been carried out was
tested. These were dwellings in the Timiryazev district of
Moscow which had been disinfected after open cases of tuherculcsis
had been transferred to the hospital, or after cases of infectious
hepatitis, dermatomycosis and ether communicable diseases. Six
samples were-taken in each case: two during disinfection of the
room and two while the ccrridcr surfaces were being sprayed.
Tests of 60 air samples showed that the chlorine concentration in
closed premises varied from fractions of a milligram to tens of
milligram to tens of milligrams per cu m during the final disinfec-
tion with agueous chlcrauiinn solutions. Chlorine concentrations
below the maximum permissible level for working premises were
fcurd in 1/10 of all sanples; in 34 cases they'were found to be
several times higher than the maximum level (up to 10 mg/ou B) and
in 1/3 of the cases they were ten or more times the maximum per-
missible concentration (up to 56 mg/cu m). Thus, the chlorine
content exceeded the maximum permissible level for working premises
74 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
in 9/10 of all samples. The effects of various factors (or of
their combinations) on the chlorine content of the air of premises
disinfected with chloramine solutions were not studied. Neverth-
less, certain important factors itust be mentioned. The chlorine
content in the air of the premises was not entirely dependent on
the concentration and amount cf chlcramine solution used,.but also
depended on other factors, such as the rate of release of chlorine
from the activated solution into the air. The disinfection tech-
niques used also played a certain part, such as dipping objects in
the disinfection solution, wiping objects with a rag wetted with
the solution, or spraying. (Authors' summary, modified)IS
06269 132
F. Steinhauser
ON THE AMOUNT OF COHMICAL iqorjRITIFS IN THD AIR AND
PP^CTPITATION. fiber flen ftehalt an chemischen Beiroengunqen
von Luft und Wipderschlagen. Idojaras (Budapest)
68, 348-63, Tec. 1<»6U. Rer.
Samples of thp air and of precipitation, collected within a period
of 6 years (1^58-63) in various parts of Austria, were analyzed by
microchemical methods of the type used at Uppsala University.
Analysis was made for the content of: S, Cl, NH4-N, Na,
K, Mg, and Ca. Especially for the precipitation studies an
analysis was made for N03-N, and the pH of each sample was also
recorded. Annual variations, and the effects of local features on
the admixtures, are discussed. Additional measurements were made
of the 302 content of the air in the cities of Vienna and
Graz and in the .southern portion of the area around Vienna.
These annual values (in ma. SO2/10Q sg cm of air/month) were
found to be: Tn Vienna, in the center of the city, 114.4;
in Vienna, on the northwestern border of the city, 41.3; in Graz,
in the center of the city, 217.2; and in Graz, on the eastern
border of the city, "16.2. The CO? content of the air (in ml.
C02/10 liters air, given seasonally on a quarter of a year basis)
was found to be highest in Vienna, next highest in Klagenfurt,
and lowest in ^etz. In winter these figures were 3.53, 3.30, and
3.20; in spring, 3.36, 3.14, and 3.05; in summer, 3.28, 3.06, and
2.98; and in fall 3.34, 3.20, and 3.07.
21078 133
Styazhkin, V. M.
E.XPFRIMENTAL BASIS FOR THE EFT EP KI NATION OF ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF CHLORINE ANE HCI GAS SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT IN
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. U.S.S.H. Literature on Air Pollution and Belated
Occupational Diseases, vol. 8:158-164, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.)
CFSTI: 63-11570
An experimental basis for the determination of allowable
concentrations for simultaneously present chlorine and HCl gas in
the ambient air was obtained. Studies were conducted in the
vicinity of a magnesium plant at 300, 500, 800, 1000, 2000, and
Air Quality Measurements 75
-------
3000 m from the plant. Jir saitples were collected by the
aspiration method through an absorber equipped with a porous
plate No. 1. One absorber was filled with double distilled water;
the other was filled with an acidified solution of methyl orange.
Air. samples collected through double distilled water were used
for the determination of HCl aerosol by the titration method.
Sulfuric acid, which interferred with analysis, was determined
nephelcmetrically and subtracted from the titration result.
Chlorine was determined cc]crircetrically in the sample. Results
showed that chlorine and HCl gas concentrations were considerably
in excess of the allowable maximal single concentration limit
at all collecting points. The threshold of Cl odor preemption
was 0.7 mg/cu m and of HC1 gas, 0.2 mg/cu m. Threshold odor
perceptions of Cl and HCl gas simultaneously present in the air
were established in the following combinations: 0.3 mg/cu m Cl,
0.1 mg/cu m and 0.2 rag/cu m Cl, 6.13 mg/cu m HC1. Besults of
the tests by the optical chronaxy method established the
threshold of reflex effect of Cl and HCl gas simultaneously
present in. the air in the following concentration: 0.3 mg/cu 0
Cl, 0.2 mg/eu m HCl and 0.2 mg/cu m Cl, 0.3 mg/cu m HCl. The
limit, of maximal single concentration for Cl was 0.1 mg/cu m and
for HCl, 0.05 mq/cu m. The simultaneous presence of Cl and HCl
gas in the air in corresponding concentrations had no effect on
the control curve of dark adaptation. Besults showed that the
concentrations were belcw the threshold of odor perception and
reflex effect, and below the allowable concentration limit.
76 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
00411 134
K. Horn
(THE PROBLEM OF HYGIENIC?TLY PERMISSIBLE LIMITING CONCENTRATIONS
OF AIR POLLUTION.) 7,ur Frage der Hygienisch zulassigen
Grenzkonzentrationen fur Luftverunreinigungen. Angew.
Meteorol. (Berlin) 5 (Special Issue) :39-43, 1965. Text in
Ger.
The problem of determining permissible limits of air pollution is
discussed. After listing four categories of pollution ranging
from decreased visibility and in-jury to sight and smell to acute
illness and possibly death, the aurthor states that pollution
should be kept below the limits of the first category. Re
distinguishes between limits permissible in a factory area
and in a residential area, the first being higher. Permissible
limits for 40 chemicals established in 1963 for single
occurrences and average 24 hour concentrations for East
Germany are tabulated.#<
01270 13S
H. Katz
DUALITY STANDARDS FOR ATF AND WATEH. Occupational Health Rev.
(Ottawa) 17(1):3-8, 1965. (Presented at the Occupational
Health and Safety Conference, Canadian Congress of Labour,
North Bay, Ontario, Nov. 16, 196").
Author reiterates air guality standards and threshold limit values
for gases and vapors (ppm) in the USSR and DSA: ambient air
guality standards and workroom air threshold limit values for some
gases (carbon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ethylene,
O7one, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide); air quality
standards and threshold limit values for solids or liguids; and
comparative ambient air quality standards for particulate matter.
T)ata are given for California, Oregon, USSR, Czechoslovakia
and West Germany.**
77
-------
02010
TI.A.J. Mahler
STANDARDS OF F1ISSION DNDER THE ALKALI ACT. froc. (Part I)
Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. Paper 111/12).
PP. 73-6.
The evolution of standards of emission under the Slkali Act
over the past 100 years is briefly reviewed. The necessity for
considering heights of discharge of pollutants as well as their
concentration in the emissions and mass rates of discharge
to atmosphere is stressed. It is also indicated that standards
should be simply and clearly expressed in such a manner that their
due observance can readily be checked by short and simple
tests. An outline is given of the principles adopted in arriving
at the current standards and these, both in regard to
concentrations in emissions and heights of discharge, are listed.
The aurhor expresses the personal view that present tendencies
in ever increasing si^e of production units and complexity of
operations on one site must inevitably lead to necessity in the
future further to reduce emissions. Because of the cost of such
a step he sugqests that setting up and adoption of
international standards is a desiratle end. (Author abstract)##
05940 137
V. A. Ryazanov
NSW DATA ON LTMTTS OF ALLOWABLE ATHOSPHEPIC AIR POLLUTANTS.
(In: Limits of allowable concentrations of atmospheric
pollutants. Book 6.) U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and "elated Occupational Diseases, Vol. 9. pp. 1-8. (1962).
Russ. (Tr.)
This volume contains material discussed by the Committee on
Sanitary Air Projection during its 1959 and 1960 sessions.
The material contained in this volume is of heterogenous
character in its methodological presentations and completeness and
finality of the reports. The Committee took the position that
the level of methodology reached during the last period of
investigation and the degree of reliability of results obtained did
not represent the acme of perfection, and therefore, the proposed
limits of allowable concentrations should be regarded as mere
points of orientation for future studies, leading to more basic,
more scientific and hence, more reliable limits of atmospheric air
pollutants. In this connection it is the aim and purpose of this
Committee to act. as the stimulator, guide and directing agent
leading into investiqational channels based on the outlined
principles. Air pollutants studied include formaldehyde HC1
aerosol, CS2 vapor, nn, Hg, combined C12 and HC1 gas,
acetone, CO and Dinyl (mixture of diphenyl and diphenyl oxide).!
78 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
07U90 138
Suzuki, T.
ON THE PTIH MIS STRIP CONCENTRATION OF AIR "POLLUTANTS IN SOME
COUNTRIES. Text in Japanese. J. Jap. Petrol. Inst.
Tokyo, 7 (2): 87-
-------
BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
16397 139
Andrew, S. P. S.
A SIMPLE METHOD OF MEASURING GASEOUS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS. Chem.
Eng. Sci., 4(6):269-272, 1955. U refs.
A knowledge of the gaseous diffusion coefficient for a specified
gas mixture is frequently necessary in designing absorption and
stripping towers. A new measurement method enables coefficients
to fce readily ottainsd with sufficient accuracy for design
purposes. It consists essentially of measuring the amount of
eguimolar counter-diffusion occurring in a diffusion tube
connecting two flasks containing initial gas mixtures of different
concentrations. Values of diffusion coefficients obtained fcy this
method were compared with previous measurements for two of the
gases, and satisfactory agreement was found. Coefficients were
given for the diffusion of C02, NH3, S02, C12, and fi'r2 at 20 C and
760 mm Hg. (Author abstract modified)
17917 140
Asinger, Friedrich
PRODUCTION CF ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS. (Gewinnung organischer
Schwefelverbindungen). Text in German. (Farbenindustrie (I. G.)
A.-G., Frankfurt, Germany) W. German Fat. 711,821. 3p. , Jan. 29,
1939. (Appl. date not given-, 2 claims) .
A method for producing organic sulfur compounds was devised which
is characterized by adding hydrogen-rich hydrocarbons to the
mixture of compounds containing oxygen, sulfur, and a halogen.
These mixtures are obtained in the familiar way by reacting 302
and the halogen with saturated, preferably parafflnic hydrocarbons
with high boiling pcints. The layers which form upon addition of
the hydrogen-rich hydrocarbons can be easily separated. selection
of the type of hydrogen-rich hydrocarbons depends on the components
of the product used. Three practical- examples are given. For 500
parts o± chlorine, oxygen, and sulfur containing product, 800 parts
of hydrogen-rich hydrocarbons are needed. Usually the same mixture
of .hydrocarbons is used from which the chlorine, oxygen, and
sulfur containing product has been obtained. This method of
separation yields substances with different capillary action.
-------
166C5
Ssinger, Friedrich
THE PRODUCTS OF THE COMMON INFIUENCE CF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND CHLOHINE
ON ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS IN ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. IV PART: THE
PRODUCTS OF THE COMMON INFLUENCE OF SULFDR DIOXIDE AND CHIOKINE ON
N-DODECANE. (Zur Kenntnis der Eroduckte der geroeinsamen
Einwirkung von Schwefeldicxyd und Chlor auf aliphatische
Kohlenwasserstoffe im ultravioletten Licht, IV. Plitt. : Die Produkte
der gemeinsamen Einwirkung von Schwefeldioxyd und Chlor auf
n-Dodecan) . Text in German. Cbenu Ber., 77-79 (3-U): 191-19«, 19«4.
13 refs.
In a study of the reactions cf high molecular straight-chained
paraffines hydrocarbons to sulfochlcrination, n-rlodecane was
subjected to a partial sulfochlorination to avoid excessive di
and polysulfochlcride formation. The sulfochlorides were
liberated from the unconverted hydrocarbon through selective
extraction with liquid S02. Di and polysulfcchlorides were
precipitated from mixtures with monosulfochlcrides with pentane.
The mixture of monosulfochlorides was then desulfurized, leaving
a mixture of dodecyl chlorides in which the chlorine assumed the
same position as previously held by the sulfochlcride group. The
dodecyl chloride mixture was converted into dodecylenes with
silver stereate. From 100 g cf dodecylene mixture 87g water-
insoluble fatty acids were obtained. The composition of the
individual acids in mol percent was: C6 17.2, C7 18.6, C8 16.6,
C9 19.2, CIO 18.1 and C11 1C.3.
17563 142
Asinger, Friedrich, Walter Schiridt*, and Franz Ebeneder
PRODUCTS OF THE JOIN? ACTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND CHLORINE ON
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS IN ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. 1ST COMMUNICATION:
PRODUCTS OF THE JOINT ACTION CF SULFDR DIOXIDE AND CHLORINE ON
PROPANE DISSOLVED IN CARBON TFTRACHLCHIDE. (Zur Kenntnis der
Produkte der gemeinsanen Einwirkung von Schwefeldioxyd und Chlor
auf alipathische Kohle'nwasserstoffe im ultravioletten Licht, I.
Bitteil.: Die ProduXte der gemeinsamen Einwirkung vcn
Schwefeldioxyd und Chlor auf Propan in
Tetrachlorkchlenstoffloesung). Text in German. Chem. Ber.,
vol. 75B:34-41, 1942. 18 refs.
The reaction products were determined of the joint action of
chlorine and sulfur dioxide on propane in a carbon tetrachlcride-
solution at room temperature exposed to ultraviolet radiation.
Two and one-half (volume) parts cf propane, 1.1 parts of Cl and 1
part of 302 were dissolved in ccl<4 in a quartz tube irradiated by
a mercury-vapor lamp. After completion of the reaction, CC14
was distilled off and the reaction product remained in the residue,
from which a liquid mixture of propane monosulfochlorides,
chloropropanemonosulfochlorides, dichloropropanemonosulfochlorides,
and a few higher chlorinaticn products of propane were distilled
82 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
off under reduced pressure. The remaining non-distillable
residue was a propane disulfochloride which melted at U8 C after
being purified ty crystalizaticn frcm chlcroform-carbon-
tetrachloride mixtures. The distilled off propane
rconosulfochlorides (C3H702C1S) , after additional purification were
found to be 1:1 mixtures of the isomers: prcpane-1-sulfochloride
and propane-2-sulfochloride with a boiling point at 72 to 79C.
From these a 1:1 mixture of the isomers: propane-1-sulfaaide and
propane-2-sulfamide (C3H902NS) with a nelti'ng point at 238 C was
obtained by a specified procedure. The propane disulfochloride
(C3H601C12S2) is definitely the propane-1.3-disulfochloride
from which propanedisulf airide (C3H100UN2S2) melting at 173 C and
propanedisulfanilide (C15H 180HN2S2) melting at 130 C were obtained
by specified procedures. For verification of the above findings
all of the above compounds were synthesized by purely chemical
methods. In the course of this work, propane-1-sulfanilide,
and propane-2-sulfanilide were produced which are still liquid
at -10 C.
15063 143
Beams, J. B. and C. Skarstrom
THE CONCENTRATION OF ISOTOPES 1?Y THE EVAPORATIVE CENTRIFUGE
METHOD. Phys. Rev., vol. 56:266-272, Aug. 1, 1939. 19 refs.
The air-driven vacuum-type tubular centrifuge was used for the
separation of the isotopes of chlorine by the evaporative
centrifuge method. The separations obtained were about the
same as predicted by the theory provided that experimental
conditions approximately conformed to the assumptions of the
theory. With a steel tube 11 in. long and 3 in. inside diameter,
containing baffles to prevent remixing, and spinning at
1060 rps, carbon tetrachloride vapor was withdrawn from the
axis at the rate of 3.2 grams per minute without decreasing the
separation factor. This separation factor for chlorine, which
at any instant is the ratio at the periphery, was 1.025 in the
above case. Tt is believed that the method is practical in the
case of the heavier elements, but inferior to other centrifuge
methods where large concentrations of the isotopes in smaller
quantities of material are used. (Author abstract modified)
16036 144
Becker, H. G.
MECHANISM CF ABSORPTION CF MCCEEATEIY SCLDELE GASES IN WATEB.
Ind. Eng. Cheir., 16 (12) : 1220-1224, Eec. 1921. 6 refs.
The absorption of oxygen and nitrogen in air-free water was
studied under conditions allowing the absorption process to be
followed step by step from zero concentration of dissolved gas to
Basic Science and Technology 93
-------
saturation in both nixed ana unnixed liquids. Experiments are
alsc reported on the abscrpticn of ether gases of widely
different solubilities in unmixed water. When liquid is kept
mixed, the solubility of oxygen and nitrogen diminishes with
increasing temperature and the percentage saturaton of the liquid
increases with time. Observations on the absorption of oxygen
in liquid stirred at varying speeds indicate that absorption is
proportional to time, i.e., the rate of solution is constant in
water of zero oxygen content. Hhen oxygen accumulates in the
water, the rate of solution is proportional to the degree of
unsaturation. In unmixed liquid, the rate cf solution follows a
regular course while the oxygen content of water is low, but
becomes quite irregular when the vater is 60 to 705 saturated.
Gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfide fora
saturated layers at the surface of liquid, which cause the rate of
solution to fall off rapidly. Gases such as nitrous oxide, nitric
oxide, and chlorine show no tendency to form saturated surface
layers and are absorbed at correspondingly higher rates.
03062 145
S. W. Benson and G. P. Haugen.
ESTIMATED ACTIVATION ENERGIES FOP THE FOUH-CENTEIi ADDITION
REACTION 0? H2, IIX, AND X? TO ACETYLENES. J. Phys.
Chem. 70, (10) VO6-8, Oct. 1966
The application of an electrostatic model to predict the
activation er.erny of the four-center addition reactions of
acetylene is discussed. The transition state is considered an
intimate semi-ion pair with an equivalent charge separation of plus
or minus formal charge. The energy of activation can be equated
to the electrostatic energy of interaction of point dipoles.
Values obtained for the reacting substances (acetylene, methyl
acetylenes, hydrogen halides, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine) are tabulated. The activation energy for the
molecular addition to acetylenes is about 1.5 kcal/mole smaller
than that for the corresponding ole.fin.##
15990 146
Fox, Arthur 1., Clyde 0. Renke, and Cortes F. Reed
PURIFICATION OF HYEROC AE EON-S tllPBUR DIOXIDE-CH1CBINE REACTION
PRODUCTS. (Charles L. Hern, Minneapolis, Minn, and DuPont De
Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Wilmington, Del.) U. S. Pat. 2,228, 598.
6p., Jan. 14, 19U1. (Appl. June 30, 1938, 15 claims).
A process is described for purifying surface-active compounds
formed ty reacting hydrccarbcns, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine
and hydroly2ing the resulting product. The invention provides
a method of removing water-insoluble oils from the emulsion
obtained when hydrocarbons are treated with a gaseous mixture
64 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
of sulfur dioxide and chlorine and the resulting product is
hydrolyzed with a hot caustic alkali. The method is exemplified
by the treatment of a hydrocarbon oil with a gaseous mixture of
sulfur dioxide and chlorine in the presence of light until the
oil gains a certain weight. This produce is hydrolyzed and
neutralized with a caustic alkali solution. the crude product
that is obtained is an aqueous emulsion of hydrocarbon sulfonates,
unreacted hydrocarbon, chlorinated hydrocarbon, and salts. This
material is purified by diluting with water ci a water-soluble
organic solvent and removing the water immiscible layer.
Purification can also be accomplished by centrifuging without
dilution, by extracting the water insoluble portions with a
water insoluble organic solvent, by steam distillation, or by a
combination of these processes. Many cf the products prepared
according to the invention have excellent foaming and cleansing
properties. These products can serve as intermediates for
preparing derivatives useful as plasticizers for paint, varnishes,
corrosion inhibitors, gum solvents, extractants for the refining
of gasolines and oils, insecticides, detergents, wetting agents,
and rewetting agents. They nay also be used to improve flotation
processes of ores, pigments, ccals, etc. and to break petroleum
emulsions. Other uses include fungicides, mildew preventives,
penetrating agents, and dust collecting agents.
17134 147
Gilliland, E. R., E. F. Eaddour, and P. L. T. Brian
GAS ABSOEPTION ACCOMPANIED EY A LIQUID-PHASE CHEMICAL REACTION.
Am. Inst. Cheffi. Engrs. J. , H (2):223-230, June 1958. 11 refs.
The rate of absorption of chlorine from chlorine-nitrogen mixtures
into solutions of ferrous chloride in 0.203 N aqueous hydrochloric
acid was studied in a short wetted-wall column. Dimensional
analysis and the film and penetration theories were used to infer,
from the "absorption rate data, that the chemical reaction between
chlorine and the ferrous ion is second order. The absorption-rate
results for experiments with a dilute gas phase agreed with
theoretical predictions for absorption accompanied by a second
order reaction with a reaction rate constant of 188 liters/(g mole)
(sec). The results for experiments with pure chlorine gas deviated
from the rest of the results, and they did not agree with the
theoretical equations. It was shown that the assumption of a
three-step mechanism for the chemical reaction, including the
formation of a complex ion and the decomposition of this complex
ion, explains, at least qualitatively, the deviations observed
for the pure chlorine gas runs. (Author abstract modified)
OH228L 148
P. Goldfinger, G. Huybrechts, and I. Meyers
THE CHLORINE PHOTOSENSITIZED OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS AT LOW
TEMPEBATURE (PINAL TECHNICAL RFPT.). University Libre
de Bruxelles, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique.
Jan. 1966. 30 pp.
Basic Science and Technology 85
-------
The study of th<=> chlorine photosensitized oxidation of
trichloroethylene has been completed. A mechanism has been
proposed for this reaction where dichloroacetyl chloride is the
main reacton product and the rate constants of the relevant
elementary reaction steps were estimated. This together with
preceding studies on the oxygen effect on the photochlorination
of ethane and trichloroethylene has led to a reaction theory which
seems to be of general validity. In the second part of this
report a new reaction theory of chlorine photosensitized
oxidation of hydrocarbons is presented which describes many of
the kinetic investigations that have been carried out by the
present work and reported in the literature. Due to the
diversity of radicals in the. reaction mechanism and the
formation of different products not sufficiently unreactive, the
reaction mechanism is not in final form and more experimental
work is needed. (Author abstract)#f
03349 149
I. C. Risatsune.
STRUCTURES OF SOME OXTDJ3S OF NITROGEN (SUMMARY PROGRESS RFPT.
OCT. 27, 1965 - DEC. 31, 1966). Preprint. Dec. 31, 1966.
The kinetic study of the third order reaction between NO and
02 was completed. Partial pressures of NO and 02 were varied
from one to ?oo mm and one to '470 mm respectively, and mole ratios
of these reactsnts were chosen so that the final partial pressures
of the reaction product N02 were between one and 11 mm.
Nitrogen gas was used as diluent in order to maintain essentially
a constant total pressure (near 4RO mm) during the reaction. The
reaction was followed by recording the changes in the absorption
intensity of the 1610 cm-1 N02 IP fundamental band. Kinetic
runs were made with one reactant in excess, and the resulting
experimental data gave pseudo first or second order rate plots
which were linear over RO to 90 percent of the reaction. The
temperature dependence of the rate constants was studied between 1
and 55 C. In this case, both the reaction cell and the reactant
storage bulbs were maintained at constant temperature. From the
tabulated experimental data a rate constant for this third order
reaction was obtained: k - (6.18 + or - 0.20)x103 exp(+0.50 + or -
0.40 kcal/mole)/RT) liter 2 / mole 2 -sec where the estimated
uncertainties are maximum errors. Kinetic studies on the
NO-C12 and N0-nr2 systems were initiated. In the case of the
chloride system, the reaction was found to be influenced by
fluorescent light but not by the TR light source. Tentative
values of the rate constant at 22.7 C were found to be 19.6 + or -
0.7 and (7.92 + or 0.4?) x 1000 liter 2/mole 2 - sec respectively
for the chloride and the bromide.**
14313 150
Lederer, E. L.
VERIFYING ADSORPTION FOFWJLAS BY WEANS OF ADSORPTION MEASUREMENTS
f»r"H ACTIVATED CHARCOAL. (Pruefung von Adsorptionsformeln an
Hand von Adsorptionsmessunqen bei einer hochaktiven Kohle).
86 CHLORINE AND AIR PJQLU'XW
-------
Text in German. Kolloid-Z. (Stuttgart), 61 (3):323-328, 1932.
15 refs.
Data reported by "emy on the adsorption of gases and vapors on
activated charcoal were used tc verify isothermal and isobaric
adsorption laws, in the isothermal case, no decision can be made
between a logarithmic law and the formula of Langmuir. In the
isobaric case, a looarithiric law seems to fit the results best.
The isosteric curve of Trouton and Poole and the relationship of
Gurwitsch fit the data only moderately well. The relationship
between the vapor pressure and the adsorbed volume of various
gases indicates that equal amounts of different qases are
adsorbed, referred to corresponding states. Gas mixtures are
adsorbed proportionally, provided the concentrations are modified
by the influence of the mean molecular velocities and the shape
of the molecules. The adsorption data for the following gases
were used: C02, N20, HC1, H2S, NH3, C12, CH3C1, SO2, CH4, and
COC12.
05613 1S1
levine, H. , H. F. Hamilton, and E. Simon
ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HALOGENS AND BUTYL
HALIDES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
1«(6) :220-223, June 19r,U. (Presented at the 56th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Detroit, Mich.,
June 9-13, 1963.)
This investigation was oriented toward delineation of the
interactions involved in the chemical inhibition of smog exhibited
by iodine and to a much lesser extent by the other halogens,
Apparatur used for hardliner and irradiating polluted atmospheric
air was a 500 cu ft chamber enclosed by a "Kylar" polyester film
1 ml thick. The chamber is mounted on large casters allowing
positionina of the unit for optimum sunlight exposure. When
thermal (dark) reactions are studied, the entire chamber is rolled
into a large, light tight, thermostatically controlled oven.
Other details concerning the laboratory procedure are given. The
results of these tests show that neither temperature, over the
range of about 100 to 200 F, nor sunlight greatly influences the
reaction ratio of 03 with iodine 2, and that sunlight has a much
greater effect on the reaction rates of the halogens with 03 than
does temperature. The qualitative rates of halogen-ozone
reactions in purified air in sunlight are iodine 2 greater than
Br2 greater than C12. The effectiveness of iodine 2 in
reducing 03 in a smogqy atmosphere is enhanced over its effect on
03 in purified air, whereas the effectiveness of Br2 and C12 in
guenching smog 03 is diminished. The effectiveness of Br2 in
reducing 03 is inhibited by the presence of both saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons, whereas the iodine 2-03 reaction is
unaffected.**
Basic Science and Technology 37
-------
C4fi94
S. E. A. McCallan and f. F. Heedcn
TOXICITY OF AMCNIA, CHLCPINIi, HYDIiCGEN CYANIDE, HYDROGEN
SULPHIDE, AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE GASES. II. FUNGI AND
BACTERIA. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 11, (5) 331-42,
Dec. 1940
Young actively growing cultures, on appropriate media, of 8
plant pathogens, namely Sclerctinia fructiccla, Ceratostoaella
ulmi, Glomerella cingulata, Macrcsporium sarcinaeforme,
Pestalctia stellata, Eotrytis sp. (cinerea type), Rhizoctcnia
tuliparum, and Sclerotium delphinii, and of 2 animal pathogenes,
Konilia albicans arid Escherichia coli, were exposed to a
continuous flow of 302, C12, NH3, H2S, and HCN gases
under controlled conditions. Exposures were made for 1, 4, 15,
60, 240, and 96C minutes at concentrations cf 1, 4, 16, 63, 250,
and 1000 p.p.m. After exposure the presence or absence of
growth on fresh sterile media was noted. Sclerotia of
Botrytis sp. (cinerea type) , Rhizoctcnia tuliparum, and
Sclerotium delphinii were likewise tested. A reciprocal
relation between time and concentration for a given response
was noted. S02 or C12 was the most toxic gas toward the
cultures, NH3 was intermediate, and H2S and HCN the
least toxic. Ihere was no significant difference in the
response of the aniial as compared to the plant pathogenes.
Sclerotium delphinii and Rhizoctonia tuliparun were the most
sensitive cultures and Ceratcstoroella ulmi and Escherichia
coli the least sensitive. The sclerctia were more resistant
to the gases than the cultures. Young cultures and sclerotia
are more sensitive than elder ones. with all plant pathogenes,
and all gases, there was a conspicuous delay in the visible
growth of viable cultures after transferring to fresh media.
In the case of the sclerotia there was an increase in the percent
viable after 30 days. Exposing the culture media to S02 and
C12 resulted in a decided increase in acidity, while in the case
cf NH3 the media became much more alkaline. This indirect
effect may account for the partial toxicity of the gases,
but in general it is believed that the effect is a direct one.
(Author summary)##
21597 1S3
Kcrris, E. D., Jr. and Harold s. Johnston
UITBAVIOLFT SPECTTHJM OF THE C10C RADICAL J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
90 (7) : 1918-1920, March 27, 1968. 7 refs.
Chlorine at 1.0 torr in the presence or 1 atm of oxygen was
photolyzed by fluorescent lamps flashing in a square-wave mode
at 1 cps. A modulation spectrum was observed between 2250 and
290C A. A small negative phase arcund 2300 and 2400 A represents
a fast intermediate, while the larger negative angle around 2800 A
indicates a slow intermediate which was identified as CIO. A
CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
spectrum of the fast intermeaiate with minimum interference frca
C1C was obtained directly at 40 cps and another was obtained by
decomposing the 0.25-cps spectrum. Both methods were in good
agreement. The fast intermediate was identified as the radical
C100.
15496 154
Prokop'yeva, N. F. and V. K. "nkina
SELECTION AND TESTING OF SOLID CARRIERS IN THE CHROKATOGRAPHY
Of CORROSIVE INORGANIC RASES. (Podbor i ispytaniye tverdykh
nositeley v khromat ograf i.i agressivnykh neorganicheskikh gazov) .
Text in Russian. Uzhok.sk. fhiro. Zh., no. 4:51-53, 1967. 4 refs.
Studies were made with punicp, guartz, zeolite, porous teflon,
Estonian mineral carriers K1 and K2, diatomaceous brick and,
kieselgu.hr. The brick, kieselguhr, pumice, and quartz were
subjected to boiling with hydrochloric acid (1:1) for 6 hrs.
After washing to remove chloride ion, they were heated for 2-3
hrs at 900 C (numice at 4^0 C) . The other carriers were not
pretreated. The criterion for inertness of the carrier was the
retention time of the gaseous component relative to that of air.
Distortion of the absorption isotherm was evaluated in terms
of the Kestner coefficient of asymmetry. Pretreat.ed brick,
kieselguhr, and pumice revealed linear absorption isotherms for
all component? (C02, Cl?, Nnr], HC1, S02) with the exception of
N02, which is irreversibly absorbed. Teflon, K1, and K2 show
linear absorption curves without preliminary treatment and are
recommended for the analysis of gas mixtures containing N02.
15869 155
Reed, Cortes F.
METHOD OF REACTING AROMATIC HYCSGCARBONS. (Charles L. Horn,
Minneapolis, finn.) D. S. Pat. 2,174,111. 2p., Sept.. 26, 1939.
(Appl. Hay 25, 1936, 6 claims).
A method of forming benzene derivatives directly in the presence
of an oxide of sulfur, tellurium, and selenium, while controlling
the temperature of the reacticn to prevent polymerization, is
described. The method also provides a means cf preparing
chlorcbenzene substituticn products, particularly chloroheuzenes
which give a high yield and require a minimum number of steps in
its preparation. The method ccnsists~of reacting an aromatic
hydrocarbon with a vapor mixture cf chlcrine and an oxide of
sulfur, selenium, or tellurium at room temperature. The
temperature of the reaction is limited to 70 C. The passage of
the mixture into the reacticn rcediuir. is continued until
crystalline products are precipitated.
Basic Science and Technology
-------
15266 1S6
Rozenherq, Jean
PHOTOCHEMICAL SFnA*ATTON OF ISOTOPES. Isotop. Radiat. Technol.,
3 (3) :200-205, Spring 1966. 57 refs.
Experiments in the photochemical separation of isotopes are
reviewed, and the technique is shown to be especially applicable
to mercury isotopes. flood separation requires that the bands
in the absorption spectrum pf the element be widely separated
and that the product enriched by photoselective reaction not
be contaminated by secondary reactions. Separation of mercury
isotopes is a well-developed procedure and is about to become
industrial. lithium isotopes should theoretically be separable
by such d technique, but handling of molten lithium is difficult.
'''he failure of the first attempts to separate chlorine and
uranium isotopes is probably due to mis judgment of the primary
mechanisms and to th<= use of toe simple techniques. Hydrogen
isotopes may be separated with liaht sources with H (or D) alpha
T.yman sources, but yields are too low for large-scale use.
(Author abstract, modified)
142U1 157
Put.hven, D. M. and C. N. Kenney
EQUILIBRIUM CHLORINE PRESSURES QV*T>. CDPPIC CHLOPIDE M^LTS.
J. Inorg. Nucl. Them., 30 (4):931-P4U, 1968. 32 refs.
Equilibrium chlorine vanor pressure measurements are given for the
liquid systems Cucl2-CuCl, CuC12-CuCl-KCl, CuC12-CuCl-KCl-LaC13,
and CuC12-CuCl-?,nCl 2 and are discussed in relation to phase
diagrams and other published therroodynamic data. The
measurements, which were made as part of a study of the Deacon
reaction over molten halide salts, indicate that the liquid
systems CuC12-CuCl and CuC12-Cud-ZnC12 behave as approximately
ideaj. solutions. The systems involving potassium chloride are
more complex, as nonideal entropies of mixing are involved. The
addition of potassium chloride to the binary liquid system
CttC12-CuC.l leads to a negative excess entropy for the reaction
CuC12 yields CuCl plus 1/2C12, and since there is little
evidence of a nonideal entropy effect due to potassium-cuprous
interaction, it in inferred that the partial molar entropy
of cupric chloride in the ternary system CuC12-CuCl-KCL is
greater than in the binary system CuC12-CuCl. The behavior
of the systems containina lithium or sodium in the place of
potassium are broadly similar, although the magnitude of the
effects are smaller. Addition of lanthanum chloride has no
significant effect on equilibrium chlorine pressure, nor does
the presence of zinc chloride cause marked deviations in enthalpy
and entropy values.
90 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
13565 158
Sanderson, p. T.
MULTIPLE AND SINGLE BOND FNRPGTFS IN INORGANIC MOLECULES. J.
Tnorg. Nucl. Chen., 3"(2):375-393, Feb. 1968. 7 refs.
The new method of calculating bond energies recently reported
(R. T. Sanderson, J. Tnorq. Nucl. Chem., voT. ?R:1553, 1966) has
now been extended to include multiple bonds. For carbon-carbon
double and triple bonds the energy is 1.50 and 1.75 times the
single bond enorqy when corrected for the multiple bond length.
These multiplicity factors are used to calculate the single bond
energies for nitrogen and oxygen that would correspond to the
experimental bond lengths and dissociation energies of N2 and 02.
Three different sinale bond energy contributions each for nitrogen
and oxygen arf thus determined, and estimates are made for similar
values for fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, bromine, and
iodine. The possible significance of such values is discussed in
terms of bond energy calculations for 141 gaseous molecules, based
on a consideration of the effect of lone pair electrons in bond
weakening. Calculated bond energies for CO, C02, NO, N02, and
other compounds are in excellent agreement with the experimental
values. (Author's abstract, modified)
17962 159
Stneykal, Karl and Pudolf Kuehn
METHOD FOE THE PRODUCTION CF CEGJNIC SULBUR COMPOUNDS. (Verfahren
zur Herstellung von orgarischen Schwefelverbindungen). Text in
German. (Farbenindustrie (I. G.) A.-G., Frankfurt, Germany)
H. Germany Pat. 721, 892. 2p., July 5, 1939. (2 claims).
New organic sulfur ccitpounds are obtained by conversion of
sulfochlorides with mercaptan compounds. The sulfochlorides are
obtained by simultaneous reaction of chlorine and sulfur dioxide
with saturated aliphatic hydrccarbons. They contain oxygen,
sulfur, and chlorine. An acid bindiny agent is necessary for the
process. As mercaptan compounds, methyl mercaptan, ethyl/mercaptan,
as well as high molecular roercaptans can be used. As an acid
binding agent, dry amracnia is used in gaseous form. Two practical
examples are given. In the first case, 100 parts of oxygen,
chlorine, and sulfur containing product is mixed with 29 parts
of tertiary butyl/mercaptan. Gaseous ammonia is entered into the
fixture which is constantly agitated. The temperature of the
mixture must not rise above 30 C. The precipitated ammonium
chloride is dissolved in water; the oil layer is separated. In the
second example, 100 parts of oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur
containing product are dropped into a mixture of 30.8 parts of
propyl/mercaptan and 100 parts of 20% a_que-ous sodium lye. The oil
obtained in both cases is suitable for softening polyvinyl
chloride.
Basic Science and Technology
91
-------
Stephens, F. J. and n. A. Morris
nFTTTi'MINATOK OF LTO'TTD-F TLM A1SOTTION COFFFITIFNTS. Chera. Eng.
Proar., 47(5):232-247, May V51. 14 refs.
A new tvpe of laboratory absorption column is described which is
suitable for the determination of liquid-film transfer
coefficients when reliable data on rates of diffusion are not
available. This nives results for physical solution similar to
those obtained in packed towers. If the relative performance of
the laboratory column and various packings is established first
for a known system (such as carbon dioxide-water) it is possible
to predict the liquid-film coefficient for other systems with
these naoKinas by means of laboratory experiments. This procedure
has the advantaae of avoiding use of large quantities of qas and
liquid necessary for exnerimnnts on a senitechnical scale. It is
particularly convenient when it is required to determine
absorption coefficients for systems which involve chemical
reaction in the liquid. An account is given of experiments on
the absorption of chlorine from mixtures with air into an
aqueous liquor coutaininn ferrous and ferric chlorides (initial
composition 23.5 Ibs PeC12/cu ft; final composition ?fl.7 Ibs
FeC13/cu ft) using this type of column. A correlation is
presented covering the effects of liquid rate, concentration of
unconverted ferrous chloride, and partial pressure of chlorine in
the gas. It is shown that the results are consistent with the
assumptions that a rapid reaction takes place in a narrow zone
within the lion id film, and the rate of absorption is controlled
by the rates of diffusion of the reactants. The correlation
should not, however, be applied to weaker liquors of substantially
lower viscosity. (Author abstract modified)
16572 161
Sugiyana, Kozo and Takehito Takahashi
PRODUCTION OF CKI.OFTDE GAS PY OXIDIZING PC1ASSIUM CH10BIEE AND
SULFUR WI1H PYPITF. (Fnka-kariuitu, pairaito oyobi yuo nc sanka
ni yoru enso seisei hannc). Text in Japanese. Koqyo Kagaku
Zasshi (J. Chetn. Sec. Japan), 6 8 (3) : 433-137 , 1965. 9 refs.
In the production of chlcride (C12) by oxidizing KC1 and S, the
addition of pyrite (FeS2) increased the reaction velocity by
maintaining a high temperature; it also increased the sulfur
source as FeS2 and produced Fe3(SC4)3 as a catalyzer to oxidize
SC2. The pyrite included 42.41 Fe and 42.9$ S. The KCL and S
were placed in a quartz cylinder, the ii.ternal volume of which
was 212 cu cm, and oxygen qas was sent into this cylinder to
oxidize materials, after which the materials were heated by an
electric hearth at 500 to 800 C. The higher temperature showed
larger reaction velocity (the reaction velocity at. 700 C was
twice as much as that at 500 C). There was little influence
of the particle sizes of KC1 and FeS2 on the production of C12.
92 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The reaction increased rapidly between 70 to 100 minutes after
it began. The amount o± sulfur tc produce C12 was maximum when
the weight ratic between p-yrite and S was one to one, and it
increased with the small amount of material compound when the
compound had a definite weight ratic of KC1, S, and pyrite.
Eventually the production ratio c± C12 iron KC1 was 55 tc 80%
when the weight ratio of pyrite to KC1 was 10 to 30% the reaction
temperature was fiOO to 700 c, and the reaction time was 2 to 3
hours. This process produced K3Fe(SC4)3 and a mixture of
K3Pe (SOU) 3 and KC1, as determined by roentgenological analysis
of rapidly frozen intermediate products.
11(572 162
TiV.honov, A. T. and T. m. Sryvalin
OF THE P4sic ''FBTTTONS QF CFILOTJINATION POASTING.
(Termodinaroika osnovnykh reaktsiv khloriruyushchp.ao obzhiga) .
Text in Russian. Tr . nral'nk. Politekhn. Inst., no. 98:33-40',
1160. 11 refs.
results from thermodynaniio calculations of the most important
reactions of chlori nation roasting over the range 573-973 C
are presented. These, reactions may be represented for the
metals Na, Fe, ro, N.i , and Cu ry the generalized formulas: Pie plus
C12 yields Merl^; 2")»S plus 2C12 yields 2HeC12 Dlus 52;
2MeO plus ?C1? vi.elds 2M*»ri? pins 02 and its reverse; «leO plus
C plus C12 yields HOC 12 plus CO: WeO plus CO plus C12 yields
MeC12 plus C07: fiRS plus 202 yields MeSOU; and fleSOU plus 2NaCl
yields Na2SOU plus MoC12. Tho values for standard isobaric
potential and "quilihr i urn constants tabulated were derived from
data taken from both 'I. S. and Dssn sources and may be used
to study the m<~"~ha nism of the process and to select process
condit ions.
Basic Science and Technology 93
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AUTHOR INDEX
Abernathy, R. F. *1
Adams, D. F. 68, 69
Andrew, S. P. S. *139
Araki, Y. 75
Arnest, R. T. *57
Asinger, F. *140,*141,
*142
Auge, R. 6. 30
Avy, A. P. *2
B
Bacon, R. F. *58
Bacskai, G. *119
Baddour, R. F. 147
Banas, S. 33
Baranek, J. 36
Barton, L. V. *103
Battigelll, M. C. *87
Beams, J. W. *143
Becker, H. G. 144
Benedict, H. M. *104
Benson, S. W. *145
Bird, L. S. 109
Bloodworth, M. E. 109
Bloomfield, B. D. *59
Bogatyrev, V. L. 86
Bonne, H. *3
Borenstein, M. *60
Brar, S. S. *27
Breen, W. H. 104
Brennan, E. *105, 106,
107
Breuer, W. *28, *29 ,
*124
Brian, P. L. T. 147
Bukina, V. K. 154
Burgess, W. A. 90
Cady, F. H. 62
Chass, R. L. 7
Chiarenzelli, R. V. *120
Clark, W. J. 109
Cooper, J. A. 25, 26
Daines, R. H. *105, *106,
*107. 110
Darley, E. 1. *108
Darling, D. R. 109
Das, P. K. *88
DeBrunner, M. R. 46
DeGrazio, R. P. *30
Demidov, A. V. *31
deTreville, R. T. P. 92
Devorkin, H. *32
Dickinson, J. *8
Dokladalora, J. *33
Dopfer, P. 38
Douglass, I. B. *64
Drozdova, V. M. 24
Duff, G. M. 55
Duprey, R. L. *8
E
Ebeneder, F. 142
Efimova, V. K. *89
Engelhardt, H. *34
Engelraann, R. J. 25, 26
Ersepke, Z. *36
Ferris, B. G., Jr. *90, *91
Fischer, H. *37
Fisher, E. M. R. 43
Forwerg, W. *38
Forissier, M. 41
Fox, A. L. *146
Frank, N. R. 91
Franklin, U. M. *122
Fudurich, A. P. 32
Gasparinl, V. 130
Georgii, H. W. *125
Gibson, F. H. 1
Gilliland, E. R. *147
Glater, R. A. 57
Goldfinger. P. *148
Gordon, C. M. *22
Gross, P. *92
Guse, W. 52
Gustafson, P. F. 27
H
Hamilton, W. F. 151
Hamming, W. J. 7
Hartzell, A. 101
95
-------
Hasselhuhn, B. *40
Hatterer, A. *41
Hattori, D. M. 27
Haugen, G. R. 145
Hausb-erg, G. *65
Heck, W. H. *109, *110
Heggestad, H. E. *111
Heitman, J. B. 19
Hengstenberg, F. 87
Henke, C. 0. 146
Hindawi, I. J. 110
Hisatsune, I. C. *149
Horn, K. *134
Hotchkiss, H. f. , Jr. 58
Hummel, H. *42
Huybrechts, G. 148
J
Jacobi, J. W. 21
Jansen, G. A. *67, *68
Joba, E. L. 120
Johnson, W. 71
Johnston, H. S. 153
McCallan, S. E. A. *112
*152
M
Mahler, E. A. J. *136
Mannella, R. J. 87
Matsak, V. G. *74
Matson, W. R. 127
Meyers, L. 148
Mirarchi, A. 0. 95
Mokhov, L. A. 31
Moore, C. E. 27
Morlk, J. *128
Morris, E. D. *153
Morris, G. A. 160
Morrison, J. L. *75
Mrose, H. *23
Muffley, H. C. *121
Muki, G. *94
Musa, W. 71
Kanabrocki, E. L." 27
Kanter, C. V. 32
Katz, M. *126, *135
Keane, J. R. *43
Kehoe, R. A. *93
Kenney, C. N. 157
Kleeberg, U. 65
Kline, J. R. 27
Klisenko, M. A. *44
Knop, Wilhelm *10
Konishi, M. 76
Koppe, R. K. *69
Kubitz, K. A. 46
Kuczynski, E. R. *45
Kuehn, R. 159
Ladu, M. *11
Larson, R. E. 22
Lederer, E. L. *150
Leone, I. A. 105, 106, 107
Levine, M. *151
Lew, M. *71
Likmanova, T. L. *72
Linch, A. L. *46
Lindberg, W. *12
Levine, B. S. 31
Lord, S. S., Jr. 46
Loucks, R. H. *127
Luke, C. L. *47
Lund, H. F. *73
Nelson, D. M. 27
Niskanen, E. *122
Nowak, F. *123
Okita, T. *129
Otomura, K.. 76
Pellicioni, M. 11
Pendergrass, J. A. *15
Perin, G. *130
Perkins, R. W. 25, 26
Petrenchuk, 0. P. *23
Petrova, N. I. *80
Piccoli, C. 130
Pokrovenko, Zh., I. 80
Polezhaev, N. G. *49
Porter, M. B. 109
Prave, V. E. *131
Prokop'yeva, M. F. *154
Radomysl'skaya, R. I. 131
Radutskii, F. I. 131
Reed, C. F. 146, *155
Rinehart, W. E. 92
Rjazanov, V. A. *96
Robinson, J. W. *17
Roccella, M. 11
96
CHLORINE AND AIR POLLjIILONL
-------
Romano, A. H. *18
Roth, E. M. *95
Rozenberg, J. *156
Ruthven, D. M. *157
Ryazanov, V. A. *137
Safferman, R. S. 18
Saltzman, B. E. *50
Sanderson, R. T. *158
Sanyal, A. K. 88
Schmidt, W. 142
Senderkhina, D. F. *51
Setterstrom, C. 101, 117,
112
Sheppard, S. V. *82
Shera, B. L. *19
Shigeru, M. *76
Shikenjo, N. S. *113
Shirandronov, Yu. A. 86
Sinha, P. S. 88
Skarstrom, C. 143
Smeykal, K. *159
Srivastava, R. K. 88
Sryvalin, I. T. 162
Stahl, Q. R. *20
Stayzhkin, V. M. *97
Steinhauser, F. *132
Stephens, E. J. *160
Stern, A. C. *84
Stern, H. *68
Styazhkin, V. M. *98, *133
Sugiyana, K. *161
Suzuki, T. *138
Weber, E. 39
Weedon, F. R. *101, 152
Wilson, H. N. *55
Winchester, J. J. 127
Winkler, K. 124
Wogman, N. A. *25, *26
Wolf, M. *21
Woodruff, R. 71
Worcester, J. 90
Yanysheva, N. Ya. *102
Zagorskaya, M. K. 86
Zimmerman, P. W. *118
Takahashi, T. 161
Takehara, H. *114
Takhirov, M. T. *99
Teichner, W. H. 95
Theones, H. W. *52
Thomas, A. A. *100
Thomas, A. P. 87
Thomas, C. W. 25, 26
Thomas, M. D. *115, *116
Thornton, 'N. C. *117
Tiffany, A, 127
Tlkhonov, A. I. *162
Tupeeva, R. B. *53
u
Ubl, Z. *54
Volhova, A. L. 131
Volkening, V. B. *85
Vulikh, A. I. *86
Author Index
97
-------
TITLE INDEX
Absorption and Chlorine
Oxidation of Sulfur
Compounds Associated
With Kraft Mill
Effluent Gases. 67
Absorption of Hydrogen
Sulfide and Methyl
Mercaptan From
Dilute Gas Mixtures.
68
Absorption of Odorous
Sulfur Compounds
in Chlorine and
Caustic Solutions.
77
Activation Analysis
of Aerosols. 22
Aerospace Toxicologi-
cal Research. 100
Air Contaminants. In:
Air Pollution
Engineering Manual.
7
Air Monitoring
Program in a
Chlorine Plant.
15
Air Pollution as it
Affects Agriculture
in New Jersey. 106
Air Pollution by the
Chemical Industry
and its Effect on
the Corrosion of
Construction Material.
119
Air Pollution and
Community Health.
93
Air Pollution and Disease.
91
Air Pollution in the
City of Bolzano.
Part II: Results
and Reflections on
Four Years of Studies.
13Q
Air Pollution Control
in Nonferrous
Metallurgical In-
dustry. (The Use
of Wet Scrubbers).
60
Air Pollution in Nor-
way. 12
Air Pollution and
Plant Response in
the Northeastern
United 'States. 107
Air Pollution Research
Progress Report For
the Quarter Ended
March 31, 1968. 61
Air Pollution and
Sericulture. 113
Air Wash Systems
Handle Odor From
Packing Plants. 56
Amount of Chemical
Impurities in the
Air and Precipitation.
132
Analysis of Trace
Elements in Air-
Borne Particulates,
By Neutron Activation
and Gamma-Ray
Spectrometry. 43
99
-------
Analyzer For Chlorine
Content of Air. 36
Atmosphere Control in
Closed Space
Environment. 57
Atmospheric Corrosion
of Copper and Some
Copper Alloys. 122
Atmospheric Photo-
chemical Reactions
of Halogens and
Butyl Halides.
151
Automatic Analyzer
for the Measurement
of Gaseous Air Pol-
lutants . 34
Clinical and Experi-
mental Studies on
SO. Poisoning.
Part I. Serum
Concentrations of
CL, NA, K and CA in
Refiners at the
Matsuo Sulfur Mine.
94
Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission
Factors. 8
Concentration of
Isotopes by the
Evaporative Centri-
fuge Method. 143
Contaminants Stan-
dards. 95
Cheaper C102 Promised
by New Routes. 6
Chemical Character-
istic of Waste
Cement Dust and
Their Value for
Agriculture. 79
Chemical Composition
of Cloud Water. 24
Chemical Composition
of Individual Rain-
falls. 125
Chlorine Content in
the Air of Dwellings
Disinfected With
Chloramine Solutions.
131
Control of Gaseous
Pollutants. 59
Control of Noxious
Gaseous Emissions.
82 '
Corrosion Problems in
Incinerators. 123
Cosmic Ray Produced
Radlonuclides as
Tracers of Atmos-
pheric Precipitation
Processes. 25, 26
Criteria and Methods
for Establishing
Maximum Permissible
Concentrations of
Air Pollution. 96
Chlorine Oxidation of
Sulfur Compounds in
Dilute Aqueous
Solution. 63
Chlorine Photosensi-
tized Oxidation
of Hydrocarbons at
Low Temperature
(Final Technical
Report). 148
Chlorine as a Phyto-
toxic Air Pollutant.
105
Desulphurization of
Coal With Some
Oxidizing Reagents
Desulphuri-
zation by the
Treatment With
Chlorine Gas and
Hydrog-en Peroxide.
76
Determination of Active
Chlorine in the Air.
49
TOO
CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Determination of
Chlorinated Hydro-
carbons in the Air
by the Method of
Micro-Combus tion.
51
Determination of
Chlorine Emissions.
38
Determination of
Karbin in Air. 44
Determination of
Limits of Allowable
Concentration of
Chlorine in Atmos-
pheric Air. 99
Determination of
Liquid-Film Absorp-
tion Coefficients.
160
Determination of
Methoxone in Air.
S3
Environmental Pol-
lution by Missile
Propellants. 109
Equilibrium Chlorine
Pressures Over
Cupric Chloride
Melts. 157
Estimated Activation
Energies for the
Four-Center Addition
Reaction of H2, H ,
and Xo to Acetylenes.
145
Experimental Basis
for the Determination
of Allowable Con-
centrations of
Chlorine and HC1
Gas Simultaneously
Present in Atmos-
pheric Air. 98,
133
Diseases of Crops
and Ornamental
Plants Incited by
Air Pollutants.
Ill
Filtering Gas Masks
Containing Ion-
Exchange Resins.
86
Effect of Atmospheric
Air Pollution by
Discharges From
Electric Power
Plants and Chemical
Combines on the
Health of Nearby In-
habitants. 102
Effects of Air Pol-
lution on Electrical
Contact Materials:
A Field Study.
120
Effects of Air Pol-
lution on Plants.
114, 115
Effects of Gaseous
Air Pollutants on
the Response of the
Thomas
45
SO- Autometer.
Gas Absorption Ac-
companied by a
Liquid-Phase
Chemical Reaction.
147
Gas Analyzer for the
Measurement of
Impurities in the
Air. 35
Gas Chromatographic
Investigation for
the Determination
of Fluorine and
Oxygen in Mixtures.
30
Gas Damage to Plants.
116
Gas-Phase Chlorination
of Kraft Pulp Mill
Gases. 69
Title index
101
-------
H
Halogen Composition
of Aerosol
Particles Over
Lake Michigan. 127
Hydrochloric Acid
Manufacture, Report
Ho. 3. 9
Hygienic Determination
of Limits of Al-
lowable Concentrations
of Chlorine and
Hydrochloride Gases
Simultaneously
Present in Atmos-
pheric Air. 97
Hygienic Effect of
Average Twenty-four
Hour Allowable
Concentrations of
Chlorine and Hydro-
chloride Gases
Simultaneously
Present in Atmospheric
Air. 89
Immission Damage Caused
by Hospital Waste
Incineration. 3
Impurities in the Air
and Their Influence
on Plant Life. 118
Industrial Air Pollution.
73
Industrial Dusts and
Waste Gases. 10
Industrial Gas Measure-
ment for Clean-Air
Maintenance. 42
Industry and Atmospheric
Pollution in Great
Britain. 66
Installations for
Purification of
Waste Gases
Generated During
Chlorine Treatment
of Light Metal
Foundry Melts. 65
Instrumental Analysis
for the Trace
Elements Present in
Chicago Area
Surface Air. 27
Ion Exchangers in
Removal of Air
Contaminants. 71
Latest State of
Development of
Instruments for the
Continuous Moni-
toring of Gas
Emissions. 52
M
Measurement of Air
Pollution in
Hungarian Industrial
Centers. 128
Measurements of pH,
and Chemical
Analyses of Rain,
Snow, and Fog-Water.
23
Mechanism of Absorption
of Moderately
Soluble Gases in
Water. 144
Meteorology and Air
Pollution. 28
Method for the Pro-
duction of Organic
Sulfur Compounds.
159
Method of Reacting
Aromatic Hydro-
carbons. 155
Methods for the
Detection of Toxic
Substances in Air.
48
Methods of Reducing
Air Pollution Due
to Waste Products
From Nikitovka
Mercury Works. 80
102
CHLO.RINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Methods of Reducing
Pollution Caused
by Specific
Industries. 2
Mill Experience With
the R-2 Chlorine
Dioxide Process.
17
Multiple and Single
Bond Energies in
Inorganic Molecules,
158
New Data on Limits of
Allowable Atmospheric
Air Pollutants. 137
New Gas Scrubber
Removes 0.1 Micron
Dust. 78
New Methods of Con-
tinuous Trace
Analysis. 29
New X-Ray Method for
the Determination
of Trace Elements
in the Air. 47
Other Phytotoxic Pol-
lutants. In:
Recognition of
Air Pollution Injury
to Vegetation.
110
Performance of Coating
on Metal in an
Industrial Atmos-
phere. 85
Permissible Concen-
tration of Air
Pollutants in Some
Countries. 138
Phosgene in Air-
Development of
Improved Detection
Procedures. 46
Photochemical
Separation of
Isotopes. 156
Pollution by Chlorine
in Coal Combustion.
5
Preliminary Air
Pollution Survey of
Chlorine Gas. A
Literature Review.
20
Preparation and
Analysis of Cali-
brated Low Concen-
trations of Sixteen
Toxic Gases. 50
Present Status of
Atmospheric
Pollution in the
United States. 84
Prevalence of Chronic
Respiratory Disease
in a Pulp Mill and
a Paper Mill in the
United States. 90
Problem of Hygienically
Permissible Limit-
ing Concentrations
of Air Pollution. 134
Production of Chloride
Gas by Oxidizing
Potassium Chloride
and Sulfur With
Pyrite. 161
Production and Discharge
of Toxic and
Radioactive Gases
in the 'Linac'
Tunnel in Frascati. 11
Production of Organic
Sulfur Compounds. 140
Products of the Common
Influence of Sulfur
Dioxide and Chlorine
on Aliphatic Hydro-
carbons in Ultraviolet
Light. IV Part:
The Products of the
Common Influence of
Sulfur Dioxide and
Chlorine on N. Dodecane.
141
Title Index
103
-------
Products of the Joint
Action of Sulfur
Dioxide and Chlorine
on Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons in
Ultraviolet Light.
First Communication:
Products of the
Joint Action of
Sulfur Dioxide and
Chlorine on Propane
Dissolved in Carbon
Tetrachlorlde. 142
Progress in Alkaline
Pulping 1965. 81
Progress in Alkaline
Pulping. 16
Pseudochroma tographic
Microanalysis
Utilizing Gas-Solid
Equilibria.
Determination of
NO2, NOC1, C12,
HC1, C0? and H2o.
41
Pulmonary Reactions
to Toxic Gases.
92
Purification of Air
Polluted by Vapors
and Gases. 74
Purification of Hydro-
carbon Sulphur
Dioxide-Chlorine
Reaction Products.
146
Recommendations for
the Improvement of
the Testing and
Evaluation Methods
for the Performance
of Corrosion Test
in the Atmosphere.
37
Recovery Scrubber
for Waste Chlorine
Gas. 75
Recovery of Sulphur
and Iron Oxide. 58
Recovery and Use of
Sulfur Dioxide in
the Sulfur Ex-
traction Process.
70
Relationship of
Oxidation Reduction
Potential to Free
Available Chlorine
in Pulp Chlorination.
A Practical Ap-
plication to the
Study of Pulp
Chlorination. 19
Refuse Burning. 21
Research on Chemical
Odors. Part I
Odor Thresholds for
53 Commercial
Chemicals. 13
Quality Standards for
Air and Water. 135
Sampling and Analytical
Procedures Used in
Connection With
the Swedish Odor
Studies. 40
Rapid Methods for the
Determination of
Harmful Gases and
Vapors in the Air.
31
Rare Elements in Coal.
1
Selection and Testing
of Solid Carriers
in the Chromatog-
raphy of Corrosive
Inorganic Gases.
154
Selectivity of the
Determination of
Sulfur in Organic
Compounds. 33
104
CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Simple Method of
Measuring Gaseous
Diffusion Coef-
ficients. 139
Some Chemical Aspects
of Kraft Odor
Control. 64
Some Chemical and
Meteorological
Measurements of
Air Pollution in
Asahikawa. 129
Source Testing Manual.
32
Sources and Distri-
bution of Air
Pollution Ascer-
tained by Stationary
Recording of Gaseous
Components. 124
Sources of Pollution.
126
Stabilized Chlorine
Dioxide for Odor
Control. 83
Standards of Emission
Under the Alkali
Act. 136
Structures of Some
Oxides of Nitrogen.
149
Studies on Actinomy-
cetes and Their
Odors. 18
Studies on Ciliary
Movement. Part II.
Effects of Certain
Physical and
Chemical Factors
on Ciliary Movements
in Frog's Oesophagus.
88
Studies on the Effects
of the Dust From A
Cement Furnace.
108
Thermodynamics of the
Basic Reactions of
Chlorination
Roasting. 162
Toxicity of Ammonia,
Chlorine, Hydrogen
Cyanide, Hydrogen
Sulphide, and
Sulphur Dioxide
Gases. I. General
Methods and Cor-
relations. 112
Toxicity of Ammonia,
Chlorine, Hydrogen
Cyanide, Hydrogen,
Sulphide, and
Sulphur Dioxide
Gases. II. Fungi
Bacteria. 152
Toxicity of Ammonia,
Chlorine, Hydrogen
Cyanide, Hydrogen
Sulphide, and
Sulphur Dioxide
Gases. III. Green
Plants. 117
Toxicity of Ammonia,
Chlorine, Hydrogen
Cyanide, Hydrogen
Sulphide, and
Sulphur Dioxide
Gases. IV Seeds.
103
Toxicity of Ammonia,
Chlorine, Hydrogen
Cyanide, Hydrogen
Sulphide, and
Sulphur Dioxide
Gases, V. Animals.
101
u
Ultraviolet Spectrum
of the C100 Radical,
153
Unified Methods For
the Analysis of
Pollutants in the
Free Atmosphere.
54
Title Index
105
-------
Use of Weeds as a
Means of Evaluating
Vegetation Damage
Caused by Air Pol-
lution. 104
Verifying Adsorption
Formulas by Means
of Adsorption
Measurements With
Activated Charcoal.
150
106 CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Absorption 9, 68,
144
Absorption Coefficients
160
Actinomycetes 18
Activation Energies
145
Adsorption Data
150
Aerosols 22, 127
Aerospace Toxicology
100
Agriculture 106
Alkali Act 66, 136
Alkaline Pulping
81
Alkaline Pulping
Bibliography 16
Allowable Concen-
trations 89, 97,
98, 99, 133, 137
Atmospheric Aerosols
22
Atmospheric Pollution
84
Automatic Analyzer
34
Caustic Solutions 77
Cement Dusts 79
Cement Furnace 108
Chemical Analyses
23, 52
Chemical Combines
102
Chemical Composition
24, 125
Chemical Industry 2,
10, 119
Chemical Reaction
70, 147
Chloramine Solutions
131
Chloride, Ferrous
58
Chloride Ions 46
Chloride Melts 72
160
Chloride Production
161
Chloride System
149
Chlorides, Pottasium
79
Chlorinated Hydro-
carbons 51
6
Bibliographies 116
Chlorination, Gas-
Phase 69
Chlorination, Pulp
19
Calibrating Method
85
Chlorination Roasting
162 '
107
-------
Chlorine, Coal Com-
bustion 5
Chlorine Compounds
128
Chlorine Corrosion
21
Chlorine Dioxide
83
Chlorine Dioxide
Process 17
Chlorine Emissions
38
Chlorine Gas 20, 62,
75, 76, 130
Chlorine Oxidation
63, 67
Chlorine Photosensitized
Oxidation 148
Chlorine Plant 15
Chlorine Treatment
65
Chlorine, Waste 75
Chromatographic In-
vestigations 30
Chromatography 154
Chronic Exposure 89
Chronic Respiratory
Disease 90
Ciliary Movement 88
Cloud Water 24
Coal Combustion 5
Colorimetric Deter-
mination 49
Colorimetric Method
15
Compilation, Emission
Factors 8
Concentration 13, 15
Copper 122
Copper Alloys 122
Corrosion 119, 121,
122, 123
Corrosion Tests 37
Corrosive Emissions
60
Corrosive Inorganic
Gases 154
Crop Injury 111
Cosmic Rays 25, 26
Desulfurization 76
Disinfection 131
Electrical Contact
Materials 120
Electrochemical
Device 28
Emission Factors 8
Evaporative
Centrifuge 143
Fumigation 104
Fungi & Bacteria 152
G
Galvanic Cells 36
Gas Absorption 147
Gas Analyzer 35
Gaseous Components
4
Gaseous Diffusion
Coefficients 139
Gases & Vapors 135
108
CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Green Bean Leaves
108
Guinea Pigs 89
Green Plants 117
Ion Exchangers 71
Isotopes 143, 156
Kraft Mill 6
Kraft Pulp Mills 69,
77
Halogen Elements
127
Hydrochloric Acid
9, 66, 78, 85, 86,
98, 154
Hydrochloric Gases
89, 97, 133
Hydrogen Chloride
3, 72, 82
Hydrogen Sulfide 64,
68
Incinerators 3, 123
Industrial Air Pol-
lution 93
Industrial Discharges
102
Industrial Gas
Analysis 55
Industrial Gas Measure-
ment 42
Inorganic Molecules
158
Linear Accelerators
11
Literature Review
20, 55, 81
Low Concentrations
97
M
Magnesium Plant 98
Maximum Permissible
Concentrations 96,
134, 138
See Also: Allowable
Concentrations
Measurement Methods
4, 7, 14, 19, 23
Mercury Works 80
Micro-Combustion 51
Missile Propellents
109
Mucociliary Activity
87
Instrumental Analysis
27
Invisible Injury
115
lodometric Determination
53
Ion Exchange Resins
86
Neutron Activation
43
Odor Control 83
Odor Studies 40
Subject Index
109
-------
Odors 13, 18, 56,
64, 69, 77, 97
Organic Compounds 33
Organic Sulfur Com-
pounds 140, 159
Ornamental Plants
111
Packing Plant 56
Paper Mill 90
Photochemical
Reactions 151
Photochemical
Separation 156
Physical and
Chemical Factors
88
Physiological
Reactivity, Man
97
Phytotoxicity
115, 116
Plant Damage
110, 114
Plant Life 118
Power Plants 102
Precipitation
132
Protective Coating
85
Pseudochromato-
graphic Micro-
analysis 41
Pulmonary Reactions
92
Pulp Chldrination 19
Pulp Mill 90
Purification Process
146
Radioactive Analysis
22
Radioactive Gases 11
Radionuclides 25, 26
Rainwater 23, 25, 26,
39, 130
Rare Elements 1
Reaction Products
142
Reactions 141
Reduction Methods 2
Refuse Burning,
Bibliography 21
Respiratory Epithelia
87
Respiratory Function
91
Sampling Apparatus
15
Scrubber, Recovery
62
Scrubbers 65, 75, 78,
82
Seeds 103
. if
Single Bond Energies
158
Source Testing 32
Space Environment
57
Spacecraft Environ-
ment 95
Stationary Recording
124
Submarine 57
Sulfochloride Group
141
Sulfur Dioxide
Poisoning 94
no
CHLORINE AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Sulfur Extraction
Process 70
Testing Methods 52
Thermal Decomposition
3, 79
Thermodynamic
Calculations 162
Thermodynamic Data
157
Thomas SO, Autometer
45
Toxic Gases 11, 50,
92
Toxic Impurities 118
Toxic Substances 48
Toxicity 44, 101, 103,
112, 117, 152
Toxicology 95
Trace Analysis 29
Trace Elements 27, 43
Tracers 25, 26
II
Ultraviolet Light
141, 142, 153
Ultraviolet Spectrum
153
Unified Methods for
Analysis 54
Vegetation Damage
104
X-Ray Method 47
Suhiect Index
-------
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX
Foreign (Countries, Cities]
Austria 132
Czechoslovakia 36
France 41
Germany 28, 34, 35,
38, 39, 52
Dresden-Wahnsdorf 23
Dttsseldorf 21
North Rhine-Westphalia
14
Nttrnberg 21
Germany, East 134
Great Britain 66, 136
Hungary
Budapest 128
Italy 11
Bolzano 130
Sicily 70
Japan 113, 114, 129
Norway 12
Poland 79
Sweden 40
U. S. S. R. 24, 31, 44,
49, 51, 53, 74, 80, 89,
96, 99, 131, 135, 137,
154, 162
113
-------