UKE  HURON BASIN
QA/ate/r(D/tientec(
            U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
            BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION
            Lake Central Region Ann Arbor, Michigan

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           LAKE HURON BASIN
                           Michigan
                           prepared for:
   Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
           Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois

                                   by:
               Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
                      Lake Central Region
                      Ann Arbor, Michigan

UNITED
S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

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                                 UNITED STATES
                       DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                         BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION
                                LAKE CENTRAL REGION
IN REPLY REFER TO:                   3553 RESEARCH PARK DRIVE
        D6427GL                ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN  43104
                                                        October 10. 1969
      H. W. Poston, Regional Director
      Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
      Great Lakes Region
      33 East Congress Parkway
      Chicago, Illinois  60605

      Dear Mr. Poston:

      Enclosed is our report on the outdoor recreational aspects of the Lake Huron
      Basin.  This  report has been prepared under basic authorization contained in
      Public Law 88-29, 88th Congress, enacted May 28, 1963, and in response to
      your request  for our participation in the Great Lakes -Illinois River Basins
      Project.

      The Lake Huron Basin supports considerable outdoor recreational use at the
      present time  and possesses sufficient resources to meet many of the future
      demands for recreational use in the basin if proper planning and development
      of outdoor recreational facilities are provided.  A number of environmental
      problems do exist in the basin, however.  These have the effect of impairing
      existing outdoor recreational activity and limiting additional recreation use.
      This report discusses the effects which industrial and municipal pollutants
      have had on outdoor recreation activity.  In one instance,  it was determined
      that the presence of pollutants at a single southern Michigan beach has resulted
      in a loss of nearly 20,000 swimming occasions annually.  Adequate information
      was not available to assess the loss of swimming participation for the entire
      basin as a result of low water quality.  Similarly, it is impossible to measure
      the loss of participant satisfaction and enjoyment that occurs in water-enhanced
      activities,  as well as in other water-dependent activities, as a result of water
      quality impairment.

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The presence of considerable algal growths in lakes and streams in portions
of the lower basin, the existence of industrial air pollutants near a number
of cities,  and attendant natural gas vapors associated with oil wells found at
several locations inland from Saginaw Bay are all problems affecting the
basin's environmental quality. In addition, the large numbers of cottages
and seasonal homes utilizing septic tank systems along the  shorelines of
inland lakes and streams  and  Lake Huron itself are contaminating the basin's
waters to an unknown degree.  In many cases, these structures are extremely
close to each other and to the water's edge and are impairing the esthetic
quality of lake and stream shorelines.  They also limit the  development of
additional public access sites.

Despite these environmental problems, there are indications that some progress
is being made. The recent  passage of Federal and State water pollution legis-
lation and the establishment of interstate and intrastate water quality standards
have laid a foundation for increased control over water pollution.  Indicative of
some progress in the control  of water pollution has been the upgrading of some
basin municipal and industrial waste treatment systems.  It is still evident
that much can be done to improve not only the quality of waters, but the  entire
environmental landscape of  the basin so that a greater degree of leisure time
enjoyment can be gained by  the outdoor recreating public.

We have appreciated the opportunity to participate in this study, and it is our
hope that the findings presented in this report will aid in attaining the highest
possible water quality for outdoor recreational use and esthetic appreciation.

                                            Sincerely yours,
                                            /^7,7«W  "•

                                            Roman H. Koenings
                                            Regional Director
(J~«/--l
       /I
Enclosure

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                                                           Foreword
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Syllabus
The United States portion of the  Lake Huron  Basin lies entirely within the heart of
Michigan and comprises 9,100 square  miles of water surface and 16,371 square
miles of drainage basin land.  A moderate climate, 208,000 acres of inland lakes,
an 8,800-mile tributary system,  and five million acres of forested land all contri-
bute to creating a desirable recreational resource base.   The basin is  sparsely
populated with 1. 2 million people.  The people are  mobile, most have a high school
education, and their  income is generally below regional averages.  Manufacturing
employs the largest number of workers, followed by services, trade and sales, gov-
ernments, and agriculture in that order.
Heavy demands are being placed on recreation resources, particularly in the south-
ern more densely populated  portion of the basin.   Heavy vacation and nonresident
pressures are evident in the  northern  subbasins.  The current annual recreation
demand is estimated  at nearly 22 million recreation  days.  By the year  2000 this
amount will more than triple,  and  by 2020 a five-fold increase  is anticipated. Ap-
proximately two-fifths of the present demand can be attributed to vacation  use.
There are 2. 5 million acres of land and water in public ownership, of which 14, 000
acres are intensively developed  for outdoor  recreation activities.   These  public
lands are distributed among 257  individual recreation areas with 78 percent pro-
viding water-dependent facilities.   Discrepancies  between supply and demand  are
most  evident in the southern subbasins.  Presently there is a need for an additional
17,000 developed acres.  Projected requirements for developed recreation lands in
the year 2020 are estimated to  be nearly 150,000 acres.  Large unmet demands for
water-oriented facilities emphasize the importance of protecting recreational waters
from incompatible uses.
VI

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A significant threat to the basin's ability to satisfy future recreation demands is the
unregulated proliferation of seasonal and rural residences. A small number of such
homes can consume disproportionately large acreages of valuable recreation  lands.
Existing trends exhibit an increasing demand for this type of development.
Municipal sanitary wastes, industrial processing effluents, and septic tank drains
have polluted many of the basin's lakes, rivers,  and portions of Lake Huron.  Agri-
cultural runoff carrying soils and  nutrients has  seriously  affected  aquatic environ-
ments and created an esthetically undesirable situation. Every major city and many
of the smaller towns and villages in the basin suffer from water quality problems.
A single beach located on a 200-acre reservoir in Flint, closed to the public several
years  ago  as a result of  inefficient septic systems,  results  in an annual loss of
nearly 20,000 swimming occasions.
Other environment problems are also apparent. The inadequate provision for neces-
sary recreation lands near basin cities, air pollution,  an increasing competition for
land and water resources among outdoor recreation  activities, the destruction of de-
sirable wildlife habitat,  and an increasing loss of valuable hunting and fishing lands
to private interest groups are some of the more notable examples.  These situations
could have  been avoided and in many instances .can be corrected if the basin's re-
sources are managed  and developed in a manner cognizant of man's total relationship
to his environment.
The Federal Water Quality Act of 1965, Clean Water  Restoration Act of 1966, and
the Michigan Water Resources Commission Act of 1965 as amended in 1966 provide
some of the necessary governmental tools  which, when enforced, should abate water
pollution problems in the Lake Huron Basin. Public" interest and support are needed
to encourage the application of necessary enforcement measures which will  insure
the solving of all types of environmental problems.
                                                                             VII

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 Contents
                                                                      P;it-c
 FOREWORD                                                           v
 SYLLABUS                                                            vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                 viii
   Index of Tables                                                      x
   Index of Plates                                                      xii
 Chapter 1.  INTRODUCTION                                             1-1
   Authorization                                                        1-1
   Purpose                                                             1-1
   Scope                                                               1-2
   Background                                                         1-2
   Definitions                                                          1-3
   Acknowledgements                                                   1-5
Chapter 2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION                                    2-1
   Physical                                                            2-1
      Location                                                         2-1
      Climate                                                         2-1
      The  Land                                                        2-4
      The  Water                                                       2-7
      Land Use                                                        2-9
   Socio-Economic Factors                                             2-13
      Basin Development                                               2-13
      Present Economic Foundation                                      2-13
      Population                                                       2-14
      Income                                                          2-14
      Leisure Time                                                    2-17
      Mobility                                                         2-17
      Other Demographic Characteristics                                2-19
      Vacationing Population                                            2-22
Chapter 3. DEMAND                                                  3-1
   Recreation Market Area                                             3-1
   Methodology                                                        3-1
   Influencing Factors                                                  3-2
      Socio-Economic                                                  3-2
      Opportunity                                                      3-2
      Quality of Facilities                                              3-2
   Present Demand                                                     3-2
   Future  Demand                                                     3-3
   Zone Demand                                                       3-5
Chapter 4. SUPPLY                                                   4-1
   Present Recreation Facilities                                         4-1
      Public                                                           4-1
      Private                                                          4-1
      Recreation Facilities by Zone                                      4-7
   Recreation Activities                                                4-11
      Water-Dependent Activities                                        4-11
      Water-Enhanced Activities                                         4-17
      Winter Sports                                                    4-29
VIII

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   Proposed and Potential Recreation Areas                              4-32
      Public                                                           4-32
      Projected Private Developments                                   4-34
Chapter 5.  NEEDS                                                     5-1
   General                                                             5-1
   Present Needs                                                       5-1
   Future Needs                                                        5-3
Chapters.  WATER QUALITY INFLUENCES                 .             6-1
   General                                                             6-1
      Basin Water Quality                                               6-1
      Sources of Pollution                                               6-1
   Effects of Water Quality  on Recreation                                 6-3
      Swimming                                                        6-3
      Hunting and Fishing                                               6-3
      Boating                                                           6-4
      Water Enhanced Activities                                          6-4
   Water Quality Parameters                                            6-4
   Representative Case Studies                                          6-6
      Flint                                                             6-6
      Saginaw                                                           6-7
      Bay City                                                          6-8
      Alpena                                                           6-8
      Harbor Beach                                                     6-9
      Small Lakes in the Southern Shiawassee River Basin,
       Genesee County                                                6-10
   Water Quality Impairment                                           6-11
   Present Abatement Programs                                        6-13
Chapter 7.  OUTDOOR RECREATION PLAN                               7-1
   Appraisal of Recreation Potentials                                     7-1
   Supplemental Consideration                                           7-3
      Location of Recreation Facilities                                   7-3
      Resource Aptitude                                                 7-3
      Permanent and Seasonal Home Development                         7-3
      Wild  Land Trends                 •                                7-4
      Zoning Considerations                                             7-5
      Air Pollution                                                      7-6
      Problems Confronting Private Recreation Enterprises                7-7
      Limitation of International Boundary                                7-9
   Action Programs                                                     7-9
      Federal                                                           7-9
      State                                                            7-12
Chapter 8.  CONCLUSIONS                                               8-1
Chapter 9.  RECOMMENDATIONS                                        9-1
Appendix A. SUPPLY DATA                               .             A-l
Appendix B. METHODOLOGY                                           B-l
Appendix C. INVENTORY OF EXISTING RECREATION AREAS             C-l
Appendix D. BIBLIOGRAPHY                                           D-l
                                                                         IX

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Tables
Table                                                                  Page
2-1     Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperatures for
        Selected Months                                                 2-2
2-2     Summer Precipitation Record for Three Weather
        Stations                                                         2-2
2-3     Land use in the Lake Huron Basin - 1958                          2-11
2-4     Present  and Projected Population                                2-16
2-5     Comparison of Nation-Basin Automobiles Per Capita
        (1960)                                                         2-19
2-6     Present  and Future Urban-Rural Relationship                     2-20
2-7     Present  and Future Age Distribution                              2-23
2-8     Comparison of U. S. - Basin Levels of Educational
        Attainment-1960                                                2-23
3-1     Summary of Water-Oriented Recreation Demand, 1960              3-3
3-2     Projected Summer Outdoor Recreation Demand                     3-5
3-3     Summary of Zone Demands, 1960                                 3-6
.4-1     Number  of Seasonal Homes by Zone                              4-11
4-2     Comparison of Visitation Statistics, 1963                         4-12
5-1     Requirements for Developed Recreation Acreage, 1960              5-2
5-2     Additional Needed Developed Acreage and Facilities, 1960           5-3
5-3     Future Requirements for Developed Recreation Acreage             5-4

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Table                                                                   Page
6-1     Contaminants and Effects                                           6-5
6-2     Attendance Trends of Bay City State Park and the
        Michigan State Park System     1961-1966                           6-8
6-3     Bacteriological Data for Harbor Beach                             6-10
A-l     Supply Summary                                                  A-3
A-2     Private Group Camps                                             A-4
A-3     Private Campgrounds                                             A-4
A-4     Ski Facilities                                                     A-5
A-5     Private Shooting Preserves                                        A-6
A-6     Seasonal Homes in Lake Huron Basin                               A-7
A-7     Potential and Proposed Recreation Land Acquisition                 A-8
A-8     Trails by County                                                 A-9
A-9     Tributary Streams                                              A-10
A-10    Inland Lakes-County Acreage in Basin                            A-ll
B-l     Demand for Selected Water-Oriented Outdoor Recreational
        Activities (Day and Overnight or Weekend Sectors)                  B-5
B-2     Demand for Selected Water-Oriented Outdoor Recreational
        Activities (Vacation Sector)                                       B-6
B-3     Expected Summer Participation in Selected Water-Oriented
        Activities in 2000 and 2020                                        B-7
B-4     Existing Developed Acreages                                       B-8
                                                                           XI

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Illustrations
Plate                                                                 Page
2-1      Reference Map                                                1-8
2-2      Michigan Shoreline Recreation Climate                           2-3
2-3      Forest Types                                                 2-5
2-4      Elks                                                          2-6
2-5      Lowering of Lake Level Discourages Use of Beach                2-7
2-6      Lake Shore Classification                                      2-8
2-7      Drainage Map                                                 2-10
2-8      Population Distribution by County                               2-15
2-9      Comparison of Land Area and Population by Zone                 2-16
2-10    Interstate Highway System                                      2-18
2-11    Present  and Future Distribution of Occupation Groups             2-21
3-1      Demand  for Selected Water-Oriented Activities                   3-4
3-2      Demand  for Winter Activities                                   3-5
4-1      Existing Federal and State Recreational Areas                    4-2
4-2      Existing Local Recreation Areas                                4-3
4-3      Existing Private Group Camps                                  4-4
4-4      Existing Private Campgrounds                                  4-5
4-5      Private Residence on Lakeshore                                 4-10
4-6      Beach in Vicinity of Tawas City                                 4-12
4-7      Canoe Stream                                                 4-15
4-8      Sailing on Lake Huron                                          4-15
4-9      Fishing                                                       4-16
4-10    Perch Fishing                                                 4-17
XII

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4-11    Water Access Sites and Harbors of Refuge                          4-18
4-12    Picnicking                                                       4-19
4-13    Camping Scene                                                   4-20
4-14    Camping Scene                                                   4-20
4-15    Mackinac Island Historic Sites                                     4-21
4-16    Sightseers Attracted by Waterfalls                                 4-21
4-17    Kirtlands Warbler                                                4-22
4-18    Nature Talk                                                      4-23
4-19    Trails for Recreational Activities                                  4-24
4-20    Deer Hunting                                                     4-26
4-21    Existing Canoe Trails and Riding-Hiking Trails                     4-27
4-22    Duck Hunting                                                     4-28
4-23    Skiing                                                           4-29
4-24    Existing Ski Facilities                                             4-30
4-25    Snowmobiling                                                    4-31
4-26    Private Vacation Homes                                           4-34
6-1     Undeveloped Beach Area                                           6-7
6-2     A Sign Seen Often in Lake Huron Basin                              6-8
6-3     Alpena Beach                                                     6-9
6-4     Alpena Beach                                                     6-9
6-5     County Drain into Lake Fenton                                     6-10
6-6     Water Quality Impairment Map                                     6-12
6-7     Clean Water and Recreation                                       6-14
B-l     Market Area  Demand Flowchart                                   B-2
                                                                          XIII

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Chapter  1
Introduction
AUTHORIZATION
"Water-Oriented Outdoor Recreation in the Lake Huron Basin" was prepared by the
Lake Central Region,  Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Department of the Interior, at
the request of Mr. William Q. Kehr, Project Director,  Great Lakes-Illinois River
Basins Project, Great Lakes Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion* Department  of the Interior, by letter of July 15,  1963.  The Bureau of Outdoor
Recreation made the study under basic authorization contained in Public Law 88-29,
88th Congress, enacted May 28, 1963.

PURPOSE
This report serves as an appendix to the Lake  Huron portion of the Great Lakes-
Illinois River Basins  Comprehensive Study conducted by the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control  Administration.  The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's contribution to
this comprehensive project is to plan and coordinate in  the development and use of
the United States portion of the basin's natural  resources in such a fashion that the
quantity and quality of outdoor recreation can be optimized.  More specifically, the
purposes of this study are to; (1) inventory existing  recreation resources in the
basin, (2) identify  proposed and potential recreation areas, (3) determine use press-
ures on existing facilities and the demand  for additional developments, (4) discuss
water quality influences on present and future outdoor recreation use, (5) establish
objectives for meeting outdoor recreation needs within  the basin,  and (6)  recom-
mend action  and/or programs to increase present and future resource capabilities
for satisfying recreation requirements.   The accomplishment of these objectives
will emphasize deficiencies in available recreation opportunities and will provide a
framework for the development and improvement of the basin's recreation resources.
* Formerly the Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

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 SCOPE
This report considers only water-oriented outdoor recreation within the United States
portion of the Lake Huron Basin. For reporting purposes, the following river basins
were grouped into three zones:
  Zone 1                      Zone 2                      Zone 3
  St. Marys                   Tittabawassee               Saginaw
  Cheboygan                   Shiawassee                  Saginaw Bay Tributary
  Thunder Bay                Flint
  Au Sable                     Cass
Small streams tributary to Lake Huron north of  losco County  have  been included in
Zone 1.  A reference map delineating the study area is on Plate 2-1.
The inventory of recreation facilities is based on information contained in the Mich-
igan State recreation plan and on data compiled for the Nationwide Plan being prepar-
ed by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. Emphasis has been placed on public beaches,
large marinas, campgrounds,  ski  resorts, trails, group camps, and other popular
recreation facilities. Although hunting and fishing are considered as activities in this
report, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife is preparing a report  specifically
concerned  with water quality and  its effect on fish and wildlife  in the Lake  Huron
Basin.  No evaluation was made of children's playgrounds, amusement parks,  and
city parks that do not provide facilities for water-oriented recreation.
Projected use is estimated by considering  existing,  proposed,  and  potential area
developments and their capacity to  satisfy a projected demand.  Certain areas where
low water quality has had significant impact in limiting recreation use are discussed.
After the recreation resource  needs  of the basin have been determined, objectives
are formulated, and  action mechanisms to implement the objectives  are suggested.
The views of cooperating  agencies have been considered in recommending programs
or actions to be taken to improve the  basin's  water recreation opportunities.
BACKGROUND
In late I960,  after authorization by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Section
2(a), Public Law 86-660,  the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project was initiated
by the Public Health Service. There are three points in the act pertinent to this study:
(1) a comprehensive water control  program should be developed; (2) it is recognized
that the primary responsibility for water pollution control rests with the states and
directs that the comprehensive studies be carried out in cooperation with the states
1-2
                                                                        GPO 915—303—2

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and other agencies, both  the federal and local; and (3) in the development of such
comprehensive programs;, due regard shall.be given to the improvements necessary
to conserve such waters for all uses, including recreation.
Early in 1962  the National Park Service was invited to participate as a cooperating
agency in the comprehensive study.  It initiated the study on the Illinois River Basin.
During the latter part of 1962, its responsibility for  the  project was transferred to
the newly formed Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. The Illinois River Basin study was
then completed by the Bureau's Northeast Regional Office located  in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.  Due to regional boundary adjustments, responsibility for the remain-
ing portion of the GLIRB project was transferred to the Lake Central Regional Office,
Ann Arbor, Michigan. Subsequent  studies were completed for the Lake Michigan
Basin in October 1965, the  Lake Erie Basin in August 1966,  and the Lake Ontario
Basin in April 1967.
DEFINITIONS
In this report the following definitions are applied to  outdoor recreation terminology:
ACTIVITY OCCASION - The participation by one person in one outdoor recreational
   activity during all or any part of one day.  Thus, one person participating in sev-
   eral activities during a day could account for several activity occasions.
COLIFORM COUNTS -An estimate  of the most probable number (MPN) of Coli organ-
   isms  per 100 milliters.  Used as an indication of bacteriological contamination.
DAY-USE ZONE - Within a 40-mile radius of the central city of an SMSA.
EFFECTIVE POPULATION - That portion of the total population of the  recreation
   market area which would seek recreation opportunity in the basin.
IMPROVED WATER QUALITY - Water  which has been recovered through pollution
   prevention and abatement measures to the point where its chemical and physical
   characteristics and esthetic appearance are pleasing to the senses of sight, smell,
   taste,  and feel.  In addition, such waters must  also have been improved  bacteri-
   ologically to a condition that permits them to meet criteria for whole body contact
   water recreational activities.
LATENT DEMAND - That recreation demand which is inherent in the population but
   not reflected in  the use of existing facilities; additional participation which could
   be expected to occur if adequate facilities are made available.

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LOW WATER DATUM-A plane of reference to which design dredged depths and the
  depths recorded in charts and navigational aids are usually related.  The actual
  levels of the lake surface may be higher or lower than the LWD plane.
OUTDOOR RECREATION - Leisure time activities which utilize outdoor recreation
  resources and facilities  (52)*.
OUTDOOR RECREATION RESOURCES - Land and water resources capable of pro-
  viding outdoor recreation opportunity (52).
PARTICIPATION RATE -The number of occasions within a given time during which
  individuals participate in the various outdoor recreational activities as set forth
  in the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC) Study Report.
  No. 19.
RECREATION DAY - A visit by one individual to a  recreation development or area
  for recreational purposes during a reasonable portion or all of a 24-hour period.
  It is assumed that the average  person participates in  2.5  activities during an
  average visit to a recreational area. Therefore, 2.5 activity occasions equal one
  recreation day.
RECREATION DEMAND - The expression of people's interest in outdoor recreation
  opportunities.
RECREATION FACILITIES- Developed structures or conveniences for specific out-
  door recreation activities in a designated area (52).
RECREATION MARKET AREA  -The zone of projected influence from which 80 per-
  cent or more of the people are drawn on one-day outings and/or weekend (over-
  night) trips (58).
RECREATION NEEDS - The difference between demand  and  supply  expressed  in
  terms  of resource requirements.
RECREATION RESOURCE AREAS-Those geographic areas having favorable physi-
  cal features and land use patterns to accommodate extensive recreation develop-
  ment and use (52).
RECREATION SUPPLY - The resources and facilities capable of  providing outdoor
   recreation opportunities.

* Number in parentheses refers to  Bibliography in Appendix D.
1-4

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 RESIDENT POPULATION - That population residing within a prescribed geographic
   area.
 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS - Acres of land and water required to satisfy the rec-
   reation needs of the population affecting the study area.
 STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA (SMSA) - A county or group of
   contiguous counties which contain at  least one city of  50,000 inhabitants or more
   or  "twin cities" with a combined population of at least 50, 000.  In addition to the
   county (or counties) containing such a city (or cities), contiguous  counties are in-
   cluded in an SMSA if, according to certain criteria, they are essentially metro-
   politan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central
   city (46).  For a more detailed description,  refer to the definition reported in
   U. S. Bureau of the Census publications.
VACATION FARM - A private farm where urbanites may spend a vacation in a rur-
   al setting.  Income derived from vacationers  must supplement farm earnings.
VACATION-USE ZONE - Areas beyond the weekend-use zone (125 miles).
WATER-DEPENDENT ACTIVITY - A recreational  activity  which could not be car-
   ried out without the use of a body of water, water being the essential element to
   conduct the activity.
WATER -ENHANCED ACTIVITY - A recreational activity which is enhanced by the
   presence of a body of water but which can be carried out in the absence of water.
WATER-ORIENT ED ACTIVITY - An all-inclusive term embracing water-dependent,
   water-enhanced, and  any other  outdoor recreation activities in which water aug-
   ments the recreation experience.
WATER POLLUTION - The addition of any material or any change in quality  or
   character of a body of water which interferes  with, lessens, or destroys a desired
   use.
WEEKEND-USE ZONE - The area between two circles  with 40-mile and 125-mile
   radii having a common center  point with day-use zone.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 The Lake Central Regional Office has  worked  closely with federal, state, and local
 agencies in the preparation of this report.  The compilation of information, statis-

                                                                           1-5

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tical data, etc. would  not have been  possible without the full cooperation of gov-

ernmental agencies, universities, quasi-public organizations, and private groups.
Special thanks are extended  to all those who loaned' photographs whether or not

they appeared in the final report.  Although many people with agencies and organi-

zations named below gave  willingly of their time to answer questions and to pro-
vide information required  for this report, they are too numerous to acknowledge

individually; but their efforts are gratefully appreciated.


FEDERAL
   U. S. Department of Agriculture
         Forest Service
         Soil Conservation Service
   U. S. Department of the Army
         Corps of Engineers
   U. S. Department of Commerce
         Weather  Bureau
   U. S. Department of the Interior
         Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
         Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
         Federal Water  Pollution Control Administration

STATE

   Department of Natural Resources
         Water Resource Commission
          Recreation Resource Planning Division
          Michigan Tourist Council
         Parks Division
   Department of Commerce
         Office of Economic Expansion

LOCAL
   Genesee County Planning Commission

   City of Flint
         Recreation and  Park Board
         Department of Public Works
         Metropolitan Planning Commission

   City of Saginaw
         Department of Parks and Recreation

   City of Midland
         Department of Parks and Recreation

   City of Alpena
         Department of Parks and Recreation

   City of Cheboygan
         Recreation Department

1-6

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PRIVATE
   Blintz Fruit Farm
   Boyne Mountain
   Dow Chemical Company
   Flint Journal
   Leonard Refineries, Inc.
   Otsego Ski Club
   The Bay City Times
   The Ponemah-Squaw-Tupper Lakes Improvement Association
   Thunder Mountain
                                                                       1-7

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                                                     REFERENCE MAP




                                                    LAKE HURON BASIN

                                                       Plate 2-1
              ,. btsego|    sf   !  Alpena
              11.       ZONE*!
              j ;       Montmorency
              it—	

 Osceola

              i  -   /«*%;:,.   zc
             Roscommon |  '••««
             .J_^XL.._J_..V,—•
                           U Arenac
                        ' jjfi / J.V-,   j-<~f^


                               r \

     ^  - Isabella.]     ';-x     \

 Mecosta) I    MIDLAND
       ( \          \        --***
[       \!          Midlandj  '%
!           x !
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   ~~|         jGra^bi
                        «=r
                        \{
                        I  ^^
                     ohiawasseei  FLINTj
                                         i Lapeer     Saint
                                              1    :
                                                                        •N-
                                                  DETROIT AND

                                                  SUBURBS

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Chapter  2
General Description
PHYSICAL
Location. The United States portion of the Lake Huron Basin lies entirely within the
state of Michigan and comprises 9,100 square miles of water surface and  16,371
square miles of drainage basin land (61). Two-thirds of the eastern half of Michigan
and a small section of the Upper  Peninsula drain into Lake Huron.   The basin has
been divided into three  zones  which are portrayed on Plate 2-1.  A description of
the location and extent of these zones follows:
Zone I encompasses the northeastern portion of lower Michigan and the southeast-
ern tip of the Upper Peninsula.  The Cheboygan, Thunder Bay, Au Sable, Saint Marys,
Carp, Pine, Munuscong, and Ocqueoc River Basins comprise 7,033 square miles (59).
Zone 2 is located in south  central Michigan and contains the Tittabawassee, Shia-
wassee, Flint, and Cass River Basins.  This  land-locked area of 6,082 square miles
has no rivers which drain  directly into  Lake  Huron (61).
Zone 3 borders  Saginaw Bay and includes the periphery of Michigan's agricultural
"thumb".   With the exception of the Saginaw River, the basins of this zone are
drained primarily by small streams and rivers flowing directly  into Lake Huron.
The zone's total area is 3,256 square miles.
Climate.   The  climate of the Lake Huron  Basin is a  Humid  Continental-Micro-
thermal type*.   Prevailing westerly winds  passing over  adjacent Lake Michigan
have a modifying effect on the Lake Huron Basin resulting in summer and winter
temperatures  that  are more moderate than  those experienced  by states directly to
the west of Lake Michigan. Table 2-1 lists the basin's mean maximum and minumum
temperatures  for summer and winter  months. Winter  temperatures are excellent
for recreation activities  requiring cold but mild conditions.  Moderate summer
temperatures in the northern portion  of  the  basin tend to restrict water contact
sports; however,  they attract many recreationists  seeking relief from the warm,
humid clinrrte to the south.
 * Koppen Climate Classification System.

                                                                            2-1

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   Table 2-1
                   MEAN MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES
                                FOR SELECTED MONTHS
                                    Lake Huron Basin
             Months                    Maximum              Minimum
             June                        74                     52
             July                        80                     58
             August                      78                     57
             December                   32                     19
             January                     28                     14
             February                    30                     15
   Source: (64),

Precipitation averages  30 inches per year and is distributed over 146 days; the
summer months account for 30 of these days.  Average annual snowfall in the winter
months ranges from 40 inches in the southern portion of the basin to 100 inches in
the Sault Ste. .Marie  area (33).  (See Plate 2-2.)  Normally  summer precipitation
hinders outdoor recreation  activity, but it should not  be assumed that 30 summer
days are lost because of rainfall.  To qualify as  a precipitation day only . 01 inch
precipitation is  required.  Rain totaling . 02 inch could fall for a two-hour period
beginning at 11 p.m. and thereby qualify as two precipitation days.   The detrimen-
tal effect of  this rainfall upon recreation would be negligible.  To illustrate this
point,  precipitation records  for 1963 and 1965 from the Alpena,  Flint, and  Sebewa-
ing weather are averaged and presented in Table 2-2.

    Table 2-2
    SUMMER PRECIPITATION RECORD FOR THREE WEATHER  STATIONS
                       Lake Huron Basin 1963 and 1965
In recreation
season*
92
2,208
Precipitation
Occurred
25
96
Percent
Precipitation
Occurred during
recreation season
27.2
4.3
    Number of Days
    Number of Hours
   Source: (50)
   * Recreation season implies June, July, and August.
2-2

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 WATER AND AIR TEMPERATURES
































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JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY

JUN

JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT

NOV

DEC
    10
        20   30   40  90  60
         TEMPERATURE (F°)
LEGEND

   TEMPERATURES

   o Water Surface
     (mean monthly)

   • Air (mean daily)


   PHYSICAL FACTORS
   (No bar equals 0 or trace)

   P - All precipitation types
   S - Snow
   F - Fog
   G - Wind over 30 mph
   W - Waves over 1 ft
   Source: (35)
                                               MICHIGAN SHORELINE
                                               RECREATION CLIMATE
                                                LAKE  HURON BASIN
                                                      Plate 2-2
                                            LIMITING PHYSICAL FACTORS
                            70  80
aentuaj c
W
B
G
W
6
8
W
W
W
W
W
«
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W
B
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_____

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_____
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JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
                                                4    6    8     10   IZ
                                                MEAN'NUMBER OF DAYS
                                                                           2-3

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Approximately 50 percent of the  summer precipitation occurred between 8 p. m.
and 8 a. m.  The 50 percent (or 48 hours of precipitation) occurring between 8 a. m.
and 8 p.m.  is distributed over 1,104 hours (50).  This means only 4.3 percent of
the summer recreation season is directly affected by precipitation.  Therefore,
precipitation effects upon outdoor recreation are of small consequence.
The  number of days  which dense fog occurs annually  ranges  from 10 days in the
vicinity of Port Huron to 20 days  in the Mackinac  Straits area.  This is generally
morning fog which burns  off shortly after sunup.  Winds average from 8 to 10 miles
per hour with the greatest velocities occurring along the Lake  Huron Shoreline (33).
The western Lake Huron shoreline is shielded from the prevailing southwesterly
winds by the  land mass.  This sheltering  effect permits greater participation in
water-dependent activities along the shoreline.
The Land.
Geology.  Like all of the Great Lakes Basins, the Lake Huron Basin is the result
of Pleistocene glaciation which shaped its present topography.  Physiographically,
it is classified as part of the  Central  Lowlands exemplified by the rather flat ter-
rain of  the  "thumb" area of Zone  3.   In the northwestern portion of the  basin, an
exception to this general condition occurs where hilly, sandy, morainal uplands
predominate.
Flora and Fauna.  There are four  forest types in the basin and  each consists of two
or more tree  species.   Listed  below are forest types by  zone.  (See Plate 2-3.)

                                  Zone 1
                    1.  Birch, Beech, Maple, and Hemlock
                    2.  Spruce and Fir
                    3.  Jack, Red, and White Pine
                                  Zone 2
                    1.  Oak and Hickory
                    2.  Birch, Beech, Maple, and Hemlock
                                  Zone 3
                    1.  Oak and Hickory
                    2.  Birch, Beech, Maple, and Hemlock

Much of the area originally covered  with deciduous trees is  presently used  for
agricultural purposes.  Those lands with coniferous species were once cut over to
facilitate farming but have since reverted to a forested  vegetative cover.
2-4

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                                                     FOREST TYPES

                                                   LAKE HURON BASIN

                                                       Plate 2-3

LEGEND

     Spruce & fir

     Oak & hickory

     Jack, red, ££?
     & white pine
pjl:::| Birch, beech, maple
      & hemlock
                                                                   -N-
Source: (12)

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Plate 2-4
                          The majestic elk was successfully reintroduced into the basin and is
                          an attraction to tourists and nature observers  in addition to pro-
                          viding restricted hunting.  Photo by Mich. Dept. of Conservation.
The basin has a wide variety of wildlife including several species of songbirds, up-
land game birds,  waterfowl, turkey, furbearers, and three big game animals (white
tailed deer, elk, and black bear) (21). As a form of recreation, hunting is one of the
major uses of wildlife in the basin; however, non-consumptive uses, i.e., photog-
raphy  and wildlife observation, are engaged in by thousands of basin residents and
visitors.  The basin's inland  lakes, rivers, and streams  support a wide  range of
fish species.  Commonly found are walleye,  yellow perch, bulegill, northern pike,
trout,  bass,  and muskellunge  (21).
Lake Huron's  Saginaw Bay provides excellent habitat  for  thousands of ducks and
geese and offers  hunting and  fishing opportunities accessible  to the sportsmen of
southeastern Michigan.   A more intensive treatment of the basin's fish and wildlife
composition  can be found in the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife report
concerning water quality and its effect on fish and wildlife in the Lake Huron Basin.
2-6

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Plate 2-5
The Water.
                                 The lowering of lake levels has exposed this rock strewn
                                 sediment based wet beach which discourages use of the
                                 entire beach area. Photo by Bureau of Outdoor Recrea-
                                 tion.
Lake Huron.  Lake Huron is  the second largest of the  Great Lakes and  its water
surface is 23, 000 square miles (42).  Its surface is 579 feet above mean  sea level.
Maximum recorded depth is 752 feet;  the  average depth is 208 feet (43).   Lake
Huron has more islands than any other inland lake in the  world and contains Canada's
Manitoulin Island which is reputed to be the world's largest fresh water island (14).
Fluctuations in water  levels are attributable to three principal causes:  precipita-
tion and evaporation, seiches, and lunar tides.  Seiches  and lunar tides are respon-
sible for  short-term fluctuations, whereas variances in precipitation and evapora-
tion occur over  a longer time interval. Seiches do not prevail on Lake Huron to the
extent or  amplitude found in relatively  shallow Lake Erie.  The lunar tides cause
1 1/2 to 3 inches of variation in the lake level,  considerably  less than  the water
displacement caused  by  seiches.  Both seiches and lunar tides are insignificant
from a recreational standpoint on Lake Huron.
                                                                              2-7

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*&J>
       ^s
              LAKE SHORE CLASSIFICATION






                  LAKE HURON BASIN


                      Plate 2-6
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                                      ../
                                        /
 Note: Information not available for

     upper peninsula shoreline.
                 -N-

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Season fluctuations  in Lake Huron water levels averaged 1.17 feet annually dur-
ing the ten-year period, 1957-66 (44).  The low period normally falls in the winter
months, December-February, while the high water period occurs during May-July.
Long term fluctuations resulting in  high or low water cycles  are caused by varia-
tions in precipitation over extended periods of time.  These fluctuations  have a
pronounced effect on recreational use of the lake. The lake is  presently recovering
from the low cycle of 1964 and 1965 when water levels fell below Low Water Datum.
During low  periods  marinas  and other boating facilities are often inoperable be-
cause water  levels  are too low to permit boat traffic.  During 1952-53 extremely
high levels were reached and many recreation facilities, especially those on private
lands, were extensively damaged.  A study by the Bureau of Outdoor  Recreation
on the effects of Great Lakes water level fluctuation on recreation is currently
under way.
The  Shoreline. The United States shoreline of Lake Huron (including islands) is 740
miles in length.  Of this  total,  564  miles  are mainland miles;  45 miles are on the
Lake Huron side of Drummond Island; and 131 miles are on other islands in Lake
Huron (32).   The shoreline is characterized  by sand and gravel beaches,  marsh,
clay bluffs, and sporadic rock outcrops.  (See Plate 2-6.) Lake Huron has an excep-
tionally gradual shoreline relief which is considered desirable for recreational pur-
poses.  However, the offshore bottom land areas consist of limestone overlain with
erodable glacial material  (62).  When exposed by low water  levels, this  physical
shoreline characteristic is detrimental to water-dependent activities.
Inland Bodies of Water.  The Lake Huron Basin has 208,000 acres (26) of inland
lakes and approximately 8,000  miles of streams and rivers.  The lakes  range in
size  from  thousands of acres to small  glacial ponds measuring a tenth of an acre.
These waters are heavily used for recreation. Boating, swimming, fishing, and
other recreation activities dominate the lakes and the adjoining shoreline.  The riv-
ers are generally small due to their shallow drainage basins.  Waste assimilations,
domestic and industrial water supply,  recreation, and power generation are some
of the benefits derived from the basin's  rivers.  This multiple use of the inland
waterways causes  conflicts  generally related to water  quantity and quality which
will be discussed in Chapter 6.
Land Use.
Urban.  Table 2-3  indicates that 5 percent of  the basin's land area has been devel-
                                                                            2-9

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   DRAINAGE
LAKE HURON BASIN
   Plate 2-7
                  I
                 -N-
            GPO 815— 3O3—3

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oped for urban uses.  The major urban and built-up areas are in Genesee, Bay,  and
Saginaw Counties. Other centers of urban development border the Lake Huron shore-
line. This strip development ceases a short distance from the lake and the predom-
inant  land uses  change to cropland, pasture,  or forest. By 1975  it is estimated
280,000 additional acres of  land will be needed for urban and construction purposes
(25).  Where  and how this  land is  developed  will be of utmost importance to  the
basin's  future recreational growth.

  Table 2-3                                        '
                    LAND USE  IN THE LAKE  HURON BASIN 1958
                                    Acres        Square Miles     Percentage
      Rural
         Cropland
         Pasture
         Forest
         Other*
      Subtotal
      Inland Lake
      Urban & Built-up Areas
      Total                     10,477,440         16,371          100.0
      Source: (25,26)
      *  Other land - farmsteads, idle land, wildlife areas, and other  areas not classified
        into cropland, pasture, forest and woodland,  and urban and built-up areas.  Idle
        land includes land formerly used for  crops and pasture, now abandoned, and not
        yet reforested or put to other use.

 Rural.   Michigan's "thumb" and the Saginaw Bay area are the  basin's most impor-
 tant agricultural regions.   Cropland  and  pasture  account for  over one-third of the
 total basin area. Dairy produce, livestock, and various cash crops including sugar
 beets, beans, and potatoes are the basin's  major agricultural product. Unproductive
 soils inhibit farming activity in most of Zone 1.
 Forest  land accounts for over one-half of  the land designated as rural and for 47. 8
 percent of the basin's  total land mass.   That portion of the land  which is forested
 varies  from  about 20 percent in Zones 2 and 3 to nearly 85 percent in Zone 1.  The
 pulp and paper industry is  the primary consumer of the basin's forest resources.
 An additional value of these woodlands is the recreational resources.
                                                                            2-11
3,225,000
583,800
5,004,500
931,040
9,744,340
208,000
525,100
5,039
912
7,820
1,455
15,226
325
820
30.8
5.6
47.8
8.8
93.0
2.0
5.0

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 Recreational.  Recreation land use is not directly associated with a separate type of
 resource base.  By  their nature, agriculture, forestry, and urbanization are con-
 flicting elements of land utilization.  Recreation can be, to a degree, compatible with
 all three of these uses and is absorbed in the land categories listed in Table 2-3.

 Zone 1.  Outstanding recreational features of Zone 1 include extensive forests, a
 multitude of lakes and streams, topography which lends itself to winter sports, and
 the last vestiges of  an undeveloped Lake  Huron shoreline.   The soils do not lend
 themselves to intensive agricultural uses, and timber harvests  can be conducted in
 a manner which does not conflict with most outdoor recreation activities.   Urban
 development is not significant and what little does exist is primarily related to rec-
 reation.
At the northern end of Lake Huron within Zone 1 lies Drummond Island and its large
number of  associated scenic islands in Potagannissing Bay. This group of 51 islands
and the accompanying waters of Potagannissing Bay contain approximately 114, 000
acres offering  excellent opportunities for  diverse  water-based  recreational activi-
ties on a regional scale.  The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation has recently  completed
a study of  the recreational potential of the Drummond Island group as part of the
Bureau's special island program.

 Zone 2.  River  valleys, forested areas in the north, and glacial moraines in the south-
 ern portion of Zone 2 support heavy recreational activity.  The Tittabawassee, Shia-
 wassee,  Flint, and Cass Rivers and  their  tributaries offer  a significant  recreation
 resource base.  This area is not as esthetically attractive as Zone 1,  but the afore-
 mentioned  rivers possess exceptional potential for  recreational development due to
 their nearness to large concentrations of people. The forested northern sectionlends
 itself well to camping, hunting,  and other recreation activities that depend  upon  a
 natural environment.  With the exception of its southern extremity,  Zone 2 is largely
 devoid of natural lakes.

 Zone 3.  Excepting the shoreline areas of Lake Huron,  Zone 3 lacks the natural re-
source features necessary to  provide varied recreational opportunities.   The most
intensively developed shoreline on  Lake Huron lies within this zone.  Residential
development is prevalent along the southern shore but seldom extends more than one-
 quarter  mile  inland  from the lakeshore.   Portions of Saginaw Bay are marshy and

 2-12

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support large numbers of waterfowl. Bay waters also sustain a popular Great Lakes
sport fishery.  Since there are few inland lakes in this zone, Lake  Huron is used
extensively for recreational boating.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
Basin Development.   The French fur traders were the first white men to enter the
Lake Huron Basin. Mackinaw Island was a center for the fur trade industry, primar-
ily because it was near large concentrations of fur bearing animals and furnished
access to water transportation. Since the French were only interested in pelts, they
made no effort to establish permanent homes in the basin (23).
In 1760,  as a result of the French-Indian War, the Lake Huron Basin, among other
territories, was placed under British jurisdiction.  Like  the  French, the  British
encouraged  fur trading and dissuaded farming and domestication of the land.  The
British maintained defacto control  of the basin until 1828.  Two years later the fur
trade reached its peak, thereafter giving way to an expanding lumber industry. Sag-
inaw's location, adjacent to 6,000  square  miles  of forest  land, assured continued
prosperity for east central Michigan.  Cheboygan, Alpena, and other  small  commu-
nities thrived on the "inexhaustible" supply of white pine.  As the land was  stripped
of trees, immigrant farmers from the east began raising crops and livestock. Those
in the  southern portion of the basin were usually  successful, but the soils  in the
north were largely unproductive; thereby causing the economic demise of many ru-
ral families (13,14).
Through wise resource management, the basin is recovering from these early ex-
ploitations.  The forests have been reestablished,  and agriculture is prospering in
those areas  suitable  for crop and livestock production.  In the first half of this cen-
tury, manufacturing  was firmly established as the basin's principal industry.  More
recently, the natural resources of  the basin have been advantageously used to help
develop a thriving recreation industry.
Present Economic Foundation.  The economic base of the Lake Huron Basin is in-
fluenced by a variety of resources and industries. Pulp cutting, gypsum mining, and
a chemical industry  based on subterranean brine deposits bolster the economy of
Midland, Alpena, Alcona, and Presque Isle Counties.  Heavy and light  manufacturing
complexes  are located in the three principal cities: Bay  City, Saginaw,  and Flint.

                                                                           2-13

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Adding balance to the economic complexion is a prospering agricultural industry
supplying a multitude of food products from the basin's central lowlands.  A service
industry consisting of restaurants,  overnight  accommodations, entertainment  and
recreation facilities, and automobile  maintenance  centers has  grown to meet  the
demands of local residents and visitors.  These four factors complement each other
and contribute toward the goal of a stable, prosperous economic'foundation.
Population.  In 1960 the resident population of the Lake Huron Basin approached  1.2
million (Table A-l, Appendix A).  The relative distribution of the basin's  population
shows that all of the populated counties (greater than 50, 000) are clustered in  the
southern portion and that each county in the northern portion  has fewer than 25,000
people except for Alpena and Chippewa Counties.  (See Plate 2-8.)
The basin's  Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA), Bay City,  Flint,  and
Saginaw, comprise 57 percent of the population.  Two counties within the basin lost
population  during the period 1940 to 1950, and from 1950 to 1960 a decline occurred
in two other  counties. Three-fourths of the counties gained population at an increas-
ing rate in the 1950-60 decade.
Table 2-4 shows the present and projected population of the Lake Huron Basin.  The
basin's population is expected  to increase 62 percent by  1990 and will nearly triple
by the  year  2020 (61).  Also it is  apparent that  Zones 1 and 3 will at least double
their  populations within the 60-year period while Zone 2 is expected to increase  214
percent.
Zone  1  is the basin's largest zone in terms of land area, but it is the least populous.
It is estimated that this zone's population percentage will drop from 13 percent to 9
percent of  the basin total by 2020. Zone 2, which makes up 37 percent of the basin's
land mass, accounts for three-fifths of the population.  Zone 3 is  the smallest of the
three zones with only 20 percent of the basin's  land area, and it presently contains
313,000 people or approximately26 percent of the basin's  population. (SeePlate 2-9.)
Income.  The total  aggregate  income for the basin in 1960 was approximately  1.6
billion dollars.  Manufacturing contributed about 80 percent of this income; mining,
agriculture,  forestry, recreation, and others supplied the remaining 20 percent (13).
The basin's  1960 per capita income of $1730 compares rather unfavorably with that
of $2317 for the state of Michigan and $2217 for the nation.  Oakland County had  the
highest percapita income ($2217) in the  basin, while Montmorency, located in  the
2-14

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                                            POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
                                                   BY COUNTY
                                                       1960

                                               LAKE  HURON BASIN
                                                     Plate  2-8
     100,000 or more  •
     50,000 - 100.000 !.._
§|| 25,000 - 50,000

}l^ 25,000 or less

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    Table 2-4
    Basin
                  PRESENT AND PROJECTED POPULATION
                        OF THE LAKE HURON BASIN
                               (in thousands)
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
1960
152
730
313
1990
210
1,272
460
1960-1990
% increase
38
74
46.9
2020
304
2,290
690
1960-2020
% increase
100
213
120
1,195
    Source: (61)
1,942
62
3,284
174
    Plate 2-9

          COMPARISON OF LAND AREA AND POPULATION BY ZONE

                         LAKE HURON BASIN
                             LAND AREA
   I960 POPULATION
                                      2020 POPULATION
2-16

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forested interior of Zone 1, reported a per capita income of only $1130.  Marginal
farming, unwise resource utilization, and seasonal employment are factors which
contribute to the low per capita income (49). Since income greatly influences the de-
gree to which people participate in outdoor recreation activities, it can be assumed
that people of the Lake Huron Basin do not participate in outdoor recreation activi-
ties as often as people in the rest of the states of the nation.
Leisure Time.   In 1959-60 a national study was made to determine the use  of
leisure time.  Of all  leisure time activities  selected  by each respondent, outdoor
recreation activities  were  mentioned one-sixth of the  time.  Those  responding
listed insufficient time  as  a factor  limiting  recreational participation more  than
three times as often as  income (37).  Clawson (11) estimates  that outdoor recrea-
tion  occupies  about 7 percent of our leisure  time.   The amount of leisure  time
devoted to outdoor recreation has risen greatly  in recent decades and  presumably
will continue to do so in the future.

Education, income, and age composition are  variables which separately or in com-
bination affect the  amount of leisure  time available  and to what degree this  time
will  be devoted  to outdoor recreation. Other factors  which have a definite effect
upon the use of leisure time are occupation, availability of facilities, and place of
residence.  As indicated in the previous  section, the basin per capita income is
quite low in comparison to the state and the nation.  This indicates that lower than
average amounts of leisure time are probably devoted to outdoor recreation.   Even
though projected income, education trends, and an abundant resource base promise
more leisure time in the  future, participation in outdoor recreation by residents
will still continue to lag behind that of the state and nation.

Mobility.  The automobile has proven important both  as  a source of transportation
and a form of recreation.  Interstate highways carry  large volumes of traffic from
origin to destination while  single lane scenic roads and parkways  can be a destina-
tion in themselves.   Approximately 110,000 miles of federal, state,  county, and
local roads comprise the  basin's highway network (21).  Of this total,  375 miles
are an  integral  part of the nation's interstate highway system.   A study by the
U.  S. Department of Commerce reports that the  state  of  Michigan has proposed
that 505 miles of thoroughfare be designated as scenic  roads and  parkways in the
Lake Huron Basin.   (See Plate 2-10).
                                                                            2-17

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                                           INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM

                                                LAKE HURON BASIN
                                                     Plate 2-10
                                                     •V

  	X		_A-L_
  LEGEND
                                                                I
                                                                -N-
    Interstate
    U.  S. Highway
Q State Highway
	Proposed Highway
.... Proposed Scenic Road
    or  Parkway

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Table 2-5 indicates that the Lake Huron Basin has 0.6 percent of the nation's people
and 0.8 percent of the nations' automobiles.   Montmorency  County has the highest
automobile per capita ownership rate with 0, 95 cars per person.  Saginaw and Isa-
bella Counties share the lowest rate of 0.25 automobiles per person.

     Table 2-5
                 COMPAEISON OF NATION-BASIN AUTOMOBILES
                                 PER CAPITA  (1960)

United States
Population 179, 323, 175
Number of Automobiles 58,258,031
Automobiles per capita 0. 32
Lake Huron
Basin
1,194,650
484,000
0.40
Percent of
Nation
0.6
0.8
	
      Source: (46)

 There are five airports in the basin which accommodate commercial flights, and
 54 smaller fields used primarily by noncommercial traffic (21).  The size and loca-
 tion of the basin and its excellent highway system have generally precluded exten-
 sive air travel for recreation purposes.  Intrabasin travel  will probably continue
 this pattern  with most  transportation confined to ground systems, but interbasin
 commuting may, with improved  facilities,  follow national trends of  increased air
 travel.
 Other Demographic Characteristics.
 Employment.  Occupations of the basin's inhabitants provide an indication of their
 propensity to participate in outdoor recreation.  For instance, ORRRC Study Report
 No. 19 lists  participation rates for various outdoor recreation pursuits by  indus-
 trial employment groups. Plate 2-11 represents the present and future distribution
 of occupation groups in  the basin.
 The manufacturing segment presently accounts for two-fifths of the basin's employ-
 ed population.  Although this  group will  still maintain its lead by the year 2000,  it
 is anticipated that there will be significant gains in services, trade, and sales.  The
 government sector will grow  gradually while agriculture and other categories are
 expected to experience declines.  The number of persons engaged in manufacturing
 will decline relative to  the other  occupation groups.  However,  it is estimated  that
 during the next four decades a higher income and a  greater amount of -leisure time
                                                                            2-19

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 will continue to accrue to those employed in manufacturing: therefore, participation
 in  recreation activities  will remain high for this  group.   According to  "Outdoor
 Recreation for America", the trade and sales group ranks above the average in
 outdoor recreation participation,  and it appears this trend will continue to the year
 2000.   The expected increase in the size of the services sector, especially the sub-
 group of professional and technical personnel, indicates that the average income of
 employees in this sector will  rise; thereby  increasing the influence of this group
 on  total recreation demand.  Agricultural workers make a relatively small contri-
 bution to the  total demand for outdoor recreation. Government and other categories
 will exhibit gradual increases in income and leisure.
 Urban-Rural Ratio.   For comparative purposes,  the urban-rural ratio provides an
 indicator of expected recreation activity by a given population.   The ORRRC Studies
 (34, 36) reveal that urban people are more active in outdoor recreation pursuits than
 rural people.  Furthermore,  suburbanites participate more actively than do persons
 from the central city.   As indicated in the preceding section, rural farm  residents
 have the lowest rates of participation.  (See Table 2-6.)
 The basin's population is expected to nearly  double by the year 2000.  During  this
 period  the rural sector  will experience an 8 percent drop in proportion to the total
 basin's  population, although  it will gain people in absolute terms.  The rural farm
 segment will also gain residents but will lose in proportion to the urban sector.  In
 1960 Oakland County had  the highest urban-rural ratio (8 to 1)  of all counties in the
 basin.  On the other hand, eleven  counties had no  population classified as urban.*
    Table 2-6
               PRESENT AND FUTURE URBAN-RURAL RELATIONSHIP
                                LAKE HURON BASIN
                                             1960         2000
               Population                 1,194,650   2,389,000
               Percent Urban                  63            71
               Percent Rural                  37            29
               Percent Rural Farm**           6             4
   **Rural Farm is also included in rural sector.
    Source: (38,47)
* According to the Bureau of Census definition, an area must contain 2,500 inhabitants or
 more to be classified as an "urban place".  These counties had  no incorporated or unin-
 corporated place this size.
2-20

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                    PRESENT AND FUTURE DISTRIBUTION
                          OF OCCUPATION GROUPS

                            LAKE HURON BASIN
                                                                       Plate 2-11
30
 20
10
              39%
18%
18%
                                                7%
                                                            5%
                                                                          1960
                                                                        13%
30
20
10
                      22%
                                  20%
                                                                          1976
                                                                         11%
30
20
10
         30%
                      26%
                                   24%
                                                9%
                                                            3%.
                                                                          2000
    Manufacturing  Services  Trade & Sales  Government Agriculture    Other*
    Source: (38,47)
              *Inc hides mining, construction, communications,
                 utilities, finance, insurance, and real estate.
                                                                              2-21

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Age.  Assuming other factors are equal, age  has a significant influence on partici-
pation in certain outdoor recreation activities.  As people grow older,  they tend to
select less strenous types of recreation activities (34).  The Lake Huron Basin has
a median age of 26.8 years as compared to the national median of 29. 5 years (48).
Table 2-7  shows the present and future distribution of age groups in the basin. The
15-34 age group is the most active in outdoor  recreation pursuits (36). Table 2-7
indicates that this group will increase in proportion to the total population while the
next older category will decline.

Education.  Education affects participation in outdoor recreational pursuits in much
the same way as income, i.e.,  the higher the educational  attainment, the greater
a person's participation tends to be.  This is particularly true in the case of swim-
ming, playing games,  sightseeing, and walking and driving for pleasure (34).  Table
2-8 indicates that the median school years completed for adults in the basin  is slight-
ly above the national level.  However,  the percent of basin adults completing four or
more years of college is less than half that of the nation.

Vacationing Population.  In  1964  an estimated  1.8 million vacationists came  to the
Lake Huron Basin for the primary purpose of outdoor recreation (derived in Appen-
dix B).   This approximation includes Michigan residents as well as nonresidents.
A 1964 study by the Michigan State Highway Department reports that the average trip
cost of tourist parties was $116,  and the average expenditure per day had approached
$25 (24).   The average length of stay was 5 days and the average size of party was
3. 5 persons (24).  The typical tourist:
   • Resided in Michigan or one  of the neighboring states of Ohio, Indiana,
      Illinois, and Wisconsin.
   • Drove the family car on his vacation trip.
   • Liked to view scenery in his travels and especially preferred to follow
      Michigan's shoreline highways on circle tours of the Great Lakes.
   • Made his vacation visit in June,  July, or August.
   • Preferred motel accommodation in his travels although camping-out is
      gaining in popularity.

Another segment of the vacationing recreation population to be considered  is the
summer resident. Approximately 44,000 seasonal vacation homes are located in the
basin (21).  The largest concentration of these homes  is in the counties adjacent to

2-22

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      Table 2-7
                  PRESENT AND FUTURE AGE DISTRIBUTION
                              LAKE HURON BASIN
                    Age Group

                    Under 15
                    15-34
                    35-64
                    65 and over
1960

 35%
 26%
 31%
2000

36%
30%
27%
      Source: (38,48)
Lake Huron. losco County has over 3,200 seasonal vacation homes while Cheboygan,

Clare, Huron, Montmorency, Oakland, Ogemaw, and Sanilac Counties have 2,000 or

more vacation homes each. Most of the summer cottages and cabins are adjacent to
bodies of water.
      Table 2-8
                        COMPARISON OF U. S. - BASIN
                LEVELS OF EDUCATIONAL  ATTAINMENT-1960
                         (persons 25 years and over)
                                        United States    Lake Huron Basin
      Median School Years Completed

      Percent completed one or more
         years of college

      Source: (46)
      10.6


       7.7
          10.9


          3.7
                                                                      2-23

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 Muskegori
  Muskeg
  Height
STANDARD  METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL  AREAS

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Chapter 3
Demand
RECREATION MARKET AREA
By definition the recreation market area is that source from which approximately
80 percent of the people are drawn on one-day outings or weekend (overnight) trips
to the program area under consideration. For the purpose of this report, the Lake
Huron Basin and the  SMSA's within a 125-mile  radius of its boundaries comprise
the recreation market area. The basin itself represents the program area.

METHODOLOGY
Recreation demand  is an expression of total participation in general outdoor rec-
reation activities that could be expected if adequate opportunities were available.
Demand, therefore, is composed  of two elements:  (1) the expressed demand rep-
resented by use of  existing facilities, and (2) the latent or unexpressed demand
which is inherent in a population  but not reflected in  the use of existing facilities.
Generally speaking, use records are inadequate or unreliable for many of the rec-
reation facilities operated by  local units of government.  Latent demand, on the
other hand, is not directly measureable because of its dependence on the individual
desires of people. Consequently, indirect methods have been used for the measure-
ment of present and future demand (52).

In the analysis of the recreation demand in  the basin, it was found that the ORRRC
Studies presented the most applicable information.  The demand  methodology des-
cribed in Appendix B utilizes participation rates to facilitate estimating the number
of occasions  a person will participate in various  activities during a year.  Since
participation is at its peak for  most water-oriented activities  during the summer,
activity occasions were determined for the three-month summer period as well.
                                                                          3-1

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Outdoor recreation activities considered in this chapter include:
                        Water-Dependent               Water-Enhanced
              Swimming          Ice Fishing             Camping
              Fishing            Ice Skating              Picnicking
              Boating            Snow Skiing             Sightseeing
             • Water-skiing       Sledding                Nature Walks
              Canoeing           Snowmobiling           Hiking
              Sailing                                     Hunting
These activities are obviously not all the recreation activities engaged in, but
they represent those considered most important in association with water and water
quality.
INFLUENCING FACTORS
Socio-Economic.   The present and  future demand for outdoor recreation oppor-
tunities is dependent upon a number of continually changing socio-economic  factors.
Carlson  et al  (10),  indicates  seven factors that  may  influence future recreation
demands:  (a) automation and new  sources  of power, (b) increased leisure, (c) in-
creased  income, (d) greater health and longevity, (e) a higher standard of living,
(f) greater mobility,  and (g)  population changes.
As presented in the preceding chapter, the basin socio-economic factors considered
in the recreation demand analysis are population, income,  leisure, and mobility.
Collectively, these factors have a tremendous impact on demand.
Opportunity.  If the opportunity for participation in a selected activity is available,
people will tend  to participate more than they would  otherwise.  When opportunity
for participation in any of the selected activities exists to some extent somewhere
in the basin, the opportunity factor is represented by a time-distance element which
is discussed in the demand methodology in Appendix B.
Quality of Facilities.  Closely allied with the opportunity factor is the quality of the
available facilities.  Results of a survey discussed in ORRRC  Study Report No.  20
infer that participation in most activities tends to increase in proportion to the
quality of the supporting facilities.  There are instances, however, where relatively
poor facilities receive heavy  use because these facilities are the only ones avail-
able to the people in the vicinity.
PRESENT DEMAND
There are approximately 54 million recreation activity occasions of demand within
the Lake  Huron Basin. (See Table 3-1.) Of this annual recreation demand computed

3-2
                                                                        GPO 815-303-4

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for the  base year 1960, approximately 67 percent was devoted to summer recrea-
tion activities. Water-dependent activities comprise nearly 42 percent of the yearly
demand total and about 50 percent of the total summer demand.
The figures shown below are a consolidation of the demand  estimates for the modi-
-fied recreation market area and  for the vacation sector.  See Tables B-l and B-2
in Appendix B for a detailed breakdown by activity and by sector.  Annual and sum-
mer demand by outdoor recreation activities is graphically  portrayed in Plate 3-1.
Winter activities are shown in Plate 3-2.
   Table 3-1
            SUMMARY OF WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION DEMAND
                             LAKE HURON BASIN, 1960
                        Annual                  Summer          Summer as
                    Activity Occasions       Activity Occasions     a  Percent of
   Activity Type         (1,000)	           (1.000)               Annual
   Water-dependent       22,526                  18,138                81
   Water-enhanced       29,436                  18,102                62
   Winter sports           2,037                   n.a.*                —
   Total Water-oriented   53,999                  36,240                67
   * Not applicable

 FUTURE DEMAND
 Demand for recreational activities within the basin has been projected  to the year
 2020.  Using ORRRC Study Report No. 26 as a source for future demand projections
 it was necessary to extend data for the years 1976 and 2000 to obtain projected de-
 mand figures for  the year 2020.   Both "with" and "without" opportunity projections
 were calculated in order to present a range of probable activity occasions for water-
 oriented activities.   (See  Table  B-3, Appendix B.)  "With" opportunity  (as defined
 in ORRRC Study  Report No. 26) assumes an improvement from 1960 quality and
 quantity of facilities on a per capita basis, while "without" opportunity assumes a
 continuation of present quality and quantity of facilities.   These terms are applied
 nationwide and are relevant to the specific quality and quantity of facilities offered
 by public  and  private agencies within the basin.  The use of these terms offers an
 opportunity to present a range for projecting recreation demand.
 Based  on the information shown in Table 3 in Appendix B it is anticipated that the
 summer demand for outdoor recreation activities will increase 2.74 and 3.63 times
                                                                            3-3

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         DEMAND FOR SELECTED WATER-ORIENTED OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
 Activity                          (Day and Overnight or Weekend)
Occasions
9,000,000 	f	1	
LAKE HURON BASIN,  1960
                                      PLATE 3-1
7,500,000 **"*"~~
                                                                 LBGEM)
                                                                      Anmial
                                                                •n
6,000,000
4,500,000 —
3,000,000
1,500,000-
                                                                               rf
                Fishing   Water-Skiing  Sailing        Picnicking    Hunting      Hiking
         Swimming     Boating    Canoeing      Sightseeing   Nature Walks  Camping

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  Table 3-2
           PROJECTED SUMMER OUTDOOR RECREATION DEMAND
                         LAKE HURON BASIN
             Activity Occasions (millions)
      Index of Change
Year
1960
2000
2020
Without
Opportunity
19
52
69
With
Opportunity
19
66
90
Without
Opportunity
100
274
363
With
Opportunity
100
347
474
    Source: Table B-3, Appendix B.
by 2000 and 2020, respectively, providing there will be a continuation of 1960 qual-
ity and quantity of facilities.   If an improvement in present conditions  occurs, the
three-month demand will increase 3.47 times
by 2000 and 4,74 times  by the year  2020.
Table 3-2 shows projected demand for the
Lake Huron Basin.
PRESENT ESTIMATED DEMAND
WINTER ACTIVITY  OCCASIONS
       Lake Huron Basin
ZONE DEMAND
An attempt was made to disaggregate the ba-
sin demand for outdoor recreation activities
into the three subbasins. A method similar to
that used for determining the basin demand
was utilized, viz., an income index was deriv-
ed in order to gain an estimate of the propen-
sity for participation in the respective  zones.
National forest campground and state  park
attendance figures, as well as the number of
seasonal homes in each subbasin, were  also
used in determining the demand for each zone.
An explanation of  this procedure is found in
Appendix B.  The results of the zone calcula-
tions are shown in Table 3-3.
                                               Plate 3-2
                   1,500,000	
                  •1,000,000	
                     500,000—
   Skating   Sledding  Skiing
                                                                          3-5

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    Table 3-3
    Zone 1
    Zone 2
    Zone 3

    Basin
                       SUMMARY OF ZONE DEMANDS, 1960
                          (Activity Occasions - Thousands)
  Market
Area Demand

   3,335
  25,665
   7.250

  36,250*
                                   Vacation
                                    Demand
17,749**
 Total
Demand

 13.. 008
 29,836
 11,155

53,999
Percent
of Basin

   24
   55
   21

  100
      * Total of Column 4, Table B-l
     ** Total of Column 3, Table B-2
3-6

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Chapter  4
Supply
PRESENT RECREATION FACILITIES
 Public.  The  Lake Huron  Basin has 2,155,447 acres in public  forest, park, and
 wildlife  lands.  Only . 6 percent of the public domain (or . 01 percent of the total
 basin) is developed for recreation pursuits.   If access is available, hunting and
 fishing activities can utilize undeveloped land; but most other recreation activities
 require  facility development, as shown in Table A-l.
 In the past, governmental  units have used their  financial resources for the pur-
 chase of land  and assumed development could be undertaken at a later date. Today,
 with the  increasing numbers of recreationists and  variety of recreational activi-
 ties,  more emphasis  is being placed on the development  of facilities.   However,
 acquisition still plays an important role in attempting to meet recreation demands.
 Public programs and  resources in the basin provide for almost every form of out-
 door  recreation.  Appendix C provides acreage for visitation statistics, watershed
 location, and  a list of compatible activities for each publicly-owned recreational
 facility.  Plates 4-1 and 4-2 show locations of recreation areas.
 Private.  Private developments are a  major source of outdoor recreation oppor-
 tunity in the Lake Huron Basin.  Commercial establishments, plus property pur-
 chased for individual  or family  use, help to fulfill  the demands of  many resident
 and nonresident recreators.  Reliable inventory data are not available for a com-
 plete analysis of  the private  sector; therefore, the  study is 'limited to a more
 general  approach.
 There are approximately 44,000 private seasonal homes in the basin (21).  Most
 vacation homes are concentrated in areas adjacent to  or near water.  Although
 some seasonal residences are a source of recreational opportunity within them-
 selves,  most  rely on resources beyond recognized property lines.   Both public
                                                                            4-1

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                                     EXISTING
                                FEDERAL AND STATE
                                RECREATION AREAS
                                 LAKE HURON BASIN
                                      Plate 4-1

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                                          LOCAL
 EXISTING
RECREATION AREAS
                                              LAKE HURON BASIN
                                                   Plate 4-2
LEGEND       D&
                         >
• Local recreation area     *•'
Note: Numbers refer to inventory
       in Appendix C.
                                                                I

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                                                   EXISTING
                                              PRIVATE GROUP CAMPS


                                               LAKE HURON BASIN
                                                   Plate 4-3
             \ U	1	,-	-*
         .._	_J	_
LEGEND

• Private group camp

Sources:  (1,22)
                                                               -N-

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~~Y
                                                EXISTING

                                          PRIVATE CAMPGROUNDS



                                            LAKE HURON BASIN

                                                 Plate 4-4

LEGEND
             W
0 Private campground

Sources: (4,5,6,39)
                                                                I

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and commercial installations serve the  desires of seasonal  home  owners with the
public agencies  providing the more basic resources and the commercial establish-
ments serving those desiring specialized facilities.  Commercial recreation enter-
prises can often supplement publicly-operated areas.   Supplementation is in two
forms: providing opportunities not feasible for public agencies, and providing over-
flow accommodations when public facilities are filled to capacity.

Group and Organization Camps.  There are approximately 120 group and organization
camps within  the  basin (22).  Church, ethnic, fraternal, and service organizations
usually operate  and maintain these camps.  In certain  instances government agen-
cies lease public land to these organizations with the understanding that any change
in the landscape must correspond with  the  leasing  agency's prescribed standards.
Organization camps frequently provide the recreational and educational opportunities
to that segment  of  the population unable to utilize public or commercial facilities.
Transportation, lodging,  food, and guidance  are often  provided at minimal cost.
With a daily capacity of  13.189  visitors, the  group  and organization camps area
significant and  valuable contribution to  the basin's recreational assets.  Plate 4-3
indicates  location  of private  group camps.  Table 2  in Appendix A  summarizes the
number and size of group camps by zone.

Private Campgrounds. Private campgrounds provide 2.304 campsites at 69  individ-
ual areas. (See  Table A-3.)  Being frequently  located near public recreation facil-
ities, private  campgrounds  perform a dual function; they accommodate a class of
clientele preferring the  atmosphere of a private  installation and also absorb over-
flow from public areas during peak recreation seasons.   The degree of development
ranges from a complete complement of  sanitary,  recreation, and  service facilities
to little more than a field free of high  brush.  Plate 4-4 indicates  the location of
private campgrounds.

Winter Sports. The large investment needed to develop and maintain a winter sports
area  — especially one offering  ski lifts, an  ice skating rink, restaurant, lounge,
and  lodging — requires  that an area not lay dormant during the'warmer  seasons.
For this reason, many of  the  winter sports areas assume a resort atmosphere from
June  through  September. Golf courses, riding stables, fishing and boating ponds,
youth programs, and  chairlift  replace  skiing, tobagganing, and ice  skating rides
4-6

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as the primary attractions.  The 22 private  winter  sports  resorts represent the
only developed skiing facilities in the Lake Huron Basin (21,27).
Boat Rental and Marina Facilities.  Resorts  and other privately operated tourist
accommodations offer boat rentals for the convenience of guests and as a means of
supplementing their income.  The canoe liveries on the Au Sable River  are an ex-
ception to this generalization in that they are a principal source of income for their
owners.  On  summer weekends literally thousands  of canoes ply basin streams;
many of these canoes are rented from private boat  liveries.
Marinas and harbors of refuge on Lake Huron are largely publicly owned and oper-
ated.  However, in some areas privately owned facilities are available to service
recreational equipment and to satisfy  the various  needs of the people using marina
facilities.   Privately owned marinas  are more prevalent on inland waters where
public facilities are lacking.
Recreation Facilities by Zone.
Zone 1.  Excellent natural features and limited urban developments have  encour-
aged the use of Zone 1 for public acquisition and development of recreational lands.
Approximately 1, 756,368 acres are in public ownership, of which 3, 943 acres are
intensively developed for recreational purposes.   Thirteen of the basin's 19 state
parks  are located in Zone 1, and all offer opportunities for water-dependent activ-
ities.   The 1,722,000 acres of state and federal forest  land  serve a multitude of
recreators interested in activities which require a remote atmosphere. Michigan's
Lake Huron Shore to Lake Michigan Shore Riding and Hiking Trail makes substantial
use of these relatively undeveloped lands.  Campgrounds, interpretive trails, hunt-
ing and fishing opportunities,  swimming beaches, and picnic grounds are also pro-
vided.
Lakes, rivers, and streams are well distributed throughout Zone 1. Access to these
waters is  provided  by 46 water access sites  and 105 water-oriented public  and
quasi-public recreation areas. A multitude of beaches, boat liveries, and camp-
grounds are also operated by private interests.
Mackinac Island,  Straits of Mackinac, St.  Ignace, Sault Ste. Marie, and  several
other  locations are representative of the established historic  sites in the basin.
Many  time additional recreational facilities  have been developed in conjunction
with the area  of historic interest.  A noteworthy example is Mackinac Island which
                                                                            4-7

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 is well known for its bicycle trails, boat harbors, and a varied assortment of other
 recreational facilities.
 The same features which have encouraged  public investment in Zone 1 have also
 attracted private interests.  Approximately 20,000 seasonal homes are concentrated
 in this zone.   The  primary attractions are the forested  landscape,  Lake Huron's
 shoreline, and the  147,000 acres of inland water.  The same features have encour-
 aged  resort development and a service industry to accommodate the nonresident
 recreator.  Private investors have also taken advantage of the topography which
 lends itself well to  winter sports activities.  Thirteen of the basin's 22 ski facilities
 are located in Zone 1.
 Zone  2.  A marked  characteristic of  Zone 2 is  its  lack of Lake Huron shoreline.
This,  in combination with zonal land-use patterns, significantly reduces its recrea-
tional potential. Unlike Zone 1, the primary impetus for purchasing and developing
land for recreation has not been an attractive resource base, but  rather the demands
generated by a large population concentration.   (In addition to serving the basin's
major cities, Zone 2 is also the first area encountered by visitors from southeastern
Michigan.) With the exception of the northern one-third, this zone supports primar-
ily day and weekend-use recreation areas.

 Publicly-owned lands comprise 130,774  acres;  3,129 acres of this total are inten-
 sively developed.   Zone 2 contains four state recreation areas and  only one state
 park.  Emphasis has been placed on the acquisition of land for game management
 and hunting opportunity.  The federal government through the Bureau of Sport Fish-
 eries and Wildlife manages 8, 857 acres of refuge land; and the state of Michigan has
 53,000 acres divided into nine state game areas.  These lands  also support other
 activities such as  fishing, hiking,  nature study, and sightseeing.  As in  Zone 1,
 state forests account for the largest share of government controlled lands.
 Zone 2 is one of the state's  most attractive areas for private development because
 of .easy accessibility from southeastern Michigan. Fouteen thousand seasonal homes
 are located in the  zone, concentrated primarily in the extreme southern and north-
 ern sectors where inland lakes are more numerous.

 The number of group  camps in Zone 2 nearly equals  the combined  total in  Zones 1
 and 3.  This is largely attributable to the previously mentioned factor of  access-
 4-8

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 ibility.  These camps have a daily capacity of 6,400 persons.  In a 90-day summer
 recreation season, over 1,440,000 activity occasions are capable of being satisfied
 by group camp facilities in Zone 2.
 Another facility in which  Zone 2 leads is the development of private shooting pre-
 serves. Over 4,000 acres are devoted to controlled game management and sports-
 men harvest. Some preserves are open to the public while others are operated as
 private hunting clubs. To many hunters, the opportunity of having a quality hunting
 experience close to home  justifies the additional expense  incurred for  the use of
 this type of facility.
 Winter sports facilities are well dispersed throughout the zone.  There are eight
 ski areas; two of these also have toboggan runs.  Most ice skating rinks, sled hills,
 and  additional toboggan runs  are located  in or near the densely  populated  areas.
 Utility line right-of-ways, fire lanes, and service roads in the state  forests offer
 opportunities for snowmobiling.  Other winter activities frequently associated with
these forests  include snowshoeing,  cross  country skiing,  and hunting.  Ice fishing
is popular in the lake areas of the extreme southern and northern portions of  the
zone.
 Zone 3.  The Lake Huron shoreline is the  most important recreational resource of
 Zone 3.  Most of the rivers are too small for large-scale development, with  the
 exception of  the  Rifle and Saglnaw Rivers which are focal  points of recreation
 development.  The five state  parks in this  zone are located on Lake Huron.  In
 addition, there are 14 local parks and 42  recreational harbors fronting on or con-
tiguous to Lake Huron.  The renowned waterfowl habitat associated with the Sagi-
naw Bay area is  preserved in part by the 12,300 acres designated as state game
 and wildlife areas*.  Saginaw  Bay and  the access provided by the aforementioned
facilities are popular with fishermen the year around.
 This zone is  particularly  well suited for waterfowl hunting,  fishing,  boating, and
bathing.  Water-enhanced  activities, although evident, suffer from a lack of sig-
 nificant recreational acreages.  Much of  the Lake Huron shoreline is heavily  de-
veloped, thereby restricting public access and  development.  The interior portion
of Zone 3 is predominantly agricultural  lands and not suited to extensive recrea-
tional development.
* 5,421 acres are located adjacent to Lake Huron.

                                                                            4-9

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Plate 4-5
                                 Mile upon mile of lakeshore frontage is consumed by pri-
                                 vate residences, substantially limiting utilization by the
                                 general public. Photo by Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.
North of Bay City the soils  are less suited to agricultural production. Forest vege-
tation predominates providing opportunities for recreational development away from
the lake shore.  The Rifle River is a focal point for both public and private develop-
ment.  In this river basin there are four  public fishing sites, two county parks, a
4,329-acre state recreation area, and 182,900 acres of state forest  land.  A com-
bined visitation of 814, 000 was reported  for these eight units with 95 percent of the
use concentrated on the Ogemaw State Forest.
Seasonal homes  dominate the private development.  Comparing Zone  3 with Zones 1
and 2 shows the extent  and concentration of private recreation  residences.   (See
Table 4-1.)  This development is concentrated in a narrow band along the Lake
Huron shoreline representing  the most heavily used recreational  resource area in
the basin.
4-10

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      Table 4-1
                     NUMBER OF SEASONAL HOMES BY ZONE
                              Lake Huron Basin
                                                   Seasonal
                        Zone                        homes
                        Zone 1                      19,840
                        Zone 2                      13,875
                        ZoneS                      10,560
       Source:  (21)
RECREATION ACTIVITIES
The majority of recreation activities are water-oriented, including those directly
dependent on water,  and those  significantly enhanced by the  presence of water.
Swimming, boating, and  fishing are classed as water-dependent activities, while
hiking, camping, sightseeing, picnicking, and  driving for pleasure are  examples
of water-enhanced activities.  The following discussion is concerned with the ba-
sin's ability to  satisfy demands for various recreational opportunities with special
emphasis on water-oriented activities.
Water Dependent Activities.
Swimming.  Of the recreation activities classed as water-dependent, swimming is
the most popular.  Diving and  skin diving attract additional participants and create
diverse demands on the basin's water resources. A swimmer usually desires more
than the  basic  resource of  water.  Sandy beaches,  pleasant scenery,  lifeguards,
litter-free facilities,  and other amenities  associated with a quality swimming area
are also  expected. Lake Huron, with its 159 miles of beach and appealing scenery
provides  many  opportunities for swimming.  There are also a number of formidable
deterrents: short seasons, cool temperatures,  limited access,  and  biological pests
such as flies and mosquitoes.
Another valuable source of recreational water is the 208, 000 acres  of inland lakes.
These lakes have certain inherent characteristics which contribute  to their desir-
ibility such as  warmer water and less wave  action. Swimming in the basin's rivers
is negligible because of poor water quality and deceptive currents.   Impoundments
have been constructed thus  creating a more satisfactory water environment for
water-contact activities.
                                                                          4-11

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  Seventy-eight percent of the 257 public recreation areas in the Lake  Huron Basin

  provide swimming facilities. Visitation estimates for 168 of the 257 areas are

  summarized in Table 4-2.
   Table 4-2
                  COMPARISON OF VISITATION STATISTICS
                           LAKE HURON BASIN  1963
   With swimming facilities
   Without swimming facilities

      Total

   Source:  Appendix C
 Number of
Areas Reporting

      68
    100

     168
Estimated Visitation
    (millions)	

         10.5
         2.5

         13.0
                                   Excellent quality beaches are located in the vicinity of
                                   Tawas Cify.   Photo courtesy of Mich. Tourist Council.
 Plate 4-6
4-12
                                                                    GPO 8I5-3O3— 5

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Boating.  There are  approximately 70,000 boats registered to residents  of the
Lake Huron Basin (21).  However, the actual number of  watercraft using basin
waters is difficult  to  determine.  Basin residents have access to  waters outside
the basin, while large numbers of nonresident enthusiasts satisfy their boating
desires on Lake Huron and its tributary  system. The Michigan Outdoor Recrea-
tion Plan estimates that boat ownership will increase to 77,500  units by 1980.
This  addition  of units,  combined with increased use of existing craft, will exert
30  percent and 20 percent  greater pressures on Lake Huron and inland lakes.
respectively (21).  Because of the variety  of boats and boating activities, each
facet will be discussed separately.
Power Boats.   The internal combustion engine has been  applied  in a number  of
ways to  today's watercraft; outboard, inboard, stern drive,  and  water  jets are
some of the more common forms of motorized propulsion.   The availability of
these various power sources has encouraged  the use and  added to the flexibility
of today's watercraft. The versatility of powered boats has greatly increased the
number of activities available to the boating enthusiast.  People not necessarily
interested in boating per se are  using powered watercraft  as a means to an end  of
their own preference, of which water skiing, hunting, and  fishing are examples.
The adaptation of internal combustion engines to recreational watercraft has cre-
ated complex recreation management problems. Powered boats have been a major
factor leading to the zoning of water surface acreage.  The speed,  noise, and in-
jury-inducing  capacity of engine-driven craft usually  render them incompatible
with many other recreation activities.  Fishermen sometimes resent the noise and
wake of power boats; few swimmers have ever won a duel with a boat bow or motor
propeller. Things that might form a good  habitat for wildlife —trees, stumps,
aquatic plants — would be dangerous to water skiers.   Complicating this  problem
is the vast amount of  surface area required  for the operation of motorized boats
and their related activities. While one  acre of suitable water will accommodate
350 swimmers, a boat pulling a water skier requires  approximately 24 acres of
useable water for safe operation.  The  problems are apparent, and some  effort
has been put forth to solve them.

Zoning has been applied in two forms -- time and area.   Time zoning designates
specific hours, days, or seasons, etc., in  which certain activities are allowed
                                                                           4-13

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 and others prohibited. An example of this would be the reserving of early morning
 and late evening hours for fishing and allowing the more active recreational pursuits
 access during the  intervening time.  Area  zoning is implemented by prohibiting
 certain activities on a body of water or a portion thereof.  Horsepower limitations,
 controlled traffic patterns,  speed limits,  and other approaches  are commonly
 applied to areas or activities experiencing overuse and conflicting interests.  The
 development of new facilities and  the acquisition of land  and water can postpone
 these restrictive actions,  but not indefinitely.  Constructing new reservoirs and
 access points often increases participation rather than alleviating pressure on
 existing waters. Although this problem is common to recreation in general, it has
 proven a particularly acute one for boating.

 Canoeing.  The Lake  Huron Basin contains one of Michigan's most popular canoe
 trails, the Au Sable River,  Boat  liveries on the Au Sable have 1, 500 canoes avail-
 able  for  rental  (21).  On ideal  canoeing weekends  it is estimated that privately
 owned canoes on the Au  Sable nearly equal the  number of rental craft.  Presently
 there are  814 miles of waterways designated as canoe trails (Plate 4-19)(21).  En-
 ticing the water voyager to other streams in the basin will require time, legisla-
 tion, development, and promotion. Some rivers  in the basin, or significant portions
 thereof, offer no more than bare, eroded banks and poorly developed  flood plains.
 The esthetic  experience  desired  by canoeists can be  maintained by a wilderness
 shoreline environment.  This partially accounts for the Au Sable's popularity and
 the meager use being made  of many other waterways in the basin.
                  i
 Sailing.  Certain inate characteristics associated with sailing  tend to discourage
 many people  from becoming active enthusiasts.  The more important limiting fac-
 tors are initial expenses, time and money for craft maintenance, and  the  high de-
 gree of skill  required to operate  a sailing vessel. Some efforts  are being made to
 reduce initial and maintenance costs.  However, these prohibitive aspects remain
 in sufficient degree to hinder active participation by many potential yachtsmen.

 What sailing  lacks in participating numbers, it gains in shoreside spectators. Thou-
 sands throng the shoreline during the annual Port Huron to Mackinac Island Yacht
 Race.  If income  and leisure time projections prove accurate, many shoreline
 spectators may be freed  from their landward posts and able to participate actively
 in this sport.  The possibility of  Lake Huron's becoming crowded with sailboats is

4-14

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Michigan's proposed  wild
rivers program could play
an  important  role in pre-
serving  the basin's scenic
and challenging canoe
streams.

Sailing  is very popular  on
the protected bays of Lake
Huron and the large inland
lakes throughout the north-
ern portion of the basin.
   Photos courtesy of Mich.
           Tourist Council.
                                                                                   - • -•
                                                                                   4-15

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 •

                                                      Plate  4-9

                                                      Although the seasons and techniques
                                                      vary, the objective is the same—catch-
                                                      ing fish. Photos by Michigan Depart-
                                                      ment of Natural Resources.

4-16

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                                             Plate 4-10
                                                     Perch fishing from the breakwater
                                                     is o popular pastime of residents
                                                     and non-residents alike. Photo by
                                                     the Michigan Tourist Council.
inconceivable, but harbor and docking facil-
ities are already showing signs of congestion
during peak recreation periods.
Fishing.  Unlike many activities, fishing is
not confined to a particular season.   The
Lake Huron  Basin provides recreation for
the fisherman on a year-around basis.  The
species sought and the technique used change
from season to season, but the basic desire
— catching fish — remains.  Spring brings
out the smelt,  sucker, and trout  fishermen
with their nets, spears, and  fly rods.  Bass,
walleye, northern  pike,  muskellunge,  and
various panfish satisfy the  angler  during
summer and fall months.  When winter arrives, the conventional casting equipment
and cane pole are replaced by the tip up and  spear;  nearly all species are open
game.
Water access is provided both by governmental and private interests.  There  are
77 water access sites which the state of Michigan has developed in the basin.  (See
Plate 4-11.)  These are complemented by additional  public sources of access in
state and county parks and national forests. Public marinas provide facilities which
satisfy a significant portion  of the demand for access to fishing waters.  Approxi-
mately 50 percent of  the state's boaters use the Great Lakes  and predominantly  the
public marina  facilities (21).  Projected state plans call  for the location of boat-
ing facilities every fifteen miles  along  the  shoreline of heavily used waters (21).
Structures designed to shelter watercraft satisfy a significant portion of theHemand
generated by fishermen.  On mild summer days the number  of people fishing from
breakwaters  may equal or exceed the number of  boaters using harbor facilities.

Water-Enhanced Activities.
Picnicking.  Generally  picnicking is the act of eating outdoors and  differs from
the backyard barbeque in that  it takes place in a natural  setting.  Occasionally an
individual's or family's single purpose  for an outing is  to picnic, but  most often
picnicking is integrated  into a day of outdoor recreation  activities.  Tables, trash
                                                                             4-17

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                                           WATER ACCESS SITES
                                                    AND
                                           HARBORS OF REFUGE
                                                  Plate 4-11
                                                   v
r._.^£iL.4-^
i    \  ms.n \   -     i
 LEGEND

 • Water access site
                 [
 o Harbor of refuge

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Plate 4-12               yy;// these children dispose of their paper wastes in the proper man-
                          ner? The availability of waste receptacles is not the entire solution
                          —proper attitudes of people are the primary requisite to clean and
                          enjoyable picnic areas.   Photo  by the Michigan Department of
                          Natural Resources.

barrels, and  outdoor cooking  facilities are provided in  most areas frequented  by
recreationists.  Highway right-of-ways, state parks, wildlife refuges, national for-
ests, and water access sites all  possess the natural ingredients needed for a picnic
area — a small plot of land and perhaps a tree for shade. A waterside site is most
popular among picnickers.  Of  the  257 recreation areas in the basin, 124 provide
picnicking facilities  (Appendix C).
An environmental problem  plaguing some areas in the basin which provide picnick-
ing opportunities is vegetation depletion.  Along the lakeshore and in northern por-
tions of the basin, soils are thin and poorly structured.  After repeated tramplings
by thousands of  visitors, vegetation is worn  off and soils  are compacted.   Water
ceases to penetrate the soil, and erosion is initiated by surface runoff.  The  sever-
ity of this  problem varies in relation to the local  relief, soils, vegetation present,
and  also the recreation pressures placed on the area.
                                                                               4 19

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 Plate 4-13
       Photo by BOR.
Camping and picnicking facilities
suffer  from sporadic  visitation.
During weekdays the recreation
areas receive only light use,  but
on weekends people must be
turned away.
Plate 4-14
Photo by Michigan Dept.
of Natural Resources.
                                   - •
Another problem associated with areas
providing  picnicking facilities  is public
apathy  regarding grounds  maintenance.
The littering and damaging of public
property are major management con-
cerns.   Some damage is inevitable,  but
the degree could be greatly reduced  if
personal attitudes toward  public prop-
erty were  improved.
Camping.   Efforts  on the part of public
agencies to keep abreast of the demand
for camping facilities  have not been
successful.   The demand  for camping
facilities often  exceeds the supply.
In the basin there are 107 public areas
where camping  facilities are available.
Coping  with the influx of campers has
severely taxed  the  resources of many
federal, state,  and local agencies.
(Appendix  C.)
A cleared plot of ground and a pit latrine
were once considered "average" camp-
sites.   The ultimate in equipment a
decade  ago consisted of a good tent with
its own  flooring. The home-away-from-
home philosophy has since filtered into
the camping field.  Today, any  camp-
ground  not providing running water,
sanitary systems,  and electricity is
considered primitive. Camping trailers
in  various forms  are dominating  the
public campgrounds. Convenient  elec-
trical, water, and sanitation equipment
has been installed to accommodate the
4-20

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demands of this new generation of "out-
doorsmen".   Providing and  maintaining
this type of facility is expensive, and  it
comprises a  major  portion of  develop-
ment and operations cost.
Sightseeing.   The  subtlety of this activ-
ity is not reflective  of its importance.
Every aspect of recreation  is  enhanced
or degraded  by those facets of  the envi-
ronment  with which  the participant has
visual contact.  Visual  satisfaction in
combination  with olfactory and auditory
sensations is  the  factor that separates
outdoor recreation from other  forms of
recreation. The enjoyment derived from
swimming, picnicking, camping, hunting,
fishing,  and  other activities is, in part,
dependent on the surrounding natural en-
vironment.
When sightseeing is  the stated purpose
for a recreation day, historic  sites and
                Plate 4-15
Mackinac Island is noted for Us
bicycle trails and  absence of
motorized traffic. Photo by the
Michigan Tourist Council.
Sightseers  have  always been
attracted by waterfalls.  The
only two waterfalls in the lower
peninsula of Michigan are both
located in Lake Huron Basin.
Photo by Michigan Department
of Natural Resources.
                Plate 4-16
                                                                              4-21

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natural features of unusual quality are the primary destinations. The waters,  for-
ests, and wildlife of the Lake Huron Basin are its major scenic assets and provide
a pleasant setting for many recreation activities. Mackinac Island, mainly because
of its history and culture, is the most popular scenic attraction in the basin.  The
Mackinac Bridge  has made  it possible for  large numbers of people to visit this
area.  Other sites of historical  and/or cultural  importance may be  developed  to
attract tourists, but  natural phenomena comparable to  Lake Superior's Pictured
Rocks and Porcupine Mountains are not available in the Lake Huron Basin.
Nature Interpretation.  Accompanying  the popular  growth in outdoor recreation is
an accelerated interest in nature.  Federal, state,  and local agencies  have devel-
oped  interpretive programs at several of their  recreation areas.  With the added
understanding gained through  these  programs,  people  are more able to enjoy  the
outdoors.  Knowledge of nature is often incorporated into other activities, an ex-
ample being the hiker  who adds to his  day's  experience  by attempting to identifv
                                       available flora and fauna.  For some indi-
                                       viduals  nature study has developed into a
                                       separate activity.  Areas of concentration
                                       include identification, function, and ecolog-
                                       ical interrelationships.  Students of nature.
                                       ornithologists for example,  diffr from
                                       sightseers in that their interest goes deep-
                                       er than visual pleasure.  The object of study
                                       may be recognized as a thing of beauty,  but
                                       its functional characteristics are also ap-
                                       preciated.  A subject of special interest in
                                       the Lake Huron Basin is the Kirtlands War-
                                       bler. This  species spends most of the year
                                       on a Bahamian Island but returns to a spe-
                                       cial section of the Huron National  Forest
for nesting and rearing of its young.  Intensive efforts are being made to maintain a
desirable habitat  in which the  Kirtlands Warbler can survive and propagate.  The
Lake Huron Basin contains a wide variety of plants and animals arranged in sever-
al ecosystems.  Bogs, swamps,  sand dunes, lakes,  and a multitude of forest types
comprise some of the major ecological communities.
Plate 4-17
The Kirtlands Warbler is not a
distinctive looking bird but is
rare in number and range.
Photo by Michigan Department
of Natural Resources.
422

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 Plate 4-18
                          People are anxious to learn more about the environment in which
                          they recreate.    Photo by Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources.
Trailing.  Planned trail development is a relatively new concept in the Lake Huron
Basin.   In the past abandoned or seldom used roads  and right-of-ways served as
recreation trails.  Actual trail construction was done on a small  scale.  Even at
present, old roads  and right-of-ways supplement a significant portion of the basin's
trail system.   Table 8 in Appendix A indicates that there are 386 miles of riding
and  hiking trails in the basin.  Interested public agencies and private groups are
attempting to  plan and to provide trails that will adequately meet today's demands.
Included are  trail-side camping areas, outdoor  cooking  equipment, water access
sites, comfort stations, stables, and interpretive signs.
As with other  recreation activities, trailing suffers from the conflicting interests
of its staunchest advocates.  Two sources of discontent are excessive participation
and mode of trail transportation, with the latter  receiving the  greatest  attention.
Hiking, horseback  riding, and motoring are the three major forms  of trail  travel.
The only major completed trail in the basin is restricted  to hikers and horseback
riders; motor vehicles are prohibited (28).  (See Plate 4-21.)   This only partially
alleviates the conflict as hikers sometimes dislike the experiences  associated with
following or meeting horses  on the trails.
                                                                            4-23

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                                                                          Photo by BOR.
            Photo by Michigan Dept.
            of Natural Resources.
Plate 4-19

Separate trails are needed for
each of these three activities if
conflicts are to be avoided.
                                            Photo by Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources.
4-24

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Hiking. Those who walk the trails for days on end, carrying only the basic mater-
ials necessary for survival, have much in common with the family on an afternoon
walk following a state park trail.   Both wish to witness and to absorb a part of na-
ture.  Differences do exist, vis.,  the serious hiker often desires  to re-awaken a
sense  of  physical prowess  and self-reliancy,  while the  casual  trail visitor may
simply seek relief from the anxiety of his vocational or domestic life. Both groups
have received consideration in the Lake Huron Basin. The Michigan Shore to Shore
Riding and Hiking Trail is capable of sustaining an extensive hiking trip.  State and
local parks provide trails for the  less adventurous or restricted hiker.
Horseback Riding.  Provision of horses, riding tack, stables, and feed is and has
been the responsibility of private  enterprise.  Public agencies assist in the devel-
opment of trails but this, too, is often done by interested private groups  or individ-
uals.  The Shore  to Shore Riding and Hiking  Trail is at present the basin's only
example of an extensive trail which can accommodate trail riders.  Adjacent to
the basin's portion of this trail are 3 rental stables, 2 farriers, 6 veterinarians, 3
boarding  stables, and  10  campgrounds available  to equestrians  (28). Some parks
provide limited facilities for riding enthusiasts, but the state and national forests
are  most  ideally suited to meeting their demands.  Large  acreages of wooded lands
interspersed with old logging and  pipeline roads abound in the basin.  Utility right-
of-ways are also being made available to horseback riders and  other trail users.
The land  is available  and  accessible; however, developed facilities are  lacking.
Cross  Country Motoring.  The vehicles  which fall within this category are  four-
wheel  drive automobiles and trucks,  trail bikes,  and machines  with treads.  Dis-
cussion concerning the latter is reserved for the winter sports section.  Hikers  and
horseback riders  generally object  to using trails which allow motorized  vehicles.
The noise and injury-inducing  capacity  considered inherent with these machines
are  the major criticisms.  Soil  erosion,  fires,  and vegetation destruction are
problems  frequently  attributed  to trail vehicles  by public management agencies.
Interested groups of  trail users  have  been successful in their efforts  to exclude
trail bikes and four-wheel drive vehicles from public trails.  As of 1966 there was
not one mile of  trail on state or federal  lands in  the basin specifically designated
for exclusive  use  by cross-country vehicles  (21,56).  However, there is  substan-
tial mileage of old logging roads in the National  Forests for this  use.
                                                                            4-25

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Also missing is the quantity of restrictions necessarily enforced on other state facil-
ities.  Private clubs and organizations of motor sport enthusiasts have purchased
small  tracts of  land on which they can engage in competitive contests or ride in an
unrestricted manner.  While fulfilling a need, these small private holdings cannot
satisfy the demands of those who enjoy cross country trailing.  This requires the
extensive acreages and professional management available through public agencies.
As is indicated by the  following quote from the Michigan  Outdoor Recreation  Plan,
this problem is  recognized and appropriate solutions are proposed.

          "When, in lieu of new roadways, those already  in use for another
          transportation  purpose are encroached upon, conflict ensues  as,
          for example, in the instance of snowmobiles versus automobiles;
          pleasure boats versus  commercial boating (as in Great Lakes
          waterways and  harbors); bush vehicles and Hondas versus regional
          park hiking trails.  Each of these vehicles is a legitimate  rec-
         reation tool,  yet each requires  special accommodation  or inter-
          activity adjustment, as  for instance the construction of specialized
         brush  vehicle and snowmobile trails, or the adoption of boating
          regulations."
Several million acres of undeveloped
land provide excellent hunting oppor-
tunities in the basin.  Photo by Michi-
gan Department of Natural Resources.
Plate 4-20
Hunting.  The basin has approximately
90,000 acres  specifically devoted to the
management, propagation, and hunting of
wildlife, 90 percent of which is admin-
istered by the state of Michigan.  Funds
for acquisition and management of state
lands are derived  from license fees and
a tax on hunting equipment.   With the
exception of state  parks,  state-owned
lands are usually open to hunting.   Many
game species  are sought by basin hunt-
ers.  Lake Huron shares with Lake Erie
the distinction of providing some of the
midwest's finest waterfowl hunting.  The
Saginaw Bay is both a nesting and a
migratory stop-over area for a variety
of puddle and diving ducks, geese, and
swans.   Thunder  Bay, Tawas  Bay,  and

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                                 EXISTING
                            CANOE TRAILS AND
                           RIDING-HIKING TRAILS

                            LAKE HURON BASIN

                                Plate 4-21
sLt-	
LEGEND

 f   Existing camping area {   !"•>
«... Canoe trail  {_$?       v        j   A

— Existing riding-hiking trail^/*'   j  pTt/
•+•» Riding-hiking trail under construction:
                                                -N-

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                                                    A variety of native and migratory
                                                    waterfowl are found in the basin's
                                                    marshes and coves. Phofo is by
                                                    Michigan Department of Natural
                                                    Resources.         Plate 4-22
                                                  several small coves also sup-
                                                  port  significant numbers of
                                                  waterfowl (32).  Through the
                                                  acquisition of marsh land  and
                                                  water access sites, the state
                                                  is attempting  to secure  suffi-
                                                  cient habitat and facilities to
                                                  accommodate both the ducks
                                                  and the hunters. The national
                                                  forest lands are a very signif-
                                                  icant hunting area in the basin.
                                                  Maintenance and improvement
                                                  of hunting habitat is given full
                                                  consideration in resource man-
                                                  agement decisions  and practi-
                                                  ces.  Private lands have long
                                                  been  a mainstay for much  of
 the basin's hunting opportunity. However, much of this land is no longer available
 for hunting purposes.  Urban  sprawl has consumed former hunting lands on the
 periphery of many communities, and the formation of numerous  hunt clubs  has
 further reduced the amount of lands available to the public.

Even more significant in the Lake  Huron Basin is the degeneration of the relation-
ship between land owners and visiting hunters, evidenced by the increased posting
of private lands.  The state, interested sportsmen, and a small number of private
entrepreneurs have taken measures to reduce the gap between supply and demand.
Formal and informal groups of hunters are attempting  to improve  the relationship
between  land owners and sportsmen.  They have also leased or purchased  land to
insure themselves  of  a  quality hunting experience.   Until  recently it was  illegal
to operate a commercial shooting preserve  in Michigan;  however,  legislation was
passed in 1957 permitting  the operation of put-and-take hunting.  Today there are
18 private shooting preserves in the basin, comprising 5,400 acres (21).
4-28
                                                                      GPO 815—3O3-

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Winter Sports.   The Lake Huron Basin supports winter recreation activities com-
mon to the northern temperate  climate zone.   Skiing, snowmobiling, ice skating,
ice fishing, sledding, tobogganing, and hunting are some of the more popular winter
activities in the basin.  Except for skiing, public agencies have generally assumed
the responsibility for development of winter recreation facilities.  Private business-
men own and operate the basin's  important ski industry.
With a major portion of the basin's economy dependent on tourism, it was impera-
tive to encourage attractions capable of drawing visitors on a twelve-month basis.
Until recent years winter  was a  period of economic depression for most northern
resort communities.  Residents were often forced to leave their homes and seek
employment in the southern urbanized portions  of the state.   In  the late  1950's a
higher standard  of living coupled with increasing leisure  time and other socio-
economic factors initiated  an unprecedented interest in skiing which resulted in an
improved economic situation for  basin residents.
The northwestern portion of the basin contains some of the finest  skiing topography
in the midwest.  A majority of the basin's 22 ski areas are located  in this area.
Another concentration of winter sports facilities  is located in the more  populous
southern section of the basin, the prime impetus being a closer market area. Plate
4-24 shows the distribution of basin skiing facilities.
Plate 4-23
                         The basin's topography and climate have attracted both skiers and
                         facility development. Photo by Mich. Dept. of Natural Resources.
                                                                             m

                                                                            4-29

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                                              EXISTING SKI FACILITIES









                                                LAKE HURON BASIN



                                                    Plate 4-24
             u.	,	^
        L/_L

	V    T-L
                      -
     Ski facility
 t
-M-

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  V
Plate 4-25
Snowmobi'/ing lends itself well to family participation which
has contributed to its unprecedented growth in popularity.
Photo by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
The sport of snowmobiling is experiencing an unprecedented rise in  popularity.
With the  exception of urban areas, the entire basin is capable of  supporting this
activity.  Overcrowding,  competition for land, and conflicting interests associated
with the warmer recreation seasons are largely nonexistent.  Presently resource
management agencies are attempting to anticipate the incompatible aspects regard-
ing the environment and  various  forms of recreation.  In some areas trails have
been designated and policies have been initiated to minimize disturbances of wild-
life and damage to vegetation.  These regulations are also designed to help in pre-
venting accidents.
The economic impact of the snowmobile is significant. The small, drowsy, northern
community of  Wolverine is awakened  on a wintry  Saturday morning  to find the
streets bustling with activity, full of people eager to enjoy snowmobiling and will-
ing to  spend substantial  amounts of money in the process.  Restaurants, service
stations,  drug and  grocery stores, resorts, hotels and motels, and entertainment
businesses all prosper.  A safari is planned for local residents and visitors alike.
Midway through the day,  all entrants stop at a ski chalet for lunch or  to have an
outdoor winter picnic catered  by snowmobile.   In the evening a smorgasbord and
dance are planned;  a night ride is often in order afterwards.  On Sunday a shorter
safari  is  planned so those who have early departure times may still participate.
Derbies, races, and marathons are some of the other snowmobile activities which
attract thousands of people to once dormant resort communities.
                                                                            4-31

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Tobogganing,  sledding, ice skating, ice fishing, and ice boating are some of the
other activities engaged in during the basin's winter season. Ice fishing is the only
one of this group which has been able to entice participants from other regions into
the Lake Huron Basin.   Every winter a substantial number of the 208,000 acres of
inland lakes are turned into towns of ice fishing shanties.  Enterprising communi-
ties throughout the basin sponsor "shanty town Mardi Gras" which attract residents
and nonresidents alike.  Fishing contests and  a host of social activities are por-
grammed for  the participants.
Large numbers of people take part in ice skating,  sledding,  and  tobogganing in
certain localities throughout the basin.  The initial expense and  the skill required
to operate an  ice boat,  plus the sport's apparent danger, often discourage potential
participants.  Rough or thin ice and heavy snow  cover are not conducive to ice
boating; these obstacles further limit the amount of  time an enthusiast can devote
to the activity.  In recent years the popularity of winter fishing on inland lakes has
reduced the area available for ice boating.   In the future,  zoning of lakes in  the
winter season may become just as necessary as summer zoning, if all  activities
are to be  accommodated.


PROPOSED  AND POTENTIAL RECREATION AREAS
Public.  The greatest need is for high and low density recreation facilities close to
urban areas.   The greatest emphasis is being placed on the development of water-
dependent facilities.
State water access sites are unevenly distributed throughout the basin because of the
irregular  location of lakes and the polluted condition of many rivers and streams.
Additional access sites will probably be demanded and provided when water quality
is improved.  It is also possible that waterfronts may be zoned.  Recent goals for
Lake Huron marina and harbor facilities cited  in the Michigan Outdoor Recreation
Plan specified that there be one such facility every 30 miles along the lake shore-
line.  Future  plans call for recreational  boat  harbors every  15 miles when inten-
sity of use justifies their construction.  There will also be launching and docking
facilities  provided in every new and existing harbor (21).
The Lake  Huron Basin lends itself particularly well  to low density activities, and
increasing emphasis is being placed on developing the facilities necessary for their
4-32

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support.  State and  National Forests are particularly well-suited ,for this type of
activity.  Examples  of future developments are:
    (a)  A new riding and hiking trail extending from Midland, Michigan to
        the Straits of Mactonac.
    (b)  An increase  in number and size of primitive campgrounds in state
        forests.
    (c)  Establishment of a state wild rivers system.
    (d)  Access roads for hunters and fishermen.
    (e)  Specifically designated snowmobile trails

Recreation activities supported  by intensively developed sites are usually the res-
ponsibility of state  and local parks.   Table A-7 in Appendix A  contains  a brief
summary of  proposed state acquisitions  and additions to existing  recreation lands.
From an acreage standpoint, future local developments will be smaller than federal
and state projects.  However, in terms of user satisfaction, local agencies provide
the facilities which satisfy most of the high density activity demands such as swim-
ming and picnicking.   Some  of the  more important proposed local developments
include:
Genesee County, in which  the  city  of  Flint is located, has initiated  planning and
acquisition programs for the purpose of establishing a 3,700-acre recreation area.
Included will be a 750-acre reservoir on the Flint River.  Water-dependent facili-
ties are receiving special emphasis, but a full complement of recreation activities
will be  provided.
The city of Saginaw, which is currently experiencing an acute shortage of swimming
facilities, is anticipating the construction of outdoor pools equipped with canopies
which will facilitate twelve-month use.   Also, a  river  front acquisition program is
planned which will link 2. 6  miles of publicly-owned parcels adjacent to the Saginaw
River.
Bay City is planning construction of a swimming pool to partially compensate  for
the loss of once desirable lakeshore bathing areas.
With  approximately 1,300  acres  of recreation land, the city of Midland does  not
anticipate any  significant acquisition programs.   Emphasis is going to be placed
on the  installation of day-use  facilities, since most of the city-owned property is
undeveloped.
                                                                            4-33

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  Plate 4-26
Photo by BOR.
 This is one of a 50 to 100 unit complex
 of private vacation homes being built
 near a ski chalet in the basin.
Projected Private Developments.  An im-
portant trend evident  in the Lake Huron
Basin is the rising popularity of vacation
homes.  Crowded public recreation facil-
ities, degenerating urban environments,
improved highway systems, and  general
prosperity have all added  impetus to this
trend.  Traditionally,  lake and riverside
sites have been valued by the prospective
cottage dweller.   Demand for waterside
sites promises to increase, but existing
intensive development and the  effort of
public agencies to preserve the  natural
shoreline will counter much of the antici-
pated future  development.
                                         In an attempt to avoid this disparity be-
                                         tween demand and  supply, private land
developers are experimenting with new techniques to meet the forthcoming needs.
Cluster developments, reservoir  or pond construction, and  the use of nonwater-
oriented facilities  as a focal point of attraction  are examples.  The first two ap-
proaches are self-explanatory concepts, but the third requires further  discussion.
Ski resorts are an example of a nonwater-oriented focal  point for vacation home
construction. In an attempt to attract a larger clientele and  extend their operating
season, ski  chalet owners are  subdividing adjacent lands for recreational home
sites.   Not  only will this encourage the use of their winter sports facilities, but it
will also  insure utilization of their chalet, restaurant, and lounge facilities  on a
four-season  basis.
We are unable to anticipate new activities that have yet to be discovered.  Some ac-
tivities may experience a sudden drop in popularity and release their resources for
other recreational activities. There is also the possibility of unexpected catastrophic
economic depression which could drastically alter future programs of development
and acquisition.
4-34

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Chapter  5
Needs
GENERAL
The need for additional recreation facilities in the Lake Huron Basin is manifested
in several ways.  Campers turned away from state parks, long lines of swimmers
awaiting admission to public municipal facilities, and vocal complaints of unsatis-
fied constituents are indicators of what is needed.   Besides  this increasing,pres-
sure for more facilities there is the overuse of existing facilities. Overuse causes
deterioration of recreation sites.
PRESENT NEEDS
The needs of the  Lake Huron  Basin are a part of the total  state needs which are
discussed in the Michigan Outdoor Recreation Plan (21). The purpose of this chapter
is to evaluate: the basin's present and future requirements for  outdoor recreation.
The three zones show varying degrees of  needs,  and these are compared below.
Some broad assumptions have been made  in relating demand, supply,  and needs.
The methodology  used to analyze the basin's needs is  presented in  Appendix B.

The figures outlined in Table 5-1 show the need for developed recreational acreage
in the basin.  Swimming, fishing? boating, picnicking, and camping were considered
the basic activities  in compilation of this table.. A large deficit of developed acre-
age exists in Zone 2.   Zone 3  has a sizable acreage deficiency, while a surplus of
developed recreation  acreage  is indicated for Zone 1.   However, it was noted in
several instances that recreation facilities in Zone 1 were often overcrowded.
There  are also periods of peak use when  campers were turned away from state
parks.  This results  from a distribution  problem within the zone.  The heaviest
pressures are  placed  on facilities  close to  transportation  arteries.   Parks and
resource areas located greater distances from these major traffic routes are often
only lightly used.
                                                                           5-1

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These acreages are considered necessary to support the, maximum number of people

expected to use recreational facilities at any one time on a normal  summer Sunday.
The acreages are based on the following classification of recreation areas suggested
by Marion Clawson, et al., in Land for the Future.

    (1)  User-oriented areas,  represented by city, county, and other local
        type parks, are usually located near the user, irrespective of the
        quality of resources available. User-oriented areas may be com-
        pared to Class I — High Density  Recreation Areas as defined by
        ORRRC in "Outdoor Recreation for America".
    (2)  Intermediate areas, represented  by state and regional type parks,
        utilize the best available  resources within a reasonable distance
        of the user. They may be compared to Class n — General Outdoor
        Recreation  Areas as  defined by ORRRC.  To some extent,  inter-
        mediate areas may also include the more highly developed Class III
        areas.
    (3)  Resource-oriented areas, represented by national forests, are lo-
        cated in areas of outstanding resources.  This  category is based
        on location t>f resources and not necessarily on the needs of people.
        The Huron  National Forest, Au Sable State Forest, and Thunder
        Bay River State Forest, all ORRRC Class HI areas, are represen-
        tative of this category.   Estimates of developed  acreages were
        made wherever recreational facilities existed in these areas.
     Table 5-1
              REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPED RECREATION ACREAGE
                           LAKE HURON BASEST 1960
                               (Nearest 100 acres)
      (1)
     Zone
       1
       2
       3
   (2)


 Total
Needed

 4,000
18,800
 8.000
     Basin            30,800

     * See Table B-4,  Appendix B.
     (3)
   Present
Existing for
 Public Use*
   5,900
   5,500
   2.400

  13,800
    (4)
  Deficit
(Column 2 -
 Column 3>

  -1,900
  13,300
   5,600

  17,000
The  acreage presented as "Deficit" in Table 5-1 indicates  the additional acreage

needed in each zone if divided equally between user-oriented  and intermediate types
of areas.   This approach was necessary because the classification of existing areas
5-2

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into the two types is not clear-cut.  An intermediate area may be user-oriented for
a certain portion of the population,  and  both types of  areas can support essentially
the same activities. In conjunction with  the developed  acreage necessary to support
the five oasic activities, other lands must be provided for  the more extensive rec-
reational uses such as  hiking,  hunting, sightseeing,  and nature  walks, as well as
providing desirable buffer areas.
The deficit figures may change, depending on acquisition of new areas and use pres-
sures.  For example, if additional studies should show the  user-oriented areas are
needed  in preference to intermediate ones, the figures could be lowered somewhat,
or if intermediate areas required more  attention, the  figures could be raised.
The basin's most  pressing needs lie in the area of development.   Although some
deficiencies remain, primarily at the local level, a substantial reserve of recrea-
tion land resources  has been acquired  for the basin.  According to the  Michigan
Outdoor Recreation Plan (page N. 104.9), 71.7 percent of  the 10-year  state parks
capital outlay recreation budget is earmarked for development.  The balance (28.3)
percent) is slated for land acquisition.   In Table 5-2 the acreage needs expressed in
this chapter are related to facility deficiencies listed  in the Michigan Outdoor Rec-
reation plan.
     Table 5-2
                ADDITIONAL NEEDS FOR DEVELOPED ACREAGE
                             LAKE HURON BASIN  1960
                       Developed                       Principal
     Zone           Acreage needed*               Facilities Needed
      1
      2                 13,300                 Boating, fishing, swimming
                                               camping, picnicking
      3                  5,600                 Boating, camping, swimming
     * See Methodology in Appendix  B.

 FUTURE NEEDS
Table 5-3 estimates future developed acreage requirements  for each zone and for
the Lake Huron Basin. Future needs for the five activities (boating, camping, fish-
ing, picnicking, and swimming) considered in the preceding section will probably
grow 277 percent by the year 2000 and by 2020 they  may be  expected to increase
500 percent over the presently needed acreage.

                                                                           5-3

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These projections are predicated upon continued growth of the basin's population
and economy and also upon the assumption that  the recreational demands exerted
upon the basin will be totally satisfied within the basin.  The total satisfaction of
need within the basin will require considerable private enterprise in the  owner-
ship and operation of marinas,  campgrounds, ski areas, etc.  The demand meth-
odology makes certain allowances for nonresidents seeking recreation in the basin,
but what effect their numbers will have on the basin by 2000  or 2020 is not known.
    Table 5-3
    FUTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPED RECREATIONAL ACREAGE
                               LAKE HURON BASIN
                               (Nearest 100 Acres)
      Zone
        1
        2
        3
      Basin
 1960*
 4,000
18,800
 8.000
30,800
  2000
 12,100
 71,200
 26,300
109,600
  2020
 13,400
104,700
 31,400
149,500
       *From Column 2 of Table 5-1.
5-4

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Chapter 6
Water  Quality Influences
GENERAL

Basin Water Quality.  Water quality problems in the Lake Huron Basin are concen-
trated in localized areas along thelakeshore, in portions of the numerous tributaries
and inland lakes.   The Saginaw River and  its tributaries dissect and service every
major city in the basin. These rivers are  small and their assimilative capacity is
limited.  Metropolitan areas have outgrown the ability of the surface water resour-
ces to meet basic needs.  Flint is an example of this.  Many smaller communities
bordering these tributaries are using them  for water  supply, waste assimilation,
and recreation.  All too frequently recreation has been sacrificed  in favor of in-
creased waste disposal activity. Soil erosion has seriously impaired water quality,
particularly in the Saginaw  River and its tributaries.  Poor land use and treatment
practives are largely responsible for the great quantities of soil reaching the water-
ways.  Water  quality problems in Lake Huron are attributed to wastes carried into
it by its tributaries. Because of its sheltered waters, shallow depths, and the waste
loads delivered by the Saginaw River, Saginaw Bay is the focal point of water quality
problems in Lake Huron.  Small streams, the Kawkawlin for example, also contri-
bute to pollution of the Bay.
Some of the state's largest inland lakes are located in Zone 1. Here, water quality
problems have not reached alarming proportion, but there are indications  of poten-
tial problems. Light algae blooms have occuredin lakes where they were previously
unknown, indicating increasing nutrient concentrations.  In the southern tip of Zone
2 there are several small lakes which are  suffering the consequences of unplanned
resource developments;  Inadequately treated effluents  entering tributary streams
and poorly designed lakeshore septic tank systems are responsible for many of the
water quality problems presently being experienced.
Sources of Pollution.  There are three general sources of polluting substances:
domestic, industrial, and agricultural. The most widely distributed pollution in the
Lake Huron Basin stems from domestic sources; both municipal  and  individual sys-
                                                                           6-1

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terns are involved.  Industrial contaminants are often more dramatically evidenced
but sparsely distributed.  Sedimentation of rivers in agricultural areas is concen-
trated in Zones 2 and 3.
Inefficient or inadequate sewage treatment plants  and  faulty individual septic sys-
tems are degrading lakes and rivers throughout the basin. They contribute oxygen-
consuming organic substances,  health endangering bacteria, and nutrients which
induce luxurious plant growths.  While enforcing pollution abatement laws  against
municipalities is difficult, inspecting individual septic sanitary systems will prove
to be the most demanding task.  Lakeshores  and  river banks are often lined with
cottages and permanent houses, many with septic systems draining directly into the
adjoining surface  waters.  The cost involved  in placing these homes on a collect-
ive sewage  treatment system  is often claimed to be prohibitive. Although  poten-
tially effective in  controlling new construction, sanitary zoning ordinances involve
serious ramifications when applied to  existing residences  and have not proven to be
a deterrent to undesirable developments.  As municipalities extend their services
to outlying areas, some shoreline residences  will be connected to a central waste
control system. Unfortunately there are many areas where this  expansion of inter-
ceptor systems will not occur in the foreseeable future.
The presence of considerable amounts of nutrients in the waters of much of Zone 2
and the southern and eastern portions of Zone 3 in the Lake Huron Basin has result-
ed in substantial growth of algae and  other undesirable weed growths.  The Flint,
Shiawassee, Pine, Chippewa,  and Tittabawassee Rivers in Zone 2 and the Cass and
Saginaw Rivers in Zone 3 all  exhibit some evidence of algae and other undesirable
aquatic vegetation at various locations along their length.  The intensively farmed
areas of the Saginaw River Valley and the heavily cultivated portions of southeast-
ern Michigan are major sources of farm runoffs and undoubtedly contribute to the
enrichment problem.  In addition, inadequately treated sewage  effluent of munici-
palities and industries, phosphates  from household detergents, and the runoff into
river basins of such seemingly harmless products as lawn fertilizers containing
considerable amounts of nutrients are entering the above-named rivers.
The cities  of Flint,  Saginaw,  Midland,  and Bay City contain the basin's  greatest
concentrations of industrial and  munufacturing concerns.  In addition, petroleum
refineries,  wood-us ing industries, food processing plants, quarrying installations,
and small manufacturing operations are located in other portions  of the basin. Metal
 6-2

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plating chemicals, heavy metal, paper mill wastes, phenols, thermal additions, and
assorted other contaminants have been or are pollutants for which the basin's indus-
tries are responsible.
In 1960  there were 4.4 million acres of artifically drained land in the Lake Huron
Basin (32).   Drainage ditches have provided an avenue for the collection of silt,
organic matter, and nutrients. Housing projects and other construction in the vicin-
ity of rivers and  lakes are often characterized by thoughtless removal of vegetation
and little concern for the surrounding environment;  waters downstream from con-
struction sites often run thick with silt from eroding soils.
Another source of pollution for which municipalities, industries, and private individ-
uals are all responsible is that of general refuse: tin cans, no-return  bottles,  old
automobiles, paper, garbage, and other assorted by-products of our society.  River
banks and flood plains have long  been a favorite location for trash disposal.  Beaches,
picnic areas,  campgrounds, and other recreation facilities suffer from waste depo-
sition. Ironically, recreation lands and waters are often littered by the same people
searching for a natural environment in which to recreate.

EFFECTS OF WATER QUALITY ON RECREATION
Swimming.   The most common  water quality problem affecting swimming and other
body contact activities is bacteriological contamination.  Pathogenic organisms asso-
ciated with human intestinal wastes can cause serious health problems  if present in
bathing waters.   Swimmers, water skiers, and skin divers are all susceptible to a
variety of illnesses:  gastro-intestinal inflamation, typhoid fever, infectious hepatitis,
and dysentery are some of the diseases known to be transported in surface  waters.
Often ignored in surveillance and monitoring problems are those substances  which
are by-products of our technologically advancing society.  New chemicals, industrial
processing wastes, and agricultural pesticides are reaching surface waters in in-
creasing quantities.  Some of these materials can cause serious injury to anyone
swimming in or ingesting the untreated water.  Esthetic degradation of bathing water
often deters swimming activity much more quickly  than potential health hazards.
Floating debris, turbidity, obnoxious odors or encroaching vegetation have elimin-
ated swimming in many areas regardless of the water's bacterial content.
Hunting and Fishing.  The proper environment for fish and game is what dictates
the water quality requirements.  Any significant change in the biochemical composi-

                                                                           6-3

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tion of natural waters can decimate the native biotic community.  These variables
include water temperature, oxygen content, turbidity, and pH.  Waters preserved
for aquatic life and dependent terrestrial  species  require constant surveillance as
these organisms are the first to feel the heavy hand of pollution.
Boating. Two primary concerns of the boater are that the water be  esthetically de-
sirable and that it be free from any  materials which could damage his equipment.
Extreme acidity or alkalinity can both damage equipment and contribute to an un-
desirable esthetic situation.  The  same can be said for floating debris, excessive
aquatic plant growths, and a wide range of  chemicals.  Except in the  case of an acci-
dent where the recreator may come in contact with the water, considerations given
to health have received less attention.
Water-Enhanced Activities.  Camping, picnicking, hiking, and other  water-enhanced
activities are most actively pursued in areas  adjacent to esthetically attractive
waters. McKee and Wolf have delineated the water quality requirements necessary
for esthetic  enjoyment of water-enhanced activities.  Conditions of water quality
that adversely affect water-enhanced activities are: visible floating, suspended, or
settled  solids arising from the disposal of sewage or garbage;  sludge banks; slime
infestation; heavy growths and attached plants or animals; blooms of high concen-
trations of plankton;  discoloration or excessive turbidity from sewage, industrial
wastes, or even natural sources; the evolution of dissolved gases, especially hydro-
gen sulfide; visible oil or grease, including emulsions; excessive acidity or alkalinity
that leads to  corrosion or delignification of boats and docks; surfactants that  form
when the water is  agitated or aerated; and excessive water temperatures that cause
high rates of evaporation and cloudiness over the water (15). Participation is great-
est when the  waters support a desirable aquatic community and  are  safe for water-
dependent activities.   Camping or hiking may be the primary objective of a vacation,
but the  choice of site or route is often determined by the availability of high quality
waters  suitable for a variety of uses.

WATER QUALITY  PARAMETERS
There are two independent qualities which must be assured in recreation waters: the
absence of health hazards and desirable esthetic features.  Many pollutants have a
detrimental effect on both of these desired qualities. A  listing of contaminants and
some of their harmful effects is found in  Table 6-1.  Only the  more common sub-
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stances known to gain entry into basin waters are considered.  It should also be

understood  that the headings used in the contaminant column,  e.g. pesticides, and

the following listed effects are general in scope and are not to be construed as all-.
inclusive.
  Table 6-1
  CONTAMINANTS

  Phenols*
  Acids and alkalines*


  Heavy metals, e.g. lead, zinc,
  arsenic, and chromium
  Oxygen-consuming substances*
  e.g. starches,  sugars,  and
  also previously mentioned soil
  particles and human wastes
  Chlorine


  Dyes

  Temperature-warmed water
  Radiation
  Pesticides*


  Human digestive wastes and
  associated bacteria
  Soil


  Oils*
  Nutrients, including
  fertilizers*
               EFFECTS
Impart obnoxious odors and tastes to the water
and the fish within. Are also toxic to fish in
very small concentrations.
Toxic to aquatic life and damaging to recrea-
tional equipment.

Toxic to fish,  wildlife, and humans.


Detrimental to fish and oth'er aquatic life, and
can cause odor and taste problems.
May be detrimental to fish and other aquatic
life. Causes eye irritation in swimming pools.

Some varieties are toxic to fish and all affect
the water's natural color.
May impair esthetic quality of swimming water,
and has a deleterious effect on other elements
contained within the body of water.  Extremes
eliminate aquatic life.  Under certain conditions
may be beneficial for swimming in cold bodies
of water.

Certain rays or radioactive substances above cer-
tain levels may be detrimental to aquatic plant
and animal life and a threat to human health.

Harmful to all forms of aquatic life and any
organisms ingesting the water,  including humans.

Obnoxious odors, visually unsightly,  detrimental
to human health and aquatic life.

Visually unsightly,  detrimental to aquatic life,
and sedimentation blocks navigable waters.

Injurious to fish and wildlife, esthetically dis-
pleasing,  and can damage recreation equipment

Stimulate  nuisance aquatic growths which are
esthetically and physically detrimental to recrea-
tion activities.
   * Also found combination with several other general polutants.
                                                                               6-5

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It is difficult to determine exactly when each of these polluting substances becomes
concentrated enough to be harmful.   Reactions often take place between chemicals
that cause  them to be much more dangerous in combination than they were indi-
vidually. Warmed waters, for example, may start or intensify a chemical reaction
that would ordinarily be subdued by the water's natural temperature.  Each body of
water and each entering foreign entity nust be approached on an individual basis if
deleterious effects are to be accurately analyzed and corrected.
REPRESENTATIVE CASE  STUDIES
Flint.  The Flint River, Kearsley and Thread Reservoirs,  and Flint Park Lake
either pass through, border, or are located within the city of Flint. At one time all
of these waters supported a variety of water-oriented outdoor recreation activities.
The Flint River was used for  swimming, sport fishing,  boating, and other activities
associated with good quality waters.  Because of its small size and  muddy bottom,
Flint Park Lake received only light recreational use.  At present not one of these
waters is recommended  by the Flint Park and Recreation Department for water-
contact sports. Poor water quality is the most important factor contributing to the
loss of these waters for recreation purposes. This degradation of natural waters is
another reason for people to seek weekend recreation away from the cities.
Swimming pools, golf courses, and ball parks meet some of the demands generated
by the citizens of Flint.   A reasonably large body of safe, esthetically attractive
water  bounded by sand beaches, a marina, public  boat launching sites, and picnic
grounds would be an invaluable supplement to the city's recreation system.  Every
resource  and facility previously  mentioned existed in  the past and  could exist in
the future provided water quality is improved.   As was mentioned in Chapter Four
under Recreation Potential, Genesee County and the City of Flint,  in anticipation
of improved water quality, are planning construction of a reservoir on the  Flint
River which will have recreation as its primary purpose.
Of particular interest on the periphery of Flint is Kearsley Lake, a 200-acre reser-
voir originally designed for low flow augmentation. Recreationally, it once support-
ed a number of private and commercial beaches,  hosted an annual racing regatta,
and provided boating and fishing opportunities. The water quality has since degener-
ated to the point that many recreation demands can no longer be satisfied.   In  1956
a survey was made by the City Water Department to determine the sources of pollu-
tion which were degrading the reservoir's water quality. It was discovered that the
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                                                                      GPO 819-303—7

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residences bordering both the reservoir and Keaxsley Creek had inefficient sanitary
septic systems which were channeling wastes directly to surface waters. It is estima-
ted that nearly 20,000 swimming occasions annually are lost to outdoor recreationists
because of the presence of these pollutants.  If this problem was corrected, Kearsley
Reservoir could once again be used extensively for recreational purposes.
Thread  Lake, administered  by the City Recreation Department, is 115 acres in size
and located entirely within the city  of Flint. Poor water quality and sedimentation
have significantly reduced this lake's recreational potential.  Faulty septic tank sys-
tems  bordering its tributary streams are contributing domestic wastes to the lake.
Like  Kearsley Reservoir, Thread Lake  once supported a variety of water-oriented
recreation activities. It could
do so again if the  lake were
dredged and, foremost, if the
water quality were improved.
 This site on Kearsley Reservoir
 was once a heavily used com-
 mercial beach and is presently
 owned by the City Parks and
 Recreation Department, but it
 remains undeveloped.
 Plate 6-1    Photo by BOfi.
Saginaw.  The Saginaw River, in combination with its tributaries, is one of  the few
significant sources of recreational  waters close to the Saginaw  urban area.   Inland
lakes represent only 1,479  acres of surface water of which almost  half is  flooded
lowlands devoted to wildlife propagation.  The  remaining acreage  consists of small
ponds and lakes averaging less than 15 acres in size (26).  The value of the Saginaw
River as a recreational resource has been recognized by the city's Parks and  Recre-
ation Department as is evidenced by their waterfront  acquisition program.  Boating
water skiing, picnicking, walking for pleasure, and assorted other activities are sup-
ported by the river and adjacent waterfront areas. Swimming is discouraged because
of unpredictable currents and fluctuating water quality.  Undesirable esthetic condi-
tions (primarily turbidity) and upstream municipal and industrial discharges further
limit the recreational use of the river..  The cities of Gladwin,  Midland, Alma, Flint,
Lapeer,  and several smaller communities above Saginaw use the Saginaw River and
its tributaries  for waste  assimilation (31).  The drainage of 1,989,000 acres of in-
                                                                             6-7

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 Plate 6-2
 A sign seen much too often in the
 Lake Huron Basin. Photo by BOR.
                                     tensively farmed cropland contributes sub-
                                     stantially to the river's turbidity.
                                     Bay City.  The  quality of the  Saginaw River
                                     deteriorates as it flows northward to Saginaw
                                     Bay.  Bay City residents and visitors alike
                                     generally consider the river esthetically unde-
                                     sirable,  even for water-enhanced activities.
                                     The discharge of Saginaw River water in con-
                                     junction with that of the domestically polluted
                                     Kawkawlin River  into Saginaw  Bay  has dis-
                                     couraged beach attendance at  Bay City State
                                     Park. Attendance figures for the years 1961
                                     through  1966  given in Table  6-2 exemplifies
this problem.   General public opinion regarding natural waters  and their suitability
for recreational activities is evidenced by the abandonment of  the municipal beach
on Lake Huron and planned construction of swimming pools.
Alpena. Alpena and several other cities suffer  from irresponsible actions commit-
ted decades ago.  During the 19th century, Alpena was one of the major centers for
lumbering and associated  industries.  By-products from the  lumber processing
industry (chips, sawdust, slabs,  etc.) were deposited in Thunder Bay. Today local
parks and recreation officials are continually  burdened with the task of removing
water-logged debris from the public beaches.

    Table 6-2
            ATTENDANCE TRENDS OF BAY  CITY STATE PARK AND THE
                   MICHIGAN STATE PARK SYSTEM,  1961-1966
                               Percent                              Percent
     Year    Bay City State    Change     Total State Attendance    Change
1961
1962
1963
1964*
1965
1966
287,045
312,620
327,025
245,410
228,900
261,400

+ 8.7
+ 5.0
-25.0
- 6.9
+13.9
13,465,872
13,081,438
13,565,622
13,844,262
13,583,862
16,457,452

- 2.8
+ 4.0
+ 2.0
- 1.9
+22.0
    * Beach was posted on May 28 through June 26, indicating a potential health
    hazard.
6-8

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          The black debris degrading this Alpena
          beach is primarily wood chips, slabs,
          and sawdust deposited in Thunder Bay
          several decades ago.  Photo by BOR.
 Plate 6-3
                                 In the foreground is a segment of maintained municipal
                                 beach at Alpena. Beyond the post lies a beach which is not
                                 continually cleared, raked, and turned over.
                                                                   —Photo by BOR.

Harbor Beach.   High  coliform counts and large accumulations of aquatic plants
indicate a water quality problem at Harbor Beach.  Table 6-3 presents the findings
from water samples taken  by the  Michigan Water Resources  Commission.  The
counts consistently exceeded accepted levels  for whole  body contact recreation
activities.  Subsequent studies re-
vealed that industrial wastes were
largely responsible for the high col-
iform counts.  The city's efficient
waste treatment plant  chlorinates
its effluent, and the human wastes
of industry are  also treated  at this
municipal treatment plant.   After
preliminary investigation it appears
that there are two other sources of
bacterial contamination: recreation
craft in the  harbor and  unsewered
seasonal residences along the lake -
shore.
Plate 6-4
                                        6-9

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    Table 6-3
              BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA FOR HARBOR BEACH
                               (1965-1966)
                                                 Coliform Counts
                  Date
                7-28-65
                8-23-65
                6-30-66
                7-11-66
                7-25-66
                8-08-66
                8-23-66
                9-08-66
                Average
           Organisma/100 ml.
                110,000
                 12,000
                  1,400
                  4,100
                  4,000
                 44,000
                 75,000
                  2,000
                 26,250
      Source: (30)
  Note: These counts exceed water quality standards as determined by the Michigan Water Resources
  Commission.  These standards  state that the geometric average of any series of 10 consecutive
  samples shall not exceed 1, 000; nor shall 20 percent of the samples examined exceed 5,000/100 ml
  for total body contact. The high counts obtained on the dates 7/28/65 and 8/23/66 appear to be in-
  consistant with the other samples obtained.  If errors were made in sampling, the numerical value
  of the remaining samples are still high and very definitely indicate a problem.

Small Lakes  in the Southern Shiswassee River Basin, Genesee  County.  A series

of small lakes in a glacial moraine area of Genesee  County are aging prematurely.

Slimes, weed growths,  and resulting odors discourage the recreational use of these
waters. Effluent from  an inefficient primary treatment plant, faulty septic tank sys-

tems, and surface runoff  have

all contributed  to this situation.

Private groups, in cooperation
with governmental agencies.have
begun to attack these problems;
but there is still much to be done.

Fenton Lake, a small morainal
lake  with  no inlet and  a very
small outlet is  supporting sub-
stantial growths  of  algae and
rooted aquatic plants. The  indi-
vidual septic tank systems used
for domestic wastes could be
contributing substantial quanti-
ties of nutrients to the lake. An
           This Lake Fenton scene shows plant growth
           by an outlet of a county drain. It appears
           that substances other than storm water are
           emitted.  The area  on both sides of this
           drain is a beach for residents of an adja-
           cent suburb.            Photo by BOR.
Plate 6-5
6-10

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obvious source of pollutants is storm water runoff entering via two county drains. It
appears more than storm water is being discharged from these drains, but even if
this is not the case, harmful constituents carried by runoff waters are more than
sufficient to cause problems in a lake of this type.  With  little or no circulation  the
lake is never sufficiently flushed; hence the buildup of nutrients and a relatively stag-
nant condition — an  ideal situation for plant growth.  Diversion of the drain water
has been suggested as a solution, but this would only transfer the problem to people
farther down the subbasin.


WATER QUALITY IMPAIRMENT
In Chapter 1 water pollution was defined as the  addition of any material or any
change in the quality or character of a body of water which interferes with, lessens
or destroys a desired  use.  This  implies that if there is no impairment of use
there is  no pollution. Throughout the Lake Huron Basin are sources of contamina-
tion which have actually impaired the  basin's waters for recreational purposes.
Plate 6-6 shows present degrees of impairment.  These degrees have been divided
into three categories:  light, moderate, and gross.   Definitions  of these follow:
WATERS LIGHTLY IMPAIRED are those which can support recreational activities
    involving total body as well as  partial body contact.  In some instances these
    waters may not be esthetically pleasing during part of the recreational season
    because of certain activities such as: mining, gravel washing, canning, sewage
    treatment, or similar activities which may preclude their use by some recre-
    ators.
WATERS MODERATELY IMPAIRED are those at which recreational activities in-
    volving total body contact with water is deterred because of health consider-
    tions.   Some persons might engage in water activities involving partial body
    contact, but most people would shy away from such activity because of  esthe-
    tic impairment.
WATERS GROSSLY  IMPAIRED are  those at which recreation  activity involving
    whole body contact  with water  is deterred  because  of health  considerations
     and which nearly all people involved in water recreational activities would
     shun.  Such waters would be esthetically displeasing because of algae growth,
     dead fish, oil slicks, floating debris, raw sewage, or other similar conditions.
                                                                           6-11

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                                        LOCATION OF RECREATIONAL WATERS
                                             IMPAIRED BY LOW QUALITY


                                                  LAKE HURON BASIN

                                                      Plate 6-6
LEGEND
        Grossly impaired
        Moderately impaired
 il!|:|lt Lightly impaired
 Source:  Michigan Water Resources Commission
                                                                       -N-

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PRESENT ABATEMENT PROGRAMS

The state's water pollution abatement program is well underway. Many municipal-
ities and industries have been ordered by the Michigan Water Resources Commis-
sion to install new waste treatment systems  or update their existing facilities.  In
anticipation of improved water quality,  some communities are planning recreation
developments which will provide facilities for water-dependent activities on lakes
and rivers presently considered polluted.   The recent passage of a $335 million
pollution bonding program in November 1968 by the citizens of Michigan will pro-
vide a significant step forward.  This will provide greatly needed money for im-
provements on existing  sewage treatment facilities as well as the  construction of
new sewage treatment plants. The  United States Department of Agriculture and
the State  of Michigan Department of Agriculture through numerous  subagencies
have long encouraged improved land use practices with considerable attention given
to erosion control.  Dependence  on  the voluntary efforts of individual land owners
has not always been the  most effective technique for insuring wise resource utiliza-
tion, as  evidenced by many of the basin's rivers. However, increased promotional
and educational  efforts  on the part of the aforementioned  agencies could substan-
tially alleviate many of  the sedimentation problems presently degrading the basin's
central and southern waters.
Industry is also  beginning to recognize the public relations value of  a responsible
approach  to waste control and the  environment in general.   One of the basin's
most  efficient, conscientiously-operated  waste treatment systems is the pride of
a large chemical company, the Dow Chemical Company.
Interest and action initiated  by  private individuals, associations, and industries
can and,  in some instances,  have  fostered tremendous changes  in the general
public's  attitude toward the  surrounding  environment.  An  example of a private
group actively engaged  in the promotion of pollution abatement is the Ponemah-
Squaw-Tupper Lakes Improvement Association, a group composed of local lakeside
home owners.  Upon witnessing  the  deterioration of the lakes on which  they live,
property owners organized  an action group to promote and implement programs
which could reverse the trend of water pollution. Studies and surveys were made
to locate the  sources of pollution, and a plan was formulated to eliminate or con-
trol discharges  of contaminating substances.  This was  followed  by a promotion

                                                                          6 13

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campaign which has  contributed to the construction of a new  sewage treatment
plant.  Their efforts  have resulted in a lake level stabilization structure,  sewage
diversion system, and a planned sanitary district to service lakeside homes.  The
efforts of the Ponemah-Squaw-Tupper Lakes Improvement Association have been
recognized by others living on similarly distressed lakes; and they, too, are now
organizing in an attempt to  rectify the errors of the past.
Through the actions and cooperation of federal, state,  local, and private interests
can come the quality  of waters necessary to support, not only recreation activities,
but all other uses, including  domestic and industrial.  There are indications that
desirable action and cooperation either exists or is forthcoming and as a result the
basin's rivers, inland lakes,  and Lake Huron itself can become a greater  source
of pleasure to all.
 Clean water is the key to greater
 enjoyment by all persons.  Photo
 at right by Michigan Department
 of Natural Resources. Photos be-
 low by the Mich. Tourist Council.
                              Plate 6-7
          I.
6-14

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Chapter  7
Outdoor  Recreation  Plan

APPRAISAL OF RECREATION POTENTIALS
The recreation potential for the Lake Huron Basin has yet to be significantly tapped.
Lands in  excess of two million acres are publicly owned and capable of supporting
a variety of recreation activities. This  wealth of resources is concentrated  in the
less populous northern portion of the basin.  Only 14,000  acres in the basin are
presently intensively developed for recreation.  Developed recreation acreage could
double, triple, or quadruple without taxing existing resources or infringing on low
density activities. However, as interests and participation in the low density activi-
ties increases, overcrowding may occur, resulting in low quality experiences. Urban
development will also have a detrimental effect on the basin's recreation potential
if it does not proceed in a more rational manner than it has in the past.  In the near
future several outstanding programs will be undertaken which will significantly affect
the recreational complexion of the Lake Huron Basin.  A discussion of two notable
developments follows:
Great Lakes Sport Fishery.  One of the most exciting  chapters in the story of rec-
reation is being written.   Concerned agencies are implementing ambitious plans for
a new sport fishery which should flourish.  The introduction of Coho and  Chinook
Salmon into Lake Michigan waters has  resulted in success that has far exceeded
expectations. These species of salmon were more recently  planted  in Lake Huron,
and good  results are anticipated.  These programs, in combination with the recov-
ery of native fishes should continue to provide an outstanding recreation resource.
Another important factor in the future success of the sport fisheries program is the
control of the sea lamprey. In the past few years, control measures  have achieved
notable results.  However, a recent reduction in funds has caused  a cutback in the
Lake Huron lamprey control program.
                                                                           7-1

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Rehabilitation of Basin Waters.  Through an active program of pollution abatement
directed and enforced by the state of Michigan Water Resources Commission, many
of the rivers, streams, and lakes presently unfit for recreation activities can once
again enhance  the environment and support those uses which demand high quality
waters.  A complete discussion of water quality and its effects on outdoor recrea-
tion is found in Chapter 6.
Zone I.  Extensive forested lands, varied topography, numerous lakes and streams
and the  last remnants of unspoiled  Lake Huron shoreline,  all combine to make
Zone 1 the most recreationally desirable area in the basin.  Another factor favor-
ably contributing to the zone's recreational potential is the large acreages held in
public trust. A great threat to this  potential is  the unplanned, haphazard prolifer-
ation of seasonal homes.  A small number of vacation residences  can consume dis-
proportionally large amounts of valuable recreation lands. Pressures are already
being put on public agencies to force the sale of public lands to  private interests.
Although the demand-supply analysis indicates a surplus of  developed recreation
land in Zone 1, it should not be assumed that future recreational demands will be
easily satisfied.  Increasing popularity of low density activities which require ex-
tensive acreages indicates tremendous demands for undeveloped lands.
Zone 2.  Intensive farming, generally flat topography, scarcity of surface waters,
and population density all have depressing effects on the potential for recreational
development in Zone  2.  Efforts to provide the 13,300 acres of developed recrea-
tion land needed to satisfy present demands will be significantly retarded by these
factors.  The most promising action regarding resource availability is the rehabil-
itation of the zone's degraded waters, thus  providing areas for development which
are presently considered  unsatisfactory for recreational purposes.  Possibly res-
ervoir construction,  similar to that in Genesee County could further alleviate the
need for recreational water resources.  Zone 2 also suffers from  acute unregulated
urban sprawl.  Desirable lands on the periphery of'the zone's cities are being con-
sumed by residential, industrial,  and public developments, often without  adequate
regard for the recreational resources that are being preempted.
Zone 3.  The  many  miles of Lake  Huron shoreline and the excellent waterfowl
habitat and  fishing waters of Saginaw Bay are admirable resources associated with
Zone 3.  Unfortunately, most  of the shoreline is already  privately or publicly de-
veloped  to a degree that  quite limits its future potential. The Rifle and Au Ores
7-2

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subbasins represent the most promising remaining potential.  The resources nece-
sary to alleviate the present 5, 600-acre need for  developed  recreation lands are
available.  Pollution abatement programs  will  allow more extensive recreational
use of the many small  tributaries,  shoreline lake waters,  and Saginaw Bay.

SUPPLEMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Location of Recreation Facilities.   Urban areas have long suffered the inequitable
distribution of recreation facilities. Rising urban land prices, mobility, and avail-
ability of desirable resource-oriented lands in less densely  populated  areas have
stimulated this trend.  The basin's cities are moderate in size and just beginning to
experience an acute need for recreation facilities.  In many instances, the resour-
ces are available, and  all that remains to be done is saving them for recreation use.
Resource Aptitude.  The Lake Huron  Basin  has  certain  resource characteristics
which  should  be  taken into consideration when future recreation developments are
contemplated.  The lake itself contains relatively cold water and is encircled by
horizontally shallow beaches.  Offshore waters are underlaid with sedimentary de-
posits  conducive to plant growth as evidenced in the lake's bays and inlets. These
are conditions far from attractive to  the swimmer but desirable for other water-
dependent and water-enhanced activities,  e.g., picnicking, camping, fishing, and
hunting.
The  interior of the basin and its  8,000-mile system  of  tributaries  are valuable
resources  ideally suited for low density recreation activities,  e.g., hiking, trail
riding, primitive camping,  canoeing,  and fishing.   On the periphery  of cities  and
a number of resource-oriented areas,  high density facilities  are necessary to sat-
isfy  resident  demands.   The vast tracts of public forests and other large holdings
of undeveloped land can  best serve the region by supporting  those activities which
require one or a combination of the  following four conditions:  adequate acreages
per recreationist, a pleasant natural setting,  fish and wildlife habitat,  and privacy.

Permanent and Seasonal  Home Development. The Lake Huron  Basin is experiencing
a deviation from  the normal pattern of urban sprawl, i.e., people are bypassing
the suburb and building  homes in rural areas. This desire for a "country estate"
has resulted in the removal of many  recreation amenities once available to urban
residents.  Seasonal homes are still being built at a rapid rate.   The bulldozing of
all trees and vegetation for rows of crowded, look-alike housing in subdivisions is
                                                                            7-3

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continuing unabated. Efforts to control this type of development have been largely
ineffective.   Zoning ordinances are sometimes ignored for the short term economic
benefits of contractors and realtors.  Aside from direct acquisition, a successful
system of land use control has not been found.
Throughout  Michigan are found a considerable number of private and semiprivate
lakes having excessive numbers of  seasonal or permanent homes lining the shore-
line.  In many instances these cottages and cabins  are utilizing inadequate or poorly
placed septic systems, with some even piping wastes direcly into lake waters.  Not
only are  lot  sizes in many cases far too small, but buildings are usually construc-
ted too close to the water's edge.  This carelessness and shortsightedness has re-
sulted in the unattractive cluttering of shorelines and  the unnecessary pollution of
lake waters. For lakes not yet in  such a condition, passage of effective shoreland
zoning ordinances properly enforced  by  the state  can help in eliminating these in-
fringements of the lakeside  environment. For those lakes already developed, zoning
ordinances cannot undo what is already in existence.  However, a possible solution
to the pollution problem on  developed lakes or those lakes to be developed would be
the development of an economical central sewage  treatment system.  If such a sys-
tem could be installed at a reasonable cost, all riparian owners  and public users
could enjoy  water-oriented outdoor recreation of  a much higher quality.  The elim-
ination of the cost now incurred for installing and maintaining septic systems might
aid in offsetting the cost of  a central sewage treatment system.  More importantly,
if existing and prospective lakeside  owners are made aware of the added benefits
and enjoyment that can result from such  a system, increased costs to the owners
would probably not prove to be a deterrent to their acceptance.
Wild Land Trends.  There  is a significant trend occuring in Michigan,  which each
year further limits the amount of wild lands available to the public for hunting and
other recreational uses.  A recently completed survey of Michigan's wild lands by
the state's Department of Natural  Resources indicated a 64 percent increase in the
amount of fenced private wild land acreage in Region II of the lower peninsula during
the period of 1954-1963.  (Region n includes the  major portion of the Lake Huron
Basin and nearly the same trend could be expected in the basin.) In 1963, 1,627,702
acres were  fenced as compared to 1,047,670 acres in 1954.
Wild lands  comprise approximately  60  percent of the basin's total land area,  but
the proportion which fenced private wild lands comprise  of total wild lands (public

 7-4

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and private) is  considerable.  To illustrate, in 1954, 14.4 percent of the total wild
lands were under fence as compared to 22.3 percent in 1963.  This loss  of lands is
occuring just at the time when greater demands are being made upon the basin's
land and water  resources.
Zoning  Considerations. The introduction and passage of legislation designed to en-
hance the natural beauty and outdoor recreation use of flood plains and shorelines
in not only the  Lake Huron Basin but in the entire state of Michigan should receive
consideration.   Whereas various state laws exist which are designed  to protect
flood plains and shorelines from the encroachment of undesirable practices,  their
principal  purpose is not to enhance,  but only to protect — the laws do not provide
specific provisions which enhance natural beauty and recreational use. *
The Subdivision Control Act of 1967 (Act 288, P. A. 1967) is a recent Michigan law
which bears a relationship to the use of land and water for recreational purposes
and  may aid in improving environmental quality.  The two  provisions which could
have this effect are  (1) The Department of  Public Health may require percolation
and boring tests prior to the installation of septic systems in a particular area and
(2) The Michigan Water Resources Commission will be given authority to approve
or reject a preliminary subdivision plat, giving the necessary reasons if rejected.
In 1962 the state of Wisconsin enacted a bold and imaginative law to protect the
clear waters and natural beauty of its rural shorelands.  Shorelands, as  defined by
the law, are lands within 1,000 feet of a lake,  pond,  or flowage and lands within
300 feet of a river or stream or to the landward side of the flood plain,  whichever
distance is greater.   The stated purpose of the  statute is to ".. .further the main-
tenance of safe and  healthful  conditions; prevent and  control  water pollution; pro-
tect spawning grounds, fish, and  aquatic life; control  building sites, placement of
structures, and land uses; and preserve shore cover and natural beauty" (65, 66).
The provision for such controls will have a direct bearing on the quality  of outdoor
recreation in the areas affected.
The law requires special county zoning for the unincorporated shorelands of  all
navigable waters.   The law applies to most waters in the state  since any  water

*Act 247, P.A.  1955, as amended - The Great Lakes Submerged Lands Act.
   Act 291, P.A. 1965, as amended - The Inland Lakes and Streams Act.
   Act 167, P.A. 1968 - Amendments to Act No. 245 of the Public Acts of 1929
   (Water Resources Commission Act).
                                                                             7-5

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which is capable of "floating any boat, skiff, or canoe of the shallowest draft used
for recreational purposes" is navigable by the Wisconsin legality test.  Either fail-
ure to adopt an ordinance, or the adoption of an inadequate ordinance by a county,
will result in adoption of an ordinance for that county by the Division of Resource
Development.  If needed,  the division is  directed to provide substantial assistance
to the counties.
The law provides for zoning regulations such as: (1) the determination of a particu-
lar soils'suitability to support septic systems prior to the  installation of such sys-
tems, (2) tree cutting limitations to preserve shore cover and natural beauty and
to aid in controlling erosion, (3) providing  minimum setback distances of various
structure's from the water's edge,  (4) the setting of minimum lot sizes, (5) filling
and grading  provisions and  lagooning and dredging  provisions aimed at controlling
erosion, and (6) the use of subdivision controls such as cluster development. The
law can only be applied to those areas not yet developed, and will be limited in its
application in the southern,  more developed portions of the state. This law should
provide a useful tool for restricting improper land use which might infringe upon
valuable shorelands in the undeveloped portions of the state.
In order for the law to be  operational,  especially at the outset, it  appears that
some means of enforcement will be essential.  In addition, an appreciation by the
public for what this program can do, particularly by those persons affected, gained
through an educational and cooperative program could aid in solving  many enforce-
ment problems and achieving the ultimate success of the law's intent.  The state of
Michigan might give consideration for the passage of a similar law  to protect lake
and stream shorelands which are not largely developed in that state.
Air Pollution.   Some areas in the basin, including state forest lands and areas
adjacent to routes traveled by recreationists, are being adversely affected  by un-
pleasant odors associated  with their general location.  Industrial concerns are re-
sponsible for problems in  Midland, Alma, and  Harbor Beach. Scattered throughout
the northern half of Zone 2 and the western half of  Zone 3 are many  oil fields sup-
porting a large number of  oil wells.  In  1967 there  were approximately 4,500 oil
wells in the Lake Huron Basin —  2,000 of these were active producers of oil (19).
Oil wells found at several locations  in the northern portion of Zone  2 are sources
of nauseous  hydrogen sulfide gases.   If improperly capped or sealed, these gases
escape to the atmosphere and can reduce  the quality  of any recreation experience.
7-6

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The oil and gas producing industry, through the American Petroleum Institute, is
currently undertaking research on the problems of odors associated with oil  and
gas wells.
Problems Confronting Private Recreation Enterprises.  Commercial recreation
establishments are faced with a variety of obstacles ranging from inadequate finan-
cial credit to the operators' lack of professional knowledge.  Recreation businesses
are generally considered poor risks by financial institutions.  Without credit the
modernizing and expansion of facilities so necessary to the success of any business
venture is almost impossible. Assistance given by the Small Business Administra-
tion, the Farmers Home Administration,  and the Economic  Development Adminis-
tration is partially alleviating crucial credit shortages.  These three agencies are
the principal sources of loans for outdoor recreation purposes. However, the mon-
ies available through the SBA have been substantially curtailed, while the latter two
agencies provide loans which are available only to particular types of enterprises.
In addition,  there is a variety of other federal assistance in outdoor recreation in
the form of credit, technical aid, educational services,  and research from a con-
siderable number of other federal agencies.  Many  of these programs  are  little
known and even less understood by would-be recipients.  There is  a need for an in-
formative promotional program to make those  needing such services more clearly
aware of their existence  and applicability.
The vulnerability of commercial recreation facility owners  to liability suits neces-
sitates the purchase of costly liability insurance. A recent law adopted by the  state
of Michigan  protects landowners against liability suits unless extreme negligence
can be  proven.  This law is designed to open more private lands for public use,
primarily hunting, but it does not apply  to commercial recreation establishments
charging user fees.
An increasing number of persons having access to idle land (e.g., farmers, ranch-
ers,  retirees, and  others)  are undertaking the development and management of
outdoor recreation enterprises.  Many of these people lack the necessary land re-
sources, skill and knowledge of effective park layout, administrative techniques,
and the ability to deal properly with the public, which are requisites for the estab-
lishment and operation  of a successful  enterprise. There  are exceptions in which
such knowledge is not a necessity  — small  primitive camping  areas and game
farms could be operated without the need for specialized training.  Conversely, the
                                                                           7-7

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management of a recreation area providing modern campgrounds,  hiking trails,
boating facilities, a swimming beach, and concession stand requires special know-
ledge and ability.
A  recent publication of the  Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, "Financing of Private
Outdoor Recreation"  , indicates the consequence of this lack of knowledge and ability.
Financial institutions in responding to various questions indicated that, aside from
the seasonal aspects  of recreation enterprises, the inexperience of managers was
the primary reason  for their regarding such enterprises as  more risky than the
average business (53).  To provide further incentive  for persons  to undertake such
enterprises and successfully operate  them, increased governmental  assistance in
the form of  technical advice and government sponsored short courses at state uni-
versities  on  fundamental park management practices  might be  considered.
There are many private recreation area operators who are providing  only  average
quality facilities and are not giving adequate consideration to enhancing the environ-
mental aspects of their establishments.  Appropriate training and well  publicized
technical assistance programs should promote the establishment of higher quality
facilities  in addition to an improvement of the esthetic environment at  private rec-
reation areas.
The need  for a closer working relationship and better understanding between public
outdoor recreation managing agencies and the private outdoor recreation sector is
an  area worthy of greater attention.  The private sector has, in some instances,
duplicated existing public facilities in the same area.  The  establishment of govern-
ment facilities in areas that were already served by commercial operators has also
occurred. While such happenstance has not yet  resulted in serious consequences,
the likelihood of its  doing so in the future will increase.  Growing demands for
public recreation facilities and a lack of  sound  business  judgement on the part of
private operators has caused many of the present  conflicts.  Better planning and
coordination of future facility developments between public managing  agencies and
the private sector could greatly alleviate this problem.  If prospective private rec-
reation operators had access to information  regarding the location  and types of
planned facility developments of public agencies,  it would prove advantageous both
to  them and to the public managing agencies.  With  access to such information the
private operator could eliminate consideration for  development  in those areas in
which competition might develop or give consideration to providing a different type
7-8
                                                                     GPO 815—303—8

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of facility to either complement or supplement the planned public facilities.  State
Outdoor recreation plans should  give consideration to areas where private develop-
ment would be appropriate.
A major reason for the private recreation industries' inability to keep abreast of de-
mands has already been mentioned:  finances.  Another possible restraint is the pub-
lic's reluctance to pay directly for outdoor recreation.  Access to and use of the out-
doors is considered an inalienable right of every American. The public often does not
realize that mushrooming costs, especially for increasingly specialized facilities,are
placing heavy burdens on public as well as private resources and finances alike.
Limitation of International  Boundary.  Since this report considers only the  United
States' portion of the Lake  Huron Basin, the relationship to the Canadian portion of
the basin was not explored. A substantial number of  Canadian tourists use  United
States  recreation facilities  and vice versa.   Indications are that  the international
boundary is not a physical  limitation to tourists' using natural resources common to
the two countries.  The existence of the political boundary, however,  tends to handi-
cap natural resource planning efforts. A similar study for the Canadian portion of the
basin could complement this  study and give a complete  overview of water-oriented
outdoor recreation in the Lake Huron Basin.

ACTION PROGRAMS
Federal, state, and local governments have fostered significant legislation and pro-
grams designed with the intent  both  to correct the wanton depredation of valuable
natural resources  and provide through these resources  an environment capable of
supporting the recreational  opportunities demanded by the public. The effects of some
of these programs have been discussed in previous chapters. A summary of the more
important legislation and action programs affecting the Lake Huron Basin follows:
Federal
Outdoor Recreation Programs.  The Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965
authorizes 50 percent matching  grants to states and their political subdivisions for
planning,  acquisition,  and development of outdoor recreation resources.  Acquisition
and  development assistance is available for state  and local projects which  are in
accord with a state's comprehensive outdoor recreation  plan.  This  program is ad-
ministered by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.
                                                                            7-9

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 Anti-pollution Program.  The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration is
 authorized to provide financial assistance to states and municipalities for the pre-
 vention, control, and abatement of water pollution through: (1) grants for construc-
 tion of sewage  treatment works of up to 30 percent of eligible project  costs (if
 states provide matching funds and certain other conditions are met,  the federal
 share may be increased to 50 percent), and (2) grants up to 75 percent  of  the total
 cost  of facilities that will  demonstrate new  or improved  methods of controlling
 discharge of waste from storm sewers or combined storm and sanitary sewers. To
 qualify,  such projects must be approved  by  the  appropriate state water  pollution
 control agency.

 On November 3, 1966, the  Clean Water Restoration Act  was enacted.  This  act
 provides  grants  to  states for developing  a comprehensive pollution control and
 abatement plan  for a basin. Also, certain portions of the Federal Water Pollu-
 tion Control Act of 1965  were amended which pertained to construction grants to
 municipalities for  sewage treatment  plants.  Two studies will be made under the
 provisions of this act:  (1) a watercraft pollution study and (2) a study of incentive
 assistance to industries.

 Fish  and Wildlife Programs.  The Dingell-Johnson Act provides for assistance to
 states in developing sports fishing resources with funds derived from a 10 percent
 manufacturer's excise tax on fishing equipment.  The federal funds allocated from
 this program are matched by 25 percent state funds.

 Under the Pitman-Roberts on Act, states receive grants for improving and  restor-
 ing wildlife habitat. The revenue for these grants is derived from the proceeds  of
 an 11 percent manufacturer's excise tax on sporting arms and ammunition. These
 funds also are matched by  25 percent funds  from the state.  These programs are
 administered by the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife.

Water Resource Development  Program.   The Federal Water Projects Recreation
Act of 1965 (Public  Law 89-72) establishes congressional policy that full consider-
 ation  shall be given to recreation and fish and wildlife enhancement as purposes of
 federal water resource projects;  encourages non-federal agencies,  states, cities,
 counties,  districts, or any  combination thereof, to assume responsibility for the
7-10

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operation and maintenance of that part of each project  utilized  for recreation,  fish
and wildlife purposes; and permits entrance fees, and other charges to be levied to
offset expenditures thus incurred. It requires that non-federal agencies pay one-
half of the original costs of land acquisition and recreation facility construction,
including modifications. "It also permits construction of needed recreation facilities
at existing reclamation projects.

Agricultural Programs.  Under the  provisions of Public Law 566, the Watershed
Protection and Flood Prevention (Small Watershed) Act of 1954, as amended  by the
Food and Agriculture Act of 1962, the Department of Agriculture may share with
state and local agencies up to half the cost of land, easements, and right-of-way for
reservoirs  and other areas  to  be managed by state and local sponsors for public
recreation. A small watershed must be less than 250,000 acres.
Under Section 101 of the Food and Agriculture Act of 1962, the Department of Agri-
culture can enter into long-term agreements with farmers to convert land regularly
used for crop production into recreation projects.   Title IV of the Agricultural Act
of 1962 permits the Farmers Home Administration to make loans to  individual farm-
ers for development of income-producing outdoor recreation enterprises.  The FHA
may also make loans to nonprofit associations up to $500,000  and insure loans up to
$1 million for effecting changes  in land use, including the development of recreation
facilities.
Under Title VI of the Food and Agriculture Act of 1965,  the Department of Agricul-
ture can enter into long-term agreements  with farmers to convert land  regularly
used for  crop production to practices  or uses that will conserve soil, water,  and/or
forest resources;to establish, protect, and/or conserve open spaces, natural beauty,
wildlife habitat, and recreational resources; and/or to prevent air and  water pollu-
tion.  The Department of Agriculture is also authorized to make grants to all levels
of government for the acquisition of  cropland  to preserve open spaces and natural
beauty, to develop wildlife habitat and recreational facilities,  and to prevent air and
water pollution.   The Department of Agriculture also  cost shares  with farmers to
control sedimentation of streams, lakes, and ponds, and to improve wildlife habitat.

Open Space Programs.  Title VII of the Housing Act of  1961 as amended by Title DC
of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 authorizes grants up to 50 percent
of total costs to states and local public  agencies for the acquisition and development
                                                                            7-11

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of open space lands for park, recreation, conservation, scenic, or historic purposes
in urban and suburban areas.  Land to be acquired must be undeveloped or predomi-
nantly undeveloped.  Title IX of the same act also authorizes  grants to states up
to 50 percent of the cost  for acquiring developed lands and clearing them for open
space purposes if available undeveloped lands are inadequate to meet the needs in
built-up sections of cities.

Urban Beautification and Improvement Programs. Under Title IX of the Housing and
Urban Development Act of 1965, grants maybe made to states and local public bodies
to assist in carrying out local  programs of urban beautification and improvements.
Grants  may not exceed 50 percent of the cost of activities  in excess of the normal
expenditures for comparable activities.  Also under Title IX, a maximum of $50
million of the funds is authorized for grants covering up to 90 percent of the costs
of projects  having special value in developing  or in demonstrating new improved
methods and materials for urban beautification and improvement.

State.  The Water Resources  Commission of the Michigan Department of Natural Re-
sources in compliance with the Federal Water Quality Act of 1965 has developed and
submitted for approval water quality standards for all interstate waters bordered by
the state.  On the state's own initiative standards have been approved with certain
reservations. The Great Lakes Fisheries Commission is engaged in a lamprey erad-
ication program which will facilitate the establishment of anadromous fish species
in Lake Huron.  The various concerned agencies within the  Department of Conser-
vation have  prepared  a ten-year report for the purpose of publicizing and gaining
support for their anticipated funding requirements.  Some  major action  programs
outlined in Michigan's  Outdoor Future are listed below:

1.  The expenditure of $150 million in ten years  for  acquisition  and development of
state park lands.
2.  Attention given to the acquisition of state historical sites.
3.  Additional development of Mackinac Island.
4.  Approximately $49 million devoted to improvement of the state's fisheries.
5.  State forest  development, including campgrounds, roads, access, and trails, to-
taling over  $7 million.
7-12

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6.  Over $26 million is  requested for  the  acquisition of game land with emphasis
placed on purchases in the southern region of the state.
7.  Water access sites, marinas, harbors, and other boating facilities have received
special attention because of increased interest in water-oriented  activities. Funding
in the next ten years to carry out proposed projects will exceed $112 million.

As a result of voter approval in  November 1968, the  state of Michigan will under-
take a conservation bonding program which will provide a total of $435 million-$335
million for water pollution control and $100 million for recreation. The $100 million
for recreation will supplement the capital outlay being provided  by the regular ten-
year outdoor recreation program.  The goal of Michigan's water  pollution program
is control of  pollution by 1980.   This will require 210 new sewage treatment plants,
improvements to 126 existing plants, and sewers for  8 1/2 million  people.  Plants
will cost $568 million and sewers and  storm water control facilities another $641
million.  Much of the cost will be borne by  the federal government and local units of
government.  The $100 million recreation bond issue will help finance fish and game
programs, forest recreation, and state park development and help fund recreation
programs for local units of government.  Of the $100 million, $30 million will go to
local units of government for purchase of  recreation  lands  and the development of
leisure time  facilities.
In addition to this bonding program, many industries are being required to upgrade
their treatment systems to meet the interstate  and intrastate standards that  have
been established by the state in cooperation with the federal government.
                                                                            7-13

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Chapter   8
Conclusions

Consideration having been given to all elements affecting water-oriented outdoor
recreation in the Lake Huron Basin,  the following conclusions are offered:
1.  The current annual recreation demand in the Lake  Huron Basin  is approxi-
mately  22 million  recreation days.  By the  year 2000 this amount will more than
triple, and by 2020 nearly a fivefold increase is anticipated.  More than 30 percent
of the present demand can be attributed to vacation use.
2.  More than 2.1  million acres of land (primarily forest land) and water resour-
ces have potential for many varieties and degrees of recreation development with
reasonable access from centers of population.
3.  In 1964 there were nearly 14,000 acres of developed land  available for recrea-
tion to the general public at 423 areas  in the basin.   Seventy-nine  percent of these
areas provided facilities for water-dependent activities.  Despite this, there was
a deficit of 17,000 acres of available developed recreation lands for public use.
4.  There is a need for additional developed recreation acreage in the southern
half of the basin (Zones 2 and 3).  Whereas the recreation lands  in the northern
area (Zone 1) are generally more than adequate to meet the needs  of its residents,
people in the southern zones and outside the basin will continue to  rely on the rec-
reation opportunities of the northern area — primarily  for weekend camping  and
sightseeing. This influx of people is  placing additional demands on these facilities.
5.  Competition for  the use of  recreation lands and waters  has developed among
the various recreation activities.  Because of increased participation in the com-
mon activities  (e.g., hiking, swimming, boating) and the advent of new activities
(e.g.,  snowmobiling  and trail  motorcycling) conflicts in use are  occurring more
frequently than in the past.
                                                                           8-1

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6.  Seasonal and vacation homes contribute substantially to utilization of recrea-
tional opportunities offered by the land and water resources.   The extent of their
development on many lakes and streams, however,  reduces opportunity for public
projects; and public access to water is a distinct problem in some areas.  In addi-
tion, considerable  acreage of private land formerly accessible to hunters is being
fenced off from the public, much of it through the formation of private hunting clubs.
7.  During urban development adequate .consideration) has not been given  to  pre-
serving  land and water resources for recreation.  This has resulted in additional
needs for open space and day-use recreation facilities at  Flint, Saginaw, Midland,
Bay City,  and other cities in  the basin.
8.  A large  segment of the public demand special recreation facilities or more
elaborate facilities than are usually provided by public agencies.  Private enter-
prise has sometimes responded with profitable, quality facilities; however, in many
cases the result has been the establishment of enterprises with low returns on in-
vestments,  mediocre to poor quality  facilities,  and environmental deterioration.
Some form of public assistance appears to be desirable  to encourage private in-
volvement where demands would  permit profitable recreation development.   There
is a need to expand existing public technical assistance programs for all phases  of
design, management, and administration of private facilities.
9.  Effluents from municipal and industrial waste treatment plants have contami-
nated portions  of Lake  Huron and its tributaries.  Recreational use of these  waters
has been substantially reduced in these areas.
10.  Lack of adequate  disposal  systems  servicing permanent waterfront homes,
vacation residences, and resorts are contributing to the accelerated eutrophication
of several small lakes  and the general degradation of  basin waters. The formation
of various private  groups to  promote pollution abatement are serving as examples
of what can be  accomplished in alleviating this problem.
11.  Although water pollution controls have been operating in the past and stronger
programs  are in the initial stages, tangible evidence of pollutants on recreational
waters is still  apparent.  A good  legal base to alleviate water pollution has been
established through the enactment of federal and state pollution abatement laws and
regulations, including  the establishment of interstate and intrastate water  quality
standards.  The state of  Michigan is currently encouraging  pollution abatement  by
8-2

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ordering an upgrading of existing waste treatment  facilities of municipalities and
industries.  In addition the people of Michigan recently approved the financing of a
$335 million water pollution control bonding issue to augment existing funds and
programs.
12.  Air pollution is an environmental problem affecting the quality of recreation
opportunities in the basin.   Malodorous natural  gas vapors associated with active
oil wells are present at several locations  throughout a portion of the basin.  The
American Petroleum Institute,  representing the oil  and gas  producing  industry,
is currently undertaking research to determine the  feasibility of eliminating or
minimizing natural  gas odors.   Industrial complexes are also responsible for at-
mospheric contamination in certain areas.
13.  Highway and  building construction and runoff from farms are major sources
of local stream and lake sedimentation in the Lake Huron watershed.
14.  Excessive algae and other undesirable plant growth are present in basin waters
(lakes and streams) throughout much of Zone 2 and the southern and eastern portion
of Zone 3.  Nutrients which are reaching  and  enriching basin waters come from
various sources such as sewage effluent from municipalities and industry, fertili-
zer and animal waste runoff from intensively farmed agricultural lands, household
detergents, and lawn fertilizers.  The resulting algal blooms and the accelerated
growth of undesirable aquatic vegetation is impairing the quality of the  basin en-
vironment in these areas.   Recreation activity is also being affected at a number
of public recreation areas because of such vegetative growth.
                                                                            8-3

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Chapter  9
Recommendations
In considering the basin's needs for outdoor recreation opportunities and the ex-
tent to which these needs may be met, it is recommended that:
1. Consideration be given by federal, state, and local planning and land managing
agencies to the needs for public recreation lands and facilities, particularly in the
metropolitan areas,  as well as public access to the streams, lakes, and shoreline
of the basin.
2. Private development and administration of recreation facilities be encouraged.
As an aid to implementation of this recommendation:
   a.  The recreation plans of local,  state, and federal agencies should consider
   where private development would be appropriate, and these plans should have
   wide exposure to the people in the  areas affected.
   b.  Consideration should be given to further publicizing and greater use of ex-
   isting public financial assistance to private outdoor recreation interests.
   c.  Existing government technical  assistance programs should be futher pub-
   licized and expanded for all phases of the design, management, and adminis-
   tration of private development.
   d.  Consideration should be given by the state of Michigan to  the incorporation
   in its college curriculum of educational short courses for recreation operators,
   covering design,  administration, and  management practices.
3. Federal, state, and local agencies managing lands and water for recreation in
the basin adopt regulations governing  the use of recreation vehicles (e.g., snow-
mobiles, motorcycles, aircraft,  boats) to the  end that adequate provisions are
made for such uses; environmental deterioration is avoided; and conflicts among
these and all other legitimate recreation pursuits  are minimized.
                                                                           9-1

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4.  The  state of Michigan consider the enactment of legislation similar to The
shoreland Management Program adopted by the state of Wisconsin.  Such legis-
lation would have as its express intent the enhancement of flood plain and shore-
line values for the purposes of maintaining natural beauty and enhancing outdoor
recreational use for the public.
5.  Rigorous enforcement of pollution  laws be undertaken by all levels of gov-
ernment.  Industries and municipalities should be encouraged to meet or better
the present deadlines for pollution controls as set forth in the state and federal
water quality standards.
6.  Continued research and experimentation be carried out by the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration to:
    a. Develop an economical central sewage treatment system which could ser-
    vice  seasonal and waterfront residential complexes.
    b. Develop an economical method for further nutrient removal from treated
    waste water.
7.  The oil and gas producing industry publicize the findings of studies on curb-
ing natural gas odors.  Follow-up action should then be taken by the industry and
the state to institute any reasonable measures  identified which would limit  nox-
ious gas odors.
8.  The property owners and/or communities located on the shores of lakes and
streams be encouraged to organize action associations for the purpose of  con-
trolling  water  pollution and other environmental problems.   The programs  of
these citizens' groups should be  publicized to further encourage their efforts,
acquaint others with the urgent need to plan wisely for all uses of the shoreline
resources,  and to demonstrate  to others  that strong citizen  action can be suc-
cessful in curbing pollution.
9.  Watershed management and soil conservation practices be intensified and ex-
tended as a means of reducing soil erosion and siltation,  thereby increasing the
recreation potential of the basin's water resources.
10. Existing laws and regulations governing the control of erosion and siltation
due  to highway,  industrial, and municipal construction be rigorously enforced;
and that  the state of  Michigan encourage municipalities to adopt ordinances for
9-2

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this purpose where they are lacking. Consideration might be given to broadening
the scope of the Subdivision Control Act of 1967 (Act No. 288^ Public Acts of 1967,
approved August 11,  1967) to specifically cover erosion and other environmental
problem areas.
11. United States studies and  programs aimed at  better understanding and im-
provements of the water quality and recreation potential of the Lake Huron Basin
take into consideration and be coordinated with parallel studies and programs of
Canada and particularly the Province of Ontario.
  GPO 815—303—9                                                                9~3

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 Appendix  A




Supply  Data

-------
 Table A-l
                        SUPPLY SUMMARY
                         Lake Huron Basin
Zone 1
Federal
State
Local
Private
Zone 1 Totals
Zone 2
Federal
State
Local
Private
Zone 2 Totals
Zone 3
Federal
State
Local
Private
Zone 3 Totals
Basin
Federal
State
Local
Private
Basin Totals
No.
Areas

12*
70
38
69
189

1
34
25
70
130

3*
22
28
51
104

16
126
90
190
423
No. Water
Dependent
9
67
18
57
151

1
32
13
53
99

3
20
22
40
85

13
119
53
150
335
Total Land
and Water Acreage

552,779
1,202,695
894
1,921
1,756,368

3,400
126,024
1,350
2,301
133,075

60,000
201,773
1,071
1,239
264, 083

616,179
1,530,492
3,315
5,461
2,155,447
Percent of
Total Acreage

31
68
**
1
82***

3
94
1
2
6***

23
75
1
1
12***

28
71
**
1
100
  * Each developed recreation site on the Hiawatha and Huron National Forests
    is considered a separate area; however, total  acreages are for the entire
    forest holdings in the basin.
 ** Less than one-half percent.                        Source: (Appendix C,
*** Percent of Basin Total.                            Tables A-2 and A-3.)
                                                                        A-3

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   Table A-2
                          PRIVATE GROUP CAMPS
   Zone
  No. of       Developed
Group Camps    Acreage*
            Approximate       No. with
           Total Capacity   Water-Dependent
             (persons)          Activities
1
2
3
35
50
36

1,
1,
823
802
068
2,940
6,435
3,814
31
45
32
   Basin
   121
3,693
13,189
108
   *  Note: Since acreage figures were not always available in the computation
     phase, it was assumed that the  size of an average  area (in acres) is 40
     percent of the capacity for all group camps.  This percentage value was
     derived from a sample of several group camps in which the acreages and
     capacities were known.

   Sources:  (1,22)
  Table A-3
                         PRIVATE CAMPGROUNDS
                                           Approximate       No. with
Zone
1
2
3
Basin
No. of
Campgrounds
34
20
15
69
Developed
Acreage
1,098
499
171
1,768
Total Capacity
(sites)
1,213
762
329
2,304
Water-Dependent
Activities
26
8
8
42
  Sources: (4,5,6,39)
A-4

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Table A-4
                            SKI FACILITIES

                                       Slopes
Nubs Nob
Walloon Hills
Pinnacles Ski Resort
Sylvan Knob
Otsego Ski Club**
New Au Sable Lodge
Sheridan Valley
Fonro Ski Resort
Mt. Maria
Mio Mountain
Grayling Winter Sports Area
Skyline
Indian Hills Ski Park
Ogemaw Hills
Snow Snake Mountain
Mott Mountain
Apple Mountain
Paradise Valley
Mt. Holly
Mt. Christie
Mt. Frederick

Total
  * na = not available
** Private

Source:  (27)
                              Zone Totals
                                 I     II   III

                         Areas   2     12    4

                         Acres  520 4034  855
Tows   Lifts
Trails
12
9
na*
18
11
na
8
5
5
11
20
9
na
6
10
12
7
na
na
8
15
166+

5
3
na
7
4
na
3
3
2
4
12
8
na
2
5
6
8
na
10
6
5
93+

3
2
1
3
4
na
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
2
3
26+

no
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
yes
6 15
Yes No
Source: (21)
                                                                        A-5

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      Table A-5
                      PRIVATE SHOOTING PRESERVES
County
Alpena
Arenac
Bay
Clare
Crawford
Genes ee
losco
Lapeer
Midland
Oakland
Sanilac
Shiawassee
Livingston
Total
Number
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
18
Acres
80
320
215
120
280
341
320
2,000
178
800
320
275
160
5,409
           Source: (21)
                             ZONE TOTALS

Areas
Acres
I
2
520
II
12
4,034
in
4
855
A-6

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Table A-6

          SEASONAL HOMES IN LAKE HURON BASIN


          County                         Seasonal Homes
          Alcona                             1,860
          Alpena                             1,180
          Arenac                             1,100
          Bay                                  800
          Charlevoix                            300
          Cheboygan                          2,800
          Chippewa                           1,300
          Clare                              2,000
          Crawford                             500
          Emmet                               500
          Genesee                              700
          Gladwin                            1,400
          Gratiot                               200
          Huron                              2,340
          losco                              3,230
          Isabella                              550
          Lapeer                               900
          Mackinac                           1,400
          Mecosta                              500
          Midland                              345
          Montmorency                       2,950
          Oakland                            2,000
          Ogemaw                            2,570
          Oscoda                             1,050
          Otsego                             1,800
          Presque Isle                        1,670
          Roscommon                         1, 200
          Saginaw                              300
          St. Clair                           1,000
          Sanilac                             3,000
          Shiawassee                           150
          Tuscola                              880
          Livingston                          1,700
          Montcalm                             100

          Total                             44,275

          Zone I                            19,840
          Zone II                            13,875
          Zone HI                           10,560

    Source : (21)
                                                                  A-7

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      Table A-7
        POTENTIAL AND PROPOSED RECREATION LAND ACQUISITION
     Alpena
     Alpena-Alcona
     Bay
     Bay
     Bay
     Bay
     Cheboygan
     Chippewa
     Crawford
     Crawford
     Genesee
     Gladwin
     Gratiot-Saglnaw
     Huron
     Huron
     Huron
     Huron
     Lapeer
     Lapeer
     Mackinac
     Mackinac
     Mecosta
     Montmorency
     Oakland
     Oscoda
     Oscoda
     Otsego
     Otsego
     Otsego
     Saginaw
     Saginaw
     Shiawassee
Recreation Area

Alpena State Forest
n. a.
War Memorial Park
Bigelow Park
Bay City State Park
Pinconning
Cheboygan
n. a.
Hartwick Pines
Au Sable State Forest
Mott Recreation Area
Ogemaw State Forest
State Game Area
Port Crescent
Port Crescent
State Game Area
Oak Beach
n.a.
n. a.
Straites State Park
Detour
n.a.
Clear Lake Forest Campground
Holly Recreation Area
Oscoda County Park
n.a.
Pigeon River State Forest
Pigeon River State Forest
Otsego County Park
Rust Park
Wickes Park
n.a.
 Acreage

     5
 1,432
    45
    15
    24
    75
   190
   900
   200
   575
 3,700
   600
11,840
    80
   200
 4,360
   200
 2,000
    80
   250
    10
   500
 1,300
   700
    68
 2,400
 1,400
 2,500
     4
    30
    20
 1,500
     Sources:  (20,57)
A-8

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Table A-8
                          TRAILS BY COUNTY
             Hiking & Skiing
              Horseback
                Total
County
Alcona
Alpena
Arenac
Bay
Charlevoix
Cheboygan
Chippewa
Clare
Crawford
Emmet
Genesee
Gladwin
Gratiot
Huron
losco
Isabella
Lapeer
MacfcLnac
Mecosta
Midland
Montmorency
Oakland
Ogemaw
Oscoda
Otsego
Presque Isle
Ros common
Saginaw
St. Clair
Sanilac
Shiawassee
Tuscola
Livingston
Montcalm
areas
0
1
0
0
0
3
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
5
1
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
miles
0
1
0
0
0
12
7
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
3
0
0
0
45
1
0
4
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
areas
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
0
1
4
1
5
2
1
1
1
2
0
2
1
2
1
0
miles
73
49
72
32
0
73
50
43
0
42
45
24
22
96
66
25
18
20
0
41
116
54
110
40
31
88
40
59
0
94
15
69
35
0
areas
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
3
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
miles
12
0
0
0
0
73
0
0
0
0
0
29
0
8
27
0
5
0
0
30
0
5
0
29
65
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
areas
2
2
1
1
0
6
3
1
0
2
2
2
1
6
4
1
3
2
0
2
4
9
6
3
5
3
3
2
0
2
1
2
4
0
miles
85
50
72
32
0
158
57
43
0
43
45
53
22
106
94
25
24
23
0
71
116
104
111
69
100
90
57
59
0
94
15
69
41
0
Totals           26     86




* non-automobile  386




Source: (21)
42   1,542
17
300
85  1,928
                                                                       A-9

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    Table A-9
                  TRIBUTARY STREAMS IN  LAKE HURON  BASIN
                County                     Miles of Stream in Basin

                Alcona                              362
                Alpena                              301
                Arenac                              156
                Bay                                 50
                Charlevoix                            7
                Cheboygan                          400
                Chlppewa                            250
                Clare                               194
                Crawford                            188
                Emmet                               65
                Genesee                             355
                Gladwin                             473
                Gratiot                              149
                Huron                              942
                losco                               259
                Isabella                             330
                Lapeer                              427
                Mackinac                            129
                Mecosta                              59
                Midland                             309
                Montmorency                        306
                Oakland                              97
                Ogemaw                             381
                Oscoda                              219
                Otsego                              200
                Presque Isle                         301
                Ros common                         107
                Saginaw                             593
                St. Clair                              8
                Sanilac                              571
                Shiawassee                          189
                Tuscola                             184
                Livingston                          169
                Montcalm                            58

                Total                             8,788


         Source: (8)
A-10

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Table A-10
         INLAND LAKES-COUNTIES ACREAGE  IN BASIN
                      Acreage of Water
           County                           Basin Acreage

           Alcona                             13,029.7
           Alpena                             13.372.9
           Arenac                               325.8
           Bay                                  434.5
           Charlevoix                          2,000.0
           Cheboygan                         50,357.6
           Chippewa                           6,000.0
           Clare                               2,500.0
           Crawford                           2, 000. 0
           Emmet                             6, 500. 0
           Genesee                            5,135.8
           Gladwin                             7, 294. 4
           Gratiot                               550.0
           Huron                                242.6
           losco                              10,993.6
           Isabella                             1,343.6
           Lapeer                             4,000.0
           Mackinac                           7, 000. 0
           Mecosta                            6, 000. 0
           Midland                             2, 544.7
           Montmorency                       12,100.1
           Oakland                             5, 000.0
           Ogemaw                            6,135.6
           Oscoda                             3,840.2
           Otsego                              7, 000. 0
           Presque Isle                       15,504.3
           Roscommon                         8,000.0
           Saginaw                             1,479.5
           St. Glair                              50.0
           Sanilac                                75.0
           Shiawassee                            400.0
           Tuscola                             1, 789. 6
           Livingston                          4, 000. 0
           Montcalm                           1,000. 0

           Total                             208,008.5
           Zone Acreage     Zone 1 = 146, 704
                            Zone 2 =  42,947
                            Zone 3 =  18,357
    Source: (26)
                                                                   A-ll

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Appendix B




Methodology

-------
             MARKET  AREA DEMAND FLOWCHART
                                              PLATE B-l
B-2

-------
      METHODOLOGY  FOR ESTIMATING DEMAND FOR RECREATIONAL
              OPPORTUNITIES  IN THE LAKE HURON BASIN
Market Area Demand.  The first step in determining the present recreation demand
for the modified market area involved calculation of  the population on which to base
estimates.  The  1960 population of all  SMSA's  inside the basin, as well as those
within 125 miles of the  basin was determined.
From information contained in the "California Public Outdoor  Recreation Plan" (9),
ORRRC Report No. 4 (35), and the "Report on  the  Comprehensive Survey of the
Water Resources of the Delaware River  Basin" (63).  it was concluded that:
      a.  Sixty percent of  all recreation activity occurs within 40 miles of
         the participant's  home.
      b.  Another  thirty percent occurs between 40  and 125 miles of the
         participant's home.
      c.  Ten percent of all use occurs at distances greater than 15 miles.
It was assumed that 60 percent of the recreation activity generated by theSMSA pop-
ulation should be satisfied  within a 40-mile radius of the SMSA.   This  participation
constituted the "day-use"  sector.  Likewise, 30 percent of the  recreation  activity
generated by  the SMSA population would  be satisfied between the 40 and 125-mile
radii of the SMSA.  This  group of participants  is termed "overnight or weekend"
sector.   Reference is made to the  flow  chart on the opposite  page  which shows the
sequential steps in deriving the  modified market  area demand for the day and week-
end sectors.   Results of this procedure are tabulated in  Table  B-l.
Vacation Demand.   The following procedure  yields  an  estimate of the  number of
people who spend their  vacations in the basin. Source material  for  this procedure
is  taken from "Tourist Travel in Michigan" (24).
Step 1. In 1964 an estimated 22,600,000  tourists  used Michigan highways. Resident
and nonresident tourists were found by multiplying this  figure times 27 percent and
73 percent, respectively.  Result: 6,102,000  resident tourists and 16,498,000 non-
resident tourists.
                                                                            B-3

-------
Step 2.   To obtain the number  of tourists who spent 3 or more nights in the  state,
the resultant  figures  above were multiplied  by 67 percent and 55 percent.  Result:
4,088,340 resident tourists and 9,073,900 nonresident tourists.
Step 3.   To acquire an estimate of tourists who spend 3 or more nights in the state,
the figures in Step 2 are added:  4, 088,340 + 9, 073,900 = 13,162, 240 tourists.
Step 4.  The value above is multiplied by 50 percent which represents the proportion
of tourists traveling with outdoor recreation as  a main  prupose in making a trip:
13,162, 240 x  50 percent = 6,581,120 tourists.
Step 5.   To allocate to the  Lake Huron Basin a portion of the value derived in the
preceding step, a comparison of state  park camping permits issued at the basin's
19 state parks to the total number for all state parks yields 27.3 percent.  Therefore
6,581,120 x 27.3 percent = 1,796,646 tourists or vacationists.
Step 6.  Thus to obtain the number of recreation days in the basin, multiply the num-
ber of tourists in  Step 5 by 4. 9 which is  the average number of  days a vacationist
spends  in Michigan.  Result:  1,796,646x4.9=8,803,565 recreation days.   This
value is used in Table B-2 to compute the present vacation demand  for selected activ-
ties in the Lake Huron Basin.

Future  Demand.   Table B-3 on page B-7 shows future estimated participation in
selected summer activities.

Zone Demands.  In order to determine the recreation demand for each of the  three
zones,  it was necessary to  compute the  resident demand and the vacation demand
separately.    For the resident  demand, the total annual  participation rate for the
basin  (Table  B-l) was adjusted by  an income index  computed for each of the  three
subbasins.  This  income index is a zone-basin ratio  of  per capita income.   Zone
population estimates were multiplied by the adjusted annual  participation rates for
each of the zones to yield activity occasions. Since the resident basin demand figure
was previously determined, each zone total is expressed as a percent of the  total
basin.
Distribution  of seasonal  vacation homes  and attendance  at state parks  were  used
as indicators  to gauge the zonal allocation for the vacation demand.  Both of these
factors were  given equal weight in obtaining  the percent of predetermined vacation
activity occasions found in Table B-2 of this Appendix.
B-4

-------
Table B-l
              DEMAND FOR SELECTED WATER-ORIENTED
                 OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
                       LAKE HURON BASIN,  1960
                 (Day and Overnight or Weekend Sectors)
Activity
Water-dependent
Swimming
Fishing
Boating
Water-Skiing
Canoeing
Sailing
Subtotal
Water-enhanced
Camping
Picnicking
Sightseeing
Nature Walks
Hunting
Hiking
Subtotal
Winter Sports
Ice Skating
Sledding
Snow Skiing
Subtotal
Adjusted
Annual
Participation
Rate

4.81
3.61
1.99
.24
.12
.06
10.83
.59
3.28
5.98
2.18
1.61
.32
13.96
.89
.41
.U6
1.36
Adjusted
Summer
Participation
Rate

4.17
1.85
1.33
.19
.06
.04
7.64
.36
2.10
2.44
.54
.14
.19
5.77

—
—
	
Annual
Activity
Occasions
(thousands)
6,883
4,800*
2,848
343
167
90
15,131
844
4,693
8,556
3,119
1,500
458
19,170
1,273
586
90
1,949
Summer
Activity
Occasions
(thousands)
5,967
2,448*
1,903
271
90
64
10,743
515
3,004
3,491
773
134*
272
8,189

—
—
	
TOTAL
26.15
13.41
36,250
18,932
*Based on information obtained from Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
                                                                    B-5

-------
   Table B-2
                 DEMAND FOR SELECTED WATER-ORIENTED
                    OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
                          LAKE HURON BASIN, 1960
                               (Vacation Sector)
Percent who engaged In
outdoor activities on
Activity vacation trips
(a) Sightseeing
(b) Swimming
(c) Fishing
(d) Picnicking
(e) Boating and Canoeing
(f) Hiking
(g) Camping
(h) Hunting
(i) Nature Walks
(j) Horseback Riding
(k) Skiing and Winter Sports
(1) Took trip but did not en-
gage in outdoor activities
Totals
53
38
27
29
19
14
10
4
6
3
1
22
226**
                                                    Column 2 x 8,803,565*
                                                      (activity occasions)
                                                          4,665,889
                                                          3,345,355
                                                          2,376,963
                                                          2,553,034
                                                          1,672,677
                                                          1,232,499
                                                            880,356
                                                            352,143
                                                            582,214
                                                            264,107
                                                             88,036

                                                          1,936,784
                                                         17,749,166***
   *  See results in Step 6.
   ** Totals to more than 100 because .vacationists participate in more than one
      activity per day.
   ***Total does not include activities (j) and (1).
   Source: ORRRC Study Report 20,  Table 50, Page 50.
  Note:  This analysis assumes that those enjoying their vacations while in the
         basin participated in approximately two activities per day.
B-6
                                                                 GPO 815—303—IO

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Table  B-3
       EXPECTED  SUMMER (JUNE, JULY, AUGUST) PARTICIPATION
              IN  SELECTED WATER-ORIENTED ACTIVITIES
                             2000 AND 2020
                          LAKE  HURON BASIN
Activity
  1960
 Summer
 Activity
Occasions
 (1.000)'
                                  2000
                             Summer Activity
                           Occasions (l.OOO)2
                            Without      With
                                 •2020
                           Summer Activity
                          Occasions (l.OOO)3
                           Without      With
Opportunity  Opportunity Opportunity Opportunity
Water-dependent
Swimming
Fishing*
Boating
Water Skiing
Canoeing »
Sailing3
5,967
2,448
1,903
271
90
64
18,468
4,896
6,030
1,180
262
197
21,537
4,896
7,195
1,404
312
235
25,010
6,120
8,195
1,648
357
266
29,613
6,120
9,956
1,984
430
324
Subtotal        10,743
Water-enhanced
                            31,033
               35,579
                                      41,596
48,427
Camping
Picnicking
Sightseeing
Nature Walks
Hiking
Hunting4
Subtotal
TOTAL
515
3,004
3,491
773
272
134
8,189
18,932
1,845
6,801
9,045
1,866
899
243
20,699
51,732
3,027
8,406
14,939
1,866
1,489
256
29,983
65,562
2,532
8,841
11,990
2,452
1,227
297
27,339
68,935
4,305
11,248
20,832
2,452
2,112
317
41,266
89,693
  1 From Column 5, Table B-l.
  2 Projections based on data contained in Table 6, ORRRC Report 26.
  3 2020 figures obtained by straight line equation.
  4 Based on information obtained from Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
  'Assumes same projection as "Boating".
                                                                       B-7

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          METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING THE PRESENT ACREAGE

                   DEVELOPMENT OF RECREATIONAL LANDS



The problem of adequately serving the  recreational needs of  the public comes into

sharp focus if developed acreages are considered, rather than total public recrea-

tion land.  Table B-4 provides estimates of the basin's present developed acreages

by zone.  In compiling data for this table, it was assumed that existing public rec-

reation areas, except those which have been  newly established, have been devel-

oped to the optimum level.  From Clawson's classification of recreation lands (11),

optimum development for user-oriented areas is considered  to be 70 percent and

that for intermediate areas is 15 percent.
   Table B-4
                        EXISTING DEVELOPED ACREAGES
                       (Estimate in acres with adjustments)*
Zones
1
2
3
Federal
69
none
29
State
3,248
2,325
374
Local
626
894
806
Private
1,921
2,301
1,239
Zone Total
5,864
5,520
2,448
  Basin Total     98        5,947        2,326       5,461         13,832
   * Adjustments in acreages provided by sources Appendix C, Table A-4, and
    Table A-5 were made as follows:
   (a) Federal - estimated total present development in three developed areas.
   (b) State -  adjusted to 15 percent level of development except for highly de-
      veloped  state parks (70 percent used) and boat launching sites  (100 per-
      cent used).
   (c) Local - adjusted to 70 percent level of development.
   (d) Private - adjusted to 70 percent development at privately owned camp-
      grounds  and  group camps.
   Undeveloped and/or newly acquired lands were not tabulated.
B-8

-------
            METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING ACREAGE NEEDS
Determining Present Resource Requirements.  This method is based on land area
per person standards as determined  by personnel in the Lake Central Regional
Office, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. These standards were arrived at by compi-
lation of existing information from many sources.  They are not to be considered
as official Bureau standards.  As  stated on page  5-2 of Chapter 5, the  acreage
needs are determined in order to support anticipated visitation on those days when
maximum use occurs.  This was determined as follows:
                 14 week summer season           98 days
                 28 weekend days plus 2 holidays    30 days
                 Weekdays                         68 days
Assume three weekdays of use equals one weekend day of use.  23+30=53; capacity
days.  For the  activity of swimming, which is curtailed by inclement weather,
assume 80 percent of capacity days will be suitable.  Therefore, assume 42 capa-
city days for swimming.

Land area per person standards as presented below include all development neces-
sary to support  one person engaging in the respective activity. The activities of
swimming, fishing, boating, picnicking, and camping are considered since these
constitute the more popular, basic activities that should be provided for wherever
possible.
        Boating
Assume:
1.   3 people/car and boat
2.   1,633 sq ft parking/car and
     trailer incl ramp facility
3.   Turnover factor  of 2
  Swimming
 Assume:
 1.   4 people/car
 2.   48 cars parking/acre
     (910 sq ft/car or 227
     sq ft/person)
 3.   75 sq ft beach/person
 4.   Turnover factor of 1.5
   Picnicking
 Assume:
 1.   4 people/car
 2.  10 picnic tables acre,
    including parking
 3.  Turnover factor of 1.5

    Camping
 Assume:
 1.   5 people/party
 2.   8 campsite units/acre
 3.   Turnover factor of 1.0

        Fishing
Assume:
1.  2 people/car and boat
2.  1,633 sq ft parking/car and
    trailer incl ramp facility
3.  Turnover factor of 1.5
                                                                           B-9

-------
 This information is then applied to the following formula to arrive at the necessary
 acreage requirements for each activity.
 AR = 	D x a	    Where AR = acreage requirement
      CDxTFx43,560            _   .      ,,          .     „ JX_ .
                                   D = demand for respective activity in summer
                                      activity days
                                   a = area per person in square feet for respec-
                                      tive facilities
                                 CD = capacity days
                                 TF = turnover factor
                              43,560 = square feet per acre

 The sum of the five acreage  requirements yields the developed acreages necessary
 for the  provision of adequate  opportunity for these basic activities.  This total is
 considered as the minimum  acceptable amount of developed land to be provided in
 the basin (or zone).  The existing  developed acreages were subtracted from zone
 requirements to indicate the amount of developed  land still needed  (appropriately
 labeled "deficit").
 Determining Future Resource Requirements.  Except for the demand figures, the
 same factors employed in the present resource requirements determination were
 used in the future resource requirements  computation.  In lieu of the present de-
 mand figures, the 2000 and 2020 "with opportunity" demand figures were utilized in
 the future requirements calculations.  The results are shown in Table 5-2  in Chap-
 ter 5.
B-10

-------
                            Appendix C
Inventory  of  Existing Recreation Areas
                  in Lake  Huron  Basin
     Sources: 1, 4, 5, 6, 21, 22, 27, 39, 57

-------
FEDERAL RECREATION AREAS
SITE NO.




F-l
F-2
P-3
F-4

F-5
P-6
F-7
F-8
F-9
F-10
F-ll
" P-12



P-16




P-13
F-14
P-15




















NAME

ZONE 1

Jiawatha National Forest
Dick Recreation Campground
Carp River Campground
Pontchartrain Pt. Campground
Poley Creek Campground
3uron National Forest
Mack Lake Campground
Wagner Lake Campground
Loon Lake Campground
Island Lake Campground
Horseshoe Lake Campground
Pine River
Rollways Campground
Lumberman ' s Monument Campground
and Picnic Area

ZONE 2

Shiawassee National Wildlife Ref .

ZONE 5

Huron National Forest (con.)
Corsair Picnic Area
Round Lake Campground
Sand Lake Campground




















COUNTY




Chippewa
lackinac
lackinac
lackinac

Oscoda
Oscoda
Oscoda
Oscoda
Alcona
Alcpna
losco
losco



Saginaw




losco
losco
losco




















ADJACENT WATER




Pine River
!arp River
St. Martin Bay
Foley Creek

Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River



Saginaw River




Small Streams Tributary
Small Streams Tributary
Small Streams Tributary




















AREA
acres)



199, 040<
2
17
n.a.**
50
413,739
4
4
7
11
4
11
14
14



3,400




4
15
10




















/*///*/
///*/*/*




X
X


X
X
x:
X
X
X
X
X




X




X
X
X




























X
X
X
X
X













X
X

























X


X


X
X













X

























X
X


X

X
X
X
X
X
X




X




X
X
X




















w




X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X








X

X
























X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X









Ti





















/£




X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X









X






















(















































3/ 1963 VISITATION




n.a.
6,175
n.a.
8,430
1,179,720
4,000
6,000
30,000
16,000
300
1,200
8,000
97,000



15,000




2,000
23,000
5,000




















*   Total forest acreage within Lake Huron watershed.
**  Hot Available.

-------
STATE RECREATION AREAS
SITE NO.



S-l
S-2
S-3
S-4
S-5
S-6
S-7
S-8
S-9
S-10
S-ll
S-12
S-13
S-14
S-15
S-16
S-17
S-18
S-19
S-20
S-21
S-22



S-23
S-24
S-25
S-26
S-27
S-28
S-29
S-30
S-31
S-32
S-53
S-34
•S-35
S-36
s-37



S-38
S-39
NAME

ZOHE 1

Munuscong State Forest
DeTour State Park
traits State Park
Mackinac Island State Park*
heboygan State Park
Hardwood State Forest

Burt Lake State Park
Lake Huron Dunes Roadside Park
P. H. Hoeft State Park
Onaway State Park
Black Lake state Forest
Igeon River State Forest
Otsego Lake State Park
Thunder Bay River State Forest
Clear Lake State Park
Alpena State Forest
Edward E. Hartviok Pines St. Pk.
Au Sable State Forest
Sturgeon Point State Park
Harrisville State Park
Rifle River Recreation Area

ZOHE t

Wilson State Park
Gladwin State Recreation Area
3hippewa River State Forest
3dmore State Game Area
Shiawassee River Game Area
Gratiot-Saginaw Game Area
3eford State Game Area
Tuscola State Game Area

ftirphev Lake State Game Area
Lapeer State Game Area
Metamore-Hadley State Recreation
Area
Ortonville State Recreation Area
folly State Recreation Area
Oak Grove State Game Area

ZOHE 3

Tawas Point State Park
Ogemaw State Forest
COUNTY



hippewa
hippewa
Mackinac
Mackinac
heboygen
Chebovgan
heboygan
heboygan
•resque Isle
"resque Isle
Tesque Isle
Tesque Isle
Otsego
Otsego
lontmorency
Montmorency
Alpena
Crawford
Crawford
Llcona
Alcona
Ogemaw



Clare
rladwin
Mecosta
Montcalm
Saginaw
Saginaw
Tuscola
Tuscola
Tuscola
Tuscola
Lapeer
Lapeer
Lapeer
Oakland
Livingston



losco
Ogemaw
ADJACENT WATER



funuscong River
ake Huron
jake Huron
jake Huron
ake Huron
lack River
lack River
turgeon River
Lake Huron
ake Huron
Rainy River
ake Huron
Igeon River
u Sable River
Thunder Bay River
founder Bay River
Thunded Bay River
u Sable River
u Sable River
ake Huron
iake Huron
Rifle River



Tittabawassee River
'ittabawassee River
Chippewa River
Pine River
Shiawassee River
Bad River
3ass Hiver
!ass River
Oass River
Cass River
Flint River
Fliuc River
Flint River
Flint River
Bhiawassee River



jake Huron
iifle River
AREA
ocras)



19,520
395
120
5,000
1,246
88,070
76
410
10
300
160
46,350
76,990
70.
89,470
n.a.
73,950
8,930
90,770
70
80
4,329



32
365
61.360
1,741
7,449
12,610
9.328
8,104
2.680
2,600
6.934
680
3.850
6,270
1,797



170
182,900
//



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X



X
X
X
X
X

X


X
x

X
X
X



X
X




x
x
x
x


x
[

X

X
X
X
X

X

X

X
X



X

X



X


X


X
X
X



X
X



x

x
x
x
x
X
X


X
X
X
X
X

X

X

X
•X



X
X
X

X




X


X
X
X



X
X



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X


X
X
X-
X
X

X
X
X

X
X



X
X
X
X
X

X


X


X
X
X



X
X



X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X



X

X
X

X
X
X

X


X
X
X



X
X



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X



X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X


X
X
X




X
It





X

X

X




X





X







X























X








X









X
















_







/ 1963 VISITATION



105,500
26,000
133,000
1,043,489
37,515
460,900
144,774
215,390
25,000
43,000
97,094
370,400
551,400
107,115
643,800
(Under development)
278,850
222,415
768,000
(Under development)
76,444
32,189



193,720
1,000
176.900
2.560
20.300
36.000
5.530
7.560
3., 65
6,080

245.000
172.436
451,000
10,100



5,000
776,000
* Administered by Mackinac Island State Park Commission (autonomous from Department of Conservation).  Source: 52

-------
STATE RECREATION AREAS
SITE MO.



S-40
S-41
S-42
S-43
S-44
S-45
S-46
S-47
S-48
S-49
S-50


































NAME

ZOHE 3 (con.)

Nayanquing Point Wildlife Area
Tibico Marsh State Game Area
Bay City State Park
Quanicassee Wildlife Area
Veterans Roadside Park
Crow Island State Game Area
Pish Point Wildlife Area
Albert E. Sleeuer State Park
Port Oreaoant State Park
Minden City State Game Area
Lakeport State Park


































COUNTY



Bay
Bay
Bay
Bay
Saginaw
Saffinaw
Tuscola
Huron
Huron
Sanilac
St . Glair


































ADJACENT WATER



Lake Huron
Lake Huron
Lake Huron
Lake Huron
Saginaw River
Saffinaw River
Saginaw Bay
Saginaw Bay
Saeinaw Bay
Case River
Lake Huron


































AREA
(ocr«»)



710
1,465
196
220
70
1,108
3,026
1,040
160
5,764
374


































//////



X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X







































X




X
X

X





































X

X
X



X
'x

X





































X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X


































7//f///jjf//mat





X

X


X

X
X







































X



X
X
X
X
X





































































































































16,300
9,500
350,053
1,500
150,000
1,500
42,030
207,533
2,489
805
336,572



































-------
LOCAL RECREATION AREAS
SITE NO.



L-l
L-2
L-3
L-4
L-5
L-6
L-7
L-8
L-9
L-10
L-ll
L-12
L-13
L-14
L-15
L-16
L-17
L-18
L-19
L-20
L-21
L-22
L-23
L-24
L-25
L-26
L-27
L-28
L-29
L-30
L-31
L-32
L-33
L-34
L-55
L-36
L-37
L-18



L-39
L-40
L-41
L-42
NAME

ZONE 1

rout Lake Township Park
-H Center-Kinross Lake
Duke's Lake Campground
rummond Township Park
lark Township Public Bock
larks Lake Pioneer County Park
den Park Site
Douglas Lake Picnic Area
Topinabee Public Park and Beach
Sturgeon Blver County Park
Roger's City Parkside Beach
Fletcher Park
Hudson Township Park
Wilkinson Memorial Park
Otsego County Park
Pleasant View Park
Clear Lake County Park
Brlley Township Park
Crooked Lake Township Park
M33 County Park
ilpena County Park
Long Lake County Park
Maple Ridge Township Park
Long Rapids County Park
Michekewis City Park
Beaver Lake County Park
J. L. Sanborn County Park
Beaver Creek County Roadside Park
Clinton Township, Bass Lake Park
Clinton Townshin Saddle Back L. Pk
Jomins Township Park
Luzerne Township Park
Oscoda County Park
Mentor Township Park
Mitchell Township Park
Harrisville City Public Pishing S
Alcona County Park
Old Orchard Countv Park

ZONE 2

Clare Roadside Park
Grant Township Park
Clare Rest Area
Barryton Park
COUNTY



hippewa
tiippewa
tilppewa
hippewa
Mackinac
Emmet
Hornet
heboygan
heboygan
Cheboygan
•resque Isle
•resque Isle
Charleviox
tsego
tsego
tsego
bntmorency
Montmorency
[ontmorency
Montmorency
Alpena
Alpena
.Ipena
Alpena
Alpena
Alpens.
Alpena
Crawford
Oscoda
Oscoda
Oscoda
)scoda
)scoda
Os coda
Alcona
Alcona
Alcona
losco



Clare
Clare
Clare
Mecosta
ADJACENT WATER



arp River
*muscong River
^unuscong River
turgeon Bay
ake Huron
Maple River
Maple River
Maple River
Mullet Lake
turgeon River
iake Huron
bunder Bay River
turgeon River
turgeon River
.u Sable River
u Sable River
lack River
bunder Bay
bunder Bay River
bunder Bay River
Lake Huron Tributary
jake Huron Tributary
Thunder Bay River
bunder Bay River
bunder Bay
bunder Bay River
bunder Bay
u Sable River
bunder Bay River
Thunder Bay River
4u Sable River
iu Sable River
4u Sable River
iu Sable River
Fhunder Bay River
iake Huron
iu Sable River
lu Sable Blver



Pittabawassee
Fittabawassee
fl t tabawas see
Jhippewa River
AREA
acres)



n.a.
38
26
n.a.
1
20
1
5
11
20
7
160
4
5
20
n.a.
19
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
40
29
45
15
n.a.
12
n.a.
8
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
66
30
n.a
n.a
100
210




n.a


w
f/f
V i i




X


X
X
X

X
X
X
X




X



X
X
X
X

X






X
X


X
X


















X

X
X




X



X
X
X


X






X



X
X














X
X
X

X

X
X




X



X
X
X
X

X






X
X


X
X







%




X



X
X

X
X
X
X




X



X
X
X
X

X






X
X


X
X







/f/'^/^/S/ l963 VISITATION




X
X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X

X
X
X
X

X

X




X
X


X
X



X

X
X





X








X


X

X



X
X
X
X

X






X
X


X
X






X



































X



X



























































n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2,500
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
3,000
25,000
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
780
n.a.
175
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
11,500
n.a.
7,700
n.a.
n.a.
12,800
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5,475
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
16,600
53,400



n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

-------
LOCAL RECREATION AREAS
SITE NO.



1-43
1-44
1-45
1-46
1-47
1-48
1-49
1-50
1-51
1-52
1-53
1-54
1-55
1-56
1-57
1-58
1-59
1-60
1-61
1-62
1-63



1-64
1-65
t-66
1-67
1-68
1-6?
1-70
1-71
1-72
1-73
1-74
1-75
1-76
L-77
1-78
1-79
1-80
1-81
1-82
1-83
1-84
NAME

ZONE 2 (con.)

Coldwater Township Park
Coldwater lake County Park
Bloomfield Township Park
Island Park
Indian Mound Park
Hope Community Park
Midland County Veterans Mem. Pk.
Frankenmuth Memorial Park
Indian Fields Township Park
Evergreen Township Park
Snover Memorial Park
Henderson Park
Shaytown Park
Richfield Park
Kearsley Park
McKinley Park
linden Park
Sulten Recreation Area
Stony lake Park
Davis burg Park
lake Chemung Roadside Park

ZONE 3

Ogemaw County Park
Mills Township Park
Plainfield Township Park
Tawas Beach Club Park
Whitney Township Park
Arenac County Park
Bigelov Park
Sovereign Park
lax Memorial Park
Wicks Park
Rust Park
Vanderbilt Countv Park

Cassville County Park
Oak Beach County Park
IcGraw Park
Port Austin County Park
Port Austin City Harbor & Beach
Grindstone City County Park
Philip Park
lighthouse County Park
COUNTY



Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Midland
Midland
Saginaw
Tuscola
Sanilac
Sanilac
Shiawassee
Shiawassee
Genesee
Genesee
Genesee
Genesee
lapeer
Oakland
Oakland
jivingston



Ogemaw
Ogemaw
iOBCO
iosco
Arenac
.renac
Bay
Bay
Bay
Saoinaw
Saginaw
Tuscola
Huron
Huron
Huron
Huron
Huron
Huron
Huron
Huron
3uron
ADJACENT WATER



Chippawa River
3hippewa River
Pine River
Chippeva River
Pine River
Tittabawassee River
Tittabawassee River
Cass River
Cass River
Cass River
Cass River
Shiawassee River
Shiawassee River
Flint River
i"lint River
Flint River
Flint River
Flint River
Flint River
Shiawassee River
Shlawassee River



Rifle River
Rifle River
lake Huron Tributary
lake Huron Tributary
iake Huron Tributary
iake Huron Tributary
Saginaw River
Saginaw River
Saginaw River
Saginaw River
Saginaw River
SaKinaw Bav
Saffinaw Bav
Saginaw Bay
Saginaw Bay
Saginaw Bay
Saginaw Bay
Saginaw Bay
lake Huron
lake Huron
lake Huron
AREA
(ocras)



n.a.
40
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
3
130
20
60
30
3
20
7
342
65
140
135
40
40
178
2



40
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
10
47
80
33
50
80
159
20
6
42
353
4
7
4
1
2
89
A
AV
Ay




X
X




X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X





X



X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X




X












X
X
X

X





X



X





X
X

X
X
X

X

X
X
&
7




X
X




X

X


X
X




X





X



X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X


X
w//*




X
X




X
X
X

X
X
X

X


X





X





X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X


X




X
X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X



X



X
X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X




X
X






X







X

X




X




X





X

X
X

X



X
'M
f%








































X


X













X

























X












w
, / 1963 VISITATION
y



n.a.
26,500
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2,500
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4,000
n.a.
156,000
60 ,000
30 ,000
200,000
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.



5,000
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
13,000
110,000
n.a.
88,000
n.a.
n.a.
185,000
20,000
n.a.
8,000
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
10,000

-------
LOCAL RECREATION AREAS
SITE NO.



L-85
L-86
L-87
L-88
L-89
1-90
L-91






































NAME

ZONE' 3 (oon. )

Stafford County Park
Harbor Beach City Beach
Wagoner County Park
Sanilao County Park
Port Sanilao Harbor
Lexington City Beaoh
Burtchvllle Township Park






































COUNTY



turon
luron
Huron
Sanilao
Sanilao
Sanilao
St. Clair






































ADJACENT WATER



Lake Huron
,ake Huron
£ke Huron
£ke Huron
Lake Huron
Lake Huron
Lake Huron






































AREA
acres)



23
6
58
22
3
5
7






































////A/?/?///*///
//////////A/i/// l963 V'SITATION
/f/ / / /£/. f/, f/ //



X
X
X
X
X
X
X









































X
X
X
X

X











































X
X
X
X
X
X









































X
X
X
X
X
X
X









































X

X
X
X
X
X









































X

X
X















































X




























































































5,000
n.a.
5,000
17,000
15 ,000
n.a.
n.a.







































-------
STATE WATER ACCESS SITES
SITE NO.



A-l
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-ll
A-12
A-13
A-14
A-15
A-16
A-17
A-18
A-19
A-20
A-21
A-22
A-2?
A-24
A-25
A-26
A-27
A-28
A-29
A-30
A-31
A-32
A.,,
A-34
A-35
A-^6
A-57
A-38
A-39
A-40
A-41
A-42
A-43
A-44
A-45
NAME

ZONE 1

Frenchman Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Caribou Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Maple River Pub. Fieh. Site
Round Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Pickerel Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Lancaster Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Munro Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Cheboygan River Pub. Fish. Site
Mullet Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Long Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Roberts-Cochran Lakes Pub. Fish. S
Sturgeon River Pub. Fish. Site (3)
Silver Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Lost Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Lake Nettie Pub. Fish. Site
Lake Kmma Pub. Fish. Site
Grand Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Long Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Lake Louise (or Thumb)
Pub. Fish. Site
Pigeon River Pub. Pish. Site
Twenty-seven Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Five Lakes Pub. Fieh. Site
•Rift Lake Pub. Fish, Site
Diion Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Lake Manuka Pub. Fish. Site
Opal Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Heart Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Bradford Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Avalon Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Crooked Lake Pub. Fish. Site
East Twin Lake Pub, Pish. Site
Thunder Bav River Pub. Fish. Site
Fletcher Pond Pub. Fish. Site
Stephens 'Bridge Pub. Fish. Site
McMasters Bridge Pub. Fish. Site
Tteaver Creek Pub. Pish. Site
Tea Lake Pub. Fish. Site
McCollum Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Au Sable River Pub. Fish. Site (2)
Big Creek Pub. -Fish. Site
Mio Pond Pub. Pish. Site
Hubbard Lake Pub. Fieh. Site (2)
Lake St. Helen Pub. Fish. Site
Horseshoe Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Clear Lake Pub. Fish. Site
COUNTY



Chippewa
Chippewa
Emmet
fimnet
Enmet
Cheboygan
Cheboygan
Cheboygan
Cheboygan
Cheboygan
Cheboygan
Cheboygan !
Cheboygan
Presque Isle
Preeque Isle
Presque Isle
Presque Isle
Presque Isle
Charleviox
Otsego
Otsego
Otsego
Otsero
Otsego
Otsego .
Otsego
Otsego
Otsego
Montmorency
Montmorency
Montmorency
Alpena
Alpena
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Oscoda
OB coda
Oscoda
Oscoda
Oscoda
Alcona
Roscnnmon
Ogemaw
Ogemaw
ADJACENT WATER



j&rp River
Caribou Creek
Maple River
Maple River
Maple River
Maple River
Maple River
Cheboygan River
Cheboygan River
Black River
Pigeon River
Sturgeon River
Sturgeon River
Lake Huron Tributary
Lake Huron Tributary
[take Huron Tributary
[*ake Huron Tributary
Lake Huron Tributary
Sturgeon River
Pigeon Hiver
Sturgeon River
Sturgeon Hiver
Pi«eon River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Thunder Bay River
Thunder Bay River
Au Sable River
Thunder Bay River
Thunder Bay River
iu Sable River
Au Sable
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Thunder Bay River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Pine River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
Au Sable River
AREA
!ocr«s)



1
2
1,834
6
3
6
22
5
2
4
230
353
9
1
4
16
1
n.a.
n.a.
2
1
n.a.
1
4
e
4
1
4
8
3
l
2
6
5
2
. n.a.
3
80
40
n.a.
12
6
1
1
1
//A-



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X








































X


X







X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

//£/



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X














X

























X


X




i





X



X




X



X
X


X




X
X

X



X





X
X

X
X



















































•/////
&/* / 1963 VISITATION



















































3,000
1,000
n.a.
60
100
n.a.
n.a.
100
400
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
500
100
500
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
390
110
n.a.
190
160
n.a.
490
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
400
800
210
400
760
690
n.a.
310
500
n.a.
n.a.
350
890
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
*Each site provides car parking space and boat launching facility.

-------
STATE WATER ACCESS SITES
SITE NO.
A-46
A-47
A-48
A-49



A-50
A-51
A-52
A-53
A-54
A-55
A-56
A-57
A-58
A-59
A-60
A-61
A-62
A-63
A-64
A-65
A-66
A-67
A-68



A-69
A-70
A-71
A-72
A-73
A-74
A-75
A-76











NAME
Seorge Lake Pub. Flab. Site
Long Lake Pub. Flab. .Site
edar Lake Pub. Fish. Site
u Sable River Pub. Fleb. Site

ZONE 2

eke Four Pub. Flab. Site
Pratt Lake Pub. Flab. Site
iggins Lake Pub. Flab. Site
Wlxom Lake Pub. Fish. Site
ranberry Lake Pub. Fish. Site
ittle Long Lake Pub. Pish, site
rooked Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Perch Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Tobacco River Pub. Fish. Sitb
Five Lakes Pub. Fish. Site
Chippewa Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Llttlefield Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Pine Hlver Pub. Fish. Site
Nepessinff Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Fenton Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Lobdell Lake Pub. Flab. Site
Tlpeico Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Shlawassee Elver Pub. Fish. Sits
Lake Chenrun* Pub. Fish. Site

ZOHE 3

Sages Lake Pub. Fish. Site
Peach T.ajr« Pub Fish Site
Rifle River Pub. Fiah. Site
Hardwood & Long Lakes Pub. Flah. S
Lake George Pub. Fish. Site
Au Gres River Pub. Fish. Site
Saglnaw Bay Pub. Fish. Site (3)
Eagle Bay Pub. 'Fish. Site











COUNTY
gamav
osoo
OBOO
OBOO



ladwln
ladwln
ladvln
ladwln
lare
lare
lare
lare

lare
Mecosta
sabella
sabella
iapeer
leneaee
lenesee
lakland
Oakland
Livinffston



Ogemaw
Oaemaw
Ogemaw
Ogema.
Ogemaw
Lrenao
furon
Huron











ADJACENT WATER
uSable River
Lake Huron Tributary
Lake Huron Tributary
u Sable River



rlttabawassee River
nttabawassee River
Fittabawassee River
littabawassee Hlver.
Tlttabawassee River
Tlttabawaasee River
Fittabawassee River
rittabawaesee Elver
Fittabawaasee River
Tittabawassee Elver
Ihippewa River
Ihlppewa River
Pine River
Flint River
hiawassee River
hiawassee River
Shlawassee River
Shlawassee Elver
Shlawassee River



Rifle Hlver
Rifle River
Rifle Elver
Rifle Hlver
Ilttabawassee River
Lake Huron Tributary
Saglnaw Bay
iake Huron











AREA
acres)
1
8
2
2



1
1
32
2
8
2
2
1
20
4
1
10
2
1
4
17
3
110
3



6
2
40
18
3
1
149
2











A
X
X
X
X



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
s
X
X
X
X



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X




















X






































/*

X
X




X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
s
X
X
X
X



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X











f/m,
X
X
X
X



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
s
X
X
X
X



X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X




















X





X

































X

X





X





X


X
X


X








X
X


X












///w
/$/£/ 1963 VISITATION






















X









































































170
650
190
n.a.



900
3,500
1,500
6,000
600
3,000
1,200
200
3,200
2,000
890
630
n.a.
18,000
25,000
15,500
10,000
3,500
1,800



240
320
400
210
260
2,000
n.a.
3,000











GPO   815—303—11

-------
Appendix D



Bibliography

-------
 !•  American Academy of Pediatrics, et al, Directory of Camps for
     the Handicapped, Chicago, Illinois, 1963. 74 P.

 2.  American Association for the Advancement of Science, Great Lakes
     Basin, Washington, D. C., 1962. 308 p.

 3.  Atwood, W. W., Physiographic Provinces of North America. Ginn &
     Company, New York, 1940. 536 p.

 4.  Barcam Publishing Company, ed., Guidebook to Campgrounds,
     Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, Illinois, 1966, 256 p.

 5.  	, Travel Trailer Guide, Rand McNally & Company, Chicago,
     Illinois, 1966. 160 p.

 6.  Bier, James A. and Raup, Henry A., Campground Atlas of the United
     States, Alpine Geographical Press, Champaign, Illinois, 1966.
     204 P.

 7.  Bogue, Donald J. and Beale, Calvin L., Economic Areas of the
     United States, The Press of Glencoe, Inc., New York, 1958.
     1,440 p.

 8.  Brown, C.J.D., Michigan Streams, Length, Distribution, and
     Drainage Areas, Michigan Department of Natural Resources,
     Institute for Fisheries Research, Lansing, Michigan, July 1944-
     21 p.

 9.  California Public Outdoor Recreation Committee, California Public
     Outdoor Recreation Plan, Part II, Sacramento, California, I960.
     204 p.

10.  Carlson, R. E., et al, Recreation in American Life, Wadsworth
     Publishing Company, Belmont, California, 1963. 530 p.

11.  Clawson, Marion, Land and Water for Recreation, Rand McNally &
     Company, Chicago, Illinois, 1963. 144 p.

12.  Forbes, Reginal D., Forestry Handbook, The Ronald Press Company,
     New York, 1956. 1,152 p.

13.  Hodgins, B.,  Michigan Geographic Backgrounds in the Development
     of the Commonwealth, Wayne State University, Detroit, 4th Edition,
     1961. 116 p.

14.  Landon, Fred, Lake Huron, American Lake Series, Bobbs-Merrill Company,
     Indianapolis, Indiana, 1944. 379 P.

15.  McKee, J. E.  and Wolf, H.V., ed., Water Quality Criteria. California
     State Water Quality Control Board, 2nd Edition, Publication No. 3~At
     Sacramento, California, 1963. 548 p.

                                                                     D-3

-------
16.  Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 1964 Directory of Water
     Access Sitea, Lansing, Michigan, 1964.  20 p.

17.  	, County Maps - 3 Volumes, Lansing, Michigan, 1961. 98 P.

18.  	, Fish Division, Status Report on the Great Lakes Fisheries -
     1967. Lansing, Michigan, March 196?, 35 p.

19.  Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Michigan's
     Oil and Gas Fields, 1967, Lansing, Michigan. 72 p.

20.  	, Park Division, State Park 10-Year Program, Lansing, Michigan,
     1965. 216 p.

21.  	, Recreation Resource Planning Section, Michigan Outdoor
     Recreation Plan, Lansing, Michigan, 1965.

22.  Michigan Department of Social Welfare, 1964 Directory of Camps for
     Children, Lansing, Michigan, 1964. 93 P.

2J.  Michigan State Administrative Board, Michigan, A Guide to the Wolverine
     State, Oxford University Press, New York, 1941. 696 p.

24.  Michigan State Highway Department, Tourist Travel in Michigan - 1964,
     Lansing, Michigan, 1964.  146 p.

25.  Michigan State University and Michigan Conservation Needs Committee,
     An Inventory of Michigan Soils and Water Conservation Needs, Agricultural
     Experiment Station, East Lansing, Michigan, 1958. 63 p.

26.  Michigan State University, Department of Resource Development, Water
     Bulletin No. 15. Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing,
     Michigan, 1962. 2 p.

27.  Michigan Tourist Council, Ski Michigan, Lansing, Michigan. 1 p.

28.  Michigan Trail Riders Association, Inc., Michigan's Riding and
     Hiking Trail. Traverse City, Michigan, 1965. 26 p.

29.  Michigan Water Resources Commission, Michigan and the Great Lakes,
     Lansing, Michigan, 1963. 4 P.

30.  	, Report on Bacteriological Quality of Michigan Surface Waters
     Along the Lower Peninsula Coastline. 1965-66. 92 p.

31.  	t Water Quality Study of the Saginaw River, July and October -
     1965, Lansing, Michigan, January 1967. 134 p.

32.  	, Water Resources Uses - Present and Prospective for Lake Huron
     and Proposed Water Quality Standards and Plan of Implementation,
     Lansing, Michigan, March 1967. 98 p.
 D-4

-------
33-  News Paper Enterprise Association,  The World Almanac - 196? ,  New York,
     1966. 912 p.

34.  Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, Outdoor Recreation For
     America, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1962.  246 p.

35.  - » Study Report No.  4, Shoreline Recreation Resources of the United
     States, 156 p.

36.  - , Study Report No.  19, National Recreation Survey, 394 p.

37.  - > Study Report No.  20, Participation in Outdoor Recreation; Factors
     Affecting Demand Among American Adults. 94 P«

38.  - , Study Report No.  23, Projections to the Year 19?6 and 2000; Economic
     Growth Population, Labor  Force and  Leisure and "Transport ion,  434 p.
39.  Rowlee, Ace and Polly, Michigan Campground Guide, 4*h edition, Wayne Halleck,
     Battle Creek, Michigan, 1964.  63 p.

40.  Survey Show Contamination of Reservoir, Flint Journal, Flint, Michigan,
     April 30, 1956.

41.  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Michigan Forest Resources,
     Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, September I960.
     46 p.

42.  U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Lake Survey District,
     Data on the Great Lakes Systems, Detroit, Michigan, 1964. 2 p. mimeo.

43-  ' - » - » - » Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River Profile, Detroit,
     Michigan, 1965. 1 p.

44.  - , - , - , Hydrography of Monthly Mean Levels of the Great
     Lakes, Detroit, Michigan, 1967, 2 p. graph.

45.  U.S. Department of Commerce, A Proposed Program for Scenic Roads and
     Parkways, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966. 254 P.

46.  - , Bureau of the Census, County and City Data Book - 1962,
     Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C., 1966. 669 p.

47.  - » - » United States Census Population - I960, Michigan. General
     Population Characteristics. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
     1962. 183 P.

48.  - , - , United States Census of Population I960, General Social
     and Economic Characteristics. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
     1962. 142 p.

49.  — • -  - > United States Census of Population I960. Government
     Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1961. 360 p.

                                                                          D-J

-------
 50.   	,  Environmental  Sciences Service  Administration, Michigan Hourly
      Precipitation Data.  Volume 15,  No.  6-8  Volume  16, August 1963 and  1965.
      rjr

 51.   U.S.  Congress, House of Representatives,  Committee on Government Operations,
      Water Pollution -  Great Lakes,  Part 1 - Lake Ontario and Lake Erie.

 52.   U.S.  Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, A Preliminary
      Report - Outdoor Recreation Requirements  in the Upper Mississippi River
      Basin. Ann Arbor,  Michigan, 1966. 74 p.

 53.   U.S.  Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Financing
      of Private Outdoor Recreation.  May  1967.  9 P-

 54«   	t  	t Focus  on the Hudson, Evaluation of Proposals and Alternatives,
      Government Printing  Office, Washington, D.C.,  1966. 56 p.

 55-   	•  	> State  Outdoor Recreation  Statistics -- 1962, Government
      Printing Office, Washington, B.C.,  1963.  53 p.

 56.   	,  	, Trails for  America.  Government Printing Office, Washington,
      D.C.,  December 1966. 155 p.

 57•   	»  	» Unpublished Data—Nationwide Plan Inventory Forms 8-73»
      Lake  Central  Region, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1964.

 58.   	,  	, Water  and Related Land Resources Planning Manual, Government
      Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,  1965.  45 p.

 59.   	»  	• Water-Oriented  Outdoor Recreation - Lake Erie Basin, Ann
      Arbor, Michigan, 1966.  116  p.

 60.   	,  	;	, Water-Oriented  Outdoor Recreation - Lake Michigan Basin,
      Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1965.  251  p.

 61.   	,  Federal Water  Pollution Control Administration, Unpublished Data -
      Basic  Basin Descriptions and Population Statistics, Chicago, Illinois, 1966.
      3 P.

 62.   	,  National Park  Service,  Our  Fourth Shore, Great Lakes Shoreline,
      Government Printing  Office, Washington, D.C.,  1959. 45 P.

63.  	,  	, Report of the Comprehensive Survey of the Water Resource
      of the Delaware River  Basin. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1961. 276 p.

 64.  Visher,  Stephen, Climatic Atlas of  the United  States, Harvard University
      Press, Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 1954. 403 p.

65.  Wisconsin  Department of Natural Resources, Wisconsin Shoreline Management
      Program. undated,  7  P.

66.   Yanggen, Douglas A.  and Kusler, Jon A., Natural Resources Protection
     Through  Shoreland  Regulation. Land  Economics, Vol. XLIV, No. 1, p 73-86.
  D-6

-------
67.  Zim, H.S. and Gabrielson, I.M., Birds. A Guide to the Most Familiar
     American Birds. Golden Press, New York, 1956. 160 p.

68.  Zim, H.S. and Hoffmeister, D.F., Mammals. A Guide to the Most Familiar
     American Species, Golden Press, New York, 1955. 160 p.
                                                                         D-7

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            Appendix E




Views of Other Interests

-------
Copies of letters commenting on the preliminary report  of the Lake Huron Basin
have been made a part of this report and are listed by agency in the index on the
following page.  Approximately 40 copies of the preliminary draft of this report
were sent to applicable  federal, state,  and  local governmental agencies for their
review.  Comments of the reviewing agencies are fully appreciated for their value
in improving the quality of the final report.  All comments were weighed carefully
and  are, in many cases,  reflected by  changes  made in the final report.   In a few
instances, the original choice of words  in the preliminary report tended to distort
the meaning of  a particular section of the  report.  We believe that modifications
to the wording has clarified the meaning and intent of these sections. In some in-
stances, disagreements with the philosophy or wording of the report were indica-
ted. Where comments were considered valid, we incorporated changes.
A few items, especially in regard to water quality as it affects recreational acti-
vity, such  as  the influence that septic  tank systems have upon the quality of basin
lakes and streams, were viewed differently by this bureau.  The primary  purpose
of this  report was to investigate and to  report the impact of water quality upon
recreation in the basin, and to that purpose this bureau has addressed the study
with the ultimate goal of  providing  optimum  water-oriented  outdoor recreation
opportunities without quality deterioration.
Revisions of portions of the report based on not only reviews  of other agencies but
on  additional considerations of  this office resulted in considerable modifications
of the report's original conclusions and recommendations. This necessitated later
distribution of the revised conclusions and recommendations to those agencies
most concerned.  Thus, there are  enclosed  two letters from several reviewing
agencies.
It is our hope that this report will encourage further efforts to improve the basin's
environmental quality including better  quality waters for outdoor recreation and
will assist responsible  administering agencies of all levels in planning and manag-
ing the recreational resources of the Lake Huron Basin.

-------
INDEX OF REPLIES RECEIVED
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

      Forest Service                                           E-5, 7

      Soil Conservation Service                               E-11,13

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

      Corps of Engineers.
      Chicago District                                          E-17

      Corps of Engineers,
      Detroit District                                           E-19

      Corps of Engineers,
      Lake Survey District                                       E-21

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

      Bureau of Commercial Fisheries                            E-23

      Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife                E-25, 27, 29

      Federal Water Pollution Control Administration              E-31

STATE OF MICHIGAN

      Department of Natural Resources,
      Recreation Planning Division                            E-33,35

      Water Resources Commission                              E-37

GENESEE COUNTY

      Metropolitan Planning Commission                          E-39

CITY OF MIDLAND

      Parks and Recreation Department                           E-43
                                                             GPO 816—8O2—2

-------
      C      UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
      0                   FOREST SERVICE
      P                   EASTERN REGION
      Y  633 W.  Wisconsin Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin  53203

                                              In Reply Refer To

                                              2340

                                              November 22, 1968
Mr. Roman H. Koenings
Regional Director
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
3853 Research Park Drive
Ann Arbor, Michigan  48104

Dear Mr. Koenings:

We appreciate the opportunity to review the revision of the "Lake
Huron Basin" report.

In our opinion you have covered the major needs in your recommendations.
We are especially pleased to see that you have included Items #3»
#7, and #9.

                                        Sincerely yours,


                                        (Signature)
                                        H. A. SVENSON
                                        Chief, Recreation, Range
                                                 and Wildlife
                                                                    E-S

-------
     C         UNITED  STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
     0                      FOREST SERVICE
     P                      EASTERN SECTION
     Y      633 V. Wisconsin Ave.,  Milwaukee, Wisconsin  53203

                                               In Reply Refer To

                                               2340

                                               November 16, 1967
Mr. Roman H. Koenings
Regional Director
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
3853 Research Park Drive
Ann Arbor, Michigan  48104

Dear Mr. Koenings :

This is in response to your letter of October 13 (D6427GL) asking for
comments on the preliminary draft of your report, "Water-Oriented
Outdoor Recreation - Lake Huron Basin."

We believe the report does a good job covering the over-all objectives
of the study.

For your consideration, we offer the following comments and suggestions:

Page 4-1, Private.  The last sentence of the second paragraph is con-
fusing.  It is difficult to understand what facilities, public or com-
.mercial, cater specifically to the seasonal homeowner.  The latter half
of this sentence is clear and can stand on its own.

The first sentence of the last paragraph gives the impression that all
commercial enterprises either supplement or compete with public facili-
ties.  Summer resorts, a major segment of the vacation industry, cer-
tainly are not supplemental.  As pointed out by I.V. Fine, et al, in
their study of tourist accommodations in Wisconsin, it is by no means
established that public facilities are detrimental to resort enterprises.
We agree, however, that private campgrounds are sometimes in competition
with public facilities.

Page 4-7, 3a, Zone 1.  We suggest the fourth sentence regarding 1,722,000
acres of State and Federal lands be amplified to point out that these
lands comprise the largest ownerships of public hunting area available in
this basin.

Page 4-29 (3), Cross-Country Motoring.  To the sixth sentence, we suggest
the addition of, "however, there is substantial mileage of old logging
roads on the National Forests available for this use."  If the same

                                                                      E-7

-------
   situation exists  on  the State forests in the basin, they can be
   covered in the  same  statement.

   Page 4-32.  The National Forest lands are a very significant hunting
   area in the basin.   Maintenance and improvement of hunting habitat is
   given full consideration in resource management decisions and practices.
   Cooperative programs with the State are carried out.  We believe a state-
   ment about the  availability of National Forest area is warranted in this
   discussion.

   Page 7-5» 5th Sentence.  Is this appropriate as a general statement?
   The public pays for  many recreation activities at present: resort
   accommodations, guide  service, golf, swimming, and camping, to name a
   few.  The long  experience of the Lake States in charging entrance and
   user fees for recreation facilities would indicate general acceptance.
   The same is true  of  our experience on National Forests.  The public in
   general apparently is  willing to pay nominal fees for camping facilities,
   but perhaps is  not willing to pay such fees if they actually covered
   operating costs or if  they include amortization of facilities.

   Page 9-1. Recommendations.  Under No. 5 we suggest the addition of
   another item:   Many  venturing into recreation enterprises do not
   understand basic  planning needs, nor good management practices, and
   are unsuccessful.  To  provide this type of "know-how" it may be
   appropriate to  recommend the establishment of short university courses
   for recreation  operators covering planning and desirable management
   practices.

   Recommendation  3*  We  do not believe this recommendation is desirable.
   State and Federal Forests, as against State Parks, are managed for a
   variety of resources (multiple use), one of which is recreation.  The
   State Parks, however,  are managed primarily for recreation.  It is long
   established policy of  the Forest Service to provide for a wide variety
   of recreation opportunities oh the National Forests to meet peoples'
   needs.  This includes  developed recreation facilities and commercial
   facilities, developed  by private investment under lease arrangement;
   such as boat liveries, resorts, winter sports, etc.  However, the pre-
   ponderance of National Forest areas will always be available for
   dispersed activities,  such as listed in the proposed recommendation.

   Recommendation  5c.   This is not clear as to what is meant in this recom-
   mendation.  Does  this  mean that public agencies should make a declaration
   of the extent of  long  range development by public investment, or a state-
   ment as to the  extent  of private investment which will be planned on
   public lands under lease arrangement?  The Forest Service has long
E-8                                                               GPO SIS—3O3—12

-------
standing policies concerning the types of developments which will not
be provided on National Forests by investments of public funds, but
which will be encouraged for development by private capital.

The copy of the report sent with your letter is enclosed.

                                         Sincerely yours,

                                         H. A. SVENSEN
                                         Assistant Regional Forester

                                         (Signature)
                                         By:  H. V. ZIMINSKI

Enclosure
                                                                     E-9

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    C         UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
    0                 SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
    P              Room 101, 1405 S. Harrison Road
    Y               East Lansing, Michigan  48823
                                               November 29, 1968
Mr. Roman H. ^oenings
Regional Director
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
3853 Research Park Drive
Ann Arbor, Michigan  48104

Dear Mr. Koenings:

We have reviewed the revised copy of the conclusions and recommendations
of your report on "Water-Oriented Outdoor Recreation - Lake Huron Basin."
They are thought to cover that facet of the field in which the Soil
Conservation Service has an interest and incorporates our original
comments of November 16, 196?•

The recommendations developed were of particular interest.  We noticed
that several of them relate either directly or indirectly to activities
having a relationship to the work in which our agency is engaged.

Let us know if we can be of any further assistance with this report.

                                        Sincerely yours,

                                        VERNE M. BATHURST
                                        State Conservationist

                                        (Signature)
                                        BY:  Robert S. Fellows, Acting
                                                                      E-n

-------
               UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
                       SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
                   Room 101, 1405 S.  Harrison Road
                    East Lansing, Michigan  48823
                                               November 16,  1967
 Mr.  Roman H.  Koenings
 Regional Director
 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
 3853 Research Park Drive
 Ann Arbor, Michigan  48104

 Dear Mr. Koenings:

 We were very  please to have had the opportunity to review your report,
 "Water-Oriented Outdoor Recreation - Lake Huron Basin."  This report
 is an interesting and informative discussion of the present and future
 recreation conditions in this basin.  The following are our comments
 and  suggestions:

 1.  Page 1-3, Section E, EFFECTIVE POPULATION - -tjht" is misspelled.

 2.  Page 1-5, Paragraph 1, 1st sentence - "cityoof" is a typographical
     error

 3.  Page 2-7, Paragraph 1, 1st sentence - "white-tailed deer" should
     be hyphenated and "waterfowl" should be written as one word.

 4-  Page 2-7, Paragraph 2, 1st sentence - last word should be "lamprey."

 5.  Page 2-7, Paragraph 3 - "bluegill" should be written as one word.

 6.  Page 209, Paragraph 2 & 3 - words "short-term" and "long-term"
     should be hyphenated.

 7.  Page 2-18, Paragraph 1, 4th sentence - The statement that one of
     the factors contributing to the low per capita income is a high
     number of retirees does not seem consistent with the statement on
     page 2-24 that the median age is lower than the National.

 8.  Page 2-20, Plate 2-10 - The Interstate Highways 1-96, 1-94, and
     1-75 are  not labeled correctly.

 9.  Page 2-23, Paragraph b., 2nd sentence - "thaturban" is a typo-
     graphical error.

10.  Page 3-5, Paragraph 2, 2nd sentence - the second 2000 should be
     2020.

                                                                     E-13

-------
Mr. Roman H. Koenings              -2-              November 16, 1967


11.   Page 4-2,  4-3,  4-19 - Plates  should be footnoted to refer to
      Appendix C for  name and facilities corresponding to numbers on
      the maps.

12.   Page 4-9f  1st full paragraph, 1st sentence - "Zones" should be
      read "Zone 2".

13.   Page 4-H» 1st  line - The  statement that the soils are "non productive"
      is incorrect.   North of Bay City the combination of climatic and
      soil factors make agriculture less productive.

14.   Page 4-28, Last line - "interstered" is a typographical error.

15.   Page 6-1,  Paragraph 2, 7th sentence - Tiled fields do not transport
      sediment.  This sentence possibly could include, "Poor land use and
      improper land treatment practices on the land adjoining the rivers
      and  long  the stream banks are largely responsible for the great
      quantities of soil reaching the waterways."

16.   Page 6-2,  Last  paragraph, 2nd sentence - See comment for page 6-1.

17.   Page 6-4,  Paragraph 1, 3rd sentence - Possibly "total alkalinity"
      should be considered for inclusion in the sentence with "water
      temperature, oxygen .content, turbidity, and pH."

18.   Page 6-9, Table 6-2 - This table gives the percent change in
      attendance from year to year.  A clearer comparison of use would
      be obtained by  indicating the percent of the 1961 value.   This
      would give values for thfe attendance at Bay City State Park of
      100.0, 108.9, 113.9, 85.4, 79-7, and 91.1 percent of 1961 attendance
      for the years 1961 through 1966 respectively.

19.   Page 6-16, Plate 6-7 - There is no legend given for solid black
      area as shown on Swartz Creek.  Several county lines are missing
      on this map.

20.   Page 9-2, Item  10 - Shouldn't all construction and not just highway
      construction be investigated?

21.  B-l,  Last paragraph - "22,600" should be "22,600,000."

22.  B-3,  Zone Demands - This section speaks of five zones while the
     rest of the report lists only three zones.

23.   Page following  B-8 - Title cover to Appendix C should be
      Lake Huron rather than Lake Ontario.
E-U

-------
Mr. Roman H. Koenings              -J-             November 16, 196?
24.  Appendix C - The tables should have a title indicating what is
     inventoried, i.e., Water Access Sites, Local Recreation Areas, etc.
     Also, reference should be made to Plates 4-1. 4-2, and 4-10 for
     map locations.

I hope you will find these comments useful in your revisions of this
report.

                                       Sincerely yours,


                                       (Signature)
                                       VERNE M. BATHDRST
                                       State Conservationist
                                                                  E-15

-------
       C              DEPARTMENT OP THE ARMY
       0       CHICAGO DISTRICT, CORPS OP ENGINEERS
       P             215 South Dearborn Street
       Y             Chicago, Illinois  60604
                                               In Reply Refer To

                                               NCCED-DER

                                               29 November 196?
Mr. Roman H. Koenings
Regional Director
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
3853 Research Park Drive
Ann Arbor, Michigan  48104

Dear Mr. Koenings:

     The preliminary draft of your report "Water-Oriented Outdoor
Recreation - Lake Huron Basin" has been reviewed and is returned as
requested.

     This report, though preliminary, is generally comprehensive,
well organized, and clearly presented, and in final draft will be a
direct contribution to the "Great Lakes - Illinois River Basin
Comprehensive Study" conducted by the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration.

                                          Sincerely yours,
                                          (Signature)
                                          R. P. LEEPER
                                          Chief, Engineering Division

1 Incl.
    Prelim. Rpt.
    dtd Oct 67
                                                                    E-17

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      C              DEPARTMENT OP THE ARMY
      0       DETROIT DISTRICT, CORPS OP ENGINEERS
      P        P.O. Box 1027  150 Michigan Avenue
      Y             Detroit, Michigan  48231
                                              In Reply Refer To

                                               NCEED-B

                                              14 November 1967
Mr, Roman H. Koenings
Regional Director
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
3853 Research Park Drive
Ann Arbor, Michigan  48104

Dear Mr. Koenings:

Thank you for the opportunity to review your preliminary report
"Water-Oriented Outdoor Recreation - Lake Huron Basin."  We have
found the report to be well written and timely.  It will serve as a
valuable planning aid to all who are concerned with the Lake Huron
Basin.

Most of our comments are minor referring to typographic errors
and these are noted on the inclosed copy of your report which we
are returning as requested.  The following informal comments are
offered for your consideration.

     One page 1-1, paragraph B, the term "basin" was introduced
     without defining it.  It is believed that it was to mean that
     portion of Lake Huron's drainage basin within the United
     States.  In paragraph C of the same page the term "basins" is
     used again without a clarification, here it was used to refer
     to river sub-basins within the Lake Huron drainage basin.  We
     suggest that the term "basin" be clearly defined when first
     used and when departures from this definition are necessary
     that they can be clarified when they occur.

     On Plate 2-2, page 2-3, the plotting points for air and water
     surface temperatures on "Water and Air Temperature Graph
     Legend" are mislabled.  The data presented in "Limiting
     Physical Factors" on the same plate is misleading unless the
     very special application intended for this graph is given.
     For example, no wind or wave data are given for the winter
     months.  This probably results from lack of recorded data
                                                                    E-19

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    NCEED-B                                        14 November 196?
    Mr. Roman H. Koenings, Regional Director
    and ice conditions and not a lack of wind or wave conditions.
    Also the data must apply to the immediate shore since winds in
    excess of 30 miles per hour are recorded more frequently than
    waves in excess of one foot on height.  If we consider a point
    200 to 300 yards off shore along most of the Lake Huron shore
    it would be a rare phenomenon when winds in excess of 30 mph
    occur and the resulting wave didn't exceed one foot.  Waves
    ranging in heights up to one foot are normal for Lake Huron.
    We suggest that the assumptions made and the intended use of
    the data be specified on this plate so as to minimize misunder-
    standing.

    Plate 2-10 Interstate Highway System Lake Huron, Basin on page
    2-20 has several of the highways mislabled.

    Another general observation is that cities and/or locations
    cited in the text are not located on the accompanying maps.

                                         Sincerely yours,

                                         VERNON G. GOELZER
                                         Chief, Engineering Division

                                         (Signature)
                                         P. M. McAllister

    1 Incl
      As stated
E-20

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C                      DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
0             LAKE  SURVEY DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
P                       630 Federal Building
Y                      Detroit, Michigan  48226
                                                In Reply Refer To

                                                NCLTL

                                                2? October 196?
  Mr. Roman H. Koenings
  Regional Director
  Bureau  of Outdoor Recreation
  3853 Research  Park Drive
  Ann Arbor, Michigan  48104

  Dear Mr. Koeninge:

       As requested in your letter to this office dated October 13, 196?.
  the preliminary  draft  of your report, "Water-Oriented Outdoor Recreation —
  Lake Huron Basin," has been reviewed.

       The report  appears to be excellent with a few relatively minor  ex-
  ceptions:

             The land portion of the drainage basin given on page 2-1, para-
  .graph 1, exceeds the value adopted by the International Coordinating
  Committee on Great Lakes Basic Hydraulic and Hydrologic Data by 150  square
  miles.  The difference may result from the use of different limits.

             The symbols for water and air temperatures shown on Plate 2-2,
  page 2-3, are  reversed.

             The values  given in paragraph 4& check with our values except
  for the average  depth  of 208 feet.  The value we use at present, given
  on the  "Data on  the Great Lakes System," is 195 feet reckoned from low
  water datum.   If reckoned from the mean level of the lake it would be
  197 feet.  However, the Physical Data Subcommittee of the International
  Great Lakes Basic Data Committee is re-computing this figure at the
  present time.

       Thank you for allowing us to comment on your report.  The Lake  Srrvey
  will welcome the opportunity to assist you in any way possible.

                                          Sincerely yours,


                                          (Signature)
                                          JAMES E. BUNCH
                                          Lt. Colonel, Corps of Engineers
                                          District Engineer
                                                                      E-21

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 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
 MEMORANDUM                                DATE:  November 21, 196?

 TO:       Regional Director, Lake Central Region, BOR
           Ann Arbor, Michigan

 FROM:     River Basin Studies Coordinator, BCF
           Ann Arbor, Michigan

 SUBJECT:  Lake Huron Basin Report

 We have reviewed the subject report enclosed with your October 13
 memorandum.  Other than the few minor comments listed below, we felt the
 report was well done and appreciate the opportunity for review.

      p. 2-7, line 8, 10 - sea lamprey misspelled
      p. 2-7, line 9 - decline of the Cisco is not directly attributable
              to lamprey invasion
      p. 3-5, line 3 - appendix misspelled
      p. 4-13, line 10 - the phrase "unknown sources of pollution"
              is not clear in this context
      p. 7-1, line 15 - Although lamprey control appears to have been
              successful in Lakes Michigan and Superior, treatment has
              not yet begun in Lake Huron.  It may be assumed from this
              sentence that the lamprey will be controlled in Lake Huron
              in the near future whereas it will be at least 8-10 years
              before results are apparent.
                                             ROBERT L. SCHUELER

                                             (Signature)
                                             JOHN K. SULLIVAN

 Enclosures
GPO 815—3O3—13
                                                                     e-23

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                           UNITED  STATES
        C            DEPARTMENT  OP  THE INTERIOR
        0             PISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
        P       BUREAU OP SPORT  FISHERIES  AND WILDLIFE
        Y                1006  West  Lake Street
                     Minneapolis, Minnesota  55408
                                                In  Reply  Refer To

                                                RB

                                                January 30,  1968
  Memorandum

  To:        Regional  Director, Bureau  of  Outdoor Recreation, USDI
            Ann Arbor, Michigan

  Prom:      Acting Regional Director,  Bureau  of Sport Fisheries  and
            Wildlife, USDI, Minneapolis,  Minnesota

  Subject:   Lake Huron Report - Great  Lakes-Illinois River  Basin Study

  We have received Draft  2 of your report Water-Oriented  Outdoor Recreation
  in the Lake  Huron Basin.

  As requested in  your December 22,  196?  memorandum, our  comments  on
  this revised draft  were provided by  telephone in a January 29  call
  from Mr. Vogtman to Mr. Hollenbaugh  of  your office.   Although  our
  review has been  limited to fish and  wildlife considerations, we
  were impressed by the scope of the report and the great amount of
  material it  contains.
  We  appreciate  this review opportunity.
                                           (Signature)
                                           W. P. SCHAEFER
OPO 8I5-3O3—!4

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                          UNITED  STATES
       C           DEPARTMENT OP  THE INTERIOR
       0            PISH AND WILDLIFE  SERVICE
       P      BUREAU  OP SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
       Y               1006 West  Lake  Street
                   Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
                                               In Reply Refer  to
                                               RB

                                               December 3,  1968
Memorandum

To:       Regional Director, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
          Ann Arbor, Michigan

From:     Regional Director, BSPW, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Subject:  Review of Revised Conclusions and Recommendations
          Lake Huron Report (GLIRB)

We have reviewed your conclusions and recommendations and consider
them complete in their coverage of the recreation problems of Lake
Huron.  We have the following review comments:

      Recommendation 2b seems unnecessary, since generous financial
      assistance programs already exist.  (Refer to:  "Federal Assistance
      in Outdoor Recreation - Available to: States, their Subdivisions,
      Organizations, and Individuals", published by the Department of
      the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation).  However, more
      emphasis should be given to publicizing the existence of these
      assistance programs.

      In Recommendation 3t we would favor "review" rather than "adopt",
      in line 2, since numerous regulations already exist and there is
      some confusion in this area.

      Recommendation 9 makes it appear that control of wastes from
      summer houses on lakes and streams is a matter of personal dis-
      cretion.  We agree that voluntary community action is desiiable,
      but it should be stressed that pollution laws exist which will
      be enforced regarding this pollution source if voluntary action
      is not taken.

We appreciate this review opportunity.
                                        (Signature)
GPO e.s-303-15                              JOHN R. LANGENBACH          E"27

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                          UNITED STATES
      C            DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
      0             FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
      P       BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
      Y                1006 West Lake Street
                   Minneapolis, Minnesota  55408
                                              In Reply Refer To
                                              RB

                                              November 13, 1967
Memorandum

To:       Regional Director, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, USDI
          Ann Arbor, Michigan

From:     Regional Director, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
          USDI, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Subject:  Lake Huron Basin Report - Review of Preliminary Draft
          (Koening's Memorandum of 10/13/67)

We have reviewed the subject draft and have the following comments and
suggestions:

  1.  Page i - "Forward" should read "Foreword"
  2.  Page 3-5. Line 7 - the "quality and quantity of (recreation)
      facilities" appears here to be a function of only the public
      agencies.  Should the word "private" be added?
  3.  Page 4-6 Canoeing - One of the qualities or real values of the
      Au Sable River is the relative feeling of peace and solitude it
      imparts.  Often overlooked in our mad rush for "development" is
      the equally important need for the more primitive or wilderness
      aspects of such streams as the Au Sable.
  4.  Facing Page B-8 - Appendix C - Lake Ontario Basin should read Lake
      Huron Basin.
  5.  With reference to the Memorandum of Understanding between the Bureau
      of Outdoor Recreation and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
     (regarding areas of reporting responsibility,) we believe there are
      several sections of your report which are more properly the province
      and reporting responsibility of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
      Wildlife.

      We believe the following cited sections from your report belong in
      the Fish and Wildlife Report:

        a.  Page 2-7 - Paragraph 1, 2, 3, and 4
        b.  Page 3-4 - Plate 3-1 - Demand for fishing and hunting activities
        c.  Pages 4-29-32 - Subsection (F) Hunting
        d.  Page 6-4 - paragraph 1

                                                                     E-29

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      e.   Page  6-5 (Table  6-1)  - Natural resources references
      f.   Page  7-1 -  Paragraph  2 - Great Lakes  Sport Fishery
      g.   Page  7-3 -  Paragraph  B-2.  The last two sentences related to fish
          and wildlife, with last sentence constituting a wildlife
          recommendation.

The entire  content of Chapter  6 - "Water Quality Influences" goes rather
heavily  into pollution control and the effects of pollution on the natural
environment.   This is one of the principal areas which will be covered in
the Pish and Wildlife Report.  To avoid conflict and possible duplication in
our reporting, we believe that water quality aspects of the basin should be
oriented more  towards other water uses, with a considerably more limited
review of the  natural resource—water quality  relationships.

We recognize that in the  preparation of the Great Lakes Reports, close
coordination between all  cooperating agencies  is difficult.  For future
Great Lakes reporting, we suggest that coordination be effected early
in each  reporting effort,  preferably between the individuals in our two
agencies who are  assigned the  reporting responsibility.  This should help
us avoid  overlap  and possible  conflicts in our efforts.

We appreciate  this opportunity to review the Lake Huron report draft.
We were  also pleased to have the opportunity last week to review some of
our mutual  problems  with  Messrs. Nelson and Otis.  If there is anything
we can do to further improve our interagency coordination, please be sure
to call  on  us.

We are returning  two copies of the subject report draft.


                                        (Signature)
                                        R. W. BURWELL

Enclosures:  2
E-30

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                                            DI.FWPCA,  GREAT LAKES REGION
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
MEMORANDUM                                LATE:  November 15, 196?

To:       Roman H. Koenings, Regional Director
          Lake Central Region, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation

Prom:     Regional Director

Subject:  Lake Huron Basin Report (Your Reference: D 6427 GL)

As requested in your memorandum of October 13, 19&7, we have reviewed the
Lake Huron Basin Report and have the following comments or suggestions.

Generally, the report is well written and informative and it should prove
useful to us and to other agencies interested in the control and prevention
of water pollution and in advancing the cause of water oriented outdoor
recreation.

With reference to projections of recreation demand, if information is
available, it would be of value to this agency if it could be estimated
what part of the incremental demand in "with opportunity" would result
from improved water quality (as distinguised from additional or improved
facilities or structures.)

Some statements concerning the pollution effects of recreation would
strengthen the report, e.g., debris from ice fishing or the discarding of
wastes by boaters.

The pinpointing of problem areas is good (Chapter 6).   It would be helpful
if some statement was made as to whether these areas constitute the major
and majority of such areas or whether they are merely representative.

On page 1-3:  Suggest deleting the definition for improved water quality.
As the definition is worded some very "bad" water might be greatly improved
and still not qualify because of failure to meet criteria for whole body
contact recreation.

On page 1-4, and 1-5, reference numbers 42, 43 and 29 do not seem to relate
to the subject matter of those titles in the bibliography.  Also on page
1-4, the definition of recreation demand should, it seems to us, be stronger
than expression of interest.  This is recognized in later pages of the report.
A suggested definition:  recreation demand - an expression of the extent to
which people would participate in recreation if provided with opportunities
at a price they are willing and able to pay.
                                                                    E-31

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To:  Roman H. Koenings, LCR-BOH       2                November 15, 196?


On page 2-15, line 13 - resident population refers to Table A-l, Appendix A.
Table A-l, Appendix A is "Supply Summary."

If available, i-t would be useful to have a map showing the entire Lake and
perhaps some area outside of the Watershed boundary as some of the demand
arises from outside of the area.

Page 2-2J, does the agricultural population segment pursue less outdoor
recreation or does is make use of more private facilities that are not
tallied in the surveys?

With reference to Plate 6-7, "Location of Recreational Waters Impaired by
Low Quality," does not agree fully with data in our Detroit Program Office
reports.  For certain stream segments shown as impaired, our Detroit Program
Office has no information to confirm the severity.  In other areas, streams
are shown not impaired or lightly impaired, while our data indicates more
severe levels of contaminants.  Grossly, Moderately, and Lightly Impaired
should be explained and the source and extent of information for Plate 6-7 should
be listed.  We are enclosing a copy of the Plate with our Detroit Program
Office information on impaired water quality added.

Relative to the contaminant "Chlorine" listed on Table 6-1, although toxic
to fish when dissolved in water and toxic to humans in the gaseous state,
the use of chlorine is currently recommended for disinfection of water
supplies and waste effluents, and it is doubtful the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration would ordinarily designate it as a contaminant.  It
is possible that the ion "chloride" (and other salts) was intended to be the
contaminant.

Chapter 7, in Section C, Action Programs (pg 7-5), other programs of the
Corps of Engineers such as comprehensive studies, flood plain studies,
harbor and river dredging might be mentioned as they pertain to recreation.

The enclosed pages list some minor items, mostly editorial in nature, for
you consideration.


                                         (Signature)
                                         H. W. Poston

Enclosures
E-32

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                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

C                               SEAL
0                     GEORGE ROMNEY, GOVERNOR

Y                   DEPARTMENT OP CONSERVATION
                   Ralph A. Max; Mullen, Director

                         December 5, 1968
Mr. John D. Cherry
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Lake Central Region
3853 Research Park Drive
Ann Arbor, Michigan  48104

Dear Mr. Cherry:

We have reviewed the revised conclusions and recommendations for
the report on "Water-Oriented Outdoor Recreation—Lake Huron Basin,"
transmitted with your letter of November 18, 1968.  The following
comments are offered for your consideration and action.

    Conclusion 9 - This recommendation does not, in any way,
          attempt to place in proper perspective the extent of
          pollution injuries.  Our evaluation is that the
          sentence should read, "... have contaminated limited
          portion of Lake Huron ..."

    Recommendation 6 - State and Federal programs and
          facilities axe constantly under review and
          surveillance.  At the present time, our staff is
          preparing recommendations for FWPCA concerning the
          adequacy of waste control facilities for all
          Federal installations in Michigan.

    Recommendation 7b - We believe that research has shown
          several economical methods for nutrient (phosphorus)
          removal and Michigan communities and industries
          have been notified that phosphorus removal
          facilities must be in operation in accordance with
          certain prescribed time schedules.  These time
          schedules vary but range from 1970 to 1977 for
          startup of phosphorus removal facilities.  State
          and Federal authorities do not believe that removal
          of nitrogen compounds from waste waters is practical
          at the present time nor do they believe that water quality
          would be enhanced to a significant degree by
          the reduction or removal of this constituent.
                                                                    E-33

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                                   - 2-

         Recommendation 8 - The oil and gas producing industry is
               already undertaking a study to find methods to
               eliminate odors associated with active oil and gas
               wells.

         Thank you for the opportunity to review these conclusions and
     recommendations.  If you have any questions concerning our comments,
     please let us know.

                                           Very truly yours,

                                           WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION

                                           (Signature)
                                           W. G. TURKEY
                                           Regional Engineer

     WGT/ro

     cc;   Herb Miller
          Gerald Eddy
E-34

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                 STATE OP MICHIGAN

                       SEAL
              GEORGE ROMNEY,  GOVERNOR

          DEPARTMENT OP NATURAL RESOURCES
Stevens T. Mason Building, Lansing,  Michigan  48926

           Ralph A.  Mac Mullen, Director

                 November 29,  1968
Mr. Roman H. Koenings
Regional Director
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
3853 Research Park Drive
Ann Arbor, Michigan  48104

Dear Mr. Koenings:

Your letter of November 18, 1968, requesting comments on the attached con-
clusions and recommendations of your report, "Water-Oriented Outdoor Recre-
ation - Lake Huron Basin," has been received.

Staff members have reviewed this material and offer the following changes:
Conclusion No. 6
Conclusion No. 12
           We propose substituting the following:  Seasonal and
           vacation homes contribute substantially to utilization
           of recreational opportunities offered by the land  and
           water resources.   The extent of their development  on
           many lakes and streams,  however,  reduces the opportunity
           for public projects,  and public access  to water is a
           distinct problem in some areas.  In addition, consid-
           erable acreage of private land formerly accessible
           to hunters is being fenced off to the public, much of
           it through the formation of private hunting clubs.

           We are of the opinion that this statement is incorrect.
           Malodorous natural gas vapors associated with active
           oil wells are limited to a small  segment of the basin  near
           West Branch and St.  Helen.  These areas of some 160
           oil fields in the Huron Basin are not in our opinion
           "....  present at  various locations throughout a sizeable
           portion of the basin."  Should you wish additional
           information on this point, the Geological Survey
           Division would, be pleased to assist your people.
                                                                    1-35

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Mr. .Roman H. Koenings
              -2-
November 29, 1968
Conclusion No.  14   We recommend  that  the report  identify  special  problem
                    areas with  excessive algae  and weed growth within  the
                    basin or providing the reader with some  idea as  to the
                    scope of the  problem.  Without clarification the general
                    statement colors the true picture.

Recommendation  No.  4  We propose altering this statement.   Both flood plain
                    protection  and  shoreline protection is afforded  by con-
                    trols administered by the Department under authority
                    of recent legislation.  Reference should be made to
                    Act 247, P.A.  1955, as amended; Act 291, P.A.  1965, as
                    amended; Act  288,  P.A. 196?,  and Act 16?,  P.A.  1968
                    (copies attached).  We recommend citing  the Acts.
Recommendation No.
8  It would be proper to point out that the oil and gas
producing industrialists are aware of the problems
of unpleasant odors associated with oil and gas produc-
tion activities and report that the major companies are
presentlv- -involved in joint research efforts to minimize
or eliminate natural gas odors as an air pollutant.  The
Geological Survey Division can provide further details.

Comments regarding water pollution and water quality
standards will be received directly from the Executive
Director of the Water Resources Commission.
Thank you for providing us with the opportunity to offer comments.

                                          Sincerely,
                                           (Signature)
                                           Ralph A. MacMullen
                                           Director

Attachment
E-36

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                  WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
                           MEMORANDUM
TO:    William Marks

PROM:  Ralph W. Purdy

DATE:  November 3, 1967
SUBJECT:  Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
          Preliminary Report on
          "Water-Oriented Outdoor
          Recreation, Lake Huron Basin"
Page 1-3:  Under "Improved Water Quality," "bacteriologically" should be
           substituted for "biologically."

Page 6-1;  Third paragraph, I don't believe that it is correct to assume that
           there is always an associated bacteriological contamination with
           increasing nutrient concentrations.   An effluent from a waste treat-
           ment plant can be properly chlorinated, yet contain nutrients.
           Also, land runoff will contain nutrients and not have bacteriological
           contamination.

Page 6-2;  Second paragraph.  Throughout this entire report there seem to
           be a great deal of emphasis placed on faulty individual septic
           systems being responsible for large-scale degradation of lake and
           river water quality.  I am wondering what substantive evidence
           supports this conclusion.

Page 6-3;  Second paragraph.  Under "Swimming."  Again, I wonder what
           evidence is available to support the conclusion made.

Page 6-g;  The asterisk on Table 6-2.  Although the beach was posted as
           stated, it should also be noted that the beach was posted in error.
           The water samples did not support the action of the county health
           department in its premature closing of this beach.

Page 6-9;  First paragraph under "Alpena."  Proposed standards formulated
           by the Water Resources Commission are not accurately quoted.  Also,
           it should be noted that arithmetical averages were apparently
           used in handling the coliform data for the two beaches.  This
           places an undue amounj of emphasis on single high samples.  It  is
           generally conceited that arithmetical averages cannot be used in
           the handling of coliform data.  In addition, I believe the
           information used was obtained from our records.  It has since been
           determined that the technician that  made the coliform determinations
           on the samples collected on 6-23-66  did not perform the analytical
           techniques properly and that the high values shown on this date
           are incorrect.  When the above is taken into account, the
           conclusions reached must be substantially different.

Page 6-11;  Under "Harbor Beach."  Studies have been made which show that  the
           high coliform count is due to coliform contained in the discharge
           from the industry.  It also has been shown that all sanitary waste
           from the industry is discharged into the municipal system for
           treatment, therefore, the coliform from the industry is not
                                                                   E-37

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           attributable to human waste.  The above makes their conclusions
           or assumptions, which they have stated as not being scientifically
           founded, incorrect.

Page 6-12; First paragraph.  When they state, "Effluent from an inefficient
           primary treatment plant," this leads me to believe that the
           primary treatment plant is not being properly operated.  I wonder
           if this is the intent or whether they mean to imply that the
           primary treatment plant is, in their opinion, an inefficient
           treatment device.

           Second paragraph.  It is suggested that storm water might be diverted
           to retention ponds.   I am wondering what might be accomplished by
           this in the way of nutrient removal.  Certainly if the ponds over-
           flowed to the watercourse, it would accomplish nothing in the way
           of nutrient removal.  Secondly, they have reached a conclusion
           that nutrients placed in the ground by septic tank systems travel
           through the ground waters to the lake.  If this conclusion is
           correct, then I would expect that it would also be correct for the
           seepage from the storm water retention pond.

Page 6-16; Streams designated as being impaired on this map should be checked
           with the recent evaluation of impaired streams made by John
           Bohunsky's section, in particular, as they relate to municipal
           waste problems.

Page 8-2;  Conclusion number 9.  Again, I believe the problems caused by
           septic tank systems are being over emphasized.
e-38

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    C               GENESSEE COUNTY METROPOLITAN
    0                   PLANNING COMMISSION
    P                    930 Beach Street
    Y                 Flint, Michigan  48502

                         November 21, 1967
Mr. Roman H. Koenings
Regional Director
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
3853 Research Park Drive
Ann Arbor, Michigan  48104

Subject:  D6427GL

Dear Mr. Koonings:

Our staff has reviewed the enclosed preliminary report, "Water-
Oriented Outdoor Recreation, Lake Huron Basin," with consider-
able interest, since recreational facilities will be a significant
component of the Comprehensive Land Use-Transportation planning
Study currently under way in Genessee County.  Realizing the
difficulty in collecting and analyzing data for such a large
area as the Lake Huron Basin, we commend you for a job well done.

In general, we would suggest the report be more specific on the
types of existing and projected needs and demands.  An attempt
should also be made to provide current population estimates to
use as a basis for current demand, rather than using I960 data.
Specific comments and suggestions that we hope will assist you
in the preparation of the final report are as follows:

      Page 2-15 — If possible, a.n effort should be directed to
      estimate the current population in the Lake Huron Basin.
      All resident population data have been derived from the
      I960 Census.

      Page 2-15 — Projected population estimates are mentioned
      for 1990 and 2020.   However, the bases for these projections
      are not cited.

      Page 2-18 — Income per capita for basin residents is based
      on I960 data.  Since income is indicated as a major factor
      influencing participation in outdoor recreation, up-to-date
      figures should be obtained from the Michigan Employment
      Security Commission, or other sources.
                                                                    E-39

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    Mr. Roman  H. Koenings
    November 21, 1967
    Page  2
           Page 2-19—  A comparison  of  the basin with other regions
           should  also  include  a region which has a close association
           to  the  basin, such as the State of Michigan.  Comparing
           the basin to the nation only, may not necessarily provide
           suitable measure of  basin conditions.

           Page 2-20— Plate 2-10 incorrectly  locates the Interstate
           Highway System  in Genessee County and southeastern Michigan.

           Page 3-3—  The basis for assuming the number of activi-
           ties the average person participates in during a visit
           to  a recreation area should  be provided.

           Page 4-3 —  What is  the criteria for locating a local
           recreation area on Plate  4-2?  (Attached is a list of
           public  recreation areas adjacent to  water in Genessee
           County  with  a map showing their locations.)

           Page 4-5 —  Plate 4-J appears incomplete for Genessee
           County.  This plate  should be indexed to facilitate
           review  and comment.

           Page 4-6 —  Same comment  as  for Plate 4-3 above.

           Page 4-19 — Where is the index to Plate 4-10?

           Page 4-2? — Plate 4-19 should be coded to be a greater
           value to local  efforts.

           Page 4-35 — Same comment for Plate  4-24 as for Plate
           4-3.

           Page 5-1 —  Can any  conclusions be drawn from the Michigan
           Outdoor Recreation Plan which would  make Chapter 5 more
           useful  to local units of  government  reviewing this report?

           Page 5-2 —  Table 5-1 appears to be  intended to show
           "present" requirements for developed recreation acreage,
           however,  the information  derived from the table is eight
           years old.

           Page 5-3 —  Same comment  for Table 5-2 as for 5-l«

           Page 6-5 —  Table 6-1 should include possible sources for
           the various  contaminants  to  be of greater benefits to
           local agencies  reviewing  the report.
E-40

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Mr. Roman H. Koenings
November 21, 196?
Page 3
      Page 8-1 — The figures in conclusion number three con-
      flict with Table A-l of the Appendix.

      Page A-6 — The proposed recreation area for Genessee
      County listed in Table A-7 is the Genessee Recreation
      Area, not the Mott Recreation Area, and it will contain
      J800 acres.

      Page B-l — Are the results of the various reports listed
      in the second paragraph valid for the Lake Huron Basin?

Thank you for the opportunity to review this report.

                                    Very truly yours,
                                    (Signature)
                                    THOMAS H. HAGA
                                    Directors-Coordinator

Attachment
                                                                    E-41

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       C                 CITY OF MIDLAND, MICHIGAN

       p                           SEAL
       y
                            November 22, 1967
   Mr. Roman H. Koenings
   Regional Director
   Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
   J853 Research Park Drive
   Ann Arbor, Michigan  48104

   Dear Sir:

   Let me apologize for being late with an answer to your  letter
   and report dated October 13, 1967.  By the time the various
   Departments - Planning, Forestry, Parks and Recreation  - had
   read the report, we find ourselves about a week late.

   The consensus is that the report is very comprehensive  with
   a wealth of information regarding the Recreation potential of
   the Lake Huron Basin.

   One observation was made with regard to Recommendation  "5-a,
   Chapter 9"«  It was felt that perhaps state legislation could
   assist in  protecting local public recreation departments from
   unreasonable liability suits too.

   A second observation regarding Page 4-38.  Midland, being land-
   locked in, has two (2) outdoor pools and is planning another
   pool of Olympic size to open in 1968.  In the future, there is
   planned another outdoor pool in the northwest section of the city.

   Thank you for sending us the copy and please accept our compliments
   on an excellent report.

                                            Sincerely,
                                            (Signature)
                                            ROSS KRESSLER
                                            Director

   Enclosure
GPO SIS—3O3—16                                                             E-43

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