Aerometric Asnects
of the
Cincinnati School Study
Steven M. Bromberq
Aerometry Section
Division of Health Effects Research
Air Pollution Control Office
Environmental Protection Agency
Durham, North Carolina
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF FIGURES ii-iv
LIST OF TABLES v
INTRODUCTION 1
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY 2
Sameling Network 2
Samples Collected 4
Sampling and Analytical Procedures 6
Sulfur Dioxide 7
Soiling Index 7
Statistical Procedures 8
RESULTS 10
Total Susoended Particulate 10
Resoirable Suspended Particulate 19
Soiling Index 37
24-Hour S02 46
4-Hour Sequential S02 53
SUMMARY 60
REFERENCES 61
APPENDIX 63
Instrument Variability 64
Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) 64
Respirable Suspended Particulate (RSP) 66
24-Hour Sulfur Dioxide 66
AISI Tape Sampler 66
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
1 Sampling Divisions 3
2 Sampling Location 5
3 - Station Diagram
4 Total Suspended Particulate - Area I,
Area II, All Sites 11
5a Cummulative Frequency Distribution for
Total Suspended Particulate - Area I 12
5b Cummulative Frequency Distribution for
Total Suspended Particulate - Area II 12
6 Site Annual Means for: Total Suspended
Particulate, Respirable Suspended Parti-
culate 13
7 Roselawn Wind Rose - January 1968 15
8 Roselawn Wind Rose - February 1968 16
9 Roselawn Wind Rose - March 1968 18
10 SO in Total Suspended Particulate - Area
I, Area II, All Sites 21
lla Cummulative Frequency Distribution for SO
in Total Suspended Particulate - Area I 22
lib Cummulative Frequency Distribution for
SO in Total Suspended Particulate - Area II 22
A
12 Site Annual Means for: SO , NO , in Total
Suspended Particulate - SO , NO in Respir-
able Suspended Particulate x 23
13 NO in Total Suspended Particulate - Area I,
Aria II, All Sites 24
14a Cummulative Frequency Distribution for NO
in Total Suspended Particulate - Area I 26
14b Cummulative Frequency Distribution for NO
in Total Suspended Particulate - Area II 26
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Figure No. Title Page
15a Cummulative Frequency Distribution for
Respirable Suspended Particulate - Area I 27
15b Cummulative Frequency Distribution for
Respirable Suspended Particulate - Area II 27
16 Respirable Suspended Particulate - Area I,
Area II, All Sites 28
17 SOX in Respirable Suspended Particulate -
Area I, Area II, All Sites 32
18 NOX in Respirable Suspended Particulate -
Area I, Area II, All Sites 34
19 SOX in TSP, SOX in RSP 35
20 NOX in TSP, NOX in RSP 36
21 Outdoor Soiling Index - Area I, Area II,
All Sites 39
22 Sequential Outdoor Soiling Index - Fall,
Winter, Spring, Annual - Area I 40
23 Sequential Indoor Soiling Index - Fall,
Winter, Spring, Annual - Area II 41
24 Indoor Soiling Index - Area I, Area II, All
Sites 43
25 Sequential Indoor Soiling Index - Fall, Winter,
Spring, Annual - Area I 44
26 Sequential Indoor Soiling Index - Fall, Winter,
Spring, Annual - Area II 45
27a Cummulative Frequency Distribution for Outdoor
Daily S02 - Area I 47
27b Cummulative Frequency Distribution for Outdoor
Daily S02 - Area II 48
28 Site Annual Means for Outdoor Daily S02 51
29 Outdoor Daily S02 - Area I, Area II, All Sites 52
30 Cummulative Frequency Distribution for Indoor
Daily S02 54
31 Indoor Daily S02 - Area I, Area II, All Sites 55
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1v
Figure No. ' Title Page
32 Indoor Daily SCL Related to Heating Systems 55
33 Sequential Outdoor SO- - Fall, Winter,
Spring, Annual - Area I 57
34 Sequential Outdoor SO, - Fall, Winter,
Spring, Annual- Area TI 58
35 Sequential Indoor SO^ - Fall, Winter,
Spring, Annual - Area I 59
36 Sequential Indoor SOp - Fall, Winter,
Spring, Annual - Area II 59
37 Total Suspended Particulate, S04, NO.,
Comparison - Sites 1-2,3-4,7-8 65
38 Respirable Suspended Particulate, SO,,
N03 Comparison - Sites 1-2,3-4,7-8 67
39 S02 Comparison - Sites 1-2,3-4,7-8 68
40 AISI Comparison - Sites 1,2 69
41 AISI Comparison - Sites 3,4 70
42 SISI Comparison - Sites 7,8 71
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
I Total Suspended Particulate 14
II Total Suspended Particulate (Sulfate
Fraction) 20
III Total Suspended Particulate (Nitrate
Fraction) 25
IV Respirable Suspended Particulate 29
V Respirable Suspended Particulate
(Sulfate Fraction) 31
VI Respirable Suspended Particulate
(Nitrate Fraction) 33
VII Soiling Index 38
VIII Sulfur Dioxide ' 49
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Introduction
The Greater Cincinnati School Study was initiated in October 1967 to
attempt to establish a relationship between air pollution in selected
community areas and the lung function of school children residing within
these areas. Elementary school children of the second grade were used in
order to minimize important variables such as cigarette smoking, geographic
mobility, occupational exposure, and presence of chronic disease. Previous
population studies have largely focused on adults, in whom cigarette smoking
has overwhelmed the possible effect of air pollutants on the human being.
The study was designed to obtain air quality data from areas selected as
having high and low air pollution levels as well as containing certain socio-
economic classes; these results will be correlated with obtained lung
function data. This paper describes one segment of the total aerometric
effort for the study--that of presenting area air quality data concentrations
and general comparison between these areas.
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Description of Study
A nine-month study of air pollution natterns was begun in October 1967
in Cincinnati, Ohio, Areas to be studied were classified as to their air
pollution level, socio-economic class, and racial composition.
Bounded on the south by the Ohio River, the Cincinnati area has become
one of the nation's leading inland river portswith its accompanying indus-
try. Producing a variety of products, the industrial comolex is concentrated
mainly in the Mill Creek Valley. This valley extends from the Ohio River
northward, passing just to the west of the Central Business District.
Residential areas are also located in the Valley, as well as on top of and
over the accompanying ridge lines. It is in this area that most of the air
pollution occurs, and it was here that the distinction between dirtv and
clean areas was madewith the dirty area, due to the concentration of in-
dustry, being in the valley. To the north the valley and ridges flatten to
gently rolling plains.
The population of the City of Cincinnati is 500,211 and of the Greater
Cincinnati area is 1,382,600.^8'
Sampling Network
The sampling network consisted of eleven outdoor sampling stations.
For six of the schools selected for study, sunnlemental sampling equipment
was located inside the building. A matrix of six divisions was designed
consisting of high and low air pollution areas, high and low socio-economic
areas and Negro, Caucasian, and integrated areas. Each division contained
two outdoor and one indoor sampling shelters (Figure 1).
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Figure 1
Sampling Divisions
High Socio Low Socio
(Caucasian) (Caucasian)
Low Socio
(Negro)
Area I
Area II
High Air
Pollution
Low Air
Pollution
Wyomi ng
Roselawn*
Mariemont*
Maderia
Washington*
Garfield*
Carll Carll
McKinley*
Lincoln
Madisonville*
St. Marks
indicates indoor sampling equipment
With this arrangement the effects of race and varying family incomes could
be taken into consideration during data evaluation; hence, only the effects
of air pollution levels would be considered.
During preliminary air sampling to aid in school district selection,
the distinction between high and low air oollution concentration areas was
made at 100 micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3) of total susnended narticulate;
below a TOO ug/m3 being low and above a 100 ug/m3 being high. However, as
will be seen, the final study concentrations were well below this level.
Socio-economic levels were determined on the basis of estimated housing cost.
Areas where the estimated cost of housing was $8000 or below were considered
low.
Site selections were not based on a comolete coverage of the Greater
Cincinnati Area, but uoon giving a reoresentative coverage of the school
area being considered. With this as the objective, all outside sampling
shelters were located as near to the school in question as nossible. By
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choosing the school as the sampling site, the assumntion was made that the
school body was composed of children living in areas that completely
surrounded the school. Hence, the air sampled at the school was repre-
sentative of the air environment of the children within their particular
residential area (Figure 2). In general, cleaner areas were located
east of the Valley proper. Dirtier regions were situated in the Mill
Creek Valley, reflecting the high concentration of industry in the
Valley.
As mentioned previously, one indoor sampling station was located in
each sampling area. These stations were located in the classroom wings
where the students under consideration attended class. Efforts were made
to avoid placing the eguipment next to doors, onen windows, or heating
ducts.
Proximity of major pollution sources, and the climatological and the
meteorological phenomena that are associated with air pollutant concen-
trations were considered before setting up sampling stations. If it
was thought that a particular source or phenomenon would dominate the
sample collected, an alternate sampling site was selected.
Samples Collected
Total suspended particulates, respirable susnended particulates,
four-hour soiling index, and 24-hour sulfur dioxide samples were collected
continuously from October 1967 through May 1968, seven days per week.
Twenty-four hour samples ran from noon of one day to noon the
following day. This schedule was maintained in order to coincide with
pulmonary lung function tests, which were performed on Tuesdays and
-------
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Figure 2. Station Locations
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Wednesdays from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon. This resulted in a total of
2,310 total suspended particulate samples, 2,310 respirable suspended
samples, and 3,570 24-hour sulfur dioxide samples. Four-hour sequential
sulfur dioxide samples were collected on Tuesday and Wednesday for four
weeks during the months of November, February, and May. This resulted in
2,592 samples. Monthly dustfall samples were also taken. The total of all
air samples collected for the entire study was 37,379.
The indoor samples were collected at the same time as the outdoor
samples (i.e. 12 noon). These indoor shelters contained a soiling index
sampler, 24-hour sulfur dioxide sampler, and a four-hour sequential sulfur
dioxide sampler.
Sampling and Analytical Procedures
High-volume samplers collecting total suspended particulate and
respirable suspended particulate were operated routinely at all outside
sampling stations in the network. The particulate samples were collected
on 8 x 10 Inch flash-fired glass-fiber filters. Both the total and
respirable particulate samplers were mounted approximately six feet above
the ground in a small aluminum shelter, which was attached to a larger
walk-in shelter^ ' (Figure 3).
The total particulate high volume sampler shelter was designed to give
a capture velocity of approximately 90 feet per minute at a starting flow
rate of 60 cubic feet per minute. Based on the sampler inlet configuration
and the Stokes settling velocity for spherical particles with a density of
two, this sampler is estimated to capture only particles less than 90
microns in diameter.
The respirable particulate measurements were made utilizing a total
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parti oil ate sampler shelter modified by increasing the capture area from
97 square inches to 200 square inches. This, and by reducing the inlet
flow to 40 cubic feet per minute (cfm), reduced the capture velocity from
1.49 feet per second (ft/sec) to 0.48 ft. sec., thereby decreasing the
particle size captured to 50 microns and below. The high-volume air sampler
was modified by placing an 8 x 10 inch polyurethane foam pad preceding the
filter. This theoretically removed particles that would normally be re-
moved by the nose, bronchial tubes, etc. and allowed only the particles
that would normally reach the lungs to reach the filter paper. '
The total weight of particulate matter collected in each samnle
(total and respirable) was determined gravimetrically. Aliquotes of each
sample were analyzed for sulfate and nitrate fractions. Results are
reported in micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m ). '
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur dioxide was collected at each station by bubbling air through
a solution of tetrachloromercurate (TCM). The colorimetric procedure for
sulfur dioxide described by West and Gaeke(11) was emDlฐyed in samole
analysis. Results are reported in parts per hundred million (pphm).
Soiling Index
Soiling index data was collected using an AISI sequential tane
(3 5)
sampler/ ' ' A four-hour sampling cycle was used at a flow rated of 15
cubic feet per hour (cfh) and a spot reader was used for sample evaluation.
Results are reported in cohs per 1000 linear feet.
Based on a flow rate of 15 cubic feet per hour and an inlet probe
diameter of 1" (tube diameter was 1/4" with a 1" inverted funnel attached),
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8
the particle size diameter captured, using Stokes equation, was 50 microns
and below.
Statistical Procedures
The annual means used throughout this text and in the tables and
figures refer to the means of the data collected during the nine (9)
consecutive months from October 1967 to May 1968. The usual seasonal
breakdown was used: Fall is September, October, and November; Winter
is December, January and February; Soring is March, Anril, and May.
Annual cumulative frequency distributions were constructed for all
pollutants. These graphs show that levels of susnended oarticulate and
its fraction, respirable particulate and its fraction, sulfur dioxide,
and soiling index were very nearly log-normally distributed; i.e., the
values plotted as a straight line on log probability oaper, and the 50th
percentile value corresponded with the calculated geometric mean.
The generally low levels of sulfur dioxide obtained indoors presented
some problem with resoect to log-normality. For levels above the minimum
detectable (1.0 pphm when collected in 35 ml of absorbing solution at an
average flow rate of 0.5 liters/minute over a 24-hour samnling period),
sulfur dioxide values were found to be log-normally distributed. For
estimating means, standard deviations, and confidence limits, concentrations
below 1.0 pphm were assumed to be log-normally distributed. Therefore,
geometric parameters were estimated by the censorship method described by
Gupta.(2)
Brief summaries of the data are presented throughout the text. These
tables list maximum monthly means, annual and seasonal means, and the 84th
percentile. The 84th percentile has the following significance: first,
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if the assumption concerning the distributions of oollutant values is
correct, then 16% of the values would equal or exceed the 84th nercentile;
second, in a normal distribution the 84th oercentile would be one standard
deviation above the mean or, in a log-normal distribution, one standard
deviation above the geometric mean. '
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10
RESULTS
Total Suspended Particulate
The study mean concentration for the entire network was 75 micrograms
per cubic meter. This compares with a NASN value for Cincinnati of 124
(19)
micrograms per cubic meter for the same time period/ ' It should be
noted that the NASN sampling station for the Cincinnati area is located
downtown, and the high value may reflect its location.
Annual mean concentration of the Area II schools, i.e., St. Marks,
McKinley, Lincoln, Madisonville, Maderia, Mariemont, was 70 microqrams
per cubic meter and for the Area I schools, i.e., Roselawn, Wyoming,
Garfield, Carl!, Washington, 87 micrograms oer cubic meter (Figure 4).
The cumulative frequency distribution curves indicate that for Areal, the
84th percentile ranged from 128 micrograms oer cubic meter to 200
micrograms per cubic meter and for Area II, from 87 to 110 micrograms
per cubic meter (Figure 5).
Figure 6 shows the individual annual mean of each station in the
network. The highest monthly mean values occurred during the same month,
February, for all but three stations. At two of these, Carl!, Wyoming
(both Area I sites) the peak means occurred during January (Table I).
During January the wind was out of the south 20% of the time (Figure 7).
This southerly wind moved the pollution UD the Mill Creek Valley toward
Wyoming. It also moved emmissions from the oower generating station UD
the Valley toward Carl!, thus causing the higher mean values. During
February (Figure 8), when pollution levels at other sites were the highest,
prevailing winds were out of the west, west-north-west 40% of the time,
causing the pollutants to be blown away from the two schools. The
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11
Study Me*n
i- - i-
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
-------
600
F igure 5a.
Cummulative Frequency
Distribution for Total
Suspended Particulate
Area I
St. Marks
M a d i s o n v 1
Mader i a
L i nco1n
pended Part
0.5 I
5 10 20 kO 60 80 90 95
Percent p.f Samples^: Stated, Concent rat ion
98 99 99j8
-------
120
1 10
100
0)
Z
o
.0
3
O
0
a
in
E
-------
Table I. Total Suspended Particulate (Micrograms per cubic meter)
Name of School
Rose lawn
Wyoming
Garfield
Carll
Washington
Hoffman St. Marks
McKinley
Lincoln
Madisonville
Madeira
Mariemont
Site
Outside 0101
0201
0301
0401
0501
0601
0701
0801
0901
1001
1101
Geo
Mean
84
74
84
83
T17
71
80
71
71
54
76
Annual
84 Geo
Percentile Mean
140
128
147
143
194
112
127
104
111
87
122
70
58
67
64
92
51
60
64
59
44
64
Fall
84 Geo
Percentile Mean
116
108
119
112
145
82
90
83
85
64
90
91
83
88
99
128
77
88
78
75
58
85
Winter
84 Geo
Percentile Mean
161
138
149
168
223
125
151
119
127
96
148
85
73
92
80
121
76
87
65
74
57
74
Spring
84 Maximum Minimum
Percentile Month Geo-Mean Month Geo-Mean
130
124
157
130
186
106
127
93
108
89
in
Feb
Jan
Mar
Jan
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
103
89
97
104
144
91
120
98
104
76
121
Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov
Apr
Dec
Nov
Nov
68
57
61
57
84
48
58
58
58
43
65
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-------
17
other Area I sites were not affected by the wind shift to the extent of
;Wyoming and Carll becuase they are surrounded by pollution producing
industries. The pollution levels in these areas remain high, regardless
of wind direction, while Carll and Wyoming are somewhat dependent on
wind direction for their annual levels. Figure 4 shows the effects of
Carll and Wyoming on the January annual mean.
The variation of the third school, Garfield, from the general
pattern is not explained by meteorology, but by a seasonal local source.
The air sampling station was located approximately 200 feet from a hot
dog, ice cream stand. The business was open from approximately March 1
to October 31. During operation, open burning was conducted daily. The
burning is evident by examing the high monthly mean for March, April
and May. This most likely explains why the spring months, and not
the winter months, had the highest total suspended particulate levels.
The peak monthly mean for the study occurred at Washington and was
144 micrograms per cubic meter. The corresponding low mean for the same
period occurred at Maderia and was 76 micrograms per cubic meter (Table 1).
From Figure 4 it will be noted that for February the Area I mean was
approached by the Area II mean. This can be explained.by the shift in
wind direction during that month. Westerly winds blew the pollution out
of Area I into Area II, hence causing a rise in Area II levels (Figure 8).
The following month the wind resumed its southerly direction (Figure 9)
and the Area I and II means again showed a distinct separation.
The study mean for the sulfate fraction of total suspended particulate
was 8.0 micrograms per cubic meter, with Area II mean 7.7 and Area I
mean 8.4 micrograms per cubic meter. NASN sulfate fraction for 1965 is
reported to be 10.9 micrograms per cubic meter. This high value again
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18
NNW
NNE
\
WNW
\
W
wsw
ENE
E
ssw
SSE
-------
19
probably reflects the site placement. The high monthly means, in general,
occur during January, one month earlier than the corresponding value for
the total suspended particulate (Table II). The Area I and Area II
means approached the study mean during February, as was noticed with the
total suspended particulate (Figure 10). The 84th percentile ranged
from 12 to 18 micrograms per cubic meter for all schools (Figure 11).
Figure 12 shows individual means for the entire network.
The nitrate fraction followed the same general pattern as did the
total suspended particulates (Figure 13). The annual mean was 1.8
micrograms per cubic meter comoared to an NASN value of 1.9 microqrams
per cubic meter with January registering the highest monthly mean (Table
III). The 84th percentile ranged from 4.1 to 6.3 micrograms ner cubic
meter for all school districts (Figure 14). Figure 12 shows individual
means for the entire network.
Respirable Suspended Particulate
The study mean for the entire network was 48 micrograms per cubic
meter. Annual means for the Area I and II schools are 52 and 45 micro-
grams per cubic meter, respectively. The cumulative frequency distribu-
tion curves indicate that for Area I schools the 84th oercentile
ranges from 73 to 100 micrograms per cubic meter and for Area II schools
from 59 to 70 micrograms per cubic meter (Figure 15). Figure 16 shows
the individual annual means for each station in the network.
The maximum monthly mean occurred during January at Washington school
and was 68 micrograms per cubic meter. The low value for the correspond-
ing month was 33 micrograms per cubic meter at Mariemont School (Table IV).
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Table II. Total Suspended Participate - Sulfate Fraction (Micrograms per cubic meter)
Annual
Name of School
Rose! awn
Wyomi ng
Garfield
Carll
Washington
Hoffman St. Marks
McKinley
Lincoln
Madisonville
Madeira
Mariemont
Site
Outside 0101
0201
0301
0401
0501
0601
0701
0801
0901
1001
1101
Geo
Mean
8.5
8.1
8.2
8.0
9.1
8.1
7.6
7.7
8.0
7.5
7.1
84 Geo
Percenti le Mean
13.4
12.8
12.4
12.8
14.5
12.6
11.1
11.6
11.9
11.4
10.9
7.9
7.4
7.6
7.1
8.3
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.3
6.5
7.2
Fall
Winter
84 Geo
Percenti le Itean
12.3
12.4
11.2
11.0
11.8
9.5
9.1
10.6
10.1
9.3
10.4
9.2
9.2
8.9
9.0
10.4
8.9
8.5
8.5
9.0
8.5
8.3
84 Geo
Percenti le Mean
15.0
14.7
14.2
14.7
17.8
14.7
13.5
13.0
13.8
12.8
12.7
8.0
7.4
7.7
7.5
8.3
8.1
7.5
7.3
7.5
7.0
5.8
Spring
84 Maximum Minimum
Percentile Month 6eo-Mean Month Geo-Mean '
12.3
11.0
11.3
11.8
12.3
11.7
10.6
10.5
10.8
11.0
8.8
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
9.9
10.8
10.0
10.6
12.8
10.3
13.3
10.0
10.1
10.2
8.7
Apr
Apr
Apr
Nov
Apr
Nov
Apr
Apr
Apr
Nov
Apr
7.5
7.0
7.2
6.9 .
7.5
e;g
6.5
6.6
6.8
6.2
4.3
PO
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F!gure 11 a.
Cummulative Frequency
Distribution for SOx
in Total Suspended
Particulate Area 1
Figure lib.
Cummu1 ative Frequency
D istr ibut ion for SOx
Total Suspended
Part i culate
10 20 30 *tO 60 . 80 90 95
Percent of Samples^; Stated Concentration
99
99.8
-------
23
12.0
11.0
10.0
4-1
x 9.0
o
-ง8.0
o
ฃ 7-0
i/i
E
2 6.0
5.0
ฃ
4.0
3.0
2.0
1 . 0
0.0
Suspended Part
SOx, NOx in Re
Suspended Part
23 456 7
v Site- Number
8 9 10 11
-------
24
0)
*j
0)
z:
6.0
5.0
Q>
I/I
E
ID
ซ3.0
t_
o
ฑ2.0
1 .0
0.0
All Sites
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
-------
Table III. Total Suspended Particulate - Nitrate Fraction (Micrograms per cubic meter)
Annual
Name .of School Site
Roselawn Outside
Wyomi ng "
Garfield
Carll
Washington "
Hoffman - St. Marks
McKinley
Lincoln
Madisonville "
Madeira
Mariemont "
0101
0201
0301
0401
0501
0601
0701
0801
0901
1001
1101
Geo
Mean
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.7
2.7
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.8
84 Geo
Percentjle Mean
5.2
4.9
4.6
5.1
6.3
4.6
4.0
4.5
4.7
4.0
4.3
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.5
2.1
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.3
1.5
Fall
84
Percenti
4.1
3.2
3.2
3.0
3.9
3.4
3.1
3.0
3.3
2.3
2.9
Geo
le Mean
3
-------
26
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Partiriilat^ Ar^A II
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10 20 30 ko 60 80 90 95 98 99
Percent of Samples^: Stated Concentration
99.8
-------
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300
200
1JOO
80
60
30
20
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Par t i cu ate Are
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1 00
80
; = = = 60
30
20
10 20 30 40 60 80 90 95 &8, 99
Percent of Samples^Stated Concentration
99.8
-------
28
L.
0)
90
80
70
ง 60
o
S. 50
V)
u kO
30
20
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
-------
Table IV. Resplrable Suspended Partlculate (Mtcrograms per cubic raeter)
Name qf School . r Site
Rose! awn Outside
Wyoming "
Garfield
Carll
Washington "
Hoffman - St. Marks
McKinley "
Lincoln "
MadisonvlllB ซ
Madeira.
Mariement
0101
0201
0301
0401
0501
0601
0701
0801
0901
1001
1101
Annual
Geo 84 Geo
Mean Percentilea Mean
52..
48
48
50
62
47
48
45
46
40
43
81
80
79
83
103
72
70
66
68
59
65
47
41
44
44
52
41
44
41
41
36
41
Fall
84 Geo
Percentile Mean
76
70
71
72
103
60
60
59
59
50
61
56
50
50
57
66
49
50
49
47
42
48
Winter Spring
84 Geo 84 Maximum Minimum ' '
Percentile Meanq Percentile .Month Geo-Mean Geo-Mean " -
88
86
84
95.
in
77
73
71
74
61
74
52
48
48
48
63
50
49
42
47
41
39
75
78
76
76
92
72
71
62
67
61
56
Jan
Dec
Jan
Decq
Jan
Mar
Feb
Jan
Feb
Feb
Jan
60
56
61
65
68
52
54
52
53
44
52
. Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov
Apr
Nov
Nov
Apr
46 .
40
;40
41
ซg
39
42 V
38
38
35
33
INJ
VO
-------
30
It is interesting to note that, as with the total suspended particu-
late, Area I and Area II schools approach each other during the same
period, November and February; however, their maximum and minimum months
do not correspond with those of the total suspended particulate (Figure
16).
The study mean for the sulfate fraction.is 8.5 micrograms per cubic
meter with the Area II mean 8.2 and the Area I mean 8.8 micrograms per
cubic meter. The 84th percentile ranged from 125 to 160 micrograms per
cubic meter (Table V, Figure 17).
The nitrate fraction mean for the study is 1.7 micrograms per cubic
meter. The Area I and II means are 1.9 and 1.6 micrograms per cubic
meter, respectively. Ranges for the 84th percentile are from 3.5 to
4.0 micrograms per cubic meter (Table VI, Figure 18).
By comparing the sulfate annual mean for the total suspended
particulate with the respirable suspended particulate, it will be seen
that the respirable fraction is greater (Figure 19). This phenomenon
has been reported by Lee and Wagman and is explained by the occurrence
(4)
of extraneous sulfate formation on the filter of the respirable sampler/ '
It appears that this is due to the oxidation of the sulfur dioxide in
the air. The formation of sulfate, which leads to inflated reported
values in the respirable size range, varies with the flow rate of the
samplerthe lower the flow rate, the more in error are the reported
results. This seems to be predominately characteristic of the sulfate
fraction. While it does occur during two months for the nitrate fraction
(Figure 20) the values are too close to draw conclusions.
-------
Table V. Respirable Suspended Participate - Sulfate Fraction (Micrograms per cubic meter)
Annual
Name of School Site
Roselawn Outside
Wyoming "
Garfield
Carll"
Washington "
Hoffman - St. Marks
McKinley
Lincoln
Madison vi lie "
Madei ra
Mariemont "
0101
0201
. 0301
0401
0501
0601
0701
0801
0901
1001
1101
Geo
Mean
8.9
8.7
8.4
8.6
9.2
8.8
8.5
8.4
8.6
8.0
7.1
84 Geo
Percent! le Mean
14.0
13.8
14.6
13.5
12.6
12.8
12.5
12.9
11.9
8.7
7.9
8.2
8.7
8.9
7.9
7.9
7.6
8.0
7.3
6.7
Fall
Winter
84 Geo
Percent! le Mean
13.1
12.3
11.4
12.4
12.5
11.1
10.9
10.8
10.8
10.6
12.1
9.5
9.3
9.0
9.3
10.2
9.4
9.2
9.1
9.2
8.5
8.9
84 Geo
Percenti le Mean
16.1
15.2
17.0
15.6
14.3
14.5
14.4
13.9
13.4
8.4
8.5
7.9
7.9
8.4
8.7
8.2
7.9
8.2
7.7
5.7
Spring
84 Maximum Minimum
Percenti le Month Geo-Mean Month Geo-Mean
12.1
13.1
12.2
12.9
12.3
4.7
11.6
11.3
12.9
9.3
Jan
Jan
Jan
Dec
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
11.1
10.8
10.3
10.5
11.8
10.3
10.4
10.3
9.6
9.5
9.8
May
Feb
Apr
Feb
Apr
Nov
Nov
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
8.0
7.9
7.5
7.5
8.0
8.0
7.8
7.2
7.5
6.5
4.1
-------
32
13.0
12.0
o>
I 11.0
u
3 10.0
u
ฃ 9.0
in
6
2 8.0
O>
o
.- 7.0
6.0
5.0
pended Pa
Area I. Area
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
-------
Table VI. Respirable Suspended Particulate - Nitrate Fraction (Micrograms per cubic meter)
Annual
Name of School Site
Rose lawn Outside
Wyoming "
Garfield
Carll
Washington "
Hoffman - St. Marks
McKinley
Lincoln
Madisonville "
Madeira
Mariemont "
0101
0201
0301
0401
0501
0601
0701
0801
0901
1001
1101
Geo
Mean
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.4
84 Geo
Percentile Mean
4.2
4.2
3.8
4.0
4.8
3.7
3.8
3.7
4.1
3.5
3.8
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.5
1.4
Fall
84 Geo
Percentile Mean
3.3
3.0
2.4
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.7
3.0
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.4
2.2
2.3
Winter
84 Geo
Percentile Mean
4.9
4.6
4.4
6.2
4.5
4.6
4.1
4.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.7
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.1
1.0
0.7
Spring
84 Maximum Minimum
Percentile Month Geo-Mean Month Geo-Mean
3.4
3.3
3,1
3.0
3.9
2.8
2.9
2.9
3.3
2.7
2.4
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Feb
Jan
Feb
Feb
Jan
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.2
4.1
2/9
2.9
2.5
2.9
2.6
2.7
May
May
Apr
May
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
May
Apr
Apr
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.8
1.3
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.4
CO
U)
-------
34
-------
35
12.0
V.
0)
^11.0
Q>
X
u
- 10.0
_o
3
O
<- 9.0
V
a.
E 8.0
n>
u
cn
6.0
5.0
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May
-------
36
o
XI
D
0
ป 5.0
Q.
cn
ง -U. 0
\-
o>
o
o 3-0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
-------
37
Soiling Index
Twelve soiling index samplers were installed, six outdoors and six
indoors. There was one set of samplers (indoor - outdoor) in each of the
six air pollution divisions (see page 2). The samples were taken sequen-
tially, at four hour intervals, beginning at 1200 each day.
The Outside Soiling Index followed the same general pattern as the
RSP in that the highest month was January rather than February (as was
reported for the TSP) (Table VII, Figure 21). This is to be expected
since the particles sampled by an AISI tape sampler are more nearly the
same size as those of the RSP sample.
The study mean for all sites was 0.825 cons/1000 lin. ft. with the
Area I and II school means 0.913 and 0.765, respectively.
In the fall the diurnal patterns followed a somewhat predictable
pattern. Between 0400 and 0800 hours the pollutant level increased rapidly,
this being due to decreased mixing and diffusion caused by inversion trap-
ping. Between 0800 and 1200 hours there was still an increase in concen-
tration, but at a slower rate. This reflects the activities of morning
commuters, start up of industrial processes, and pollutant remains from the
disappearing inversion layer. By 1600 hours the inversion layer has
completely dissipated and the pollutant concentration fallen sharply.
Between 1600 and 2000 hours the pollutant level again began to rise due to
the afternoon traffic peak and because of the first appearance of a ground
based inversion. By midnight the inversion had deepened and the concen-
trations were on the continued rise (Figure 22, 23).
The winter season pattern is exactly the same as the fall, except at
higher concentrations.
-------
Table VII. Soiling Index (Cohs per 1000 linear feet)
Name of School
Roselawn
Garfield
Washington
McKinley
Madisonville
Mariemont
Site
Outside
Inside
Outside
Inside
Outside
Inside
Outside
Inside
Outside
Inside
Outside
Inside
0101
0102
0301
0302
0501
0502
0701
0702
0901
0902
1101
1102
Annual
Geo
Mean
0.827
0.663
0.770
0.661
1.121
1.053
0.776
0.797
0.797
0.706
0.716
0.597
Fall
Geo
Mean
0.673
0.582
0.656
0.586
0.974
1.031
0.749
0.798
0.722
0.705
0.644
0.550
Winter
Geo
Mean
1.060
0.760
1.012
0.863
1.302
1.265
0.932
0.952
1.026
0.782
0.879
0.659
Spring
Geo
Mean
0.706
0.602
0.625
0.522
1.016
0.857
0.646
0.657
0.628
0.639
0.602
0.553
Maximum
Month Geo-Mean
Dec
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Oct
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Oct
1.163
0.808
1.345
1.140
1.475
1.566
1.012
1.118
1.096
0.830
0.961
0.737
Minimum
Month Geo-Mean
May
Apr
Apr
May
Apr
Mar
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
0.643
0.516
0.533
0.440
0.902
0.797
0.592
0.586
0.529
0.549
0.535
0.516
-------
39
All Sites
gure
Outdoor So i 1
Area I. Area
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
-------
40
.3
I .2
1 . 1
1 .0
c 0.9
o
-------
41
o
o
o
o
o
1 .2
O.k
400
it
800
200 1600
Hour of Day
2400
-------
42
The spring season for both areas is identical to the previous seasons
except for the period from 0800 to 1200 hours. The concentration began
to decrease during this period, rather than increase, as in the fall and
winter. This indicates that the inversion layer began to break up approx-
imately four hours earlier than in the colder months, probably due to the
increased day light hours (earlier sunrise) during the spring, which
results in an earlier burn off of the inversion layer.
One interesting difference is noted between Area I and Area II,
however. For the Area I schools, between 1600 and 2000 hours, the rate of
concentration increase was less than for the same period for the Area II
schools (Figure 22, 23).
The Inside Soiling Index followed the same pattern as the outside
monthly means, however, the diurnal patterns had interesting differences.
The highest monthly means occurred for both areas during January (Figure
24, Table VII). The indoor study mean is 0.774 cohs/1000 lin. ft. with
the Area I and Area II means 0.832 and 0.718, respectively.
The inside diurnal patterns were affected by two major factors.
As the pollutant content of the outside ambient air increased, the inside
concentration naturally increased, but not necessarily at the same time
or rate. The second factor affecting the level was the activity preced-
ing, during and after school hours. From midnight to 0400 the rate of
concentration increase was much less for the inside site than for the
outside (Figure 25, 26). The period from 0800 to 1200 hours saw a very
rapid increase for the inside site while the outside site was gradually
reaching its peak. The rapid increase can be accounted for by noting
that this was the time school began and also, during the period before,
-------
43
0.00
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
-------
44
1.2
J. 1
1 .0
0.9
~ 0.8
o
o
o
o
o
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Figure 25-
Sequential Indoor Soiling Index
Fall, Winter, Spring, Annual
rea I
800
1200 1600
Hour of^Day
2000
2400
-------
45
1 . o
0.9
o
o
O'
(ft
JC
o
o
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
O.k
400
800
1200 1600
Hour of Day
2000
2400
-------
46
the outside concentration had increased rapidly. A time lag is very
evident during this time span. Between 1200-1600 hours the outside
concentration continued to decrease. During the next four-hour segment
the inside station reached almost a minimum while the outside concentra-
tion began to increase. The time lag is once again evident. During
the next period the inside concentration finally reached its minimum,
while the outside had begun a rapid increase.
24-Hour S02
The 24-Hour SOg Outdoor study mean for the entire network was 1.15
part per hundred million (pphm). This compares with a 1965 CAMP value
3.0 pphm. The Area I and Area II study means were 1.21 pphm and 1.10
pphm, respectively. Frequency distribution graphs show the 84th percen-
tile varying from 2.7 to 4.0 for Area I and from 2.1 to 3.4 for Area II
(Figure 27).
The highest monthly means occurred during January for all schools
except Lincoln. Lowest means occurred in April and May (Table VIII).
The highest monthly mean for the same period occurred at Lincoln and was
0.41 pphm at Roselawn. Figure 28 shows the individual means.
From Figure 29, it can be seen that during the months of November
and February, the Area II schools exceeded Area I schools. This can be
explained by examining the wind roses for these months and those immedi-
ately preceding and following them (Figure 3, 4, 5). During November
and February the wind had a very distinct westerly component, but during
December and January this was not the case. These westerly winds caused
the valley pollution to be carried over the ridge bordering the eastern
side of the valley, thus exposing the clean areas to pollution not
-------
47
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
3-0
2.0
1 .0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0. 1
I - Washington
2- Roselawn
3- Carll
4- Garfield
5- Wyom i ng
Frequency
for Outdoo
10 20 40 60 80 90 95 98 99
Percent of Samples ^ Stated Concentration
99.8
-------
48
10.0
8.0
6.0
ป
k.Q
3-0
2.0
1 .0
0.8
0.6
O.k
0.3
0.2
0. 1
6- Mariemont
7- McKinley
8- St. Marks
9- Mad isonvi11e
10- Mader ia
11 - L incoln
Figure 2?b.
Cummulative Frequency
Distribution for Outdoor
Daily S02-- Area I I
10 20 kO 60 80 90 95 98 99
Percent of Samples &. Stated Concentration
99.8
-------
Table VIII. Sulfur Dioxide (Parts per hundred million)
Name of School Site
Rose lawn
Wyoming
Garfleld
Carll
Washington
Hoffman-St.
McKlnley
Outside
Inside
Outside
OUtslde
Inside
Outside
Outside
Inside
MarkOutslde
Outside
Inside
Annual Fal
Geo
Mean
0101 0.96
0102 0.15
0201 1.18
0301 1.22
0302 0.11
0401 1.17
0501 1.68
0502 0.45
0601 1.38-
0701 1.23
0702 0.37
1 Winter
84 Geo 84 Geo
Percentlle Mean PercentHe Mean
2.64 0.57 1
.66 1 .69
0.34 0.09 0.20 0.22
3.05 0.76 2.22 1,99
2.92 1.27 2.53 2.02
0.27 0.06 0.17 0.17
2.86 0.80 1
1.95 1.78
3.51 1.40 3.14 2.48
1.24 0.39 1
3.08 0.91 1
2.67 0.97 1
.01 0.84
.93 1.96
.79 1,95
1.01 0.25 0.67 0.67
Spring
84 Geo
Percentlle Mean
3.62
0.48
4.19
4.34
0.42
4,41
4.98
1.94
4.63
4.10
1.64
0.71
0.12
0.81
0.71
0.09
0.82
1.20
0.26
1.19
0.85
0.25
84 Maximum Minimum
Percentlle Month Geo-Mean Month Geo-Mean
1.80
0.24
1,94
1.50
0.17
1.86
2.23
0.62
2.18
1.70
0.56
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
2.54
0.29
2.62
2.79
0.23
2,50
3.28
0,91
2.80
2.49
0.85
Apr
Nov
Hay
May
May
Apr
May
May
Apr
Apr
May
0.41
0,08
0.69
0.60
0,72
0.96
0.19
0,94
0.71
0.18
Lincoln Outside 0801 0.97 2.26 0.83 1.44 1.45 3.50 0.68 1.39 Feb 2.01 May 0.55
-------
Table VIII, Continued
Annual
Name of School
Madlsonville
Madei ra
Marlemont
Geo
S1 te M6ao
Outside 0901 1.11
Inside 0902 0.32
Outside 1001 0.98
Outside 1101 0.99
Inside 1102 0.20
84 Geo
PercentHe Mean
2.46
0.92
2.16
2.37
0.56
0.95
0.26
0.81
0.75
0.12
Fall
Winter
84 Geo
Percentile Mean
1.23
0.65
ป.47
1.87
0.32
1.76
0.68
1.36
1.58
0.39
Spring
84 Geo
Percentile M ean
3.76
1.47
3.40
3.61
0.99
0.75
0.17
0.77.
0.71
0.14
84 Maximm Minimum
Percentile Month Geo-Mean Month Geo-Mean
1.54
0.39
1.46
1.37
0.26
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
Jan
2.24
0.84
2.01
1.90
0.56
Apr -'
May
May
Apr
Apr
0.53
0.12
0.62
0.51
0.11
en
o
-------
51
E
JT
Q.
Q.
C
o
0)
ฃ 3.0
C
ซ- 2.0
0)
Q.
i.o
ID
Q.
0.0
Site Numbers
-------
52
3.00 "
2.80
2.60
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
-------
53
generated in their areas.
The 24-Hour S02 Indoor study mean for the entire network was 0.23
parts per hundred million. The mean for the Area I sites was 0.19 onhm
and the mean for the Area II sites was 0.29 nohm. Frequency distribution
graphs show the 84th percentile ranging from 0.30 to 1.30 onhm for Area I
and from 0.60 to 1.00 pphm for Area II (Figure 30).
The highest monthly mean occurred in all schools during January.
Lowest means occurred during November, April, and May. The highest
monthly mean for the study occurred at Washington and was 0.91 oohm.
Lowest value for the same period occurred at Garfield and was 0.23 pnhm
(Table VIII).
It is interesting to note here the importance of the school heating
system in determining room level concentration. From Figure 31, it can
be seen that the Area II schools had a higher level of inside SO than
did the Area I schools. If the schools are regrouned according to tvne
heating used, Figure 32 results. From this it can be seen that, even
though a school may be in a clean or dirty area, the inside level will
probably be determined by the type heating used. In general, older
buildings are more permeable to outside air. Thus, if the school is
using a sulfur bearing coal, there is likely to be an infusion of SO. -
containing air into the building.
4-Hour Sequential SO,,
The 4-Hour Sequential SO,, Outdoor samples followed a generally nre-
dictable pattern. The winter months were the highest and soring season
the lowest.
Both areas followed the same diurnal pattern. Between 0800 and 1200
-------
54
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.1
V\ Uf] l/l
510 20 40 60 80
Percent of Samples^ S.tated
E
.C
a
a
c
o
o
V
C
3
X
t_
-------
55
0.00
Oct. Nov. Dec.. Jan.. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
-------
56
hours the levels were highest, due mainly to increased heating demands
as families prepared to begin the day. Between 1200 and 1600 hours the
levels decreased; this corresponds with the warming trend of the outside
air and hence, a lessening of heating requirements. The demand rose
once again beginning about 2000 hours (Figure 33, 34).
The only difference in the Area I and II cycles occurred between
0400 and 0800 hours. During this time the SO,, level decreased in Area
II while it rose in Area I. One explanation of this is that most of the
Area I schools are located in the Mill Creek Valley, hence exoosed to
more and stronger inversions than are the Area II schools. Since
heating demands are usually decreased during the early morning hours,
the increase noted in the Valley could be a result of S0ซ build un, due
to an inversion, rather than an increase rate of Sn. emissions from
sources.
Inside 4-Hour Sequential SOg followed the same nattern as the
outside concentrations. The highest values occurred between 0800 and
1200 hours and the lowest values between 1600 and 2000 hours. It is
interesting to note that there was no time lag of inside - outside
values as was noted with the AISI spots. Both the minimum and maximum
values occurred during the same time period (Figure 35, 36).
-------
57
E
.C
Q.
O.
C
O
o
0)
t_
-o
C
u
0)
a.
(0
-------
58
E
-C
Q.
C
o
a
C
3
X
-------
59
Q.
Q.
C
o
o
c
3
X
V
Q.
ID
Q.
1.5
1 .0
0.5
0.0
1.5
1 .0
0.5
0.0
Figure 35.
Sequent ial Indoor SO
Fall, Winte'r, Spring? Annual
Area I
koo
800
1200 1600
Hour of Day
2000
2^00
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60
Summary
The Cincinnati School Study was initiated in October 1967. Eleven
outdoor and six indoor sampling sites were maintained throughout the
school year; samples were changed seven days oer week.
The total suspended particulate concentration for the study was 75
micrograms per cubic meter. The range of sampling site means was from
54 to 117 ug/m3.
The mean for the respirable suspended oarticulate was 48 ug/m .
3
The range was from 40 to 61 ug/m .
The study mean for the outdoor 4-hour soiling index samnlers was
0.825 cohs/1000 lin. ft. The diurnal patterns were traditional; ,
seasonal variations were not unusual and were exnected
The geometric means for the outdoor and indoor 24-hour sulfur
dioxide samples were 1.15 pphm and 0.23 pphm, resoectively. The outdoor
station ranged from a high of 1.67 to a low of 0.96 nohm.
The station with high values were consistently high for all
pollutants sampled; the same was true for stations with low means. Short
term variations were noted at most sites sometimes during the study.
The causes were traced to prevailing meteorological conditions or local
source contaminations.
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61
REFERENCES
1. Branscomb, B. U.j et al.: Alabama Resniratory flisease and Air
Pollution Study, Arch Environ Health, 12:15-22, 1966.
2. Gupta, A. K.: Estimation of the Mean and Standard Deviation of
a Normal Population from a Censored Samnle, Biometrika 39:260,
1952.
3. Hemeon, W. C. L., et al.: Determination of Haze and Smoke
Concentrations by Filter Paner Samplers, (Air Renair) APCA
Journal, Vol. 3, Aug., 1953.
4. Lee, R. E., and Wagman, J.: A Sampling Anomaly in the Determination
of Atmosnheric Sulfate Concentration, AIHAJ, 27:266, 1966.
5. Park, J. C., et al.: Develooments in the Use of the A.I.S.I.
Automatic Tane Samnler, APCA Journal, Vol. in, Aug., I960.
6. Robison, C. B., et al.: Alabama Pesniratory Disease and Air
Pollution Study, Arch Environ Health 15:703-725, 1967.
7. Roshler, J. F.: Anolication of Polyurethane Foam Filters for
Respirable Dust Separation, APCAJ 16: 1966.
8. Schumann, C. E.: Air Pollutant Emission in Cincinnati, Division of
Air Pollution Control & Heating Insnection, City of Cincinnati, 1968.
9. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service Air Pollution Measurements of the National Air Samnling
Network, Analysis of Suspended Particulate, 1957-1961, publication
no. 978, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1962.
10. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service: Air Pollution Measurements of the National Air Samnling
-------
62
Network: Analysis of Suspended Particulates, 1967.
11. West, P. W., and Gaeke, G. C.: Fixation of Sulfur Dioxide as
Disulfitomercurate (II) and Subsequent Colorimetric Estimation,
Anal Chem 28:1816-1819, 1956.
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63
APPENDIX
-------
6.4
Instrument Variability
In order to determine that a observed pollutant difference between
two sites was, in fact, due to actual differences rather than due to
instrument variation, duplication tests were conducted at three of the
study sites. The sites were operated Monday thru Friday. All sampling,
with the exception of the AISI tape samplers, was stopped on Friday and
resumed on Monday. .The tape samplers were allowed to run unattended
over the weekend. For total suspended particulate, respirable suspended
particulate, and sulfur dioxide, the study amounted to approximately 32
samples in each group for each site.
In viewing the results it will be noted that, in most cases, the
variances are very large. This is due to the fact that the variance
calculation not only includes the instrument variation, but also the
atmospheric variation.
Total Suspended Particulate (TSP)
Two high volume air samplers were run side by side at each of the
sites. No value was included in the analysis that did not have a dupli-
cate (i.e. if one sampler malfunctioned during a run, the value from the
duplicate sampler was omitted in the analysis). The results listed
include variation and errors in the sampler, sampling and handling proce-
dures, and in the analysis. Figure 37 gives the results for the
particulate fraction of the TSP. It can be seen, the means were very
reproducible, even though certain daily comparison were not close.
The sulfate and nitrate fraction of the TSP filter also compared
favorably. The means from the paired samplers were very close although
-------
u9/m_
300
200
100
Figure 37
Total Suspended Particulat
e Comparison
ttSulfate Fraction
1 ate Fract ion
trate Fraction
0 LLIUILIL
12
78
12 3^78
S i te Numbers
12 3^78
en
-------
66
day by day comparisons were, at times, not good. Figure 37 shows the
results.
Respirable Suspended Particulate (RSP)
Respirable samplers were also operated at each site; the sampling
schedule and data handling procedures were identical to the TSP procedures,
No data was used in the calculations which did not have a value from the
paired sampler.
Figure 38 shows that the particulate, sulfate, and nitrate fractions
were all reproducible. As with the TSP, some sample by sample comparisons
were not good.
24-Hour Sulfur Dioxide
At each site duplicate SCL bubblers were used; a common probe was
used for each set of samplers. Figure 39 shows the results. Means were
comparable but, as with the other sampling methods, day to day variation
existed.
AISI Tape Sampler
Tape samplers were run on four hour cycles; sampling was conducted
seven days per week with unattended operation during the weekend. Figures
40, 41, 42 show the four hour mean with 95% confidence limits. All four
hour means were in the same range although variability was large. Cycle
comparisons between samplers were very poor.
-------
ug/tn'
300
200 -
1 G'O
Figure 38
Respirable Suspended Particulate Comparison
Part Iculate
fate Fract
i-ri-! I i i i I I I i i-H-H
Nit rate Fraction
12
1234 78
Site
-------
68
pphm
-1
Figure 39
SO2 Comparison
Sites 1-2,3-^,7-8
2 3^78
Site Numbers
-------
69
1.80
1.60
1 .40
1 .20
1 .00
0.80
o
o
o
in
.r
S 0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
-P....29ffl
0^00
2400
-------
70
1 .80-^
..^.,,3.72..,- ,2.82m
95% Confidence Limit
-0.20
0400
0800
12.00 1600
Hour of Day
2000
2400
-------
1.80
1 .60
1.20
1 .00.
'0.80
o
o
o
VI
JC
o
u
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
95% Confidence
it
0400
2400
Day
------- |