ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERIES |
AIR POLLUTION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,
EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
A Pilot
Study of
POLLUTION
JACKSONVILLE,
FLORIDA
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A PILOT STUDY OF
AIR POLLUTION IN
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA
James P. Sheehy
and
John J. Henderson
Technical Assistance Branch
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
Charles I. Harding
Florida State Board of Health
Anthony L. Danis
University of Florida
Gainesville
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Division of Air Pollution
Cincinnati 26, Ohio
April 1963
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The ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERIES of reports was estab-
lished to report the results of scientific and engineering studies
of man's environment: The community, -whether urban, subur-
ban, or rural, where he lives, works, and plays; the air, water,
and earth he uses and re-uses; and the wastes he produces and
must dispose of in a way that preserves these natural resources.
This SERIES of reports provides for professional users a central
source of information on the intramural research activities of
Divisions and Centers within the Public Health Service, and on
their cooperative activities with State and local agencies, re-
search institutions, and industrial organizations. The general
subject area of each report is indicated by the two letters that
appear in the publication number; the indicators are
AP Air Pollution
AH Arctic Health
EE Environmental Engineering
FP Food Protection
OH Occupational Health
RH Radiological Health
WP - Water Supply and
Pollution Control
Triplicate tear-out abstract cards are provided with reports in
the SERIES to facilitate information retrieval. Space is provided
on the cards for the user's accession number and additional key
words.
Reports in the SERIES will be distributed to requesters, as sup-
plies permit. Requests should be directed to the Division iden-
tified on the title page or to the Publications Office, Robert A.
Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati 26, Ohio.
Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-3
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CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT v
SURVEY STAFF vi
SUMMARY 1
General 1
Fluoride 2
Hydrogen Sulfide 2
Oxidants 2
Sulfur Dioxide 2
CONCLUSIONS 3
INDICATIONS 3
RECOMMENDATIONS 4
INTRODUCTION 5
Brief Description of the Area 5'
Origin and Purpose of the Study 5
INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS 11
Organic Gases 11
Hydrocarbons 11
Aldehydes, Ketones and Other Organic Gases ... 13
Inorganic Gases 13
Oxides of Nitrogen 13
Oxides of Sulfur 15
Oxides of Carbon 15
Carbon Monoxide 15
Carbon Dioxide 17
Other Inorganic Gases 18
Hydrogen Sulfide 18
Hydrogen Fluoride 19
Particulates 21
Indications 21
METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES 23
Past Studies 24
Meteorological Conditions During the Pilot Study. ... 24
Wind Speed and Direction 24
Fog, Smoke, and Haze Observations 26
Cloud Ceiling and Visibility 26
Inversion Frequency 27
Precipitation 30
Summary of Meteorological Studies 30
PILOT AIR QUALITY STUDY 31
The Urban Investigation 31
Sulfur Dioxide 35
Oxidants 35
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Page
Qxidant - Sulfur Dioxide Relationship 35
Nitrogen Dioxide 37
Carbon Monoxide 37
Airborne Particulates - Weight 37
Soiling Index 40
Soiling Index Sulfur Dioxide Relationship 40
Estimated and Measured Concentration 40
The Industrial Area Investigation 41
Fluorides 46
Dustfall and Rainout 50
Sulfur Dioxide 51
Nitrogen Dioxide , 55
Hydrogen Sulfide 56
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 57
REFERENCES 59
APPENDIX 63
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ABSTRACT
The objectives of this pilot study were to develop a prelim-
inary evaluation of air pollution in Jacksonville and to determine
whether fluoride and sulfur dioxide concentrations were sufficient
to cause damage to vegetation that had occurred in the area. The
study consisted of an emission inventory, a meteorological inves-
tigation, an intensive short-term study of downtown Jacksonville,
and an industrial area study. Pollutants sampled for included
sulfur dioxide, oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, and suspended particulates. During
the study fluoride concentrations were high enough in certain
parts of the city to cause damage to sensitive plants; sulfur
dioxide and oxidants were also present at significant levels.
Results of the study also indicated that photochemical smog
is produced over Jacksonville, that pollutants from Jacksonville
are transported across the St. John's River, and finally, that
several pollutants constitute a potential problem in the city and
should be evaluated further.
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SURVEY STAFF
The following individuals participated in the sampling,
analysis, and/or data interpretation phases of this study:
Florida State Board of Health - Jacksonville, Florida
Jay Carver
C. I. Harding
Roe Hull
John Symes
Jacksonville City Health Department
Thomas B. Ard
Howard D. Bailey
Edward W. Beasley
William T. Boyette
Norman E. Duckworth
Nemer Elian
John R. Herndon
John W. Norse
Francis J. Rabideau
Warren W. Sisson
J. R. Stansberry
Richard E. Strickland
William G. Struth
University of Florida
Anthony L. Danis
Public Health Service
Daniel F. Bender
Mary C. Blum
Andrew W. Breidenbach
John J. Henderson
M. Dean High
Dale K. Malott
James P. Sheehy
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A PILOT STUDY OF
AIR POLLUTION IN
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA
SUMMARY
GENERAL
National attention was focused on air pollution in Jackson-
ville, Florida, in 1948, when nylon apparel disintegrated on
local residents; the cause: air pollution. In the years that
followed, an ever increasing number of complaints were regis-
tered regarding air pollution in the Jacksonville-Duval County
area. In the spring of 1961, damage to vegetation occurred;
the prime suspect: air pollution.
Dr. Wilson T. Sowder, then Florida State Health Officer,
on May 31, 1961, requested of Dr. W. H. Aufranc, Regional
Health Director, United States Public Health Service, Region
IV, Atlanta, that a pilot study of the Jacksonville air pollution
problem be conducted jointly by the Public Health Service, the
Florida State_Board of Health, and the Jacksonville City Health
Department. In response to this request, the Technical As sis -
Branch of the Division of Air Pollution of the Public Health
Service sent a five-man team to Florida to work with State Board
of Health and City Health Department personnel in evaluating air
pollution problems in the Jacksonville area. During the initial
stages of this evaluation, State and city personnel were to be
trained in survey techniques, so that future programs could be
carried out with a minimum of Federal assistance.
The objectives of this pilot study were (1) to develop a
preliminary opinion as to whether the city of Jacksonville
has a generalized air pollution problem and (2) to determine
whether certain pollutants, fluorides and sulfur dioxide, were
present in the atmosphere in concentrations capable of producing
the damage to vegetation that had been experienced in the Jack-
sonville-Duval County area.
To accomplish the first objective, a 1-week intensive in-
vestigation was carried on in downtown Jacksonville at Hemming
Park from August 3 to 10, 1961.
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JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
To accomplish the second objective, additional studies
were conducted from. August 4 to 12, and September 5 to 13,
1961, in the area in which damage to vegetation had occurred.
Two fertilizer plants, located in the industrial area of Jackson-
ville, were not in production during the first phase of this study.
Pollutants sampled in this study included fluorides, sulfur diox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulates.
The air quality data collected during these studies indicated
that certain air pollutants (fluorides, sulfur dioxide and oxidants)
were present in significant levels in the air over Jacksonville.
FLUORIDE
Airborne fluoride concentrations capable of causing damage
to sensitive plants under proper growth conditions were found
during the study. The data indicated that conditions for trans-
port of objectionable concentrations of airborne fluorides across
the St. John's River into the Arlington area do occur.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
Although no high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were
observed during this study, darkening of lead-base paints and
paints containing mercury-base fungicides in the Arlington area
subsequent to the study indicates that a problem due to hydrogen
sulfide does exist there.
OXIDANTS
Oxidant concentrations observed during this study, al-
though less than those measured in Los Angeles during severe
pollution, indicate that photochemical-type smog similar to
that produced in the Los Angeles area is being produced in the
city of Jacksonville. The maximum oxidant level measured by
the phenolphthalin method during August 3 to 10, 1961, was
0. 162 parts per million (ppm) by volume (as hydrogen peroxide).
SULFUR DIOXIDE
Sulfur dioxide concentrations observed during the non-
heating season in which the study was conducted were generally
low. The maximum concentration observed during this study
was 0. 174 ppm, a value similar to maximums observed in
larger cities of the country. *> 2 This high value probably was
due to emission of sulfur dioxide from a major source. It can
be expected that sulfur dioxide levels would be higher during the
winter months in Jacksonville. Major sources of sulfur dioxide
may cause periodic occurrence of concentrations higher than
those observed, at certain locations in the Jacksonville area,
possibly reaching levels that would cause damage to sensitive
plants.
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CONCLUSIONS
As a result of the urban and industrial area investigations
it is concluded that:
1. Photochemical smog is being produced in the air over
Jacksonville.
2. Concentrations of fluorides occurred in certain parts
of Jacksonville during the study that could cause damage to
sensitive plants.
3. Pollutants from the city of Jacksonville are transported
across the St. John's River.
INDICATIONS
1. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations were not of the mag-
nitude known to cause discoloration of paints containing lead
pigments and/or mercury-base fungicides. Subsequent to the
study, an incident of darkening of paints occurred in the Ar-
lington area. Therefore, it is evident that a hydrogen sulfide
problem exists in that area.
2. Sulfur dioxide concentrations did not reach levels known
to cause damage to vegetation. It appears possible, however, for
sulfur dioxide concentrations during the heating season to reach
levels capable of causing damage to sensitive plants, particular-
ly in localized areas downwind of major sources of sulfur diox-
ide.
3. The data collected also indicate that the fine particu-
lates causing soiling and the sulfur dioxide measured at Hem-
ming Park are being emitted to the atmosphere from the same
source or sources. A general relationship between wind di-
rection and sulfur dioxide concentrations measured during the
industrial area investigation was demonstrated.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Levels of certain air pollutants found during these stu-
dies indicate that the Jacksonville-Duval County area has
air pollution problems. The following recommendations are
therefore made:
1. A full-time air pollution control program should be
activated. This program should encompass the area affected
by the air environment receiving the pollutants emitted in the
Jacksonville-Duval County area. The study conducted in
August-September, 1961, demonstrated that pollution from
the city of Jacksonville can affect areas outside of the city.
Visual observations indicate that meteorological conditions
do occur that could transport pollutants from outside the
city into the Jacksonville area. The air pollution control
program should encompass the area within a distance of 25
miles or more from the city of Jacksonville.
2. The air pollution control program should include fur-
ther evaluations of air pollutant levels and source emissions,
and monitoring of possible effects of air pollutants on plants
and property. Such studies are necessary to determine
whether progress is being made in protecting the air environ-
ment of the Jacksonville area, and whether new air pollution
problems are arising.
3. A continuing micrometeorological study should be
an integral part of this program. Such a study -would not
only allow a better understanding of relationships between
source emissions and ground level concentrations, but -would
provide the necessary scientific data required for planning
proper utilization of the air environment.
4. Since completion of this study, certain of the industrial
plants have instituted additional control procedures, and have
made operational changes to decrease pollutants emitted to the
Jacksonville atmosphere. A repeat of the study conducted in
the industrial area would provide information on the effective-
ness of these control procedures and process changes.
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INTRODUCTION
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA
Greater Jacksonville straddles the St. John's River at a
point approximately 15 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. Eighty-
two percent of Duval County's I960 population of 455, 411 live
in the 130-square-mile area classed as urban by the U. S.
Bureau of the Census. Over 200, 000 individuals live in the
city of Jacksonville proper.
Jacksonville, the county seat and one of the larger cities
of the State, is a manufacturing and transportation center as
well as a seaport. The deep -water port at Jacksonville, and
its location at the hub of Florida's railway and highway systems,
has made the city an important distribution center for Northeast
Florida and Southeast Georgia.
Major industries are food processing, pulp and paper,
chemicals, and shipbuilding and repair. Manufacturing is
quite diversified, with no one industry accounting for over
15 percent of the county's manufacturing employment. ^
ORIGIN AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Air pollution in Jacksonville received national recognition
in 1948 with the famous incident in which nylon blouses and
stockings disintegrated on the wearers. Evidence pointed to
air pollutants emitted in burning of high sulfur residual fuel
oil as the cause. Since that date, public interest in air pol-
lution problems has grown to the extent that in I960 over 1700
complaints of odors, dust, soot, smoke, and damage to prop-
erty and vegetation were received from Duval County residents
by the city, county, and state public health agencies.
In the spring of 1961, severe vegetation damage occurred
in the residential areas on both sides of the St. John's River.
The center of the damaged area was the industrialized section
located in the East Jacksonville waterfront area. Preliminary
investigations by the State Board of Health, the Jacksonville
City Health Department, and the State Agricultural Extension
Service indicated that the probable cause of the damage was
one or a combination of the air pollutants (particularly fluorides
and sulfur dioxide) thought to be present in that area. ^ Figures
1 and 2 indicate the geographical distribution of elevated con-
centrations of fluorides and sulfates in vegetation (althea leaves)
sampled. Following an investigation of the affected area in
June of that year, Dr. C. S. Brandt, an authority on air pollu-
tion damage to vegetation, reported in part:
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Figure I. Distribution of fluoride in Althea leaves collected May I I
1961 (mg. F"/gm. dry leaf).
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Figure 2. Distribution of sulfate in Althea leaves collected May 24,
1961 (mg. SOA'/gm. dry leaf).
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JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
"... Since there had apparently been considerable re-
covery since the initial development of the symptoms,
there is some uncertainty as to actual cause and. severity.
However, sufficient injured material remained showing
characteristic fluoride burn to implicate this agent. The
analytical data that you have on hand would tend to confirm
this observation.
"While there was no evidence, at the time of my visit, of
acute sulfur dioxide injury, your analytical data of markedly
elevated sulfate levels (in vegetation) in the area and the
description of the early 'kill1 lead me to suspect that this
may have been a contributory factor to some of the early
dramatic effects.
"The bleached type of injury now being seen in this area
on various species, is not readily identifiable as charac-
teristic of any single known air pollutant. I am inclined to
believe that it represents a physiological stress on the
plant of which air pollution in the form of fluoride, sulfur
dioxide, and possibly mineral salts, is a contributing fac-
tor .... "6
These preliminary investigations implicated several pollu-
tants as probable contributors to the vegetation damage in Jack-
sonville in 1961. Virtually no ambient air pollution samples
had been collected in the Jacksonville area except the bi-weekly
particulate samples for the Public Health Service's National
Air Sampling Network at the State Board of Health Building
near downtown Jacksonville. There were insufficient trained
personnel and specialized air pollution sampling devices avail-
able to governmental agencies operating in the Jacksonville
area to conduct the air sampling program necessary to adequate-
ly characterize the air quality of Jacksonville.
Consequently, on May 31, 1961, the State Health Officer,
Dr. Wilson T. Sowder, requested technical assistance from the
Public Health Service in a cooperative air quality study to be
conducted jointly by the Public Health Service, the Florida
State Board of Health, and the Jacksonville City Health Depart-
ment. In the latter part of July 1961, four members of the Air
Pollution Training Staff and one of the Technical Assistance
Staff of the Public Health Service, Division of Air Pollution,
were assigned to participate in this study.
The first objective was to train local personnel in air pollu-
tion survey methods, so that they could carry out future samp-
ling and analytical programs. This was accomplished during
the initial phase of the pilot study by a special short course in
survey techniques and subsequent on-the-job training during
the early part of the study. The objectives of the pilot study
were twofold:
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Introduction 9
1. to develop a preliminary opinion as to whether the
city of Jacksonville has a generalized air pollution problem.
2. to determine whether fluorides and sulfur dioxide
were present in the atmosphere in concentrations capable of
producing the damage to vegetation that had been experienced
in the Jacksonville-Duval County area.
This report, therefore, describes the pilot study conducted
during August and September of 1961 in the Jacksonville-Duval
County area, including (1) The emission inventory, conducted
concurrently with the sampling studies to determine the kind
and amount of pollutants emitted to the atmosphere in this area;
(2) an investigation of the meteorological conditions of the area;
(3) the short term intensive investigation conducted in Hemming
Park; and (4) the industrial area study of pollutants suspected
of causing plant damage.
GPO 8O2-8992
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INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS
To better evaluate existing and potential area-wide air
pollution problems in the Jacksonville area, an emission in-
ventory was carried out. Approximately 50 of the largest
industrial and municipal sources of pollution and 200 commercial
establishments were contacted by personal visits, question-
naires (see Appendix) and/or telephone. The information ob-
tained, plus the cumulative past experience of other investiga-
tors as published in the literature, provided a basis for a
reasonable estimate of pollution emissions.
The classifications and types of sources, and references
used to estimate these emissions are shown in Table 1. Local
sources are defined as sources that are not uniformly distribu-
ted throughout the area. As such, these sources potentially
have the greatest effect on areas adjacent to them. They also
influence the general community atmosphere, especially under
certain meteorological conditions. Area sources are those
sources that are distributed throughout the study area. Classi-
fications of contaminants are listed in Table 2; the findings of
this study are summarized in tables in this section.
The values in this emission inventory are estimates and
should not be construed to be absolute. For this reason, all
estimates have been rounded off to two significant figures.
Equally important is the fact that the Tables do not include all
pollutants that are emitted to the air over Jacksonville. Esti-
mates were made only for those classes of pollutants that have
been implicated as possibly having an adverse effect on man or
his environment and for which emission factors are available.
As further investigations are conducted in the field and new
findings are published, estimates such as those contained in
this report would be listed for a far greater number of pollu-
tants .
ORGANIC GASES
Hydrocarbons
It is estimated that 120 tons of hydrocarbons per day are
emitted to the air environment in the Jacksonville area (Table 3).
Approximately one-third of these emissions come from trans-
portation sources. In the Jacksonville area the hydrocarbon
emission rate of approximately 1 ton per square mile per day
approaches the rate estimated in Los Angeles. ' Hydrocar-
bons and oxides of nitrogen in sufficient quantities can react in
the presence of sunlight to form photochemical smog. This
11
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12
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
Table 1. CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES, AND REFERENCES
IN ESTIMATING POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
USED
Classification
Local sources
Area sources
Source type
Power generation -
power production for
municipal and domestic
consumption
Incineration -
municipal incinerators
Water aeration
municipal plants for
removal of hydrogen
sulfide from well
waters
Industrial combustion
Commercial
stores, office buildings,
hotels, launderies, dry
cleaners, gasoline hand-
ling and marketing, and
bulk petroleum storage
operations
Domestic
home heating, cooking,
and hot water heating
Transportation
automobiles, dies el
vehicles, diesel switch
engines
References
7,8
7, 8
7, 8a
7, 9, 10a
7, 8, 11, 12b
7, 8, 13, 14C
aReferences cited used in addition to emission information obtained
through emission inventory.
^Domestic heating estimates are based on the references indicated.
Home heating requirements per housing unit in the winter are
estimated to be 80, 000 Btu per hour net for a 16-hour day at an
assumed central heating efficiency of 80% and an assumed non-
central-heating efficiency of 50%. Year-round hot water heating
is estimated to be 100, 000 Btu per day gross. Year-round
heating for cooking is estimated to be 20, 000 Btu per day gross.
cOn the basis of fuel tax figures and the number of heavy trucks
registered in Duval County, it is estimated that 11% of the total
vehicle miles are traveled by diesel-powered vehicles. A fuel
combustion rate of 8 gal/hour was reported for diesel-powered
switch engines.
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Inventory of Emissions
13
Table 2. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTAMINANTS ESTIMATED IN
EMISSION INVENTORY3-
Major classes of
air contaminants
Organic gases
Inorganic gases
Participates
Sub -classes of
contaminants
Hydrocarbons
Aldehydes and ketones
Other organics
Oxides of nitrogen
Oxides of sulfur
Oxides of carbon
Other inorganics
Solid particulates
Liquid particulates
Typical members of
sub- classes
Hexane, benzene,
ethylene, methane
butane, butadiene
Formaldehyde
Acetone
Chlorinated hydro-
carbons
Alcohols
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitric oxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide,
hydrogen fluoride
Ammonia
Chlorine
Dusts, smoke,
fumes
Oil mists, entrained
liquid droplets
aModification of reference 7.
inventory indicated that the city of Jacksonville has a potential
photochemical smog problem.
Aldehydes, Ketones and Other Organic Gases
Estimated emissions of aldehydes, ketones and other organ-
ic gases in the Jacksonville area are shown in Tables 4 and 5,
respectively. In both cases, there is an expected increase in
emission from summer to winter, resulting from the load im-
posed on the air environment by domestic heating.
INORGANIC GASES
Oxides of Nitrogen
Approximately 93 tons of oxides of nitrogen are emitted
per day during the summer months in the Jacksonville area
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14
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
Table 3. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE
JACKSONVILLE URBAN AREA
Sources
Local sources
Power generation
Incineration
Industrial
combustion
Industrial
processes
Area sources
Commercial
Domestic
Transportation
Total
Summer
Estimated
emissions,
tons/daya
4. 0
1. 1
21.
24.
26.
0. 28
39.
120.
% of total
estimated
emissionsa
3.5
0.95
18.
21.
23.
0. 24
34.
-
Winter
Estimated
emissions,
tons/ da ya
4. 0
1. 1
21.
24.
25.
9.0
39.
120.
% of total
estimated
emissions^
3. 3
0. 89
17.
20.
20.
7. 3
32.
-
aAll estimates rounded to two significant figures.
Table 4. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
IN THE JACKSONVILLE URBAN AREA
Sources
Local sources
Power generation
Incineration
Industrial
combustion
Industrial
processes
Area sources
Commercial
Domestic
Transportation
Total
Summe r
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
2.9
1. 8
3. 5
0.25
0. 10
0. 06
0.46
9. 1
% of total
estimated
emissions
32.
20.
39.
2. 7
1. 1
0. 66
5. 1
Winter
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
2.9
1. 8
3.5
0.25
0. 15
6.5
0. 46
16.
% of total
estimated
emissions
19.
12.
22.
1. 6
0. 96
42.
3. 0
...
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Inventory of Emissions
15
Table 5. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS OF OTHER ORGANIC GASES IN
THE JACKSONVILLE URBAN AREA
Sources
Local sources
Power generation
Incineration
Industrial
combustion
Industrial
processes
Area sources
Commercial
Domestic
Transportation
Total
Summe r
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
13.
1.4
36.
1.0
0.48
0.26
0.61
53.
% of total
estimated
emissions
25.
2.7
68.
1.9
0.91
0.49
1.2
...
Winter
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
13.
1.4
36.
1. 0
0.73
19.
0.61
72.
% of total
estimated
emissions
18.
1.9
50.
1.4
1.0
27.
0.85
...
(Table 6\. It has been estimated that this amount Houble.s dur-
ing the winter months because of domestic heating activities.
Emission rates of oxides of nitrogen are comparable on a
unit area basis to those of other communities experiencing
photochemical smog. ^ As was the case in the estimated hydro-
carbon emissions, these data indicate that Jacksonville has a
potential photochemical smog problem.
Oxides of Sulfur
Estimated emissions of oxides of sulfur for the Jacksonville
area are presented in Table 7. During the summer months,
240 tons of oxides of sulfur are emitted to the atmosphere per
day. Ninety-nine percent of these emissions are from local
sources. It is indicated that problems resulting from oxides of
sulfur might occur in areas near 'these sources.
During the winter months, it is estimated that emissions
of oxides of sulfur increase to more than 400 tons per day.
This expected increase is due to home heating activities.
OXIDES OF CARBON
Carbon Monoxide
Estimated emissions of carbon monoxide in the Jacksonville
area are presented in Table 8. Approximately 98 percent of
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Table 6. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN
IN THE JACKSONVILLE URBAN AREA
Sources
Local sources
Power generation
Incineration
Industrial
combustion
Industrial
processes
Area sources
Commercial
Domestic
Transportation
Total
Summer
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
58.
0.70
20.
0.06
0.67
0.45
13.
93.
% of total
estimated
emissions
63.
0.75
21.
0. 065
0.72
0.49
14.
--
Winter
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
58.
0.70
20.
.06
1. 0
94.
13.
190.
% of total
estimated
emissions
31.
0.37
11.
0.032
0.54
50.
7.0
--
Table 7. ESTIMATED EMISSION OF OXIDES OF SULFUR IN THE
JACKSONVILLE URBAN AREA
Sources
Local sources
Power generation
Incineration
Industrial
combustion
Industrial
processes
Area sources
Commercial
Domestic
Transportation
Total
Summer
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
130.
0.35
86.
23.
2.0
0.29
1.4
240.
% of total
estimated
emissions
54.
0. 14
35.
9.5
0.82
0. 12
0. 58
--
Winter
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
130.
0. 35
86.
23.
28.
140.
1.4
410.
% of total
estimated
emissions
32.
0.086
21.
5.6
6.9
34.
0. 34
--
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Inventory of Emissions
17
Table 8. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE
JACKSONVILLE URBAN AREA
Sources
Local sources
Power generation
Incineration
Industrial
combustion
Industrial
processes
Area sources
Commercial
Domestic
Transportation
Total
Summer
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
0.021
7.0
0.026
a
b
a
350.
360.
% of total
estimated
emissions
0. 006
2. 0
0. 007
a
b
a
98.
--
Winter
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
0. 021
7. 0
0. 026
a
b
b
350.
360.
% of total
estimated
emissions
0.006
2.0
0.007
a
b
b
98.
--
aNot applicable.
t>Not estimated.
the daily emission of 360 tons is from transportation sources.
Although the total amount emitted to the air is large, it is felt
that carbon monoxide does not constitute an.area wide problem
in the Jacksonville area. Because the major source is the
automobile, however, problems might occur among individuals
working in the environment immediately adjacent to main thor-
oughfares.
Carbon Dioxide
Most investigators do not include carbon dioxide in their
consideration of air pollution problems. Certain researchers,
however, are concerned about the long range effect of this
pollutant on man's environment. Plass .. in 1939, stated that
a relationship exists between the increase in carbon dioxide
content of the atmosphere due to man's activities, and an in-
crease in the annual average temperature of certain European
cities. Kaplan*', on the other hand, has presented evidence
that the increase in carbon dioxide content could only account
for 10 percent of this annual increase in average temperature.
-------
18
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
What the long term effect of increasing carbon dioxide emissions
to the atmosphere will be, only time will tell. Carbon dioxide
in combination with water vapor, however, can cause the deteri-
oration of building materials such as limestone and also cause
the corrosion of magnesium. ^
Estimated daily summer and winter emissions of carbon
dioxide to the air over the Jacksonville area are 16, 000 and
31, 000 tons, respectively (Table 9). All these emissions
result from combustion processes. This pollutant could be
used as an index of over-all combustion activities in the Jack-
sonville area. Other investigators have used carbon dioxide
in this manner. 19 Carbon dioxide concentrations over any city
would be much higher than any other pollutant, and, therefore,
easier to measure.
OTHER INORGANIC GASES
Hydrogen Sulfide
Table 10 shows the estimated emissions of hydrogen sulfide
in the Jacksonville area. The summer and winter estimates are
5. 1 and 7.7 tons per day, respectively. The water aeration
plants in the city, which emit 0. 15 tons of hydrogen sulfide per
Table 9. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE
JACKSONVILLE URBAN AREA
Sources
Local sources
Power generation
Incineration
Industrial
combustion
Industrial
processes
Area sources
Commercial
Domestic
Transportation
Total
Summer
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
5700.
700.
8200.
a
190.
3. 0
1300.
16, 000.
% of total
estimated
emissions
35.
4.4
51.
a
1.2
0.019
8. 1
--
Winter
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
5700.
700.
8200.
a
290.
15, 000.
1300.
31, 000
% of total
estimated
emissions
18.
2.2
26.
a
0.93
48.
4.2
--
aNot applicable.
-------
Inventory of Emissions
19
Table 10. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN THE
JACKSONVILLE URBAN AREA
Sources
Local sources
Power generation
Water aeration
Industrial
combustion
Industrial
processes
Area sources
Commercial
Domestic
Transportation
Total
Summer
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
1.9
0. 15
1. 0
2. 0
0. 06
a
a
5. 1
% of total
estimated
emissions
37.
2.9
20.
39.
1. 2
a
a
--
Winter
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
1.9
0. 15
1.0
2. 0
0. 10
2.5
a
7.7
% of total
estimated
emissions
25.
2.0
13.
26.
1. 3
33.
a
--
anot estimated.
day, are a particularly troublesome cause of nuisance com-
plaints, since the pollutant is emitted near ground level.
Sulfide-type damage to paints containing lead pigments and/
or mercury-base fungicides has occurred in the Jacksonville
area. It can be presumed that emissions of hydrogen sulfide
may cause an air pollution problem in this community.
Hydrogen Fluoride
It is estimated, based largely on data provided by industrial
representatives in the area, that an average of 0. 06 tons per
day of fluorides are emitted annually from industrial processes.
Because of variations in production rates, however, emissions
on any given day may be considerably more or less than the
average. In the space heating season, an additional 0.01 tons
of fluorides are emitted per day from domestic sources (Table
11). It is doubtful whether the fluoride contribution of the area-.
wide domestic source constitutes an air pollution problem. This
inventory indicates that, the industrial process emission of 0. 06
tons per day from local sources might be a problem in the vicin-
ity of certain industrial operations. This should be the subject
of further study.
-------
20
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
Table 11. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE IN
THE JACKSONVILLE URBAN AREA
Sources
Local sources
Industrial
processes
Area sources
Domestic
Total
Summer
Estimated
emis sions,
tons /day
0. 06
--
0. 06
% of total
estimated
emis sions
100.
--
--
Winter
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
0. 06
0. 01
0. 07
% of total
estimated
emissions
86.
14.
--
Table 12. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS OF PARTICULATES IN THE
JACKSONVILLE URBAN AREA
Sources
Local sources
Power generation
Incineration
Industrial
combustion
Industrial
processes
Area sources
Commercial
Domestic
Transportation
Total
Summer
Estimated
emissions,
tons /day
10.
3.9
14.
0. 1Z
0. 10
0. 13
1.6
30.
% of total
estimated
emissions
34.
13.
47.
0. 40
0. 34
0.42
5. 3
--
Winter
Estimated
emissions,
tons/day
10.
3. 9
14.
0. 12
0. 15
18.
1. 6
48.
% of total
estimated
emis sions
21.
8. 2
29.
0. 25
0. 31
38.
3.4
--
-------
Inventory of Emissions 21
PARTICULATES
Estimated daily emissions of particulates in the Jackson-
ville area are shown in Table 12. Thirty tons are discharged
daily during the summer months; this increases to 48 tons per
day during the winter season, the increase being due to domestic
heating activities.
It is improbable that these amounts of particulates dis-
charged to the atmosphere would constitute a potential areawide
air pollution problem. A potential nuisance problem might
exist, however, in areas close to the local sources listed in
Table 12.
INDICATIONS
This inventory indicates that the following pollutants con-
stitute a real or potential problem in the Jacksonville area and
as such should be evaluated in greater detail.
1. Hydrocarbons
2. Oxides of nitrogen
3. Oxides of sulfur
4. Hydrogen sulfide
5. Fluorides
6. Particulates
-------
METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES
Jacksonville, Florida, in general is quite well located topo-
graphically for the dispersion of waste material emitted to the
atmosphere. There are no hills to act as barriers to air flow
over the terrain, or valleys to hold and concentrate pollutants
in the air. Unfortunately, there are other conditions in the area
conducive to concentrating contaminants released to the atmos-
phere.
In the southeastern portion of the United States, it is not
unusual for large high pressure systems in the atmosphere to
move very slowly. This causes stable conditions near the
earth's surface and, frequently, at some point above the ground
because of subsidence in the air mass and radiational cooling
during the hours of darkness. Surface-based inversions in the
Jacksonville area occur throughout the year and are generally
accompanied by light surface winds. In addition, the industrial
area and the principal business district of the city lie along the
west bank of the St. John's River, which flows from south to
north for approximately 4 miles. At both ends of this 4-mile
stretch, the river makes a 90-degree turn. The river and city
buildings have a direct influence on wind direction and speed in
this area.
The dispersion of gaseous and fine-particulate wastes
emitted to the atmosphere is associated with the height at
which they are released, wind speed and direction, and the
stability condition of the atmosphere, among other things.
Good dispersion of any contaminant is favored by its re-
lease at high levels above ground, high wind speeds (with as-
sociated turbulence), and unstable conditions in the lower levels
of the atmosphere. Even under such conditions, strong winds
may bring some contaminants to ground level in relatively high
concentrations. This would result from looping of the stack
plume associated with turbulent air currents (gusty winds) de-
veloped in the atmosphere because of surface obstructions and/
or changes in direction and speed of the wind.
Poor dispersion of pollutants emitted to the atmosphere
occurs when stable air layers (inversions) form either at the
ground or within a few hundred feet above the surface. The
development of such stable conditions in the lower levels pre-
vents vertical mixing of pollutants and holds them within or
below these inversions. Lowwind speeds accompany such stable
conditions. In the Jacksonville area, conditions for poor disper-
23
-------
24 JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
sion of contaminants frequently exist during all months of the
year.
The following analyses of meteorological conditions in the
area establish the strong possibility that air pollution problems
will intensify unless some preventive action is taken.
PAST STUDIES
Climatic conditions for this area are summarized in the
"Report on Florida's Air Resources. " ^ This report includes
the following information:
1. Long-term means of wind direction and speed.
Z. Annual percentage frequencies of wind direction.
3. Sea and land breezes.
4. Percent frequency of inversions with base at 500 feet
or below.
5. Frequency of atmospheric stagnation conducive to air
pollution.
6. Frequency of thunderstorms.
7. Long-term means of annual number of days with fog
and cloudiness.
8. Frequency of occurrence of smoke.
This information provides a background for consideration
of the general problem of air pollution. However, the micro-
meteorological aspects of the weather experienced in the Jack-
sonville area vary considerably from the long-term means.
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING THE PILOT STUDY
The pilot study of the air pollution conditions existing in
Jacksonville and its adjoining industrial area raised quite a
problem concerning actual meteorological conditions for dis-
persion of pollutants. Meteorological data were available from
the U. S. Weather Bureau (USWB) at Imeson Airport approxi-
mately 5. 5 miles north of the sampling area and from the U. S.
Naval Air Station located approximately 7. 5 miles south of the
survey area. Data from these stations were not too helpful,
however, when considering dispersion of pollutants in the study
area.
Wind Speed and Direction
Table 13 compares the variances in wind speed and direc-
tion as determined from official records at the two weather
stations for the sampling period 0700, September 5, through
0900, September 13, 1961. During the 195 hours of sampling,
the USWB had 12 hours and the U. S. Naval Air Station 34 hours
of winds from calm to 3 mph. In general, winds during the en-
tire period were lighter at the Naval Air Station than at Imeson
Airport. When wind speeds were light at either or both stations
-------
Meteorological Studies
25
Table 13. COMPARISON OF OBSERVATIONS AT USWB, IMESON AIRPORT,
AND AT THE U. S. NAVAL STATION
Date
(Sept)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
USWB, Imeson Airport
Avg hourly
wind speed,
mph
10. 8
10.0
11.7
11. 5
12. 3
9.5
9. 1
10. 1
3.0
No. of hours
wind calm to
7 mph
7
3
6
9
7
10
7
14
4
U. S. Naval Air Station
Avg hourly
wind speed,
mph
7.2
6.6
7.9
8. 5
7.9
6.2
4.9
6.2
0. 6
No. of hours
wind calm to
7 mph
9
12
12
13
13
19
18
16
8
No. of hours
wind directions
varied 45 degrees
or more between
stations
6
7
8
9
7
7
8
10
7
the indicated wind direction could vary by 180 degrees. There
were 69 hours when wind directions differed by 45 degrees or
more. When wind speeds reached 10 mph or greater at both
stations, the wind directions recorded were the same or, at
most, differed by one compass point (22 1/2 degrees).
The wind instrument at the Imeson Airport station of the
USWB is located about 52 feet above ground and at the U. S.
Naval Air Station about 30 feet. Both stations take their hourly
reading close to the end of the hour when direction and velocity
are determined from approximately a one- to two-minute ob-
servation. The observations are comparable, and the difference
in height may account for part of the higher velocity at the
USWB station. In the study of dispersion of pollution in an area,
it is this wind speed at the lower levels, however, that is most
important. Because the data in Table 13 varys it is questionable
whether the wind data recorded at the above two stations are in-
dicative of air flow over the industrial area studied.
The U. S. Weather Bureau office at Imeson Airport is the
official weather station for this area; therefore, the climatologi-
cal records for the period October I960 through September 1961
were used in this analysis-. As expected, there are some var-
iances from the long-term means published in "Florida's Air
Resources. "^0 Table 14 summarizes hourly wind velocities
that occurred over the 12-month period. Winds were calm to
7 mph for 38 percent of the hours during the year. Wind speeds
of 7 mph or less are conducive to accumulation of emitted pollu-
tants, if a stable condition in the lower levels of the atmosphere
exists.
-------
26
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
Table 14. HOURLY WIND VELOCITY OBSERVATIONS USWB, IMESON AIRPORT
Period
October I960
November I960
December 1960
January 1961
February 1961
March 1961
April 1961
May 1961
June 1961
July 1961
August 1961
September 1961
Total for year
Number of hourly observations at various wind velocities
Calms
25
11
26
5
3
0
1
4
3
3
1
1
83
1-3
mph
93
81
134
48
27
48
33
59
30
49
49
58
709
4-7
mph
295
265
305
203
119
142
165
163
223
207
234
197
2,518
8-12
mph
235
268
166
274
271
282
247
264
271
340
257
229
3,104
> 12
mph
96
95
113
214
252
272
273
254
193
145
203
225
2,335
Total hours
0-7 mph
413
357
465
256
149
190
199
226
256
259
284
256
3310
Fog, Smoke, and Haze Observations
Table 15 shows the number of days and hours during -which
fog, smoke, and haze occurred. The number of hours of fog,
fog with smoke, and smoke or haze conditions over the Jackson-
ville area indicate that long periods of stable atmospheric con-
ditions occur.
Cloud Ceiling and Visibility
Other indicators of stable air conditions are cloud ceiling
and visibility. Cloud ceiling is the elevation above ground of the
base of clouds at times when the degree of cloud cover is more
than 50 percent. These data are also associated with the fog
conditions tabulated in Table 15. Ceiling and visibility data were
broken down into three categories as follows :
1. When cloud ceiling and visibility are equal to or
less than, 200 feet and 1/8 mile, respectively.
2. When cloud ceiling and visibility are equal to, or less
than, 800 feet and 2 miles, respectively.
3. When cloud ceiling and visibility are equal to, or less
than, 1500 feet and 3 miles, respectively.
Table 16 summarizes these data.
From Tables 14, 15, and 16, probable periods of stable con-
ditions in the atmosphere in the Jacksonville area can be approx-
imated. The U. S. Weather Bureau data from Imeson Airport
-------
Meteorological Studies
27
Table 15. FOG, SMOKE, AND HAZE OBSERVATIONS - USWB, IMESON
AIRPORT
Month
October I960
November I960
December I960
January 1961
February 1961
March 1961
April 1961
May 1961
June 1961
July 1961
August 1961
September 1961
Total for year
Number of
days
a
a
a
17
21
14
7
23
14
8
14
14
Number of hours
Fog
64
139
40
85
86
33
13
26
21
20
34
41
603
Fog with smoke
26
69
18
38
82
24
6
12
8
10
21
24
418
Smoke or haze
51
156
108
81
157
41
12
62
29
18
41
60
814
aNot available.
indicate that during approximately 38 percent of the time stable
conditions exist that would result in accumulation of pollution
in the lower levels of the atmosphere.
Inversion Frequency
Climatological records from the National Weather Records
Center, Asheville, North Carolina, give information as to the
percent frequency of inversions to be expected at Jacksonville
(Table 17). The data are not entirely suitable, however, for
determining probable periods favorable for accumulation of
pollution; they were obtained from radio soundings taken at
fixed times during the day--at either 0700 or 0800 and at 1900
or 2000. During the year, the hour of sunrise and sunset varies
considerably between winter and summer. The surface inver-
sion, with which air pollution at ground level is closely associa-
ted, generally breaks down shortly after sunrise and regenerates
sometime during the evening between sunset and midnight when
conditions are favorable. Because of the time of the soundings,
an erroneous opinion might be developed as to -what one might
expect regarding the actual percent frequency of inversions that
developed during the year. This factor is quite noticeable in
-------
28
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
comparing the percent frequency of inversions indicated at
0700 and 0800 and also the evening soundings taken at 1900 and
2000 EST.
Table 16. HOURLY OBSERVATIONS OF CLOUD CEILING AND
VISIBILITY USWB, IMESON AIRPORT
Period
October 1960
November I960
December I960
January 1961
February 1961
March 1961
April 1961
May 1961
June 1961
July 1961
August 1961
September 1961
Total for year
Number of hourly observations of cloud ceiling and
visibility equal to or less than indicated range
200 ft and 1/8 mi
1
13
7
10
11
2
--
3
1
3
1
4
56
800 ft and 2 mi
18
45
14
80
71
17
16
19
19
13
23
24
359
1500 ft and 3 mi
25
109
61
105
121
33
30
32
46
25
45
43
675
Table 17. PERCENT FREQUENCY OF INVERSIONS WITH BASE AT
500 FEET OR BELOW AT USWB STATION AT IMESON
AIRPORTa
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
% of observations indicating
inversions at stated hour, EST
June 1955 to May 1957
0800
27
4
1
12
2000
69
53
38
51
June 1957 to May 1959
0700
59
61
56
76
1900
44
10
11
37
'Data are from National Weather Records Center, Ashville N P
-------
Meteorological Studies
29
The time at which stability develops was determined during
the period September 5-13, 1961, when a resistance dynalog
temperature-differential recording instrument was being oper-
ated. The lower element was 7 feet above ground and the upper
element 140 feet. The 140-foot height was low enough to give
excellent micro stability data, yet was higher than all pollutant
sources except the two 250-foot stacks at the pulp mill in the
East Jacksonville industrial area. Stability in the lower 140
feet of the atmosphere developed each night beginning between
2000 and 2300 and dissipated the following morning between
0700 and 0830 (Table 18).
Table 18. TEMPERATURE PROFILE OBSERVATIONS - JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA,
SEPT. 5-13, 1961
Date
(Sept)
5- 6
6- 7
7- 8
8- 9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
Stable conditions
Timea
inversion
developed
2100
2100
2300
2200
2000
2230
2000
2100
Timea
inversion
dissipated
0730
0700
0730
0700
0830
0800
0800
0700
Duration,
hours
10.5
10
8. 5
10
12.5
<9.5
12
10
Maximum
strength of
inversions
Timea
0300
0300
0500
0600
0300
0100
0100
Lapse
rate to
140 ft,
°F
+ 2.2
+ 1.9
+ 1.5
+ 2.2
+ 1.2
+ 2.2
+ 1. 9
Unstable conditions
Maximum strength
of unstable
conditions
Timea
1400
1500
1300
1300
1500
1400
1500
2200
Lapse
rate to
140 ft,
°F
-2. 7
-2.2
-2. 3
-2. 1
-2. 1
-2.3
-1.5
-2. 3
aEST.
With reference to stability of the atmosphere, the term
"lapse rate" is used frequently. Lapse rate is defined as the
rate of change of temperature upward through the atmosphere.
If it is negative (temperature decreases with altitude) the air
can be in either a neutral or an unstable condition; if positive
(temperature increases with altitude), the atmosphere is con-
sidered to be in a stable condition conducive to accumulation
of pollutants in the air.
Table 18 gives the time of development and dissipation
of ground inversions, the time and maximum inversion lapse
rate developed, and the time and maximum lapse rate indicated
during unstable conditions. The data indicate a ground inver-
sion occurs almost nightly. These inversions normally occur
when winds are light and the sky is partly cloudy to clear.
-------
30 JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
Precipitation
Precipitation occurred on an average of 12 days a month from
October I960 to September 1961. Precipitation generally re-
duces the gaseous and particulate contaminants in the air, and
washes pollutants off the surface of vegetation. The importance
of precipitation as a factor influencing pollution levels is con-
sidered negligible, however.
SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES
The results of the preceding observations are summarized
as follows:
1. Jacksonville has weather conditions throughout the
year that are conducive to accumulation of pollutants emitted
to the atmosphere.
2. If dispersion of pollutants Irom particular sources is
to be studied, a wind speed and direction recorder located
within the specific study area will be necessary. Also, an in-
strument to measure on a continuous basis or at frequent in-
tervals the lapse rate in the lowest few hundred feet would be
essential. Meteorological data from the USWB station at Imeson
Airport and from the Naval Air Station would be inadequate for
such detailed studies.
-------
PILOT AIR QUALITY STUDY
In addition to providing field training for local personnel
in air pollution technology, the main objectives of this pilot
study were:
1. To develop a preliminary opinion as to whether the city
of Jacksonville has a generalized air pollution problem.
2. To determine -whether certain pollutants were present
in the atmosphere in concentrations capable of producing the
plant damage that had been experienced in the Jacksonville-
Duval County area.
Two separate investigations were designed to meet these
objectives: the "urban investigation1' to determine whether
certain pollutants were present in concentrations indicative of
a generalized air pollution problem, and the "industrial area
investigation" to meet the second objective. These two inves-
tigations are discussed separately in this report, even though
certain phases of both were carried out concurrently by the
same personnel.
The engineers and chemists assigned to this study by the
Public Health Service, State Board of Health, and Jacksonville
Health Department comprised the sampling team. This group
planned and supervised the study, calibrated and maintained
sampling equipment, standardized reagents, performed the
detailed laboratory analyses, and processed the data. Sample
collection, transportation of samples to the laboratory, routine
laboratory analyses, and washing of laboratory glassware was
handled by virtually the entire staff of sanitary inspectors of
the City Health Department. During the second phase of the
study, laboratory analyses, excepting those for fluorides, were
performed in the City Health Department's stream pollution
laboratory by the City Sanitary Engineer and several of the
sanitary inspectors.
THE URBAN INVESTIGATION
The urban investigation, patterned after previous studies
71 7 7
in Phoenix, Arizona, and Washington, D. C. , " was con-
ducted at a downtown site from August 3 to 10, 1961. The
site selected was the Hemming Park bandstand located near the
center of the city business district (Figure 3). The State Board
of Health's stream pollution laboratory trailer was located in
Hemming Park and served as the survey headquarters and lab-
oratory during the first phase of the survey. Table 19 summar-
izes the pollutants sampled, the sampling and analytical methods
31
-------
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
Figure 3. Thomas Ard, Sanitary Engineer, Jacksonville City Health
Department, obtains sample of atmospheric oxidants at
the Hemming Park site.
used, and the most common sources and effects of each pollu-
tant. The sampling period and frequency for each pollutant
measured at the Hemming Park site are listed in Table 20.
Because the morning concentration of pollutants after the over-
night buildup and the photochemical reactions of mid-day were
of chief concern in the urban study, the Hemming Park samples
were collected every two hours from 0530 through 1430.
On Sunday, August 7, and Monday, August 8, sampling was
-------
Pilot Air Quality Study
33
Table 19. SUMMARY OF POLLUTANTS STUDIED AT THE HEMMING PARK SITE, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA
Pollutant
1. Sulfur dioxide
(S02)
2. Oxidant
{as H202)
3. Nitrogen dioxide
(N02)
4. Carbon monoxide
5. Particulate
Source
Combustion of fuels
containing sulfur;
Photochemical
reactions
Industrial processes;
cesses, including
automobiles
Incomplete combus-
tion, predominantly
auto exhaust
Combustion pro-
processes; wind
erosion
Effect
Vegetation damage;
possible health
Eye irritation;
vegetation damage;
visibility reduction;
other possible
health effects
Human irritation;
Possible health
effects
Soiling; visibility
possible vegetation
damage
Method of sampling
Midget impinger
w/ sodium tetra-
Midget impinger
w/phenolphthalein
Smog bubbler
NBS detector
tubes
a. Hi-volume
B. AISI tape
sampler
Method of analysis
West 8t Gaeke23
Sp ect'ro photo -
metricaUy24
Jacobs &t Hochheiser25
Color comparison
a. Weight
(light transmission
through filter)
Table 20. SAMPLING PERIOD AND FREQUENCY HEMMING PARK
Pollutant
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Oxidant
Particulate
Length and frequency of sampling
One 20-minute sample every 2 hours
One 40-minute sample every 2 hours
One sample every 2 hours (sampled until
a given color developed)
One 10-minute sample every 2 hours
a. Gross - 24-hour samples, continuously
b. Soiling - 2-hour samples, continuously
continued through the night to determine the diurnal variation
of pollutant concentrations.
From August 3 to 10, Z6l analyses were made on samples
of gaseous pollutants collected at the Hemming Park Station.
Concentrations of oxidants, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide
and carbon monoxide were determined (Table 21). Concentra-
tions of all gases, except carbon monoxide, were initially de-
termined as micrograms of contaminant per cubic meter of
air sampled. The concentrations in parts per million by volume
(ppm) were calculated from these values. For purposes of this
report, concentrations mentioned in the discussion of results
will be stated as parts per million by volume for ease in com-
parison with other studies.
-------
Table 21. INDICATED CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED GASEOUS POLLUTANTS -
HEMMING PARK, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA
Date
8/3/61
8/4/61
8/5/61
8/6/61
8/7/61
8/8/61
8/9/61
8/10/61
Starting
time
0535
0730
0830
0930
1030
1130
1230
1330
1430
1530
1630
0530
0630
0730
0830
0930
1030
1130
1230
1330
1430
1530
0530
0630
0730
0930
1130
1330
1530
0530
0730
0930
1130
1330
1530
1730
1930
2130
2330
0130
0330
0530
0730
0930
1130
1330
1530
1930
2130
2330
0130
0330
0530
0730
0930
1130
1330
1530
0530
0730
0930
1130
1330
1530
0530
0730
0930
1130
1330
1530
(as H2O2J
M/»3
41
0
66
176
98
127
113
176
144
133
144
82
123
0
35
125
.
113
32
139
105
92
107
78
78
59
62
65
65
133
90
0
0
124
0
11
40
47
22
63
40
56
124
146
225
129
0
22
0
0
0
0
73
32
68
90
68
68
47
90
135
52
68
0
0
B8
68
0
68
ppma
0.029
0
0.047
0.126
0.070
0.091
0. 081
0. 126
0. 104
0.096
0.104
0.059
0. 088
0
0.025
0.090
_
0.081
0.059
0. 100
0.076
0.066
0.077
0.056
0. 056
0. 042
0.044
0. 047
0. 047
0.096
0. 065
0
0
0. 089
0
0.008
0.029
0. 034
-
0.016
0.045
0. 029
0.040
0.089
0. 105
0. 162
0. 093
0
0. 016
0
0
0
0
0. 052
0. 023
0.049
0.065
0.049
0.049
0.034
0.065
0.097
0.037
0.049
0
0
0. 063
0.049
0
0.049
Sulfur Dioxide
-------
Pilot Air Quality Study 35
None of the gaseous sampling methods used were 100 per-
cent efficient. Concentrations reported are in all cases less
than the true concentration in the original sample. Any sample
obtained over a period of time gives an average concentration
for that time. Actual pollutant concentrations existing at a
specific instant during the sampling period can be expected to
be greater and less than those indicated by the sample. There-
fore, in view of the fluctuating concentrations of the pollutants
measured, and the expected efficiencies of the sampling equip-
ment, concentrations reported for various pollutants are really
"minimum" estimates of the concentrations occurring during
the sampling period.
Sulfur Dioxide
Concentrations of sulfur dioxide in 70 samples are sum-
marized in Table 22. Sulfur dioxide concentrations ranged from
0. 0 to 0. 174, with a mean and median of 0. 015 and 0. 004 ppm,
respectively. An arithmetic probability plot of the data is pre-
sented in Figure 4. During this study 95 percent of the sulfur
dioxide concentrations were less than 0. 092 ppm. Concentra-
tions reached maximum levels during the night-time and early
morning hours (Table 21). Although the concentrations of sul-
fur dioxide observed were generally low, the maximum concen-
tration (0. 174 ppm) during this non-heating period can be inter-
preted as a warning that concentrations could exceed levels that
are known to cause damage to susceptible plants, 33 especially
during winter months when space heating is necessary.
Oxi dant s
Concentrations of oxidants in 70 samples are summarized
in Table 22. Oxidant concentration ranged from 0. 000 to 0. 162
ppm (as hydrogen peroxide), with a mean and median concen-
tration of 0. 052 and 0. 049, respectively; 95 percent of the ob-
servations were less than 0. 126 ppm.
On 5 of the 8 days of this study period, the diurnal pattern
of oxidant concentrations indicated a photochemical type reac-
tion similar to those patterns observed in Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia, 2^ Washington, D. C. , 22 and Cincinnati, Ohio.27
Oxidant-Sulfur Dioxide Relationship
Because sunlight is associated with the formation of oxidants
in the atmosphere, oxidant levels below 0. 05 ppm would be
expected during the predawn hours. On 2 of the days, however,
samples obtained at 0530 hours indicated oxidant concentrations
of 0. 077 and 0. 096 ppm. A plot of oxidant and sulfur dioxide
concentration on 3 of the days (August 6, 7, and 8) is shown in
Figure 5. During the daylight hours, particularly on Monday,
August 7, the oxidant patterns indicate a photochemical type
-------
36
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
0.16
I 2
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99
PERCENT OF OBSERVATIONS EQUAL TO OR
LESS THAN INDICATED CONCENTRATION
Figure 4. Sulfur dioxide concentrations observed in Hemming Park,
Jacksonville, August 3-10, 1961.
reaction with high concentrations occurring when the sun is shin-
ing brightest. In general, sulfur dioxide concentration patterns
during the daylight hours are the reverse of the oxidant levels.
Since emission rates of sulfur dioxide during this study varied
little with the time of day, one would expect maximum concen-
trations during the daytime when the ability of the atmosphere to
diffuse pollutants would be at its maximum.
A relationship between oxidant levels and sulfur dioxide in
the nighttime hours seems to exist. Non-daylight oxidant con-
centrations during this period were a maximum when sulfur
dioxide concentrations were a minimum. No quantitative com-
parison can be made, however, until a determination is made
-------
Pilot Air Quality Study
37
Table 22. SUMMARY OF INDICATED CONCENTRATIONS OF SPECIFIC GASEOUS POLLUTANTS IN SAMPLES
OBTAINED AT HEMMING PARK, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA - AUGUST 3-10, 1961
Pollutant
Sulfur
dioxide
(a» S02)
Oxidants
(as H20Z)
Nitrogen
dioxide
(an NOz)
Carbon
monoxide
(as CO)
No. of
Samples
70
70
54
68
Concentration of gaseous pollutants2
Mean
(ig/m3
40.
73.
26.
PPm
0.015
0.052
0.013
2.54
Median
ug/m3
9.6
68.
21.
ppm
0.004
0.049
0.011
1.5
Maximum
ug/m3
460.
225,
94.
__
PPm
u. 174
0. 162
0.050
Z5.0
Minimum
Hg/m3
0.
0.
0.
__
PPm
0.000
0. 000
0.000
0.3
95% of observations
equal to or less than
indicated concentration
Hg/m3
Z40.
176.
53.
__
ppm
0.092
u. 126
0.028
H. 3
aParts per million by volume calculated from |ig/m^, assuming pollutant analyzed existed ae a gas.
as to the quantitative interference of sulfur dioxide with this
particular sampling method for oxidants. It is highly probable
that non-daylight oxidant concentrations are higher than indicated
by these data since the presence of sulfur dioxide in the air
sampled causes measurements of oxidant to indicate lower
values than the actual concentration of oxidant in the air sampled.
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide concentrations in 54 samples analyzed
ranged from 0. to 0. 05, the mean and median being 0. 013 and
O.Oli ppm, respectively (Figure 6); 95 percent of the observa-
tions were less than 0. 028 ppm.
Carbon Monoxide
As summarized in Table 22, carbon monoxide concentra-
tions in 68 samples analyzed at the Hemming Park site and range
from 0. 3 to 25. 0 ppm, the mean and median being 2. 54 and 1. 50
ppm, respectively. Ninety-five percent of the observations were
less than 8. 3 ppm. The hourly data presented in Table 21 indi-
cate that carbon monoxide peak concentrations occur at hours
of the day when automobile traffic would be expected to be at a
maximum in this part of Jacksonville. Quantitative comparison
of carbon monoxide concentrations with those observed in other
cities is not made as sampling sites are not comparable. The
concentrations of this pollutant appear to be similar, however,
to those reported in other cities in the United States.
Airborne Particulates - Weight
During this period 24-hour hi-volume filtration samples
for determination of total airborne particulate matter were ob-
tained. Particulate loadings ranged from 50 to 105 micrograms
per cubic meter (Figure 7). The maximum concentration oc-
curred during the period starting at 1600 hours on Tuesday,
-------
38
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
0.20
0.15
E
Q.
0.
0.10
aL
I-
UJ
o
z
o
o
0.05
SULFUR DIOXIDE
OXIDANTS
2400
1200
SUNDAY
2400
1200
MONDAY
2400
1200
TUESDAY
2400
Figure 5. Oxidants and sulphur dioxide concentrations in Hemming
Park, Jacksonville, August 6, 7, 8, 1961.
August 8, and ending at the same time on Wednesday. The
data indicate that total particulate matter (by weight) was not
a. significant problem.
-------
1 0.05
~0
1 0.04
0.
~
01
z 0.03
10
Z
$ 0.02
O
z
O
I/I
111
a
8 °
6
*
1
i i
i_j
-
5 "
_
«
12 5 10 20 3040506070 80 90 95 9899
PERCENT OF OBSERVATIONS EQUAL TO OR
LESS THAN INDICATED CONCENTRATION
Figure 6. Distribution of indicated oxides of nitrogen concentrations
in Hemming Park, Jacksonville, August 3-10, 1961.
16002400 16002400 16002400 1600 24OO 16002400 16002400 1600
HOUR OF DAY
Figure 7. Airborne particulate concentration in Hemming Park,
Jacksonville.
-------
40
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
Soiling Index
The results of the 84 2-hour soiling index samples collected
from August 4 - August 11, are shown in Figure 8. The soiling
index is expressed in Cohs per 1000 linear feet, Values ranged
from 0 to a maximum of 2. 8 Cohs per 1000 Ft. The results in
general indicate a considerable amount of soiling potential of
the airborne particulates.
3.0
2.0
0.2
2400
2400
2400 2400
HOUR OF DAY
2400
2400
2400
Figure 8. Soiling index in Hemming Park, Jacksonville, August 4-11,
1961.
Soiling Index - Sulfur Dioxide Relationship
On August 6, 7, 8, and 9, the variations of concentration
of these two pollutants with time were almost identical (Figure
9). This indicates that either meteorological conditions were
such that the concentration of both pollutants varied in the same
fashion or that both pollutants came from the same source,
or both. Concentration patterns of the other gases did not ex-
hibit the same relationship with soiling index that seems to exist
with sulfur dioxide. Therefore, the sulfur dioxide and the fine
particles causing the soiling were probably from the same
source or sources.
Estimated and Measured Concentration
Some of the estimates of pollutant emissions presented
earlier in this report have been used to calculate estimated
concentrations of certain pollutants in the air over Jackson-
ville for three meteorological conditions. The methodology
used was similar to that of other investigators. ^> 28', 29 .These
-------
Pilot Air Quality Study
41
D.
Q.
8
a
SOILING INDEX
0.02
0.01
o
o
o
>
o
O
&
O
z
ID
Z
O
I/)
0.4
0.2
2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 12002400
6789
AUGUST
Figure 9. Patterns of SO2 and soiling index, August 6-9, 1961,
Hemming Park, Jacksonville.
estimates are presented in Table 23. The calculated estimates
of pollutant concentrations are in the same general range
as concentrations measured during the urban investigation.
Estimates of atmospheric concentrations based on the emission
inventory, in this case, can be used to determine the minimum
air volume to be sampled in order to insure collection of enough
pollutant for detection by available analytical methods. ^9
THE INDUSTRIAL AREA INVESTIGATION
Investigations of the extensive plant damage that occurred
in the spring of 1961 implicated airborne fluoride and oxides
of sulfur as possible causes. 5, 6 The area involved centered
around the industrial zone bordering the St. John's River.
-------
42
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
Table 23. ESTIMATED AND MEASURED CONCENTRATIONS OF
SELECTED POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR OVER JACKSON-
VILLE, FLORIDA
Meteorological con-
ditions for dispersion
of pollutants
500-ft mixing height
3-mph wind
1,000-ft mixing height
5-mph wind
2jOOO-ft mixing height
8-mph wind
Mean
Range
Estimated and measured concentrations
S02, ng/m3
NO2, ng/m3
Particulates, ug/rn
Estimated
545
174
56
211
67
21
68
22
6.9
Measured
40
0. - 460
26
0. 94
71
50 - 105
Therefore, the industrial area investigation was conducted in
this area to determine whether or not the suspected pollutants
were present in concentrations sufficient to cause damage to
vegetation. The investigation was divided into two parts: Phase
I from August 4 to 12, and Phase II from September 5 to 13,
1961.
Six sampling sites were selected (Figure 10). Station A
was in the approximate geographic center of the area wherein
vegetation damage had occurred. Stations B, C, D, and E -were
located roughly 0. 75 miles north, south, east, and west of
Station A. Station F was located between the two kraft pulp
mills.
Because vegetation damage was a major motivating force in
the industrial area study, all samples were collected at a height
of 36 inches above ground in order to measure the pollutants at
the level where much of the observed vegetation damage had oc-
curred. Special tables were constructed by the City Health De-
partment to house the sampling equipment and meet this criter-
ion (Figure 11). Other criteria used in selecting the industrial
area sampling sites were:
1. No site was selected at which a major air flow obstruc-
tion projected higher than 30 degrees above the horizon.
-------
Pilot Air Quality Study
43
©SAMPLING STATION
O POWER PLANT
FERTILIZER
O PAPER
CHEMICAL
D MINERAL
Figure 10. Location of major industries and sampling stations.
-------
44
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
Figure II. David B. Lee, Director, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering,
Florida State Board of Health, inspects sampling equip-
ment at Site A.
2. Electric power had to be available to operate sampling
equipment. (The Jacksonville City Electric Department ran
special power lines into four stations to satisfy this criterion. )
3. Every unmanned site had to be fenced to protect against
pilfering. Only Station A was manned continuously.
The pollutants sampled, the sampling and anlytical methods
used, and the most common sources of these pollutants are
listed in Table 24.
The period of availability of the Public Health Service per-
sonnel coincided with the annual non-operating period of both
the major fluoride sources. This permitted a background
fluoride level to be established, but necessitated a second sam-
pling period in the industrial area to measure fluorides during
normal operation of the two major sources. The first phase
of the industrial investigation was conducted concurrently with
the downtown investigation.
Table 25 indicates the sampling frequency for each pollutant
measured, and the sampling sites. Analyses for oxides of nitro-
gen, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide were carried out by
-------
Pilot Air Quality Study
45
Table 24. SUMMARY OF POLLUTANTS STUDIED DURING THE INDUSTRIAL AREA INVESTIGATION,
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, AUGUST - SEPTEMBER, 1961
Pollutant
1. .Fluoride
(as F-)
2. Sulfur dioxide
(S02)
3. Hydrogen sulfide
(H2S)
4. Nitrogen
dioxide
fNCit }
\ IN U2 }
Source
Industrial processes
Combustion of sulfur
in fuels; industrial
, Industrial processes;
aeration of well
water supplies
Industrial processes;
high temperature corn-
eluding automobiles
Method of sampling
a . Gr e enbe r g - Smith
impinger w/NaOH
b. Sodium bicarbonate
coated tube3*
c. Dustfall jar
d. Rain sampler
Midget impinger
w/ sodium tetra-
u
AISI tape sampler
w/lead acetate tape
Smog bubbler
Method of analysis
a. Modified Willard
and Winter
distillation
process30
b. Modified Willard
and Winter distil-
lation process
c. Modified Willard
and Winter distil-
lation process
d. Modified Willard
and Winter distil-
lation process
West & Gaeke23
Spot analyzer
(light transmission
through filter)
Jacobs &i Hochheiser25
Table 25. SAMPLING FREQUENCY AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Pollutant
Length and frequency of
sampling
Sites sampleda
1. Fluoride
2. Sulfur dioxide
3. Oxides of
nitrogen
4. Hydrogen sulfide
5. Dustfallb
6. Rainout
8-hour samples, continuously
One 20-minute sample every
2 hours
One 40-minute sample every
2 hours
2-hour samples, continuously
One sample for the entire
8-day period
One sample per day collected
only during periods of
precipitation
A,B, C, D, E
A, B, C
B,C, F
A,B, C, D, E
aFigure 10.
^Sampled only during second phase of industrial study.
personnel of the Jacksonville City Health Department and the
Public Health Service. The fluoride analysis, which involves
a distillation procedure, is most efficiently conducted in a
laboratory geared to this work; hence all fluoride samples were
shipped in polyethylene bottles to the Florida State Board of
Health's Air Pollution Laboratory in Winter Haven for analysis.
-------
46
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
To compare methods of fluoride sampling, one Greenberg-
Smith impinger and a sodium bicarbonate coated tube sampler
were operated in parallel at Station A for the entire 8 days of
the second phase of the industrial survey. The tube sampler is
reported as an efficient method of sampling gaseous fluorides. '
The Greenberg-Smith impinger collects both gaseous and par-
ticulate fluorides.
During Phase I, neither fertilizer plant was in production;
in Phase II, both plants went on-stream. A comparison of the
results of Phase I and Phase II is indicative of the effect of
this specific type of industrial activity on pollution levels in
the area.
Fluorides
During Phase I, 117 8-hour impinger samples were ob-
tained in the industrial area; 120 samples were collected during
Phase II. The summary of results is listed in Table 26. In-
dividual results for Phase II are presented in Table 27.
Table 26. SUMMARY OF 8-HOUR IMPINGER SAMPLES FOR AIRBORNE
FLUORIDES, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, AUGUST-SEPTEMBER, 1961
Station
A
B
C
D
E
Phase I (8/4 - 8/12)
No.
samples
24
24
24
24
21
Fluoride
concentration, a
(ig/m3
Avg.
1. 14
0. 97
0. 85
1.79
0.49
Max.
2. 38
2. 16
1.77
3.21
1. 08
Min.
0. 43
0.07
0
0. 62
0
Phase II (9/5 - 9/13)
No.
samples
24
24
24
24
24
Fluoride
concentrations,
ug/m3
Avg.
3.90
0. 88
0. 56
0. 96
1. 11
Median
2.79
0.65
0.51
0.70
0.92
Max.
14. 12
4.12
1.32
3.55
3.71
Min.
0.57
0.23
0
0. 32
0. 10
'Because of the low concentrations, the 24 samples were composited into 8
samples, each
-------
Pilot Air Quality Study
47
Table 27. INDICATED AIRBORNE FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA - SEPT. 5-13, 1961
Date
9/5/61
9/6/61
9/7/61
9/8/61
9/9/61
9/10/61
9/11/61
9/12/61
Starting
timea
0800
1600
2400
0800
1600
2400
0800
1600
2400
0800
1600
2400
0800
1600
2400
0800
1600
2400
0800
1600
2400
0800
1600
2400
Fluoride concentration by stations, b (ig/m^
A
0. 57
1.90
0. 67
1. 57
1. 50
2.59
4. 54
1. 44
1. 11
2. 14
4.36
1.97
2.48
4.81
2.96
5. 10
6.75
10. 64
6.97
5.62
2.43
14. 12
4.27
2.62
B
0.41
1. 06
0. 65
0. 31
0. 80
0. 23
0.45
1. 19
0. 64
0. 55
0.86
0. 69
1. 40
0. 50
2. 13
0. 59
0. 91
4. 12
0. 63
0.33
0.47
0.76
0. 92
0.49
C
0.76
0
0.45
0.40
0. 69
0. 27
1. 32
0. 67
0. 19
0.76
0.48
0. 15
1. 08
1. 01
0.46
0. 19
0. 35
0. 53
0
0.49
0. 76
1. 08
0. 62
0. 80
D
0. 91
2.43
0. 35
0. 32
0. 56
0.49
0. 62
1. 09
0. 33
0. 69
1.47
1. 44
0. 80
0.72
0. 51
1. 10
1.45
0. 60
0.59
3. 55
1. 37
0. 76
0. 52
0. 42
E
1.63
0. 52
0. 10
0. 93
0. 10
3. 71
1. 20
1.23
2.45
0. 91
0. 90
1. 12
1. 19
1. 90
0. 39
2. 12
0. 47
1.75
0. 77
0. 36
1. 87
0. 52
0. 32
0. 12
aAll samples started within 15 minutes of indicated starting time.
bFigure 10.
To determine the fraction of the total airborne fluoride
that was gaseous and that which was particulate a sodium bi-
carbonate coated tube sampler^ was operated at Station A for
the full period of Phase II. The "gaseous" sampler indicated
an average fluoride concentration of 2. 10 micrograms per cubic
meter. A comparison with the average concentration of total
fluorides for this period at Station A indicates that about half
of the airborne fluorides were in the gaseous state.
According to Adams, Applegate, and Hendrix a hydrogen
fluoride concentration of 10 parts per thousand million (pptm)
(7. 8 jj.g/m3) for approximately 14 hours, and 5 pptm (3.4 |j.g/m3)
for 24 hours (three - 8-hour fumigations in daylight) caused
-------
48
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
8 ' 9 10 ' I I 12
12
10
8
r
h
.LJ
""!' -r-
I"*»"!
PHASE II
**
q
r
x*
1 -.>
1
'"I' "
>
V
i
-
r
w
Mill
r
1
J
"""1
-
-'
-*;
'
am
.
^
,
.
**^
6 78 9 10
DATE, September 1961
II 12 13
Figure 12. Station A. Airborne fluoride concentrations, August4-l2
1961, and September 5-13, 1961.
-------
Pilot Air Quality Study
49
incipient foliar injury to gladioli. These findings are in agree-
ment with those of other investigators. ^3
It is concluded from these data that fluoride concentrations,
at Station A at least, were high enough to cause damage to sen-
sitive vegetation under proper growing conditions.
The data shown in Table 27 were analyzed as to frequency
of occurrence of maximum, second highest, and minimum con-
centrations at each station during each run. The results of this
analysis are shown in Table 28. In 20 of the 24 runs during
Table 28. FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF MAXIMUM, SECOND -
HIGHEST, OR MINIMUM FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS -
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA - SEPTEMBER 5-13, 1961
Station3-
A
B
C
D
E
Maximum
concentration
20
0
0
1
3
2nd-highest
concentration
3
6
3
5
7
Minimum
concentration
0
8
9
1
6
aFigure 10.
Phase II, samples from Station A indicated the highest concen-
tration. Stations D and E indicated maximum concentration
on 1 and 3 of the runs, respectively. During the three runs in
which Station A was second highest, Stations D and E indicated
maximum concentrations. Although the maximum concentra-
tions observed during these runs were not the maximum con-
centrations observed during the 24 runs at Stations D and E,
during Phase II transport conditions were such as to produce
maximum concentrations at site D and across the St. John's
River at site E at certain times. This occurred on September
5, 6, and 7, which -were not times of maximum production
of fluorides during this phase. It can, therefore, be concluded
that at times of full plant production, with meteorological con-
ditions similar to those that produced the maximum series
concentrations at Station D and E, concentrations of fluorides
much higher than those observed in this study can be expected to
occur at Stations D and E. Figures 1 and 2 graphically show
wind movements from the northwest transporting pollutants
across the river from Jacksonville. Figures 13 and 14, taken
one hour apart during Phase I, demonstrate variability of wind
movement within a very limited time.
-------
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
Figure I 3. Looking northerly from Sampling Site E, during Phase I of
Industrial Area Investigation. Pollutants from the Jackson-
ville area are being carried across the St. John's River.
Figure 14. This picture was taken one-hour after Figure I 3. from the
Mathews Bridge immediately south of Station C.The pol-
lutants are now being transported in the opposite direc-
tion.
Dustfall and Rainout
During Phase I and II, an automatic rain sampler was op-
erated at Station A. Three samples were collected during
Phase I, and 2 during Phase II. The amount of fluoride con-
tained in these samples is listed in Table 29.
-------
Pilot Air Quality Study
51
Table 29. FLUORIDES IN RAIN WATER. STATION A, JACKSON-
VILLE, FLORIDA - AUGUST-SEPTEMBER, 1961
Date
Phase I
8/5/61
8/7/61
8/11/-61
Phase II
9/8/61
9/13/61
Fluorides in rain
Soluble,
M-g
-
5.5
10. 5
Insoluble,
H-g
-
38.5
27
Total,
9.5
0
82
44
37.5
Total fluoride
deposition rate,
0.015
0
0. 134
0.072
0.061
Dustfall jars were placed at each site during Phase II;
both dustfall and rainout material were collected. The samples
were analyzed for soluble and insoluble fluorides and total
solids, and results are tabulated in Table 30. Maximum fluoride
deposition occurred at Station A, where 2. 27 micrograms per
square centimeter was deposited during Phase II. The total
deposition in the rain gage at Station A during the same period
was 0. 133 micrograms per square centimeter. These results
indicate that approximately 6 percent of the material deposited
in the dustfall jar was contributed by rainout. The ratio of the
soluble to insoluble fluoride fraction of each sample has been
included in Table 30.
Sulfur Dioxide^
During Phase I and II, 498 analyses for sulfur dioxide were
performed on samples taken at sites A, B, and C. These three
stations are situated in a general north-south orientation, as
are the main sources of sulfur dioxide in this area the power
plants and the fertilizer industry (Figure 10). During Phase I,
only the power plants were in operation. Table 31 summarizes
results of both phases.
During Phase I, maximum sulfur dioxide concentrations
were 360, 240 and 210 micrograms per cubic meter (0. 137,
0. 092 and 0. 079 ppm) for Stations C, A, and B, respectively;
during Phase II, they were 260, 140 and 97 micrograms per
cubic meter (0. 099, 0. 054 and 0. 037 ppm) for Stations A, B,
and C, respectively.
In comparing the concentrations exceeded by 5 percent of
the observations for each station in the two phases, it is seen
-------
Table 30. FLUORIDE DEPOSITION RESULTS JACKSONVILLE,
FLORIDA SEPTEMBER 5-13, 1961
Station3
Dustfall and
rainout
A
B
C
D
E
F
Rainout
A(9/8/6l)
(9/13/61)
Fluorides
Total fluoride
deposition
rate,
|ig/cm2
2.27
0. 07
0, 37
c
0. 12
0. 08
0. 072
0. 061
Ratio,
Soluble F
Insoluble F
2. 60
0. 16
7. 50
c
10. 0
0. 16
7.00
2. 58
Total fluorides
deposited during
period, % of
total solids
0.79b
0. 12
0.48
c
0.26
0. 14
0. 51
aFigure 10.
°Sample contained midge-larvae.
cSample contaminated with water from sprinkler system at nursery.
Table 31. SUMMARY OF SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS OBSERVED DURING AUGUST - SEPTEMBER,
1961, JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA
A
B
C
(1961)
8/4 - 8/12
9/5 - 9/13
8/4 - 8/1Z
9/5 - 9/13
8/4 - 8/12
9/5 - 9/13
samples
61
96
67
96
83
95
Indicated sullur dioxide concentration
Min.
Hg/m3
0
0
0
0
0
0
ppm»
oc
0
0
0
0
0
Median
.g/m3
7. 1
9.5
7. 1
3.6
4.8
3.6
b
ppm
0. 003
0.004
0. 003
0. 001
O.OOZ
0. 001
Max.
Kg/m3
240.
260.
Z10.
140.
360.
97.
b
ppm
0. 092
0. 099
0. 079
0. 054
0. 137
0.037
95% of values
equal to or less
than indicated
value
|ig/m3
52.
140.
120.
59.
130.
19.
b
ppm
0.030
0.053
0. 047
0.022
0.050
0.007
^Figur
DParta
in the ambient air.
C0 indicates below detectable limit.
illion calculated frum ^g/mj, assuming that pollutant determined in the analys
-------
Pilot Air Quality Study
53
that this value for Stations B and C decreased from Phase I to
Phase II, while it increased for Station A. This increase at
Station A from 52 micrograms per cubic meter (0. 020 ppm)
to 140 micrograms per cubic meter (0. 053 ppm) may be an
indication of the effect of the fertilizer industry's sulfuric
acid plants on the environment. (These plants were inopera-
tive during Phase I. )
The data collected at Station A during Phase I and II are
presented on arithmetic probability paper in Figures 15 and
16, respectively. With the exception of the maximum value ob-
tained during Phase I, Figure 15 exhibits a pattern of two
statistically normal distributions superimposed on each other.
0.10
_Q
E
a.
0.06
O 0.04
a
a:
J 0.02
10
10
.512 5 10 20 3040506070 80 90 95 98 99
PERCENT OF OBSERVED CONCENTRATIONS EQUAL TO OR
LESS THAN INDICATED CONCENTRATION
Figure 15. Distribution of observed sulfur dioxide concentration at
Station A, Phase I.
Figure 16, however, exhibits a pattern of three normal dis-
tributions. These patterns could have been due to the influence
of wind direction on transport of pollution from source to sam-
pling site. During Phase I, the pattern might have been a re-
sult of east-west, and north-south wind movement; Phase II1 s
pattern might have resulted from a western, north-south and
easterly movement of air. The higher concentrations probably
occurred with an easterly wind direction as the sampling site
was located in a westerly direction from the sulfuric acid plants
operating during Phase II.
-------
54
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
0.12
.512 5 10 20 30 40 5O 60 70 80 90 95 98 99
PERCENT OF OBSERVED CONCENTRATIONS EQUAL TO OR
LESS THAN INDICATED CONCENTRATION
Figure 16. Distribution of observed sulfur dioxide concentration at
Station A, Phase II.
An attempt was made to correlate wind direction measure-
ments made at the U. S. Weather Bureau Station at Imeson Air-
port and the Naval Air Station with sulfur dioxide concentrations
observed during Phase II. The concentrations selected were
those that fell in the highest 10 percent of the data obtained for
Phase II at Station A. The wind directions for these concentra-
Table 32. WIND DIRECTIONS OBSERVED AT U. S. WEATHER
BUREAU STATION AND THE NAVAL AIR STATION,
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, FOR THE 10 HIGHEST
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS AT STATION A, IN
PHASE II
Wind direction
NNW-NE
ENE-SE
SSE-SW
WSW-NW
Number of occurrences
Imeson Airport, USWB
2
8
0
0
Naval Air Station
3
7
0
0
-------
Pilot Air Quality Study
55
tions are shown in Table 32. The hypothesis mentioned above
seems to be borne out by this analysis. The results indicate
that this type of analysis would produce more conclusive results
if more appropriate meteorological measurements were made
in the area under study, because of the variables involved.
Nitrogen Dioxide
During Phase II, 97 analyses for nitrogen dioxide were made
on samples collected at Station A. The distribution of results is
shown in Figure 17. Concentrations ranged from 0 to 300 micro-
grams per cubic meter (0. 159 ppm), the median concentration
being 27 micrograms per cubic meter (0. 014 ppm). The first
0.16
0.14
1 0.12
3
o
>
f 0.10
Q.
a
1 °-08
0
a
5 0.06
(D
O
at
K
z 0.04
0.02
0
12
15
8.
I7_
fi
«
10
*-m
J3_
«
M
1
2 5 10 20 3040506070 80 90
PERCENT OF OBSERVED CONCENTRATIONS
EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN INDICATED
CONCENTRATION
95 98 99
Figure 17. Distribution of observed nitrogen dioxide concentration
at Station A, Phase II.
-------
56
JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
half of this distribution is very similar to that observed during
Phase I at the Hemming Park Site (Figure 6); the s-econd half
consists of higher concentrations, which may be indicative of
the nitrogen dioxide contributed by the industrial activity in
this area. Further study of this pollutant has to be carried out
concurrently -with a detailed micrometeorological study before
this indication can be proven.
Hydrogen Sulfide
During Phases I and II, 576 2-hour lead acetate'-impreg-
nated tape samples were obtained at Stations B, C, and F for
determination of hydrogen sulfide. The results are summar-
ized in Table 33. Some doubt exists as to whether the concen-
trations indicated by these samples are quantitative. At nu-
merous times, the odor of hydrogen sulfide was observed at
these stations. The accepted odor threshold for this pollutant
Table 33. SUMMARY OF INDICATED HYDROGEN SULFIDE CON-
CENTRATIONS, AUGUST 4-12 AND SEPTEMBER 5-13,
1961 JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA
Stationa
B
C
F
Dates
(1961)
8/4 8/12
9/5 - 9/13
8/4 - 8/12
9/5 - 9/13
8/4 - 8/12
9/5 9/13
No. of
samples
196
197
183
Hydrogen sulfide concentration, ppm
Mean
0.0014
0.0013
0.0011
Median
0. 001
0. 001
o. ooi
Max.
0.008
0.009
0. 004
Min.
0
0
0
1Figure 10.
is 0. 025 to 0.10 ppm. In view of this, no interpretation of
these data has been made. It is apparent from the data, how-
ever, that hydrogen sulfide was present during this study. It
is suggested that in future studies of this pollutant, parallel
sampling should be conducted with a tape sampler and the
bubbler-type collector method suggested by Bender and Jacobs.34
-------
ACKN O WLEDGM ENTS
This study could not have been carried out without the
close cooperation of private individuals, industrial organi-
zations, and governmental agencies. Special acknowledg-
ment is made to the following individuals and organizations who
helped materially by providing sampling sites used in this study.
Mr. Charles Bostwick P.O. Box 164, Jacksonville
Mr. C. V. DeLettre 2240 Shepherd, Jacksonville
Mr. Glenn Marshall WJXT, Jacksonville
Mr. Joseph M. Ripley Jagco Inc. , Jacksonville
The Jacksonville Power and Light Company provided elec-
tric power at the sampling sites. Appreciation is expressed to
Mayor Hayden Burns and the members of the City Commission
for their cooperation in this study. Special acknowledgment is
given to Mr. Thomas Ard, Sanitary Engineer of the Jackson-
ville City Health Department, for his efforts during the study
and for his review of the report.
Special acknowledgment is given Mrs. Billye K. Bierhorst
and Misses J. B. Shepherd, C. A. Gushing, and L. A. Pitts of
the Training Program of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineer-
ing Center for their efforts in the preparation of this report.
Aerial photographs were provided by the U. S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey.
57
GPO 802-8995
-------
REFERENCES
1. Cholak, J. , "The Nature of Atmospheric Pollution in a
Number of Industrial Communities," Proceedings Second
National Air Pollution Symposium, Stanford Research In-
stitute, Los Angeles, 1952.
2. Clayton, G. D. , Giever, P. M. , and Baynton, H. W. ,
"Report of Results of Sampling The Atmosphere in the De-
troit River Area During 1952, " International Joint Com-
mission, Technical Advisory Board on Air Pollution, United
States Section, January 1, 1954.
3. U. S. Bureau of tne Census. Census of Population: I960.
4. Florida Industrial Commission, Florida Employment and
Payrolls, Vol. III-XII. Tallahasee, Florida.
5. Mullin, R. S. , Ph.D., Plant Pathologist, State Agricul-
tural Extension Service, Personal Communications, 1961.
6. Brandt, C. S. , Chief, Agricultural Section, Laboratory of
Medical and Biological Sciences, Division of Air Pollution,
USPHS, Cincinnati, Ohio. Personal Communication to
David B. Lee, Director, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering,
Florida State Board of Health, Jacksonville, Florida, 1961.
7. Wohlers, H. C. , and Bell, G. B. , "Literature Review of
Metropolitan Air Pollutant Concentrations -- Preparation,
Sampling and Assay of Synthetic Atmospheres, " Stanford
Research Inst. , Menlo Park, California, 1956.
8. Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, "Air
Pollution Control Field Operations Manual, " Public Health
Service Publication #937, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. , 1962.
9. Air Pollution Control Board, State of New York, "Program
Plan for Results, " Paper presented at the 1959 Industrial
Health Conference, Chicago, Illinois, April 30, 1959.
10. Bloomfield, Bernard D. , "Air Pollution Inventory Procedure
and Results, " Paper presented at the 1959 Industrial Health
Conference, Chicago, Illinois, April 30, 1959.
11. U. S. Bureau of the Census. I960 Census of Housing, Ad-
vance Report, Publication No. HC(A2)-11, Jan., 1962.
12. Flannigan, Frank M. , Professor Mechanical Engineering,
University of Florida. Personal Communication, 1961.
59
-------
60 JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
13. McKee, H. C. , Clark, J. M. , and Wheeler, R. J. , "Mea-
surement of Diesel Engine Emissions, " J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 12, 516-546, November, 1962.
14. Florida State Road Department Data supplied by Mr. M. A.
Conner, Traffic and Planning Department, Tallahassee,
Florida, 1961.
15. Chambers, L. A., "Where Does Air Pollution Come From?"
Proceedings of the National Conference on Air Pollution,
1958, Public Health Service Publication No. 654, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. , 1959.
16. Plass, G. N. , "Carbon Dioxide and Climate, " Scientific
American, 201, 41-47, 1959.
17. Kaplan, L. D. , "The Influence of Carbon Dioxide Variations
on the Atmospheric Heat Balance, " Tellus, XII, 204-208,
I960.
18. Whitby, L. , "The Atmospheric Corrosion of Magnesium, "
Trans. Farady Society, 29, 844-853, 1933.
19. Besson, A., and Pelletier, J. , "Atmospheric Pollution
in the Paris Area, " Proceedings of the Diamond Jubilee
International Clean Air Conference, 1959, 122-129,
National Society For Clean Air, London, I960.
20. Harding, C. I. , McKee, S. B. , and Schueneman, J. J. ,
"A Report on Florida's Air Resources, " Florida State
Board of Health, Jacksonville, Fla. , Feb., 1961.
21. Arizona State Department of Health, "Air Pollution in
Phoenix, Arizona, " Report No. 1, Phoenix, Arizona,
January, 1958.
22. Bell, F. A., Beck, W. J. , Shimp, J. H. , and Welsh,
G. B. , "A Pilot Study of Air Pollution in Washington,
D. C. , Dec. 2-8, I960." Public Health Service, U. S.
Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, D. C.
23. West, P. W. , and Gaeke, C. G. , "Fixation of Sulfur Di-
oxide as Disulfitomercurate (II) and Subsequent Colorimetric
Estimation, " Analytical Chemistry, 28, 1816-19, 1956.
24. Bender, D. F. , and Breidenbach, A. W. , "A Modification
of the Phenolphthalein Method for Total Oxidant, " pre-
sented at the 140th American Chemical Society Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, September, 1961.
25. Jacobs, M. B. , and Hochheiser, S. , "Continuous Sampling
and Ultramicrodetermination of Nitrogen Dioxide in Air, "
Anal. Chem. 30, 426-428, 1958.
-------
References
26. Dickison, J. E. , "Air Quality of Los Angeles County-
Technical Progress Report Volume II. " County of Los
Angeles, Feb. , 1961.
27. Gruber, C. W. , "I960 Annual Report - Bureau of Air Pol-
lution Control and Heating Inspection, " Dept. of Safety,
City of Cincinnati, Ohio.
28. Maneri, C. S. , and Megonnell, W. H. , "Comprehensive
Area Surveys In New York State, " J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. JJO, No. 5, 374-377, October, I960.
29. Air Pollution Training Activities of the Division of Air Pol-
lution, Atmospheric and Source Sampling Training Course
offered at Berkeley, California, 1958, USDHEW, Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.
30. Standard Methods of Analyses for the Determination of
Fluorides in Vegetation and Filter Paper Samples, Florida
State Board of Health, Jacksonville, Florida, 1960.
31. Pack, M. R. , Hill, A. C. , Thomas, M. D. , and Transtrum,
L. G. , "Determination of Gaseous and Particulate Inorganic
Fluorides in the Atmosphere, " ASTM Special Technical
Publication No. 281, I960.
32. Adams, D. F. , Applegate, H. G. , and Hendrix, J. W. ,
Agricultural Food Chemistry, _V, 108, 1957.
33. Thomas, M. D. , "Effects of Air Pollution on Plants, "
Air Pollution, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1961.
34. Bender, D. F. , and Jacobs, M. B. , "Stabilization of Sul-
fide in Aqueous Solutions, " The Analyst, 87, 759-760,
September 1962.
-------
APPENDIX
FLORIDA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA
INVENTORY OF AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
,rm Name:
Jdress:
County:
Title:
ant representative to be contacted
on air pollution matters:
/ ,
>rmal operating schedule:
rtal number of employees: .
tincipal materials processed or used (types and amounts per day):
hrs. per day days per year.
ROCESS EMISSIONS
perations which
re exhausted or
elease contamin-
bts to outside.
Materials
Produced
and/or
used at
operation^
Quantity
of
exhaust
(cfm)
Control
equip-
ment
(if
any)3
Dust, fume
gas, etc.
exhausted
Type4 Quantity^
Basis
of
Estimate
(Use additional sheets of paper where necessary)
fexamples: casting, cleaning, spray painting, degreasing, iron-melting, cup-
ola, etc.
'Examples: 10 tons per day iron castings cleaned, 10 gals per day solvent
used, 2000 bbl per day cement produced, 600 tons/d wood pulp
produced, etc.
fcxampl.es: electrostatic precipitator, cyclone, settling chamber, wet
scrubber, baghouse, etc.
Iron oxide &c silica dusts, trichlorethylene, formaldehyde, SO2> HCN, etc.
Lbs. per day, tons per month, or other convenient units, if known.
Assumption, material balance, tests by plant personnel or equipment manu-
facturer, etc.
JOTE: Any supplemental material or data considered pertinent (as reports,
summaries, test results, maps and flow diagrams) may be attached
and would be appreciated. Attach additional report sheets, as
necessary.
63
-------
64 JACKSONVILLE AIR STUDY
Fuel Combustion Emissions
Is the firm the only occupant of the factory building in which it
is located? (yes, no)
Does the firm have its own heating plant or other combustion
equipment? (yes, no)
If the answer to either of the above questions is Yes, please com-
plete the FUEL CONSUMPTION DATA below.
If the answers to the above questions are No, please indicate
from whom the FUEL CONSUMPTION DATA may be obtained.
FUEL CONSUMPTION DATA
Fuel1 Type^ Amount Percent sulfur
(if known)
Examples: Coal, coke, fuel oil, gas, etc.
2 Examples: Pa. anthracite, W. Va. bituminous, No. 5 fuel oil,
natural gas, etc.
'Examples: Tons per year, gallons per day, cubic feet per
month, or other convenient units.
WASTES AND SALVAGE-OPE RATION COMBUSTION
Types and amounts of waste materials burned (e. g. 10 cu. ft.
per day of paper, 3 bu. per day of sawdust and -wood scraps,
2 tons mixed refuse per month, etc. ):
Method of burning (e. g. open dump, incinerator, salvage-process
burner, etc. ):
Date: Reported by:
-------
Appendix
65
Manufacturing or
Product Description
Grey Iron Foundries
Machine Shops
Galvanizing
Misc. Manufactuers
Gasoline & Oil
Storage
Process
Melting in Cupola
Sand Handling
Pouring & Core
Baking
Chipping & Grinding
Shot Blast
Sand Blast
Galvanizing
Grinding
Welding
Silver Solder
Shot Blast
Bright Dip
Degreasing
Acid Dip
Fluxing
Zinc Bath
Spray Painting
Woodwo rking
Distillation
Plastic Molding
Plastic Coating
Garnet Mach.
Degreasing
Coil Lacquer
Welding
Polishing
Gluing
Sand Blast
Shot Blast
Grinding
Lead Coating
Degreasing
Soldering
Degreasing
Gluing
Gasoline Hand.
Fuel Oil Hand.
Composition
Iron Oxide
Sand
Acrolein
Iron St Abrasive
Steel k Sand
Sand
ZnO, ZnClz
Abrasive & Steel
Iron Oxide
Ag, Cu, Zn
Steel &c Sand
CrO3
Trichlor
H2S04
NH4C1
ZnO
Thinner
Wood
Thinner
Phenol
Fo r maldehyde
Monochlorbenzene
Naphtha
Cotton
Trichlor
Thinner
Iron Oxide
Abrasive, Steel
Thinner
Formaldehyde
Sand
Steel
Abrasive, Steel
Lead Oxide
Chlorethene
Ag, Cu
Perchlor
Toluene
Gasoline
Oil
Type
P
P
G
P
P
P
F
P
F
F
P
M
G
M
F
F
G
P
G
G
G
G
P
G
G
F
P
G
G
P
P
P
F
G
F
G
G
G
G
(1) G-Gas; P-Particulate; F-Fume; M-Mist
GPO 802-899-6
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Sheehy, James P., et al. A PILOT STUDY
OF AIR POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. PHS
Publ. No. 999-AP-3. 1963. 65 pp.
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this pilot study were to develop
a preliminary evaluation of air pollution in Jacksonville
and to determine whether fluoride and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations were sufficient to cause damage to vegetation
that had occurred in the area. The study consisted of an
emission inventory, a. meteorological investigation, an
intensive short-term study of downtown Jacksonville, and
an industrial area study. Pollutants sampled for included
sulfur dioxide, oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, and suspended particu-
lates. During the study fluoride concentrations were high
enough in certain parts of the city to cause damage to sen-
sitive plants; sulfur dioxide and oxidants were also present
at significant levels. Results of the study also indicated
that photochemical smog is produced over Jacksonville,
that pollutants from Jacksonville are transported across
the St. John's River, and finally, that several pollutants
constitute a potential problem in the city and should be
evaluated further.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Sheehy, James P. , et al. A PILOT STUDY
OF AIR POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. PHS
Publ. No. 999-AP-3. 1963. 65 pp.
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this pilot study were to develop
a. preliminary evaluation of air pollution in Jacksonville
and to determine whether fluoride and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations were sufficient to cause damage to vegetation
that had occurred in the area. The study consisted of an
emission inventory, a. meteorological investigation, an
intensive short-term study of downtown Jacksonville, and
an industrial area study. Pollutants sampled for included
sulfur dioxide, oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, and suspended particu-
lates. During the study fluoride concentrations were high
enough in certain parts of the city to cause damage to sen-
sitive plants; sulfur dioxide and oxidants were also present
at significant levels. Results of the study also indicated
that photochemical smog is produced over Jacksonville,
that pollutants from Jacksonville are transported across
the St. John's River, and finally, that several pollutants
constitute a potential problem in the city and should be
Evaluated further.
ACCESSION NO.
KEY WORDS:
Air Pollution
Meteorology
Fluorides
Sulfur Dioxide
Oxidants
Vegetation
Photochemical
Smog
Photochemical
Smog
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Sheehy, James P. , et al. A PILOT STUDY
OF AIR POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. PHS
Publ. No. 999-AP-3. 1963. 65pp.
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this pilot study were to develop
a preliminary evaluation of air pollution in Jacksonville
and to determine whether fluoride and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations were sufficient to cause damage to vegetation
that had occurred in the area. The study consisted of an
emission inventory, a. meteorological investigation, an
intensive short-term study of downtown Jacksonville, and
an industrial area study. Pollutants sampled for included
sulfur dioxide, oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monox-
ide,'hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, and suspended particu-
lates. During the study fluoride concentrations were high
enough in certain parts of the city to cause damage to sen-
sitive plants; sulfur dioxide and oxidants were also present
at significant levels. Results of the study also indicated
that photochemical smog is produced over Jacksonville,
that pollutants from Jacksonville are transported across
the St. John's River, and finally, that several pollutants
constitute a potential problem in the city and should be
ACCESSION NO.
KEY WORDS:
Air Pollution
Meteorology
Fluorides
Sulfur Dioxide
Oxidants
Vegetation
Photochemical
Smog
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Sheehy, James P. , et al. A PILOT STUDY
OF AIR POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. PHS
Publ. No. 999-AP-3. 1963. 65pp.
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this pilot study were to develop
a preliminary evaluation of air pollution in Jacksonville
and to determine whether fluoride and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations were sufficient to cause damage to vegetation
that had occurred in the area. The study consisted of an
emission inventory, a meteorological investigation, an
intensive short-term study of downtown Jacksonville, and
an industrial area study. Pollutants sampled for included
sulfur dioxide, oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, and suspended particu-
lates. During the study fluoride concentrations were high
enough in certain parts of the city to cause damage to sen-
sitive plants; sulfur dioxide and oxidants were also present
at significant levels. Results of the study also indicated
that photochemical smog is produced over Jacksonville,
that pollutants from Jacksonville are transported across
the St. John's River, and finally, that several pollutants
constitute a potential problem in the city and should be
evaluated further.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Sheehy, James P. , et al. A PILOT STUDY
OF AIR POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. PHS
Publ. No. 999-AP-3. 1963. 65 pp.
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this pilot study were to develop
a preliminary evaluation of air pollution in Jacksonville
and to determine whether fluoride and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations were sufficient to cause damage to vegetation
that had occurred in the area. The study consisted of an
emission inventory, a. meteorological investigation, an
intensive short-term study of downtown Jacksonville, and
an industrial area study. Pollutants sampled for included
sulfur dioxide, oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, and suspended particu-
lates. During the study fluoride concentrations were high
enough in certain parts of the city to cause damage to sen-
sitive plants; sulfur dioxide and oxidants were also present
at significant levels/ Results of the study also indicated
that photochemical smog is produced over Jacksonville,
that pollutants from Jacksonville are transported across
the St. John's River, and finally, that several pollutants
constitute a potential problem in the city and should be
evaluated further.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Sheehy, James P. , et al. A PILOT STUDY
OF AIR POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. PHS
Publ. No. 999-AP-3. 1963. 65 pp.
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this pilot study were to develop
a preliminary evaluation of air pollution in Jacksonville
and to determine whether fluoride and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations were sufficient to cause damage to vegetation
that had occurred in the area. The study consisted of an
emission inventory, a meteorological investigation, an
intensive short-term study of downtown Jacksonville, and
an industrial area study. Pollutants sampled for included
sulfur dioxide, oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, and suspended particu-
lates. During the study fluoride concentrations were high
enough in certain parts of the city to cause damage to sen-
sitive plants; sulfur dioxide and oxidants were also present
at significant levels. Results of the study also indicated
that photochemical smog is produced over Jacksonville,
that pollutants from Jacksonville are transported across
the St. John's River, and finally, that several pollutants
constitute a potential problem in the city and should be
ACCESSION NO.
KEY WORDS:
Air Pollution
Meteorology
Fluorides
Sulfur Dioxide
Oxidants
Vegetation
Photochemical
Smog
ACCESSION NO.
KEY WORDS:
Air Pollution
Meteorology
Fluorides
Sulfur Dioxide
Oxidants
Vegetation *
Photochemical
Smog
ACCESSION N07~|!
KEY WORDS:
Air Pollution
Meteorology
Fluorides
Sulfur Dioxide
Oxidants
Vegetation
Photochemical
Smog
-------
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1
1
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1
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1
1
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1
1
1
t
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
)
1
1
1
1
I
1
i
1
I
1
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1
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Sheehy, James P. , et al. A PILOT STUDY
OF AIR POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. PHS
Publ. No. 999-AP-3. 1963. 65 pp.
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this pilot study were to develop
a preliminary evaluation of air pollution in Jacksonville
and to determine whether fluoride and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations were sufficient to cause damage to vegetation
that had occurred in the area. The study consisted of an
emission inventory, a meteorological investigation, an
intensive short-term study of downtown Jacksonville, and
an industrial area study. Pollutants sampled for included
sulfur dioxide, oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, and suspended particu-
lates. During the study fluoride concentrations -were high
enough in certain parts of the city to cause damage to sen-
sitive plants; sulfur dioxide and oxidants were also present
at significant levels. Results of the study also indicated
that photochemical smog is produced over Jacksonville,
that pollutants from Jacksonville are transported across
the St. John's River, and finally, that several pollutants
constitute a potential problem in the city and should be
evaluated further.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Sheehy, James P. , et al. A PILOT STUDY
OF AIR POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. PHS
Publ. No. 999-AP-3. 1963. 65 pp.
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this pilot study were to develop
a preliminary evaluation of air pollution in Jacksonville
and to determine whether fluoride and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations were sufficient to cause damage to vegetation
that had occurred in the area. The study consisted of an
emission inventory, a meteorological investigation, an
intensive short-term study of downtown Jacksonville, and
an industrial area study. Pollutants sampled for included
sulfur dioxide, oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, and suspended particu-
lates. During the study fluoride concentrations were high
enough in certain parts of the city to cause damage to sen-
sitive plants; sulfur dioxide and oxidants were also present
at significant levels. Results of the study also indicated
that photochemical smog is produced over Jacksonville,
that pollutants from Jacksonville are transported across
the St. John's River, and finally, that several pollutants
constitute a potential problem in the city and should be
evaluated further.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Sheehy, James P. , et al. A PILOT STUDY
OF AIR POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. PHS
Publ. No. 999-AP-3. 1963. 65 pp.
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this pilot study were to develop
a preliminary evaluation of air pollution in Jacksonville
and to determine whether fluoride and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations were sufficient to cause damage to vegetation
that had occurred in the area. The study consisted of an
emission inventory, a meteorological investigation, an
intensive short-term study of downtown Jacksonville, and
an industrial area study. Pollutants sampled for included
sulfur dioxide, oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, -hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, and suspended particu-
lates. During the study fluoride concentrations -were high
enough in certain parts of the city to cause damage to sen-
sitive plants; sulfur dioxide and oxidants were also present
at significant levels. Results of the study also indicated
that photochemical smog is produced over Jacksonville,
that pollutants from Jacksonville are transported across
the St. John's River, and finally, that several pollutants
constitute a potential problem in the city and should be
ACCESSION NO.
KEY WORDS:
Air Pollution
Meteorology
Sulfur Dioxide
Oxidants
Vegetation
Photochemical
Smog
ACCESSION NO.
KEY WORDS:
Air Pollution
Meteorology
.
uon es
Sulfur Dioxide
j
Oxidants
Vegetation
Ph to hemi al
Smog
ACCESSION NO.
KEY WORDS:
Air Pollution
Meteorology
Fluorides
Sulfur Dioxide
Oxidants
Vegetation
Photochemical
Smog
------- |